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A Whiter Shade of Pale - wikipedia A Whiter Shade of Pale Jump to : navigation , search `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' A-side label of the UK vinyl single Single by Procol Harum from the album Procol Harum B - side `` Lime Street Blues '' Released 12 May 1967 Format 7 - inch record Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London Genre Baroque pop Length 4 : 03 Label Deram Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Keith Reid , Matthew Fisher Producer ( s ) Denny Cordell Procol Harum singles chronology `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut single by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide . With its Bach - derived instrumental melody , soulful vocals , and unusual lyrics -- by the song 's co-authors Gary Brooker , Keith Reid and Matthew Fisher -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' reached No. 1 in several countries when released in 1967 . In the years since , it has become an enduring classic . It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK ( as of 2009 ) , and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most - played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years . Also in 2004 , Rolling Stone placed `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 1977 , the song was named joint winner ( along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ) of `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the Brit Awards . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known . The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films , including The Big Chill , Purple Haze , Breaking the Waves , The Boat That Rocked , Martin Scorsese 's segment of New York Stories , Stonewall , Oblivion and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's documentary series The Vietnam War . Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films , for example , by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net . The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only . On 30 July 2009 , Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and personnel 2 Lyrics 3 Composition 4 Release and reception 5 Promotional films 6 Authorship lawsuit 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly singles charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Annie Lennox version 8.1 Charts 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Recording and personnel ( edit ) The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London , England , with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano , Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M - 102 organ , David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar . Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden . A few days later , the song was re-recorded with the band 's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison , but that version was discarded , and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release . Producer for the record was Denny Cordell , and Keith Grant was the sound engineer . The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album , in September 1967 , but not on the later UK version . Lyrics ( edit ) Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party . He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman , `` You 've turned a whiter shade of pale '' , and the phrase stuck in his mind . The original lyrics had four verses , of which only two are heard on the original recording . The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum , and more seldom also the fourth . The author of Procol Harum : Beyond the Pale , Claes Johansen , suggests that the song `` deals in metaphorical form with a male / female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act '' . This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs , who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction , which is described through references to sex as a form of travel , usually nautical , using mythical and literary journeys . Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship . Contrary to the above interpretations , Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying : I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward , girl - leaves - boy story . With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder , I wanted to paint an image of a scene . I was n't trying to be mysterious with those images , I was trying to be evocative . I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I 'm describing . But I was too young to have experienced any decadence , then . I might have been smoking when I conceived it , but not when I wrote . It was influenced by books , not drugs . Structurally and thematically , the song is unusual in many respects . While the recorded version is 4 : 03 long , it is composed of only two verses , each with chorus . The piece is also more instrument - driven than most songs of the period , and with a much looser rhyme scheme . Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time ( for example , the chorus focuses on Chaucer 's `` The Miller 's Tale '' ) . Thus , this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock . The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language , noticed by several dictionaries . As such , the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song . It has also been heavily paraphrased , in forms like `` an Xer shade of Y '' , to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone -- a type of cliché and phrasal template . Composition ( edit ) The song 's distinctive , Bach - inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102 . The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout . In classical music this is known as a ground bass . The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody , the verse and the chorus , except that the chorus finishes with a cadence . The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse / chorus . But it is also heard throughout , playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line . As the chorus commences `` And so it was , that later ... '' , the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo , with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard . The final instrumental fades out to silence -- a common device in pop music of the time . A BBC Radio 4 programme in the 2018 series `` Soul Music '' pointed out the resemblance between the Hammond Organ line of `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' and J.S. Bach 's Air from his Orchestral Suite No. 3 BWV1068 , ( the `` Air on the G string '' ) where the sustained opening note of the main melodic line flowers into a free - flowing melody against a descending bass line : Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1 - 2 Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1 - 3 Allan Moore notes `` a certain family resemblance '' that `` creates the sense of ( Bach 's ) music without actually quoting it . '' The similarity is also referred to humorously in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and in the 1991 film The Commitments . Other writers have noted similar `` family resemblances '' to other works by Bach : the Sinfonia which opens the cantata Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 , the organ chorale Prelude `` O Mensch , bewein ' dein ' Sünde groß '' ( O Man , Lament Your Sin So Great ) , BWV 622 , from the Orgelbüchlein ( Little Organ Book ) and the Cantata Sleepers Wake , BWV140 . The music also borrows ideas from `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' by Percy Sledge . Release and reception ( edit ) The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer 's chart ( later the UK Singles Chart ) on 25 May . In two weeks it reached number 1 , where it stayed for six weeks . Writing in 2005 , Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967 , on the same day that the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart , marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain . According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik , in the context of the Summer of Love , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was the `` one song ( that ) stood above all others , its Everest - like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney , who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment '' . Kubernik also writes that , amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era , the song `` galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation '' . In his 1981 article on the musical and societal developments of 1967 , for The History of Rock , sociomusicologist Simon Frith described `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' as the year 's `` most distinctive single '' , through its combination of `` white soul vocal and a Bach organ exercise '' and enigmatic lyrics that `` hinted at a vital secret open only to people in the right , drug - determined , state of mind '' . In the United States , the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies . It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972 . A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13 . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' has continued to receive critical acclaim . Along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was jointly recognised as `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the BRIT Awards , part of Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of `` The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles '' . In 2018 , the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles . Promotional films ( edit ) One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court , part of which was gutted by fire in 1937 . The first promotional clip for `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire , England . It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single : Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , David Knights and Ray Royer , in performance and walking through the ruins . Only the drummer in the video is n't on the record : early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden 's drumming . The film was directed by Peter Clifton , whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC 's Top of the Pops TV show . Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip , using `` Scopitone '' technology . By this time , Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band , so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented . No performance footage appears in this film -- only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields . The same lineup , with Fisher wearing a monk 's cowl , mimed to the song on Top of the Pops , although Brooker sang live . Black - and - white footage of the performance has been shown online . The song represents 1967 on the 2004 DVD release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 . There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen 's Deja - View music video series . Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986 , this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin , but featured no member of the band . It has also aired on VH1 Classic , and has recently surfaced online . Authorship lawsuit ( edit ) In 2005 , former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher , claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song . Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40 % of the composers ' share of the music copyright , rather than the 50 % he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005 . Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal , and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007 . The decision , on 4 April 2008 , by Lord Justice Mummery , in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher 's co-authorship but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long ( 38 years ) to bring his claim to litigation . Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker . On 5 November 2008 , Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords . Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song . The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22 -- 23 April 2009 . On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher 's favour . They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party ; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it . They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law . The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher . Both the musicological basis of the judgment and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works have drawn some attention in the music world . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Austria Belgium Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary France Germany Ireland Italy New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway Poland Spain United Kingdom United States 5 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Ranking Australia 14 Canada 27 United States 38 Chart ( 1972 ) Ranking Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 Annie Lennox version ( edit ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Single by Annie Lennox from the album Medusa B - side `` Heaven '' `` ( I 'm Always Touched By Your ) Presence , Dear '' Released May 1995 Format CD single Length 5 : 15 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , Keith Reid Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Annie Lennox singles chronology `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa . It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top - forty hit in Europe and Canada . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2002 ) . Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Jim ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` ' Walk Away Renee ' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs , dies at 65 '' . The Record . Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ `` Procul Harum Signer Gary Brooker Wins A Whiter Shade of Pale Royalty Court Battle '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whiter Shade ' most played ' song '' . BBC News . 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Shades Rivals in UK Survey '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The BRITs 1977 `` . Brits.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection ( archive ) '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2004 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Cover versions of Procol Harum songs '' . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Beyond The Pale '' by Claes Johansen , pp. 68 , 86 , SAF Publishing , London , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Kubernik 2017 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Simpson , The rough guide to cult pop , Page 249 . Rough Guides , 2003 , ISBN 1843532298 . 15 December 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Claes Johansen , Procol Harum : beyond the pale , pp. 57 -- 62 . SAF Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 946719 - 28 - 4 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946719 - 28 - 0 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Keith Reid words '' . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lives of the Great Songs , Tim de Lisle , Trafalgar Square , 1995 , ISBN 1 - 85793 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Reid , Keith & Brooker , Gary '' . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920895 - 1 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860720 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Susan , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . Oxford Dictionary of Phrase , Saying , & Quotation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280650 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Whiter shade of pale ' in common parlance '' . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snowclones Database '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K ; Liberman , Mark ( 2006 ) . Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from the Language Log . Wilsonville , Or. : William , James & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59028 - 055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moore , A. , speaking on BBC Radio 4 programme , Soul Music , 11 April 2018 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p063z3s5 Jump up ^ Stoppard , T. ( 1982 , p. 74 ) The Real Thing . London , Faber and Faber . Jump up ^ Parker , A. , Introduction to Scott - Irvine , H. , Procul Harum : the Ghosts of a Whiter Shade of Pale . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ Holm - Hudson , Kevin ( 2008 ) . Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6147 - 4 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Irvin , Jim ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Beatles : After Pepper '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017 , pp. 149 , 191 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ( 1981 ) . `` 1967 : The Year It All Came Together '' . The History of Rock . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 160 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE 100 GREATEST No. 1 SINGLES '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Procol Harum '' . Shindig ! . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Noel Holston ( 12 December 1985 ) . `` Deja View Looks Into The ' 60s '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum '' . Youtube. 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deja View '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Entertainment Organist wins Procol Harum battle . Jump up ^ `` Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal , 4 April 2008 '' . Procolharum.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned . Jump up ^ BBC News , 6 November 2008 , Lords House to hear Procol battle ; www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Law Lords hear Harum song battle '' . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale : House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Victory for Whiter Shade organist '' . BBC . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judgments -- Fisher ( Original Respondent and Cross-appellant ) v Brooker and others ( Original Appellants and Cross-respondents ) '' . 30 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gendelman , David . `` Blogs : : Crawdaddy : : Paste '' . Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 7 , No. 24 , August 12 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1967 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 11 August 1967 Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1972 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1972 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2736 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2743 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Annie Lennox '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Kubernik , Harvey ( 2017 ) . 1967 : A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love . New York , NY : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2052 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics A Whiter Shade of Pale : authorised lyrics of all four verses `` Procol Harum : The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' , article on the song 's 40th anniversary , from Classic Rock magazine Bill Eyden Obituary Procol Harum -- A Whiter Shade Of Pale , live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment 's official channel on YouTube `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Scopitone film on YouTube Preceded by `` Silence is Golden '' by The Tremeloes UK Singles Chart number one single 8 June 1967 -- 18 July 1967 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need Is Love '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Ireland 1967 number one single 22 June 1967 -- 19 July 1967 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Preceded by `` This is My Song '' by Petula Clark Australia 1967 number one single 8 July 1967 -- 28 July 1967 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need is Love / Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' by The Beatles Procol Harum Gary Brooker Geoff Dunn Matt Pegg Josh Phillips Geoff Whitehorn Dave Ball Graham Broad Dave Bronze Pete Brown Mark Brzezicki Alan Cartwright Chris Copping Matthew Fisher Mick Grabham Bobby Harrison David Knights Dee Murray Keith Reid Tim Renwick Ray Royer Don Snow Peter Solley Henry Spinetti Jerry Stevenson Robin Trower Ian Wallace B.J. Wilson Studio albums Procol Harum Shine On Brightly A Salty Dog Home Broken Barricades Grand Hotel Exotic Birds and Fruit Procol 's Ninth Something Magic The Prodigal Stranger The Well 's on Fire Novum Live albums Procol Harum Live : In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra One More Time -- Live in Utrecht 1992 Live at the Union Chapel One Eye to the Future -- Live in Italy 2007 Procol Harum -- In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir The Spirit of Nøkken MMX Some Long Road As Liquorice John Death Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About Songs `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Homburg '' `` A Salty Dog '' `` Conquistador '' Related articles Discography Guy Stevens The Paramounts Book : Procol Harum The Box Tops Rick Levy Gary Talley Bill Cunningham Ron Krasinski Barry Walsh Rick Allen Thomas Boggs Alex Chilton Harold Cloud John Evans Bobby Guidotti Gene Houston Rick Pipkin Joe Savage Swain Schaefer Danny Smythe Larry Spillman Studio albums The Letter / Neon Rainbow Cry Like a Baby Non-Stop Tear Off ! Compilation albums Super Hits The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Box Tops The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep Songs `` The Letter '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Neon Rainbow '' `` Cry Like a Baby '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Related articles Big Star Bell Records Sundazed Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=838173310 '' Categories : Procol Harum songs 1967 singles Brit Award for British Single Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Deram Records singles Arista Records singles Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell Shorty Long songs Annie Lennox songs R.B. Greaves songs The Box Tops songs Songs written by Gary Brooker Proto - prog songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 11 : 05 . 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who sang a whiter shade of pale first

Procol Harum

A Whiter Shade of Pale

Burzahom Archaeological site - wikipedia Burzahom Archaeological site Jump to : navigation , search Burzahom archaeological site برزۂہوم A pot excavated from Burzahom Shown within India Location Srinagar , Jammu and Kashmir Coordinates 34 ° 10 ′ N 73 ° 54 ′ E  /  34.167 ° N 73.900 ° E  / 34.167 ; 73.900 Coordinates : 34 ° 10 ′ N 73 ° 54 ′ E  /  34.167 ° N 73.900 ° E  / 34.167 ; 73.900 Type Pre-historic Settlement History Periods Neolithic , Megalithic and early Historic period . Site notes Excavation dates 1939 and from 1960 to 1971 Archaeologists de Terra and Patersonof Yale - Cambridge Expedition in 1939 and T.N. Khazanchi and his team of ASI from 1960 and 1971 The Burzahom archaeological site is located in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BC and 1000 BC . Periods I and II represent the Neolithic era ; Period IlI the Megalithic era ( of massive stone menhirs and wheel turned red pottery ) ; and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period ( Post-megalithic period ) . The findings , recorded in stratified cultural deposits representing prehistoric human activity in Kashmir , are based on detailed investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site , including the ancient flora and fauna . The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level housing features of the Neolithic people to the mudbrick structures of the Megalithic people . The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and farming . The unearthed Antiquities ( of art , architecture , customs and rituals ) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with Central Asia and South West Asia and also had links to the Gangetic plains and peninsular India . The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art , architecture , customs , rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts . Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir , but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the theory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 3 Discovery 3.1 Period I 3.2 Period II 3.3 Period III 3.4 Period IV 4 Preservation 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Location ( edit ) The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the Srinagar District . It is 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) to the northeast of Srinagar on the Naseem - Shalimar road . The elevation of the site is 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) above sea - level . It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India . The site is on an ancient Pleistocene lake bed . The location is in a high terrace which is part of the floodplain of the Jhelum river and has Karewa soil ( clay ) formation . The site has a commanding view of the Dal lake which is about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) away . In the Kashmiri language ' Burzahom ' means `` birch '' , a tree species ( that generally grows in the elevation range of 3,000 to 4,200 metres ( 9,800 to 13,800 ft ) in the Himalayas ) , which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material , and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre-historic Neolithic times . History ( edit ) The first excavation at the Burzahom site was a limited exercise in 1936 , carried out by the Yale -- Cambridge Expedition headed by Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomson Paterson . The Frontier Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India made detailed investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971 ; these were carried out by T.N. Khazanchi and his associates . The extensive excavations done at this site , unearthing stratified cultural deposits , were the first of their type in Kashmir . In 1944 , Mortimer Wheeler , Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites . Based on a similar model the Burzahom site has been named as the Northern Neolithic Culture in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices . Gufkral represents another related site in the area , near the town of Tral . Also , Hariparigam , and Awantipura , in the same area , are related . Skeletal remains of Neolithic people found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization . Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir , but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the `` Aryans in Kashmir '' theory The management and protection of the Burzahom site , including the buffer zones , are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 ( Amended in 2010 ) . This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and is yet to be approved . Discovery ( edit ) Pot , excavated from Burzahom with painting of a wild goat with long horns and hanging ears . The excavation at Burzahom was carried out in both vertical ( depth wise ) and horizontal directions ; the depth provided the stratification features while the phasing of each stratification was provided by the horizontal excavations . Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971 . These are : Periods I and II of the Neolithic ( Period I is called aceramic and Period II is called ceramic ) origin , particularly characterized by dwelling pits ( the largest measuring 2.74 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at the top to 4.75 metres ( 15.6 ft ) at the base at a depth of 3.95 metres ( 13.0 ft ) ) ; Period III of the Megalithic sequence noted by the free standing large stone Menhirs installed at the site by shifting boulders manually from the hills ; and Period IV of the early Modern Period . The skeletal remains of the Neolithic humans found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization . Burzahom 's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the Chinese Neolithic pottery . The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices . Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the Swat valley in Pakistan , particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery . The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture . Period I ( edit ) The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units ; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation . Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level . In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and charcoal layers , which denoted human occupancy . Post holes on the sides of pits at the surface level denoted the presence of superstructures covered with thatch made of birch . Shallow pits of circular shape of 60 -- 91 centimetres ( 24 -- 36 in ) diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones ( of antlers used for making tools ) and stones ( harpoons , needles with or without eyes , awls ) . Carbon dating established that the Neolithic culture of this site was traceable to the 3rd millennium BC , the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2,357 BC . The pottery found at the site were in an early stage of hand crafting , of the coarse variety , in steel - grey , dull red , brown , and buff colours with mat prints at the bottom ; they were in the shape of bowl , vase and stem . The antiquities did not reveal any signs of burials sites . Late Kot - Diji type pots were found belonging to Period Ib . Period II ( edit ) In the Period II , the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level . However , the pits and its associated chambers formed the base floor of the superstructure , which was made up by filling the pits and covering it with mud plaster , and occasionally painted in red ochre . Post-holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors . This period also brought out , for the first time , the burial customs of the Neolithic people . Both human and animal skeletons were found in deep oval shaped pits , located either below the floors of the dwelling units or in its precincts . These pits were filled with ash , stones and potsherds . Some of the human skulls found here had trepanning ( bored hole ) marks . In many pits , bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons . The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals . Pottery finds showed better finish compared to the earlier Period I . The pots were of polished black ware , mostly handmade , in the form of a dish with stand , a high - necked jar , and so forth . Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from carnelian and agate ( inferred as items for sale ) , which was thought to belong to the later part of this period . A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable ; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears . Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth . An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs . The carving on one is not distinct . The other stone slab is 48 -- 27 centimetres ( 19 -- 11 in ) which depicts , on one polished side , sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing ( with a Ker ) an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow , and a sketch of the movement of the Sun , at two levels . The carved figures are distinctly visible . Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat , barley and lentil ; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with Central Asia , crossing over the Himalayas . The people who resided here were characterized as `` long headed dolichocranic '' . Two female skulls , different from the male skulls , were also reported . The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people . Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as Northern Neolithic culture of Asia . Period III ( edit ) Some Megalithic Period Menhirs are next to Neolithic pits , suggesting a gradual transition between the two phases . The Menhirs , boulders formed due the varying temperatures , were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community . These are rough in shape , huge and of considerable weight and height , and are `` free - standing '' . Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware , copper objects , and tools made of bone and stone . Structures made of rubble were also found . Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of metallurgy . Period IV ( edit ) Period IV ( dated to the 3rd -- 4th century AD ) , the last phase of human occupation at Burzahom , was related to the early Historical Period . The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period , and were made from mud - bricks . Pottery was also superior , of red ware type with slips and wheel turned . Some iron antiquaries were also found . Preservation ( edit ) The site is maintained in the form that has been excavated , representing the natural setting of the Neolithic people . The exposed pits and the layout are well protected . See also ( edit ) Chirand Sothi ( archaeology ) Siswal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kashmir Valley monuments cry for care '' . Jump up ^ `` ASI report says even Neolithic Kashmir had textile industry '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Excavations -- Important -- Jammu & Kashmir '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Jump up ^ `` Burzahom Archaeological site , India : Neolithic Period finds '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Kaw 2004 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Singh 2008 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Pande , B.M. ( 13 October 1969 ) . `` Neolithic Hunting Scene on a Stone Slab from Burzahom , Kashmir '' ( pdf ) . University of Hawaii . Jump up ^ Kaw 2004 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Kaw 2004 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom '' . UNESCO Organization . Jump up ^ Sopory 2004 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Kaw 2004 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Sopory 2004 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Kaw 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Kaw 2004 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Kaw 2004 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Kaw 2004 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Singh 2008 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Sopory 2004 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kaw , M.K. ( 1 January 2004 ) . Kashmir and It 's People : Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 537 - 1 . Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Pearson Education India . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1120 - 0 . Sopory , S.K. ( 1 January 2004 ) . Glimpses Of Kashmir . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 547 - 0 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burzahom_archaeological_site&oldid=817210401 '' Categories : History of Jammu and Kashmir Archaeological monuments in India Pre-Indus Valley Civilisation sites Hidden categories : Good articles Articles containing Georgian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 22 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what material was used to build the roofs of houses in burzahom

birch

mudbrick

Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) Jump to : navigation , search Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) Season 19 promotion cover Starring Mariska Hargitay Kelli Giddish Ice - T Peter Scanavino Raúl Esparza Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 18 List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes The nineteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on September 27 , 2017 . Michael Chernuchin , who had previously worked on Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner . This is also the first season since season twelve in 2010 - 2011 , that another Law & Order series -- Law & Order : True Crime - The Menendez Murders -- aired alongside SVU on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Storylines 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a nineteenth season on May 12 , 2017 . Michael S. Chernuchin , who had previously worked on Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner , after Eid left to be showrunner for the fifth season of Chicago P.D. after only one season as showrunner . Production on the season started on July 20 , 2017 . Storylines ( edit ) Showrunner / executive producer Michael Chernuchin told The Hollywood Reporter that this season of SVU would be ' ripping the headlines ' of more current and political events such as the Charlottesville riots . Chernuchin noting , `` Conflict . It 's just the state of the world today with everybody . Everybody 's political now and everything is political now and we want to deal with that . '' Kate Stanhope at THR also mentioned to Chernuchin about the pulled episode ( `` Unstoppable '' ) from last season , asking him if he was hesitant about diving into politics this season . Chernuchin replied , `` I 'm not going to a choose a side . I wo n't choose a side . I 'm going to present both political views and let the audience decide which one is right . My goal , and I told the writers on this on the first day of our writers ' room , is at the end of every episode , I want half the audience to throw their shoes at the television and the other half to stand up and cheer . '' Another episode Chernuchin told THR would be based on Charlie Gard , an infant in England who was born with a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive brain damage and muscle failure . `` That 's a life and death story , '' Chernuchin explained . `` Cat - fishing , '' cyberbullying -- which he described to THR as `` ( SVU 's ) answer to 13 Reasons Why -- and an airplane episode covering `` all the turmoil on airplanes these days . '' Chernuchin concluded , `` We are ripping things from the headlines . Some of them are big , famous headlines and some of them are smaller headlines . '' On September 8 , 2017 , Chernuchin gave an overview of the season premiere and outlook on the season as a whole to TV Line ; noting that A.D.A. Barba ( Raul Esparza ) would start having other problems than court battles when Peter Stone ( Philip Winchester ) shows up , Stone pushing Barba into `` a huge moral decision . '' Chernuchin also teased that Lieutenant Benson 's life would be getting worse before it gets any better , `` What I told Mariska ( Hargitay ) when I came aboard is , ' You 're a broken woman , because of your past , and I 'm going to drag you through the woods and you 're gon na come out the other side a better person , '' he previewed . `` So we 're gon na throw the kitchen sink at her ( Benson ) . '' He also mentioned there 's a possibility of romance for Benson : `` There might be , she 's not looking for it , but it might happen . '' In an interview with E ! News , Kelli Giddish ( Det . Amanda Rollins ) says a change in Benson and Rollins ' relationship dynamic is coming , `` I 'm so looking forward to developing a friendship with Benson , the Rollins and Benson relationship , because they have so much in common . '' Benson and Rollins ' relationship being rocky , most notably between seasons fifteen and eighteen as Benson began ' moving up the ranks ' to Sergeant and then Lieutenant . `` They have been at odds , it 's just nice to come into that office and know that we 're not going to fight and kind of support each other as I think these two characters would in real life , '' Giddish continued . An episode based on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations titled Flight Risk has been slated for a January 2018 air date . `` We are hitting Harvey Weinstein head - on , but it 's not in the realm of the entertainment business , '' Michael Chernuchin said in an interview . `` It 's a real important episode about the rape culture in an industry , and we wanted to try stretch the law to criminalize that sort of environment . '' Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season returned . In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester would reprise his role as Assistant State 's Attorney Peter Stone from Chicago Justice , appearing around the midpoint of the season . New show runner / executive producer Michael Chernuchin told Entertainment Weekly that Stone 's character would be coming in as an antagonist and that he will be a foil for A.D.A. Barba ( Raul Esparza ) this season ; Stone 's character is n't necessarily taking his ( Barba 's ) job . `` There 's more than one A.D.A. in New York ( ... ) Philip will come in and he wo n't be the nicest person our characters have ever met . What he 's going to be doing , too , is basically bringing all of the franchises into one . He 's connecting Law & Order , the Chicago franchises and now SVU . '' Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Lieutenant Olivia Benson Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Ice - T as Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick `` Sonny '' Carisi , Jr . Raúl Esparza as A.D.A. Rafael Barba Recurring cast ( edit ) Dean Winters as DA Investigator Brian Cassidy Barbara Miluski as Judge Lisa Peck Peter Jacobson as Defence Attorney Randy Dworkin Vincent Curatola as Judge Al Burtuccio Brooke Shields as Sheila Porter Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake Peter Hermann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan Steve Rosen as Defence Attorney Michael Guthrie Jayne Houdyshell as Judge Ruth Linden Peter Gallagher as Deputy Chief William Dodds Maureen Mueller as Counselor Susan Janet Guest stars ( edit ) It was announced on August 11 , 2017 by The Hollywood Reporter that actress Brooke Shields would play a ' major ' recurring role throughout the course of the season . `` I play a very different character from any I have ever played , '' Shields commented . `` I 'm excited to stir the SVU pot a bit . '' THR noted that details of her role are being kept under wraps , although it 's been teased that Shields ' role will `` shake up Benson 's ( Mariska Hargitay ) world . '' At the New York Fashion Week event on September 7 , 2017 , Shields talked about her `` complicated '' character ; `` We 're discovering the character , '' she said of her at the time , mysterious recurring role , `` it 's pretty complicated and it 's gut wrenching . What 's so amazing about the show is that the characters are so rich and layered , and they 're just filtering me through it . '' Shields also noted that her character was set to begin appearing in the third episode ( `` Contrapasso '' ) of the season. . In that episode 's last scene , Shields ' character was revealed to be Noah 's previously unknown grandmother , Sheila Porter , who challenged Benson for custody before becoming friends . Her story arc finished in 2018 when Sheila abducted Noah in a cliffhanger episode . On August 18 , Entertainment Weekly released a sneak - peak of the script of SVU 's season 19 premiere episode ( titled : `` Gone Fishin ' '' ) and announced that Will Chase would be guest starring as Byron Marks , an accused rapist who turned fugitive when he fled to Cuba six years prior , he is caught by Fin ( Ice T ) in the premiere 's opening scenes . Amy Smart guest starred as one of Marks ' victims , and Peter Jacobson -- who previously guest starred in the thirteenth - season finale and recurred in season fourteen as a pimp named Bart Ganzel -- guest starred in the premiere as his recurring mothership Law & Order character , Defense Attorney Randy Dworkin , a character created by Michael Chernuchin during his tenure on L&O . Annabeth Gish guest starred in the third episode of the season . She portrayed a defense attorney in a case where a man is castrated and left for dead ; leading the SVU squad to three female suspects with possible motives . Cleveland Cavaliers point guard Isaiah Thomas , made a cameo appearance as himself in an October episode ( `` Complicated '' ) of SVU . Thomas ' cameo appearance occurs in the midst of a missing persons investigation . Mike Faist , a Tony Award - nominated actor starring as Connor Murphy in Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen , guest starred as a young man struggling with the long - ago disappearance of his sister in `` Complicated '' . The Walking Dead alum , Brighton Sharbino guest starred as a teenager who disappears when her classmates make her the subject of a cyberbullying attack . Madison Pettis also guest stars in the episode , titled `` No Good Reason '' , which aired on NBC , October 18th 2017 . Another Broadway star , Christiane Noll , guest starred in the episode `` Unintended Consquences '' as Sarah Curtis `` After 19 years on the air , I will finally be appearing as a guest star on episode # 19006 of Law & Order : SVU ! I am really excited because this is my first big guest starring role , '' Noll told Playbill . Peter Scolari guest starred along with Noll in `` Unintended Consequences '' as Dr. Dennis Barkley . In October 2017 , THR announced Melora Walters and Joanna Going would guest star in a special episode of SVU ( `` Something Happened '' ) . Walters played the rape victim , Laurel Linwood , who knows she was raped but ca n't remember what happened . Going played Laurel 's sister , Leah , who is brought in to help fill in the blanks . On September 20 , 2017 , it was announced Sam Waterston will guest star in an upcoming episode of SVU as his Law & Order character , Jack McCoy . Waterston will be re-united with show runner / EP Michael S. Chernuchin , who also held the same position at the time Waterston joined the original series in 1994 ; Chernuchin is credited as the creator of the McCoy character . This will also mark Waterston 's fourth guest appearance on SVU . Entertainment Weekly announced on November 2 , 2017 that Tamara Tunie ( M.E. Melinda Warner ) , Carolyn McCormick ( Dr. Elizabeth Olivet ) , and Jenna Stern ( Judge Elana Barth ) would be returning in a January slated episode ( titled `` Pathological '' ) as their respective characters . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 411 `` Gone Fishin ' '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1901 5.67 The Special Victims Unit is notified about a fugitive rapist ( Will Chase ) on the loose in Havana , Cuba . Fin crosses international borders to capture him , which soon causes political controversy when Fin is accused of kidnapping the perp . When all of his victims are reluctant to testify , Benson must count on one victim ( Amy Smart ) to help put the perp away . Meanwhile , Benson discovers shocking allegations made about her , which eventually leads to her ex-boyfriend and former SVU detective Brian Cassidy returning to her life to investigate her actions and the allegation . 412 `` Mood '' Michael Pressman Allison Intrieri October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1902 5.82 A woman ( Saxon Sharbino ) reports to SVU that she was raped . At first the detectives believe her , but after several misleading reports , the detectives soon find themselves in a complicated position , with Rollins and Carisi fighting about whether her story is true or not and whether the case should be taken to trial . Meanwhile , Cassidy continues his investigation into Benson 's personal life , regarding the shocking allegations made about her , and Benson decides to take action , which leads to an extremely shocking discovery and the loss of an old friendship in Benson 's life . 413 `` Contrapasso '' Jean de Segonzac Richard Sweren October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1903 5.79 A man ( Paul Fitzgerald ) is brutally castrated and left for dead , but survives and the Special Victims Unit soon discover there were three witnesses to the scene , who immediately become suspects in the case . However , the case quickly takes a bizarre twist when the three witnesses make a claim that they are victims from something he did in the past and they were getting revenge . Barba must decide whether to prosecute the women or defend them in the complicated case . Meanwhile , Olivia gets shocking news from Trevor Langan regarding Noah 's biological family , revealing that Noah 's mother Ellie Porter had been lying about something all this time during the past investigation . 414 `` No Good Reason '' Martha Mitchell Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1904 5.58 The Special Victims Unit is called in to investigate the sudden disappearance of a high school student ( Brighton Sharbino ) . They soon discover that she was the victim of a nasty cyberbullying attack from her fellow peers and best friend ( Madison Pettis ) . When she is finally found , she claims that she was raped by three boys from her school at a party , one being one of her best friends . The case goes well , until the victim becomes reluctant to testify , due to hatred and bullying from her peers , and Benson must convince her to testify . Meanwhile , Sheila Porter attempts to challenge Benson 's parenting skills as a mother , which infuriates Benson . Episode inspired by the events in the Netflix web series 13 Reasons Why . 415 5 `` Complicated '' Tricia Brock Céline C. Robinson October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1905 5.81 A young woman ( Ily Ray ) who has been missing for ten years is suddenly found and the cold case into her disappearance is reopened by the Special Victims Unit . However , the detectives become suspicious of her story when several things do n't match up and the detectives soon discover a disturbing cold secret kept in the family . Meanwhile , Benson and Sheila both fight against each other for custody of Noah , with Sheila claiming she fears for Noah 's safety due to Benson 's recent allegations , infuriating Benson and putting them both in an intense and conflicted relationship . 416 6 `` Unintended Consequences '' Jonathan Herron Elizabeth Rinehart November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1906 4.97 The Special Victims Unit are called to a high end rehab center to investigate the death of a teenage girl , after she was last seen there . Suspicious of the activity going on and the concerning behaviour and reports from some of the clients , Rollins goes undercover in the rehab center as a worker , joining the manager ( Anne Corley ) in her duties , hoping to get evidence of criminal activity in order to get justice for the murder victim 's family . Meanwhile , Benson tries to overcome her doubts about Sheila , after letting her visit Noah for the first time and befriending her . 417 7 `` Something Happened '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 1907 7.07 A rape victim ( Melora Walters ) who ca n't remember the details or what happened when she was sexually assaulted visits the Special Victims Unit , distraught and desperate to remember exactly what happened . Benson brings her into an interrogation room to help her remember the details of what happened . However , it quickly becomes intense when the rape victim starts to break down in fear , stress and desperation . In order to help the victim remember what happened , Benson finally decides to tell her a long kept secret from her past that she has n't told anyone before , in the hopes that the victim will remember what happened and who assaulted her so justice can be served . The case soon takes a shocking twist which reveals a secret long kept from both the victim and her sister ( Joanna Going ) . 418 8 `` Intent '' Adam Bernstein Robert Brooks Cohen & Lawrence Kaplow December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1908 6.18 The Special Victims Unit are called in after a popular social media star ( Gage Golightly ) is raped , following a romantic date gone wrong . The detectives discover she posted a hint of who she was dating online for her followers , but the victim 's reputation is soon questioned after a text threat is discovered that was subsequently sent to her suspected rapist which could ruin the case . Meanwhile , Benson sets firm ground rules with Sheila about what she can and can not tell Noah about his past and family background , but eventually , Olivia 's worst nightmare comes true when she gets some horrifying news about her son . 419 9 `` Gone Baby Gone '' Jean de Segonzac Lawrence Kaplow & Elizabeth Rinehart January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1909 6.23 The Special Victims Unit , along with Deputy Chief William Dodds , start a top priority frantic search for Noah after he is kidnapped while clothes shopping with Sheila at the mall . Benson , frantic , starts to panic , which sends emotions running high amongst the team members . Desperate to have her son safe and back with her , Benson decides to take matters into her own hands and tries to attempt to track down Noah 's kidnapper . However , things eventually become extremely dangerous and Benson 's life is soon put in serious danger as things take a shocking twist . 420 10 `` Pathological '' TBA TBA January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1910 TBD 421 11 `` Flight Risk '' TBA TBA January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1911 TBD 422 12 `` TBC '' TBA TBA TBC 1912 TBD 423 13 `` The Undiscovered Country '' TBA TBA TBC 1913 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Gone Fishin ' '' September 27 , 2017 1.4 / 5 5.67 1.0 3.19 2.4 8.83 `` Mood '' October 4 , 2017 1.3 / 5 5.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Contrapasso '' October 11 , 2017 1.2 / 5 5.79 1.0 2.82 2.2 8.61 `` No Good Reason '' October 18 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.58 1.0 2.85 2.2 8.45 5 `` Complicated '' October 25 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.81 0.9 2.77 2.1 8.59 6 `` Unintended Consequences '' November 8 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.97 0.9 3.04 2.0 8.01 7 `` Something Happened '' November 29 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.07 1.0 3.08 2.5 10.15 8 `` Intent '' December 6 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.18 0.9 2.68 2.2 8.86 9 `` Gone Baby Gone '' January 3 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.23 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Pathological '' January 10 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Flight Risk '' January 17 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` TBC '' TBC TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Undiscovered Country '' TBC TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Renewed for Season 19 , Showrunner Rick Eid Exits for ' Chicago PD ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 ) . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' Taps ' Chicago Justice ' EP Michael Chernuchin as New Showrunner . '' Variety.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Julie ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` # SVU19 # Day1 # InGoodHandspic.twitter.com/gJLjS7mjHh '' . @ JulieMartinSVU . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 to Tackle Charlottesville Riots , Charlie Gard Case '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites '' . TV Line . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Christopher ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Finally ! The Law and Order : SVU Change Everyone -- Including Kelli Giddish -- Has Been Waiting For '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/11/22/law-order-svu-harvey-weinstein/amp/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Philip Winchester Joins ' Law & Order : SVU ' , Will Reprise ' Chicago Justice ' Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Enlists Brooke Shields for Major Recurring Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Arrow , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Scandal ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bratskeir , Anne ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Brooke Shields calls her ' Law & Order : SVU ' role ' gut wrenching ' '' . am New York . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order SVU premiere : Fin lands major arrest in script page '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kim ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` SVU Enlists X-Files ' Annabeth Gish '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Rob ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas to Take Part in Episode of Law and Order : SVU '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DEAR EVAN HANSEN 's Mike Faist to Guest Star on NBC 's LAW & ORDER : SVU '' . Broadway World . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU season 19 episode 4 : Walking Dead alum to appear '' . MattCarter.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Nominee Christiane Noll Lands SVU Role '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambe , Stacy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Benson Faces Another Emotional Challenge on ' Law & Order : SVU ' ( Exclusive Clip ) '' . Entertainment Tonight Online . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Taps ' Big Love ' and ' Kingdom ' Alums for Special Episode ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Waterston to Reprise ' Law & Order ' Role on ' SVU ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' SVU ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rios , Taylor ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Alum To Appear In ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 , See Brighton Sharbino All Grown Up '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' Empire ' leads a close race for No. 1 , ' Riverdale ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-final-ratings-jan-3-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julie Martin '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ . Twitter https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/law-order-svu-harvey-weinstein-episode-casts-martin-donovan-yasmine-al-massri-1067852 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://twitter.com/philipwinchestr/status/948249375884677120?s=17 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on tv in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-7-broadcast-live-7-ratings-nov-6-12-2017/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-10-broadcast-live-7-ratings-nov-27-dec-3-2017/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-11-broadcast-live-7-ratings-dec-4-10-2017/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_19)&oldid=819413242 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 06 : 33 . 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Human digestive system - wikipedia Human digestive system This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search See also gastrointestinal tract . `` Digestive system '' and `` alimentary system '' redirect here . For digestive systems of non-human animals , see Digestion . Human digestive system Human digestive system Details Identifiers Latin Systema digestorium MeSH D004064 TA A05. 0.00. 000 FMA 7152 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion ( the tongue , salivary glands , pancreas , liver , and gallbladder ) . In this system , the process of digestion has many stages , the first of which starts in the mouth . Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components , until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body . Chewing , in which food is mixed with saliva begins the process of digestion . This produces a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus and into the stomach . Here it is mixed with gastric juice until it passes into the duodenum where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas . Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth . Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands . Digestion is helped by the mastication of food by the teeth and also by the muscular actions of peristalsis and segmentation contractions . Gastric juice in the stomach is essential for the continuation of digestion as is the production of mucus in the stomach . Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract . This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system . Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine . Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine . The waste products of digestion ( feces ) are defecated from the anus via the rectum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 1.1 Mouth 1.1. 1 Salivary glands 1.1. 1.1 Saliva 1.1. 2 Tongue 1.1. 2.1 Taste 1.1. 3 Teeth 1.1. 4 Epiglottis 1.2 Pharynx 1.3 Esophagus 1.4 Diaphragm 1.5 Stomach 1.6 Spleen 1.7 Liver 1.7. 1 Bile 1.7. 2 Gallbladder 1.8 Pancreas 1.9 Lower gastrointestinal tract 1.9. 1 Small intestine 1.9. 2 Cecum 1.9. 3 Large intestine 2 Blood supply 3 Nerve supply 4 Development 5 Clinical significance 5.1 In pregnancy 6 See also 7 References Components ( edit ) Historical depiction of the digestive system , 17th century Persia There are several organs and other components involved in the digestion of food . The organs known as the accessory digestive glands are the liver , gall bladder and pancreas . Other components include the mouth , salivary glands , tongue , teeth and epiglottis . The largest structure of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract ( GI tract ) . This starts at the mouth and ends at the anus , covering a distance of about nine ( 9 ) metres . The largest part of the GI tract is the colon or large intestine . Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste matter is stored prior to defecation . Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine . A major digestive organ is the stomach . Within its mucosa are millions of embedded gastric glands . Their secretions are vital to the functioning of the organ . There are many specialised cells of the GI tract . These include the various cells of the gastric glands , taste cells , pancreatic duct cells , enterocytes and microfold cells . Some parts of the digestive system are also part of the excretory system , including the large intestine . Mouth ( edit ) The mouth is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract and is equipped with several structures that begin the first processes of digestion . These include salivary glands , teeth and the tongue . The mouth consists of two regions ; the vestibule and the oral cavity proper . The vestibule is the area between the teeth , lips and cheeks , and the rest is the oral cavity proper . Most of the oral cavity is lined with oral mucosa , a mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucus , of which only a small amount is needed . Mucous membranes vary in structure in the different regions of the body but they all produce a lubricating mucus , which is either secreted by surface cells or more usually by underlying glands . The mucous membrane in the mouth continues as the thin mucosa which lines the bases of the teeth . The main component of mucus is a glycoprotein called mucin and the type secreted varies according to the region involved . Mucin is viscous , clear , and clinging . Underlying the mucous membrane in the mouth is a thin layer of smooth muscle tissue and the loose connection to the membrane gives it its great elasticity . It covers the cheeks , inner surfaces of the lips , and floor of the mouth . The roof of the mouth is termed the palate and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity . The palate is hard at the front of the mouth since the overlying mucosa is covering a plate of bone ; it is softer and more pliable at the back being made of muscle and connective tissue , and it can move to swallow food and liquids . The soft palate ends at the uvula . The surface of the hard palate allows for the pressure needed in eating food , to leave the nasal passage clear . The lips are the mouth 's front boundary and the fauces ( the passageway between the tonsils , also called the throat ) , mark its posterior boundary . At either side of the soft palate are the palatoglossus muscles which also reach into regions of the tongue . These muscles raise the back of the tongue and also close both sides of the fauces to enable food to be swallowed . Mucus helps in the mastication of food in its ability to soften and collect the food in the formation of the bolus . Salivary glands ( edit ) Oral cavity There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands , all of which mainly serve the digestive process , and also play an important role in the maintenance of dental health and general mouth lubrication , without which speech would be impossible . The main glands are all exocrine glands , secreting via ducts . All of these glands terminate in the mouth . The largest of these are the parotid glands -- their secretion is mainly serous . The next pair are underneath the jaw , the submandibular glands , these produce both serous fluid and mucus . The serous fluid is produced by serous glands in these salivary glands which also produce lingual lipase . They produce about 70 % of the oral cavity saliva . The third pair are the sublingual glands located underneath the tongue and their secretion is mainly mucous with a small percentage of saliva . Within the oral mucosa ( a mucous membrane ) lining the mouth and also on the tongue and palates and mouth floor , are the minor salivary glands ; their secretions are mainly mucous and are innervated by the facial nerve ( the seventh cranial nerve ) . The glands also secrete amylase a first stage in the breakdown of food acting on the carbohydrate in the food to transform the starch content into maltose . There are other glands on the surface of the tongue that encircle taste buds on the back part of the tongue and these also produce lingual lipase . Lipase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids ( fats ) . These glands are termed Von Ebner 's glands which have also been shown to have another function in the secretion of histatins which offer an early defense ( outside of the immune system ) against microbes in food , when it makes contact with these glands on the tongue tissue . Sensory information can stimulate the secretion of saliva providing the necessary fluid for the tongue to work with and also to ease swallowing of the food . Saliva ( edit ) Main article : Saliva Saliva moistens and softens food , and along with the chewing action of the teeth , transforms the food into a smooth bolus . The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus . Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase . Amylase starts to work on the starch in carbohydrates , breaking it down into the simple sugars of maltose and dextrose that can be further broken down in the small intestine . Saliva in the mouth can account for 30 % of this initial starch digestion . Lipase starts to work on breaking down fats . Lipase is further produced in the pancreas where it is released to continue this digestion of fats . The presence of salivary lipase is of prime importance in young babies whose pancreatic lipase has yet to be developed . As well as its role in supplying digestive enzymes , saliva has a cleansing action for the teeth and mouth . It also has an immunological role in supplying antibodies to the system , such as immunoglobulin A . This is seen to be key in preventing infections of the salivary glands , importantly that of parotitis . Saliva also contains a glycoprotein called haptocorrin which is a binding protein to vitamin B. It binds with the vitamin in order to carry it safely through the acidic content of the stomach . When it reaches the duodenum , pancreatic enzymes break down the glycoprotein and free the vitamin which then binds with intrinsic factor . Tongue ( edit ) Food enters the mouth where the first stage in the digestive process takes place , with the action of the tongue and the secretion of saliva . The tongue is a fleshy and muscular sensory organ , and the very first sensory information is received via the taste buds in the papillae on its surface . If the taste is agreeable , the tongue will go into action , manipulating the food in the mouth which stimulates the secretion of saliva from the salivary glands . The liquid quality of the saliva will help in the softening of the food and its enzyme content will start to break down the food whilst it is still in the mouth . The first part of the food to be broken down is the starch of carbohydrates ( by the enzyme amylase in the saliva ) . The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a ligamentous band called the frenum and this gives it great mobility for the manipulation of food ( and speech ) ; the range of manipulation is optimally controlled by the action of several muscles and limited in its external range by the stretch of the frenum . The tongue 's two sets of muscles , are four intrinsic muscles that originate in the tongue and are involved with its shaping , and four extrinsic muscles originating in bone that are involved with its movement . Taste ( edit ) Main article : Taste Cross section of circumvallate papilla showing arrangement of nerves and taste buds Taste is a form of chemoreception that takes place in the specialised taste receptors , contained in structures called taste buds in the mouth . Taste buds are mainly on the upper surface ( dorsum ) of the tongue . The function of taste perception is vital to help prevent harmful or rotten foods from being consumed . There are also taste buds on the epiglottis and upper part of the esophagus . The taste buds are innervated by a branch of the facial nerve the chorda tympani , and the glossopharyngeal nerve . Taste messages are sent via these cranial nerves to the brain . The brain can distinguish between the chemical qualities of the food . The five basic tastes are referred to as those of saltiness , sourness , bitterness , sweetness , and umami . The detection of saltiness and sourness enables the control of salt and acid balance . The detection of bitterness warns of poisons -- many of a plant 's defences are of poisonous compounds that are bitter . Sweetness guides to those foods that will supply energy ; the initial breakdown of the energy - giving carbohydrates by salivary amylase creates the taste of sweetness since simple sugars are the first result . The taste of umami is thought to signal protein - rich food . Sour tastes are acidic which is often found in bad food . The brain has to decide very quickly whether the food should be eaten or not . It was the findings in 1991 , describing the first olfactory receptors that helped to prompt the research into taste . The olfactory receptors are located on cell surfaces in the nose which bind to chemicals enabling the detection of smells . It is assumed that signals from taste receptors work together with those from the nose , to form an idea of complex food flavours . Teeth ( edit ) Main article : Human tooth Teeth are complex structures made of materials specific to them . They are made of a bone - like material called dentin , which is covered by the hardest tissue in the body -- enamel . Teeth have different shapes to deal with different aspects of mastication employed in tearing and chewing pieces of food into smaller and smaller pieces . This results in a much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes . The teeth are named after their particular roles in the process of mastication -- incisors are used for cutting or biting off pieces of food ; canines , are used for tearing , premolars and molars are used for chewing and grinding . Mastication of the food with the help of saliva and mucus results in the formation of a soft bolus which can then be swallowed to make its way down the upper gastrointestinal tract to the stomach . The digestive enzymes in saliva also help in keeping the teeth clean by breaking down any lodged food particles . Epiglottis ( edit ) Main article : Epiglottis The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage attached to the entrance of the larynx . It is covered with a mucous membrane and there are taste buds on its lingual surface which faces into the mouth . Its laryngeal surface faces into the larynx . The epiglottis functions to guard the entrance of the glottis , the opening between the vocal folds . It is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx , but during swallowing , the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position , with its upper side functioning as part of the pharynx . In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus , which is behind . During swallowing , the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis ' opening to prevent any food that is being swallowed from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs ; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process . Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex in order to protect the lungs . Pharynx ( edit ) Main article : Pharynx The pharynx is a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system and also a part of the digestive system . It is the part of the throat immediately behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx . The pharynx is made up of three parts . The lower two parts -- the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are involved in the digestive system . The laryngopharynx connects to the esophagus and it serves as a passageway for both air and food . Air enters the larynx anteriorly but anything swallowed has priority and the passage of air is temporarily blocked . The pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve . Muscles in the pharynx push the food into the esophagus . The pharynx joins the esophagus at the oesophageal inlet which is located behind the cricoid cartilage . Esophagus ( edit ) Main article : Esophagus The esophagus or oesophagus , commonly known as the gullet , is an organ which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach . The esophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx . It passes through the posterior mediastinum in the thorax and enters the stomach through a hole in the thoracic diaphragm -- the esophageal hiatus , at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra ( T10 ) . Its length averages 25 cm , varying with height . It is divided into cervical , thoracic and abdominal parts . The pharynx joins the esophagus at the esophageal inlet which is behind the cricoid cartilage . At rest the esophagus is closed at both ends , by the upper and lower esophageal sphincters . The opening of the upper sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex so that food is allowed through . The sphincter also serves to prevent back flow from the esophagus into the pharynx . The esophagus has a mucous membrane and the epithelium which has a protective function is continuously replaced due to the volume of food that passes inside the esophagus . During swallowing , food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus . The epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position so as to prevent food from going into the trachea , instead directing it to the esophagus . Once in the esophagus , the bolus travels down to the stomach via rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles known as peristalsis . The lower esophageal sphincter is a muscular sphincter surrounding the lower part of the esophagus . The junction between the esophagus and the stomach ( the gastroesophageal junction ) is controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter , which remains constricted at all times other than during swallowing and vomiting to prevent the contents of the stomach from entering the esophagus . As the esophagus does not have the same protection from acid as the stomach , any failure of this sphincter can lead to heartburn . The esophagus has a mucous membrane of epithelium which has a protective function as well as providing a smooth surface for the passage of food . Due to the high volume of food that is passed over time , this membrane is continuously renewed . An illustration of the digestive system in an adult . Diaphragm ( edit ) The diaphragm is an important part of the body 's digestive system . The muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity where most of the digestive organs are located . The suspensory muscle attaches the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm . This muscle is thought to be of help in the digestive system in that its attachment offers a wider angle to the duodenojejunal flexure for the easier passage of digesting material . The diaphragm also attaches to , and anchors the liver at its bare area . The esophagus enters the abdomen through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of T10 . Stomach ( edit ) Main article : Stomach Areas of the stomach The stomach is a major organ of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive system . It is a consistently J - shaped organ joined to the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end . Gastric acid ( informally gastric juice ) , produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process , and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride . A peptide hormone , gastrin , produced by G cells in the gastric glands , stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive enzymes . Pepsinogen is a precursor enzyme ( zymogen ) produced by the gastric chief cells , and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins . As these two chemicals would damage the stomach wall , mucus is secreted by innumerable gastric glands in the stomach , to provide a slimy protective layer against the damaging effects of the chemicals on the inner layers of the stomach . At the same time that protein is being digested , mechanical churning occurs through the action of peristalsis , waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall . This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes . Gastric lipase secreted by the chief cells in the fundic glands in the gastric mucosa of the stomach , is an acidic lipase , in contrast with the alkaline pancreatic lipase . This breaks down fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase . The pylorus , the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal , contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin . After an hour or two , a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced . When the pyloric sphincter , or valve opens , chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas , and then passes through the small intestine , where digestion continues . When the chyme is fully digested , it is absorbed into the blood . 95 % of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine . Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine , where the environment is slightly acidic . Some vitamins , such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed . The parietal cells in the fundus of the stomach , produce a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 . Vitamin B12 ( cobalamin ) , is carried to , and through the stomach , bound to a glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands - transcobalamin I also called haptocorrin , which protects the acid - sensitive vitamin from the acidic stomach contents . Once in the more neutral duodenum , pancreatic enzymes break down the protective glycoprotein . The freed vitamin B12 then binds to intrinsic factor which is then absorbed by the enterocytes in the ileum . The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food . This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach . The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml . Spleen ( edit ) Main article : Spleen The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent . This is why it is sometimes known as the ' graveyard of red blood cells ' . A product of this digestion is the pigment bilirubin , which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile . Another product is iron , which is used in the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow . Medicine treats the spleen solely as belonging to the lymphatic system , though it is acknowledged that the full range of its important functions is not yet understood . Liver ( edit ) Main article : Liver The liver is the second largest organ ( after the skin ) and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body 's metabolism . The liver has many functions some of which are important to digestion . The liver can detoxify various metabolites ; synthesise proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion . It regulates the storage of glycogen which it can form from glucose ( glycogenesis ) . The liver can also synthesise glucose from certain amino acids . Its digestive functions are largely involved with the breaking down of carbohydrates . It also maintains protein metabolism in its synthesis and degradation . In lipid metabolism it synthesises cholesterol . Fats are also produced in the process of lipogenesis . The liver synthesises the bulk of lipoproteins . The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part , This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder . The liver produces bile , an important alkaline compound which aids digestion . Bile ( edit ) Bile produced by the liver is made up of water ( 97 % ) , bile salts , mucus and pigments , 1 % fats and inorganic salts . Bilirubin is its major pigment . Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats in the chyme . Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles . The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme , lipase to work on . Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride . These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall . If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats . Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet . Bile is collected and delivered through the common hepatic duct . This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder . Bile is stored in the gallbladder for release when food is discharged into the duodenum and also after a few hours . Gallbladder ( edit ) The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver , with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression . It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored , before being released into the small intestine . Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage . The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin ( CCK ) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum . The production of CCK ( by endocrine cells of the duodenum ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum . It is divided into three sections , a fundus , body and neck . The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct , which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct . At this junction is a mucosal fold called Hartmann 's pouch , where gallstones commonly get stuck . The muscular layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract , so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct . The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural , semi-liquid form at all times . Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening . To dilute the bile , water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added . Also , salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising . If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile , or if the gallbladder does n't empty properly the systems can fail . This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone . The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile , or gall . Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones . After the fat is absorbed , the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse . Pancreas ( edit ) Main article : Pancreas Action of digestive hormones Pancreas , duodenum and bile duct The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system . It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland . The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high ; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy . The endocrine part releases glucagon when the blood sugar is low ; glucagon allows stored sugar to be broken down into glucose by the liver in order to re-balance the sugar levels . The pancreas produces and releases important digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice that it delivers to the duodenum . The pancreas lies below and at the back of the stomach . It connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which it joins near to the bile duct 's connection where both the bile and pancreatic juice can act on the chyme that is released from the stomach into the duodenum . Aqueous pancreatic secretions from pancreatic duct cells contain bicarbonate ions which are alkaline and help with the bile to neutralise the acidic chyme that is churned out by the stomach . The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats and proteins . Some of these are released in response to the production of CKK in the duodenum . ( The enzymes that digest polysaccharides , by contrast , are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines . ) The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes . The major proteases , the pancreatic enzymes which work on proteins , are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen . Elastase is also produced . Smaller amounts of lipase and amylase are secreted . The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2 , lysophospholipase , and cholesterol esterase . The precursor zymogens , are inactive variants of the enzymes ; which avoids the onset of pancreatitis caused by autodegradation . Once released in the intestine , the enzyme enteropeptidase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin ; further cleavage results in chymotripsin . Lower gastrointestinal tract ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal tract The lower gastrointestinal tract ( GI ) , includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine . The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut . The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus . The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum , the jejunum and the ileum . The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine . The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal . Small intestine ( edit ) Lower GI tract - 3 ) Small intestine ; 5 ) Cecum ; 6 ) Large intestine Duodenum Food starts to arrive in the small intestine one hour after it is eaten , and after two hours the stomach has emptied . Until this time the food is termed a bolus . It then becomes the partially digested semi-liquid termed chyme . In the small intestine , the pH becomes crucial ; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes . The chyme is very acidic , with a low pH , having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline . This is achieved in the duodenum by the addition of bile from the gall bladder combined with the bicarbonate secretions from the pancreatic duct and also from secretions of bicarbonate - rich mucus from duodenal glands known as Brunner 's glands . The chyme arrives in the intestines having been released from the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter . The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine . The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine . When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition , they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream . The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb . From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine , the duodenum . ( The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum ) . The duodenum is the first and shortest section of the small intestine . It is a hollow , jointed C - shaped tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum . It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum . The attachment of the suspensory muscle to the diaphragm is thought to help the passage of food by making a wider angle at its attachment . Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine . Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption ( and these continue in the large intestine ) . In the duodenum , pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme , colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme . From this breakdown , smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced . There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines ( the majority being in the small intestine ) . They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface . All these villi make for a greater surface area , not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli . The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals . A milky fluid called chyle , consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons , results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals . Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body . The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract . The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum . The jejunum , the midsection of the small intestine contains circular folds , flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine . These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars , amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream . The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed . The last part of the small intestine is the ileum . This also contains villi and vitamin B12 ; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here . When the chyme is exhausted of its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces , which pass to the large intestine , where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches . Cecum ( edit ) Cecum and beginning of ascending colon The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine . The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine , the ileum , and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine . At this junction there is a sphincter or valve , the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum , allowing further digestion . It is also the site of the appendix attachment . Large intestine ( edit ) In the large intestine , the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower , taking from 12 to 50 hours until it is removed by defecation . The colon mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora . The time taken varies considerably between individuals . The remaining semi-solid waste is termed feces and is removed by the coordinated contractions of the intestinal walls , termed peristalsis , which propels the excreta forward to reach the rectum and exit via defecation from the anus . The wall has an outer layer of longitudinal muscles , the taeniae coli , and an inner layer of circular muscles . The circular muscle keeps the material moving forward and also prevents any back flow of waste . Also of help in the action of peristalsis is the basal electrical rhythm that determines the frequency of contractions . The taeniae coli can be seen and are responsible for the bulges ( haustra ) present in the colon . Most parts of the GI tract are covered with serous membranes and have a mesentery . Other more muscular parts are lined with adventitia . Blood supply ( edit ) Blood supply to the digestive organs Arteries and veins around the pancreas and spleen The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery . The celiac artery is the first major branch from the abdominal aorta , and is the only major artery that nourishes the digestive organs . There are three main divisions -- the left gastric artery , the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery . The celiac artery supplies the liver , stomach , spleen and the upper 1 / 3 of the duodenum ( to the sphincter of Oddi ) and the pancreas with oxygenated blood . Most of the blood is returned to the liver via the portal venous system for further processing and detoxification before returning to the systemic circulation via the hepatic portal vein . The next branch from the abdominal aorta is the superior mesenteric artery , which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the midgut , which includes the distal 2 / 3 of the duodenum , jejunum , ileum , cecum , appendix , ascending colon , and the proximal 2 / 3 of the transverse colon . The final branch which is important for the digestive system is the inferior mesenteric artery , which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the hindgut , which includes the distal 1 / 3 of the transverse colon , descending colon , sigmoid colon , rectum , and the anus above the pectinate line . Nerve supply ( edit ) Dietary life rules , Japan , Edo period . The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons that are embedded in the peritoneum , the lining of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the esophagus to the anus . These neurons are collected into two plexuses - the myenteric ( or Auerbach 's ) plexus that lies between the longitudinal and the smooth muscle layers , and the submucosal ( or Meissner 's ) plexus that lies between the circular smooth muscle layer and the mucosa . Parasympathetic innervation to the ascending colon is supplied by the vagus nerve . Sympathetic innervation is supplied by the splanchnic nerves that join the celiac ganglia . Most of the digestive tract is innervated by the two large celiac ganglia , with the upper part of each ganglion joined by the greater splanchnic nerve and the lower parts joined by the lesser splanchnic nerve . It is from these ganglia that many of the gastric plexuses arise . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the digestive system Early in embryonic development , the embryo has three germ layers and abuts a yolk sac . During the second week of development , the embryo grows and begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac . The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract . Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract , such as the oesophagus , stomach , and intestines . During the fourth week of development , the stomach rotates . The stomach , originally lying in the midline of the embryo , rotates so that its body is on the left . This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach , which will go on to become the duodenum . By the end of the fourth week , the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side , the hepatic diverticulum , which will go on to become the biliary tree . Just below this is a second outpouching , known as the cystic diverticulum , that will eventually develop into the gallbladder . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal disease Each part of the digestive system is subject to a wide range of disorders many of which can be congenital . Mouth diseases can also be caused by pathogenic bacteria , viruses , fungi and as a side effect of some medications . Mouth diseases include tongue diseases and salivary gland diseases . A common gum disease in the mouth is gingivitis which is caused by bacteria in plaque . The most common viral infection of the mouth is gingivostomatitis caused by herpes simplex . A common fungal infection is candidiasis commonly known as thrush which affects the mucous membranes of the mouth . There are a number of esophageal diseases such as the development of Schatzki rings that can restrict the passageway , causing difficulties in swallowing . They can also completely block the esophagus . Stomach diseases are often chronic conditions and include gastroparesis , gastritis , and peptic ulcers . A number of problems including malnutrition and anemia can arise from malabsorption , the abnormal absorption of nutrients in the GI tract . Malabsorption can have many causes ranging from infection , to enzyme deficiencies such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency . It can also arise as a result of other gastrointestinal diseases such as coeliac disease . Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine . This can cause vitamin deficiencies due to the improper absorption of nutrients in the small intestine . The small intestine can also be obstructed by a volvulus , a loop of intestine that becomes twisted enclosing its attached mesentery . This can cause mesenteric ischemia if severe enough . A common disorder of the bowel is diverticulitis . Diverticula are small pouches that can form inside the bowel wall , which can become inflamed to give diverticulitis . This disease can have complications if an inflamed diverticulum bursts and infection sets in . Any infection can spread further to the lining of the abdomen ( peritoneum ) and cause potentially fatal peritonitis . Crohn 's disease is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) , which can affect any part of the GI tract , but it mostly starts in the terminal ileum . Ulcerative colitis an ulcerative form of colitis , is the other major inflammatory bowel disease which is restricted to the colon and rectum . Both of these IBDs can give an increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer . Ulcerative coliltis is the most common of the IBDs Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ) is the most common of the functional gastrointestinal disorders . These are idiopathic disorders that the Rome process has helped to define . Giardiasis is a disease of the small intestine caused by a protist parasite Giardia lamblia . This does not spread but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine . It can often be asymptomatic , but as often can be indicated by a variety of symptoms . Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans . There are diagnostic tools mostly involving the ingestion of barium sulphate to investigate disorders of the GI tract . These are known as upper gastrointestinal series that enable imaging of the pharynx , larynx , oesophagous , stomach and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal series for imaging of the colon . In pregnancy ( edit ) Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders . Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia . See also ( edit ) Gastrointestinal physiology Gut -- brain axis Neurogastroenterology References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human digestive system . ^ Jump up to : `` Large intestine '' . Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Lower Gastrointestinal Tract at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Cummings , JH ; Macfarlane , GT ( November 1997 ) . `` Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism '' . JPEN . Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition . 21 ( 6 ) : 357 -- 65 . doi : 10.1177 / 0148607197021006357 . PMID 9406136 . Jump up ^ O.D.E. 2nd . Edition 2005 Jump up ^ Wood , Jackie D. ( 2009 ) , `` Gastrointestinal Physiology '' , in Rhoades , Rodney A. ; Bell , David R. , Medical Physiology : Principles for Clinical Medicine ( 3 ed . ) , Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , pp. 463 -- 496 Jump up ^ Essential Clinical Anatomy . K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur . Lippincott , 2 ed. 2002 . Page 150 Jump up ^ Boron , Walter F. ; Boulpaep , Emile L. ( 2005 ) . Medical Physiology . Elsevier Saunders . p. 883 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hall , John E. ( 2011 ) . `` General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function '' . 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St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . p. 800 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0187 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morris , AM ; Regenbogen , SE ; Hardiman , KM ; Hendren , S ( Jan 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sigmoid diverticulitis : a systematic review '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 311 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 97 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.282025 . PMID 24430321 . Jump up ^ `` Crohn 's Disease '' . National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse ( NDDIC ) . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Danese , S. & Fiocci , C. ( 2011 ) . Ulcerative colitis . The New England Journal of Medicine , 365 : 1713 - 1725 . Jump up ^ Thompson WG , Longstreth GL , Drossman DA et al. ( 2000 ) . Functional Bowel Disorders . In : Drossman DA , Corazziari E , Talley NJ et al. ( eds . ) , Rome II : The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders . Diagnosis , Pathophysiology and Treatment . A Multinational Consensus . Lawrence , KS : Allen Press . ISBN 0 - 9656837 - 2 - 9 . 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Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa ( hide ) Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree Liver Bare area Cantlie line Ligamentum venosum Porta hepatis Round ligament Lobes of liver Caudate Quadrate Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver Liver segment Microanatomy Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Ampulla of Vater Sphincter of Oddi Cells Cholecystocyte Pancreas Gross Tail Body Neck Head ( Uncinate process ) Ducts main accessory Microanatomy Pancreatic islets Centroacinar cell Stellate cell Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Diseases of the digestive system ( primarily K20 -- K93 , 530 -- 579 ) Upper GI tract Esophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory -- Weiss syndrome UES Zenker 's diverticulum LES Barrett 's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Esophageal stricture Megaesophagus Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier 's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic ( gastric ) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy 's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Lower GI tract : Intestinal / Enteropathy Small intestine ( Duodenum / Jejunum / Ileum ) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic ( duodenal ) ulcer Curling 's ulcer Malabsorption : Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Whipple 's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine ( Appendix / Colon ) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis / Diverticulosis Large and / or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn 's disease Vascular : Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction : Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Anal canal Anal fissure / Anal fistula Anal abscess Hemorrhoid Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding / BIS Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia Accessory Liver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver NASH Vascular Budd - Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno - occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson 's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstones / Cholecystolithiasis Cholesterolosis Adenomyomatosis Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct / Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis / Mirizzi 's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Gallstones / Cholelithiasis Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula Abdominopelvic Hernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit 's Grynfeltt - Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter 's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Development of the digestive system Foregut Stomodeum Buccopharyngeal membrane Rathke 's pouch Tracheoesophageal septum Pancreatic bud Hepatic diverticulum Midgut Midgut Hindgut Urorectal septum Proctodeum Cloaca Cloacal membrane Surgical procedures involving the digestive system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 42 -- 54 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0D ) Digestive tract Upper GI tract SGs / Esophagus Esophagectomy Heller myotomy Sialography Impedance -- pH monitoring Esophageal pH monitoring Esophageal motility study Stomach Bariatric surgery Adjustable gastric band Gastric bypass surgery Sleeve gastrectomy Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery Collis gastroplasty Gastrectomy Billroth I Billroth II Roux - en - Y Gastroenterostomy Gastropexy Gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Hill repair Nissen fundoplication Pyloromyotomy Medical imaging Endoscopy : Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Barium swallow Upper gastrointestinal series Lower GI tract Small bowel Bariatric surgery Duodenal switch Jejunoileal bypass Bowel resection Ileostomy Intestine transplantation Jejunostomy Partial ileal bypass surgery Strictureplasty Large bowel Appendicectomy Colectomy Colonic polypectomy Colostomy Hartmann 's operation Rectum Abdominoperineal resection / Miles operation Lower anterior resection Total mesorectal excision Anal canal Anal sphincterotomy Anorectal manometry Lateral internal sphincterotomy Rubber band ligation Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization Medical imaging Endoscopy : Colonoscopy Anoscopy Capsule endoscopy Enteroscopy Proctoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Abdominal ultrasonography Defecography Double - contrast barium enema Endoanal ultrasound Enteroclysis Lower gastrointestinal series Small - bowel follow - through Transrectal ultrasonography Virtual colonoscopy Stool tests Fecal fat test Fecal pH test Stool guaiac test Accessory Liver Artificial extracorporeal liver support Bioartificial liver devices Liver dialysis Hepatectomy Liver biopsy Liver transplantation Portal hypertension Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( TIPS ) Distal splenorenal shunt procedure Gallbladder , bile duct Cholecystectomy Cholecystostomy ERCP Hepatoportoenterostomy Medical imaging : Cholangiography IV MRCP PTC Cholecystography Cholescintigraphy Pancreas Frey 's procedure Pancreas transplantation Pancreatectomy Pancreaticoduodenectomy Puestow procedure Abdominopelvic Peritoneum Diagnostic peritoneal lavage Intraperitoneal injection Laparoscopy Omentopexy Paracentesis Peritoneal dialysis Hernia Hernia repair : Inguinal hernia surgery Femoral hernia repair Other Laparotomy Exploratory laparotomy Rapid urease test / Urea breath test CPRs MELD PELD UKELD Child -- Pugh score Ranson criteria Milan criteria Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Medicine portal Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_digestive_system&oldid=838545362 '' Categories : Organ systems Digestive system Metabolism Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

in what part of the digestive tube do you expect the initial digestion of starch

the mouth

the mouth

Brigade de cuisine - wikipedia Brigade de cuisine Jump to : navigation , search Brigade de cuisine ( French : ( bʁiɡad də kɥizin ) , kitchen brigade ) is a system of hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff , commonly referred to as `` kitchen staff '' in English - speaking countries . The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier . This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of positions 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List of positions ( edit ) This is an exhaustive list of the different members of the kitchen brigade system . Only the largest of establishments would have an extensive staff of this size . As noted under some titles , certain positions are combined into other positions when such a large staff is unnecessary . Note : Despite the use of chef in English as the title for a cook , the word actually means `` chief '' or `` head '' in French . Similarly , cuisine means `` kitchen '' , but also refers to food or cooking generally , or a type of food or cooking . Chef de cuisine ( kitchen chef ; literally `` chief of kitchen '' ) is responsible for overall management of kitchen ; supervises staff , creates menus and new recipes with the assistance of the restaurant manager , makes purchases of raw food items , trains apprentices , and maintains a sanitary and hygienic environment for the preparation of food . Sous - chef de cuisine ( deputy / second kitchen chef ; literally `` subchief '' ) receives orders directly from the chef de cuisine for the management of the kitchen , and often serves as the representative when the chef de cuisine is not present . Saucier ( saucemaker / sauté cook ) prepares sauces and warm hors d'oeuvres , completes meat dishes , and in smaller restaurants , may work on fish dishes and prepare sautéed items . This is one of the most respected positions in the kitchen brigade . Chef de partie ( senior chef ; literally `` chief of party '' ; party used here as a group , in the sense of a military detail ) is responsible for managing a given station in the kitchen , specializing in preparing particular dishes there . Those who work in a lesser station are commonly referred to as a demi - chef . Cuisinier ( cook ) is an independent position , usually preparing specific dishes in a station ; may also be referred to as a cuisinier de partie . Commis ( junior cook ) also works in a specific station , but reports directly to the chef de partie and takes care of the tools for the station . Apprenti ( e ) ( apprentice ) are often students gaining theoretical and practical training in school and work experience in the kitchen . They perform preparatory work and / or cleaning work . Plongeur ( dishwasher or kitchen porter ) cleans dishes and utensils , and may be entrusted with basic preparatory jobs . Marmiton ( pot and pan washer , also known as kitchen porter ) in larger restaurants , takes care of all the pots and pans instead of the plongeur . Rôtisseur ( roast cook ) manages a team of cooks that roasts , broils , and deep fries dishes . Grillardin ( grill cook ) in larger kitchens , prepares grilled foods instead of the rôtisseur . Friturier ( fry cook ) in larger kitchens , prepares fried foods instead of the rôtisseur . Poissonnier ( fish cook ) prepares fish and seafood dishes . Entremetier ( entrée preparer ) prepares soups and other dishes not involving meat or fish , including vegetable dishes and egg dishes . Potager ( soup cook ) in larger kitchens , reports to the entremetier and prepares the soups . Legumier ( vegetable cook ) in larger kitchens , also reports to the entremetier and prepares the vegetable dishes . Garde manger ( pantry supervisor ; literally `` food keeper '' ) is responsible for preparation of cold hors d'oeuvres , pâtés , terrines and aspics ; prepares salads ; organizes large buffet displays ; and prepares charcuterie items . Tournant ( spare hand / roundsman ) moves throughout the kitchen , assisting other positions in kitchen . Pâtissier ( pastry cook ) prepares desserts and other meal - end sweets , and for locations without a boulanger , also prepares breads and other baked items ; may also prepare pasta for the restaurant . Confiseur in larger restaurants , prepares candies and petits fours instead of the pâtissier . Glacier in larger restaurants , prepares frozen and cold desserts instead of the pâtissier . Décorateur in larger restaurants , prepares show pieces and specialty cakes instead of the pâtissier . Boulanger ( baker ) in larger restaurants , prepares bread , cakes , and breakfast pastries instead of the pâtissier . Boucher ( butcher ) butchers meats , poultry , and sometimes fish ; may also be in charge of breading meat and fish items . Aboyeur ( announcer / expediter ) takes orders from the dining room and distributes them to the various stations ; may also be performed by the sous - chef de partie . Communard prepares the meal served to the restaurant staff . Garçon de cuisine ( literally `` kitchen boy '' ) in larger restaurants , performs preparatory and auxiliary work for support . See also ( edit ) Food portal Auguste Escoffier Chef List of restaurant terminology Maître d'hôtel , a front of house head Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Escoffier Kitchen Brigade System Then and Now '' . 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Kitchen Brigade - Lucky Peach '' . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dominé , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Dominé , 33 . ^ Jump up to : The Culinary Institute of America , 8 . References ( edit ) Dominé , André ( ed . ) . Culinaria France . Cologne : Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbh , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 1129 - 7 The Culinary Institute of America ( 2006 ) . The Professional Chef ( 8th ed . ) . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5734 - 7 . Patrick Rambourg , Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises , Paris , Ed . Perrin ( coll . tempus n ° 359 ) , 2010 , 381 pages . ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 03318 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brigade_de_cuisine&oldid=783032044 '' Categories : Food services occupations Restaurant terminology Culinary terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2017 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who was the french chef given credit for developing the classic kitchen​ brigade

Georges Auguste Escoffier

Georges Auguste Escoffier

For What It 's Worth - wikipedia For What It 's Worth Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Stephen Stills song . For other uses , see For What It 's Worth ( disambiguation ) . `` What 's that sound ? '' redirects here . For the album , see What 's That Sound ? `` For What It 's Worth '' Single by Buffalo Springfield from the album Buffalo Springfield B - side `` Do I Have to Come Right Out and Say It ? '' Released January 1967 Format 7 - inch single Recorded December 5 , 1966 Studio Columbia Studios , Hollywood Genre Folk rock country rock psychedelic rock Length 2 : 37 Label Atco Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Stills Producer ( s ) Charles Greene Brian Stone Buffalo Springfield singles chronology `` Burned '' ( 1966 ) `` For What It 's Worth '' ( 1967 ) `` Bluebird '' ( 1967 ) `` Burned '' ( 1966 ) `` For What It 's Worth '' ( 1967 ) `` Bluebird '' ( 1967 ) `` For What It 's Worth ( Stop , Hey What 's That Sound ) '' ( often referred to as simply `` For What It 's Worth '' ) is a song written by Stephen Stills . It was performed by Buffalo Springfield , recorded on December 5 , 1966 , and released as a single on Atco Records in January 1967 . The single peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . This song is currently ranked number 63 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time as well as the eighth best song of 1967 by Acclaimed Music . It was later added to the March 1967 second pressing of their first album , Buffalo Springfield . The title does not appear in the lyrics as it was added after the song was written . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 3 Legacy 4 Covers 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Although `` For What It 's Worth '' is often used as an anti-war song , Stephen Stills was inspired to write the track because of the Sunset Strip curfew riots in November 1966 , a series of early counterculture - era clashes that took place between police and young people on the Sunset Strip in Hollywood , California , beginning in mid-1966 , the same year Buffalo Springfield had become the house band at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip . It was within this period local residents and businesses had become annoyed by how crowds of young people going to clubs and music venues along the Strip caused late - night traffic congestion . In response , they lobbied the city to pass local ordinances stopping loitering and enforced a strict curfew on the Strip after 10pm . Young music fans , however , felt the new laws infringed their civil rights . On Saturday , November 12 , 1966 , fliers were distributed on Sunset Strip inviting people to join demonstrations later that day . Several of Los Angeles ' rock radio stations also announced a rally outside the Pandora 's Box club on the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights . That evening , as many as 1,000 young demonstrators , including future celebrities like Jack Nicholson and Peter Fonda ( who was handcuffed by police ) , gathered to protest against the enforcement of the curfew laws . Although the rallies began peacefully , trouble eventually broke out among the protesters and police . The unrest continued the next night and periodically throughout the rest of November and December , forcing some clubs to shut down within weeks . Against the background of these civil disturbances , Stills recorded the song on December 5 , 1966 . Production ( edit ) Stills said in an interview that the name of the song came about when he presented it to the record company executive Ahmet Ertegun who signed Buffalo Springfield to the Atlantic Records - owned ATCO label . He said : `` I have this song here , for what it 's worth , if you want it . '' Another producer , Charlie Greene , claims that Stills first said the above sentence to him , but credits Ahmet Ertegun with subtitling the single `` Stop , Hey What 's That Sound '' so that the song would be more easily recognized . The song was recorded on December 5 , 1966 at Columbia Studios , Hollywood . Tom Dowd claims he mixed the song at Atlantic 's studio in New York , though this is disputed by others . He did take part in the production of Cher 's version of the song in 1969. . The song is distinguished with the use of the guitar harmonics technique and sound . Legacy ( edit ) The song quickly became a well - known protest song . In 2006 , when interviewed on Tom Kent 's radio show Into the ' 70s , Stephen Stills pointed out that many people think `` For What It 's Worth '' is about the Kent State shootings ( 1970 ) , even though the song predates that event by over three years . Neil Young , Stills ' bandmate in both Buffalo Springfield and Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young , would later write `` Ohio '' , in response to the events at Kent State and include a live version of `` For What It 's Worth '' with modified lyrics to reflect the Kent State shootings on their album `` 4 Way Street '' . An all - star version of `` For What It 's Worth '' with Tom Petty and others , was played at Buffalo Springfield 's induction by Petty to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 ; Young did not attend . Covers ( edit ) `` For What It 's Worth '' has been covered , sampled , and referenced in numerous musical performances . Versions include those by The Staple Singers ( US # 66 in 1967 ) , Cher , Oui 3 , Queensrÿche ( on their Take Cover album ) and Public Enemy . Cher 's 1969 cover did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 ; AllMusic retrospectively called her version `` mature ( and ) forceful '' . David Cassidy recorded an extended live version for his 1974 album Cassidy Live ! ( Bell Records , UK # 9 ; recorded live in Great Britain in May 1974 ) . The track features extensive and complex lead guitar solos played by Cassidy himself . The album received rave reviews . Writing for Allmusic , critic Dave Thompson wrote , `` Recorded live on his 1974 world tour , at the height ( and , though nobody knew it , in the final days ) of Cassidy - mania , Cassidy Live is a peculiar document , on the one hand standing as an indication of just how fierce the hysteria around the lad was , but , on the other , living proof of what a sensational showman he was ; as evidenced by tracks like ' For What It 's Worth ' . '' Thompson summed up his review by saying , `` Rock history has sidelined Cassidy with a finality that seems almost personal , shovelling him up a teen idol side street from which the only escape was retirement and resignation . Cassidy Live , however , was recorded while he still thought he had a chance of advancing -- and few period live albums come even close to capturing its excitement . '' Public Enemy sampled `` For What It 's Worth '' , for their 1998 song `` He Got Game '' , which also featured Stephen Stills . Oui 3 adapted the song for their 1993 debut single of the same name , which reached number 26 in the UK chart . In 2017 , Haley Reinhart released a cover of the song as the third single from her third studio album , What 's That Sound ? References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Great Moments in Folk Rock : Lists of Author Favorites '' . Richieunterberger.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert . `` What is Country Rock ? '' . ThoughtCo . About.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim DeRogatis ( 1996 ) . Kaleidoscope Eyes : Psychedelic Rock from the ' 60s to the ' 90s . Carol Publishing Group . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 1788 - 9 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Google Books archive Billboard March 25 , 1967 retrieved 25 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs '' . Acclaimed Music . 27 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : David Browne ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' For What It 's Worth ' : Inside Buffalo Springfield 's Classic Protest Song '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 34 -- Revolt of the Fat Angel : American musicians respond to the British invaders . ( Part 2 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunset Strip Riots Closing of club ignited the ' Sunset Strip riots ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 2007 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Einarson , John ; Furay , Richie ( 2004 ) . For What It 's Worth : The Story of Buffalo Springfield . Taylor Trade Publications . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jimmy McDonough ( 2003 ) . Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography . Random House . p. 201 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Pop Spotlight Cher - For What It 's Worth '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 16 Aug 1969 . Jump up ^ Lustig , Jay ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` Song of the Day : ' Rock ' n ' Roll Woman , ' Buffalo Springfield '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Tommy ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` ' Days of Rage ' conference revisits unrest of May 1970 '' . Tuscaloosa News . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CSN , Jackson 5 Join Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Rolling Stone . 8 May 1997 . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Deming. `` 3614 Jackson Highway - Cher Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) . `` '' He Got Game '' Public Enemy at 25 TIME.com `` . Entertainment.time.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oui 3 '' . Blair Booth Music . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oui 3 '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! Haley Reinhart Covering The ' 60s Classic For What It 's Worth Is As Chilling As Our Current Political Climate ! Listen ! '' . PerezHilton . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Reasontorock analysis of song Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay Dewey Martin Jim Messina Stephen Stills Neil Young Bruce Palmer Studio albums Buffalo Springfield Buffalo Springfield Again Last Time Around Compilations and box sets Retrospective : The Best of Buffalo Springfield Buffalo Springfield ( compilation album ) Buffalo Springfield ( box set ) Songs `` For What It 's Worth '' `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' `` Mr. Soul '' `` Broken Arrow '' `` Expecting to Fly '' Related artists The Au Go Go Singers The Mynah Birds Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young The Stills - Young Band Poco Manassas Crazy Horse Loggins and Messina Poco Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` Rudy '' `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Portal Haley Reinhart Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) Better ( 2016 ) What 's That Sound ? ( 2017 ) EPs American Idol Season 10 Highlights : Haley Reinhart ( 2011 ) Songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Free '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Better '' Concert tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For_What_It%27s_Worth&oldid=815118566 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1967 singles 1969 singles Atco Records singles Buffalo Springfield songs Cher songs Counterculture of the 1960s Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Protest songs Songs about California Songs written by Stephen Stills Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd Song recordings produced by Jerry Wexler Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings stop listen what's that sound

Buffalo Springfield

Stephen Stills

The Gift of the Magi - wikipedia The Gift of the Magi Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the short story . For the Magi that visited baby Jesus , see Biblical Magi . For other uses , see The Gift of the Magi ( disambiguation ) . `` The Gift of the Magi '' Author O. Henry Country United states Language English Genre ( s ) Short story Published in The Four Million Publication type Anthology Publication date December 10 , 1905 ( newspaper ) ; April 10 , 1906 ( book ) `` The Gift of the Magi '' is a short story , written by O. Henry ( a pen name for William Sydney Porter ) , about a young husband and wife and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money . As a sentimental story with a moral lesson about gift - giving , it has been a popular one for adaptation , especially for presentation at Christmas time . The plot and its twist ending are well - known , and the ending is generally considered an example of comic irony . It was allegedly written at Pete 's Tavern on Irving Place in New York City . The story was initially published in The New York Sunday World under the title `` Gifts of the Magi '' on December 10 , 1905 . It was first published in book form in the O. Henry Anthology The Four Million in April 1906 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Adaptations 3 References 4 External links Summary ( edit ) Mr. James Dillingham Young ( `` Jim '' ) and his wife , Della , are a couple living in a modest apartment . On Christmas Eve , with only $1.87 in hand , and desperate to find a gift for Jim , Della sells her hair for $20 to a nearby hairdresser named Madame Sofronie , and eventually finds a platinum pocket watch fob chain for Jim 's watch for $21 . Satisfied with the perfect gift for Jim , Della runs home and begins to prepare pork chops for dinner . At 7 o'clock , Della sits at a table near the door , waiting for Jim to come home . Unusually late , Jim walks in and immediately stops short at the sight of Della , who had previously prayed that she was still pretty to Jim . Della then admits to Jim that she sold her hair to buy him his present . Jim gives Della her present -- an assortment of combs , useless now that her hair is short . Della then shows Jim the chain she bought for him , to which Jim says he sold his watch to get the money to buy her combs . Although Jim and Della are now left with gifts that neither one can use , they realize how far they are willing to go to show their love for each other , and how priceless their love really is . The story ends with the narrator comparing the pair 's mutually sacrificial gifts of love with those of the Biblical Magi . Adaptations ( edit ) The story has been adapted to films , The Sacrifice ( 1909 ) , Love 's Surprises Are Futile ( 1916 ) , The Gift of the Magi ( 1917 ) , a segment of O. Henry 's Full House ( 1952 ) , The Gift of Love ( 1978 ) , The Gift of the Magi ( 1958 ) , Dary magów ( Poland , 1972 ) , Christmas Eve on Sesame Street ( 1978 ) , I 'll not be a gangster , love ( Не буду гангстером , дорогая / Nebūsiu gangsteriu , brangioji , USSR , 1978 ) , Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) , The Gift of the Magi ( 2004 ) and the short film for the Irish band The Script in 2010 called For the First Time . Love , another French movie , based some of its scenes on this story . Raincoat ( 2004 ) , a Hindi film directed by Rituparno Ghosh is an adaptation of the story . The Greek film directed by Ismene Daskarolis ( 2014 ) places it in the economical crisis of Greece today . The Mexican film Nosotros los pobres includes this tale as a small sub-plot . There is also a Bulgarian short film adaptation known as `` Darovete na vlahvite '' ( 2013 ) directed by Ivan Abadjiev . An off - Broadway musical version entitled The Gifts of the Magi premiered at Lamb 's Theatre in New York City in 1984 . Written by Mark St. Germain and Randy Courts , the play is regularly produced in schools and regional theaters . In 1955 , in The Honeymooners episode 13 of season 1 , `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' involves Ralph looking for the perfect present for Alice for Christmas . Without money , he pawns his prized bowling ball to buy her an expensive gift , only to find out in the end that she bought him a custom bowling ball bag . In 1992 , in Rugrats episode 27 `` The Santa Experience '' , Phil does n't know what to get Lil , so Angelica convinces him to give up his precious Reptar to get Lil markers for her Color Me book , and then convinces Lil to give up the Color Me book to get a space helmet for Phil 's Reptar even though Angelica was now in possession of it . The twins both believe the sacrifice is the greatest gift of all , leaving Angelica in bitter Christmas spirits until she returns the original gifts . The Squirrel Nut Zippers song `` Gift of the Magi '' from their 1998 album Christmas Caravan is a duet sung from the point of view of both Jim and Della . Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas , which is a twist on `` The Gift of the Magi '' , is a children 's storybook by Russell Hoban which was first published in 1971 . In 1977 , Muppet creator Jim Henson produced a one - hour television adaptation of the story , filmed in Toronto for HBO in the United States and CBC in Canada . The special premiered on HBO on December 17 , 1978 . The special later aired on ABC in 1980 and on Nickelodeon in the 1990s . The special features several original songs written by songwriter Paul Williams . The sketch comedy show Studio C contains a skit called `` Gift of the Magi '' in which Jim and Della argue over their gift - giving . The television series My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic has the episode `` The Gift of the Maud Pie '' in which Pinkie Pie gives Maud a perfect gift , costing her the confetti - using Party Cannon . Maud 's gift in return was confetti for the cannon of which Pinkie Pie had sold . Radio drama series Adventures in Odyssey features a comedic adaptation of this story in its episode `` Gifts for Madge & Guy '' The animated sketch comedy series Robot Chicken features a parody of the story in its fourth season , except that Jim does not sell his watch and instead buys Della lingerie , much to her consternation . Joni Mitchell wrote and performed , but never recorded , a song based on the story . The opening sketch of the December 10 , 1988 episode of Season 14 of Saturday Night Live reimagines `` The Gift of the Magi '' as Donald and Ivana Trump ( played by Phil Hartman and Jan Hooks ) selling their yacht Princess and estate Mar - a-Lago , each in order to pay for a gift intended to adorn the other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Gift of the Magi is published -- This Day in History -- 4 / 10 / 1906 '' . history.com. 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` O'Henry and The Gift of the Magi '' . LiteraryTraveler.com . Jump up ^ Не буду гангстером , дорогая Jump up ^ Mickey 's Once Upon A Christmas on IMDb Jump up ^ O. Henry on IMDb Jump up ^ Raincoat on IMDb Jump up ^ The Gift of the Magi ( 2014 ) - IMDb Jump up ^ Darovete Na Vlahvite ( 2013 ) - IMDb Jump up ^ St. Germain , Mark ; Courts , Randy ( 1984 ) . The Gifts of the Magi . New York : Dramatists Play Service , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8222 - 1461 - 8 Jump up ^ Watch A Trump Christmas from Saturday Night Live on NBC.com , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Gift of the Magi `` The Gift of the Magi '' by O. Henry The Gift of the Magi public domain audiobook at LibriVox O'Henry's `` The Gift of the Magi '' : Common Core Exemplar from NEH 's EDSITEment `` The Gift of the Magi '' study guide , teacher resources , themes , quotes ( hide ) O. Henry Short stories `` The Duplicity of Hargraves '' ( 1902 ) `` A Retrieved Reformation '' ( 1903 ) `` The Cop and the Anthem '' ( 1904 ) `` The Gift of the Magi '' ( 1905 ) `` Conscience in Art '' ( 1907 ) `` The Last Leaf '' ( 1907 ) `` The Third Ingredient '' ( 1908 ) `` The Ransom of Red Chief '' ( 1910 ) `` Makes the Whole World Kin '' ( 1911 ) Novels Cabbages and Kings ( 1904 ) Story collections The Four Million ( 1906 ) Roads of Destiny ( 1909 ) Whirligigs ( 1910 ) Waifs and Strays ( 1917 ) Related O. Henry Award William Sidney Porter House O. Henry House and Museum O. Henry Hall O. Henry 's Full House ( 1952 ) Strictly Business ( 1962 ) The Trust That Went Bust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gift_of_the_Magi&oldid=816945958 '' Categories : 1906 short stories Christmas short stories Irony Short stories by O. Henry Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in the New York World Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the short story the gift of the magi about

a young husband and wife and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money

The Gift of the Magi

The Walking Dead ( comic book ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( comic book ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead Cover of The Walking Dead No. 1 . Art by Tony Moore . Publication information Publisher Image Comics Schedule Monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Post-apocalyptic Publication date October 2003 -- present No. of issues 178 Creative team Created by Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Written by Robert Kirkman Artist ( s ) Tony Moore ( # 1 -- 6 ) Charlie Adlard ( # 7 -- present ) Penciller ( s ) Tony Moore ( # 1 -- 6 ) Charlie Adlard ( # 7 -- present ) Inker ( s ) Tony Moore ( # 1 -- 6 ) Charlie Adlard ( # 7 -- present ) Stefano Gaudiano ( # 115 -- present ) Letterer ( s ) Robert Kirkman ( # 1 -- 19 ) Rus Wooton ( # 20 -- present ) Colorist ( s ) Tony Moore ( # 1 -- 5 ) Cliff Rathburn ( # 6 -- present ) Editor ( s ) Aubrey Sitterson ( # 55 -- 70 ) Sina Grace ( # 67 -- 96 ) Sean Mackiewicz ( # 97 -- present ) The Walking Dead is an ongoing black - and - white comic book series created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore . It focuses on Rick Grimes , a Kentucky deputy who is shot in the line of duty and awakens from a coma in a zombie apocalypse that has resulted in a state - wide quarantine . After joining with other survivors , including his loved ones , he gradually takes on the role of leader of a community as it struggles to survive the zombie apocalypse . First issued in 2003 by publisher Image Comics , the comic is written by Kirkman with art by Moore ( issues No. 1 -- 6 ) and Charlie Adlard ( issue No. 7 onward ) . Moore continued to do the covers through issue No. 24 . The Walking Dead received the 2007 and 2010 Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series at San Diego Comic - Con International . The series was adapted into the AMC television series The Walking Dead , which premiered in 2010 . The television program loosely follows the storyline of the comic book . The franchise has also spawned multiple additional media properties , including video games ( such as The Walking Dead video game ) , a companion television series ( Fear the Walking Dead ) , webisode series ( The Walking Dead : Torn Apart , The Walking Dead : Cold Storage , and The Walking Dead : The Oath ) , and various additional publications , including novels ( The Walking Dead : Rise of the Governor ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Story arcs 3 Specials 4 List of characters 4.1 The undead / reanimated 5 Reception 6 Other media 6.1 Television adaptations 6.2 Animation comic 6.3 The Walking Dead : The Game 6.4 The Walking Dead : All Out War 6.5 Novels 7 Collected editions 7.1 Trade paperbacks 7.2 Hardcovers 7.3 Omnibus editions 7.4 Compendium editions 7.5 Other publications 8 References 8.1 Comic books 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) The original pitch by Kirkman and Moore was for a followup to George A. Romero 's Night of the Living Dead , with the series taking place in the 1960s . Image Comics co-founder Jim Valentino suggested using an original concept instead so the creators would own the property outright . The revised pitch became The Walking Dead . The Walking Dead debuted in 2003 , published by Image Comics , with art by Tony Moore for the first six issues and Cliff Rathburn shading the art after issue five . Charlie Adlard took over as artist on issue # 7 , after he was approached by Kirkman . Moore also did the cover art for the first twenty - four issues and the first four trade paperbacks . The remainder were done by Adlard . When the television series premiered in October 2010 , Image Comics announced The Walking Dead Weekly . The first 52 issues of the series began to be reprinted on January 5 , 2011 , with one issue per week for a year . The series is periodically re-published in trade paperbacks which contain six issues each , hardcover books with twelve issues and occasional bonus material , omnibus editions of twenty - four issues , and compendium editions of forty - eight issues . Story arcs ( edit ) Volume 1 : Days Gone Bye ( Issues 1 -- 6 ) Rick Grimes , a sheriff 's deputy from Kentucky , is wounded in the line of duty and emerges from a coma to find the world overrun by the undead . He returns home to find his house ransacked and his wife and son gone . Rick travels to a military evacuation zone in Atlanta to find his family , but finds Atlanta has also been overrun . He is rescued by Glenn Rhee , who takes him to his small camp of survivors . Among them are Rick 's wife Lori and his son Carl . Zombies ( called Walkers , Roamers , and Lurkers in most of the series ) eventually attack the group . Following the attack , Shane Walsh , Rick 's friend and former police partner , tries to murder Rick because he 's become obsessed with Rick 's wife Lori . Carl shoots Shane . Volume 2 : Miles Behind Us ( Issues 7 -- 12 ) Rick becomes the group 's leader . He and the remaining survivors leave Atlanta and travel across hostile territory in search of a safer refuge . The group meets Tyreese , his daughter and her boyfriend . Everyone takes shelter at Wiltshire Estates , a gated community , but are forced to leave when they stumble upon its zombie infestation . The group eventually finds shelter at a small farm after Carl is shot . The farm 's owner , Hershel Greene and his family , are in denial about the walkers ' nature and have been storing deceased loved ones and neighbors in their barn . Rick 's group is asked to leave the farm and stumbles upon an abandoned prison , which they decide to make their home . Volume 3 : Safety Behind Bars ( Issues 13 -- 18 ) The group begins to clear the prison yard and one cell block for living quarters . They meet some surviving inmates when they break into the prison 's cafeteria . Rick invites Hershel and his family to come live in the prison and they accept . Two of the group members commit suicide and someone begins to murder other group members . This inmate , a convicted serial killer , is eventually captured and killed . Other inmates stage a rebellion . Volume 4 : The Heart 's Desire ( Issues 19 -- 24 ) The group manages to quell the inmates ' rebellion and secure the prison . A katana - wielding woman named Michonne arrives at the prison seeking refuge and causes tension among some of Rick 's survivors . When another member is bitten on the leg , Rick attempts to save him by amputating his bitten leg ; however , despite receiving medical treatment from Hershel , the man dies . Rick and Tyreese get into a fight and the community decides to have a council with four co-leaders instead of Rick as sole leader . Volume 5 : The Best Defense ( Issues 25 -- 30 ) Rick , Michonne and Glenn observe a helicopter crash in the distance and leave the prison to search for it . They find a small town called Woodbury , where a large , well - armed and organized group of survivors has taken refuge . Woodbury 's leader is a man called the Governor . The Governor captures Rick 's group and interrogates them . He mutilates Rick by cutting off his right hand and rapes and tortures Michonne . Volume 6 : This Sorrowful Life ( Issues 31 -- 36 ) Rick , Glenn , and Michonne manage to escape from Woodbury with the help of others from the town . Michonne tortures the Governor before she leaves . They arrive back at the prison safely , but find that hordes of zombies have broken in . Rick 's survivors fight them off . Rick informs the prison 's residents of what took place in Woodbury and tells them to prepare for battle . Volume 7 : The Calm Before ( Issues 37 -- 42 ) Life at the prison continues in what passes for normal in this apocalyptic world . Glenn and Maggie marry . Several residents search for supplies and engage in a shootout with men from Woodbury . Lori goes into labor and Judith is born . Dale is out on a mission siphoning gas when he is bitten in the leg . Dale 's friends amputate the leg and he survives . Carol commits suicide by allowing a zombie to bite her . The volume ends with the Governor 's arrival with his army and a tank . Volume 8 : Made To Suffer ( Issues 43 -- 48 ) The arc begins with a flashback which reveals how the Governor recovered and readied Woodbury for battle . The Governor 's army attacks the prison but is driven away . Several of Rick 's survivors decide to flee the prison in the RV to avoid the Governor 's expected retaliation . The prison recovers from his initial assault but The Governor re-attacks . The RV members arrive to reinforce the prison 's residents . Despite this , many of Rick 's band are killed , including Lori , Judith , and Hershel . The guilt ridden soldier who killed Lori and Judith on the Governor 's orders betrays and kills him . With the prison burning and in shambles , Rick 's band scatters and flees . Volume 9 : Here We Remain ( Issues 49 -- 54 ) After the prison 's destruction and his band is separated , Rick and Carl search for shelter in a nearby town and reunite with surviving friends . Rick 's physical and mental state begin to unravel , while Carl grows increasingly independent and apathetic . They eventually manage to reunite with their other survivors and end up at Hershel 's farm . Three new people , Abraham , Rosita and Eugene , arrive and inform the group that they are on a mission to Washington D.C. to cure the plague . Rick 's band decides to join their journey . Volume 10 : What We Become ( Issues 55 -- 60 ) Maggie attempts to hang herself on the way to Washington . Rick holds Abraham , who thinks she 's dead , at gunpoint and prevents him from shooting her in the head . Rick , Abraham , and Carl head to Rick 's hometown to find weapons . They discover Morgan , whom Rick met when he woke up from his coma , and he joins Rick 's survivors . Volume 11 : Fear The Hunters ( Issues 61 -- 66 ) Rick and company continue their journey to Washington and begin to suspect they are being stalked by someone in the woods . They meet a pastor and join him at his church . Dale is kidnapped from the church during the night by a band of cannibals . Dale is reunited with his friends before he dies . Rick 's group , enraged , hunt down the cannibals and torture them to death . Volume 12 : Life Among Them ( Issues 67 -- 72 ) The group continue to Washington , during which they discover that Eugene was lying about having a cure to stop the outbreak . They run across a friendly man named Aaron who claims he is trustworthy and can escort them to a large , walled - off community of survivors called the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Alexandria Safe Zone is a walled community led by a man named Douglas Monroe . Rick 's weary band finds Alexandria 's stability a welcome change although they remain suspicious . Volume 13 : Too Far Gone ( Issues 73 -- 78 ) Rick 's group settles into the Alexandria Safe - Zone and take jobs in the community . Rick , as constable , tries to increase safety and stability when he stops a dangerous man inside the community . Scavengers arrive and threaten the community . Alexandria wins the battle but alert a massive herd of hundreds of zombies to their presence . Rick takes command of the community . Volume 14 : No Way Out ( Issues 79 -- 84 ) Rick and company step up as community leaders despite objections from some of its residents . Alexandria 's citizens discover they have bigger problems when they discover the zombie horde breaking down the fence . Walkers breach Alexandria 's walls and begin to overrun the community . During the battle Douglas is killed after accidentally shooting Carl in the eye . Alexandria 's residents face down the horde and save their town . Volume 15 : We Find Ourselves ( Issues 85 -- 90 ) The Alexandria Safe - Zone recuperates from the herd 's attack and Rick makes decisions that will lead to Alexandria 's long - term sustainability . Carl is in a coma following his injury and his survival is unclear . Some residents question the bold choices Rick makes for their community and attempt to seize control of Alexandria . Rick quashes the rebellion . Carl awakens with amnesia . Volume 16 : A Larger World ( Issues 91 -- 96 ) Alexandrians encounter a man named Paul Monroe while searching the wastes for supplies . Monroe claims he is a recruiter for a nearby band of 200 or more people called the Hilltop Colony . Rick and others go to the Hilltop Colony and find its appearance seems to be even safer than that of Alexandria , although it has a dangerous enemy called The Saviors . The Saviors demand half of the colony 's food and supplies , in exchange for killing nearby walkers . Volume 17 : Something To Fear ( Issues 97 -- 102 ) Rick and crew confront the Hilltop Colony 's enemy , the Saviors . The Saviors are a brutal gang led by a man named Negan . Rick underestimates the Saviors and dismisses their threat level until his best friends , including Glenn and Abraham , are brutally killed . Alexandria is forced to begin paying tribute -- half of their supplies -- to the Saviors . Enraged , Rick vows to kill Negan . Volume 18 : What Comes After ( Issues 103 -- 108 ) Rick 's band learns what living under Negan 's rules really means . Rick devises a new strategy to deal with the Saviors , but a member of his group disappears after the Saviors collect their payment from Alexandria . Rick is forced to halt his plan . Paul takes Rick to request help from an exotic man named Ezekiel , leader of a community called the Kingdom . The Kingdom is based in Washington , D.C. , where one of the Saviors makes an independent offer to help battle Negan . Volume 19 : March To War ( Issues 109 -- 114 ) Rick , Paul , and Ezekiel decide to trust the Savior , Dwight , and launch their attempt to end the Saviors ' reign . The three communities band together to formulate an assault , but Negan shows up early to collect his tribute from Alexandria . The alliance seizes the opportunity to assassinate Negan , but Negan retreats and declares war . Volume 20 : All Out War -- Part One ( Issues 115 -- 120 ) Rick leads his united army , with the Hilltop and the Kingdom , in an attack against the Sanctuary , the Saviors base . Rick 's forces seize an early advantage and manage to trap Negan inside the Sanctuary , but their attack on Negan 's outposts falters as many of Rick 's closest friends fall . They wonder if their initial victory was simple luck . Negan mounts an eventual counterattack on Alexandria and its situation goes from bad to worse . Volume 21 : All Out War -- Part Two ( Issues 121 -- 126 ) With the war at its peak , Negan attacks Alexandria and the Hilltop and destroys the former 's defenses . On the brink of defeat , Rick offers Negan a truce as a trap . Negan falls for Rick 's ruse . Rick slashes Negan 's throat and demands that war cease . Negan survives the attack as Rick 's prisoner . Volume 22 : A New Beginning ( Issues 127 -- 132 ) Two years have passed since the war with Negan . Civilization has been rebuilt and the communities have established a successful trade network . Carl moves to Hilltop . A new group arrives in Alexandria , and meet the imprisoned Negan . Volume 23 : Whispers Into Screams ( Issues 133 -- 138 ) A new threat emerges as living people disguised as walkers attack , calling themselves The Whisperers . Tensions arise within Hilltop after Carl loses his temper . Some residents question both him and their leader . Meanwhile , Paul has captured a member of the Whisperers and discovers the full implications of this new threat to Hilltop . Volume 24 : Life And Death ( Issues 139 -- 144 ) Carl continues to learn more about The Whisperers and a survivor 's fate is decided while another steps down . Blunders are made and a deadly promise given that is all too real . Lines are crossed that will affect everyone . Volume 25 : No Turning Back ( Issues 145 -- 150 ) Rick reveals the survivors who died at the hands of Alpha and the Whisperers . Residents of the communities demand retaliation and some question Rick 's leadership . Rick declares war on the Whisperers and must use a former enemy as a last resort . Volume 26 : Call To Arms ( Issues 151 -- 156 ) With the conflict against the Whisperers closing in , Rick must ensure the readiness of the community 's newly formed militia while also dealing with various conflicts within the walls of each community , including the escape of a dangerous prisoner . Volume 27 : The Whisperer War ( Issues 157 -- 162 ) The Militia engages in war with the Whisperers , with both sides having huge casualties . Meanwhile , the Whisperers attack one of the communities and destroy its defenses . With one last trump card , the Whisperers leads an ocean of walkers towards Alexandria . Volume 28 : A Certain Doom ( Issues 163 -- 168 ) The horde of walkers reaches Alexandria so Rick and his community must survive while others try to steer the horde to the sea . The opportunistic Saviors make their move on an overwhelmed community . Volume 29 : Lines We Cross ( Issues 169 -- 174 ) Recent events have thrown Alexandria into turmoil , and now Rick , Dwight , Eugene and Negan all have something to prove . Volume 30 : ( Issues 175 -- 180 ) Eugene leads a group on a new mission to Ohio , where they encounter a new community unlike anything they have seen before . Specials ( edit ) Michonne Special ( March 16 , 2012 ) Michonne in the early days of the outbreak , also revealing the identity of her two pet walkers . The Governor Special ( February 13 , 2013 ) The Governor in his early days as the leader of Woodbury , as well as the fate of Scott Moon . Free Comic Book Day Special ( May 4 , 2013 ) Collection of Morgan 's , Michonne 's , The Governor 's and Tyreese 's Specials . Morgan Special ( May 5 , 2013 ) The Morgan Special is a brief story consisting of six pages , featuring Morgan during the winter of the apocalypse . Tyreese Special ( October 9 , 2013 ) Tyreese , along with his daughter , Julie and her boyfriend , Chris , in the early days of the outbreak . The Walking Dead : The Alien ( April 20 , 2016 ) The Walking Dead : The Alien is a brief story consisting of 32 pages , featuring Jeffrey Grimes as he deals with the outbreak in Barcelona , Spain Here 's Negan ( April 27 , 2016 -- July 26 , 2017 , October 4 , 2017 ( Hardcover ) ) Here 's Negan is a stand - alone volume of Image Comics ' The Walking Dead , featuring the backstory of Negan . The volume was initially separated and released into chapters consisting of four pages each , published monthly from April 27 , 2016 . List of characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead characters Rick Grimes is the main character , a deputy who is comatose when the zombie apocalypse begins . With his wife Lori and son Carl , he joins with groups other survivors . He is joined by former best friend Shane , who secretly has a sexual relationship with Lori . The group consists of firm clerk and college graduate Andrea and her sister Amy , a mechanic named Jim , car salesman Dale , shoe salesman Allen and his wife , Donna as well as their children , Ben and Billy . Lori and Carl form friendships with other survivors such as Carol and Sophia . After leaving the camp , Rick gains a right - hand man and close friendship in Tyreese , who is accompanied by his daughter and her boyfriend . They soon find a farm run by Hershel Greene . Among Hershel 's seven children is Maggie Greene , who forms a relationship with Glenn . As the group settle at a prison , they become conflicted with a group of surviving prisoners . Otis meets a katana - wielding survivor named Michonne , who is brought into the group , but struggles to acclimate , facing her own demons . Michonne , Rick and Glenn are later held in captivity by The Governor , a leader of a town called Woodbury who plan to take over the prison . Other Woodbury residents include Alice Warren , who changes sides to Rick 's group and delivers Lori 's baby , Bob Stookey , an army medic responsible for saving The Governor 's life and Lilly , one of The Governor 's soldiers . After the prison assault , the remaining group survivors regroup at Hershel 's farm , and meet Abraham Ford , Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa . The group travel to Washington DC where they are hunted by Chris , encounter Gabriel Stokes , a priest , and are then recruited by Aaron and his boyfriend , Eric to join the Alexandria Safe - Zone , run by congressman , Douglas Monroe . Among the residents are Heath and Dr. Denise Cloyd , who quickly become close allies to the core group , and eventually the conflicted Nicholas . Douglas ' son , Spencer tries to form a relationship with Andrea . Rick falls in love with Jessie Anderson , an abused wife . Abraham forms a relationship with Holly , a member of the construction crew . A group of men , known as The Scavengers , tries to conquer Alexandria ; the fight attracts a pack of walkers that invades the safe zone , leading to the death of a lot of Alexandrians . Later , the safe zone starts a trading network with the Hilltop Colony , with help from its scout Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe . However , their safety is again threatened by the psychopathic Negan and his group known as The Saviors who reside in a factory . One of the Saviors , Dwight becomes an ally with the communities . The Hilltop and Alexandria join with The Kingdom run by King Ezekiel in a war against the Saviors . After the war , newcomers such as Magna and Dante are introduced into the series . Another community out at sea is established , as well as safety perimeters across the DC area , which is violated by the presence of the Whisperers , a tribe of people disguised as the dead who have rejected the notion of re-establishing civilization . The leader , Alpha , antagonizes Rick as her daughter , Lydia , forms a sexual relationship with Carl . When Alpha 's second in command , Beta , takes leadership of the group , he declares war against the communities . The undead / reanimated ( edit ) The `` zombie idea '' developed by George Romero does not exist in The Walking Dead alternate universe ; hence , of all the myriad terms used to describe the undead by different communities throughout the show , the word `` zombie '' has been deliberately avoided . While it has been used extremely rarely in the comics , it has never been used in the show . Rick 's group classifies the undead as either walkers , roamers or lurkers , the former being more likely to venture toward a loud noise in search of human prey . Other names have been used by characters in the series , including biters and stinkers . The undead follow and mimic each other , which can result in enormous hordes travelling together , `` walking nonstop , following a sound they 've all forgotten , '' as Abraham puts it . Reception ( edit ) Co-creator Robert Kirkman signing a copy of the first issue at the 2011 New York Comic Con . The series received critical acclaim , winning the Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series in 2010 and prompting Eric Sunde of IGN comics to call it `` one of the best monthly comics available '' . Among its fans are author Max Brooks . Because of the popularity of the series , which increased considerably when it was adapted into a television series of the same name , artist Tony Moore 's original artwork for the series ' early issues has gone up in value ; on the March 28 , 2013 episode of the VH1 reality television series For What It 's Worth , Moore 's original artwork for Page 7 of issue # 1 was professionally appraised to be worth $20,000 . Other media ( edit ) Main article : The Walking Dead ( franchise ) Television adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Walking Dead ( TV series ) See also : Fear the Walking Dead AMC picked up the rights to produce a show based on the comic in 2009 . It ordered a pilot episode on January 21 , 2010 and began filming on May 15 , 2010 . The series premiered on October 31 , 2010 with high ratings . On November 8 , 2010 , after broadcasting two episodes , AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a second season of 13 episodes , which began on October 16 , 2011 . The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic , introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points . The fifth season premiered on October 12 , 2014 , with Scott M. Gimple as the show 's third showrunner . Gimple has said that he would stay closer in line to the comic book series events `` as much as possible '' , but ultimately remix stories with certain characters , referencing original characters introduced to the show and deceased characters alive in the comic book as a reason for this . Robert Kirkman himself has mentioned that the series will follow much closer to the comic series with Gimple 's run . A companion television series , titled Fear The Walking Dead , debuted on AMC on August 23 , 2015 . The series features new original characters , and it is set in the city of Los Angeles , California starting prior to the zombie apocalypse . It explores these new characters as the apocalypse begins . The series was created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson , with Erickson serving as showrunner for the series . AMC ordered the series for a two - season commitment , with the first season consisting of six episodes . Animation comic ( edit ) AMC released an animated film of the first part of Issue No. 1 of the comic with animation by Juice Films , voice acting by Phil LaMarr and art by Tony Moore . The Walking Dead : the game ( edit ) Main article : The Walking Dead ( video game ) On February 18 , 2011 , Telltale Games announced plans to create an episodic video game based on the series , which was scheduled to debut in fall 2011 and was released worldwide in April 2012 . The Walking Dead : The Game consists of five episodes , released between April and November 2012 . Additional downloadable content , 400 Days , was released in July 2013 . Kirkman has said that , unlike typical zombie games such as Left 4 Dead , `` it ( focuses ) more on characterization and emotion than action '' . The first episode of the sequel , The Walking Dead : Season Two , was released in December 2013 with episode 2 being released in March 2014 , episode 3 in May 2014 , episode 4 in July 2014 , and episode 5 in August 2014 . The Walking Dead : The Game received widespread critical acclaim , with reviews giving praise for the emotion , characters , and plot . The Walking Dead : all out war ( edit ) In January 2016 , the Kings of War creator Mantic Games announced plans to release a tabletop miniature wargame based on The Walking Dead , named The Walking Dead : All Out War . The miniatures game was funded through the popular crowdfunding site Kickstarter . This product is available for order and first began shipping to backers on 7 November 2016 . Novels ( edit ) A series of novels based on the comics , written by Robert Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga , were released between 2011 and 2014 focusing on the antagonist `` The Governor '' . Taking place in the initial outbreak , the books chronicle his experiences from surviving in the newly ravaged world to the establishment of himself as leader of Woodbury , and finally tying up the conclusion to the prison arc storyline in the comics . Following The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor , Bonansinga continued the Walking Dead novels as sole author , with Kirkman 's name affixed to the title . Title ISBN Release Date Author ( s ) The Walking Dead : Rise of the Governor 9780312547738 October 11 , 2011 Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga The Walking Dead : The Road to Woodbury 9780312547745 October 16 , 2012 Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor Part One 9781250020642 October 8 , 2013 Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor Part Two 9781447266822 March 13 , 2014 Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga Robert Kirkman 's The Walking Dead : Descent 9781250057174 October 14 , 2014 Jay Bonansinga Robert Kirkman 's The Walking Dead : Invasion 9781250058508 October 6 , 2015 Jay Bonansinga Robert Kirkman 's The Walking Dead : Search and Destroy 9781250058515 October 18 , 2016 Jay Bonansinga Robert Kirkman 's The Walking Dead : Return to Woodbury 9781250058522 October 17 , 2017 Jay Bonansinga Collected editions ( edit ) The series has so far been assembled into the following collections : Trade paperbacks ( edit ) The trade paperbacks collect story arcs of six issues each , but contain only the story and none of the original cover art from the comics . Each paperback follows the convention of having a three - word title . The zombies in the cover art for each paperback form part of a larger image if placed end to end . Each story arc is re-released in hardcover books containing two , omnibus editions containing four , and compendiums containing eight story arcs . Title ISBN Release Date Collected Material Issues Published Hardcover Book Number Omnibus Number Compendium Number The Walking Dead Vol. 1 : Days Gone Bye 1 - 58240 - 358 - 9 May 12 , 2004 The Walking Dead # 1 -- 6 October 2003 -- March 2004 The Walking Dead Vol. 2 : Miles Behind Us 1 - 58240 - 413 - 5 November 24 , 2004 The Walking Dead # 7 -- 12 April 2004 -- September 2004 The Walking Dead Vol. 3 : Safety Behind Bars 1 - 58240 - 487 - 9 May 18 , 2005 The Walking Dead # 13 -- 18 October 2004 -- April 2005 The Walking Dead Vol. 4 : The Heart 's Desire 1 - 58240 - 530 - 1 November 30 , 2005 The Walking Dead # 19 -- 24 June 2005 -- November 2005 The Walking Dead Vol. 5 : The Best Defense 1 - 58240 - 612 - X September 27 , 2006 The Walking Dead # 25 -- 30 January 2006 -- August 2006 The Walking Dead Vol. 6 : This Sorrowful Life 1 - 58240 - 684 - 7 April 11 , 2007 The Walking Dead # 31 -- 36 September 2006 -- March 2007 The Walking Dead Vol. 7 : The Calm Before 1 - 58240 - 828 - 9 September 26 , 2007 The Walking Dead # 37 -- 42 April 2007 -- September 2007 The Walking Dead Vol. 8 : Made To Suffer 1 - 58240 - 883 - 1 June 25 , 2008 The Walking Dead # 43 -- 48 October 2007 -- April 2008 The Walking Dead Vol. 9 : Here We Remain 1 - 60706 - 022 - 1 January 21 , 2009 The Walking Dead # 49 -- 54 May 2008 -- November 2008 5 The Walking Dead Vol. 10 : What We Become 1 - 60706 - 075 - 2 August 12 , 2009 The Walking Dead # 55 -- 60 November 2008 -- April 2009 The Walking Dead Vol. 11 : Fear The Hunters 1 - 60706 - 122 - 8 January 6 , 2010 The Walking Dead # 61 -- 66 May 2009 -- October 2009 6 The Walking Dead Vol. 12 : Life Among Them 1 - 60706 - 254 - 2 August 3 , 2010 The Walking Dead # 67 -- 72 November 2009 -- May 2010 The Walking Dead Vol. 13 : Too Far Gone 1 - 60706 - 329 - 8 November 23 , 2010 The Walking Dead # 73 -- 78 June 2010 -- October 2010 7 The Walking Dead Vol. 14 : No Way Out 1 - 60706 - 392 - 1 June 22 , 2011 The Walking Dead # 79 -- 84 November 2010 -- April 2011 The Walking Dead Vol. 15 : We Find Ourselves 1 - 60706 - 440 - 5 December 27 , 2011 The Walking Dead # 85 -- 90 May 2011 -- October 2011 8 The Walking Dead Vol. 16 : A Larger World 1 - 60706 - 559 - 2 June 6 , 2012 The Walking Dead # 91 -- 96 November 2011 -- April 2012 The Walking Dead Vol. 17 : Something To Fear 1 - 60706 - 615 - 7 November 21 , 2012 The Walking Dead # 97 -- 102 May 2012 -- September 2012 9 5 The Walking Dead Vol. 18 : What Comes After 1 - 60706 - 687 - 4 June 18 , 2013 The Walking Dead # 103 -- 108 October 2012 -- March 2013 The Walking Dead Vol. 19 : March To War 1 - 60706 - 818 - 4 November 13 , 2013 The Walking Dead # 109 -- 114 April 2013 -- September 2013 10 The Walking Dead Vol. 20 : All Out War ( Part One ) 1 - 60706 - 882 - 6 March 11 , 2014 The Walking Dead # 115 -- 120 October 2013 -- January 2014 The Walking Dead Vol. 21 : All Out War ( Part Two ) 1 - 63215 - 030 - 1 July 29 , 2014 The Walking Dead # 121 -- 126 February 2014 -- April 2014 11 6 The Walking Dead Vol. 22 : A New Beginning 1 - 63215 - 041 - 7 November 5 , 2014 The Walking Dead # 127 -- 132 May 2014 -- October 2014 The Walking Dead Vol. 23 : Whispers Into Screams 1 - 63215 - 258 - 4 May 12 , 2015 The Walking Dead # 133 -- 138 October 2014 -- March 2015 12 The Walking Dead Vol. 24 : Life And Death 1 - 63215 - 402 - 1 August 26 , 2015 The Walking Dead # 139 -- 144 March 2015 -- July 2015 The Walking Dead Vol. 25 : No Turning Back 1 - 63215 - 659 - 8 April 5 , 2016 The Walking Dead # 145 -- 150 August 2015 -- January 2016 13 7 The Walking Dead Vol. 26 : Call To Arms 1 - 63215 - 917 - 1 September 14 , 2016 The Walking Dead # 151 -- 156 February 2016 -- July 2016 The Walking Dead Vol. 27 : The Whisperer War 1 - 53430 - 052 - X March 7 , 2017 The Walking Dead # 157 -- 162 August 2016 -- January 2017 14 The Walking Dead Vol. 28 : A Certain Doom 1 - 53430 - 244 - 1 October 3 , 2017 The Walking Dead # 163 -- 168 February 2017 -- June 2017 The Walking Dead Vol. 29 : Lines We Cross 1 - 53430 - 497 - 5 March 13 , 2018 The Walking Dead # 169 -- 174 July 2017 -- December 2017 15 8 Hardcovers ( edit ) All hardcovers contain the contents of the comics , including the covers , and in some cases bonus material . The books ' trim size is larger than the paperbacks . Each hardcover contains two story arcs from the series . Signed versions of the books are available , each limited to 310 pieces . Title ISBN Release Date Collected Material Cover Character The Walking Dead : Book One 978 - 1582406190 July 19 , 2006 The Walking Dead # 1 -- 12 Rick The Walking Dead : Book Two 978 - 1582406985 March 7 , 2007 The Walking Dead # 13 -- 24 Michonne The Walking Dead : Book Three 978 - 1582408255 December 19 , 2007 The Walking Dead # 25 -- 36 The Governor The Walking Dead : Book Four 978 - 1607060000 October 29 , 2008 The Walking Dead # 37 -- 48 Lori and Judith The Walking Dead : Book Five 978 - 1607061717 May 5 , 2010 The Walking Dead # 49 -- 60 Abraham The Walking Dead : Book Six 978 - 1607063278 October 26 , 2010 The Walking Dead # 61 -- 72 Carl The Walking Dead : Book Seven 978 - 1607064398 October 18 , 2011 The Walking Dead # 73 -- 84 Rick The Walking Dead : Book Eight 978 - 1607065937 September 26 , 2012 The Walking Dead # 85 -- 96 Andrea The Walking Dead : Book Nine 978 - 1607067986 September 17 , 2013 The Walking Dead # 97 -- 108 Negan The Walking Dead : Book Ten 978 - 1632150349 September 3 , 2014 The Walking Dead # 109 -- 120 Ezekiel The Walking Dead : Book Eleven 978 - 1632152718 February 25 , 2015 The Walking Dead # 121 -- 132 Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe The Walking Dead : Book Twelve 978 - 1632154514 September 30 , 2015 The Walking Dead # 133 -- 144 Rick The Walking Dead : Book Thirteen 978 - 1632159168 October 5 , 2016 The Walking Dead # 145 -- 156 Alpha The Walking Dead : Book Fourteen 978 - 1534303294 October 11 , 2017 The Walking Dead # 157 -- 168 Dwight Omnibus editions ( edit ) Limited omnibus editions collect 24 issues in a slipcase with several extras . The first volume is autographed by Kirkman and Adlard , with 300 copies printed . Subsequent volumes had print runs of 3000 each , along with deluxe limited editions ( signed by Kirkman / Adlard ) of 300 copies . The Walking Dead Volume 1 Deluxe HC Title ISBN Release Date Collected Material The Walking Dead : Volume 1 Deluxe HC 1 - 58240 - 511 - 5 December 14 , 2005 Collects # 1 -- 24 The Walking Dead : Volume 2 Deluxe HC 1 - 60706 - 029 - 9 February 17 , 2009 Collects # 25 -- 48 The Walking Dead : Volume 3 Deluxe HC 1 - 60706 - 330 - 1 February 2 , 2011 Collects # 49 -- 72 The Walking Dead : Volume 4 Deluxe HC 1 - 60706 - 616 - 5 December 12 , 2012 Collects # 73 -- 96 The Walking Dead : Volume 5 Deluxe HC 1 - 63215 - 042 - 5 November 19 , 2014 Collects # 97 -- 120 The Walking Dead : Volume 6 Deluxe HC 1 - 63215 - 521 - 4 December 2 , 2015 Collects # 121 -- 144 The Walking Dead : Volume 7 Deluxe HC 1 - 53430 - 335 - 9 November 7 , 2017 Collects # 145 -- 168 Compendium editions ( edit ) Softcover compendium editions collect 48 comic issues each . They are also available as limited hardcover editions ( Red Foil Version for Compendium 1 , Gold Foil Version for Compendium 2 , and Gold Foil Version for Compendium 3 ) . Title ISBN Release Date Collected Material The Walking Dead : Compendium One 1 - 60706 - 076 - 0 May 6 , 2009 Collects # 1 -- 48 The Walking Dead : Compendium Two 1 - 60706 - 596 - 7 October 3 , 2012 Collects # 49 -- 96 The Walking Dead : Compendium Three 1 - 63215 - 456 - 0 October 13 , 2015 Collects # 97 -- 144 Other publications ( edit ) Several ancillary books and a special edition have also been published : Title ISBN Release Date Description The Walking Dead Survivors ' Guide 1 - 60706 - 458 - 8 November 1 , 2011 A detailed guide to every character featured in the comics as of its publication The Walking Dead 100 Project ( hardcover ) 1 - 60706 - 801 - X September 25 , 2013 One hundred covers sketched by various artists commemorating issue # 100 The Walking Dead 100 Project ( paperback ) 1 - 60706 - 799 - 4 October 8 , 2013 The Walking Dead : The Covers -- Volume 1 1 - 60706 - 002 - 7 October 6 , 2010 Collection of the cover art for The Walking Dead # 1 -- 50 ( Vol. 1 ) and # 51 -- 100 ( Vol. 2 ) The Walking Dead : The Covers -- Volume 2 1 - 60706 - 595 - 9 July 9 , 2013 The Walking Dead : All Out War Artist 's Proof Edition 1 - 63215 - 038 - 7 October 1 , 2014 All Out War parts 1 and 2 , The Walking Dead # 115 -- 126 , with its original pencil artwork ; cover art features Rick and Negan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Walking Dead co-creators settle that royalty lawsuit . So who won ? '' . Blastr . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Creator Robert Kirkman : Hold On To Your Rights ! '' . Indiewire . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Michael Patrick . WEEK OF THE DEAD I : Robert Kirkman , Comic Book Resources , May 19 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Michael Patrick . WEEK OF THE DEAD II : Charlie Adlard , Comic Book Resources , May 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Tony Moore 's The Walking Dead Cover Art Gallery '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ chulwinik - 62949 . `` Fear the Walking Dead ( TV Series 2015 -- ) '' . IMDb . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Brian ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Comic Legends : Was Walking Dead Going to be Night of the Living Dead ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Image Comics Announces ' The Walking Dead Weekly ' and New Omnibus '' . Comic Book Resources . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh . `` ' Walking Dead ' Death Was Necessary , Producer Says '' . MTV News . Though Shane is killed by young Carl in the comics , ... Jump up ^ The Walking Dead No. 54 Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim Kicks Off 2010 Eisner Awards '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 14 at WebCite , San Diego Comic - Con , accessed April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sunde , Eric . `` Walking Dead Omnibus Review : It 's a slice of fried gold . '' , IGN , January 10 , 2006 Jump up ^ Callan , Jonathan ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Baltimore : Image Comics Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amoeba & John Azarian '' . For What It 's Worth . Episode 6 , VH1 . March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` The Walking Dead Comes to Television '' . Geekadelphia . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kirkman Talks ' Walking Dead ' TV '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zombies Invade AMC as The Walking Dead Moves to Pilot '' . AMC . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Start Date Set for The Walking Dead Pilot '' . Dread Central . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead Premiere Attracts 5.3 Million Viewers '' . AMC . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drusilla . `` The Zombies Live ! AMC Gives The Walking Dead a Second Season '' , E ! , November 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` AMC FEARFEST Kicks Off With Season 2 Premiere of The Walking Dead This Sunday '' . amctv blogs . AMC Network Entertainment LLC . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 5 Spoilers : Will New Season Follow Comics ? Scott Gimple Dishes on ' Emotional ' End - Game and Spinof : Entertainment : Headlines & Global News '' . Hngn.com. 2014 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Spoilers : Season 5 Follows Comics `` Closer Than We Ever Have Before '' -- So What Happens ? Wetpaint , Inc . Wetpaint , Inc `` . Wetpaint.com. 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fear the Walking Dead Trailer Is Finally Here ! ( And So 's the Premiere Date ! ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` AMC 's Walking Dead Spinoff Snags Two - Season Order , Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More Walking Dead Goodness : Robert Kirkman Tours the Set , Motion Comic , and a Contest ! '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Schram , Kevin . `` The Walking Dead Video Game Coming From Telltale Games ( Adventure Game Makers Announce Zombie Adventure Game , Have Big Day Today In All ) '' Archived March 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , TFTS , February 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Robert Kirkman on ' Walking Dead ' season two : ' You have n't seen anything yet ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Volume 29 '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Hardcover Compendium 1 ( Red Foil Version ) '' . The Walking Dead & Skybound Shop . Skybound . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Hardcover Compendium 2 ( Gold Foil Version ) '' . The Walking Dead & Skybound Shop . Skybound . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Skybound . `` The Walking Dead Hardcover Compendium 3 ( Gold Foil Version ) '' . Skybound . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Comic books ( edit ) Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v1 : Days Gone Bye , 1 : 1 - 26 ( October 8 , 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v1 : Days Gone Bye , 2 : 1 - 26 ( November 12 , 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v1 : Days Gone Bye , 3 : 1 - 24 ( December 10 , 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v1 : Days Gone Bye , 6 : 1 - 23 ( March 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v2 : Miles Behind Us , 7 : 1 - 29 ( April 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v2 : Miles Behind Us , 9 : 1 - 29 ( June 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v2 : Miles Behind Us , 11 : 1 - 31 ( August 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v2 : Miles Behind Us , 12 : 1 - 29 ( September 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v3 : Safety Behind Bars , 16 : 1 - 33 ( February 2005 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . The Walking Dead v4 : The Heart 's Desire , 19 : 1 - 32 ( June 2005 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v5 : The Best Defense , 27 : 1 - 30 ( April 2006 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v5 : The Best Defense , 29 : 1 - 28 ( June 2006 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v6 : This Sorrowful Life , 33 : 1 - 29 ( December 2006 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v7 : The Calm Before , 37 : 1 - 25 ( May 2007 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v7 : The Calm Before , 39 : 1 - 30 ( July 2007 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v7 : The Calm Before , 42 : 1 - 22 ( September 2007 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v8 : Made To Suffer , 44 : 1 - 31 ( November 21 , 2007 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v8 : Made To Suffer , 45 : 1 - 25 ( December 12 , 2007 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v8 : Made To Suffer , 46 : 1 - 27 ( February 13 , 2008 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v8 : Made To Suffer , 48 : 1 - 26 ( April 2 , 2008 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Rathburn , Cliff ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Adlard , Charlie ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . The Walking Dead v9 : Here We Remain , 52 : 1 - 24 ( September 17 , 2008 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams VIAF : 220483379 LCCN : no2011194923 GND : 1024713083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(comic_book)&oldid=836730713 '' Categories : Image Comics titles 2003 comics debuts Post-apocalyptic comics Zombies in comics American comics Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into video games Comics by Robert Kirkman Eisner Award winners for Best Continuing Series Mental illness in fiction The Walking Dead Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2014 Title pop Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 14 : 41 . 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Johnny Crawford - wikipedia Johnny Crawford Jump to : navigation , search For the Canadian ice hockey player and coach , see Johnny Crawford ( ice hockey ) . Johnny Crawford Johnny Crawford in The Rifleman ( 1961 ) John Ernest Crawford ( 1946 - 03 - 26 ) March 26 , 1946 ( age 72 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , singer , musician , band leader Years active 1954 -- 96 Spouse ( s ) Charlotte Crawford ( 1995 -- present ) ( separated ) Relatives Robert L. Crawford , Jr. ( brother ) Website Johnny Crawford fansite Johnny Crawford and Chuck Connors in The Rifleman ( 1960 ) John Ernest Crawford ( born March 26 , 1946 ) is an American character actor , singer , and musician . At age 12 , Crawford rose to fame for playing Mark McCain , the son of Lucas McCain ( played by Chuck Connors ) , in the popular ABC Western series , The Rifleman , which originally aired from 1958 to 1963 . Crawford first performed before a national audience as a Mouseketeer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Singles 5 References 6 External links Family life ( edit ) Crawford was born in Los Angeles , the son of Betty ( née Megerlin ) and Robert Lawrence Crawford , Sr. His maternal grandparents were Belgian ; his maternal grandfather was violinist Alfred Eugene Megerlin . In 1959 , Johnny , his older brother Robert L. Crawford , Jr. , a co-star of NBC 's Laramie series , and their father Robert , Sr. , were all nominated for Emmy Awards ( the brothers for acting and their father for film editing ) . Career ( edit ) One of The Walt Disney Company 's original Mouseketeers , in 1955 , Crawford has acted on stage , in films , and on television . Disney started out with 24 original Mouseketeers . However , at the end of the first season , the studio reduced the number to 12 , and Crawford was released from his contract . His first important break as an actor followed with the title role in a Lux Video Theatre production of `` Little Boy Lost '' , a live NBC broadcast on March 15 , 1956 . He also appeared in the popular Western series The Lone Ranger , in 1956 , in one of the few color episodes of that series . Following that performance , the young actor worked steadily with many seasoned actors and directors . Freelancing for 2 1 / 2 years , he accumulated almost 60 television credits , including featured roles in three episodes of NBC 's The Loretta Young Show and an appearance as Manuel in , `` I Am an American '' , an episode of the syndicated crime drama Sheriff of Cochise . By the spring of 1958 , he had also performed 14 demanding roles in live teleplays for NBC 's Matinee Theatre , appeared on CBS 's sitcom , Mr. Adams and Eve , in the Wagon Train episode `` The Sally Potter Story '' ( in which Martin Milner also appeared ) and on the syndicated series , Crossroads , Sheriff of Cochise , and Whirlybirds , and made three pilots of TV series . The third pilot , which was made as an episode of Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theater , was picked up by ABC and the first season of The Rifleman began filming in July 1958 . Crawford was nominated for an Emmy Award , at age 13 , for his role as Mark McCain , the son of Lucas McCain , played by Chuck Connors , in the Four Star Television series The Rifleman , which originally aired from 1958 to 1963 . Throughout The Rifleman 's five seasons , a remarkable on - screen chemistry existed between Connors and Crawford in the depiction of their father - son relationship . They were still close friends when Connors died on November 10 , 1992 , and Crawford gave a eulogy at Connors ' memorial service . During the late 1950s and early 1960s , Crawford had wide popularity with American teenagers and a recording career that generated four Billboard Top 40 hits , including the single , `` Cindy 's Birthday '' , which peaked at number 8 , in 1962 . His other hits included `` Rumors '' ( number 12 , 1962 ) , `` Your Nose is Gonna Grow '' ( number 14 , 1962 ) , and `` Proud '' ( number 29 , 1963 ) . Crawford played Jeff , Wilbur 's neighbor in Mr. Ed - Season 6 , Episode 2 ( 1965 ) - who was more interested in pop music than his algebra . Late in 1961 , Crawford appeared as Victor in the episode `` A Very Bright Boy '' of the ABC sitcom , The Donna Reed Show . His brother Robert had also been a guest star on The Donna Reed Show . Once in 1964 and once in 1965 , Crawford appeared on the NBC education drama Mr. Novak . Among his films , Crawford played an American Indian in the unique adventure film , Indian Paint ( 1965 ) . He played a character involved with a disturbed young girl played by Kim Darby in The Restless Ones ( 1965 ) ; and played a character shot by John Wayne 's character in El Dorado ( 1967 ) . He played a young deputy Billy Norris , in The Big Valley episode `` The Other Face Of Justice '' in 1969 . While enlisted in the United States Army for two years , Crawford worked on training films as a production coordinator , assistant director , script supervisor , and occasional actor . His rank was sergeant at the time of his honorable discharge in December 1967 . In 1968 , Crawford played a soldier wanted for murder in `` By the Numbers '' , an episode of the popular TV series Hawaii Five - O . The Resurrection of Broncho Billy was a USC student film Crawford agreed to do as a favor to his close friend , producer John Longenecker . It won the 1970 Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Subject . The Naked Ape was a partially animated 1973 feature film starring Crawford and Victoria Principal , produced by Hugh Hefner . In 1976 , Johnny Crawford co-starred as Ben Shelby in the tenth episode of season three of Little House on the Prairie , `` The Hunters '' . In 1985 , Crawford appeared as Noah Paisley , sheriff 's deputy , in an episode of Murder , She Wrote . Since 1992 , Crawford has led a California - based vintage dance orchestra which performs at special events . His band has been sponsored by the Playboy Jazz Festival , and the orchestra has been the choice for 15 consecutive annual Art Directors Guild Awards shows at the Beverly Hilton , in Beverly Hills . A remastered version of the orchestra 's highly rated first album , Sweepin ' the Clouds Away , was released on August 21 , 2012 , on the CD Baby ( distributor ) label . The formal name of the band was JCO ( Johnny Crawford Orchestra ) . The JCO logo appeared on Crawford 's drums when the band played in Las Vegas . Personal life ( edit ) In the early seventies Crawford dated Debra Tate , sister of the late actress Sharon Tate . Crawford reconnected with his high school sweetheart , Charlotte Samco , in 1990 , and they married in 1995 . Crawford had a key role in the early career of entertainer Victoria Jackson , of Saturday Night Live fame . After the two appeared together in a summer stock production of Meet Me in St. Louis , he presented her with a one - way ticket to California and encouraged her to pursue a Hollywood career . This led Jackson to early appearances on the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , before she was cast as a regular on SNL . Singles ( edit ) Year Single ( A-side , B - side ) Both sides from same album except where indicated Chart positions Album US 1961 `` Daydreams '' b / w `` So Goes The Story '' ( Non-album track ) 70 The Captivating Johnny Crawford `` Your Love Is Growing Cold '' b / w `` Treasure '' -- 1962 `` Patti Ann '' b / w `` Donna '' 43 `` Cindy 's Birthday '' b / w `` Something Special '' 8 A Young Man 's Fancy `` Your Nose Is Gonna Grow '' b / w `` Mr. Blue '' 14 `` Rumors '' b / w `` No One Really Loves A Clown '' 12 Rumors 1963 `` Proud '' b / w `` Lonesome Town '' ( from Rumors ) 29 His Greatest Hits `` Cry on My Shoulder '' b / w `` When I Fall in Love '' ( from His Greatest Hits Vol. # 2 ) 126 Rumors `` What Happened To Janie '' b / w `` Petite Chanson '' ( from Rumors ) -- His Greatest Hits Vol. # 2 `` Cindy 's Gonna Cry '' b / w `` Debbie '' ( from A Young Man 's Fancy ) 72 1964 `` Judy Loves Me '' b / w `` Living in the Past '' ( from Rumors ) 95 `` Sandy '' b / w `` Ol ' Shorty '' ( Non-album track ) 108 1965 `` ( Once Upon A Time ) The Girl Next Door '' b / w `` Sittin ' and A Watchin ' '' ( from A Young Man 's Fancy ) -- `` Am I Too Young '' b / w `` Janie Please Believe Me '' ( from Rumors ) - Non-album tracks 1967 `` Angelica '' b / w `` Everybody Has Their Day '' - 1968 `` Everyone Should Own A Dream '' b / w `` Good Guys Finish Last '' - Also peaked at # 2 in Billboard Adult Contemporary charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Western Stars Ride into Portsmouth '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . June 4 , 1997 . p . A4 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Crawford ... ' the Son of Rifleman ' '' . TV Week Magazine . The Evening Independent . St. Petersburg , Florida . May 24 , 1959 . p. 7 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Answers : Johnny Crawford A Mixture '' . The Evening Independent . St. Petersburg , Florida . November 20 , 1963 . p . A9 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . His mother is from Belgium . Jump up ^ 1959 Emmys Jump up ^ `` '' A Very Bright Boy '' on The Donna Reed Show , December 21 , 1961 `` . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Crawford : The Naked Ape '' . Mary Anderson . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sweepin ' the Clouds Away '' , cduniverse.com ; accessed April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Crawford '' . Scott Stander . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Angry Woman -- Victoria Jackson on `` Tonight Show '' b / w `` . Youtube . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Biography portal California portal Los Angeles portal Film portal Television portal Music portal United States Army portal External links ( edit ) Johnny Crawford on The Rifleman Broncho Billy short film Johnny Crawford 's MySpace site Johnny Crawford on IMDb VIAF : 63364407 LCCN : no91003539 ISNI : 0000 0001 1526 4402 GND : 142142425 SUDOC : 079205798 BNF : cb11219552n ( data ) MusicBrainz : bf40b9eb - 068a - 4bdd - be46 - ec0b5bd7a177 BNE : XX4832002 SNAC : w6sk5xbc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Crawford&oldid=837386452 '' Categories : 1946 births American male child actors American male film actors American male singers American singers American male television actors American people of Belgian descent Living people Mouseketeers Male actors from Los Angeles 20th - century American male actors Military personnel from California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . About Wikipedia

who played mark on the show the rifleman

John Ernest Crawford

John Ernest Crawford

Daren Kagasoff - wikipedia Daren Kagasoff Jump to : navigation , search Daren Kagasoff At the Twilight premiere Daren Maxwell Kagasoff ( 1987 - 09 - 16 ) September 16 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Encino , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2008 -- present Daren Maxwell Kagasoff ( KA - guh - sawf ) ( born September 16 , 1987 ) is an American actor . He is known for starring as Ricky Underwood on the ABC Family teen drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager from 2008 to 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Kagasoff was born in Encino , California to Elise Kagasoff ( née Levy ) and Barry Kagasoff , a diamond merchant . He is the middle of three children ; he has an older brother , Justin , and a younger sister , Natalie . Kagasoff graduated from Montclair Preparatory High School in 2005 where he played on his school 's baseball team . While attending school at San Francisco State University , Kagasoff decided to become an actor . Career ( edit ) After deciding to return to Los Angeles , Kagasoff landed the lead role in a local theater production of Suburbia , a play that the eponymous 1996 film was based upon . After studying acting , he began auditioning for television and film roles . During one of his first auditions , he impressed producer Brenda Hampton so much that she hand - picked him to star as Ricky Underwood in the ABC Family series The Secret Life of the American Teenager . The show ran for five seasons . It was announced on February 24 , 2013 that Kagasoff had been cast as Alex in the Fox pilot Delirium , based on the novel by Lauren Oliver . However , the pilot was not picked up to series . Kagasoff co-starred as Trevor in the supernatural horror film Ouija , directed by Stiles White and co-written by Juliet Snowden and White . The film was released in October 2014 . In September 2014 , Kagasoff joined the cast of the Red Band Society , a comedy - drama series on Fox for the 2014 -- 15 American television season developed by Margaret Nagle . He had a recurring role playing Kara 's love interest , Hunter Cole . The series premiered on September 17 , 2014 and was canceled after one season . Filmography ( edit ) Television and film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 -- 2013 Secret Life of the American Teenager , The The Secret Life of the American Teenager Richard `` Ricky '' Underwood Main role 2014 Ouija Trevor Film 2014 Blue Daren Web series ; 2 episodes 2014 Delirium Alex Sheathes Unsold television pilot ( FOX ) 2014 Stalker Eric Bates Episode : Pilot 2014 -- 2015 Red Band Society Hunter Cole Recurring role , 7 episodes 2015 Paradise Pictures Wyatt Osborne Unsold television pilot ( USA ) 2017 S.W.A.T. Gordon Episode : `` Imposters '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2009 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Breakout Star : Male The Secret Life of the American Teenager Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Award Choice Summer TV Star : Male The Secret Life of the American Teenager Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Drama The Secret Life of the American Teenager Nominated Teen Choice Award Teen Choice Award The Secret Life of the American Teenager Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Drama The Secret Life of the American Teenager Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice Summer TV Star : Male The Secret Life of the American Teenager Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daren Maxwell Kagasoff - California , Birth Index '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barry H Kagasoff mentioned in the record of Barry H Kagasoff and Elise Levy '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Matsushita , Elaine ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Daren Kagasoff reveals what 's really in his closet ( think Imelda Marcos ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Madison ( March 2009 ) . `` Kagasoff Reaches Tween Stardom With Breakout Role '' ( PDF ) . Montclair Journal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Section '' . Los Angeles Times . 10 April 2005 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Montclair Prep 6 , Etiwanda 3 Grant Bowman was two for three with two RBIs and a stolen base and Daren Kagasoff ( 1 - 0 ) threw a four - hitter with one earned run for Montclair Prep ( 8 - 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' : Daren Kagasoff on Series Finale ( Exclusive Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` Fox rejects ' Delirium ' pilot starring Emma Roberts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Fox 's ' Delirium ' Finds Co-Lead in ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Daren Kagasoff Joins ' Ouija ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` ' Red Band Society ' : Daren Kagasoff Teases Hunter 's Romance With Kara '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` FOX Announces Fall Premiere Dates for the 2014 - 2015 Season ; ' Red Band Society ' Launches Early , ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Gotham ' on September 22 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Lauren . `` ' Red Band Society ' Cancelled ? FOX Confirms Show Will Air Final Three Episodes , Find Out Show 's Surprising New Timeslot '' . ENSTARZ . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paradise Pictures ' Pilot Not Going Forward At USA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Daren Kagasoff on IMDb Daren Kagasoff on Twitter VIAF : 132949852 LCCN : no2010158632 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daren_Kagasoff&oldid=819507041 '' Categories : 1987 births 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from California People from Encino , Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Lumbaart Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 09 . About Wikipedia

who played ricky in secret life of the american teenager

Daren Maxwell Kagasoff

Ricky Underwood

Meet the Press - Wikipedia Meet the Press Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American public affairs program . For the Australian program , see Meet the Press ( Australian TV program ) . Meet the Press Genre Public affairs / news analysis program Created by Martha Rountree Lawrence E. Spivak Directed by Rob Melick Presented by Chuck Todd ( for past moderators , see section ) Narrated by Fred Facey Bert Pence Dennis Haysbert Theme music composer John Williams Opening theme `` The Pulse of Events '' ( fourth part of The Mission ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 70 No. of episodes 3,600 + ( weekly ) ( as of 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Reiss Location ( s ) NBC News Washington Bureau , Washington , D.C. Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 30 minutes ( 1947 -- 1992 ) 52 minutes ( 1992 -- present ) Production company ( s ) NBC News Productions Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 1947 -- 2010 ) 720p ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 1996 -- 2010 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2010 -- present ) Original release November 6 , 1947 ( 1947 - 11 - 06 ) -- present External links Website www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press Meet the Press is a weekly American television news / interview program broadcast on NBC . It is the longest - running program in television history , though the current format bears little resemblance to the debut episode on November 6 , 1947 . Meet the Press specializes in interviews with leaders in Washington , D.C. , across the country and even the world on issues of politics , economics , foreign policy and other public affairs , along with panel discussions that provide opinions and analysis . It originates from NBC 's bureau in Washington , D.C. The longevity of Meet the Press can be illustrated in consideration of the fact that the program debuted during what was only the second official `` network television season '' for American television . One historical landmark of the program is that it was the first on which a sitting U.S. President , Gerald Ford , appeared on a live television network news program , which occurred on the November 9 , 1975 broadcast . The program has been hosted by 12 different moderators to date , beginning with creator Martha Rountree . The show 's moderator since 2014 is Chuck Todd , who also serves as political director for NBC News . Currently , the hour - long program airs in most markets on Sundays at 9 : 00 a.m. live in the Eastern Time Zone and on tape delay elsewhere . Meet the Press is also occasionally pre-empted due to network coverage of sports events held outside of the U.S. The program is also rebroadcast on Sundays at 2 : 00 p.m. , and Mondays at 2 : 00 a.m. and sometimes 4 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on MSNBC , whose audio feed is also simulcast on Sirius / XM Satellite Radio . The program is also syndicated by Westwood One to various radio stations around the United States , as well as on C - SPAN Radio as part of its replays of the Sunday morning talk shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 2.1 Under Russert 2.1. 1 Guest moderators 2.2 After Russert 2.2. 1 Interim Brokaw era 2.3 Under Gregory 2.4 Transition to Todd 2.4. 1 Meet the Press Daily 2.5 High - definition broadcasting 3 Moderators 3.1 On - remote broadcasts ( outside D.C. studios ) 3.2 Notable guests and events 4 Distribution 5 See also 6 References and footnotes 7 External links Format ( edit ) The program 's format consists of an extended one - on - one interview with the host , and is sometimes followed by a roundtable discussion or one - on - two interview with figures in adversarial positions , either Congressional members from opposite sides of the aisle or political commentators . Originally a half - hour program for most of its history , the show expanded to 60 minutes starting with the September 20 , 1992 , broadcast . The program also features in - depth examinations of facts behind political and general news stories ( particularly as part of a segment called the `` Data Download '' , introduced after Chuck Todd assumed duties as moderator , which is conducted on a touchscreen within the main set . History ( edit ) Meet the Press set , November 1975 . On this broadcast , a sitting American president ( Gerald Ford ) was , for the first time , a guest on a live television network news program . Meet the Press began on radio on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1945 as American Mercury Presents : Meet the Press , a program to promote The American Mercury , a magazine that Lawrence E. Spivak purchased in 1935 . Before the program aired , Spivak asked journalist Martha Rountree , who had worked in radio and had been employed by Spivak as a roving editor for the magazine , to critique the plans for the new radio show . Based on her advice , Rountree created a new radio program that she called The American Mercury , on October 5 , 1945 . On November 6 , 1947 , while still on the Mutual Broadcasting System , the television rights to the program were purchased by General Foods which began to air the show on the NBC television network with the title shortened to simply Meet the Press ; the radio version also adopted the new name . Although some sources credit Spivak with the program 's creation , Rountree developed the idea on her own , and Spivak joined as co-producer and business partner in the enterprise after the show had already debuted . This section , in the next two paragraphs , needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Meet the Press was originally presented as a 30 - minute press conference with a single guest and a panel of questioners . Its first guest was James Farley , who served as Postmaster General , Democratic National Committee chairman and campaign manager to Franklin Delano Roosevelt under the first two terms of the New Deal Administration . Creator Rountree served as its first host , the program 's only female moderator to date . She stepped down on November 1 , 1953 , and was succeeded by Ned Brooks , who remained as moderator until his retirement on December 26 , 1965 . Spivak became the moderator on January 1 , 1966 , moving up from his role as a permanent panelist . He retired on November 9 , 1975 , on a special one - hour edition that featured , for the first time , a sitting president , Gerald Ford , as guest . The next week , Bill Monroe , previously a weekly panelist like Spivak had been years before , took over as moderator and stayed until June 2 , 1984 . For the next seven and a half years , the program then went through a series of hosts as it struggled in the ratings against ABC 's This Week with David Brinkley . Roger Mudd and Marvin Kalb , as co-moderators , followed Monroe for a year , followed by Chris Wallace ( who would later to go on to a much longer run as host of the rival program Fox News Sunday ) from 1987 to 1988 . Garrick Utley , then hosting Weekend Today , concurrently hosted Meet the Press from 1989 through December 1 , 1991 . All this occurred despite the increasing ratings of NBC News ' other programs ( and those of the network generally ) during that period . The program originally aired at noon Eastern Time every Sunday , before moving to a 9 : 00 a.m. slot by the early 1990s . Under Russert ( edit ) Meet the Press logo used from September 10 , 1995 to June 2008 . Russert interviews General Peter Pace in 2006 . Network officials , concerned for the show 's future , turned to Tim Russert , the network 's Washington , D.C. , bureau chief . He took over as moderator of Meet the Press on December 8 , 1991 , and remained with the program until his death on June 13 , 2008 , becoming the longest serving moderator in the program 's history . Under Russert , the program was expanded to one hour and became less of a televised press conference , focusing more on Russert 's questions and comments ; Russert also engaged in longer in - depth interviews and hosted panels of experts to discuss the topics featured in that week 's broadcast . Russert signed off each edition by saying , `` That 's all for today . We 'll be back next week . If it 's Sunday , it 's Meet the Press . '' During the professional football season , Russert , a native of Buffalo , New York , and an avid fan of the Buffalo Bills , sometimes added , `` Go Bills ! , '' and occasionally would ask panelists , `` How ' bout those Sabres ? '' if Buffalo 's NHL hockey team was doing well . Spoofs of the show featured in a recurring sketch on Saturday Night Live often reflected his impromptu additions in support of the two professional sports franchises . By 2006 , Meet the Press was the highest - rated program among the Sunday morning talk shows . Russert died on June 13 , 2008 , of a sudden coronary thrombosis ( caused by a cholesterol plaque rupture ) . Former NBC Nightly News anchor Tom Brokaw hosted a special edition of Meet the Press dedicated to the life of Russert on June 15 , 2008 , in which Russert 's chair was left empty as a tribute . Guest moderators ( edit ) Andrea Mitchell ( from August 15 , 2004 ) After Russert ( edit ) Mark Whitaker was named by NBC News as the division 's Washington D.C. Bureau Chief and was given `` executive oversight '' of Meet the Press . Interim Brokaw era ( edit ) NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams acted as moderator of the first show following the June 15 tribute to Russert , with the same guests and subject matter that Russert was planning for when he died . Following Russert 's death , Tom Brokaw was named the interim moderator through the 2008 general elections . Brokaw followed Russert 's tradition by signing off with `` We 'll be back next Sunday because if it 's Sunday , it 's Meet the Press '' ( a sign - off that would continue to be used by his successors as moderator ) . In September of that year , the show was presented with limited commercial interruption . On August 10 , David Gregory moderated the panel discussion during the second half - hour of the broadcast , while Brokaw anchored the first half - hour from the site of the Summer Olympics in Beijing . The following week on August 17 , he moderated the entire broadcast . It was also reported on December 1 , 2008 , that the December 7 broadcast would be Brokaw 's last , with Gregory becoming the new permanent host the following Sunday . Under Gregory ( edit ) David Gregory began his tenure as moderator on December 14 , 2008 . Four days after Gregory 's first regular broadcast , on December 18 , NBC News political director Chuck Todd was named contributing editor of Meet the Press . Throughout Gregory 's tenure as moderator , Meet the Press experienced significant ratings declines . In the final three months of 2013 , the program placed third among the Sunday morning talk shows in total viewership , behind CBS 's Face the Nation and ABC 's This Week for the first time since 1992 ; it also experienced the lowest ratings in the show 's entire history among the key 25 - to - 54 age viewing demographic during this period . NBC management became uncertain as to the future direction of the program . A new set was introduced on May 2 , 2010 , featuring video screens and library - style bookshelves ; David Gregory would preview the guests to be featured during each week 's broadcast using a large video screen . Different , modified intro music was also introduced , with the Meet the Press theme music in a shorter `` modernized ( style ) ... the beginning repeated with drum beats '' ( see `` High - definition broadcasting '' below for additional information ) . Transition to Todd ( edit ) U.S. President Barack Obama participates in an interview with Todd in the Cabinet Room of the White House ; September 6 , 2014 . In response to declining viewership , rumors surfaced in August 2014 that Gregory would be replaced as the program 's moderator . NBC News President Deborah Turness apparently had held discussions with Jon Stewart ( host of Comedy Central 's satirical news program The Daily Show ) to replace Gregory , which Stewart later confirmed in a Rolling Stone interview , saying , `` My guess is they were casting as wide and as weird a net as they could . I 'm sure part of them was thinking , ' Why do n't we just make it a variety show ? ' '' On August 14 , 2014 , Turness announced that Chuck Todd , NBC 's chief White House correspondent , would take over the role of moderator on September 7 , 2014 . Meet the Press Daily ( edit ) On September 28 , 2015 , Meet the Press Daily , hosted by Chuck Todd , debuted on MSNBC . High - definition Broadcasting ( edit ) The set utilized from March 17 , 1996 , to April 25 , 2010 , had been designed as an experimental set for high - definition broadcasting ; several editions of the program ( including the first broadcast of a regular series on a major television network in HD ) had aired in the format in the 1990s over experimental HD station WHD - TV in Washington , D.C. Despite this , the program continued to be transmitted in 480i standard definition over the NBC network itself . On May 2 , 2010 , Meet the Press became the last NBC News program to convert to high definition , and unveiled a new set consisting of large video screens mostly used to display Washington scenery , satellite interview subjects and moderator and subject talking points , along with graphics produced for the format . Moderators ( edit ) The following is the list of moderators for Meet the Press : Martha Rountree 1947 -- 1953 Ned Brooks 1953 -- 1965 Lawrence E. Spivak 1966 -- 1975 Bill Monroe 1975 -- 1984 Roger Mudd and Marvin Kalb ( co-moderators ) 1984 -- 1985 Marvin Kalb 1985 -- 1987 Chris Wallace 1987 -- 1988 Garrick Utley 1989 -- 1991 Tim Russert 1991 -- 2008 Tom Brokaw 2008 David Gregory 2008 -- 2014 Chuck Todd 2014 -- present On - remote broadcasts ( outside D.C. studios ) ( edit ) Date Location Event / Reason July 17 , 1988 Atlanta , Georgia 1988 Democratic National Convention August 14 , 1988 New Orleans , Louisiana 1988 Republican National Convention December 3 , 1989 Malta Malta Summit July 16 , 1989 Paris , France G7 September 9 , 1990 Helsinki , Finland Helsinki summit July 12 , 1992 New York City , New York 1992 Democratic National Convention August 16 , 1992 Houston , Texas 1992 Republican National Convention April 4 , 1993 Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Clinton -- Yeltsin summit January 30 , 1994 Atlanta , Georgia Super Bowl XXVIII at the Georgia Dome September 16 , 2001 Camp David Interview with Dick Cheney in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks January 18 , 2004 Des Moines , Iowa 24 hours before the Iowa caucuses January 25 , 2004 Bedford , New Hampshire 48 hours before the New Hampshire primary February 1 , 2004 Milwaukee , Wisconsin Interview with Howard Dean February 8 , 2004 Oval Office Interview with George W. Bush July 25 , 2004 Boston , Massachusetts 2004 Democratic National Convention August 29 , 2004 New York City , New York 2004 Republican National Convention October 31 , 2004 New York City , New York Two days before the U.S. presidential election October 8 , 2007 Des Moines , Iowa Interview with John Edwards November 11 , 2007 Des Moines , Iowa Interview with Barack Obama December 30 , 2007 Des Moines , Iowa Interview with Mike Huckabee , two days before the 2008 Iowa caucuses January 6 , 2008 Bedford , New Hampshire Two days before the New Hampshire primaries January 13 , 2008 South Carolina Interview with Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign January 20 , 2008 New York City , New York Roundtable discussion January 27 , 2008 Tampa , Florida June 29 , 2008 Jackson Hole , Wyoming Western Governors ' Association annual meeting and Simi Valley , California ( Reagan Library ) July 27 , 2008 London , England Barack Obama 's overseas trip August 10 , 2008 Beijing , China 2008 Beijing Olympics August 24 , 2008 Denver , Colorado 2008 Democratic National Convention August 31 , 2008 Saint Paul , Minnesota 2008 Republican National Convention September 7 , 2008 Wilmington , Delaware Senator Joe Biden appears on the show October 26 , 2008 Waterloo , Iowa John McCain 's campaign stop December 7 , 2008 Chicago , Illinois Interview with president - elect Barack Obama ; while taped in Chicago , Brokaw introduced and ended the show in D.C. June 14 , 2009 Wilmington , Delaware Vice President Joe Biden appears on the show August 29 , 2010 New Orleans , Louisiana Special broadcast five years after Hurricane Katrina , moderated by Brian Williams January 1 , 2012 Des Moines , Iowa Interview with Rick Santorum , two days before the 2012 Iowa caucuses January 8 , 2012 Bedford , New Hampshire Two days before the New Hampshire primaries November 2 , 2014 New York City , New York Two days before midterm elections January 31 , 2016 Des Moines , Iowa 24 hours before the Iowa caucuses Notable guests and events ( edit ) The following is a partial list of notable guests and milestones for the show . First guest : James A. Farley , the former Postmaster General of the United States and former Democratic National Committee Chair . Whittaker Chambers states Alger Hiss was a communist on August 27 , 1948 , radio broadcast , which leads to libel suit from Hiss , the Pumpkin Papers , and Justice 's indictment of Hiss by December 1948 . First female guest : Elizabeth Bentley , a courier for a Communist spy ring , on September 12 , 1948 . An interview with Fidel Castro aired April 19 , 1959 . Every U.S. President since John F. Kennedy has appeared on Meet the Press , although not necessarily during his presidency . Jimmy Carter used his appearance on January 20 , 1980 , to announce the United States ' boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics . Ronald Reagan appeared seven times before being elected president , but did not appear during his presidency . Bill Clinton was the guest for the 50th anniversary broadcast on November 9 , 1997 . The February 8 , 2004 , interview with George W. Bush was conducted in the Oval Office at the White House . The December 7 , 2008 , interview was with then President - elect Barack Obama . Donald Trump has appeared on the program a number of times , most recently in October 2016 . The first live communications satellite television interview occurred on Meet the Press on September 19 , 1965 , with the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson . Distribution ( edit ) In addition to its broadcasts on NBC , Meet the Press also airs on various other NBCUniversal - owned channels domestically and internationally , including MSNBC , CNBC in the United States and Canada , CNBC Europe in Europe and CNBC Asia in Asia . It is also broadcast in Australia on the Seven Network and in the Philippines on 9TV . Meet the Press is also available as an audio or video podcast , and is simulcast on radio stations by Westwood One ( which also handles distribution of all other NBC - produced radio programming , including NBC News Radio ) . See also ( edit ) The Mission ( theme music ) References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 60th anniversary background information '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martha Rountree : Radio / Television Producer , Writer , Host '' . shemadeit.org . Paley Center for Media . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Press - Crdits '' . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sounds of War '' . Slate. April 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Press : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Meet The Press '' . MSNBC.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Press : U.S. Public Affairs / Interview '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Todd Takes Helm of ' Meet the Press ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Paul Kuhn ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Memorable Tim Russert moments '' . Politico . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Years Ago in News History : America Meets the Press '' . 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List of Sailor Moon S episodes - wikipedia List of Sailor Moon S episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S The anime series title , which originally translates to Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S , also known as `` Bishōjo Senshi Sera Mūn Super '' Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 38 Release Original network TV Asahi Original release March 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 19 ) -- February 25 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 25 ) Season chronology ← Previous Sailor Moon R Next → Sailor Moon SuperS List of Sailor Moon episodes The third season of the Sailor Moon anime series , titled Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S ( 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン S ( スーパー ) , Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn Sūpā ) , was produced by Toei Animation and directed by Kunihiko Ikuhara . It began broadcasting on TV Asahi on March 19 , 1994 , and ended on February 25 , 1995 . Like the rest of the series , it adapts the manga series by Naoko Takeuchi and follows the adventures of Usagi Tsukino and her friends . In 2000 , Cloverway Inc. licensed the season for an unedited English - language broadcast in North America . Optimum Productions continued to dub the series . The series aired on YTV , who adjusted the episode numbers to match those of the original Japanese version , from June 12 , 2000 to August 1 , 2000 . Edited and unedited videotapes as well as uncut bilingual DVDs of their adaptation were released by Pioneer Entertainment . In contrast to DIC Entertainment 's dub of the first two seasons , Cloverway retained the background music and sound effects from the original Japanese version . Eventually , in 2014 , Viz Media licensed the series from the start for an uncut release , and released the first part of the season on November 15 , 2016 and the second part on June 20 , 2017 . While Sailor Moon S began very similarly to the first two seasons , Sailor Moon S eventually took a darker , more emotional turn . One of the controversies surrounding Sailor Moon S is in the romantic - lesbian relationship of Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune , who are subtly depicted as romantic lovers , although this is never mentioned directly . Takeuchi has openly admitted they are a romantic couple , and their voice actresses were instructed to play the characters `` as if they are a married romantic couple . '' However , because of differing cultural standards , most countries outside Japan , excluding Greece , Germany , Sweden , Spain and Mexico , have censored the relationship . Alternatively , in the Cloverway / Optimum English - dubbed version , this subtext was made more taboo by way of portraying Neptune and Uranus as biological cousins who were involved in a romantic relationship with each other . The Studiopolis / Viz Media English - language ReDub preserves the subtext of the original material . In the 1995 favorite episode polls for Animage , `` Death of Uranus and Neptune ! ? Talismans Appear '' came in first place , `` The Bond of Destiny ! The Distant Days of Uranus '' came in eighth place , and `` The Labyrinth of Water ! Ami the Targeted '' came in ninth place . The following year , `` A Bright Shooting Star ! Saturn , and the Messiah '' came in fifteenth place . Three pieces of theme music used : one opening theme and two ending themes . The opening theme , an updated version of `` Moonlight Densetsu '' is performed by Moon Lips . The first ending theme , used for the first two episodes , is `` Otome no Policy '' performed by Yoko Ishida . The second ending theme , used for the remainder of the season , is `` Tuxedo Mirage '' performed by Peach Hips , a group consisting of voice actresses Kotono Mitsuishi , Michie Tomizawa , Aya Hisakawa , Emi Shinohara and Rika Fukami . Cloverway used the English - language version of `` Moonlight Densetsu '' first commissioned for DiC Entertainment 's dub of the first season and R for their adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 2 Video and DVD releases 2.1 English 2.1. 1 DVD 2.1. 1.1 United States 2.1. 2 Blu - ray 2.1. 2.1 United States 3 References Episode list ( 1994 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) No . Cloverway inc . title Original Japanese and Viz Media titles Episode director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Art director ( s ) Animation director ( s ) Original airdate English airdate ( United States ) 90 `` Star Struck , Bad Luck '' `` Premonition of the Apocalypse : The Mysterious New Guardians Appear '' `` Chikyū hōkai no yokan ? Nazo no shin Senshi shutsugen '' ( 地球 崩壊 の 予感 ? 謎 の 新 戦士 出現 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Andō March 19 , 1994 June 12 , 2000 After experiencing apocalyptic visions , Rei is attacked by a powerful monster called a Daimon that Sailor Moon is unable to fight after it disables her brooch , reversing her transformation . The Daimon is defeated by a pair of mysterious new warriors , leaving the girls to despondently realize that a new conflict has begun . 91 `` Crystal Clear Again '' `` The Rod of Love Is Born : Usagi 's New Transformation '' `` Ai no roddo tanjō ! Usagi no shin henshin '' ( 愛 の ロッド 誕生 ! うさぎ の 新 変身 ) Yūji Endō Shigeru Yanagawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsumi Tamegai March 26 , 1994 June 13 , 2000 While Mamoru strives to cheer Usagi up after her failure in the previous battle , a young girl is the latest target of the Death Busters . Due to Usagi 's inability to transform , the under - powered Sailor Team struggles to fight off the Daimon and are once again forced to rely on the mysterious two warriors . Once they determine the girl 's pure heart is not a talisman , they leave the Sailor Team to fend for themselves . Meanwhile , Tuxedo Mask and Usagi hold hands after the latter 's refusal to escape , and through the power of their love , Usagi 's disabled Crystal Star brooch transforms into the Cosmic Heart Compact , and she gains the Spiral Heart Moon Rod and , along with it , the ability to transform and defeat the new enemy . 92 `` Driving Dangerously '' `` A Handsome Boy ? Haruka Tenoh 's Secret '' `` Suteki na bishōnen ? Ten'ō Haruka no himitsu '' ( 素敵 な 美少年 ? 天王 はるか の 秘密 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuhisa Asai Hisashi Kagawa April 16 , 1994 June 14 , 2000 Avoiding their study group , Usagi and Minako meet Haruka Tenou , an attractive and supposedly male student of a prestigious local school , with whom they both become infatuated . After Minako is defeated in a racing game , Michiru arrives to pick up Haruka , and the two depart with Usagi and Minako soon following behind them . Once Michiru and Haruka separate at a mechanic 's shop , Usagi and Minako take this as their chance , and Haruka tells them about `` him '' - self until a Daimon arrives to attack Kameda , the shop mechanic . The Daimon starts to escape when Usagi and Minako transform into their Guardian forms to chase it down , when Uranus and Neptune arrive to investigate Kameda 's pure heart crystal . When it turns out not to be a talisman they retreat and Sailor Moon defeats the Daimon . Later , the rest of the girls are at Crown Game Center with Usagi and Minako in hopes of seeing the cute boy they 'd told them about ; Michiru arrives with a blonde girl , whom Usagi and Minako initially fail to realize is Haruka ; once they do , Minako falls to the ground in anguish , and Haruka notes that she 'd never said she was male . 93 `` Bad Harmony '' `` Usagi 's Idol : The Graceful Genius Michiru '' `` Usagi no akogare ! Yūbi no tensai Michiru '' ( うさぎ の 憧れ ! 優美 な 天才 みちる ) Hiroki Shibata Megumi Sugihara Kazuyuki Hashimoto Taichi Nakamura April 23 , 1994 June 15 , 2000 When Usagi is concerned that she is not smart enough to be with Mamoru after being scolded by the other girls , she seeks advice from Michiru Kaioh , who suggests that Usagi and Mamoru go to a violin recital . 94 `` Swept Off Her Feet '' `` Protect the Pure Heart : The Three - Way Battle '' `` Pyua na kokoro wo mamore ! Teki mikata mittsu tomoe ransen '' ( 純 な 心 を 守れ ! 敵 味方 三つ巴 乱戦 ) Noriyo Sasaki Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō April 30 , 1994 June 16 , 2000 Usagi 's friend , Unazuki , is attacked by a Daimon and has her pure heart crystal stolen . But when Sailor Moon tries to take the crystal back to Unazuki , Uranus and Neptune attempt to steal it in order to claim the Talisman . 95 `` Blinded By Love 's Light '' `` Let Moon Help With Your Love Problems '' `` Koi no otasuke wa Mūn ni omakase '' ( 恋 の おたすけ は ムーン に おまかせ ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Mari Tominaga May 7 , 1994 June 19 , 2000 Naru and Umino enter an affection contest in order to prove their strong mutual romantic love for each other , but find themselves targeted by a Daimon . 96 `` Lita Borrows Trouble '' `` Coldhearted Uranus : Makoto in Danger '' `` Reikoku na Uranusu ? Makoto no pinchi '' ( 冷酷 な ウラヌス ? まこと の ピンチ ) Kōnosuke Uda Yoji Enokido Kazuhisa Asai Masahiro Andō May 14 , 1994 June 20 , 2000 Makoto is targeted by a Daimon , but manages to temporarily evade it . Keen to analyze her pure heart crystal , Haruka befriends Makoto in order to get close to her . 97 `` Damp Spirits '' `` The Labyrinth of Water : Ami Targeted '' `` Mizu no rabarinsu ! Nerawareta Ami '' ( 水 の ラビリンス ! ねら われ た 亜美 ) Junichi Sato Megumi Sugihara Kazuyuki Hashimoto Katsumi Tamegai May 21 , 1994 June 21 , 2000 Ami 's desire to avoid competition leads her to offending Michiru inadvertently in a swimming race , as well as Usagi accidentally hurting Ami 's feelings . Meanwhile , a Daimon selects Ami as a target . 98 `` Friendly Foes '' `` To Save Our Friends : Moon and Uranus Join Forces '' `` Tomodachi wo sukue ! Mūn Uranusu rengō '' ( 友達 を 救え ! ムーン ウラヌス 連合 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Taichi Nakamura May 28 , 1994 June 22 , 2000 After Sailor Neptune is captured and possibly killed by Kaolinite , Sailor Moon and Sailor Uranus find themselves shackled together and forced to reassess their less - than - friendly attitudes toward each other in order to save Sailor Neptune from further harm . 99 `` Mixed Emotions '' `` A Man 's Kindness : Yuichiro Heartbroken by Rei '' `` Otoko no yasashisa ! Yūichirō Rei ni shitsuren ? '' ( 男 の 優し さ ! 雄一郎 レイ に 失恋 ? ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Yoshiyuki Shikano Shinya Hasegawa June 18 , 1994 June 23 , 2000 Worried by Rei 's intensive meditation , Yuuichirou becomes concerned that she has fallen deeply head - over-heels in love for another man . When he sees her with Haruka and mistakes her for a man , Yuuichirou is convinced that `` he '' is Rei 's new romantic suitor . 100 `` Individual Happiness '' `` I Want to Quit Being a Sailor Guardian : Minako 's Dilemma '' `` Sērā Senshi wo yametai ! ? Minako no nayami '' ( S 戦士 を 辞め たい ! ? 美奈子 の 悩み ) Hiroki Shibata Yoji Enokido Kazuhisa Asai Mari Tominaga June 25 , 1994 June 26 , 2000 Minako is despondent about her double life of being a Sailor Guardian and a normal girl . Meanwhile , an old friend of hers , who she once fell in love with , is attacked by a Daimon , and Minako , as Sailor Venus , must use her skills of volleyball to save him . 101 `` Birthday Blues , Part 1 '' `` Usagi in Tears : a Glass Slipper for My Birthday '' `` Usagi namida ! Tanjōbi ni garasu no kutsu wo '' ( うさぎ 涙 ! 誕生 日 に ガラス の 靴 を ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Masahiro Andō July 2 , 1994 June 27 , 2000 Usagi is furious when Mamoru forgets her 15th birthday . When Mamoru buys her an expensive pair of glass slippers to make up for it , he fails to realize that Kaolinite sabotaged the shoes with a Daimon egg to steal her pure heart crystal . To make matters worse , Kaolinite steals Usagi 's Cosmic Heart Compact leaving her unable to transform , and Tuxedo Mask gets captured . 102 `` Birthday Blues , Part Two '' `` The Stolen Pure Heart : Usagi 's Crisis '' `` Ubawareta pyua na kokoro ! Usagi zettai zetsumei '' ( 奪 われ た 純 な 心 ! うさぎ 絶 体 絶命 ) Noriyo Sasaki Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Taichi Nakamura July 16 , 1994 June 28 , 2000 With the Cosmic Heart Compact stolen and Tuxedo Mask kidnapped , Usagi and the four other Sailor Guardians , along with Sailors Uranus and Neptune , go to retake the compact so Usagi can become Sailor Moon again , rescue Tuxedo Mask and face Kaolinite in a final showdown at Tokyo Tower . 103 `` Hello , Sailor Mini Moon '' `` The Arrival of a Tiny Pretty Guardian '' `` Yatte kita chiccha na Bishōjo Senshi '' ( やって来 た ちっちゃな 美 少女 戦士 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuya Kuroda August 6 , 1994 June 29 , 2000 Eudial , and the Witches 5 are tasked to take over from Kaolinite 's position , in which they target a genius drummer recruited to play at a festival for Rei . The Sailor Guardians can not defeat the Daimon who attacks her , but Chibiusa arrives as the Guardians ' newest ally , Sailor Chibi - Moon . 104 `` Tainted Tea Party '' `` Making New Friends : Chibi Moon 's Adventure '' `` Tomodachi wo motomete ! Chibi Mūn no katsuyaku '' ( 友達 を 求め て ! ちび ムーン の 活躍 ) Junichi Sato Megumi Sugihara Kazuhisa Asai Ikuko Itō August 20 , 1994 June 30 , 2000 Chibiusa , who has returned from Crystal Tokyo for further training , attempts to adapt to her new home by making friends her age . She tries to befriend a master who does tea ceremonies , only to become the Death Busters ' latest target . 105 `` People Who Need People '' `` I Want Power : Mako Lost in Doubt '' `` Pawā ga hoshī ! Mako - chan no mayoi michi '' ( 力 が 欲しい ! まこ ちゃん の 迷い 道 ) Hiroki Shibata Shigeru Yanagawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Mari Tominaga August 27 , 1994 July 3 , 2000 Makoto is training in the mountains , trying to become much stronger after being easily defeated by a Daimon before . Her trainer is attacked , and tells her that nobody can live alone . She attacks the Daimon , fails , and realizes she needs her best friends in order to win . 106 `` Related By Destiny '' `` The Bond of Destiny : Uranus 's Distant Past '' `` Unmei no kizuna ! Uranusu no tōi hi '' ( 運命 の きずな ! ウラヌス の 遠い 日 ) Takuya Igarashi Yoji Enokido Kenichi Tajiri Katsumi Tamegai September 3 , 1994 July 4 , 2000 Haruka remembers the past when she first met Michiru , who told her that she was destined to become Sailor Uranus . Haruka initially refused that destiny , for she loved her life too much and was afraid of change . Haruka was attacked , and Sailor Neptune was injured while defending her . In her anguish , Haruka took the transformation pen and accepted her destiny as Sailor Uranus , the Sailor Guardian of the Sky . 107 `` Art Appreciation '' `` Art Is an Explosion of Love : Chibiusa 's First Love '' `` Geijutsu wa ai no bakuhatsu ! Chibiusa no hatsukoi '' ( 芸術 は 愛 の 爆発 ! ちびうさ の 初恋 ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Taichi Nakamura September 10 , 1994 July 5 , 2000 Chibiusa meets a boy named Masanori at her art class and develops a crush on him . Unfortunately , he already has a crush on Michiru , who is taking a class at that school as well . When a Daimon attacks Masanori , Chibiusa must take a stand to protect him . 108 `` Everything 's Coming Up Rosey '' `` Usagi Dancing to the Waltz '' `` Usagi no dansu wa warutsu ni notte '' ( うさぎ の ダンス は ワルツ に 乗っ て ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Kazuhisa Asai Masahiro Andō September 17 , 1994 July 6 , 2000 An English gentleman named Edwards invites Mamoru and the girls to a fancy party , where Usagi accidentally becomes drunk and the team is forced to confront a fashionable Eudial and her latest Daimon . 109 `` No Turning Back '' `` The Shocking Moment : Everyone 's Identities Revealed '' `` Shōgeki no toki ! Akasareta tagai no shōtai '' ( 衝撃 の 刻 ! 明か され た 互い の 正体 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuya Kuroda September 24 , 1994 July 7 , 2000 Minako becomes jealous that a Daimon has not yet attacked her , and she fears that she does not have a pure heart . After doing as many `` pure '' things as she can , she is attacked , and her pure heart is taken from her . When Eudial nearly gets away , Usagi is forced to reveal her identity to Haruka & Michiru , who in turn , reveal their identities as Sailors Uranus and Neptune to Sailor Moon . 110 `` Destiny 's Arrival '' `` The Death of Uranus and Neptune : The Talisman Appear '' `` Uranusu - tachi no shi ? Tarisuman shutsugen '' ( ウラヌス 達 の 死 ? タリスマン 出現 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Yoji Enokido Kenichi Tajiri Mari Tominaga October 15 , 1994 July 10 , 2000 Faced with losing her position at Witches 5 , Eudial creates a computer program to find the true owners of the three Talismans , and learns that Haruka and Michiru are the ones who hold two of the Talismans within their own hearts ! They take away Usagi 's brooch , and follow Eudial onto a lonely island . However , the invitation turns out to be a trick , and Michiru 's pure heart is taken , which turns into the mystical Deep Aqua Mirror . Haruka , in order to release her own talisman , shoots herself with Eudial 's gun . Her pure heart transforms into the mystical Space Sword . 111 `` The Purity Chalice '' `` The Holy Grail 's Mystical Power : Moon 's Double Transformation '' `` Seihai no shinpi na chikara ! Mūn nidan henshin '' ( 聖杯 の 神秘 な 力 ! ムーン 二 段 変身 ) Hiroki Shibata Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Ikuko Itō October 22 , 1994 July 11 , 2000 Sailor Pluto appears and reawakens Sailors Uranus and Neptune , and the three talismans resonate with each other ( the third and last being Sailor Pluto 's Garnet Orb ) . The Holy Grail appears , and Sailor Moon grabs it and evolves into Super Sailor Moon , who drives Eudial out . Mimete then kills Eudial by sabotaging her car with snails . 112 `` Show Stoppers '' `` Who is the True Messiah ? Chaos of Light and Darkness '' `` Shin no kyūseishu wa dare ? Hikari to kage no kaosu '' ( 真 の 救世主 は 誰 ? 光 と 影 の カオス ) Noriyo Sasaki Shigeru Yanagawa Minoru Ōkōchi Shinya Hasegawa November 5 , 1994 July 12 , 2000 The girls end up watching the filming of a movie , where Chibiusa encounters Hotaru , whom she quickly befriends . But in the end , she is revealed to be the 12 - year - old daughter of Professor Souichi Tomoe , the possessed leader of the Death Busters . Super Sailor Moon uses her new `` Rainbow Moon Heartache '' attack to defeat the Daimon of the day . 113 `` Rini 's Risky Friendship '' `` A House Filled With Evil Presence : The Beautiful Hotaru 's Secret '' `` Yōki tadayou ie ! Bishōjo Hotaru no himitsu '' ( 妖気 漂う 家 ! 美 少女 ほたる の 秘密 ) Kōnosuke Uda Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Taichi Nakamura November 12 , 1994 July 13 , 2000 The three Outer Guardians appear to Tuxedo Mask , and tell him why they can not fight alongside Sailor Moon and the other four Sailor Guardians . Usagi and Chibiusa visit Hotaru , and see a woman who looks like Kaolinite . The Messiah of Silence appears demanding pure hearts . 114 `` Mimet 's Mess '' `` I Love Idols : Mimete 's Dilemma '' `` Aidoru daisuki ! Nayameru Mimetto '' ( アイドル 大好き ! 悩め る ミメット ) Harume Kosaka Yoji Enokido Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Andō November 19 , 1994 July 14 , 2000 Minako and Mimete enter a beauty contest at the same time , with Mimete willing to risk it all to obtain victory . Both fall short of the needed votes to win the idol position , and Mimete decides to just go back to her evil ways . 115 `` The Shadow of Silence '' `` Shadow of Silence : The Pale Glimmer of a Firefly '' `` Chinmoku no kage ! ? Awaki Hotaru hi no yurameki '' ( 沈黙 の 影 ! ? あ わき 蛍火 の ゆらめき ) Takuya Igarashi Yoji Enokido Kenichi Tajiri Katsumi Tamegai November 26 , 1994 July 17 , 2000 Hotaru overexerts herself , and is hospitalized , during which her past without friends is shown , and the reasons for it . Meanwhile , Mimete targets a soap opera actor , during which the attacking Daimon runs near Hotaru , who glows and completely freezes the Daimon . 116 `` Thorny Weather '' `` Sunny Skies After a Storm : A Friendship Dedicated to Hotaru '' `` Arashi nochi hare ! Hotaru ni sasageru yūjō '' ( 嵐 のち 晴れ ! ほたる に 捧げる 友情 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kazuhisa Asai Jouji Yanase December 3 , 1994 July 18 , 2000 Mamoru takes Usagi , Chibiusa and Hotaru to a botanical garden that is tended by Yoshiki Kurebayashi , an old classmate of his . While there , Mimete targets Yoshiki 's pure heart and causes a storm that puts the plants at risk . Sailor Moon defeats the accompanying Daimon , U-Bara . 117 `` Heightened Hazard '' `` Higher and Stronger : A Cheer from Usagi '' `` Yori takaku yori tsuyoku ! Usagi no ōen '' ( より 高く より 強く ! うさぎ の 応援 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagawa Minoru Ōkōchi Taichi Nakamura December 10 , 1994 July 19 , 2000 Hotaru wishes to give a letter to Shun Hayase , a famous athlete . He becomes targeted when she goes to give it to him , and she possessively blasts the enemy with a hugely strong amount of energy . She talks to Shun about being frail and weak , and he thanks her for talking to him . 118 `` It 's In The Cards '' `` The Battle Inside the Demonic Space : The Sailor Guardians ' Gamble '' `` Makū no tatakai ! Sērā Senshi no kake '' ( 魔 空 の 戦い ! セーラー 戦士 の 賭け ) Noriyo Sasaki Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Masahide Yanagisawa December 17 , 1994 July 20 , 2000 Mimete attempts to create a Daimon by herself , throwing the entire Tomoe house into another dimension . The Guardians enter the dimension and are defeated by a game - master Daimon named U-Ikasaman . Hotaru manages to assist in her defeat by the use of a bluff . 119 `` Goodness Eclipsed '' `` The Messiah of Silence Awakens ? Stars of Destiny '' `` Chinmoku no Meshia kakusei ? Unmei no hoshiboshi '' ( 沈黙 の メシア の 覚せい ? 運命 の 星々 ) Harume Kosaka Yoji Enokido Kazuhisa Asai Shinya Hasegawa December 24 , 1994 September 13 , 2000 The Sailor Guardians visit a planetarium , where a man is attacked by a Daimon . The symbol of Saturn appears on Hotaru 's forehead , and she attacks the Daimon . However , Sailor Uranus , Neptune , and Pluto attack Hotaru , since she is both Sailor Saturn , the Sailor Guardian of Silence , Ruin and Birth , and also possessed by the Messiah of Silence . Super Sailor Moon takes the blow to protect Hotaru . 120 `` Next In Line '' `` An Invasion from an Another Dimension : Mystery of Infinity Academy '' `` Ijigen kara no shinryaku ! Mugen Gakuen no nazo '' ( 異 次元 から の 侵略 ! 無限 学園 の 謎 ) Kōnosuke Uda Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Katsumi Tamegai January 7 , 1995 July 21 , 2000 Chibiusa goes to Hotaru 's house to find that Hotaru has disappeared , and is devastated about it . At the same time , the Sailor Guardians investigate Infinity Academy , where Mimete tries one final time to defeat them before Tellu literally pulls the plug on her operation . 121 `` Fiendish Ferns '' `` A Bewitching Flower That Steals Hearts : Tellu , the Third Witch '' `` Kokoro wo ubau yōka ! Daisan no majō Teruru '' ( 心 を 奪う 妖花 ! 第 三 の 魔女 テルル ) Takuya Igarashi Shigeru Yanagawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Taichi Nakamura January 14 , 1995 July 24 , 2000 Tellu develops a new plan to steal pure hearts , using a plant bred for that purpose . Setsuna realizes it is an alien plant made to steal pure hearts , and warns the Sailor Guardians . Tuxedo Mask causes a mutated plant to destroy Tellu , leading to them tracing her back to the mysterious Infinity Academy . 122 `` The Science Of Love '' `` Believe in Love : Ami , the Kindhearted Guardian '' `` Ai wo shinjite ! Ami , kokoro yasashiki Senshi '' ( 愛 を 信じ て ! 亜美 心 優しき 戦士 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Hideyuki Motohashi January 21 , 1995 July 25 , 2000 Ami investigates the Infinity Academy , where she meets Viluy , the fourth of the Witches 5 . Viluy attempts to use her nanorobots to steal pure hearts from entrance exam takers . But after her battle , her own microscopic robots turn against her , destroying her in the process . 123 `` Wake Up Call '' `` Shadows of Destruction : the Messiah of Silence Awakens '' `` Hametsu no kage ! Chinmoku no Meshia no mezame '' ( 破滅 の 影 ! 沈黙 の メシア の 目覚め ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Mari Tominaga January 28 , 1995 July 26 , 2000 The last of the Witches 5 , Cyprine steals pure hearts from Infinity Academy students , and the Sailor Guardians engage Cyprine , and her alter - ego , Ptilol , in a showdown . Meanwhile , Chibiusa is abducted by the recently resurrected Kaolinite , and her pure heart is stolen by Mistress 9 , having taken over Hotaru 's body , which allows her to awaken as the Messiah of Silence . 124 `` Who 's Really Who ? '' `` The Coming Terror of Darkness : Struggle of the Eight Guardians '' `` Semari kuru yami no kyōfu ! Kusen no Hassenshi '' ( 迫り 来る 闇 の 恐怖 ! 苦戦 の 8 戦士 ) Takuya Igarashi Yoji Enokido Kazuyuki Hashimoto Ikuko Itō February 4 , 1995 July 28 , 2000 Mistress 9 uses all remaining Daimon eggs to create a powerful energized shield of evil minions around Infinity Academy . Sailor Moon is abducted , as she is the holder of the Holy Grail . After witnessing Sailor Pluto ultimately sacrificing herself to save them by using her forbidden ability to stop time , Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune destroy Germatoid , the Daimon possessing Professor Souichi Tomoe with their talismans , the Deep Aqua Mirror and the Space Sword . 125 `` Darkness , My Old Friend '' `` The Shining Shooting Star : Saturn and the Messiah '' `` Kagayaku ryūsei ! Satān soshite kyūseishu '' ( 輝く 流星 ! サターン そして 救世主 ) Kōnosuke Uda Yoji Enokido Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō February 11 , 1995 July 29 , 2000 Sailor Moon is tricked into giving Mistress 9 the Holy Grail , which she uses to summon Pharaoh 90 to Earth . Hotaru regains consciousness with the assistance of Sailor Moon and her father , destroying Mistress 9 and fully awakening the spirit of Sailor Saturn within herself at last . Sailor Saturn herself returns Chibiusa 's pure heart crystal , and then appears before Sailor Moon to ultimately sacrifice herself and destroy Pharaoh 90 once and for all with her destructive powers , but Sailor Moon gains the help of the other six Sailor Guardians to become Super Sailor Moon once more , and save both Hotaru and Sailor Saturn , who is reborn as a baby immediately afterward . 126 `` Second Chance '' `` A New Life : Parting of the Stars of Destiny '' `` Atarashiki seimei ! Unmei no hoshiboshi betsuri no toki '' ( 新しき 生命 ! 運命 の 星々 別離 の 時 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kazuhisa Asai Taichi Nakamura February 18 , 1995 July 30 , 2000 Haruka and Michiru give the newly reborn infant Hotaru to a still - healing Professor Souichi Tomoe , who is finally free of the Death Busters . However , they viciously attack Sailor Moon , for she protected Hotaru 's body and Sailor Saturn , and risked the whole entire world for one mere life . The Silver Crystal throws them back , and they kneel to her as their leader and leave the city . 127 `` Tough Kindness '' `` A Guardian 's Realization : Strength Lies Within a Pure Heart '' `` Senshi no Jikaku ! Tsuyosa wa Pyua na Kokoro no Naka ni '' ( 戦士 の 自覚 ! 強 さ は 純 な 心 の 中 に ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita February 25 , 1995 August 1 , 2000 Chibiusa returns to the future after receiving a letter from her mother , Neo-Queen Serenity . Meanwhile , a final Daimon emerges from the rubble of Infinity Academy , and Chibiusa returns just in time to help defeat it . Video and DVD releases ( edit ) English ( edit ) DVD ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Viz Media ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 3 Part 1 90 - 108 November 15 , 2016 Season 3 Part 2 109 - 127 June 20 , 2017 Blu - ray ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Viz Media ( Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 3 Part 1 90 - 108 November 15 , 2016 Season 3 Part 2 109 - 127 June 20 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン S DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン S DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : YTV at https://web.archive.org . `` YTV - Shows - Sailor Moon '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Naoko Takeuchi '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dany ( 2001 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Q & A Rocking the Boat '' . Akadot . Digital Manga , Inc . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 21 . When I was cast to play Haruka , I asked director Kunihiko Ikuhara , `` Are they gay ? '' He answered , `` Act as if they are a married couple . '' And I asked him again , `` Married couple ? You , mean , with two ladies ? '' He replied , `` Yes . '' So they are husband and wife . Jump up ^ Sebert , Paul ( 2000 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Kissing cousins may bring controversy Cartoon Network juggles controversial topics contained in the `` Sailor Moon S '' series `` . The Daily Athenaeum Interactive . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ 第 17 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1995 年 5 月 号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ 第 18 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1996 年 5 月 号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official list of Sailor Moon episodes '' . Sailor Moon Memorial Song Box ( CD booklet ) . Nippon Columbia CO. , LTD. 1997 . pp. 100 -- 108 . COCC - 14459 - 64 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon page at Hulu . `` Watch Sailor Moon online - at Hulu '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LYD3NMW/ Jump up ^ http://www.rightstufanime.com/Sailor-Moon-S-Part-2-Blu-ray-DVD-GWP Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Sailor-Moon-Season-Standard-Blu-ray/dp/B01M0MV3QB Jump up ^ http://www.rightstufanime.com/Sailor-Moon-S-Part-2-Blu-ray-DVD-GWP ( hide ) Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi Media Chapters Codename : Sailor V Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 SuperS Sailor Stars films Super S Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Live - action series Musicals Video games Collectible card game Music Soundtracks `` Moonlight Densetsu '' `` Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto ... '' `` Moon Pride '' Characters Protagonists Sailor Moon Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sailor_Moon_S_episodes&oldid=816999796 '' Categories : 1994 Japanese television seasons 1995 Japanese television seasons Sailor Moon episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 09 : 35 . 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Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? - Wikipedia Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? Jump to : navigation , search For the 2008 documentary , see Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? ( film ) . 1960 release on The Rainbow Quest LP , Folkways , FA 2454 , by Pete Seeger Columbia Hall of Fame 45 rpm single release as 13 - 33088 featuring the November 1962 version . August 1965 . `` Where Have All The Flowers Gone ? '' Song Language English Composer ( s ) Pete Seeger Lyricist ( s ) Pete Seeger and Joe Hickerson `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' is a modern folk - style song . The melody and the first three verses were written by Pete Seeger in 1955 and published in Sing Out ! magazine . Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson , who turned it into a circular song . Its rhetorical `` where ? '' and meditation on death place the song in the ubi sunt tradition . In 2010 , the New Statesman listed it as one of the `` Top 20 Political Songs '' . The 1964 release of the song as a Columbia Records 45 single , 13 - 33088 , by Pete Seeger was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 in the Folk category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Versions 3 Grammy Hall of Fame 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Composition ( edit ) Seeger found inspiration for the song in October 1955 while he was on a plane bound for a concert at Oberlin College , one of the few venues which would hire him during the McCarthy era . Leafing through his notebook he saw the passage , `` Where are the flowers , the girls have plucked them . Where are the girls , they 've all taken husbands . Where are the men , they 're all in the army . '' These lines were taken from the traditional Cossack folk song `` Koloda - Duda '' , referenced in the Mikhail Sholokhov novel And Quiet Flows the Don ( 1934 ) , which Seeger had read `` at least a year or two before '' . Seeger created a song which was subsequently published in Sing Out in 1962 . He recorded a version with three verses on The Rainbow Quest album ( Folkways LP FA 2454 ) released in July 1960 . Later , Joe Hickerson added two more verses with a recapitulation of the first in May 1960 in Bloomington , Indiana . In 2010 , the New Statesman listed it as one of the `` Top 20 Political Songs '' . The song appeared on the compilation album Pete Seeger 's Greatest Hits ( 1967 ) released by Columbia Records as CS 9416 . Pete Seeger 's recording from the Columbia album The Bitter and the Sweet ( November 1962 ) , CL 1916 , produced by John H. Hammond was also released as a Columbia Hall of Fame 45 single as 13 - 33088 backed by `` Little Boxes '' in August , 1965 . Versions ( edit ) The Kingston Trio recorded the song in 1961 . Believing it to be a traditional song , they claimed authorship , although upon notice from Seeger they had their name removed and credited Seeger and Hickerson . Seeger acknowledged their success with this song . Their single , with `` O Ken Karanga '' as the A-side and the hit `` Where Have All The Flowers Gone ? '' the B - side , reached # 21 in the 1962 Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 4 on the Easy Listening chart . Peter , Paul and Mary included the song on their eponymous debut album ( which spent five weeks as the # 1 album in the country ) in 1962 . Marlene Dietrich performed the song in English , French , and German . The song was first performed in French ( as `` Qui peut dire où vont les fleurs ? '' ) by Marlene in 1962 at a UNICEF concert . She also recorded the song in English and in German , the latter titled `` Sag ' mir , wo die Blumen sind '' , with lyrics translated by Max Colpet . She performed the German version on a tour of Israel , where she was warmly received ; she was the first person to break the taboo of using German publicly in Israel since WWII . Her version peaked # 32 in German charts . Dalida also recorded the song in French as `` Que sont devenues les fleurs ? '' , adapted by Guy Béart in 1962 ( Les Années Barclay , vol. 5 , 1962 ) . Jaap Fischer recorded the song in Dutch as `` Zeg me waar de bloemen zijn '' ( single , B side of `` Jan Soldaat '' , 1963 ) . Conny van den Bos recorded the song in Dutch `` Waar zijn al die bloemen toch ? '' , released 1963 . The Searchers released their version on the album Meet The Searchers , released June 1963 . The Springfields featuring Dusty Springfield released a version in German in 1963 . Bobby Darin recorded the song on the Golden Folk Hits album on Capitol , 2007 , which was released in November 1963 . Roy Orbison recorded a version of the song which appears on the album The Connoisseur 's Orbison . Eddy Arnold and The Needmore Creek Singers recorded the song on October 9 , 1963 , and released it on the Folk Song Book album released in January 1964 . Vera Lynn recorded the song as the eleventh cut on her 1964 album `` Among My Souvenirs '' . The Brothers Four recorded the song on their 1964 LP `` More Big Folk Hits '' , Columbia Records , CL - 2213 . The Four Seasons recorded the song on their 1964 Philips album Born to Wander , PHM 200 129 . Lars Lönndahl recorded the song in 1964 with Swedish lyrics Inga blommor finns det mer , translated in 1962 by Beppe Wolgers . Joan Baez included the German version ( Sagt Mir wo die Blumen sind ) on her 1965 album Farewell Angelina . Johnny Rivers had a 1965 top 40 hit in the US with a folk rock version , reaching # 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 9 in Canada . Grady Martin released an instrumental version in 1965 on his Instrumentally Yours album . Harry Belafonte has made one recording of it at a benefit concert in Stockholm , Sweden , 1966 on the album BEL - 1 . Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs included the song on their 1968 album Changin ' Times . Walter Jackson recorded a R & B version in Chicago for Okeh records in 1967 . Jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery recorded an instrumental version in his trademark style on the 1968 LP Road Song In 1969 , Rufus Harley recorded a jazz instrumental version on his trademark bagpipes , but the track was never commercially released until it was included in his posthumously released limited edition collection Courage - The Atlantic Recordings in 2006 . The Landsmen released the song as a 45 single on Arvee . Bill Anderson recorded the song on his eponymous 1971 album . American R&B band Earth , Wind & Fire covered the song on the 1972 album Last Days and Time . Richie Havens recorded the song in 1972 . Yellow Magic Orchestra recorded the song in 1980 and released it in the 1999 compilation album `` YMO GO HOME ! '' Hannes Wader recorded a German version as the final track for his 1982 album Daß nichts bleibt wie es war . City recorded a German version in their 1983 album Unter der Haut . Bernie Sanders covered the song on his 1987 album We Shall Overcome . A Russian version of the song was created in 1998 by Oleg Nesterov , a lead singer of Megapolis , and later performed in duet with Masha Makarova ( Masha I Medvedi ) in a music video . Olivia Newton - John recorded the song on her 2004 album Indigo : Women of Song . Country singer Dolly Parton has also recorded a rendition of the song , on her 2005 album Those Were the Days . Chris de Burgh has recorded a new version which is featured on his 2008 album Footsteps . The song was sung at the funeral of Harry Patch , the last British soldier of the First World War , in Wells Cathedral on August 9 , 2009 . The Folkswingers recorded an instrumental version of the song for their second album 12 String Guitar ! Vol. 2 . A Polish - language version was sung by Sława Przybylska ( Polish title : `` Gdzie są kwiaty z tamtych lat ? '' ) A Czech - language version of the song ( `` Řekni , kde ty kytky jsou '' ) was also created and recorded by several popular artists , such as Judita Čeřovská ( cz ) , Marie Rottrová ( cz ) , or Marta Kubišová . Čeřovská 's version was one of the OST songs of Czech film Rebelové . Croatian folk band Zlatni Dukati performed a version of the song entitled `` Iznad polja makova '' ( `` Above the fields of poppy '' ) during the Croatian War of Independence . A piano version of the song by Scottish pop singer and songwriter Jimmy Sommerville appears on his 2009 album Suddenly Last Summer . Kirsten Hasberg , of Kassel Germany , recorded a parody entitled Sag , die Energiewende , wo ist sie geblieben ? about the German transition to renewable energies and `` energy democracy . '' Erzsi Kovács , Hungarian pop singer recorded a version in Hungarian Classical guitarist Sharon Isbin recorded an instrumental version in her 2009 album Journey to the New World . British Folk - Rock group The Tansads included a version on their 1995 live album Drag Down The Moon . German Avant - garde group Einstürzende Neubauten recorded a German version of the song for their 2014 album Lament . Lara Veronin , Russian - Taiwanese - American singer recorded a version for the 2012 Taiwanese drama Alice in Wonder City . The Armistice Pals recorded a version in 2014 that was released as a commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of World War One and as a tribute to Pete Seeger , who had died earlier that year . The voice of Pete Seeger is heard in the recording along with that of his half - sister Peggy Seeger . The Hi - Marks , a popular 1970s group in New Zealand , recorded a version on their first album Showtime Spectacular . Serbian actor Dragan Maksimović performed a part of this song in the movie Mi nismo anđeli ( `` We are not Angels '' ) recorded in 1992 in Yugoslavia . Alberto Y Lost Trios Paranoias included a version on their 1978 album Skite . Adhunik Bengali singer Anjan Dutt covered the song in his 2001 album Rawng Pencil . Kabir Suman translated the song to Bengali ( Kothaye Gelo Tara ) . Suman and Seeger performed the English and Bengali versions one after the other twice during Suman and Seeger 's Tour of Kolkata in 1996 . Version Title Artist Basque Loreak non dira ? Lou Topet , Harkaitz Cano Belarusian Дзе кветкі ўсе ? Bar Akaryna Bengali কোথায় গেল তারা ? ( Kothay Gelo Tara ) Kabir Suman Catalan Què se n'ha fet d'aquelles flors ? Roslyn Smith , La Marta ( Club Super3 ) Chinese 花 兒 怎麼 不見 了 ? Poon Sow Keng ( 潘秀瓊 ) Croatian Kamo je cvijeće otišlo ? Monia Verardi Czech Řekni , kde ty kytky jsou Judita Čeřovská , Marie Rottrová , Marta Kubišová Danish Where Have All the Flowers Gone Savage Rose Dutch Zeg me waar de bloemen zijn Jaap Fischer English Where have all the flowers gone ? Pete Seeger , The Kingston Trio , Peter , Paul and Mary , Johnny Rivers , many others Esperanto Ĉiuj floroj estas for Duo Espera Estonian Kuhu küll kõik lilled jäid Lindpriid Finnish Minne kukat kadonneet Kukonpojat French Qui peut dire où vont les fleurs ? Eva ( de ) , Marlene Dietrich , Francis Lemarque , Dalida German Sag mir , wo die Blumen sind Marlene Dietrich , Hannes Wader , Juliane Werding , Nana Mouskouri , Joan Baez , Lolita ( Austrian singer ) , Hildegard Knef , Einstürzende Neubauten Hebrew איפה הפרחים כולם Eifo Haprachim Kulam שלישיית גשר הירקון ( Gesher Hayarkon Trio ) Hungarian Hova tűnt a sok virág ? Mária Mezei , Péter Gerendás Icelandic Hvert er farið blómið blátt ? Elly Vilhjálms & Ragnar Bjarnason Irish Cá bhfuil siad uainn , scoth na mbláth ? Feargal Ó Béarra Italian Dove andranno i nostri fiori ? Patty Pravo Japanese Hana wa doko e itta ? Kiyoshiro Imawano Polish Gdzie są kwiaty z tamtych lat ? Sława Przybylska Portuguese Para onde foram todas as flores Jarmila Ferreira Martins Romanian Unde au dispărut toate florile Alexandru Constantinescu Russian Где цветы , дай мне ответ ? Gde cvety , day mne otvet ? Oleg Nesterov , Masha Makarova Russian Ты скажи мне , где цветы Zhanna Bichevskaya Slovenian Kam so šle vse rožice Tomaž Domicelj Spanish ¿ Dónde están las flores ? Rolando Alarcón Swedish Inga blommor finns det mer Lars Lönndahl Turkish Söyle Çiçekler nerde ? Oğuz Tarihmen Ukrainian Де всі квіти , розкажи De vsi kvity , rozkazhy Maria Burmaka Ukrainian Квіти де ? Kvity De ? Yana Zavarzina Grammy Hall of Fame ( edit ) Pete Seeger 's recording of his composition was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have `` qualitative or historical significance . '' Pete Seeger : Grammy Hall of Fame Awards Year recorded Title Genre Label Year inducted 1964 `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' Folk ( single ) Columbia 2002 See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seeger , Pete . `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone '' . Sing Out ! . 11 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Hickerson , Joe ( 2009 -- 2010 ) . `` The Songfinder '' . Sing Out ! . 53 ( 2 ) : 76 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Hickerson . `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' . presentation to SEM ( Society for Ethnomusicology ) , 50th Annual Meeting in Atlanta ( quoted in thread ) . Mudcat.org . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ian K ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Top 20 Political Songs : Where Have All the Flowers Gone '' . New Statesman . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Folk Legend 's Fertile Ground , Oberlin Alumni Magazine , summer 2014 Jump up ^ Notes from : Where Have All the Flowers Gone - The Songs of Pete Seeger ^ Jump up to : Dunaway , David King ( 2008 ) . How Can I Keep From Singing ? The Ballad of Pete Seeger , pp. 228 - 30 . Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 345 - 50608 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pete Seeger - Little Boxes / Where Have All the Flowers Gone . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ Pete Seeger - The Bitter and the Sweet . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? Second Hand Songs . Jump up ^ The Kingston Trio time line . The single was released on December 18 , 1961 by the group on Capitol Records as a 45 single , 4671 . Source : Liner notes for The Kingston Trio : The Capital Years ( Capitol Records CD7243 8 28498 2 7 ) . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 18 - Blowin ' in the Wind : Pop discovers folk music . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Marlene Dietrich , Actor / Singer '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marlene Dietrich - Sag mir wo die Blumen sind '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Album title En kväll med Towa och Lasse , track 8 , record label Teldec , Hamburg , cataloged in the Swedish Media Database ( SMDb ) of the Royal Library in Stockholm . Jump up ^ Inga blommor finns det mer , blog post by Enn Kokk , without date , read January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grady Martin . Instrumentally Yours . AllMusic.com . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Database . Bibliography ( edit ) Seeger , Pete ; Blood , Peter ( 1993 ) . Where have all the flowers gone : a singer 's stories , songs , seeds , robberies ( book ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Biography ) . Bethlehem , Pennsylvania : Sing Out ! . pp. 166 -- 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881322 - 01 - 6 . OCLC 28150656 . Pete Seeger Studio albums American Folk Songs for Children God Bless the Grass Dangerous Songs ! ? Rainbow Race At 89 Pete Remembers Woody Live albums We Shall Overcome Songs `` The Bells of Rhymney '' `` God 's Counting on Me , God 's Counting on You '' `` Gotta Travel On '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus '' `` Little Boxes '' `` My Rainbow Race '' `` Pittsburgh Town '' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' `` Waist Deep in the Big Muddy `` We Shall Overcome '' `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' Almanac Singers Songs for John Doe Talking Union Deep Sea Chanteys and Whaling Ballads Sod Buster Ballads Songs of the Lincoln Battalion Dear Mr. President The Weavers The Weavers at Carnegie Hall The Weavers at Carnegie Hall Vol. 2 The Weavers : Was n't That a Time ! Other Precious Friend ( with Arlo Guthrie ) Related Discography People 's Songs Rainbow Quest Sing Out ! Pete Seeger : The Power of Song Hudson River Sloop Clearwater The Great Hudson River Revival We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions Family Toshi Seeger ( wife ) Mika Seeger ( daughter ) Tao Rodríguez - Seeger ( grandson ) Charles Seeger ( father ) Ruth Crawford Seeger ( stepmother ) Mike Seeger ( half - brother ) Peggy Seeger ( half - sister ) Alan Seeger ( uncle ) Ewan MacColl ( brother - in - law ) John Cohen ( brother - in - law ) Kirsty MacColl ( stepniece ) Marlene Dietrich Studio albums Marlene Dietrich Overseas ( 1951 ) Die neue Marlene ( 1965 ) Marlene singt Berlin , Berlin ( 1965 ) Live albums Live at the Café de Paris ( 1954 ) Dietrich in Rio ( 1959 ) Wiedersehen mit Marlene ( 1960 ) Dietrich in London ( 1965 ) Selected singles `` Falling in Love Again '' `` The Boys in the Backroom '' `` Lili Marlene '' `` Sag ' mir , wo die Blumen sind '' `` Die Antwort Weiss Ganz Allein Der Wind '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' Videos An Evening with Marlene Dietrich ( 2003 ) Related articles Discography Filmography Marlene VIAF : 185891514 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_All_the_Flowers_Gone%3F&oldid=836764381 '' Categories : American folk songs Anti-war songs 1955 songs 1962 singles Pete Seeger songs 1965 singles Johnny Rivers songs The Searchers ( band ) songs The Kingston Trio songs Songs written by Pete Seeger Peter , Paul and Mary songs Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Interlanguage link template link number Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 18 : 24 . 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when was where have all the flowers gone written

1955

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Rhine -- Herne canal - wikipedia Rhine -- Herne canal Jump to : navigation , search View from the Gasometer Oberhausen The Rhine -- Herne Canal ( German : Rhein - Herne - Kanal ) is a 45.6 - kilometre - long ( 28.3 mi ) transportation canal in the Ruhr area of North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany , with five canal locks . The canal was built over a period of eight years ( 5 April 1906 - 14 July 1914 ) and connects the harbour in Duisburg on the Rhine ( 51 ° 26 ′ 59 '' N 6 ° 46 ′ 1 '' E  /  51.44972 ° N 6.76694 ° E  / 51.44972 ; 6.76694 ) with the Dortmund - Ems Canal near Henrichenburg ( 51 ° 37 ′ 1 '' N 7 ° 19 ′ 19 '' E  /  51.61694 ° N 7.32194 ° E  / 51.61694 ; 7.32194 ) , following the valley of the Emscher . It was widened in the 1980s . The Rhein - Herne canal ship was designed specifically for this canal ; normally of about 1300 -- 1350 ton capacity , it has a maximum draft of 2.50 metres ( 8.2 ft ) , a length of approximately 80 metres ( 260 ft ) , and maximum beam of 9.50 metres ( 31.2 ft ) . Originally the Rhine - Herne canal ended in Herne , where it met a branch of the Dortmund - Ems - Kanal running from Henrichenburg to Herne , the intersection situated just above the East Herne lock . After the closure of the last part of the Henrichenburg to Herne canal , the Henrichenburg - Herne section of the Dortmund - Ems was added to the Rhein - Herne Canal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Water system 2 Locks 2.1 Duisburg - Meiderich sluicegate 3 Ports 3.1 Duisburg 3.2 Oberhausen marina 3.3 City port of Essen 3.4 City port of Gelsenkirchen 3.5 Port Grimberg 3.6 Ports Wanne west and Wanne east 3.7 City port of Recklinghausen 3.8 Port of the Frederick the Great mine 3.9 Port of the King Ludwig mine 3.10 Port Victor 3.11 Port Rütgers 3.12 Port Luck 3.13 Port Marmorit 3.14 Waltrop lock park 4 Ecosystem 5 Cities 6 References and notes Water system ( edit ) The distribution of water in the canal is realised through five pump stations . Located at Duisburg - Meiderich , Oberhausen , Gelsenkirchen , Wanne - Eickel and East Herne , they pump water from the Rhine into the canal at each stage . As well as this , water from the Lippe river to the east is brought in through the Datteln - Hamm Canal . Locks ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Duisburg - Meiderich sluicegate ( edit ) In 1980 the current sluicegate was completed , including a 24 - metre - high ( 79 ft ) under-gate and control platform , which has now become a visible yellow landmark in the Ruhr landscape . The intended harbour of the old lock is today underwater and part of the foundations of the canal walls . This harbour was meant to be a possible spot for the eventual significant reconstruction of the lock , but it was never used for this purpose . A possible reconstruction of the sluice gate was commissioned in 1914 with the canal opening . Instead of the old sluice of 165 metres ( 541 ft ) in length and 10 metres ( 33 ft ) in breadth a new sluice chamber with a usable length of 190 metres ( 620 ft ) and a breadth of 12 metres ( 39 ft ) were commissioned , so that bigger ships with lighters ( barges ) as specified in Euro class II can pass through the sluice gates . Ports ( edit ) Duisburg ( edit ) Main article : Duisburg § Duisburg Port The canal begins in Duisburg along with the Schifffahrtskanal ; connected to land by three bays of the Kanalhafen , and to the rest of the world via the Rhine . The Rhine - Herne Canal headquarters is in the Meiderich district of Duisburg , it serves as the water and shipping management canal and its locks from Essen to Herne . From here maintenance and repair work are organised and performed . Oberhausen marina ( edit ) The Oberhausen marina is a yacht port opened in 2004 in close proximity to the CentrO shopping centre . The port has a water depth of 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) and over 13 bridges . Also at the Oberhausen marina are the attractions Sealife Oberhausen and Oberhausen Modellbahn World . City port of Essen ( edit ) The Stadthafen Essen ( City port of Essen ) is the youngest port on the Rhine -- Herne Canal opened in 1934 by the city of Essen , and operated since 1987 by Stadtwerke Essen . The port consists of a doubled sided canal side quay together with a harbour port at right angles onto the canal , which together form a water area of 63,000 square metres ( 680,000 sq ft ) with associated dock - land of 300,000 square metres ( 3,200,000 sq ft ) The dock handles bulk goods such as solid mineral fuels , petroleum and chemical products , stone , earth and iron and steel as well as recyclable materials , and is an important transhipment point . City port of Gelsenkirchen ( edit ) The port of Gelsenkirchen The port of the city of Gelsenkirchen ( Stadthafen Gelsenkirchen ) was opened in July 1914 and is the oldest port on the Rhine -- Herne Canal . The port has two docks branched from the canal situated just east of the lock at Gelsenkirchen and has a water surface of 117,800 square metres ( 1,268,000 sq ft ) . The industrial port is ~ 900 by 60 metres ( 2,950 by 200 ft ) and the trading port ~ 500 by 75 metres ( 1,640 by 246 ft ) . A private railway of length 18.4 kilometres ( 11.4 mi ) is operated which is linked to the tracks of the Deutsche Bahn Formerly the port dealt mainly with coal and mining products , now the port is a major hub for petroleum products and second - largest inland port for cereals in North Rhine - Westphalia . It is operated by the Gelsenkirchener Logistik - , Hafen - und Servicegesellschaft ( Gelsenkirchener logistics , harbour and service company . ) a subsidiary of Stadtwerke Gelsenkirchen . Port Grimberg ( edit ) The port at Grimberg Hafen Grimberg ( Port Grimberg ) is on the south canal bank in Gelsenkirchen , near the city boundary to Herne . It was named after the nearby Castle Grimberg , of which today only the foundations remain . Built in 1914 by the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks AG ( GBAG ) to provide a link to the GBAG mines of Rheinelbe , Alma and Pluto as well as supplying the ironworks of ' Schalker group ' with imported ore . Around the same time , and up to 1929 the industrial railway of Erzbahn was built , serving the Schalker and Bochum group iron and steelworks . Between 1937 and 1968 Grimberg harbour was one of the major ports on the canal . In 1968 steel production at the southern end of the Erzbahn at Bochum ended , in 1982 the Schalker works closed - with this the use of the port for transport of iron ore ended . Such was the emphasis on iron ore that much of the port now stands empty , part of it nowadays is used for the processing of recycled materials for the building industry , as well as a storage facility . Ports Wanne west and Wanne east ( edit ) See also : Wanne - Herner Eisenbahn und Hafen Like many other the port of Westhafen Wanne ( Wanne west harbour ) was originally built for the mutual benefit of the mines and canal , with a railway connecting the two . Today the quayside still has coal traffic and associated industries . The docks of the port at Wanner West were filled in to make room for the Güterverkehrszentrum Emscher - a logistics ( road , rail and river ) centre working in association with other companies . The Wanne - Herner Eisenbahn und Hafen GmbH ( WHE ) operates both the remaining canal side docks and the associated railway . The Osthafen Wanne ( Port Wanne east ) are also operated by the WHE ; the ports and rail link serves a major scrap metal works . City port of Recklinghausen ( edit ) Recklinghausen port ( 2008 ) grain terminal Originally the city of Recklinghausen had no access to the canal ; through an exchange of land with the city of Herne the city gained access to the canal . In recent decades , the port was abandoned . However through the actions of the company ' United Mills ' grain shipments were made using a mobile crane . Since late 2007 , the port has expanded and a grain loading plant installed : new mills and silos have been installed . Port of the Frederick the Great mine ( edit ) The Hafen der Zeche Friedrich der Große ( Frederick the Great mine port ) is directly south of the Port of the King Ludwig mine , as of 2009 the port is the site of an industrial estate named the Industriegebeit Friedrich der Große . The harbour which is cut parallel to the canal is still extant , but without fixed infrastructure , cranes etc . Port of the King Ludwig mine ( edit ) The Hafen der Zeche König Ludwig served the coal transported from , and deliveries to the former King Ludwig mine . It is located at kilometer 38 of the canal , just upstream of the Herne Ost lock , on the north bank opposite the Hafen der Zeche Friedrich der Große ( Frederick the Great mine port ) . The 6,900 - square - metre ( 1.7 - acre ) harbor basin was built from 1897 to 1898 when the section of the canal ( the then branch channel of the Dortmund - Ems Canal ) , was already flooded . In 1912 , at the colliery port handled 360,096 tonnes of goods . In 1913 the docks expanded . Because of mining subsidence by 1954 the quaywall had to be increased by 2.50 metres ( 8.2 ft ) . In the 1980s , it was leased to Automobil - und Motorbootsport - Club Castrop - Rauxel e . V ( The car and motorboat club of Castrop - Rauxel ) and is used from recreational boating , being no longer used by Ruhrkohle AG , and contains many small boats . The former mine railway , which starts at the harbour is now a walking and biking trail . Port Victor ( edit ) Looking east - northeast towards Port Victor on the Rhine - Herne Canal The Victor Harbor ( Hafen Victor ) was created to serve the former colliery ' Victor ' which finished all operations in 1973 . The port is in the city of Castrop - Rauxel in the vicinity of Schloss Bladenhorst ( Castle ' Blade Horst ' ) , about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) upstream from the Hafen der Zeche Friedrich der Große also on the south bank . Today the port still handles coal with the help of two gantry cranes . Port Rütgers ( edit ) Looking east towards Port Rütgers Port Rütgers ( Hafen Rütgers ) is the port of Rütgers Chemicals ( founded by Julius Rütgers ) and is about 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) upstream of the Port Victor on the east side of the canal after the canal makes a slight bend to the north . The main product dealt with here is pitch obtained from coal tar from the refining of coal . The port has a Pneumatic barrier . Port Luck ( edit ) Port Luck Port Luck ( Hafen Luck ) belongs to the construction and building materials company Luck located on the east bank , a little more than 2 kilometres upstream of Rütgers Chemicals . Port Marmorit ( edit ) Port marmorit with its single fixed crane Port Marmorit ( Hafen Marmorit ) is the port of cement and lime mortar manufacturer and distributor Marmorit Knauf GmbH located north of a disused canal side channel and just north of the bridge carrying Wartburgstraße ( Wartburgstreet ) . The actual facility consists of little more than a pier . Waltrop lock park ( edit ) Here after 45.6 kilometres ( 28.3 mi ) ends ( or begins ) the Rhine -- Herne Canal , which meets the Dortmund - Ems canal ( at the 14.7 - kilometre mark ) near the old Henrichenburg boat lift ( replaced in 1962 by a newer lock , and in 1989 by a new larger lock ) . The terminal is used as a mooring for pleasure craft . It forms part of the Waltrop lock park . Ecosystem ( edit ) Fish that inhabit the canal include European eel , European carp , zander , carp bream , common roach and common rudd , as well as the less common pike and rainbow trout . Cities ( edit ) Duisburg Oberhausen Essen Bottrop Gelsenkirchen Herne Recklinghausen Castrop - Rauxel Waltrop Datteln Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhein - Herne - Kanal . References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Route A42 of the Federal Motorways now partly follows the route of the disused canal , ie . the section from the port at the Friedrich der Große coal mine to Bahnhofstraße in Herne . Jump up ^ Stadthafen Essen route-industriekultur.de Jump up ^ Hafen Gelsenkirchen hafen-ge.de Jump up ^ Stadthafen Gelsenkirchen route-industriekultur.de Jump up ^ Hafen Grimberg und Erzbahn route-industrielkultur.de ^ Jump up to : Westhafen Wanne is more clearly on the north bank of the canal , with Osthafen Wanne almost directly opposite on the south bank . Both are just east of the Schleuse Wanne - Eickel ( Wanne - Eickel lock ) Jump up ^ In German the port is named Stadthafen Recklinghausen ^ Jump up to : Aerial image of Hafen der Zeche König Ludwig , ' Hafen der Zeche Friedrich der Große and Schleuse Herne - Ost multimap.com ^ Jump up to : Aerial image of Hafen der Zeche König Ludwig , ' Hafen der Zeche Friedrich der Große and Schleuse Herne - Ost maps.google.co.uk Jump up ^ Hafen Victor route-industriekultur.de Jump up ^ Hafen Marmorit is about 1km upstream from Hafen Luck Jump up ^ Schleusenpark Waltrop Waltrop lock park route-industriekultur.de Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 52 '' N 7 ° 3 ′ 25 '' E  /  51.53111 ° N 7.05694 ° E  / 51.53111 ; 7.05694 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhine -- Herne_Canal&oldid = 778835668 '' Categories : Canals in Germany Federal waterways in Germany Canals opened in 1914 Ruhr basin Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Articles to be expanded from December 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2017 , at 13 : 49 . 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industrial city in germany on the rhine herne canal

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Atwood machine - wikipedia Atwood machine Jump to : navigation , search Illustration of Atwood machine , 1905 . The Atwood machine ( or Atwood 's machine ) was invented in 1784 by the English mathematician George Atwood as a laboratory experiment to verify the mechanical laws of motion with constant acceleration . Atwood 's machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of classical mechanics . The ideal Atwood Machine consists of two objects of mass m and m , connected by an inextensible massless string over an ideal massless pulley . When m = m , the machine is in neutral equilibrium regardless of the position of the weights . When m ≠ m both masses experience uniform acceleration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Equation for constant acceleration 2 Equation for tension 3 Equations for a pulley with inertia and friction 3.1 Practical implementations 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Equation for constant acceleration ( edit ) The free body diagrams of the two hanging masses of the Atwood machine . Our sign convention , depicted by the acceleration vectors is that m accelerates downward and that m accelerates upward , as would be the case if m > m We are able to derive an equation for the acceleration by using force analysis . If we consider a massless , inextensible string and an ideal massless pulley , the only forces we have to consider are : tension force ( T ) , and the weight of the two masses ( W and W ) . To find an acceleration we need to consider the forces affecting each individual mass . Using Newton 's second law ( with a sign convention of m 1 > m 2 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) > m_ ( 2 ) ) ) we can derive a system of equations for the acceleration ( a ) . As a sign convention , we assume that a is positive when downward for m 1 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) ) and upward for m 2 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 2 ) ) . Weight of m 1 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) ) and m 2 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 2 ) ) is simply W 1 = m 1 g ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 1 ) g ) and W 2 = m 2 g ( \ displaystyle W_ ( 2 ) = m_ ( 2 ) g ) respectively . Forces affecting m : m 1 g − T = m 1 a ( \ displaystyle \ ; m_ ( 1 ) g-T = m_ ( 1 ) a ) Forces affecting m : T − m 2 g = m 2 a ( \ displaystyle \ ; T - m_ ( 2 ) g = m_ ( 2 ) a ) and adding the two previous equations we obtain m 1 g − m 2 g = m 1 a + m 2 a ( \ displaystyle \ ; m_ ( 1 ) g - m_ ( 2 ) g = m_ ( 1 ) a + m_ ( 2 ) a ) , and our concluding formula for acceleration a = g m 1 − m 2 m 1 + m 2 ( \ displaystyle a = g ( m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) \ over m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) Conversely , the acceleration due to gravity , g , can be found by timing the movement of the weights , and calculating a value for the uniform acceleration a : a = 2 d t 2 ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ frac ( 2d ) ( t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . The Atwood machine is sometimes used to illustrate the Lagrangian method of deriving equations of motion . Equation for tension ( edit ) It can be useful to know an equation for the tension in the string . To evaluate tension , substitute the equation for acceleration in either of the 2 force equations . a = g m 1 − m 2 m 1 + m 2 ( \ displaystyle a = g ( m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) \ over m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) For example , substituting into m 1 a = m 1 g − T ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) a = m_ ( 1 ) g-T ) , results in T = 2 g m 1 m 2 m 1 + m 2 = 2 g 1 / m 1 + 1 / m 2 ( \ displaystyle T = ( 2gm_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) \ over m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) = ( 2g \ over 1 / m_ ( 1 ) + 1 / m_ ( 2 ) ) ) Equations for a pulley with inertia and friction ( edit ) For very small mass differences between m and m , the rotational inertia I of the pulley of radius r can not be neglected . The angular acceleration of the pulley is given by the no - slip condition : α = a r , ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = ( a \ over r ) , ) where α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) is the angular acceleration . The net torque is then : τ n e t = ( T 1 − T 2 ) r − τ f r i c t i o n = I α ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( net ) ) = \ left ( T_ ( 1 ) - T_ ( 2 ) \ right ) r - \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( friction ) ) = I \ alpha ) Combining with Newton 's second law for the hanging masses , and solving for T , T , and a , we get : Acceleration : a = g ( m 1 − m 2 ) − τ f r i c t i o n r m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 ( \ displaystyle a = ( ( g ( m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( friction ) ) \ over r ) ) \ over ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) Tension in string segment nearest m : T 1 = m 1 g ( 2 m 2 + I r 2 + τ f r i c t i o n r g ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) = ( ( m_ ( 1 ) g ( 2m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( ( \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( friction ) ) ) \ over ( rg ) ) ) ) \ over ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) Tension in string segment nearest m : T 2 = m 2 g ( 2 m 1 + I r 2 + τ f r i c t i o n r g ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 2 ) = ( ( m_ ( 2 ) g ( 2m_ ( 1 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( ( \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( friction ) ) ) \ over ( rg ) ) ) ) \ over ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) Should bearing friction be negligible ( but not the inertia of the pulley and not the traction of the string on the pulley rim ) , these equations simplify as the following results : Acceleration : a = g ( m 1 − m 2 ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 ( \ displaystyle a = ( ( g ( m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ over ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) Tension in string segment nearest m : T 1 = m 1 g ( 2 m 2 + I r 2 ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) = ( ( m_ ( 1 ) g ( 2m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ over ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) Tension in string segment nearest m : T 2 = m 2 g ( 2 m 1 + I r 2 ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 2 ) = ( ( m_ ( 2 ) g ( 2m_ ( 1 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ over ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + ( ( I ) \ over ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) Practical implementations ( edit ) Atwood 's original illustrations show the main pulley 's axle resting on the rims of another four wheels , to minimize friction forces from the bearings . Many historical implementations of the machine follow this design . An elevator with a counterbalance approximates an ideal Atwood machine and thereby relieves the driving motor from the load of holding the elevator cab -- it has to overcome only weight difference and inertia of the two masses . The same principle is used for funicular railways with two connected railway cars on inclined tracks , and for the elevators on the Eiffel Tower which counterbalance each other . Ski lifts are another example , where the gondolas move on a closed ( continuous ) pulley system up and down the mountain . The ski lift is similar to the counter-weighted elevator , but with a constraining force provided by the cable in the vertical dimension thereby achieving work in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions . Boat lifts are another type of counter-weighted elevator system approximating an Atwood machine . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atwood 's machine . Frictionless plane Kater 's pendulum Spherical cow Swinging Atwood 's machine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tipler , Paul A. ( 1991 ) . Physics For Scientists and Engineers ( 3rd , extended ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 87901 - 432 - 6 . Chapter 6 , example 6 - 13 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Herbert ( 1980 ) . Classical Mechanics ( 2nd ed . ) . New Delhi : Addison - Wesley / Narosa Indian Student Edition . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 81 - 85015 - 53 - 8 . Section 1 - 6 , example 2 Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_lift External links ( edit ) Professor Greenslade 's account on the Atwood Machine Atwood 's Machine by Enrique Zeleny , The Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atwood_machine&oldid=792136529 '' Categories : Mechanics Physics experiments Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is a real world application of an atwood machine

An elevator with a counterbalance

not_duplicate

Natural Born Killers - Wikipedia Natural Born Killers Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Natural Born Killaz . Natural Born Killers Theatrical release poster Directed by Oliver Stone Produced by Jane Hamsher Don Murphy Clayton Townsend Screenplay by Richard Rutowski Oliver Stone David Veloz Story by Quentin Tarantino Starring Woody Harrelson Juliette Lewis Robert Downey , Jr . Tommy Lee Jones Tom Sizemore Cinematography Robert Richardson Edited by Hank Corwin Brian Berdan Production company Regency Enterprises Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date August 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 08 - 26 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Japanese Navajo Budget $34 million Box office $50.3 million Natural Born Killers is a 1994 American satirical black comedy crime film directed by Oliver Stone and starring Woody Harrelson , Juliette Lewis , Robert Downey Jr. , Tom Sizemore , and Tommy Lee Jones . The film was released in the United States on August 26 , 1994 . The film tells the story of two victims of traumatic childhoods who became lovers and mass murderers , and are irresponsibly glorified by the mass media . The film is based on an original screenplay by Quentin Tarantino that was heavily revised by writer David Veloz , associate producer Richard Rutowski , and director Stone ; Tarantino received story credit . Jane Hamsher , Don Murphy , and Clayton Townsend produced the film , with Arnon Milchan , Thom Mount , and Stone as executive producers . The film was released theatrically on August 26 , 1994 in the United States , February 24 , 1995 and premiered on Venice Film Festival on August 29 , 1994 . The film was a box office success , grossing over $50 million against a production budget of $34 million , and received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics , who praised the cast 's performances , the movie 's humor , plot , and combination of action and romance , but found the film much too violent and graphic . Notorious for its violent content and inspiring `` copycat '' crimes , the film was named the eighth most controversial film in history by Entertainment Weekly in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Part I 1.3 Part II 1.4 Part III 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Style 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Controversies 6.1 Censorship 6.2 `` Copycat '' crimes 7 Soundtrack 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prologue Mickey Knox and his wife Mallory stop at a diner in the New Mexico desert . A duo of rednecks arrive and one begins sexually harassing Mallory while she is dancing . She briefly encourages him before beating him to a pulp , screaming `` How sexy am I now , huh flirty boy ? '' . Mickey and Mallory then murder all but one of the diner 's staff , and one customer , culminating in a morbid game of Eeny , meeny , miny , moe to decide who lives and dies . After killing the waitress Mabel , the couple ensures that the only survivor remembers their names so that he can pass on the legend of Mickey and Mallory before they embrace and declare their undying love . Part I Mickey and Mallory camp out in the desert , and Mallory reminisces about when they first met . A flashback ( done in the style of a TV sitcom , including a laughtrack ) shows Mickey as a meat deliveryman who came to the house where Mallory lived with her sexually abusive father , her neglectful mother , and her younger brother , Kevin . Mickey and Mallory fall in love instantly and leave together , stealing Mallory 's father 's car . Soon Mickey is arrested and imprisoned for auto theft , but he subsequently escapes from a prison work farm during a tornado and returns to Mallory 's house . The two kill Mallory 's parents , but spare Kevin . Mallory 's father is beaten and then drowned in the fish tank while her mother is tied to her bed and set on fire . Mickey and Mallory then go on the road together and get `` married '' on the side of a bridge , celebrating by taking a hostage . Furious with Mickey 's notion that they have a threesome , Mallory drives to a nearby gas station , where she flirts with the mechanic . They begin to have sex on the hood of a car , but Mallory kills him when he recognizes her as a wanted killer . During this time , Mickey rapes the hostage . Part ii The pair continue their killing spree , ultimately claiming fifty - two victims in New Mexico , Arizona , and Nevada . Pursuing them is Detective Jack Scagnetti , who became obsessed with mass murderers after witnessing his mother being shot and killed by Charles Whitman when he was eight . Beneath his heroic facade , he is a violent psychopath . The audience witnesses Scagnetti violently strangle a prostitute to death . The killers are also followed by self - serving tabloid journalist Wayne Gale . Gale profiles Mickey and Mallory on his show , American Maniacs , soon elevating them to cult hero status . Mickey and Mallory get lost in the desert after taking psychedelic mushrooms . They come across a ranch where they encounter Warren Red Cloud , a Navajo Indian , and his young grandson . The Navajo provides them with food and shelter . After the two fall asleep , the Navajo , hoping to expel the demon he perceives in Mickey , begins chanting beside the fire . This invokes nightmares in Mickey about his abusive parents . Mickey wakes up in a panicked rage and fatally shoots Red Cloud before he realizes what he is doing . Mallory wakes up to the sound of the gunshot and starts screaming at Mickey for killing the man who sheltered them . This is the first time Mallory and Mickey feel guilty for a murder . Fleeing from the scene , they step outside of the house and come across a field of rattlesnakes . Mallory does not see the snakes and gets bitten first . Mickey lights a stick on fire to expose the snakes . While he is trying to help Mallory he also gets bitten . They drive to a drugstore to find snakebite antidote , however the store is completely sold out . Mallory falls to the ground while Mickey runs to the pharmacy with the hopes that there will be more medication in stock . The pharmacist recognizes Mickey from the news report and sets off the silent alarm before Mickey kills him . Soon police cars arrive and Mallory is captured and subsequently beaten by the police . A gunfight breaks out between Mickey and the others while Mallory is held hostage . Scagnetti arrives and tells Mickey that unless he surrenders , he will cut off Mallory 's breasts . Mickey gives up his guns , but attacks Scagnetti with a knife . The police taser him and the scene ends with Mickey and Mallory being beaten by a group of vengeful policemen as a Japanese news crew fronted by a female reporter films the action . Part iii The story picks up one year later : the homicidal couple have been imprisoned , and are due to be moved to a mental hospital after being declared insane . Mickey and Mallory have now gone one year without seeing each other . Scagnetti arrives at the prison and encounters Warden Dwight McClusky , with whom he plans to murder the two criminals . McClusky will arrange for Scagnetti to be the driver for the Knoxes ' transfer . Alone with the pair , Scagnetti will murder them , then claim that they tried to escape . Meanwhile , Gale has persuaded Mickey to agree to a live interview that will air immediately after the Super Bowl . Mallory is held in solitary confinement elsewhere in the prison , awaiting her transport to the mental hospital . During the interview , Mickey gives a speech about how murder provides enlightenment and declares himself a `` natural born killer '' . His words inspire the other inmates ( who are watching the interview on TV in the recreation room ) and incite them to riot . McClusky , upon learning of the riot , orders the interview terminated despite Gale 's vehement protests . Mickey is left alone with Gale , the film crew and several guards . Using a lengthy joke as a diversion , Mickey overpowers a guard and grabs his shotgun . He kills most of the guards with it and takes the survivors hostage , leading them through the prison riot . Gale follows , giving a live television report as people are beaten and killed around him . While this riot is unfolding , Scagnetti enters Mallory 's cell and attempts to seduce her . Mallory , feigning to reciprocate at first , rebuffs his efforts , smashing his face against the wall and breaking his nose . The two guards outside the cell struggle to enter while Mallory attacks Scagnetti . Finally , the two guards subdue her , and Scagnetti sprays her face with tear gas in revenge . Still live on national television , Mickey arrives at Mallory 's cell , where he kills all the guards and engages in a Mexican standoff with Scagnetti , eventually feigning a concession . Mallory then approaches Scagnetti from behind and slashes his throat with a shank . To Scagnetti 's horror , Mickey tells him that he was out of shotgun shells during the standoff . Mallory then picks up Scagnetti 's gun , saying `` You still like me now , Jack ? '' and kills him . Mickey and Mallory continue to escape through the riot torn prison , with Gale 's entire TV crew getting killed . Gale himself snaps , succumbing to Stockholm syndrome as well as indulging in his own longtime fascination for murder , and begins to shoot at the guards with a pistol that he has taken from one of the dead guards , but gets so frenzied that Mickey prefers to disarm him . After being rescued by a mysterious prisoner named Owen Traft , the trio of Mickey , Mallory , and Gale run into McClusky and a heavily armed posse of guards . The trio takes cover in a blood - splattered shower room . McClusky threatens to storm the shower room ; Mickey , in turn , threatens to kill both Gale and a guard on live TV , and the prisoners walk out the front door , to McClusky 's utter dismay , as he helplessly threatens to hunt them down . McClusky and his guards are then quickly massacred by hordes of inmates . Mickey and Mallory steal a van and kill the last guard ; Owen 's fate is unknown . Escaping to a rural location , they give a final interview to Gale , whose ear they have seemingly removed ( implied , but as a camera track reveals ) , before they tell him he must die also . He attempts various arguments to change their minds , finally appealing to their trademark practice of leaving one survivor ; Mickey informs him they are leaving a witness to tell the tale , his camera . Gale accepts his fate and extends his arms as if on a cross as they shoot him dead while his unattended camera continues to roll . The couple is shown several years later , in an RV , with Mickey driving and a pregnant Mallory watching their two children play . Cast Main article : List of Natural Born Killers characters Woody Harrelson as Mickey Knox Juliette Lewis as Mallory Wilson Knox Robert Downey , Jr. as Wayne Gale Tom Sizemore as Detective Jack Scagnetti Tommy Lee Jones as Warden Dwight McClusky Rodney Dangerfield as Ed Wilson Edie McClurg as Mrs. Wilson Ross Malinger as Kevin Wilson Russell Means as Warren Red Cloud , Sr. aka The Navajo Man Lanny Flaherty as Earl Evan Handler as David Balthazar Getty as Gas station attendant Richard Lineback as Sonny Kirk Baltz as Roger Steven Wright as Dr. Emil Reingold Pruitt Taylor Vince as Deputy Warden Kavanaugh Joe Grifasi as Deputy Sheriff Duncan Homolka Everett Quinton as Deputy Wurlitzer Marshall Bell as Deputy Peter Crombie as Intense cop Grand L. Bush as Prison inmate Louis Lombardi as Deputy `` Sparky '' Dale Dye as Dale Wrigley Corey Everson as Mallory Knox in TV reconstruction O - Lan Jones as Mabel James Gammon ( uncredited ) as Redneck buddy Mark Harmon ( uncredited ) as Mickey Knox in TV reconstruction Adrien Brody and David Pasquesi ( uncredited ) as Gale 's cameramen Arliss Howard ( uncredited ) as Owen Traft , Mickey and Mallory 's Guardian angel / The Demon Deleted scenes Ashley Judd as Grace Mulberry Rachel Ticotin as Prosecutor Wanda Bisbing Peter and David Paul as Simon and Norman Hun Denis Leary and Bret Hart as Prison inmates Production Natural Born Killers was based upon a screenplay written by Quentin Tarantino , in which a married couple suddenly decide to go on a killing spree . Tarantino had sold an option for his script to producers Jane Hamsher and Don Murphy for $10,000 after he had tried , and failed , to direct it himself for $500,000 . Hamsher and Murphy subsequently sold the screenplay to Warner Bros. Around the same time , Oliver Stone was made aware of the script . He was keen to find something more straightforward than his previous production , Heaven & Earth ; a difficult shoot which had left him exhausted , and he felt that Natural Born Killers could be what he was looking for . David Veloz , associate producer Richard Rutowski , and Stone rewrote the script , keeping much of the dialogue but changing the focus of the film from journalist Wayne Gale to Mickey and Mallory . The script was changed so much that as per WGA rules , Tarantino was credited for the film 's story only . In a 1993 interview , Tarantino stated that he did not hold any animosity towards Stone , and that he wished the film well ; `` It 's not going to be my movie , it 's going to be Oliver Stone 's , and God bless him . I hope he does a good job with it . If I was n't emotionally attached to it , I 'm sure I would find it very interesting . If you like my stuff , you might not like this movie . But if you like his stuff , you 're probably going to love it . It might be the best thing he 's ever done , but not because of anything to do with me . ( ... ) I actually ca n't wait to see it , to tell you the truth . '' Initially , when producers Hamsher and Murphy had first brought the script to Stone 's attention , he had seen it as an action film ; `` something Arnold Schwarzenegger would be proud of . '' As the project developed however , incidents such as the O.J. Simpson case , the Menendez brothers case , the Tonya Harding / Nancy Kerrigan incident , the Rodney King incident , and the Federal assault of the Branch Davidian sect all took place . Stone came to feel that the media was heavily involved in the outcome of all of these cases , and that the media had become an all - pervasive entity which marketed violence and suffering for the good of ratings . As such , he changed the tone of the movie from one of simple action to a satirical critique of the media in general . Also coloring Stone 's approach , and contributing to the violent nature of the film , were the anger and sadness he felt at the breakdown of his second marriage . He also said in an interview that the film was influenced by the `` vitality '' of Indian cinema . He let Rodney Dangerfield write or rewrite all of his own character 's lines . During pre-production , to prepare for the role of Wayne Gale , Downey spent time with Australian TV shock - king Steve Dunleavy , and later convinced Stone to allow him to portray Gale with an Australian accent . Also during pre-production , Stone tried to convince actress Juliette Lewis to bulk up for the role of Mallory so that she looked tougher , but she refused , saying she wanted the character to look like a pushover , not a bodybuilder . Principal photography took only 56 days to shoot , but the editing process went on for 11 months , with the final film containing almost 3,000 cuts ( most films have 600 -- 700 ) . Filming locations included the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge just west of Taos , New Mexico , where the wedding scene was filmed , and Stateville Correctional Center in Joliet , Illinois , where the prison riot was filmed . In Stateville , 80 % of the prisoners are incarcerated for violent crimes . For the first two weeks on location at the prison , the extras were actual inmates with rubber weapons . For the subsequent two weeks , 200 extras were needed because the Stateville inmates were on lockdown . According to Tom Sizemore , during filming on the prison set , Stone would play African tribal music at full blast between takes to keep the frantic energy up . Whilst shooting the POV scene wherein Mallory runs into the wire mesh , director of photography Robert Richardson broke his finger and the replacement cameraman cut his eye . According to Oliver Stone , he was n't too popular with the camera department on set that day . For the scenes involving rear projection , the projected footage was shot prior to principal photography , then edited together , and projected onto the stage , behind the live actors . For example , when Mallory drives past a building and flames are projected onto the wall , this was shot live using footage projected onto the facade of a real building . The famous Coca - Cola polar bear ad is seen twice during the film . According to Stone , Coca - Cola approved the use of the ad without having a full idea of what the film was about . When they saw the completed film , they were furious . The film 's soundtrack was produced by Stone and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails , who reportedly watched the film over 50 times to `` get in the mood '' . Reznor reportedly produced the soundtrack while on tour . On his approach to compiling the soundtrack , Reznor told MTV : I suggested to Oliver ( Stone ) to try to turn the soundtrack into a collage - of - sound , kind of the way the movie used music : make edits , add dialog , and make it something interesting , rather than a bunch of previously released music . Some songs were written especially for the film or soundtrack , such as `` Burn '' by Nine Inch Nails . Style Natural Born Killers is shot and edited in a frenzied and psychedelic style consisting of black and white , animation , and other unusual color schemes , and employing a wide range of camera angles , filters , film stocks , lenses , and special effects . Much of the film is told via parodies of television shows , including a scene ( I Love Mallory ) presented in the style of a sitcom about a dysfunctional family . Commercials which were commonly on the air at the time of the film 's release make brief , intermittent appearances . In his DVD director 's commentary , Stone goes into great detail about the look of the film , explaining scene by scene why a particular look was chosen for a particular scene . According to Hollywood.com , Natural Born Killers is a satirical crime film , while Foster Hirsch deemed it `` the crime film as would - be social and cultural satire '' . Stone considered it his road film , specifically naming Bonnie and Clyde as a source of inspiration . The famous death scene in Bonnie and Clyde used innovative editing techniques provided by multiple cameras shot from different angles at different speeds ; this sporadic interchange between fast - paced and slow - motion editing that concludes Arthur Penn 's film is used throughout the entirety of Natural Born Killers . Furthermore , both films fall under the road film genre through their constant challenges of the society in which the characters live . While Bonnie and Clyde attempt to disintegrate the weakened economic and social landscape of the 1930s , Mickey and Mallory try to free America from the overarching conventions which influence the common masses , primarily the media . However , whilst Bonnie and Clyde concludes with a pessimistic outlook regarding individual freedom within the American sphere of influence , Oliver Stone sees Natural Born Killers as having an optimistic finale . In Bonnie and Clyde , the police 's ambush of the couple exhibits the empirical control of law enforcement over the individual . Natural Born Killers , however , ends with the couple symbolically destroying the mass media , as represented by Wayne Gale , and successfully fleeing together to live a relatively `` normal '' life . As Stone himself says , `` In its own way , Natural Born Killers is ultimately a very optimistic film about the future . It 's about freedom , and the ability of every human being to get it . '' Release Box Office This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) In its opening weekend , Natural Born Killers grossed a total of $11,166,687 in 1,510 theaters . As of January 12 , 2007 , the film had grossed a total of $50,282,766 domestically , compared to its $34 million budget . Critical response The film received a mixed critical response . As of December 1 , 2017 , the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes records an average response of 46 % , based on 37 reviews . However , Metacritic records a score of 74 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars out of four and wrote , `` Seeing this movie once is not enough . The first time is for the visceral experience , the second time is for the meaning . '' On his television show , his partner Gene Siskel agreed with him , adding extra praise to the scene featuring Rodney Dangerfield . Other critics found the film unsuccessful in its aims . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post claimed that `` Stone 's sensibility is white - hot and personal . As much as he 'd like us to believe that his camera is turned outward on the culture , it 's vividly clear that he ca n't resist turning it inward on himself . This would n't be so troublesome if Stone did n't confuse the public and the private . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote , `` for all its surface passions , Natural Born Killers never digs deep enough to touch the madness of such events , or even to send them up in any surprising way . Mr. Stone 's vision is impassioned , alarming , visually inventive , characteristically overpowering . But it 's no match for the awful truth . '' James Berardinelli gave the film a negative review but his criticism was different from many other such pans , which generally said that Oliver Stone was a hypocrite for making an ultra-violent film in the guise of a critique of American attitudes . Berardinelli noted that the movie `` hits the bullseye '' as a satire of America 's lust for bloodshed , but repeated Stone 's main point so often and so loudly that it became unbearable . Lionsgate Films released a director 's cut on DVD . Stone himself retained ownership of his preferred cut . Distribution rights to the director 's cut reverted from Lionsgate to Warner Bros. in 2009 , giving Warner all distribution rights . Controversies Censorship When the film was first handed in to the MPAA , they told Stone they would give it an NC - 17 unless he cut it . As such , Stone toned down the violence by cutting approximately four minutes of footage , and the MPAA re-rated the film as an R. In 1996 , a Director 's Cut was released on home video by Vidmark Entertainment and Pioneer Entertainment , as Warner Bros. wanted nothing to do with that particular version . Warner Home Video later released this cut on Blu - ray . The film was banned completely upon release in Ireland , including -- controversially -- from cinema clubs , in significant part because the principal characters have Irish names . The ban was later quietly lifted . In the UK , though the cinema release was delayed while the BBFC investigated reports that the film caused copycat murders in the USA and France , it was finally shown in cinemas in February 1995 . The original intended UK home video release in March 1996 was cancelled due to the Dunblane massacre in Scotland . In the meantime , Channel Five showed the film in November 1997 . It was finally released on video in July 2001 . Entertainment Weekly ranked the film as the eighth most controversial film ever . `` Copycat '' crimes Main article : Natural Born Killers copycat crimes From almost the moment of its release , the film has been accused of encouraging and inspiring numerous murderers in North America , including the Heath High School shooting and the Columbine High School massacre . Soundtrack Main article : Natural Born Killers ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack was released August 23 , 1994 by Interscope Records . `` Waiting for the Miracle '' ( Edit ) -- Leonard Cohen `` Shitlist '' -- L7 `` Moon Over Greene County '' ( Edit ) -- Dan Zanes `` Rock N Roll Nigger '' ( Flood Remix ) -- Patti Smith `` Sweet Jane '' ( Edit ) -- Cowboy Junkies `` You Belong to Me '' -- Bob Dylan `` The Trembler '' ( Edit ) -- Duane Eddy `` Burn '' -- Nine Inch Nails `` Route 666 '' -- BB Tone Brian Berdan featuring Robert Downey Jr . `` Totally Hot '' -- Remmy Ongala & Orchestre Super Matimila `` Back in Baby 's Arms '' -- Patsy Cline `` Taboo '' ( Edit ) -- Peter Gabriel and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan `` Sex is Violent '' -- Jane 's Addiction and Diamanda Galás ( based on `` Ted , Just Admit It ... '' ) `` History Repeats Itself '' ( Edit ) -- A.O.S. `` Something I Can Never Have '' ( Edited and Extended ) -- Nine Inch Nails `` I Will Take You Home '' -- Russell Means `` Drums a Go - Go '' ( Edit ) -- The Hollywood Persuaders `` Hungry Ants '' -- Barry Adamson `` The Day the Niggaz Took Over '' -- Dr. Dre `` Born Bad '' -- Juliette Lewis `` Fall of the Rebel Angels '' ( Edit ) -- Sergio Cervetti `` Forkboy '' -- Lard `` Batonga in Batongaville '' ( Edit ) -- `` A Warm Place '' ( Edit ) -- Nine Inch Nails `` Allah , Mohammad , Char , Yaar '' -- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan `` The Future '' ( Edit ) -- Leonard Cohen `` What Would U Do ? '' -- Tha Dogg Pound Tracks 10 , 13 , 18 , 20 , 23 , and 25 are assembled from various recordings and dialogue from the film . See also Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Charles Starkweather References Jump up ^ `` NATURAL BORN KILLERS ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 1994 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 1994 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever , Entertainment Weekly , 9 June 2006 Jump up ^ Hamsher , Jane ( 1998 ) . Killer Instinct . Broadway . pp. 48 -- 51 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0075 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oliver Stone Interview with Charlie Rose '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` Graham Fuller / 1993 '' . In Peary , Gerald . Quentin Tarantino : Interviews . University Press of Mississippi . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 051 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Chaos Rising : The Storm Around Natural Born Killers ' ( DVD Featurette ) '' . Jump up ^ Cadwalladr , Carole ( 18 July 2010 ) . `` Oliver Stone and the politics of film - making '' . The Observer . paragraph 19 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Stone ' loves ' Indian cinema '' . BBC News . October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIES : Natural Born Actor : Comic titan Rodney Dangerfield is getting respect for his performance as a hateful dad in ' Natural Born Killers . ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director 's Commentary ( DVD Extra ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Coke Lore : Polar Bears -- Advertising Case History '' . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Born Thriller '' . Los Angeles Times . October 1994 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Charlie Clouser '' . Scene Magazine . September 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Box Set : NIN On `` Doing The Soundtrack For Natural Born Killers '' `` . MTV.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Born Killers '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Foster ( 2004 ) . Detours and Lost Highways : A Map of Neo-Noir . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 266 . ISBN 161774784X . Jump up ^ Lavington , Stephen . Oliver Stone . London : Virgin Books , 2004 . Jump up ^ Leong , Ian , Mike Sell , and Kelly Thomas . `` Mad Love , Mobile Homes , and Dysfunctional Dicks . '' The Road Movie Book . Ed . Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark ( 1997 ) : 70 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Born Killers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 1994 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Stone Crazy '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 26 , 1994 ) . `` Natural Born Killers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( August 26 , 1994 ) . `` Natural Born Killers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( August 26 , 1994 ) . `` Natural Born Killers ; Young Lovers With a Flaw That Proves Fatal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Natural Born Killers '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ FILM ; With Video , ' Cut ! ' Need n't Be the Director 's Final Word - New York Times . Nytimes.com ( 1996 - 04 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Natural Born Killers ( Unrated Director 's Cut ) ( Blu - ray ) : Woody Harrelson , Juliette Lewis , Tom Sizemore , Oliver Stone : Movies & TV . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Natural Born Killers ' Is Banned in Ireland '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Film Institute - Natural Born Killers '' . Irish Film Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 19 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Natural Born Killers given video release '' . The Guardian . London . May 16 , 2001 . Jump up ^ 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever , Entertainment Weekly ( archived at Internet Archive ) , 2010 - 01 - 06 , Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Further reading Hamsher , Jane ( 1998 ) . Killer Instinct . Broadway . Hanley , Jason . ( 2001 ) `` Natural Born Killers : Music and Image in Postmodern Film , '' in Postmodern Music / Postmodern Thought , Routledge . ed . Joseph Auner and Judy Lochhead , pp. 335 -- 359 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Natural Born Killers Natural Born Killers on IMDb Natural Born Killers at Box Office Mojo Natural Born Killers at Rotten Tomatoes Natural Born Killers at Metacritic `` Natural Born Killers : Beyond Good and Evil '' , by Heidi Nelson Hochenedel , Ph. D . `` Natural Born Copycats '' , a 2002 article from The Guardian on Stone 's response to claims that the film inspired several murders . 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Tin Woodman - wikipedia Tin Woodman Jump to : navigation , search For the science fiction novel , see Tin Woodman ( novel ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nick Chopper The Tin man Oz character The Tin Woodman as illustrated by William Wallace Denslow ( 1900 ) First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Jack Haley Information Nickname ( s ) The Tin Woodman Aliases The Tin Man , Rusty Tin Man Species Former human ( in the novels , not in the 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz ) Gender Male Occupation Ruler of the Winkies Title Emperor Significant other ( s ) Nimmie Amee Relatives Chopfyt ( made with some of his human parts ) Nationality Munchkinland The Tin Woodman , better known as either the Tin Man or ( incorrectly ) the Tin Woodsman ( the third name appears only in adaptations , the first -- and in rare instances , the second -- was used by Baum ) , is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum . Baum 's Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , and reappeared in many other Oz books . In late 19th - century America , men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons . Baum , who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display . Contents ( hide ) 1 The books 2 The Tin Man in later fiction 3 Depictions on stage and screen 4 Modern works 5 Sources of the Tin Man image 6 References The books ( edit ) Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper ( the name first appearing in The Marvelous Land of Oz ) , the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz , as his father had before him . The Wicked Witch of the East enchanted his axe to prevent him from marrying his sweetheart , after being bribed by the lazy old woman who kept the Munchkin maiden as a servant , and did not wish to lose her . ( In a later book of the series , The Tin Woodman of Oz , the woman is said to be the Witch 's servant , and it is the Witch herself who decides to enchant Nick 's axe . ) The enchanted axe chopped off his limbs , one by one . Each time he lost a limb , Ku - Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin . Finally , nothing was left of him but tin . However , Ku - Klip neglected to replace his heart . Once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin , he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest , as he was caught in rain , and use his oil can to release him . He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard . They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion . The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West . The Tin Woodman 's axe proves useful in this journey , both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed , and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party . When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group , they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height , damaging him badly . However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch . His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow 's desire for brains , reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions . This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior ; neither convinces the other , and Dorothy , listening , is unable to decide which one is right . Symbolically , because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest , she is provided with both and need not select . The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain , but cares nothing for the loss of his brain . Towards the end of the novel , though , Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow 's . The Wizard turns out to be a `` humbug '' and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust . However , this is enough to please the Tin Woodman , who , with or without a heart , was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy 's companions ( just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest ) . When he accidentally crushes an insect , he is grief - stricken and , ironically , claims that he must be careful about such things , while those with hearts do not need such care . This tenderness remains with him throughout the series , as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell . When Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas , the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor . Later , he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin -- from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden . Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive , in contrast to the windup mechanical man Tik - Tok Dorothy meets in a later book . Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine , but rather had his flesh body replaced by a metal one . Far from missing his original existence , the Tin Woodman is proud ( perhaps too proud ) of his untiring tin body . A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain , tears , or other moisture . For this reason , in The Marvelous Land of Oz the character has himself nickel - plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City . Even so , the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series . This is inaccurate , in that tin does not rust ; only iron does . This may reflect the usage where an object made of iron or steel but coated with tin ( in order to prevent rusting ) is called a `` Tin '' object , as a `` tin bath '' , a `` tin toy '' , or a `` tin can '' ; thus , the Tin Woodman might be interpreted ( in English , at least ) as being made of steel with a tin veneer . One passage in The Road to Oz , by Baum himself , wherein the Woodman attends Ozma 's birthday party accompanied by a Winkie band playing a song called `` There 's No Plate Like Tin , '' strongly implies that this is the case . Another explanation may be that the Woodman is chiefly made of tin , with iron joints ; in some of the illustrations , his joints are a different color from the rest of his body . In Alexander Volkov 's Russian adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Volkov avoided this problem by the translation of `` The Tin Woodman '' as the `` Iron Woodchopper '' . The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed . He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with Walt McDougall in 1904 - 05 , Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz . In Ozma of Oz , he commands Princess Ozma 's army , and is briefly turned into a tin whistle . In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , he serves as defense counsel in the trial of Eureka . He affects the plot of a book most notably in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty . Baum also wrote a short book titled The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman , part of the Little Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers . In The Tin Woodman of Oz , Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love , Nimmie Amee , but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt , a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs . For the Tin Woodman , this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl , meeting another tin man , Captain Fyter , and conversing with his ill - tempered original head . Baum 's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character , still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories ' outcome . Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz , by Ruth Plumly Thompson , and Lucky Bucky in Oz , by John R. Neill . The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove 's The Hidden Valley of Oz , in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size . The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate . In his eponymous novel , he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline 's enchantment of the country , which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard . ( It should be noted , however , that although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease , they may die of accidents or be killed by others . ) The Tin Man in later fiction ( edit ) In the 1998 novel The Tin Man , by Dale Brown , the eponymous protagonist is a power - armored vigilante whom the media and police have dubbed The Tin Man for his physical resemblance to the Wizard of Oz character . The Tin Woodman is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire 's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation and Maguire 's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch . In the book , Nessarose - the Wicked Witch of the East - is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper 's limbs . She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant , probably Nimmie Amee , from marrying Nick Chopper . This seems to be close to the Tin Man 's origin in the original books , but from the Witch 's perspective . In the musical adaptation of Wicked the Tin Man is revealed to be Boq , a Munchkin whom Nessarose , the Wicked Witch of the East , fell in love with when they were at school together . When she discovered his heart belonged to Glinda , she botched a spell that was meant to make him fall in love with her by taking his heart , but instead shrunk his heart to nothing by taking it away without ' giving ' it to Nessa . To save his life , Elphaba , the Wicked Witch of the West , was forced to turn him into tin . Not understanding her reasons , he pursues Elphaba with a single - minded vengeance for his current form . The Tin Man 's humble origin in the novel conflicts with his having been the aristocratic Boq . In Oz Squad , Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with `` Rebecca Eastwitch '' in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her . A darker twist to the beloved woodman is made by author James A. Owen in the fourth installment of his series , The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica when his identity is revealed to be Roger Bacon . The Tin Woodman appears in the 2011 TV series Once Upon a Time episode `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa ( as a teenager ) and by Alex Désert ( as an adult ) . In this version he goes by the name Stanum ( derived from the Latin word `` stannum '' , which means `` tin '' ) . Since youth , Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena , the daughter of another woodsman , he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her , regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena , who they see as a freak . Many years later , Stanum , now a man , is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain , and his body slowly begins to transform into tin . To prevent himself from completely becoming tin , Stanum seeks out help from Zelena ( now the Wicked Witch of the West ) at the Emerald City of Oz . Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart , which can save him . During their quest , Stanum tells Zelena that she does n't have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice . Suddenly , a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum , and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away ( at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it , cowardly ) . When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart , the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person 's magic . Unfortunately Zelena 's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum , whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself , leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently . Some time later , when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode `` Heart of Gold '' , the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road , torn apart . Depictions on stage and screen ( edit ) Poster for 1902 stage extravaganza Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man In 1902 , Baum helped to adapt The Wizard of Oz into a wildly successful stage extravaganza . David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman , Niccolo Chopper ( who played the piccolo ) , opposite Fred Stone as the Scarecrow , and the team became headliners . The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations , such as the 1910 film , but was largely forgotten , and the name `` Niccolo '' never appeared in one of the books . Revisionist books like Oz Squad have referred to him as `` Nicholas , '' a name not found in the books , either . In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , the Tin Man was played by actor Jack Haley . Originally , Ray Bolger was cast to play the role of Tin Man , despite his desire to play the Scarecrow . Buddy Ebsen was , at the time , cast as Scarecrow , and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger . While this pleased Bolger , it led to medical problems for Ebsen . The Tin Man 's makeup originally contained aluminum powder which got into Ebsen 's lungs , bringing him to the edge of death . He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role . Despite this , and the fact that the Tin Man 's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste , Ebsen went on to outlive both Bolger and Haley . Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories . His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous . There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man . It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin ; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man 's remark `` The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart '' . Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow ( in the National Museum of American History ) and Cowardly Lion ( two sets in private hands ) , that of the Tin Man `` was largely destroyed '' . Haley also portrayed the Tin Man 's Kansas counterpart , Hickory ( one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmworkers ) . Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film . Hickory helps Zeke ( Lion 's alter ego ) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm . Unlike Zeke , Hickory and Hunk ( Scarecrow 's alter ego ) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm . He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious . Hickory is seen with Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Zeke , and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel ( The Wizard 's alter ego ) . In the original Broadway version of The Wiz , Tiger Haynes played the Tinman , a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up ( as in the book ) . Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation of The Wiz . In this version , as in the 1939 movie , there is no explanation of how he became tin , just a reference of the `` genius who created me '' . He worked as the carnival barker and when the park was closed , he was abandoned , rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife , `` Teeny '' ( a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady ) . He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow . Ne - Yo played the Tinman in the TV special The Wiz Live ! . This version portrayed him as a construction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush . When she found out he already had a girlfriend , `` Bertha '' , she became so jealous , she turned him into a heartless tinman . The Witch boasted afterwards that if she could n't have his heart , then no one could . Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie , Ne - Yo also played one of Aunt Em 's farmhands - John , who walks with a metal leg brace . Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include Oliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version of The Wizard of Oz directed by and starring Larry Semon , in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a `` Tin Woodsman '' ( sic ) . In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became `` Knight of the Garter '' . In the 1960 television adaptation of The Land of Oz , he was played by vaudeville comedian Gil Lamb ; in the 1969 film , The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph ; and in the 1985 film Return to Oz , he was played by Deep Roy , a little person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill 's artwork . In the 1961 animated TV series , Tales of the Wizard of Oz and its sequel , the 1964 NBC animated television special Return to Oz , the Tin Man ( here named Rusty ) was voiced by Larry D. Mann . In the 1970s , the Tin Woodman appeared in a series of short animated educational films about heart health from Joleron Productions . In an episode of The World 's Greatest Super Friends , Superman temporarily became the Tin Man after a tornado took him , Wonder Woman , and Aquaman to Mister Mxyzptlk 's planet of Oz . In a 1981 episode of Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo , Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him , Shaggy , and Scooby to `` Ahz '' , a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation . In 1985 , the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational film Act on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials . Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True . The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production . Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of `` If I Only Had a Heart '' in which he swung his microphone mimicking his Who persona . He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man in Nathan Lane 's long version of `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' . Toward the end , he hugged the Wizard ( Joel Grey ) saying to him `` Thank you from the bottom of my heart ! '' . In 1996 , they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids . He has a son named Tin Boy . Like his father he can cut wood with his ax . And he has to be careful with water and snow or he 'll be rust . His voice played by Andy Milder . Hiroki Tsujiai from Ultra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party . James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows . The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role , the Tin Thing , in 2005 's television film The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz . In this version , he is the Wicked Witch 's research assistant , transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla . Gonzo 's other role is himself . He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets ' show . In 2006 , the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of television commercials for Chef Boyardee brand canned Beef Ravioli , in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 Oz film . In the commercials , the Tin Man ( played by Australian actor David Somerville ) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso ( which he does n't notice until the midpoint of the first commercial ) ; thus , he appears to be a very large , mobile can of ravioli . In the first ad , the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an elementary school cafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher . The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood , accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party ; after fleeing across a golf course ( while dodging balls from the driving range ) , he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose ( playing on the Tin Man 's classic weakness of rusting ) . As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can , sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man 's cries for help are heard . In 2006 , the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch 's feature film titled Transposition of the Great Vessels . Based on the story of his own parents , who moved from Redding to Los Angeles , in hopes of making a better life . His father wanted to work for the forest service , and his mother wanted to be a cook , but their baby was born with a rare heart condition . They were forced to give up those dreams , and make choices that would give them insurance and stability . A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences ; the `` Tin Woodman '' makes an appearance while on his deathbed , at UCLA Medical Center . At Sundance of 2007 , a film premiered by young director Ray Tintori entitled Death to the Tinman . It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s , in the town Verton , rather than Oz . However , the book of the same name , which tells the origins of the character , is cited by opening intertitles as the source . Although the basic premise is nearly identical , much of the details and all names and locations have been changed . This is partially due to the film 's satirical look at criminal reenactments , as it states at the beginning that names `` have been changed to protect the innocent . '' Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes , though , is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman 's Axe , which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God . This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance . A 2007 CG animated short film called `` After Oz '' , produced by the film students at Vancouver Film School , centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man , after he has received his heart from Oz . The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand - new mechanical heart , before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman ( or robot ? ) to whom he gives the heart . She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart . An internet - collaboration , CG animated feature based on Baum 's book The Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A : M Films , and completed in 2009 . In 2010 , Whitestone Motion Pictures produced a 23 - minute live - action short film , Heartless : The Story of the Tin Man . The film is based on the book The Tin Woodman of Oz , where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin . In the film , the Tin Man appears to be more steam - or coal - powered . His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads `` Pedudoe Tin Co . '' but this is a reference to the workings of the film company , and not a reference to any Oz book or material . The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack . In the 2013 prequel , Oz the Great and Powerful , although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear , the film introduces his creator , the Master Tinker , portrayed by Bill Cobbs . Tin Man appears in the animated film Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( which is based on Dorothy of Oz ) , voiced by Kelsey Grammer . The Woodsman , a 2012 stage play written by James Ortiz with music by Edward W. Hardy , tells the backstory of the Tin Man , using puppetry , movement , and music . The play has received multiple Off Broadway productions , and won a 2016 Obie Award for Ortiz 's puppet design . In the TV series Emerald City , the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack ( Gerran Howell ) , a friend of the enigmatic Tip , who helps ' him ' escape from his imprisonment by a witch . When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion , her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her . Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg - like state ; his head and right arm are still organic , but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour . The Tin Man appears in Once Upon a Time . In this show , he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum ( portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by Alex Désert as an adult ) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird 's nest . When two bullies show up to harm Zelena , Stanum helped to fend them off . Years later , Stanum comes to Zelena for help . He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area . Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him , but needs Zelena 's help to get by the beast that guards it . When close to its location , Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena . When they get to the heart , Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining . When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task , Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy . He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human . As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move , Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him . Modern works ( edit ) This article gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song `` Country Robot / A Letter to Dorothy '' by The Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man 's perspective ; it includes the lyrics `` You gave me oil , I was a rusty load / You even helped me find my heart . '' In the song `` Tin Man '' by the band America , the lyrics state that `` Oz never did give nothin ' to the Tin Man , that he did n't , did n't already have . '' The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz . Country artist Kenny Chesney recorded the song `` Tin Man '' for his album `` All I Need to Know '' . The first verse and refrain state : Tracy Chapman included a song titled `` Remember the Tinman '' on her 1995 album New Beginning . In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's , the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber . In the 2007 Sci - Fi miniseries Tin Man , a `` Tin Man '' is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) One of the story 's protagonists , Wyatt Cain ( played by Neal McDonough in the title role ) , is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others . In addition , he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child . The Avett Brothers 2009 Album I and Love and You features a song called `` Tin Man '' . Verses of the Future Islands 2010 post-pop , synth - ballad Tin Man contain numerous metaphorical , Tin - Man related references . The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - `` I am the Tin Man '' . In the 2011 direct - to - DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz , the Tin Man was voiced by Rob Paulsen . The Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Jordan Turnage . He appears in the form of a man named Nick ( played by Billy Boyd ) . A 1990 episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation is titled `` Tin Man . '' The Phineas & Ferb episode `` Wizard of Odd '' features the Tin Man in his rusted state , but he is never freed from this condition . He is also featured in an end credits song entitled `` Rusted . '' Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled `` The Wizard of Dizz , '' in which the role of the Tin Man is played by Mickey Mouse . The parody The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz featured Gonzo the Great in the role of the Tin Man . In the game Code Name : S.T.E.A.M. , Tin Man , along with other Oz characters , is a playable character . His design is more based on Japanese culture and he have the ability to give steam to allies . The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige 's Dorothy Must Die novel series . In this series , Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy 's use of magic and the ' magic ' in the gifts they received from the Wizard , with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted ' love ' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited . He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance , with his legs compared to horses ' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers . At the conclusion of the first novel , series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart , having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy 's companions to kill Dorothy herself . Sources of the Tin Man image ( edit ) 1890 cartoon portraying President Benjamin Harrison as a knight in tin armor Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s . They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion , Tin Woodman , Scarecrow , Yellow Brick Road , Silver Slippers , cyclone , monkeys , Emerald City , little people , Uncle Henry , passenger balloons , witches and the wizard . These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade . The notion of a `` Tin Man '' has deep roots in European and American history , according to Green ( 2006 ) , and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s . Baum and Denslow , like most writers and illustrators , used the materials at hand that they knew best . They built a story around them , added Dorothy , and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need ( such as brains , a heart and courage ) if only they had self - confidence . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children 's book , of course , but as Baum warned in the preface , it was a `` modernized '' fairy tale as well . The Tin Man -- the human turned into a machine -- was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s . Indeed , he had been part of European folk art for 300 years . In political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker , dehumanized by industrialization . The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal ; so he has lost his heart and can not move without the help of farmers ( represented by the Scarecrow ) ; in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love , which needs only an infusion of self - confidence to be awakened . In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed . The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows President Benjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin . Such images support the argument that the figure of a `` tin man '' was in use as political allegory in the 1890s . The man on the right is politician James G. Blaine . The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly ( and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court ) . In the 1902 stage adaptation , which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations ( unless they are satirical ) , the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil . `` You would n't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller , '' the Scarecrow responds , `` He 'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 141 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 152 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 38 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ The Shadow Dragons Jump up ^ `` ( # 618 ) `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of Oz and Buddy Ebsen '' . snopes.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MythBusters ( 2005 season ) # Episode SP7 -- `` Hollywood on Trial '' Jump up ^ `` Oz lion costume goes under hammer '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2006 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Witness '' . The Witness. 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Vancouver Film School ( 2007 - 08 - 31 ) . `` After Oz - Vancouver Film School ( VFS ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` whitestonemotionpictures.com '' . whitestonemotionpictures.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Allport , Lee ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . Jump up ^ Zoe Beery , `` The Tin Man of Oz Gets a Refit in ' The Woodsman ' '' , The Village Voice , May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ranjit S. Dighe , ed . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Archie Green , Tin Men ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Gretchen Ritter , `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 - 203 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Oz p 34 Clanton , Gene . Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) Culver , Stuart . `` Growing Up in Oz . '' American Literary History 4 ( 1992 ) 607 - 28 . in JSTOR Culver , Stuart . `` What Manikins Want : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors '' , Representations , 21 ( 1988 ) 97 - 116 . Dighe , Ranjit S. ed . The Historian 's Wizard of Oz : Reading L. Frank Baum 's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory ( 2002 ) Erisman , Fred . `` L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma '' in American Quarterly Vol. 20 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1968 ) , pp. 616 - 623 online at JSTOR Gardner , Todd . `` Responses to Littlefield '' ( 2004 ) , online Geer , John G. and Thomas R. Rochon , `` William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road , '' Journal of American Culture ( Winter , 1993 ) Green , Archie . Tin Men ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2002 ) . on the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations Hearn , Michael Patrick ( ed ) . The Annotated Wizard of Oz. ( 2000 , 1973 ) Jensen , Richard . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 - 1896 ( 1971 ) , ch. 10 . Karp , Andrew . Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum 's Oz in Utopian Studies , 1998 Littlefield , Henry M. `` The Wizard of Oz : Parable on Populism '' American Quarterly Vol. 16 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1964 ) , pp. 47 - 58 in JSTOR Nesbet , Anne . `` In Borrowed Balloons : The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation '' in The Slavic and East European Journal > Vol. 45 , No. 1 ( Spring , 2001 ) , pp. 80 - 95 online at JSTOR Riley , Michael O. ( 1997 ) Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum . University of Kansas Press ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X Ritter , Gretchen . Goldbugs and Greenbacks : The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America ( 1997 ) Ritter , Gretchen . `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics . '' Journal of American Studies ( August 1997 ) vol. 31 , no . 2 , 171 - 203 . Rockoff , Hugh . `` The ' Wizard of Oz ' as a Monetary Allegory , '' Journal of Political Economy 98 ( 1990 ) : 739 - 60 online at JSTOR Swartz , Mark Evan . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' on Stage and Screen to 1939 ( 2000 ) Velde , Francois R. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road : How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard '' Economic Perspectives . Volume : 26 . Issue : 2 . 2002 . also online here Ziaukas , Tim . `` 100 Years of Oz : Baum 's ' Wizard of Oz ' as Gilded Age Public Relations '' in Public Relations Quarterly , Fall 1998 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal The Wicked Years by Gregory Maguire Books Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Characters Elphaba Glinda Wizard of Oz Boq Nessarose Stage adaptation Wicked awards and nominations album Songs `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' `` Dear Old Shiz '' `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` Popular '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` A Sentimental Man '' `` Defying Gravity '' `` No One Mourns the Wicked ( Reprise ) '' `` Thank Goodness '' `` Wonderful '' `` I 'm Not That Girl ( Reprise ) '' `` No Good Deed '' `` For Good '' VIAF : 314909573 LCCN : no2015027498 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Woodman&oldid=838334123 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) characters Characters in Wicked Fictional amputees Fictional cyborgs Fictional emperors and empresses Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Male characters in film Male characters in literature Male characters in television Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional humanoid robots Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 10 : 44 . 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who wants a heart in the wizard of oz

the Tin Woodman

L. Frank Baum.

Rigor mortis - wikipedia Rigor mortis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sign of death . For other uses , see Rigor mortis ( disambiguation ) . Stages of death Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Rigor mortis ( Latin : rigor `` stiffness '' , mortis `` of death '' ) or postmortem rigidity , the third stage of death , is one of the recognizable signs of death , caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem , which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen . In humans , rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 2 Physical changes 3 Applications in meat industry 4 Application in forensic pathology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Physiology ( edit ) After death , respiration in an organism ceases , depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . ATP is required to cause separation of the actin - myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle . When oxygen is no longer present , the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis . When the body 's glycogen is depleted , the ATP concentration diminishes , and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges . Additionally , calcium enters the cytosol after death . Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Also , the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol . The calcium activates the formation of actin - myosin cross-bridging . Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol , it binds to the troponin of thin filaments , which causes the troponin - tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins . In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex . Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP , which would destabilize the myosin - actin bond and break the cross-bridge . However , as ATP is absent , there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes ( endogenous or bacterial ) during decomposition . As part of the process of decomposition , the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes , allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax . Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis , which occurs approximately 13 hours after death . Physical Changes ( edit ) At the time of death , a condition called `` primary flaccidity '' occurs . Following this , the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis . All muscles in the body are affected . Starting between two and six hours following death , rigor mortis begins with the eyelids , neck , and jaw . The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles , which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers . Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles , including the internal organs , within the next four to six hours . The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual 's age , sex , physical condition , and muscular build . Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass . Applications in meat industry ( edit ) Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology . The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat . If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs , whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length . Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers , in response to the cold stimulus . The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules . To prevent cold shortening , a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out , especially in beef carcasses , immediately after slaughter and skinning . In this process , the carcass is stimulated with alternating current , causing it to contract and relax , which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening . Application in forensic pathology ( edit ) The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology , to determine the approximate time of death . A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in . If the body is moved after death , but before rigor mortis begins , forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied . If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found ( for example , if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up ) , that could mean someone moved it . Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis , and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death . One such factor is the ambient temperature . When conditions are warm , the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay . Low temperatures , however , slow them down . Therefore , for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal , so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death . See also ( edit ) Cadaveric spasm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , K.S. 2010 . Anatomy & Physiology : 6th edition . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Hall , John E. , and Arthur C. Guyton . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier , 2011 . MD Consult . Web . 26 Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Fremery , Donald ( 3 February 1959 ) . `` Biochemistry of Chicken Muscle as Related to Rigor Mortis and Tenderization '' . Journal of Food Sciences . 25 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1960. tb17938. x . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ About.com Jump up ^ `` Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research '' . Jump up ^ Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > Jump up ^ Estimating The Time of Death , ExploreForensics < http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/estimating-the-time-of-death.html Bibliography ( edit ) Bear , Mark F ; Connors , Barry W. ; Paradiso , Michael A. , Neuroscience , Exploring the Brain , Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; Third Edition ( 1 February 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 8 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Saladin , Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function , 6th ed . McGraw - Hill . New York , 2012 . Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > . 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what are the importance of rigor mortis in meat processing

rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat

Physiology 2 Physical changes 3 Applications in meat industry 4 Application in forensic pathology 5

The Joker ( Steve Miller Band song ) - wikipedia The Joker ( Steve Miller Band song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Joker ( song ) '' redirects here . For other songs with the same title , see Joker ( disambiguation ) . `` The Joker '' Cover of the 1973 single Single by Steve Miller Band from the album The Joker B - side `` ' see track listings ' '' Released October 1973 Format 7 '' Single , 12 '' single , Cassette single ( Original Releases ) , CD single and Digital download ( Post Releases ) . Genre Rock , blues rock , southern rock Length 4 : 26 ( Album version ) ; 3 : 35 ( 7 '' version / Radio edit ) and 6 : 20 ( Extended version ) Label Capitol Records ; EMI - Odeon ; London Records , Parlophone Records , EMI Bovema , Odeon Records . Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Curtis , Ahmet Ertegün , Steve Miller Producer ( s ) Steve Miller Steve Miller Band singles chronology `` Fandango '' ( 1972 ) `` The Joker '' ( 1973 ) `` Your Cash Ai n't Nothin ' But Trash '' ( 1974 ) `` Fandango '' ( 1972 ) `` The Joker '' ( 1973 ) `` Your Cash Ai n't Nothin ' But Trash '' ( 1974 ) `` Take the Money and Run '' / `` The Joker '' ( 1983 , double A-side , live ) Cover of the 1983 live single Steve Miller Band singles chronology `` Living in the U.S.A. '' ( live ) ( 1983 ) String Module Error : Match not found1983 `` Take the Money and Run '' ( live ) / `` The Joker '' ( live ) ( 1983 ) String Module Error : Match not found1983 `` Shangri - La '' ( 1984 ) Shangri - La1984 `` The Joker '' ( 1990 , reissue ) Cover of the 1990 reissue Steve Miller Band singles chronology `` Ya Ya '' ( 1988 ) Ya Ya1988 `` The Joker '' ( 1990 ) The Joker1990 `` Wide River '' ( 1993 ) Wide River1993 `` The Joker '' is a song by the Steve Miller Band from their 1973 album The Joker . It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the nonce word `` pompatus '' . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974 . More than 16 years later , in September 1990 , it reached number one in the UK Singles Chart for two weeks after being used in `` Great Deal '' , a Hugh Johnson - directed television advertisement for Levi 's , thus holding the record for the longest gap between transatlantic chart - toppers . This reissue of `` The Joker '' also topped the Irish Singles Chart , the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart , the Dutch Nationale Top 100 and the Dutch Top 40 . The first line of the lyrics is a reference to the song `` Space Cowboy '' from Miller 's Brave New World album . Following lines refer to two other songs : `` Gangster of Love '' from Sailor and `` Enter Maurice '' from Recall the Beginning ... A Journey from Eden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Formats and track listings 3 Personnel 4 Certifications 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Cover versions 6.1 Covers 6.2 Album tracks 6.3 Live cover performances 6.4 Sampling 7 In popular culture 8 References and footnotes 9 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) During the song , Steve Miller references The Clovers ' 1954 song `` Lovey Dovey '' when he sings `` You 're the cutest thing that I ever did see / Really love your peaches , wan na shake your tree / Lovey dovey , lovey dovey , lovey dovey all the time '' . The song is noted for its wolf whistle played on a slide guitar after the `` lovey dovey '' parts and the `` some people call me Maurice '' part . The line `` some people call me Maurice / ' Cause I speak of the pompatus of love '' was written after Miller heard the song `` The Letter '' by The Medallions . In `` The Letter '' , writer Vernon Green made up the word puppetutes , meaning a paper - doll erotic fantasy figure ; however , Miller misheard the word and wrote pompatus instead . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 1973 ) `` The Joker '' -- 3 : 36 `` Something to Believe In '' -- 4 : 40 7 '' single ( 1983 - live version ) `` The Joker '' ( live ) -- 2 : 55 `` Take the Money and Run '' ( live ) -- 3 : 49 7 '' single ( 1990 ) `` The Joker '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 34 `` Do n't Let Nobody Turn You Around '' -- 2 : 27 12 '' maxi ( 1990 ) `` The Joker '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 22 `` Do n't Let Nobody Turn You Around '' -- 2 : 27 `` Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma '' -- 5 : 39 CD maxi ( 1990 ) `` The Joker '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 34 `` Do n't Let Nobody Turn You Around '' -- 2 : 27 `` Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma '' -- 3 : 33 `` Living in the U.S.A. '' -- 3 : 59 Personnel ( edit ) Steve Miller -- guitar , lead vocals Gerald Johnson -- bass , backing vocals Dick Thompson -- organ John King -- drums Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Sweden Gold February 6 , 1991 25,000 United Kingdom Silver October 1 , 1990 200,000 United States Gold January 11 , 1974 1,000,000 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 / 1974 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 Canadian RPM Top Singles Dutch Daverende 30 18 Dutch Top 40 18 Australia Kent Music Report 8 Chart ( 1990 / 1991 ) Peak position Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Nationale Top 100 Dutch Top 40 French SNEP Singles Chart 33 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Preceded by `` Time in a Bottle '' by Jim Croce Billboard Hot 100 number one single January 12 , 1974 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Show and Tell '' by Al Wilson Preceded by `` Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini '' by Bombalurina Irish IRMA number - one single September 6 , 1990 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Useta Lover '' by The Saw Doctors Preceded by `` Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini '' by Bombalurina UK Singles Chart number - one single September 9 , 1990 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Show Me Heaven '' by Maria McKee Preceded by `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' by Matthias Reim Dutch Top 40 number - one single November 3 , 1990 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Show Me Heaven '' by Maria McKee Preceded by `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' by Matthias Reim Dutch Nationale Top 100 number - one single November 10 , 1990 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Show Me Heaven '' by Maria McKee Preceded by `` Trippin ' '' by Push Push New Zealand RIANZ number - one single May 10 , 1991 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Trippin ' '' by Push Push Cover versions ( edit ) `` The Joker '' Single by k.d. lang from the album Drag Released Length 4 : 44 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Curtis , Ahmet Ertegün , Steve Miller Producer ( s ) k.d. lang , Craig Street k.d. lang singles chronology `` Sexuality '' ( 1996 ) `` The Joker '' ( 1997 ) `` Theme from the Valley of the Dolls '' ( 1997 ) `` Sexuality '' ( 1996 ) `` The Joker '' ( 1997 ) `` Theme from the Valley of the Dolls '' ( 1997 ) `` The Joker '' Single by Fatboy Slim from the album Palookaville Released February 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 28 ) Recorded Genre Big beat Label Astralwerks , Skint Songwriter ( s ) Eddie Curtis , Ahmet Ertegün , Steve Miller Producer ( s ) Fatboy Slim , Simon Thornton Fatboy Slim singles chronology `` Wonderful Night '' ( 2004 ) `` The Joker '' ( 2005 ) `` Do n't Let the Man Get You Down '' ( 2005 ) `` Wonderful Night '' ( 2004 ) `` The Joker '' ( 2005 ) `` Do n't Let the Man Get You Down '' ( 2005 ) Alternative cover Remix single Covers ( edit ) k.d. lang covered it on her album Drag ( 1997 ) on which all the songs have the theme of smoking or cigarettes . The song was released as a single . Black Train Jack covered it on their album You 're not alone ( 1994 ) . Fettes Brot did a German rendition of the song in 2001 , retitled as `` The Großer '' ( English translation `` The big guy '' ) . Fatboy Slim reworked the song on his 2004 album Palookaville , featuring Bootsy Collins on lead vocals . This cover version reached No. 32 on the UK Singles Chart in 2005 . Mike Myers did a cover to the song , playing a sitar , in The Love Guru . Post-grunge band Puddle of Mudd covered it on their covers album Re : ( disc ) overed . Album tracks ( edit ) In 1998 , Todd Snider covered the song on his Viva Satellite album . Spearhead recorded a cover for the compilation CD Hempilation 2 ( 1998 ) . Darkbuster covered the song as `` Space Cowboy '' on their album 22 Songs You 'll Never Want to Hear Again ! ( 1999 ) . Twiztid recorded a cover of the song , which appeared on their 2004 compilation Cryptic Collection Vol. 3 . In 2006 , Jason Mraz covered the song for the soundtrack to the film Happy Feet . This recording was produced by Josh Deutsch and John Powell . On the soundtrack album Happy Feet : Music from the Motion Picture , the song is mashed up with `` Everything I Own '' , recorded by Chrissie Hynde . In 2013 , The Voice Australia finalist , Danny Ross covered the song on his debut album , As The Crows Flies . In 2014 , Ace Frehley covered the song on his album Space Invader Live cover performances ( edit ) The song was covered live by The Smashing Pumpkins in 1992 , and the recording can be found on the Mashed Potatoes box set . Kurt Elling performed live during a concert in the Czech Republic in 2006 . Tim McGraw performed it during the `` Soul2Soul '' 2007 tour with his wife Faith Hill . They Might Be Giants have played it live on occasion , and included a cover of it on their podcast . The String Cheese Incident covered it at a show in Melkweg , Amsterdam on March 27 , 2004 , and added `` Do n't wan na see Billy run '' ( Bill Nershi of SCI ) Keith Urban performed the song during his `` Love , Pain , and the Whole Crazy Thing '' 2007 tour with The Wreckers on August 18 , 2007 and with Amanda Wilkinson and Tyler Wilkinson on December 15 , 2007 . 311 performed it live in New Orleans on 311 Day ( March 11 , 2008 ) . Puddle of Mudd performed the song at DC101 Chili Cook - Off on May 16 , 2009 Jack Johnson often performs the song live during his 2010 To the Sea world tour and did so in Vancouver on October 1 , 2010 . Luke Bryan often performs the song near the end of his concerts . Sampling ( edit ) `` The Joker '' was sampled in the song `` Summer and Lightning '' by Electric Light Orchestra from their 1977 album , Out of the Blue . `` The Joker '' serves as the outline of the song `` So Cal Loco ( Party Like a Rockstar ) '' by Sprung Monkey which appeared in the film Dude , Where 's My Car ? . It was also sampled on the original Def American Records release of the Geto Boys ' song `` Gangster of Love '' from their 1989 album , Grip It ! On That Other Level . The sample , presumably unauthorized , was replaced with Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' on later pressings of the album . The song `` Hudson Dragonfly '' by Jackie - O Motherfucker , from the album , America Mystica ( 2006 ) , contains a sample of `` The Joker '' . The song `` Angel '' by Shaggy , from the album Hot Shot ( 2000 ) , samples the bass line of `` The Joker '' . Steve Miller recorded an unreleased demo of this song 's music with the lyrics of his other song , Take the Money and Run . The 2012 song Diese Tage with German and English lyrics by KRIS feat Dante Thomas uses the chorus of `` The Joker '' . Country rapper Colt Ford sampled this song for his song `` Gangsta of Love '' . `` Wow Wow '' by Neil Cicierega from the album `` Mouth Moods '' mixes `` The Joker '' with Will Smith 's `` Wild Wild West '' , `` All Star '' by Smash Mouth and `` Cowboy '' by Kid Rock . In popular culture ( edit ) In 1996 , `` The Joker '' inspired a comedy film , The Pompatus of Love . References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Miller Band > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . allmusic . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - The Steve Miller Band - The Joker '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` irishcharts.ie search results '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` charts.org.nz - Steve Miller Band - The Joker '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` dutchcharts.nl - Steve Miller Band - The Joker '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 - Week 44 , 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ' In Steve Miller 's `` The Joker , '' what is `` the pompatus of love '' ? ' Jump up ^ `` S03E06 '' . Never Mind the Buzzcocks . BBC2 . Jump up ^ Swedish certifications Ifpi.se Archived 2012 - 05 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved March 24 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ UK certifications bpi.co.uk ( Retrieved March 24 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ US certifications riaa.com Archived 2007 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved March 24 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` RPM Volume 20 No. 24 , January 26 , 1974 - RPM '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 - Week 47 , 1973 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=35798 title = Top Singles of 1974 accessdate = January 2 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Steve Miller Band - The Joker - austriancharts.at '' ( in German ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com - Steve Miller Band - The Joker '' ( in French ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - search result '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com - Steve Miller Band - The Joker '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com - Steve Miller Band - The Joker '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Miller Band - The Joker - hitparade.ch '' ( in German ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1991 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Fatboy Slim - The Joker '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smashing Pumpkins dot com '' . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Howard Stern Radio Show '' . New York . 17 Apr 2013 . Sirius XM Satellite Radio . Howard 100 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) External links ( edit ) The Straight Dope : In Steve Miller 's `` The Joker , '' what is `` the pompatus of love '' ? Language Log : Dismortality and puppetutes -- post on the etymology of `` pompatus '' . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Steve Miller Band Steve Miller Kenny Lee Lewis Gordy Knudtson Joseph Wooten Jacob Peterson Norton Buffalo Tim Davis Boz Scaggs Lonnie Turner James Cooke Lance Haas Jim Peterman Glyn Johns Ben Sidran Nicky Hopkins Bobby Winkelman Charlie McCoy Jack King Ross Valory Gerald Johnson Dick Thompson Jim Keltner Roger Allen Clark Gary Mallaber Nick DeCaro John King David Denny Greg Douglass Byron Allred John Massaro Billy Peterson Ricky Peterson Bob Malach Leo Sidran Jay Bird Koder Joey Heinemann Sonny Charles Studio albums Children of the Future Sailor Brave New World Your Saving Grace Number 5 Rock Love Recall the Beginning ... A Journey from Eden The Joker Fly Like an Eagle Book of Dreams Circle of Love Abracadabra Italian X Rays Living in the 20th Century Born 2 B Blue ( Steve Miller solo album ) Wide River Bingo ! Let Your Hair Down Live albums Live at the Fillmore Auditorium Steve Miller Band Live ! Compilations Anthology Living in the U.S.A. Greatest Hits 1974 -- 78 The Very Best of the Steve Miller Band Young Hearts Singles `` The Joker '' `` Take the Money and Run '' `` Rock'n Me '' `` Fly Like an Eagle '' `` Jet Airliner '' `` Jungle Love '' `` Swingtown '' `` Abracadabra '' `` I Want to Make the World Turn Around '' Songs `` Mercury Blues '' `` You Send Me '' `` Gangster of Love '' Related articles Discography Book : Steve Miller Band Fatboy Slim Fatboy Slim discography Norman Cook discography Studio albums Better Living Through Chemistry You 've Come a Long Way , Baby Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars Palookaville Live albums On the Floor at the Boutique Live on Brighton Beach Big Beach Boutique II Soundtrack albums Here Lies Love Compilation albums The Fatboy Slim / Norman Cook Collection The Greatest Hits -- Why Try Harder Late Night Tales : Fatboy Slim EPs My Game Illuminati Camber Sands The Pimp Singles `` Everybody Needs a 303 '' `` Going Out of My Head '' `` Everybody Loves a Carnival '' `` The Rockafeller Skank '' `` Gangster Trippin '' `` Praise You '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Sunset ( Bird of Prey ) '' `` Demons '' `` Star 69 '' / `` Weapon of Choice '' `` Song for Shelter '' / `` Ya Mama '' `` Drop the Hate '' `` Retox '' `` Talkin ' bout My Baby '' `` Slash Dot Dash '' `` Wonderful Night '' `` The Joker '' `` Do n't Let the Man Get You Down '' `` That Old Pair of Jeans '' `` Champion Sound '' `` Radioactivity '' `` Are We Having Fun Yet ? '' `` Eat , Sleep , Rave , Repeat '' Video releases Big Beach Boutique II -- The Movie The Greatest Hits -- Why Make Videos Related articles The Housemartins Beats International Pizzaman Freak Power The Brighton Port Authority Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Joker_(Steve_Miller_Band_song)&oldid=822314267 '' Categories : 1973 songs 1973 singles 1974 singles 1990 singles 2007 singles Steve Miller Band songs Fatboy Slim songs Tim McGraw songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Steve Miller ( musician ) Songs written by Ahmet Ertegun Songs written by Eddie Curtis Capitol Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Astralwerks singles Songs about cannabis Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with citations lacking titles Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the song the joker come out

October 1973

October 1973

Life of Pi - Wikipedia Life of Pi Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Yann Martel . For the film based on the novel and directed by Ang Lee , see Life of Pi ( film ) . Life of Pi Life of Pi cover Author Yann Martel Original title Life of Pi Country Canada Language English Genre Fiction Publisher Knopf Canada Publication date September 11 , 2001 ( Canada ) ISBN 0 - 676 - 97376 - 0 ( first edition , hardcover ) OCLC 46624335 Preceded by Self Followed by Beatrice and Virgil Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001 . The protagonist is Piscine Molitor `` Pi '' Patel , an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age . He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker . The novel has sold more than ten million copies worldwide . It was rejected by at least five London publishing houses before being accepted by Knopf Canada , which published it in September 2001 . The UK edition won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction the following year . It was also chosen for CBC Radio 's Canada Reads 2003 , where it was championed by author Nancy Lee . The French translation L'Histoire de Pi was chosen in the French CBC version of the contest Le combat des livres , where it was championed by Louise Forestier . The novel won the 2003 Boeke Prize , a South African novel award . In 2004 , it won the Asian / Pacific American Award for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 2001 -- 2003 . In 2012 it was adapted into a feature film directed by Ang Lee with a screenplay by David Magee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part one 1.2 Part two 1.3 Part three 2 Major themes 2.1 Life is a story 2.2 Growth through adversity 3 Inspiration 3.1 Richard Parker and shipwreck narratives 3.2 Moacyr Scliar 4 Narrative structure 5 Setting 6 Characters 6.1 Piscine Molitor `` Pi '' Patel 6.2 Richard Parker 7 Reception 8 Adaptations 8.1 Illustrated edition 8.2 Film adaptation 8.3 Theatrical adaptations 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) The novel begins with a note from the author , which is an integral part of it . Unusually , the note describes entirely fictional events . It serves to establish and enforce one of the book 's main themes : the relativity of truth . Life of Pi is subdivided into three sections : Part one ( edit ) In the first section , the main character , by the name of Piscine Patel , an adult Canadian , reminisces about his childhood in India . His father owns a zoo in Pondicherry . The livelihood provides the family with a relatively affluent lifestyle and some understanding of animal psychology . The narrator describes how he acquired his full name , Piscine Molitor Patel , as a tribute to the swimming pool in France . After hearing schoolmates tease him by transforming the first name into `` Pissing '' , he establishes the short form of his name as `` Pi '' when he starts secondary school . The name , he says , pays tribute to the irrational number which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter . In recounting his experiences , Pi describes several other unusual situations involving proper names : two visitors to the zoo , one a devout Muslim , and the other a committed atheist , bear identical names ; and a 450 - pound tiger at the zoo bears the name Richard Parker as the result of a clerical error , in which human and animal names were reversed . Pi is raised as a Hindu who practices vegetarianism . At the age of fourteen , he investigates Christianity and Islam , and decides to become an adherent of all three religions , much to his parents ' dismay , saying he `` just wants to love God . '' He tries to understand God through the lens of each religion , and comes to recognize benefits in each one . A few years later in 1977 , during the period when Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares `` The Emergency '' , Pi 's father decides to sell the zoo and immigrate with his wife and sons to Canada . Part two ( edit ) The second part of the novel begins with Pi 's family aboard the Tsimtsum , a Japanese freighter that is transporting animals from their zoo to North America . A few days out of port from Manila , the ship encounters a storm and sinks . Pi manages to escape in a small lifeboat , only to learn that the boat also holds a spotted hyena , an injured Grant 's zebra , and an orangutan named Orange Juice . Much to the boy 's distress , the hyena kills the zebra and then Orange Juice . A tiger has been hiding under the boat 's tarpaulin : it 's Richard Parker , who had boarded the lifeboat with ambivalent assistance from Pi himself some time before the hyena attack . Suddenly emerging from his hideaway , Richard Parker kills and eats the hyena . Frightened , Pi constructs a small raft out of rescue flotation devices , tethers it to the bow of the boat and makes it his place of retirement . He begins conditioning Richard Parker to take a submissive role by using food as a positive reinforcer , and seasickness as a punishment mechanism , while using a whistle for signals . Soon , Pi asserts himself as the alpha animal , and is eventually able to share the boat with his feline companion , admitting in the end that Richard Parker is the one who helped him survive his ordeal . Pi recounts various events while adrift in the Pacific Ocean . At his lowest point , exposure renders him blind and unable to catch fish . In a state of delirium , he talks with a marine `` echo '' , which he initially identifies as Richard Parker having gained the ability to speak , but it turns out to be another blind castaway , a Frenchman , who boards the lifeboat with the intention of killing and eating Pi , but is eventually killed by Richard Parker . Some time later , Pi 's boat comes ashore on a floating island network of algae and inhabited by hundreds of thousands of meerkats . Soon , Pi and Richard Parker regain strength , but the boy 's discovery of the carnivorous nature of the island 's plant life forces him to return to the ocean . Two hundred and twenty - seven days after the ship 's sinking , the lifeboat washes onto a beach in Mexico , after which Richard Parker disappears into the nearby jungle without looking back , leaving Pi heartbroken at the abrupt farewell . Part three ( edit ) The third part of the novel describes a conversation between Pi and two officials from the Japanese Ministry of Transport , who are conducting an inquiry into the shipwreck . They meet him at the hospital in Mexico where he is recovering . Pi tells them his tale , but the officials reject it as unbelievable . Pi then offers them a second story in which he is adrift on a lifeboat not with zoo animals , but with the ship 's cook , a Taiwanese sailor with a broken leg , and his own mother . The cook amputates the sailor 's leg for use as fishing bait , then kills the sailor himself as well as Pi 's mother for food , and soon he is killed by Pi , who dines on him . The investigators note parallels between the two stories . They soon conclude that the hyena symbolizes the cook , the zebra the sailor , the orangutan Pi 's mother , and the tiger represents Pi . Pi points out that neither story can be proven and neither explains the cause of the shipwreck , so he asks the officials which story they prefer : the one without animals or the one with animals . They eventually choose the story with the animals . Pi thanks them and says : `` And so it goes with God . '' The investigators then leave and file a report . Major themes ( edit ) Life is a story ( edit ) Life of Pi , according to Yann Martel , can be summarized in three statements : `` Life is a story ... You can choose your story ... A story with God is the better story . '' A recurring theme throughout the novel seems to be believability . Pi at the end of the book asks the two investigators `` If you stumble at mere believability , what are you living for ? '' According to Gordon Houser there are two main themes of the book : `` that all life is interdependent , and that we live and breathe via belief . '' Growth through adversity ( edit ) PBS has described Martel 's story as one of `` personal growth through adversity . '' The main character learns that `` tigers are dangerous '' at a young age when his father forces him to watch the zoo 's Royal Bengal tiger patriarch , Mahisha , devour a live goat . Later , after he has been reduced to eking out a desperate existence on the lifeboat with the company of a fully grown tiger , Pi develops `` alpha '' qualities as he musters the strength , will and skills he needs to survive . Inspiration ( edit ) In a 2002 interview with PBS , Martel said `` I was sort of looking for a story , not only with a small ' s ' but sort of with a capital ' S ' -- something that would direct my life . '' He spoke of being lonely and needing direction in his life , and found that writing the novel met this need . Richard Parker and shipwreck narratives ( edit ) The name of Martel 's tiger , Richard Parker , was inspired by a character in Edgar Allan Poe 's nautical adventure novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1838 ) . In this book , Richard Parker is a mutineer who is stranded and eventually cannibalized on the hull of an overturned ship ( and there is a dog aboard who is named Tiger ) . The author also had in mind another occurrence of the name , in the famous legal case R v Dudley and Stephens ( 1884 ) where a shipwreck again results in the cannibalism of a cabin boy named Richard Parker , this time in a lifeboat . A third Richard Parker drowned in the sinking of the Francis Spaight in 1846 , described by author Jack London , and later the cabin boy ( not Richard Parker ) was cannibalized . Having read about these events , Yann Martel thought , `` So many victimized Richard Parkers had to mean something . '' Moacyr Scliar ( edit ) Martel has mentioned that a book review he read of Brazilian author Moacyr Scliar 's 1981 novella Max and the Cats accounts in part for his novel 's premise . Scliar 's story describes a Jewish - German refugee crossing the Atlantic Ocean with a jaguar in his boat . Scliar said that he was perplexed that Martel `` used the idea without consulting or even informing me , '' and indicated that he was reviewing the situation before deciding whether to take any action in response . After talking with Martel , Scliar elected not to pursue the matter . A dedication to Scliar `` for the spark of life '' appears in the author 's note of Life of Pi . Literary reviews have described the similarities between Life of Pi and Max and the Cats as superficial . Reviewer Peter Yan wrote : `` Reading the two books side - by - side , one realizes how inadequate bald plot summaries are in conveying the unique imaginative impact of each book , '' and noted that Martel 's distinctive narrative structure is not found in Scliar 's novella . The themes of the books are also dissimilar , with Max and the Cats being an allegory for Nazism . In Life of Pi , 211 of 354 pages are devoted to Pi 's experience in the lifeboat , compared to Max and the Cats , in which 17 of its 99 pages depict time spent in a lifeboat . Narrative structure ( edit ) According to the reviewer Peter Yan , ' Life of Pi ' is told from two alternating points of view , the main character Pi in a flashback and Yann Martel himself , who is the `` visiting writer '' ( Martel 101 ) interviewing Pi many years after the tiger in the boat story . This technique of the intrusive narrator adds the documentary realism to the book , setting up , like a musical counter-point , the myth - making , unreliable narrator , Pi . The reader is left to ponder at the end whether Pi 's story is an allegory of another set of parallel events . Setting ( edit ) The novel is a work of fiction set in the summer of 1977 that draws on places and historical events in India . The Patel Family 's discussions of the political situation refer to the Emergency period of the mid-1970s , when Indira Gandhi 's administration ruled by decree , curtailed press freedoms , and imprisoned political opponents . Pondicherry is a former French colony in India . It does have an Indian Coffee House and Botanical Gardens . The Botanical Garden had a zoo in 1977 but did not have any animals bigger than a deer . Munnar , the destination for the Patel family 's vacation , is a small but popular hill station in Kerala . Madurai , also referenced in the novel , is a popular tourist and pilgrimage site in Tamil Nadu . Characters ( edit ) Piscine Molitor `` Pi '' Patel ( edit ) He acquires layer after layer of diverse spirituality and brilliantly synthesizes it into a personal belief system and devotional life that is breathtaking in its depth and scope . His youthful exploration into comparative religion culminates in a magnificent epiphany of sorts . `` '' -- Phoebe Kate Foster of PopMatters Piscine Molitor Patel , known to all as just `` Pi '' , is the narrator and protagonist of the novel . He was named after a swimming pool in Paris , despite the fact that neither his mother nor his father particularly liked swimming . The story is told as a narrative from the perspective of a middle - aged Pi , now married with his own family , and living in Canada . At the time of main events of the story , he is sixteen years old . He recounts the story of his life and his 227 - day journey on a lifeboat when his ship sinks in the middle of the Pacific Ocean during a voyage to North America . Richard Parker ( edit ) A Bengal tiger Richard Parker is a royal Bengal tiger who is stranded on the lifeboat with Pi when the ship sinks . Richard Parker lives on the lifeboat with Pi and is kept alive with the food and water Pi delivers . Richard Parker develops a relationship with Pi that allows them to coexist in their struggle . In the novel , a hunter named Richard Parker is hired to kill a panther thought to have killed seven people within two months . Instead , he accidentally immobilizes a female Bengal tiger with tranquilizer darts while her cub escapes hiding in a bush . Parker names the cub Thirsty after his enthusiasm when drinking from a nearby river . The paperwork that accompanies the shipment of the two tigers to Pi 's family 's zoo in Pondicherry states that the cub 's name is `` Richard Parker '' and the hunter 's given name is `` Thirsty '' and his surname is `` None Given '' , due to a mix - up with the names . Pi 's father finds the story so amusing that they continue to call the tiger `` Richard Parker '' . Reception ( edit ) Brian Bethune of Maclean 's describes Life of Pi as a `` head - scratching combination of dense religious allegory , zoological lore and enthralling adventure tale , written with warmth and grace '' . Master Plots suggested that the `` central themes of Life of Pi concern religion and human faith in God '' . Reutter said , `` So believable is Pi 's story telling that readers will be amazed . '' Gregory Stephens added that it `` achieves something more quietly spectacular . '' Smith stated that there was `` no bamboozlement here . '' Gary Krist of The New York Times praised the book , but added that at times Martel `` pushes the didactic agenda of his story too hard . '' In 2010 , U.S. President Barack Obama wrote a letter directly to Martel , describing Life of Pi as `` an elegant proof of God , and the power of storytelling . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Illustrated edition ( edit ) In October 2005 , a worldwide competition was launched to find an artist to illustrate Life of Pi . The competition was run by Scottish publisher Canongate Books and UK newspaper The Times , as well as Australian newspaper The Age and Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail . Croatian artist Tomislav Torjanac was chosen as the illustrator for the new edition , which was published in September 2007 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Life of Pi ( film ) A 2012 adaptation directed by Ang Lee and based on an adapted screenplay by David Magee was given a wide release in the United States on 21 November 2012 . At the 85th Academy Awards it won four awards from eleven nominations , including Best Director . Theatrical adaptations ( edit ) This novel has also been adapted as a play by Keith Robinson , artistic director of the youth - oriented Twisting Yarn Theatre Company . Andy Rashleigh wrote the adaptation , which was directed by Keith Robinson . The premier / original cast contained only six actors -- Tony Hasnath ( Pi ) , Taresh Solanki ( Richard Parker ) , Melody Brown ( Mother ) , Conor Alexander ( Father ) , Sanjay Shalat ( Brother ) and Mark Pearce ( Uncle ) . The play was produced at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford , England , in 2003 . The company toured England and Ireland with the play in 2004 and 2007 . Keith Robinson also directed a second version of the play . He brought some of his company to work with students of the BA ( Hons ) Drama , Applied Theatre and Education Course at the Central School of Speech and Drama . The joint production was performed at the Minack Theatre , in Cornwall , England , in late June 2008 . It was well received by the press and community . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Life of Pi ' a surprise success story around the world Jump up ^ Gibbons , Fiachra ( 24 October 2002 ) . `` Top publishers rejected Booker winner '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi '' . Man Booker Prize . Archived from the original on 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Kipen , David ( 23 October 2002 ) . `` Canadian wins Booker Prize / ' Life of Pi ' is tale of a boy who floats across the ocean from India '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Nigel ( 30 September 2002 ) . `` Life of Pi wins Booker '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Reads 2003 '' . Canada Reads . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martel seeks quiet of Saskatoon '' . CBC News . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Pacific American Award for Literature ( APAAL ) 2001 -- 2003 '' . APAAL . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Martel , p. 14 Jump up ^ Martel , p. 69 Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi ( review ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Renton , Jennie . `` Yann Martel Interview '' . Textualities . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Martel , Yann ( 2001 ) . Life of Pi . New York : Knopf Canada . Jump up ^ Houser , Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The Life of Pi '' . The Christian Century . 120 ( 3 ) : 34 + . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of Pi ' Author Reveals to PBS ... org That The Inspiration For His Best - Selling Book And Now Hit Film Came From A Little Known Book About A Shipwrecked German Boy '' . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Martel , Yann ( 11 November 2002 ) . `` Conversation : Life of PI '' . PBS NewsHour ( Interview ) . Interview with Ray Suarez . PBS . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Yann ( 27 October 2002 ) . `` Triumph of a castaway adrift in the sea of his imagination '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Oldsaltblog.com Jump up ^ `` Yann Martel on tigers , cannibals and Edgar Alan Poe '' . Canongate Books . 14 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Martel , Yann . `` How Richard Parker Came to Get His Name '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From the Author -- Yann Martel -- Powell 's Books '' . Powells.com . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitgang , Herbert ( 11 July 1990 ) . `` Books of The Times ; Fleeing the Nazis With a Jaguar That May Be Real '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( 11 July 1990 ) . `` Tiger in a Lifeboat , Panther in a Lifeboat : A Furor Over a Novel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Veja.abril.com Jump up ^ Scliar , Moacyr ( 16 July 2006 ) . `` Writers & Company '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Eleanor Wachtel . CBC Radio 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review '' . Books in Canada . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Hollow at the core `` : Deconstructing Yann Martel 's Life of Pi Stratton Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne '' . Journals.hil.unb.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Foster , Phoebe Kate ( 4 September 2002 ) . `` Life of Pi : A Novel by Yann Martel '' . PopMatters . London . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bethune , Brian ( 13 April 2010 ) . `` The missing half of Yann Martel 's new novel : His plan for his long - awaited follow - up to ' Life of Pi ' did n't quite work out '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cockeram , Paul ( November 2010 ) . `` Life of Pi '' . Master Plots 4 edition : 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Reutter , Vicki ( 2004 ) . `` Martel , Yann . Life of Pi '' . School Library Journal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Gregory ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Feeding tiger , finding God : science , religion , and ' the better story ' in Life of Pi '' . 1 . 14 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean ( 2003 ) . `` Yann Martel . Lif eof Pi '' . The Review of Contemporary Fiction. 23 ( 1 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Krist , Gary ( 2002 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Taming the Tiger '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi author Martel hears from Obama '' . Saskatoon StarPhoenix . Winnipeg Free Press . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Life of Pi : The Illustrated Edition by Yann Martel and Tomislav Torjanac '' . The Sunday Times . UK . 15 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Martel , Yann ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` A brush with the art of Pi '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Illustrated Life of Pi '' . The Guardian . UK . 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Neil ( 15 March 2007 ) . `` Life Of Pi , Citizens ' Theatre , Glasgow '' . The Herald . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A remarkable journey from novel to stage '' . Yorkshire Post . 6 December 2004 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Production which goes for the jugular '' . This is Cornwall . Northcliffe Media . 18 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Busby , Brian ( 2003 ) . Character Parts : Who 's Really Who in CanLit . Toronto : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 676 - 97579 - 8 . Davies , Hugh ( September 2002 ) . `` £ 50,000 Booker winner ' stole idea from Brazilian author ' '' . London : Telegraph Group . Dwyer , June ( 2005 ) . `` Yann Martel 's Life of Pi and the Evolution of the Shipwreck Narrative '' . Modern Language Studies . 35 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 21 . JSTOR 30039823 . `` ' May Richard Parker be always at your side ' '' . The Guardian . UK . November 2002 . Fialkoff , Francine ( December 2002 ) . `` Too Sensitized to Plagiarism ? '' . Library Journal . McMurtrie , John ( October 2005 ) . `` French director swept away by ' Life of Pi ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Varughese , Samson ( February 2013 ) . `` Does `` The Life of Pi '' Prove the existence of God ? `` . TheMinistryRookie.com . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Life of Pi Jennie Renton Interview textualities.net `` Life is a story . You can choose your story . A story with God is the better story . '' Guardian Q&A Interview on Radio Praha The story behind the Illustrated Life of Pi Life of Pi reading group questions and global read - along Reviews The Guardian review by Justine Jordan Salon.com review by Suzy Hansen London Review of Books BBC News Entertainment Movie Review of Life Of Pi at Funbench.com Dan Schneider at Hack Writers Awards Preceded by True History of the Kelly Gang Man Booker Prize recipient 2002 Succeeded by Vernon God Little Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_of_Pi&oldid=822164300 '' Categories : 2001 Canadian novels 2000s fantasy novels 1977 in fiction Novels by Yann Martel Canadian fantasy novels Canadian magic realism novels Adventure novels Biographical novels Philosophical novels Novels about animals Novels set in India Canadian novels adapted into plays Castaways in fiction Fictional works set in the Pacific Ocean Tigers in popular culture Metafictional novels Books about spirituality Fiction with unreliable narrators Alfred A. 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what is the tigers name in life of pi

Richard Parker

Richard Parker

God Save the Queen - wikipedia God Save the Queen Jump to : navigation , search `` God Save the King '' redirects here . For other uses , see God Save the Queen ( disambiguation ) and God Save the King ( disambiguation ) . God Save the Queen Publication of an early version in The Gentleman 's Magazine , 15 October 1745 . The title , on the contents page , is given as `` God save our lord the king : A new song set for two voices '' . National or royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda ( royal ) Australia ( royal ) and its dependency of Norfolk Island ( national and royal ) The Bahamas ( royal ) Barbados ( royal ) Belize ( royal ) Canada ( royal ) Grenada ( royal ) Jamaica ( royal ) New Zealand ( national and royal ) and some of its dependencies ( Cook Islands and Niue ( royal ) and Tokelau ( national and royal ) ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( royal ) Mauritius ( royal ) 1968 - 1992 Solomon Islands ( royal ) Tuvalu ( royal ) United Kingdom ( national and royal ) , its Crown Dependencies and its overseas territories Also known as `` God Save the King '' ( when the monarch is male ) Music Unknown composer Adopted September 1745 Audio sample `` God Save the Queen '' file help `` God Save the Queen '' ( alternatively `` God Save the King '' , depending on the gender of the reigning monarch ) is the national or royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms , their territories , and the British Crown dependencies . The author of the tune is unknown , and it may originate in plainchant ; but an attribution to the composer John Bull is sometimes made . It is the national anthem of the United Kingdom and one of two national anthems used by New Zealand since 1977 , as well as for several of the UK 's territories that have their own additional local anthem . It is also the royal anthem -- played specifically in the presence of the monarch -- of all the aforementioned countries , as well as Australia ( since 1984 ) , Canada ( since 1980 ) , Barbados and Tuvalu . In countries not previously part of the British Empire , the tune of `` God Save the Queen '' has provided the basis for various patriotic songs , though still generally connected with royal ceremony . In the United States , the melody is used for the patriotic song `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' . The melody is also used for the national anthem of Liechtenstein , `` Oben am jungen Rhein '' . Beyond its first verse , which is consistent , `` God Save the Queen / King '' has many historic and extant versions . Since its first publication , different verses have been added and taken away and , even today , different publications include various selections of verses in various orders . In general , only one verse is sung . Sometimes two verses are sung , and on rare occasions , three . The sovereign and her or his spouse are saluted with the entire anthem , while other members of the Royal Family who are entitled to royal salute ( such as the Prince of Wales ) receive just the first six bars . The first six bars also form all or part of the Vice Regal Salute in some Commonwealth realms outside the UK ( e.g. , in Canada , governors general and lieutenant governors at official events are saluted with the first six bars of `` God Save the Queen '' followed by the first four and last four bars of `` O Canada '' ) , as well as the salute given to governors of British overseas territories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Original lyrics 2 Use in the United Kingdom 2.1 Lyrics in the UK 2.1. 1 Standard version in the United Kingdom 2.1. 2 Standard version of the music 2.1. 3 Alternative British versions 2.1. 3.1 William Hickson 's alternative version 2.1. 3.2 Official peace version 2.1. 4 Historic alternative verses 2.2 Performance in the UK 2.3 Other British anthems 3 Use in other Commonwealth countries 3.1 Australia 3.2 Canada 3.2. 1 Lyrics in Canada 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 Rhodesia 4 Use elsewhere 5 Musical adaptations 5.1 Classical composers 5.2 Rock adaptations 5.3 In popular culture 5.4 Computer music 6 Reception 6.1 Calls for a new national anthem / anthems 7 Notes 8 External links History ( edit ) In The Oxford Companion to Music , Percy Scholes points out the similarities to an early plainsong melody , although the rhythm is very distinctly that of a galliard , and he gives examples of several such dance tunes that bear a striking resemblance to `` God Save the King / Queen '' . Scholes quotes a keyboard piece by John Bull ( 1619 ) which has some similarities to the modern tune , depending on the placing of accidentals which at that time were unwritten in certain cases and left to the discretion of the player ( see musica ficta ) . He also points to several pieces by Henry Purcell , one of which includes the opening notes of the modern tune , setting the words `` God Save the King '' . Nineteenth - century scholars and commentators mention the widespread belief that an old Scots carol , `` Remember O Thou Man '' was the source of the tune . The first published version of what is almost the present tune appeared in 1744 in Thesaurus Musicus . The 1744 version of the song was popularised in Scotland and England the following year , with the landing of Charles Edward Stuart and was published in The Gentleman 's Magazine ( see illustration above ) . This manuscript has the tune depart from that which is used today at several points , one as early as the first bar , but is otherwise clearly a strong relative of the contemporary anthem . It was recorded as being sung in London theatres in 1745 , with , for example , Thomas Arne writing a setting of the tune for the Drury Lane Theatre . Scholes ' analysis includes mention of `` untenable '' and `` doubtful '' claims , as well as `` an American misattribution '' . Some of these are : The French Marquise de Créquy wrote in her Souvenirs that the words `` Grand Dieu , sauvez le Roi ! '' were indeed composed by Jean - Baptiste Lully in gratitude for the survival by Louis XIV of an anal fistula operation . ( The surgical knife purpose - made for the occasion is on display in the Musée d'histoire de la médecine . ) Allegedly , Lully had set words by Marie de Brinon to music , and Créquy claimed that the tune was later plagiarised by Handel , and so adopted by the British as `` un de leurs air nationaux '' . ( The entire story might have been intended as a joke . ) Translated into Latin under the title Domine , Salvum Fac Regem , it became the French anthem until 1792 . After the Battle of Culloden , the Hanover dynasty supposedly adopted this melody as the British anthem . James Oswald was a possible author of the Thesaurus Musicus , so may have played a part in the history of the song , but is not a strong enough candidate to be cited as the composer of the tune . Dr Henry Carey : Scholes refutes this attribution : first on the grounds that Carey himself never made such a claim ; second , when the claim was made by Carey 's son ( in 1795 ) , it was in support of a request for a pension from the British Government ; and third , the younger Carey claimed that his father , who died in 1743 , had written parts of the song in 1745 . It has also been claimed that the work was first publicly performed by Carey during a dinner in 1740 in honour of Admiral Edward `` Grog '' Vernon , who had captured the Spanish harbour of Porto Bello ( then in Gran Colombia , now in Panamá ) during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . Scholes recommends the attribution `` traditional '' or `` traditional ; earliest known version by John Bull ( 1562 -- 1628 ) '' . The English Hymnal ( musical editor Ralph Vaughan Williams ) gives no attribution , stating merely `` 17th or 18th cent . '' Original lyrics ( edit ) God save great George our king God save our noble king , God save the king ! Send him victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the king ! Use in the United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : National anthem of England The phrase `` God Save the King '' in use as a rallying cry to the support of the monarch and the UK 's forces `` God Save the Queen '' is the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Like many aspects of British constitutional life , its official status derives from custom and use , not from Royal Proclamation or Act of Parliament . In general only one or two verses are sung , but on rare occasions three . The variation in the UK of the lyrics to `` God Save the Queen '' is the oldest amongst those currently used , and forms the basis on which all other versions used throughout the Commonwealth are formed ; though , again , the words have varied throughout these years . England has no official national anthem of its own ; `` God Save the Queen '' is treated as the English national anthem when England is represented at sporting events ( though there are some exceptions to this rule , such as cricket where Jerusalem is used ) . There is a movement to establish an English national anthem , with Blake and Parry 's `` Jerusalem '' and Elgar 's `` Land of Hope and Glory '' among the top contenders . Scotland has its own national song and Wales has its own national anthem for political and national events and for use at international football , rugby union and other sports in which those nations compete independently . On all occasions Wales ' national anthem is `` Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau '' ( Land of my Fathers ) . Scotland has no single anthem ; `` Scotland the Brave '' was traditionally used until the 1990s , when `` Flower of Scotland '' was adopted . In Northern Ireland , `` God Save the Queen '' is still used as the official anthem . The phrase `` No surrender '' is occasionally sung in the bridge before `` Send her victorious '' by England football fans at matches . The phrase `` no surrender '' is also associated with Combat 18 , a white supremacist group . The phrase is also associated with Ulster loyalism and can sometimes be heard at the same point before Northern Ireland football matches . Since 2003 , `` God Save the Queen '' , considered an all inclusive Anthem for Great Britain and Northern Ireland , as well as other countries within the Commonwealth , has been dropped from the Commonwealth Games . Northern Irish athletes receive their gold medals to the tune of the `` Londonderry Air '' , popularly known as `` Danny Boy '' . In 2006 , English winners heard Elgar 's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 , usually known as `` Land of Hope and Glory '' , but after a poll conducted by the Commonwealth Games Council for England prior to the 2010 Games , `` Jerusalem '' was adopted as England 's new Commonwealth Games anthem . In sports in which the UK competes as one nation , most notably as Great Britain at the Olympics , `` God Save the Queen '' is used to represent anyone or any team that comes from the United Kingdom . Lyrics in the UK ( edit ) The Town Hall , Stratford - upon - Avon , Warwickshire ( built 1767 ) , bearing the painted slogan , `` God Save the King '' . The phrase `` God Save the King '' is much older than the song , appearing , for instance , several times in the King James Bible . A text based on the 1st Book of Kings Chapter 1 : verses 38 -- 40 , `` ... And all the people rejoic 'd , and said : God save the King ! Long live the King ! May the King live for ever , Amen '' , has been sung at every coronation since that of King Edgar in 973 . Scholes says that as early as 1545 `` God Save the King '' was a watchword of the Royal Navy , with the response being `` Long to reign over us '' . He also notes that the prayer read in churches on anniversaries of the Gunpowder Plot includes words which might have formed part of the basis for the second verse `` Scatter our enemies ... assuage their malice and confound their devices '' . In 1745 , The Gentleman 's Magazine published `` God save our lord the king : A new song set for two voices '' , describing it `` As sung at both Playhouses '' ( the Theatres Royal at Drury Lane and Covent Garden ) . Traditionally , the first performance was thought to have been in 1745 , when it was sung in support of King George II , after his defeat at the Battle of Prestonpans by the army of Charles Edward Stuart , son of James Francis Edward Stuart , the Jacobite claimant to the British throne . It is sometimes claimed that , ironically , the song was originally sung in support of the Jacobite cause : the word `` send '' in the line `` Send him victorious '' could imply that the king was absent . However , the Oxford English Dictionary cites examples of `` ( God ) send ( a person ) safe , victorious , etc . '' meaning `` God grant that he may be safe , etc . '' . There are also examples of early eighteenth century Jacobean drinking glasses which are inscribed with a version of the words and were apparently intended for drinking the health of King James II and VII . Scholes acknowledges these possibilities but argues that the same words were probably being used by both Jacobite and Hanoverian supporters and directed at their respective kings . In 1902 , the musician William Hayman Cummings , quoting mid-18th century correspondence between Charles Burney and Sir Joseph Banks , proposed that the words were based on a Latin verse composed for King James II at the Chapel Royal . O Deus optime Salvum nunc facito Regem nostrum Sic laeta victoria Comes et gloria Salvum iam facito Tu dominum . Standard version in the United Kingdom ( edit ) `` God Save the Queen '' ( standard version ) God save our gracious Queen ! Long live our noble Queen ! God save the Queen ! Send her victorious , Happy and glorious , Long to reign over us : God save the Queen ! O Lord our God arise , Scatter her enemies , And make them fall : Confound their politics , Frustrate their knavish tricks , On Thee our hopes we fix : God save us all . Thy choicest gifts in store , On her be pleased to pour ; Long may she reign : May she defend our laws , And ever give us cause , To sing with heart and voice , God save the Queen ! When the monarch of the time is male , `` Queen '' is replaced with `` King '' and all feminine pronouns ( in bold type ) are replaced with their masculine equivalents . There is no definitive version of the lyrics . However , the version consisting of the three verses reproduced in the box on the right hand side has the best claim to be regarded as the `` standard '' British version , appearing not only in the 1745 Gentleman 's Magazine , but also in publications such as The Book of English Songs : From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century ( 1851 ) , National Hymns : How They Are Written and How They Are Not Written ( 1861 ) , Household Book of Poetry ( 1882 ) , and Hymns Ancient and Modern , Revised Version ( 1982 ) . The same version with verse two omitted appears in publications including Scouting for Boys ( 1908 ) , and on the British Monarchy website . At the Queen 's Golden Jubilee Party at the Palace concert , Prince Charles referred in his speech to the `` politically incorrect second verse '' of the National Anthem . According to Alan Michie 's Rule , Britannia , which was published in 1952 , after the death of King George VI but before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , when the first General Assembly of the United Nations was held in London in January 1946 the King , in honour of the occasion , `` ordered the belligerent imperious second stanza of ' God Save the King ' to be rewritten to bring it more into the spirit of the brotherhood of nations . '' In the UK , the first verse is the only verse typically sung , even at official occasions , although the third verse is sung in addition on rare occasions such as during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics , and usually at the Last Night of the Proms . At the Closing Ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics , the fourth verse of the William Hickson alternative lyrics was sung instead of the third verse . Standard version of the music ( edit ) Play media `` God Save the Queen '' sung by the public at St Giles ' Fair , Oxford , 2007 The standard version of the melody and its key of G major are still those of the originally published version , although the start of the anthem is often signalled by an introductory timpani roll of two bars length . The bass line of the standard version differs little from the second voice part shown in the original , and there is a standard version in four - part harmony for choirs . The first three lines ( six bars of music ) are soft , ending with a short crescendo into `` Send her victorious '' , and then is another crescendo at `` over us : '' into the final words `` God save the Queen '' . In the early part of the 20th century there existed a Military Band version , usually played in march time , in the higher key of B ♭ , because it was easier for brass instruments to play in that key , though it had the disadvantage of being more difficult to sing : however now most Bands play it in the correct key of G . Since 1953 , the anthem is sometimes preceded by a fanfare composed by Gordon Jacob for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . Alternative British versions ( edit ) There have been several attempts to improve the song by rewriting the words . In the nineteenth century there was some lively debate about the national anthem and , even then , verse two was considered to be slightly offensive . Notably , the question arose over the phrase `` scatter her enemies . '' Some thought it placed better emphasis on the respective power of Parliament and the Crown to change `` her '' to `` our '' ; others pointed out that the theology was somewhat dubious and substituted `` thine '' instead . Sydney G.R. Coles wrote a completely new version , as did Canon F.K. Harford . In 1836 , William Edward Hickson wrote four alternative verses . The first , third , and fourth of these verses are appended to the National Anthem in the English Hymnal ( which only includes verses one and three of the original lyrics ) . William Hickson 's alternative version ( edit ) William Hickson 's alternative ( 1836 ) version includes the following verses , of which the first , third , and fourth have some currency as they are appended to the National Anthem in the English Hymnal . The fourth verse was sung after the traditional first verse at the Queen 's Golden Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving in 2002 and during the raising of the Union Flag during the closing ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympics . God bless our native land ! May Heav'n's protecting hand Still guard our shore : May peace her power extend , Foe be transformed to friend , And Britain 's rights depend On war no more . O Lord , our monarch bless With strength and righteousness : Long may she reign : Her heart inspire and move With wisdom from above ; And in a nation 's love Her throne maintain May just and righteous laws Uphold the public cause , And bless our Isle : Home of the brave and free , Thou land of Liberty , We pray that still on thee Kind Heav'n may smile . Not in this land alone , But be God 's mercies known From shore to shore : Lord make the nations see That men should brothers be , And form one family The wide world o'er Official peace version ( edit ) A less militaristic version of the song , titled `` Official peace version , 1919 '' , was first published in the hymn book Songs of Praise in 1925 . This was `` official '' in the sense that it was approved by the British Privy Council in 1919 . However , despite being reproduced in some other hymn books , it is largely unknown today . God save our gracious Queen ! Long live our noble Queen ! God save The Queen ! Send her victorious Happy and glorious Long to reign over us God save the Queen ! One realm of races four Blest more and ever more God save our land ! Home of the brave and free Set in the silver sea True nurse of chivalry God save our land ! Of many a race and birth From utmost ends of earth God save us all ! Bid strife and hatred cease Bid hope and joy increase Spread universal peace God save us all ! Historic alternative verses ( edit ) Around 1745 , anti-Jacobite sentiment was captured in a verse appended to the song , with a prayer for the success of Field Marshal George Wade 's army then assembling at Newcastle . These words attained some short - term use , although they did not appear in the published version in the October 1745 Gentleman 's Magazine . This verse was first documented as an occasional addition to the original anthem by Richard Clark in 1822 , and was also mentioned in a later article on the song , published by the Gentleman 's Magazine in October 1836 . Therein , it is presented as an `` additional verse ... though being of temporary application only ... stored in the memory of an old friend ... who was born in the very year 1745 , and was thus the associate of those who heard it first sung '' , the lyrics given being : Lord , grant that Marshal Wade , May by thy mighty aid , Victory bring . May he sedition hush , and like a torrent rush , Rebellious Scots to crush , God save the King . The 1836 article and other sources make it clear that this verse was not used soon after 1745 , and certainly before the song became accepted as the British national anthem in the 1780s and 1790s . It was included as an integral part of the song in the Oxford Book of Eighteenth Century Verse of 1926 , although erroneously referencing the `` fourth verse '' to the Gentleman 's Magazine article of 1745 . On the opposing side , Jacobite beliefs were demonstrated in an alternative verse used during the same period : God bless the prince , I pray , God bless the prince , I pray , Charlie I mean ; That Scotland we may see Freed from vile Presbyt'ry , Both George and his Feckie , Ever so , Amen . In May 1800 , following an attempt to assassinate King George III at London 's Drury Lane theatre , playwright Richard Sheridan immediately composed an additional verse , which was sung from the stage the same night : From every latent foe From the assassins blow God save the King O'er him Thine arm extend For Britain 's sake defend Our father , king , and friend God save the King ! Various other attempts were made during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to add verses to commemorate particular royal or national events . For example , according to Fitzroy Maclean , when Jacobite forces bypassed Wade 's force and reached Derby , but then retreated and when their garrison at Carlisle Castle surrendered to a second government army led by King George 's son , the Duke of Cumberland , another verse was added . Other short - lived verses were notably anti-French , such as the following , quoted in the book Handel by Edward J. Dent : From France and Pretender Great Britain defend her , Foes let them fall ; From foreign slavery , Priests and their knavery , And Popish Reverie , God save us all . However , none of these additional verses survived into the twentieth century . Updated `` full '' versions including additional verses have been published more recently , including the standard three verses , Hickson 's fourth verse , Sheridan 's verse and the Marshal Wade verse . Performance in the UK ( edit ) The style most commonly heard in official performances was proposed as the `` proper interpretation '' by King George V , who considered himself something of an expert ( in view of the number of times he had heard it ) . An Army Order was duly issued in 1933 , which laid down regulations for tempo , dynamics and orchestration . This included instructions such as that the opening `` six bars will be played quietly by the reed band with horns and basses in a single phrase . Cornets and side - drum are to be added at the little scale - passage leading into the second half of the tune , and the full brass enters for the last eight bars '' . The official tempo for the opening section is a metronome setting of 60 , with the second part played in a broader manner , at a metronome setting of 52 . In recent years the prescribed sombre - paced introduction is often played at a faster and livelier tempo . Until the latter part of the 20th century , theatre and concert goers were expected to stand while the anthem was played after the conclusion of a show . In cinemas this brought a tendency for audiences to rush out while the end credits played to avoid this formality . ( This can be seen in the 1972 Dad 's Army episode A Soldier 's Farewell . ) The anthem continues to be played at some traditional events such as Wimbledon , Royal Variety Performance , the Edinburgh Tattoo , Royal Ascot , Henley Royal Regatta and The Proms . The anthem was traditionally played at closedown on the BBC , and with the introduction of commercial television to the UK this practice was adopted by some ITV companies ( with the notable exception of Granada ) . BBC Two never played the anthem at closedown , and ITV dropped the practice in the late 1980s , but it continued on BBC One until the final closedown on 8 November 1997 ( thereafter BBC1 began to simulcast with BBC News after end of programmes ) . The tradition is carried on , however , by BBC Radio 4 , which plays the anthem each night as a transition piece between the end of the Radio Four broadcasting and the move to BBC World Service . Radio 4 and Radio 2 also play the National Anthem at 0700 and 0800 on the actual and official birthdays of the Queen and the birthdays of senior members of the Royal Family . The UK 's national anthem usually prefaces The Queen 's Christmas Message ( although in 2007 it appeared at the end , taken from a recording of the 1957 television broadcast ) , and important royal announcements , such as of royal deaths , when it is played in a slower , sombre arrangement . Other British anthems ( edit ) Frequently , when an anthem is needed for one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom -- at an international sporting event , for instance -- an alternative song is used : England generally uses `` God Save the Queen '' , but `` Jerusalem '' , `` Rule , Britannia ! '' and `` Land of Hope and Glory '' have also been used . At international test cricket matches , England has , since 2004 , used `` Jerusalem '' as the anthem . At international rugby league matches , England uses `` God Save the Queen '' and also `` Jerusalem '' . At international rugby union and football matches , England uses `` God Save the Queen '' . At the Commonwealth Games , Team England uses `` Jerusalem '' as their victory anthem . Scotland uses `` Flower of Scotland '' as their anthem for most sporting occasions . Wales uses Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau ( `` Land of My Fathers '' ) for governmental ceremonies and sporting occasions . At official occasions , especially those with royal connections , `` God Save the Queen '' is also played . Northern Ireland uses `` God Save the Queen '' as its national anthem . Northern Ireland also uses `` Londonderry Air '' as its victory anthem at the Commonwealth Games . However , many Irish nationalists feel unrepresented by the unionist anthem and seek an alternative . At international rugby union matches , where Northern Irish players compete alongside those from the Republic of Ireland as part of an All - Ireland team , `` Ireland 's Call '' is used . The British and Irish Lions rugby union tour used the song `` The Power of Four '' , but this anthem was especially designed for the 2005 tour and was used only then . In April 2007 there was an early day motion , number 1319 , to the British Parliament to propose that there should be a separate England anthem : `` That this House ... believes that all English sporting associations should adopt an appropriate song that English sportsmen and women , and the English public , would favour when competing as England '' . An amendment ( EDM 1319A3 ) was proposed by Evan Harris that the song `` should have a bit more oomph than God Save The Queen and should also not involve God . '' For more information see also : National anthem of England National anthem of Scotland Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Londonderry Air Use in other Commonwealth countries ( edit ) `` God Save the King / Queen '' was exported around the world via the expansion of the British Empire , serving as each country 's national anthem . Throughout the Empire 's evolution into the Commonwealth of Nations , the song declined in use in most states which became independent . In some countries it remains as one of the official national anthems , such as in New Zealand , or as an official royal anthem , as is the case in Australia , Canada , Jamaica , and Tuvalu , to be played during formal ceremonies involving national royalty or vice-royalty . Australia ( edit ) Further information : Australian royal symbols § Verbal and musical symbols In Australia , the song has standing through a Royal Proclamation issued by Governor - General Sir Ninian Stephen on 19 April 1984 . It declared `` God Save the Queen '' to be the Royal Anthem and that it is to be played when the Australian monarch or a member of the Royal Family is present , though not exclusively in such circumstances . The same proclamation made `` Advance Australia Fair '' the national anthem and the basis for the `` Vice-Regal Salute '' ( the first four and last two bars of the anthem ) . Prior to 1984 , `` God Save the Queen '' was the national anthem of Australia . Canada ( edit ) Further information : Canadian royal symbols § Verbal and musical symbols , and Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada By convention , `` God Save the Queen '' is the Royal Anthem of Canada . It is sometimes played or sung together with the national anthem , `` O Canada '' , at private and public events organised by groups such as the Government of Canada , the Royal Canadian Legion , police services , and loyal groups . The governor general and provincial lieutenant governors are accorded the `` Viceregal Salute '' , comprising the first three lines of `` God Save the Queen '' , followed by the first and last lines of `` O Canada '' . `` God Save the Queen '' has been sung in Canada since the late 1700s and by the mid 20th century was , along with `` O Canada '' , one of the country 's two de facto national anthems , the first and last verses of the standard British version being used . By - laws and practices governing the use of either song during public events in municipalities varied ; in Toronto , `` God Save the Queen '' was employed , while in Montreal it was `` O Canada '' . Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson in 1964 said one song would have to be chosen as the country 's national anthem and , three years later , he advised Governor General Georges Vanier to appoint the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the National and Royal Anthems . Within two months , on 12 April 1967 , the committee presented its conclusion that `` God Save the Queen '' , whose music and lyrics were found to be in the public domain , should be designated as the Royal Anthem of Canada and `` O Canada '' as the national anthem , one verse from each , in both official languages , to be adopted by parliament . The group was then charged with establishing official lyrics for each song ; for `` God Save the Queen '' , the English words were those inherited from the United Kingdom and the French words were taken from those that had been adopted in 1952 for the coronation of Elizabeth II . When the bill pronouncing `` O Canada '' as the national anthem was put through parliament , the joint committee 's earlier recommendations regarding `` God Save the Queen '' were not included . The Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces regulates that `` God Save the Queen '' be played as a salute to the monarch and other members of the Canadian Royal Family , though it may also be used as a hymn , or prayer . The words are not to be sung when the song is played as a military royal salute and is abbreviated to the first three lines while arms are being presented . Elizabeth II stipulated that the arrangement in G major by Lieutenant Colonel Basil H. Brown be used in Canada . The authorised version to be played by pipe bands is Mallorca . Lyrics in Canada ( edit ) The first verse of `` God Save the Queen '' has been translated into French , as shown below : Dieu protège la reine Notre gracieuse reine ! Vive la reine ! Qu'un règne glorieux Long et victorieux , Rende son peuple heureux . Vive la reine ! There is a special Canadian verse in English which was once commonly sung in addition to the two standing verses : Our loved Dominion bless With peace and happiness From shore to shore ; And let our Empire be Loyal , united , free , True to herself and Thee For evermore . New Zealand ( edit ) `` God Save the Queen '' was the sole official national anthem until 1977 when `` God Defend New Zealand '' was added as a second . `` God Save the Queen '' is now most often only played when the sovereign , governor - general or other member of the Royal Family is present , or on some occasions such as Anzac Day . In New Zealand , the second more militaristic verse is sometimes replaced with Hickson 's verse `` Nor in this land alone ... '' ( often sung as `` Not in this land alone '' ) , otherwise known as a `` Commonwealth verse '' . Rhodesia ( edit ) When Rhodesia issued its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the UK on 11 November 1965 , it did so while still maintaining loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II as the Rhodesian head of state , despite the non-recognition of the Rhodesian government by the United Kingdom and the United Nations ; `` God Save the Queen '' therefore remained the Rhodesian national anthem . This was supposed to demonstrate the continued allegiance of the Rhodesian people to the monarch , but the retention in Rhodesia of a song so associated with the UK while the two countries were at loggerheads regarding its constitutional status caused Rhodesian state occasions to have `` a faintly ironic tone '' , in the words of The Times . Nevertheless , `` God Save the Queen '' remained Rhodesia 's national anthem until March 1970 , when the country formally declared itself a republic . `` Rise , O Voices of Rhodesia '' was adopted in its stead in 1974 and remained in use until the country returned to British control in December 1979 . Since the internationally recognised independence of the Republic of Zimbabwe in April 1980 , `` God Save the Queen '' has had no official status there . Use elsewhere ( edit ) `` God Save the King '' was one of the first songs to successfully be used as a national anthem , only the Dutch Het Wilhelmus ( ~ 1568 ) is older . ( The Spanish La Marcha Real is older as well , but took longer to become popular . Japan 's anthem Kimigayo has lyrics which are older still , but a more recent melody ) . Its success prompted a number of other countries to pen similar anthems to help construct a concrete national identity - many of which used the same tune : The Imperial anthem of Germany , Heil dir im Siegerkranz ( originally the royal anthem of Prussia since 1795 ) , used the melody of `` God Save the King '' . In addition , several German states used the tune , including Bavaria ( Heil unserm König , Heil ! - Hail to our King , Hail ! ) , Saxony ( Gott segne Sachsenland - God bless Saxony ) and Liechtenstein , which did not join the German Empire ( see below ) . During the reign of Otto of Greece , the Bavarian royal anthem also served as the Greek anthem . The anthem of the Kingdom of Hanover , Heil dir , Hannover , used the melody of `` God Save the King '' . Hanover was in personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain and subsequently the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1837 . The national anthem of Imperial Russia from 1816 to 1833 was Molitva russkikh ( `` The Prayer of Russians '' ) , which used the melody of `` God Save the King '' and lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky . In Switzerland ( Rufst Du , mein Vaterland or Ô monts indépendants , until 1961 ) . `` God Save the King '' was used as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Hawaii before 1860 E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua , from 1860 to 1886 the national anthem of Hawaii , was set to the same melody . The royal and national anthem of the Kingdom of Siam `` Chomrat Chongcharoen '' used the melody of `` God Save the King '' from 1852 to 1871 in the reign of Rama IV and Rama V before adoption of `` Sansoen Phra Barami '' in 1888 The American patriotic hymn `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , the lyrics of which were written by Samuel Francis Smith in 1831 . The song is often quoted -- alongside `` Hail , Columbia '' -- as a de facto national anthem for the United States , before the de jure adoption of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' in 1931 . Norway 's royal anthem Kongesangen uses the melody . The Swedish royal anthem Bevare Gud vår kung between 1805 and 1880 , used the melody . Liechtenstein 's anthem Oben am jungen Rhein uses the same melody . In consequence , the tune was played twice before a Euro 2004 qualifying match between England and Liechtenstein ; and again before the Euro 96 qualifier between Northern Ireland and Liechtenstein . ( When England plays Northern Ireland , the tune is only played once ) . Iceland 's de facto national anthem in the 19th century was Íslands minni ( `` To Iceland '' , better known as Eldgamla Ísafold ) , a poem by Bjarni Thorarensen set to the melody of `` God Save the King '' . This lasted until the current national anthem was adopted , first by popular consent and later by law . The tune remains a popular one in Iceland and many different texts -- serious , satirical and comical -- have been set to it . The melody is also used as a hymn tune by Christian churches in various countries , including by the United Methodists of the southern United States , Mexico , and Latin America , among other denominations . `` Glory to God on High '' is frequently sung to the tune , as is `` Since I Have My Retreat '' in the Protestant Church of Korea , and the Dutch hymn `` Eeuwig en machtig Heer '' . The Ren & Stimpy Show uses a parody version of the tune for the anthem of the `` Royal Canadian Kilted Yaksmen '' . Musical adaptations ( edit ) Classical composers ( edit ) About 140 composers have used the tune in their compositions , including Beethoven , Haydn , Brahms , Clementi , J.C. Bach , Liszt , Britten , Carl Maria von Weber , Niccolò Paganini , Johann Strauss I , and Edward Elgar . Ludwig van Beethoven composed a set of seven piano variations in the key of C major to the theme of `` God Save the King '' , catalogued as WoO. 78 ( 1802 -- 1803 ) . He also quotes it in his orchestral work Wellington 's Victory . Muzio Clementi used the theme to `` God Save the King '' in his Symphony No. 3 in G major , often called the `` Great National Symphony '' , catalogued as WoO. 34 . Clementi paid a high tribute to his adopted homeland ( the United Kingdom ) where he grew up and stayed most of his lifetime . He based the Symphony ( about 1816 -- 1824 ) on `` God Save the King '' , which is hinted at earlier in the work , not least in the second movement , and announced by the trombones in the finale . Symphony No. 3 `` Great National Symphony '' in en sol majeur / G - dur / G major / sol maggiore 1 . Andante sostenuto -- Allegro con brio 2 . Andante un poco mosso 3 . Minuetto . Allegretto 4 . Finale . Vivace Johann Christian Bach composed a set of variations on `` God Save the King '' for the finale to his sixth keyboard concerto ( Op. 1 ) written c. 1763 . Joseph Haydn was impressed by the use of `` God Save the King '' as a national anthem during his visit to London in 1794 , and on his return to Austria composed `` Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser '' ( `` God Save Emperor Francis '' ) for the birthday of the last Holy Roman Emperor and Roman - German King , Francis II . It became the anthem of the Austrian Empire after the end of the Holy Roman Empire with revised lyrics , its tune ultimately being used for the German national anthem . The tune of `` God Save the King '' was adopted for the Prussian royal anthem `` Heil Dir im Siegerkranz '' . Franz Liszt wrote a piano paraphrase on the anthem ( S. 259 in the official catalogue , c. 1841 ) . Johann Strauss I quoted `` God Save the Queen '' in full at the end of his waltz Huldigung der Königin Victoria von Grossbritannien ( Homage to Queen Victoria of Great Britain ) Op. 103 , where he also quoted Rule , Britannia ! in full at the beginning of the piece . Siegfried August Mahlmann in the early 19th century wrote alternate lyrics to adapt the hymn for the Kingdom of Saxony , as `` Gott segne Sachsenland '' ( `` God Bless Saxony '' ) . Heinrich Marschner used the anthem in his `` Grande Ouverture solenne '' , op. 78 ( 1842 ) . Gaetano Donizetti used this anthem in his opera `` Roberto Devereux '' . Joachim Raff used this anthem in his Jubelouverture , Opus 103 ( 1864 ) dedicated to Adolf , Herzog von Nassau , on the 25th anniversary of his reign . Gioachino Rossini used this anthem in the last scene of his `` Il viaggio a Reims '' , when all the characters , coming from many different European countries , sing a song which recalls their own homeland . Lord Sidney , bass , sings `` Della real pianta '' on the notes of `` God Save the King '' . Samuel Ramey used to interpolate a spectacular virtuoso cadenza at the end of the song . Fernando Sor used the anthem in his 12 Studies , Op. 6 : No. 10 in C Major in the section marked ' Maestoso . ' Arthur Sullivan quotes the anthem at the end of his ballet Victoria and Merrie England . Claude Debussy opens with a brief introduction of `` God Save the King '' in one of his Preludes , Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq . P.P.M.P.C. . The piece draws its inspiration from the main character of the Charles Dickens novel The Pickwick Papers . Niccolò Paganini wrote a set of highly virtuosic variations on `` God Save the King '' as his Opus 9 . Max Reger wrote Variations and Fugue on ' Heil dir im Siegerkranz ' ( God Save the King ) for organ in 1901 after the death of Queen Victoria . It does not have an opus number . A week before the Coronation Ode was due to be premiered at the June 1902 `` Coronation Gala Concert '' at Covent Garden ( it was cancelled , owing to the King 's illness ) , Sir Edward Elgar introduced an arrangement of `` Land of Hope and Glory '' as a solo song performed by Clara Butt at a `` Coronation Concert '' at the Albert Hall . Novello seized upon the prevailing patriotism and requested that Elgar arrange the National Anthem as an appropriate opening for a concert performed in front of the Court and numerous British and foreign dignitaries . This version for orchestra and chorus , which is enlivened by use of a cappella and marcato effects , was also performed at the opening of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on St. George 's Day , 1924 , and recorded under the composer 's Baton in 1928 , with the LSO and the Philharmonic Choir . Elgar also used the first verse of the Anthem as the climax of a short `` Civic Procession and Anthem '' , written to accompany the mayoral procession at the opening of the Hereford Music Festival on 4 September 1927 . This premiere performance was recorded , and is today available on CD ; the score was lost following the festival , and Elgar resorted to reconstructing it by ear from the recording . Carl Maria von Weber uses the `` God Save the King '' theme at the end of his `` Jubel Overture '' Giuseppe Verdi included `` God Save the Queen '' in his `` Inno delle nazioni '' ( Hymn of the Nations ) , composed for the London 1862 International Exhibition . Benjamin Britten arranged `` God Save the Queen '' in 1961 for the Leeds Festival . This version has been programmed several times at the Last Night of the Proms . Charles Ives wrote Variations on `` America '' for organ in 1891 at age seventeen . It included a polytonal section in three simultaneous keys , though this was omitted from performances at his father 's request , because `` it made the boys laugh out loud '' . Ives was fond of the rapid pedal line in the final variation , which he said was `` almost as much fun as playing baseball '' . The piece was not published until 1949 ; the final version includes an introduction , seven variations and a polytonal interlude . The piece was adapted for orchestra in 1963 by William Schuman . This version became popular during the bicentennial celebrations , and is often heard at pops concerts . Muthuswami Dikshitar ( 1776 -- 1835 ) , one of the musical trinity in South Indian classical ( Carnatic ) music composed some Sanskrit pieces set to Western tunes . These are in the raga Sankarabharanam and are referred to as `` nottu swaras '' . Among these , the composition `` Santatam Pahimam Sangita Shyamale '' is set to the tune of `` God Save the Queen '' . Sigismond Thalberg ( 1812 - 1871 ) , Swiss composer and one of the most famous virtuoso pianists of the 19th century , wrote a fantasia on `` God Save the Queen '' . Johan Nepomuk Hummel ( 1778 - 1837 ) wrote the Variations from God Save the King in D major , op . 10 and quoted the tune briefly in his Freudenfest - Ouverture in D major S 148 Adrien - François Servais ( 1807 -- 66 ) and Joseph Ghys ( 1801 -- 48 ) wrote Variations brillantes et concertantes sur l'air `` God Save the King '' , op . 38 , for violin and cello and performed it in London and St Petersburg . Georges Onslow ( 1784 - 1853 ) used the tune in his String Quartet No. 7 in G Minor , op. 9 , second movement . Rock adaptations ( edit ) The British rock band Family sampled `` God Save the Queen '' at the end of their 1968 debut album , Music in a Doll 's House , following the final track , `` 3 x Time '' . The Beatles performed an impromptu version of `` God Save the Queen '' during their 30 January 1969 rooftop concert , atop the Apple building . They had also whistled the melody of the song on their first fan club Christmas record in 1963 . Jimi Hendrix of The Jimi Hendrix Experience played an impromptu version of `` God Save the Queen '' to open his set at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 . Just before walking onto the stage , he can be seen ( on the DVD ) and heard to ask `` How does it go again ? '' in reference to said UK national anthem . He may have been able to simply hear it mimicked by voice and then perform it , though the same melody was ( and is ) widely known in the United States to the lyrics `` My country , ' tis of thee '' . Hendrix gave the same sort of distortion and improvisation of `` God Save the Queen '' , as he had done with `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' at the Woodstock Festival , 1969 . Gentle Giant performed a version -- titled The Queen -- on their 1970 eponymous debut album . The rock band Queen recorded an instrumental version of `` God Save the Queen '' on their 1975 album A Night at the Opera . It was arranged by guitarist Brian May and features his distinctive layers of overdubbed electric guitars . A tape of this version would be played at the end of almost every concert , with Freddie Mercury walking around the stage wearing a crown and a cloak on their Magic Tour in 1986 . The song was played whilst all the Queen members would take their bows . On 3 June 2002 , during the Queen 's Golden Jubilee , Brian May performed the anthem on his Red Special electric guitar for Party at the Palace , performing from the roof of Buckingham Palace , and features on the 30th Anniversary DVD edition of A Night at the Opera . `` God Save the Queen '' Song by Queen from the album A Night at the Opera Released Recorded 1975 at Sarm East Studios Length 1 : 15 Label EMI , Parlophone ( Europe ) Elektra , Hollywood ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Brian May Producer ( s ) Queen , Roy Thomas Baker A Night at the Opera track listing 12 tracks Side one `` Death on Two Legs ( Dedicated to ... ) '' `` Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon '' `` I 'm in Love with My Car '' `` You 're My Best Friend '' `` ' 39 '' `` Sweet Lady '' `` Seaside Rendezvous '' Side two `` The Prophet 's Song '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Good Company '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` God Save the Queen '' In 1977 , the Sex Pistols recorded a song titled `` God Save the Queen '' in open reference to the National Anthem and the Queen 's Silver Jubilee celebrations that year , with the song intending to stand for sympathy for the working class and resentment of the monarchy . They were banned from many venues , censored by mainstream media , and reached number 2 on the official U.K. singles charts and number 1 on the NME chart . A version of `` God Save the Queen '' by Madness features the melody of the song played on kazoos . It was included on the compilation album The Business -- the Definitive Singles Collection . Composer Steve Ouimette recorded a rock version as downloadable content for the video game Guitar Hero 5 . Canadian rocker Neil Young recorded a rock version of `` God Save the Queen '' , merged with `` America ( My Country ' Tis of Thee ) '' , for his 2012 Americana album with Crazy Horse . In popular Culture ( edit ) The title is Dog Save the Queen , from T.U.F.F. Puppy In Team Fortress 2 , one of the Sniper 's quotes is the same title as the anthem . This is in reference to New Zealand ( the Sniper 's birthplace ) being a former British colony . Computer music ( edit ) The anthem was the first piece of music played on a computer , and the first computer music to be recorded . Musical notes were first generated by a computer programmed by Alan Turing at the Computing Machine Laboratory of the University of Manchester in 1948 . The first music proper , a performance of the National Anthem was programmed by Christopher Strachey on the Mark II Manchester Electronic Computer at same venue , in 1951 . Later that year , short extracts of three pieces , the first being the National Anthem , were recorded there by a BBC outside broadcasting unit : the other pieces being `` Ba Ba Black Sheep , and `` In the Mood '' . Researchers at the University of Canterbury , Christchurch restored the acetate master disc in 2016 and the results may be heard on Soundcloud . Reception ( edit ) The philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham praised `` God Save the King '' in 1796 : `` the melody recommending itself by beauty to the most polished ears , and by its simplicity to the rudest ear . A song of this complexion , implanted by the habit of half a century in the mass of popular sentiment , can not be refused a place in the inventory of the national blessings . '' Ludwig van Beethoven wrote `` I have to show the English a little of what a blessing ' God Save the King ' is '' . Alex Marshall , the British author of Republic or Death ! : Travels in Search of National Anthems , called the anthem `` ludicrous '' . Calls for a New national anthem / anthems ( edit ) There have been calls within the UK for a new national anthem , whether it be for the United Kingdom itself , Britain and / or England ( which all currently use God Save the Queen ) . There are many reasons people cite for wishing for a new national anthem , such as : from a non-religious standpoint ( most people in the UK appear to no longer be religious ) , claims of God Save the Queen being long outdated and irrelevant in the 21st century , rejection of odes to promoting war and rejection of praising the monarchy from a republican perspective . A further reason is that England has no anthem of its own for sporting contests and the like , whereas Scotland , Northern Ireland , and Wales do ; Flower of Scotland , Londonderry Air , and Land of My Fathers fill this niche ( the former two on an unofficial basis ) , while England tends to use God Save the Queen exclusively and also unofficially . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem '' . The official website of The British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Man '' . nationalanthems.info . Archived from the original on 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Kevin S. ( 2008 ) , A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p . I , ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom - God Save the Queen '' . NationalAnthems.me . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ cf . the versions in the hymn books English Hymnal , Hymns Ancient and Modern , and Songs of Praise Jump up ^ `` Thatcher funeral : Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II , Prince Philip arrive '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Scholes , Percy A . The Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Sousa , John Philip ( 1890 ) . National , Patriotic , and Typical Airs of All Lands . ( Remember O Thou Man ) is the air on the ground of which God Save the King Is sometimes claimed for Scotland . It is in two strains of 8 bars each and has the rhythm and melody of the modern tune in the first and third bars of the second strain . But it is in minor . Jump up ^ Pinkerton , John ( 1830 ) . The Literary Correspondence of John Pinkerton , Esq . Remember O thou man is unquestionably the root of God save the King Jump up ^ `` Souvenirs de la Marquise de Créquy , chap. 4 '' . Penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Devlieger. , Michiel ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` De Laatste Show '' ( in Dutch ) . VRT ( Flemish National Television ) . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ See the sheet music available online : `` Domine Salvum Fac Regem '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Dearmer , Percy ; Vaughan Williams , Ralph ( 1906 ) . The English Hymnal with Tunes . Oxford University Press . p. 724 . Hymn No. 560 `` National Anthem '' Jump up ^ Dimont , Charles . `` God Save the Queen : the History of the National Anthem '' . historytoday . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National anthems & national songs '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Les Back ; Tim Crabbe ; John Solomos ( 1 November 2001 ) . The Changing Face of Football : Racism , Identity and Multiculture in the English Game . Berg Publishers . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85973 - 478 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Marina Hyde ( 29 March 2013 ) . `` Race issues ( News ) , FA ( Football Association ) , England football team , Rio Ferdinand , John Terry , Football , Sport , UK news '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Anthem 4 England -- At the 2010 Commonwealth games Blake and Parry 's Jerusalem was used by the England team Land of Hope and Glory Archived 7 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel x . 24 ; 2 Samuel xvi. 16 and 2 Kings xi. 12 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Coronation Service '' , Westminster Abbey website , London , U.K. : Dean and Chapter of Westminster , 2009 , retrieved 20 August 2009 , Meanwhile the choir sings the anthem Zadok the Priest , the words of which ( from the first Book of Kings ) have been sung at every coronation since King Edgar 's in 973 . Since the coronation of George II in 1727 the setting by Handel has always been used . Jump up ^ Wood , William ( 1919 ) . Flag and Fleet : How the British Navy Won the Freedom of the Seas . Macmillan . Jump up ^ `` The Watchword in the Night shall be , ' God save King Henrye ! ' The other shall answer , ' Long to raign over Us ! ' Jump up ^ The Gentleman 's Magazine Vol. 15 , October 1745 , p. 552 ^ Jump up to : Scholes p. 412 Jump up ^ God Save the King , William H. Cummings , Novello and Company Ltd , London 1902 Jump up ^ Mackay , Charles ( 1851 ) . The Book of English Songs : From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century . p. 203 . Jump up ^ White , Richard Grant ( 1861 ) . National Hymns : How They are Written and how They are Not Written . Rudd & Carleton . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1882 ) . Household Book of Poetry . p. 384 . Jump up ^ Hymns Ancient and Modern , Revised Version . SCM - Canterbury Press Ltd. 1982 . p. 504 . ISBN 0 - 907547 - 06 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baden - Powell , Robert ( 1908 ) . Scouting for Boys . p. 341 . Jump up ^ Official versions published by Kneller Hall Royal Military School of Music Jump up ^ Jeffrey Richards ( 2002 ) . Imperialism And Music : Britain 1876 - 1953 . Manchester University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0719045061 . Jump up ^ Richards p. 91 Jump up ^ Dearmer , Percy ; Vaughan Williams , Ralph ( 1925 ) . Songs of Praise . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Forgotten National Anthem Sung at Halesowen Service '' . Black Country Bugle. 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Source describes it as an `` unusual and little known version of the national anthem ... taken from the order of service for the blessing of Halesowen 's borough charter ... on Sunday , 20 September 1936 . '' Jump up ^ Clark , Richard ( 1822 ) . An Account of the National Anthem Entitled God Save the King ! . London . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jeffrey ( 2002 ) . Imperialism and Music : Britain 1876 to 1953 . Manchester University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4506 - 1 . `` A fourth verse was briefly in vogue at the time of the rebellion , but was rapidly abandoned thereafter : God grant that Marshal Wade ... etc '' Jump up ^ `` The history of God Save the King '' : The Gentleman 's Magazine , Vol 6 ( new series ) , 1836 , p. 373 . `` There is an additional verse ... though being of temporary application only , it was but short - lived ... ( but ) ... it was stored in the memory of an old friend of my own ... ' Oh ! grant that Marshal Wade ... etc . ' Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Book of Eighteenth Century Verse '' . Questia.com . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Groom , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Union Jack : the Story of the British Flag . Atlantic Books . Appendix . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 336 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The horrid assassin Is Hatfield , attempting to shoot the king in Drury Lane theatre - on the 15th of May , 1800 '' . British Museum . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Franklin L. ( 1985 ) . Political Murder : From Tyrannicide to Terrorism . Harvard University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 68636 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Fitzroy ( 1989 ) . Bonnie Prince Charlie . Canongate Books Ltd . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 568 - 3 . Note that the verse he quotes appears to have a line missing . Jump up ^ See : etext 9089 at project Gutenberg and p35 at FullTextArchive.com Jump up ^ Richards p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` God Save the Queen - lyrics '' . London : The Telegraph . 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Should Welsh Olympics 2012 stars sing God Save the Queen anthem ? '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Percy A Scholes : Oxford Companion to Music , Tenth Edition , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Radio 4 keeps flying the flag '' . London : The Guardian . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Time , and the Green and Pleasant Land '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Britannia History -- Rule Britannia ! Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Sing Jerusalem for England ! BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Hubert Parry : The Composer -- Icons of England Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Home nations fans ' back England ' BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2010 : England stars discuss Jerusalem BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Flower of Scotland The Herald ( 13 July 1990 ) Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Land of My Fathers v La Marseillaise : Clash of rugby 's greatest anthems The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Tara Magdalinski , Timothy Chandler ( 2002 ) With God on Their Side : Sport in the Service of Religion p. 24 . Routledge , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Poll : Should God Save the Queen be dropped for Northern Ireland sports events - and what could replace it ? - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk '' . BelfastTelegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sing when you 're winning BBC Sport Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Information Management Services . Early day Motion 1319 '' . Edmi.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Buckingham Palace to the Governor - General of New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . -- Royal assent that the two songs should have equal status Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette ; No . S 142 ; 19 April 1984 Jump up ^ `` National Anthem '' . Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > Royal anthem `` God Save the Queen '' `` . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ MacLeod 2008 , pp. 54 , I ^ Jump up to : Kallmann , Helmut , `` The Canadian Encyclopedia '' , in Marsh , James Harley , Encyclopedia of Music in Canada > Musical Genres > National and royal anthems , Toronto : Historica Foundation of Canada , archived from the original on 10 October 2011 , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia . `` History of the Lieutenant Governor > Royal Salute > Royal Salute ( Formerly known as the Vice-Regal Salute ) '' . Queen 's Printer for Nova Scotia . Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoiberg , Dale ( ed . ) , `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' , O Canada , Toronto : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , retrieved 25 June 2010 Jump up ^ Citizenship and Immigration Canada ( 2009 ) . Discover Canada ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 100 - 12739 - 2 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Alberta Police and Peace Officers ' Memorial Day 2009 Order of Service , Queen 's Printer for Alberta , 27 September 2009 access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Department of Canadian Heritage . `` Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The National Flag of Canada '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Legion Dominion Command ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` National Remembrance Day Ceremony '' . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs . `` Canada Remembers > Partnering Opportunities > Community Engagement Partnership Fund > Nova Scotia > Community Engagement Partnership Fund : Nova Scotia '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Remembrance Day ( PDF ) , Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation , 11 November 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 July 2011 , retrieved 5 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Honours and Salutes '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bélanger , Claude . `` The Quebec History Encyclopedia '' . In Marianopolis College . National Anthem of Canada . Montreal : Marianopolis College . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Canadian Heritage . `` National Anthem : O Canada > Parliamentary Action '' . Queen 's Printer for Canada . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Department of National Defence ( 1 April 1999 ) , The Honours , Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces ( PDF ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 503 , A-AD - 200 - 000 / AG - 000 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 , retrieved 30 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Hymne royal '' Dieu protège la Reine `` at Government of Canada website '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Max Cryer . `` Hear Our Voices , We Entreat -- The Extraordinary Story of New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Exisle Publishing . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Protocol for using New Zealand 's National Anthems '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood , J.R.T. ( April 2008 ) . A matter of weeks rather than months : The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith : Sanctions , Aborted Settlements and War 1965 -- 1969 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 1 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 4807 - 2 . Jump up ^ Buch , Esteban ( May 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . Beethoven 's Ninth : A Political History . Trans . Miller , Richard . Chicago , Illinois : University Of Chicago Press . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Buch , Esteban ( May 2004 ) ( 1999 ) . Beethoven 's Ninth : A Political History . Trans . Miller , Richard . Chicago , Illinois : University Of Chicago Press . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 07824 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fisher , J.L. ( 2010 ) . Pioneers , settlers , aliens , exiles : the decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe . Canberra : ANU E Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921666 - 14 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe athlete sings own anthem '' . London : BBC . 19 July 2004 . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bale , Tim . European Politics : A Comparative Introduction . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 330 . ISBN 9781137105868 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Anthems museum '' Archived 2 October 2010 at Archive - It Jump up ^ Daisy ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . A history of Icelandic literature . University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln . pp. 262 , 518 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Granville Bantock ( 1913 ) . Sixty Patriotic Songs of All Nations . Ditson . p. xv . Jump up ^ `` His Music : Orchestral Arrangements and Transcriptions '' . Elgar . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jerrold Northrop Moore , Edward Elgar , a Creative Life , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Britten - The National Anthem '' . Boosey.com. 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bederova , Julia ( 2002 ) . Kremerata Baltica : `` Happy Birthday '' ( Media notes ) . New York : Nonesuch Records . 7559 - 79657 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cross , Craig ( 2004 ) Beatles-Discography.com : Day - By - Day Song - By - Song Record - By - Record p. 212 . iUniverse , 2004 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Jerry ( 1998 ) The Jimi Hendrix experience p. 290 . Arcade Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ For the first time ever ... Queen : Ten great hits from the sensational rock band Mail Online Retrieved 11 March 2011 Jump up ^ A Night at the Opera , 30th Anniversary CD / DVD Allmusic Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ God Save the Queen Ultimate Queen Retrieved 26 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Fred Vermorel , Judy Vermorel ( 1987 ) Sex Pistols : the inside story p. 83 . Omnibus Press . Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Chart Stats -- The Sex Pistols -- God Save The Queen Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ Ska Revival Albums : Bad Manners Albums , Madness ( Band ) Albums , the Beat Albums , the Members Albums , the Specials Albums , the Toasters Albums . General Books , 2010 Jump up ^ Guitar Hero National Anthems Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Steve Ouimette.com Retrieved 26 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` First recording of computer - generated music -- created by Alan Turing -- restored '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring the first recording of computer music - Sound and vision blog '' . British Library . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . Quinn , Michael , ed . Writings on the Poor Laws , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0199242321 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Nicholas ( 2013 ) . Political Beethoven , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00589 - 1 ( p. 151 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , Alex ( 2015 ) . Republic or Death ! : Travels in Search of National Anthems . London : Random House . p. 314 . ISBN 9781847947413 . Jump up ^ Why some people do n't sing the national anthem . BBC NEWS . Published 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ More than half in UK are non-religious , suggests survey . BBC NEWS . Published 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Corbyn was right not to sing ' God Save the Queen ' . It 's rubbish . The Telegraph . Published 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Time to ditch God Save The Queen . The Guardian . Auhthor - Peter Tatchell . Published 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Do we need a new National Anthem ? Republic . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : God Save the Queen Wikimedia Commons has media related to God Save the Queen . National Anthem at the Royal Family website Streaming audio , lyrics and information about God Save the Queen Department of Canadian Heritage -- Royal anthem page God Save Great George our King : -- article discussing different versions of the lyrics Free sheet music of God Save the Queen from Cantorion.org A Point of View : Is it time for a new British national anthem ? BBC NEWS . Published 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . National anthems of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Territories , dependencies , other areas United Kingdom Constituent countries England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales British Overseas Territories Gibraltar Crown dependencies Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Counties Cornwall Lincolnshire Yorkshire Russia Adygea Arkhangelsk Oblast Bashkortostan Chechen Republic Chuvashia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay -- Cherkessia Republic of Karelia Khanty -- Mansi Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic Mari El Mordovia Moscow City Nenets Autonomous Okrug North Ossetia - 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when did god save the queen became the national anthem

in the 1780s and 1790s

15 October 1745

Workweek and weekend - wikipedia Workweek and weekend Jump to : navigation , search `` Weekend '' redirects here . For other uses , see Weekend ( disambiguation ) . See also : Working time This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In some countries , markets are held on weekends . Pictured is the Chanfu Bridge market in China . The workweek and weekend are those complementary parts of the week devoted to labour and rest , respectively . The legal working week ( British English ) , or workweek ( American English ) , is the part of the seven - day week devoted to labour . In most of the Western world , it is Monday to Friday ; the weekend is Saturday and Sunday . A weekday or workday is any day of the working week . Other institutions often follow the pattern , such as places of education . In some Christian traditions , Sunday is the `` day of rest and worship '' . Jewish Shabbat or Biblical Sabbath lasts from sunset on Friday to the fall of full darkness on Saturday ; as a result , the weekend in Israel is observed on Friday -- Saturday . Some Muslim - majority countries historically had a Thursday -- Friday or Friday -- Saturday weekend ; however , recently many such countries have shifted from Thursday -- Friday to Friday -- Saturday , or to Saturday -- Sunday . The Christian Sabbath was just one day each week , but the preceding day ( the Jewish Sabbath ) came to be taken as a holiday as well in the twentieth century . This shift has been accompanied by a reduction in the total number of hours worked per week , following changes in employer expectations . The present - day concept of the ' week - end ' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early part of nineteenth century and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off from 2pm in agreement that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning . The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Union was the first to successfully demand a five - day work week in 1929 . Most countries have adopted a two - day weekend , however , the days of the weekend differ according to religious tradition , i.e. either Thursday -- Friday , Friday -- Saturday , or Saturday -- Sunday , with the previous evening post-work often considered part of the weekend . Proposals have continued to be put forward for further reductions in the number of days or hours worked per week , on the basis of predicted social and economic benefits . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Length 3 Around the world 3.1 Australia 3.2 Brazil 3.3 Chile 3.4 China 3.4. 1 Hong Kong 3.5 Colombia 3.6 European Union members 3.6. 1 Austria 3.6. 2 Belgium 3.6. 3 Bulgaria 3.6. 4 Croatia 3.6. 5 Czech Republic 3.6. 6 Denmark 3.6. 7 Estonia 3.6. 8 Finland 3.6. 9 France 3.6. 10 Greece 3.6. 11 Hungary 3.6. 12 Ireland 3.6. 13 Italy 3.6. 14 Latvia 3.6. 15 Luxembourg 3.6. 16 Netherlands 3.6. 17 Poland 3.6. 18 Portugal 3.6. 19 Romania 3.6. 20 Slovakia 3.6. 21 Spain 3.6. 22 Sweden 3.6. 23 United Kingdom 3.7 Belarus 3.8 India 3.9 Muslim countries 3.9. 1 Thursday -- Friday weekend 3.9. 2 Friday weekend ( One day weekend ) 3.9. 3 Friday -- Saturday weekend 3.9. 4 Saturday -- Sunday weekend 3.9. 5 Non-contiguous working week 3.10 Israel 3.11 Japan 3.12 Mexico 3.13 Mongolia 3.14 Nepal 3.15 New Zealand 3.16 Russia 3.16. 1 Soviet Union 3.17 Singapore 3.18 South Africa 3.19 Thailand 3.20 United States 3.21 Vietnam 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Part of a series on Organised labour Labour movement ( show ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labour rights ( hide ) Child labour Eight - hour day Five - day work week Annual leave Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( show ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labour parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli New Zealand Norwegian List of Labour parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2013 ) A continuous seven - day cycle that runs throughout history paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon , having a fixed day of rest , was probably first practiced in Judaism , dated to the 6th century BC at the latest . In Ancient Rome , every eight days there was a nundinae . It was a market day , during which children were exempted from school and plebs ceased from work in the field and came to the city to sell the produce of their labor or practice religious rites. . The French Revolutionary Calendar had ten - day weeks ( called décades ) and allowed décadi , one out of the ten days , as a leisure day . In cultures with a four - day week , the three Sabbaths derives from the culture 's main religious tradition : Friday ( Muslim ) , Saturday ( Jewish ) , and Sunday ( Christian ) . The present - day concept of the relatively longer ' week - end ' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early part of nineteenth century and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off from 2pm in agreement that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning . The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term weekend to the British magazine Notes and Queries in 1879 . In 1908 , the first five - day workweek in the United States was instituted by a New England cotton mill so that Jewish workers would not have to work on the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday . In 1926 , Henry Ford began shutting down his automotive factories for all of Saturday and Sunday . In 1929 , the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Union was the first union to demand a five - day workweek and receive it . After that , the rest of the United States slowly followed , but it was not until 1940 , when a provision of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act mandating a maximum 40 - hour workweek went into effect , that the two - day weekend was adopted nationwide . Over the succeeding decades , particularly in the 1940s , 1950s , and 1960s , an increasing number of countries adopted either a Friday -- Saturday or Saturday -- Sunday weekend to harmonize with international markets . A series of workweek reforms in the mid-to - late 2000s and early 2010s brought much of the Arab World in synchronization with the majority of countries around the world , in terms of working hours , the length of the workweek , and the days of the weekend . The International Labour Organization ( ILO ) currently defines a workweek exceeding 48 hours as excessive . A 2007 study by the ILO found that at least 614.2 million people around the world were working excessive hours . Length ( edit ) This day planner chart ( which can be used for any months ) shows the workweek days as white boxes and the weekend days as light blue - coloured boxes . Actual workweek lengths have been falling in the developed world . Every reduction of the length of the workweek has been accompanied by an increase in real per - capita income . In the United States , the workweek length reduced slowly from before the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century . A rapid reduction took place from 1900 to 1920 , especially between 1913 and 1919 , when weekly hours fell by about eight percent . In 1926 , Henry Ford standardized on a five - day workweek , instead of the prevalent six days , without reducing employees ' pay . Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week during the 1920s , and during the Great Depression fell below 40 . During the Depression , President Herbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs . Later , President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which established a five - day , 40 - hour workweek for many workers . The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen , and the full - time employment of women has increased dramatically . The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21 - hour standard workweek to address problems with unemployment , high carbon emissions , low well - being , entrenched inequalities , overworking , family care , and the general lack of free time . The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits . Around the world ( edit ) ( Countries listed alphabetically . Some countries have Saturday a normal school day . Some countries appear under the subsections for Muslim countries and the European Union . ) Nation Typical Hours per Week Working week Typical hours worked ( Maximum per day ) Afghanistan 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Albania 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Algeria 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Angola 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Argentina 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Armenia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Azerbaijan 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Austria 38.5 Monday -- Friday 7.7 Australia 38 Monday -- Friday 7.6 Bahrain 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 ( 6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees ) Bangladesh 40 Government offices and Banks : Sunday - Thursday Else : Saturday - Thursday 8 Benin 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Belarus 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Belgium 38 Monday -- Friday 7.6 Brazil 44 Monday -- Friday 8.5 Brunei Darussalam 40 Monday -- Thursday and Saturday 8 Burundi 50 Monday -- Friday 10 Bulgaria 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Canada 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Cameroon 50 Monday -- Friday 10 Chile 45 Monday -- Friday 9 China 42 Monday -- Friday 8 Croatia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Colombia 48 Monday -- Friday / Monday -- Saturday 8 Costa Rica 48 Monday -- Friday 8 Czech Republic 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Denmark 37 Monday -- Friday 7.4 Djibouti 40 Saturday -- Thursday 6.7 Dominican Republic 40 Monday - Friday 8 Egypt 40 ( 30 during Ramadan ) Sunday -- Thursday 8 ( 6 during Ramadan ) Ethiopia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Estonia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Equatorial Guinea 48 Monday -- Saturday 8 Finland 38 Monday -- Friday 8 France 35 Monday -- Friday 7 Gabon 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Gambia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Germany 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Ghana 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Greece 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Hungary 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Hong Kong 40 - 48 Monday -- Saturday 8 ( many people work on Saturday either a half - day or full - day ) India 45 - 60 Government offices and IT industry : Monday - Friday Else : Monday -- Saturday Sometimes : Monday 9 ( including 1 hour lunch break ) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays . So often it is Monday - Saturday . Indonesia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 , many people work a 6 - day week with 7 - hour days . Iran 44 Saturday - Thursday / Saturday - Wednesday 7.36 , and 6 hours Thursdays Iraq 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Ireland 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Israel 43 Sunday -- Thursday 8.6 . Some people have a partial six - day workweek , with work 8 hours a day from Sunday to Thursday and Friday being a half - day . The workweek was reduced to 42 hours in July 2017 . Italy 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Côte d'Ivoire 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Japan 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Jordan 45 Sunday -- Thursday 9 Kazakhstan 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Kuwait 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Kenya 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Lao People 's Democratic Republic 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Latvia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Lebanon 40 Monday - Friday 8 , Most of the people have a six - day workweek , with Saturday as a partial workday . Lesotho 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Libya 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Lithuania 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Madagascar 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Maldives 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Malawi 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Mali 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Malta 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Mauritania 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Malaysia 40 Sunday -- Thursday ( Johor , Kedah , Kelantan , and Terengganu ) Monday -- Friday ( Except : Johor , Kedah , Kelantan , and Terengganu ) 8 Mexico 48 Monday -- Saturday 8 Mongolia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Morocco 44 Monday -- Friday 8 Mozambique 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Nepal 48 Sunday -- Friday 7 ( 5 on Friday and 6 in Winter ) The Netherlands 40 Monday -- Friday 8 New Zealand 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Nigeria 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Norway 37.5 Monday -- Friday 7.5 Oman 40 ( 30 during Ramadan ) Sunday -- Thursday 8 ( 6 during Ramadan ) Pakistan 45 & 54 Monday -- Friday 9 ( including 1 hour lunch break ) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays . So often it is Monday - Saturday . Palestine 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Philippines 40 Monday -- Friday 9 ( including 1 hour lunch break ) Poland 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Portugal 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Qatar 40 ( 25 During Ramadan ) Sunday -- Thursday 8 ( 5 during Ramadan ) ( Line staff work 48 hours of the week , Saturday - Thursday ) Romania 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Russia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Rwanda 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Saudi Arabia 40 ( 30 during Ramadan ) Sunday -- Thursday 8 ( 6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees ) Senegal 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Singapore 44 Monday -- Friday 9 Slovakia ( Slovak Republic ) 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Spain 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Sri Lanka 40 Monday -- Friday 8 South Africa 45 Monday -- Friday 9 South Korea 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Sudan 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Suriname 39.5 Monday -- Friday 8 ; Monday -- Thursday 7 : 00 -- 15 : 00 / Friday 7 : 00 -- 14.30 Swaziland 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Sweden 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Switzerland 42 Monday -- Friday 8.4 Syria 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Seychelles 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Taiwan 40 Monday -- Friday 8 ; The Labor Standards Act stipulates that a worker shall have one mandatory day off and one flexible rest day in every seven days . See One fixed day off and one flexible rest day policy . Tanzania 40 Monday -- Friday 9 Togo 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Thailand 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Trinidad and Tobago 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Tunisia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Turkey 45 Monday -- Friday 9 Ukraine 40 Monday -- Friday 8 United Arab Emirates 40 - 45 ( 30 during Ramadan ) Sunday -- Thursday ( since September 2006 ) 8 to 9 ( regular hours minus 2 hours during Ramadan for all employees ) United Kingdom 40 Monday -- Friday 8 United States 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Uganda 48 Monday -- Saturday 8 Vietnam 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Yemen 40 Sunday -- Thursday 8 Congo , Democratic Republic of 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Zambia 40 Monday -- Friday 8 Zimbabwe 40 Monday -- Friday 8 ; Most people work half a day on Saturday Australia ( edit ) In Australia the working week begins on Monday and terminates on Friday . An eight - hour working day is the norm . Working three weekdays a fortnight , for example , would therefore be approximately twenty - four hours ( including or excluding traditional breaks tallying up to two hours ) . Some people work overtime with extra pay on offer for those that do , especially for weekend work . Shops open seven days a week in most states with opening hours from 9am to 5.30 pm on weekdays , with some states having two `` late night trading '' nights on Thursday and Friday , when trading ceases at 9pm . Many supermarkets and low end department stores remain open until midnight and some trade 24 / 7 . Restaurants and cinemas can open at all hours , save for some public holidays . Bars generally trade seven days a week but there are local municipal restrictions concerning trading hours . Banks trade on Monday to Friday , with some branches opening on Saturdays ( and in some cases Sundays ) in high demand areas . The Post Office ( Australia Post ) trades Monday to Friday as per retail shops but some retail post offices may trade on Saturdays and Sundays in some shopping centres . A notable exception to the above is South Australia whereby retail establishments are restricted to trading between the hours of 11am - 5pm on Sundays . Brazil ( edit ) As a general rule , Brazil adopts a 44 - hour working week , which typically begins on Monday and ends on Friday , with a Saturday - Sunday weekend . Brazilian Law , however , also allows for shorter Monday - to - Friday working hours so employees can work on Saturdays or Sundays , as long as the weekly 44 - hour limit is respected and the employee gets at least one weekend day . This is usually the case for malls , supermarkets and shops . The law also grants labor unions the right to negotiate different work weeks , within certain limits , which then become binding for that union 's labor category . Overtime is allowed , limited to two extra hours a day , with an increase in pay . Chile ( edit ) The working week in Chile averages 45 hours , most often worked on a Monday - Friday schedule , but is not uncommon to work on Saturdays . Retail businesses mostly operate Monday through Saturday , with larger establishments being open seven days a week . China ( edit ) In China , there is a five - day Monday - Friday working week , prior to which work on Saturday was standard . China began the two - day Saturday -- Sunday weekend on May 1 , 1995 . Most government employees work 5 days a week ( including officials and industrial management ) . Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturdays as well . However , most shops , museums , cinemas and commercial establishments open on Saturdays , Sundays and holidays . Banks are also open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays . During the period of public holidays , swapped holidays are common between the actual holiday and weekend , so a three - day or seven - day holiday periods are created . The nearby Saturday or Sunday may be changed to a normal working day . For example , on a three - day holiday period , if the actual holiday falls on a Tuesday , Monday will be swapped as a holiday , and citizens are required to work on the previous Saturday . A number of provinces and municipalities across China , including Hebei , Jiangxi and Chongqing , have issued new policies , calling on companies to create 2.5 - day weekends . Under the plan , government institutions , state - owned companies , joint - ventures and privately held companies are to be given incentives to allow their workers to take off at noon on Friday before coming back to the office on Monday . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , a typical working week for local enterprises begins on Monday and ends at 1pm on Saturday , although most employees have alternate Saturdays off . After the introduction of the five - day working week for the majority of government departments in 2006 , most multinational enterprises and large local companies followed suit , extended the working day from 9am to 6pm so as to adopt a five - day work week . Despite the aforementioned official hours , many employees work overtime , and in the case of the financial industry in particular , working 12 - hour days on a chronic basis is not uncommon . Most commercial establishments in the retail sector such as restaurants , shops and cinemas , as well as public venues such as museums and libraries are open on Saturdays , Sundays and most public holidays . For schools , lessons are not normally held on Saturdays , but students may be required to go school on Saturdays for extra-curricular activities or make - up classes . Colombia ( edit ) In general , Colombia has a 48 - hour working week . Depending on the business , people work five days for max 8 hours per day , typically Monday to Friday , or six days for eight hours a day , Monday to Saturday . European Union members ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2009 ) In Europe , the standard full - time working week begins on Monday and ends on Saturday . Most retail shops are open for business on Saturday . In Ireland , Italy , Finland , Sweden , the Netherlands and the former socialist states of Europe , large shopping centres open on Sunday . In European countries such as Germany , there are laws regulating shop hours . With exceptions , shops must be closed on Sundays and from midnight until the early morning hours of every day . Austria ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday 8 hours per day . Shops are open on Saturday . By law , almost no shop is open on Sunday . However , exceptions have been made , for example for bakeries , petrol stations and shops at railway stations , especially in the largest cities ( Vienna , Graz , Salzburg , Linz ) . Belgium ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday . Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 38 hours per week ( on average , annualised ) . Bulgaria ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday , eight hours per day , forty hours per week . Most pharmacies , shops , bars , cafés , and restaurants will operate on Saturdays and Sundays . Croatia ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday , seven and a half hours per day ( + 30 minutes lunch break ) , 37.5 hours per week ( or 40 hours per week if lunch breaks are included as working hours ) . Most pharmacies , shops , bars , cafés , and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , full - time employment is usually Monday to Friday , eight hours per day and forty hours per week . Many shops and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday , but employees still usually work forty hours per week . Denmark ( edit ) Denmark has an official 37 - hour working week , with primary work hours between 6 : 00 and 18 : 00 , Monday to Friday . In public institutions , a 30 - minute lunch break every day is included as per collective agreements , so that the actual required working time is 34.5 hours . In private companies , the 30 - minute lunch break is normally not included . The workday is usually 7.5 hours Monday to Thursday and 7 hours on Friday . Some small shops are closed Monday . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday . Usually a working week is forty hours . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday . A full - time job is defined by law as being at least 32 and at most forty hours per week . In retail and restaurant occupations , among others , the weekly hours may be calculated as an average over three to ten weeks , depending on the employment contract . Banks and bureaus are closed on weekends . Most shops are open on Saturdays , while some are closed on Sundays . France ( edit ) The standard working week is Monday to Friday . Shops are also open on Saturday . Small shops may close on a weekday ( generally Monday ) to compensate workers for having worked on Saturday . By law , préfets may authorise a small number of specific shops to open on Sunday such as bars , cafés , restaurants , and bakeries , which are traditionally open every day but only during the morning on Sunday . Workers are not obliged to work on Sunday . School children have traditionally taken Wednesday off , or had only a half day , making up the time either with longer days for the rest of the week or sometimes a half day on Saturday . This practice was made much less common under new legislation rolled out over 2013 -- 14 . Greece ( edit ) The standard working week is Monday to Friday . State jobs are from 07 : 00 until 15 : 00 . Shops are open generally Mondays - Wednesdays from 09 : 30 -- 15 : 00 and then from 17 : 30 -- 21 : 00 and Tuesday - Thursday - Fridays 09 : 30 - 21 : 00 . Saturdays generally 09 : 00 - 15 : 00 . It is very rare for a shop to open on Sunday . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday . Full - time employment is usually considered forty hours per week . For office workers , the work day usually begins between 8 and 9 o'clock and ends between 16 : 00 and 18 : 00 , depending on the contract and lunch time agreements . The forty - hour workweek of public servants includes lunch time . Their work schedule typically consists of 8.5 hours between Monday and Thursday ( from 8 : 00 to 16 : 30 ) and 6 hours on Fridays ( 8 : 00 -- 14 : 00 ) . Ireland ( edit ) Ireland has a working week from Monday to Friday , with core working hours from 09 : 00 to 17 : 30 . Retail stores are usually open until 21 : 00 every Thursday . Many grocery stores , especially in urban areas , are open until 21 : 00 or later , and some supermarkets and convenience stores may open around the clock . Shops are generally open all day Saturday and a shorter day Sunday ( usually 10 : 00 -- 12 : 00 to 17 : 00 -- 19 : 00 ) . Italy ( edit ) In Italy the 40 - hour rule applies : Monday to Friday , 09 : 00 to 18 : 00 , with a one - hour break for lunch . Sunday is always a holiday ; Saturday is seldom a work day at most companies and universities , but it is generally a regular day for elementary , middle , and high schools . In the past , shops had a break from 13 : 00 to 16 : 00 and they were generally open until 19 : 00 / 20 : 00 . Working times for shops have been changed recently and now are at the owner 's discretion ; malls are generally open Tuesday to Sunday 09 : 00 to 20 : 00 , 15 : 00 to 20 : 00 on Monday , with no lunchtime closing . Latvia ( edit ) Latvia has a Monday to Friday working week capped at forty hours . Shops are mostly open on weekends , many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday . Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9 : 00 to 18 : 00 , however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day , ending at 17 : 00 . Luxembourg ( edit ) The standard working week in Luxembourg is 40 hours per week with 8 hours per day . Monday through Friday is the standard working week , though many shops and businesses open on Saturdays ( though for somewhat restricted hours ) . Trading on Sundays is extremely restricted and generally limited to grocery stores opening on Sunday mornings . However , shops are allowed to open in Luxembourg City during the first Sunday of the month , as well as in Luxembourg City and other larger towns on weekends towards the end of the year ( Christmas shopping season ) . A few shopping malls located in the north of the country and in border towns ( e.g. KNAUF , MASSEN and Pall Center Pommerloch ) are also allowed to open almost every day of the year . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , the standard working week is Monday to Friday ( 40 hours ) . Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays . Coffeeshops have different opening times in every city ; for instance , Leiden 's coffeeshops are only open from 17 : 00 until 23 : 00 . Poland ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday ; many small shops are closed on Sunday . SINCE 11 March 2018 all Malls and shops are close on Sunday trading is banned . Under the new rules , trading will be banned on two Sundays a month . The ban will be stepped up to three Sundays a month in 2019 , while in 2020 trading will be prohibited on all Sundays except seven , including those in the run - up to Christmas and Easter . March 11 will be the first Sunday on which trading is banned . Bakeries , confectioners , petrol stations , florists , post offices , train stations and airports will be exempt from the ban . Owners will be able to open their shops as long as they serve customers themselves . Anyone infringing the new rules faces a fine of up to PLN 100,000 ( EUR 23,900 ; USD 29,250 ) . Repeat offenders may face a prison sentence Portugal ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Street shops are almost always open on Saturday mornings but shopping centres are typically open every day ( including Saturdays and Sundays ) . Romania ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Shops are open on Saturday and Sunday . The weekend begins on Friday , and ends on Monday . Slovakia ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday ; many small shops are closed on Sunday . All shops are closed on public holidays . Spain ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . The traditional opening hours are 9 : 00 to 13 : 00 -- 14 : 00 and then 15 : 00 -- 16 : 00 to 18 : 00 for most offices and workplaces . Most shops are open on Saturday mornings and many of the larger shopping malls are open all day Saturday and in some cities like Madrid , they are open most Sundays . Some restaurants , bars , and shops are closed Mondays , as Mondays are commonly a slow business day . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the standard working week is Monday to Friday , both for offices and industry workers . The standard workday is eight hours , although it may vary greatly between different fields and businesses . Most office workers have flexible working hours and can largely decide themselves on how to divide these over the week . The working week is regulated by Arbetstidslagen ( Work time law ) to a maximum of 40 hours per week . The 40 - hour - week is however easily bypassed by overtime . The law allows a maximum of 200 hours overtime per year . There is however no overseeing government agency ; the law is often cited as toothless . Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays , supermarkets and shopping centres , so that employees there have to work . Traditionally , restaurants were closed on Mondays if they were opened during the weekend , but this has in recent years largely fallen out of practice . Many museums do however still remain closed on Mondays . United kingdom ( edit ) The traditional business working week is from Monday to Friday ( 35 to 40 hours depending on contract ) . In retail , and other fields such as healthcare , days off might be taken on any day of the week . Employers can make their employees work every day of a week , although the employer is required to allow each employee breaks of either a continuous period of 24 hours every week or a continuous period of 48 hours every two weeks . Laws for shop opening hours differ between Scotland and the rest of the UK . In England , Wales , and Northern Ireland , many shops and services are open on Saturdays and increasingly so on Sundays as well . In England and Wales , stores ' maximum Sunday opening hours vary according to the total floor space of the store . In Scotland , however , there is no restriction in law on shop opening hours on a Sunday . Under the EU Working Time Directive , workers can not be forced to work for more than 48 hours per week on average . However , the UK allows individuals to opt out if they so choose . Individuals can choose to opt in again after opting out , even if opting out was part of their employment contract . It is illegal to dismiss them or treat them unfairly for so doing -- but they may be required to give up to 3 months notice to give the employer time to prepare , depending on what their employment contract says . The minimum holiday entitlement is now 28 days per year , but that can include public holidays , depending on the employee 's contract . England & Wales have eight , Scotland has nine , and Northern Ireland has ten permanent public holidays each year . The 28 days holiday entitlement means that if the government creates a one - off public holiday in a given year , it is not necessarily a day off and it does not add 1 day to employees ' holiday entitlement -- unless the employer says otherwise , which some do . Belarus ( edit ) The working week is Monday to Friday . Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week ( on average , annualised ) . India ( edit ) The standard working week in India for most office jobs begins on Monday and ends on Saturday . The work schedule is 60 hours per week , Sunday being a rest day . However , most government offices and the software industry follow a five - day workweek . All major industries along with services like transport , hospitality , healthcare etc. work in shifts . Central government offices follow a five - day week . State governments follow half - day working on the first , third , and fifth Saturdays of each month and rest on the second and fourth Saturdays , except West Bengal 's government which follows a Monday -- Friday workweek . There is usually no half working day in the private sector and people work in two or three shifts of 8hours each . Generally establishments other than those having pure desk jobs are open until late evening in most cities , offering more flexibility of time to visitors . Most stores are open for six or seven days a week . Retail shops in malls are open on all days . Doctors are mostly available in morning and evening in their clinics and at hospitals during the day . Doctors usually work twelve hour days , six - days a week . Senior doctors and surgeons work more . Most visiting doctors attached to hospitals visit on all days . Many services are open till 8 : 00 pm or 9 : 00 pm . Most restaurants are open on all days . Small eateries open early and bigger ones open around 11 : 00 am . Most eateries close between 9 : 00 pm and 11 : 00 pm . Many highway restaurants called dhabas are open for 24 hours a day . Dhabas are available in large numbers on all major state and national highways ; outside city or village limits . Some highway fuel stations are open for 24 hours . Overall India works longer hours in most areas than most of the world and offers more flexibility of time for visitors . Muslim countries ( edit ) Thursday -- Friday weekend ( edit ) Friday is the Muslim holiday when Jumu'ah prayers take place . Most of the Middle Eastern countries and some other predominantly Muslim countries used to consider Thursday and Friday as their weekend . However , this weekend arrangement is no longer observed ( see below ) . Friday weekend ( one day weekend ) ( edit ) Three countries in the Muslim world have Friday as the only weekend day and have a six - day working week . In Iran , Thursday is half a day of work for most public offices and all schools are closed , but for most jobs , Thursday is a working day . In Djibouti , many offices also tend to open early -- around 7 : 00 or 8 : 00 , then closing at 13 : 00 or 14 : 00 , especially during the summer due to the afternoon heat . Friday -- Saturday weekend ( edit ) Following reforms in a number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf in the 2000s and 2010s , the Thursday -- Friday weekend was replaced by the Friday -- Saturday weekend . This change provided for the Muslim offering of Friday prayers and afforded more work days to coincide with the working calendars of international financial markets . Algeria ( 2009 ) Afghanistan ( 2015 ) Bahrain ( 2006 ) Bangladesh Egypt Iraq ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Jordan ( Week of January 8 , 2000 ) Kuwait ( 2007 ) Libya ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Malaysia ( only in the states of Johor , Kelantan , Terengganu , and Kedah ) Maldives ( 2013 ) Oman ( 2013 ) Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia ( 2013 ) Sudan ( 2008 ) Syria ( 2005 -- 2006 ) United Arab Emirates ( 2006 ) Yemen ( 2013 ) Saturday -- Sunday weekend ( edit ) Other countries with Muslim - majority populations or significant Muslim populations follow the Saturday -- Sunday weekend , such as Indonesia , Lebanon ( where it is officially unclear whether the population is majority - Muslim or majority - Christian , and in the event large segments of the population are not observant in either religion ) , Turkey , Tunisia and Morocco . While Friday is a working day , a long midday break is given to allow time for worship . Indonesia On Friday , due to prayer time for Muslims , the lunch break is extended up to 2 hours or more . Shopping malls are always open and very crowded on Saturday and Sunday . Thus , some banks offer weekend banking services , especially for branches located in or near shopping malls . Lebanon The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Some institutions , however , also work 4 hours on Saturdays . Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday ; many small shops close on Sunday . Malaysia ( Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur , Labuan and Putrajaya , Selangor , Perak , Penang , Perlis , Sarawak , Sabah , Pahang , Malacca , Negeri Sembilan except the states of Johor , Kelantan , Terengganu and Kedah , which have a Friday -- Saturday weekend ) Mauritania ( 2014 ) Morocco The working week is Monday to Friday , 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Pakistan follows the standard international 40 - hour working week , from Monday to Friday , with Saturday and Sunday being the weekend . However , in many schools and enterprises , Friday is usually considered a half - day . Senegal The working week is Monday to Friday , with a large break on Friday afternoon . Tunisia The working week is Monday to Friday ; 8 hours per day , 40 hours in total per week . Turkey Working above 45 hours is considered overtime , and the employer is required to pay 1.5 x the hourly wage per hour . Non-contiguous working week ( edit ) Brunei Darussalam has a non-contiguous working week , consisting of Monday to Thursday plus Saturday . The days of rest are Friday ( for Jumu'ah prayers ) and Sunday . Some non-government companies in Brunei adopted the working week of Monday to Friday , while the weekend starts on Saturday until Sunday . Depending on the company rules , employees may be required to work half - day on Saturday . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , the standard workweek is 43 hours as prescribed by law . The typical workweek is five days , Sunday to Thursday , with 8.6 hours a day as the standard , with anything beyond that considered overtime . A minority of jobs operate on a partial six - day Sunday - Friday workweek , with 8 hours of work per day for the first five days and three hours on Friday as the standard hours before overtime . A six - day workweek with Friday as a partial workday used to be the standard in Israel . Many Israelis work overtime hours , with a maximum of 12 overtime hours a week permitted by law . Most offices and businesses run on a five - day week , though many stores , post offices , banks , and schools are open and public transportation runs six days a week . Almost all businesses are closed during Saturday , and most public services except for emergency services , including almost all public transport , are unavailable on Saturdays . However , some shops , restaurants , cafes , places of entertainment , and factories are open on Saturdays , and a few bus and share taxi lines are active . Employees who work Saturdays , particularly service industry workers , public sector workers , and pilots , are compensated with alternative days off . In 2014 , the average workweek was 45.8 hours for men and 37.1 hours for women . Japan ( edit ) The standard business office working week in Japan begins on Monday and ends on Friday , 40 hours per week . This system became common between 1980 and 2000 . Before then , most workers in Japan worked full - time from Monday to Friday and a half day on Saturday , 45 -- 48 hours per week . Public schools and facilities ( excluding city offices ) are generally open on Saturdays for half a day . Mexico ( edit ) Mexico has a 48 - hour work week ( 8 hours × 6 days ) , it is a custom in most industries and trades to work half day on Saturday . Most public employees work Monday to Friday as well in some office companies . Shops and retailers open on Saturday and Sunday in most large cities . Mongolia ( edit ) Mongolia has a Monday to Friday working week , with a normal maximum time of 40 hours . Most shops are also open on weekends , many large retail chains having full opening hours even on Sunday . Private enterprises conduct business from 9 : 00 to 18 : 00 , and government institutions may have full working hours . Nepal ( edit ) Nepal follows the ancient Vedic calendar , which has the resting day on Saturday and the first day of the working week on Sunday . Schools in Nepal are off on Saturdays , so it is common for pupils to go to school from Sunday to Friday . In November 2012 , the home ministry proposed a two - day holiday per week plan for all government offices except at those providing essential services like electricity , water , and telecommunications . This proposal followed a previous proposal by the Nepali government , i.e. Load - shedding Reduction Work Plan 2069 BS , for a five working day plan for government offices as part of efforts to address the problem of load - shedding . The proposal has been discussed in the Administration Committee ; it is not yet clear whether the plan includes private offices and educational institutions . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand the working week is typically Monday to Friday 8 : 30 to 17 : 00 , but it is not uncommon for many industries ( especially construction ) to work a half day on Saturday , normally from 8 : 00 or 9 : 00 to about 13 : 00 . Supermarkets , malls , independent retailers , and increasingly , banks , remain open seven days a week . Russia ( edit ) In Russia the common working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday with 8 hours per day . Federal law defines a working week duration of 5 or 6 days with no more than 40 hours worked . In all cases Sunday is a holiday . With a 5 - day working week the employer chooses which day of the week will be the second day off . Usually this is a Saturday , but in some organizations ( mostly government ) , it is Monday . Government offices can thereby offer Saturday service to people with a normal working schedule . There are non-working public holidays in Russia ; all of them fall on a fixed date . By law , if such a holiday coincides with an ordinary day off , the next work day becomes a day off . An official public holiday can not replace a regular day off . Each year the government can modify working weeks near public holidays in order to optimize the labor schedule . For example , if a five - day week has a public holiday on Tuesday or Thursday , the calendar is rearranged to provide a reasonable working week . Exceptions include occupations such as transit workers , shop assistants , and security guards . In many cases independent schemes are used . For example , the service industry often uses the X-through - Y scheme ( Russian : X через Y ) when every worker uses X days for work and the next Y days for rest . Soviet Union ( edit ) In the Soviet Union the standard working week was 41 hours : 8 hours , 12 min . Monday to Friday . Before the mid-1960s there was a 42 - hour 6 - day standard working week : 7 hours Monday to Friday and 6 hours on Saturday . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore the common working week is 5 - day work week , which runs from Monday to Friday beginning 8 : 30 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. -- 6 p.m. Some companies work a half day on Saturdays . Shops , supermarkets and malls are open seven days a week and on most public holidays . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa the working week traditionally was Monday to Friday with a half - day on Saturday and Sunday a public holiday . However , since 2013 there have been changes to the working week concept based on more than one variation . The week can be 5 days of work , or more . The maximum number of hours someone can work in a week remains 45 . Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand the working week is Monday to Saturday for a maximum of 44 to 48 hours per week ( Saturday can be a half or full day ) . However , government offices and some private companies have modernised through enacting the American and European standard of working Monday through Friday . Currently , 50 % of the luxury beach resorts in Phuket have a five - day working week . Of the remaining 50 % , 23 % have taken steps to reform their 6 - day workweek through such measures as reducing the working week from 6 days to 5.5 days . United states ( edit ) The standard working week in the United States begins on Monday and ends on Friday , 40 hours per week , with Saturday and Sunday being weekend days . However , in practice , only 42 % of employees work 40 - hour weeks . The average workweek for full - time employees is 47 hours . Most stores are open for business on Saturday and often on Sunday as well , except in a few places where prohibited by law ( see Blue law ) . Increasingly , employers are offering compressed work schedules to employees . Some government and corporate employees now work a 9 / 80 work schedule ( 80 hours over 9 days during a two - week period ) -- commonly 9 hour days Monday to Thursday , 8 hours on one Friday , and off the following Friday . Jobs in healthcare , law enforcement , transportation , retail , and other service positions commonly require employees to work on the weekend or to do shift work . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnam has a standard 48 - hour six - day workweek . Monday to Friday are full workdays and Saturday is a partial day . Work typically begins at 8 : 00 AM and lasts until 5 : 00 PM from Monday to Friday and until 12 : 00 PM on Saturdays . This includes a one - hour lunch break . Government offices and banks follow a five - day workweek from Monday to Friday ... See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Feria Labour and employment law Long weekend Business day Calendar day Days of the week Shopping hours Saint Monday ( precursor of modern weekend ) TGIF Waiting for the Weekend Working time -- how much time people spend working in a day , week , or year Work -- life balance References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=weekend ^ Jump up to : Waiting for the Weekend , Witold Rybzinski , 1991 Jump up ^ Eviatar Zerubavel ( 1989 - 03 - 15 ) . The Seven Day Circle : The History and Meaning of the Week . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 98165 - 9 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 1997 ) . Christian Liturgy : Catholic and Evangelical . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2726 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Teacher in Ancient Rome : The Magister and His World , Lisa Maurice , Lexington Books , 2013 , pp. 26 Jump up ^ Ancient Rome in So Many Words , Christopher Francese , Hippocrene Books , 2007 , pp. 76 Jump up ^ `` LacusCurtius Roman Calendar -- Nundinae ( Smith 's Dictionary , 1875 ) '' . penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Kate ( 9 August 2015 ) . `` The origin of the weekend '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Witold Rybczynski ( August 1991 ) . `` Waiting for the Weekend '' . The Atlantic . pp. 35 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( 2007 - 06 - 07 ) . `` 22 % of workers work more than 48 hours a week , study finds -- Jun. 7 , 2007 '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gapminder Foundation ( 2011 ) `` Gapminder World '' graph of working hours per week plotted against purchasing power - and inflation - adjusted GDP per capita over time Archived November 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . gapminder.org ^ Jump up to : Hunnicutt , B.K. ( 1984 ) `` The End of Shorter Hours '' Archived March 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Labor History 25 : 373 -- 404 ^ Jump up to : Lombardo , C.N. ( February 4 , 2010 ) `` Shorter Workweek in a Tough Economy '' Archived November 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Wisconsin Employment Law Letter ( hrhero.com ) Jump up ^ Rones et al. ( 1997 ) `` Trends in Hours of Work since the Mid-1970s '' Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Monthly Labor Review 120 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 12 Jump up ^ Coote , Anna ; Franklin , Jane ; Simms , Andrew ( February 2010 ) . `` 21 hours : Why a shorter working week can help us all to flourish in the 21st century '' ( PDF ) . London : New Economics Foundation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904882 - 70 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart , H. ( January 7 , 2012 ) `` Cut the working week to a maximum of 20 hours , urge top economists '' Archived November 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Jump up ^ Schachter , H. ( February 10 , 2012 ) `` Save the world with a 3 - day work week '' Archived May 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Globe and Mail Jump up ^ Baker , D. ( January 27 , 2009 ) `` Pass the stimulus -- then help shorten the work week '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . New York Daily News Jump up ^ Abate , T. ( July 11 , 2010 ) `` Get to Work : Want more jobs ? Shorten the workweek '' Archived July 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . San Francisco Chronicle page D - 3 Jump up ^ `` Reduced Work Hours as a Means of Slowing Climate Change '' Archived May 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . David Rosnick , February 2013 Jump up ^ Ombudsman , Fair Work . `` Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website '' . Fair Work Ombudsman . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Art. 51 - b of 2012 Labor Law , http://lmra.bh/portal/files/cms/shared/file/labour%20law%202012.pdf Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Act 1983 '' . Jump up ^ Art . 98 of Royal Decree No . M / 51 dated 23 / 8 / 1426 H , https://www.boe.gov.sa/ViewSystemDetails.aspx?lang=en&SystemID=186&VersionID=201 Jump up ^ `` Hours of work , overtime and rest days '' . Jump up ^ `` Basic Guide to Working Hours '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday - Saturday weekend in UAE from September '' . Jump up ^ Title 4 , Art . 65 of the UAE Labor Law , http://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/labour-law/labour-law.aspx Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` The `` 40 - Hour '' Workweek Is Actually Longer -- by Seven Hours `` . Gallup.com . Jump up ^ Molisa . `` Ministry of Labour -- Invalids and Social Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Molisa.gov.vn . Jump up ^ Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho : http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del5452.htm Jump up ^ 江 巍 . `` China to implement 2.5 - day weekend this summer '' . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Legal regulations in the Colombian job market '' . Just Landed . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Working hours '' . Workindenmark.dk ( Danish Agency for Labour Retention and International Recruitment ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France : Weird about Wednesday '' . The Economist. 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` liberalizzazione orari negozi -- Cerca nel sito www.ilsole24ore.com '' . ilsole24ore.com . Jump up ^ Latvian State Labour Inspectorate Jump up ^ http://www.guichet.public.lu/entreprises/en/ressources-humaines/temps-travail/gestion/organisation/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.guichet.public.lu/entreprises/en/commerce/prix-horaires/horaires-d-ouverture/magasins-detail/index.html Jump up ^ `` Sunday shopping in Luxembourg City '' . www.visitluxembourg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Shopping -- Luxembourg '' . Jump up ^ `` Knauf Center Pommerloch et Schmiede '' . www.knaufshopping.lu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Shopping - Center Massen -- Wemperhardt -- Luxemburg -- Enjoy shopping '' . Massen ( in German ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pall Center '' . Jump up ^ `` More two - income couples with one full - time job and one large part - time job '' . CBS -- Statistics Netherlands . CBS -- Statistics Netherlands . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Weekend spanish traditions -- escapadas de fin de semana Jump up ^ `` Arbetstidslagen '' . Arbetsmiljöverket . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arbetstidslagen -- Övertid '' . Arbetsmiljöverket . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Working Hours -- Business Trading Hours '' . Jump up ^ `` Maximum weekly working hours '' . HMG . June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday entitlement '' . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays '' . Jump up ^ Directgov : Working time limits ( the 48 - hour week ) , business trading hours law . Jump up ^ Dunung , Sanjyot P. ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) . bWise : Doing Business in India . Atma Global . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9905459 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Algeria switches weekend , again '' . BBC News . August 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Information '' . Jump up ^ `` Jordan shifts weekend to Friday - Saturday '' . Associated Press International . December 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Announces new Friday / Saturday Weekend '' . wfn.org . January 5 , 2000 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Erreur 404 '' . Voyage.gc.ca. 2016 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia changes working week to Sun - Thurs : Official statement '' . ahram.org.eg . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Travel Facts '' . Syritour . Syritour.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen introduces its new weekend - Yemen Post English Newspaper Online '' . yemenpost.net . Jump up ^ `` weekend '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani Weekend Public Holidays Update '' . Reuters. April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Israel '' . Israel - America Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1d47bf3c-defe-4d0e-846d-ddde099870c6 Jump up ^ `` Working and rest hours act highlights ( Hebrew ) '' . Israel Minister of Industry , Trade and Labour . Retrieved July 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19781208&id=YWFSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LHwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6702,6177924&hl=en Jump up ^ Israel Shortens 6 day workweek Jump up ^ http://www.timesofisrael.com/open-on-shabbat-israels-fray-of-rest/ Jump up ^ http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.725835 Jump up ^ http://transport-in-israel.wikidot.com/shabbat-and-holidays Jump up ^ https://www.justlanded.com/english/Israel/Israel-Guide/Jobs/Working-Conditions Jump up ^ By Lee Yaron ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Israeli Workers ' Average Salary Rose 1.4 % in 2013 to $2,376 -- Business '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jappleng University ( Days of the Week ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Ley federal del trabajo '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vedic Books , The Vedic Week . Jump up ^ `` MYREPUBLICA.com -- News in English from Nepal : Fast , Full & Factual News '' . Jump up ^ `` Basic Guide to Working Hours -- Department of Labour '' . Labour.gov.za . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Average full - time workweek is 47 hours , Gallup says '' . LA Times . 2014 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Traditional Work Hours and Retention '' . tnsemployeeinsights.com . Jump up ^ Vietnam Labor Laws and Regulations Handbook : Strategic Information and Basic Laws Jump up ^ http://www.vietnamcheaptours.com/Tourist-Information/Time-and-working-hours/Time-and-working-hours.html Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - 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North Pole - wikipedia North Pole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see North Pole ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with North Magnetic Pole . Coordinates : 90 ° N 0 ° W  /  90 ° N - 0 ° E  / 90 ; - 0 An azimuthal projection showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole . The map also shows the 75th parallel north and 60th parallel north . Sea ice at the North Pole in 2006 The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere . While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass , the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice . This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ) . However , the Soviet Union , and later Russia , constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937 , some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole . Since 2002 , the Russians have also annually established a base , Barneo , close to the Pole . This operates for a few weeks during early spring . Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice - free because of Arctic ice shrinkage , with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later . The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m ( 13,980 ft ) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,410 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958 . The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island , off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km ( 430 mi ) away , though some perhaps semi permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer . The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada , which is located 817 km ( 508 mi ) from the Pole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precise definition 2 Exploration 2.1 Pre-1900 2.2 1900 -- 40 2.3 1940 -- 2000 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed 2.4. 2 MLAE 2009 Expedition 2.4. 3 MLAE 2013 Expedition 3 Day and night 4 Time 5 Climate 6 Flora and fauna 7 Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions 8 Cultural associations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Precise definition ( edit ) See also : Polar motion The Earth 's axis of rotation -- and hence the position of the North Pole -- was commonly believed to be fixed ( relative to the surface of the Earth ) until , in the 18th century , the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might `` wobble '' slightly . Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent `` variation of latitude , '' as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars . Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth 's surface , by a range of a few metres . The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component . The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight - month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer . The exact point of intersection of the Earth 's axis and the Earth 's surface , at any given moment , is called the `` instantaneous pole '' , but because of the `` wobble '' this can not be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole ( or South Pole ) when metre - scale precision is required . It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates ( latitude , longitude , and elevations or orography ) to fixed landforms . Of course , given plate tectonics and isostasy , there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed . Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System . Exploration ( edit ) See also : Arctic exploration , Farthest North , List of Arctic expeditions , and List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole Pre-1900 ( edit ) Gerardus Mercator 's map of the North Pole from 1595 C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720 As early as the 16th century , many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea , which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea . It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year . Several expeditions set out to find the way , generally with whaling ships , already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes . One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry , who in 1827 reached latitude 82 ° 45 ′ North . In 1871 the Polaris expedition , a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall , ended in disaster . Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole , part of the British Arctic Expedition , by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then - record 83 ° 20'26 '' North in May 1876 before turning back . An 1879 -- 1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship , the USS Jeanette , was crushed by ice . Over half the crew , including DeLong , were lost . Nansen 's ship Fram in the Arctic ice In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen 's icebound ship Fram . The pair reached latitude 86 ° 14 ′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards , eventually reaching Franz Josef Land . In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ( `` Eagle '' ) , but came down 300 km ( 190 mi ) north of Kvitøya , the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago . They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later . In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition . The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo , Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ( `` Pole Star '' ) from Norway in 1899 . On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86 ° 34 ' on 25 April , setting a new record by beating Nansen 's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km ( 22 to 25 mi ) . Cagni barely managed to return to the camp , remaining there until 23 June . On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway . 1900 -- 40 ( edit ) Peary 's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole , 1909 . From left : Ooqueah , Ootah , Henson , Egingwah , Seeglo . The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men , Ahwelah and Etukishook , but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted . The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary , who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909 , accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men , Ootah , Seeglo , Egingwah , and Ooqueah . However , Peary 's claim remains highly disputed and controversial . Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in ( Western ) navigation , and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work , which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole . The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people , almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point . Peary 's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line -- the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing -- is contradicted by Henson 's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads . The British explorer Wally Herbert , initially a supporter of Peary , researched Peary 's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer 's navigational records . He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole . Support for Peary came again in 2005 , however , when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary 's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams , reaching the North Pole in 36 days , 22 hours -- nearly five hours faster than Peary . However , Avery 's fastest 5 - day march was 90 nautical miles , significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary . Avery writes on his web site that `` The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary , Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909 , has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia . Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice , I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole . '' Ivan Papanin at North Pole - 1 drifting station , 1937 Another rejection of Peary 's claim arrived in 2009 , when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology , an experienced referee of scientific claims , reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies . The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft . Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society , this claim has since been undermined by the 1996 revelation that Byrd 's long - hidden diary 's solar sextant data ( which the NGS never checked ) consistently contradict his June 1926 report 's parallel data by over 100 mi ( 160 km ) . The secret report 's alleged en - route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later ( while the original version was hidden for 70 years ) , a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing . According to Standish , `` Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook , nor Peary , nor Byrd reached the North Pole ; and they all knew it . '' The first consistent , verified , and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926 , by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge . Norge , though Norwegian - owned , was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile . The flight started from Svalbard in Norway , and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska . Nobile , with several scientists and crew from the Norge , overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928 , in the airship Italia . The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole , with the loss of half the crew . In May 1937 the world 's first North Pole ice station , North Pole - 1 , was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from the North Pole . The expedition members : oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov , meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov , radio operator Ernst Krenkel , and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months . By 19 February 1938 , when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman , their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland . 1940 -- 2000 ( edit ) In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles . The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force . It carried an 11 - man crew , with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations . In 2006 , Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame . Discounting Peary 's disputed claim , the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko , oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko , and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov 's Sever - 2 expedition ( March -- May 1948 ) . It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The party flew on three planes ( pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy , Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov ) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4 : 44pm ( Moscow Time , UTC + 04 : 00 ) on 23 April 1948 . They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations . On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent . Next year , on 9 May 1949 two other Soviet scientists ( Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev ) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole . They jumped from a Douglas C - 47 Skytrain , registered CCCP H - 369 . On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict , along with scientist Albert P. Crary , landed a modified Douglas C - 47 Skytrain at the North Pole . Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known . USS Skate at drift station Alpha , 1958 The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus ( SSN - 571 ) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958 . On 17 March 1959 USS Skate ( SSN - 578 ) surfaced at the Pole , breaking through the ice above it , becoming the first naval vessel to do so . Setting aside Peary 's claim , the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted , Walt Pederson , Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier , who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968 . The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position . On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill , Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans - Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot ( albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops ) . They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean -- and by its longest axis , Barrow , Alaska to Svalbard -- a feat that has never been repeated . Because of suggestions ( later proven false ) of Plaisted 's use of air transport , some sources classify Herbert 's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means . In the 1980s Plaisted 's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided . It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility . Icebreaker Arktika , the first surface ship to reach the North Pole . On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear - powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole . In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season . They departed from Cape Crozier , Ellesmere Island , on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982 . They travelled on foot and snowmobile . From the Pole , they travelled towards Svalbard but , due to the unstable nature of the ice , ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days . They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80 : 31N 00 : 59W . As a result of this journey , which formed a section of the three - year Transglobe Expedition 1979 -- 1982 , Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles , by surface travel alone . This achievement remains unchallenged to this day . In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary ( the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest ) and Neil Armstrong ( the first man to stand on the moon ) landed at the North Pole in a small twin - engined ski plane . Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest . In 1986 Will Steger , with seven teammates , became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply . USS Gurnard ( SSN - 662 ) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships , the attack submarine USS Pintado ( SSN - 672 ) . On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole . In March 1990 , `` Gurnard '' deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex ' 90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas . `` Gurnard '' surfaced at the North Pole on April 18 , in the company of the USS Sea Horse ( SSN - 669 ) . On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish ( SSN 678 ) , USS Ray ( SSN 653 ) and USS Hawkbill ( SSN - 666 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole . On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle . On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish ( SSN 676 ) , USS Sea Devil ( SSN 664 ) and HMS Superb ( S 109 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first international surfacing at the North Pole . In 1988 a 13 - man strong team ( 9 Soviets , 4 Canadians ) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada . One of the Canadians , Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean . On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported , after a 58 - day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada , a distance of 800 km . On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels . Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe . Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later with the Healy . In 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs ( special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO , Lada / Vaz 's experimental product division ) were driven to the North Pole . The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole . The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20 -- 15 km / h in an average temperature of − 30 ° C . 21st century ( edit ) USS Charlotte at the North Pole in 2005 Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole . For example , the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89 ° N , though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait . In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air ( landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice ) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine , and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies . Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years . The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002 , and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties . Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter . The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University , but ended in fatality . The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club , and ended in success on 24 April 1999 . The divers were Michael Wolff ( Austria ) , Brett Cormick ( UK ) , and Bob Wass ( USA ) . In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte ( SSN - 766 ) surfaced through 155 cm ( 61 in ) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there . In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) swim at the North Pole . His feat , undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming , took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes . His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008 , following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole , was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days . The expedition was then abandoned . By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships : 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers , 4 times by Swedish Oden , 3 times by German Polarstern , 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea , and once by CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking . 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed ( edit ) Main article : Arktika 2007 MIR submersible , one of the two vehicles that were used in the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole , to a depth of 4.3 km ( 2.7 mi ) , as part of the research programme in support of Russia 's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor . The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov . In a symbolic act of visitation , the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole . The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to the New York Times . The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries , such as China and the United States , toward the top of the world , where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable . MLAE 2009 expedition ( edit ) In 2009 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE - 2009 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Sergey Larin , Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 1 and Yemelya - 2 , designed by Vasily Elagin , a known Russian mountain climber , explorer and engineer . The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009 , 17 : 30 ( Moscow time ) . The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation . The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole . MLAE 2013 expedition ( edit ) Yemelya -- all terrain amphibious vehicle On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE 2013 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader , and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Andrey Vankov , Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 3 and Yemelya - 4 , -- started from Golomyanny Island ( the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago ) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean . The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast . The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 ( 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W Ward Hant Island ) , and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay , NU . The way between the Russian borderland ( Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago , 80 ° 15N , 097 ° 27E ) and the Canadian coast ( Ward Hant Island , 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W ) took 55 days ; it was ~ 2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total . The expedition was totally self - dependent and used no external supplies . The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society . Day and night ( edit ) The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter . Sunrise is just before the March equinox ( around 20 March ) ; the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 231⁄2 ° elevation at the summer solstice ( around 21 June ) , after which time it begins to sink , reaching sunset just after the September equinox ( around 23 September ) . When the sun is visible in the polar sky , it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon . This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation ( in degrees ) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox . Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth . A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset , a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset . These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth 's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun . The direction of the Earth 's axial tilt , as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the sun , remains very nearly constant over the course of a year ( both change very slowly over long time periods ) . At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent . As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun , the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent . A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole , with a six - month time difference . Time ( edit ) In most places on Earth , local time is determined by longitude , such that the time of day is more - or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky ( for example , at midday the sun is roughly at its highest ) . This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole , where the sun rises and sets only once per year , and all lines of longitude , and hence all time zones , converge . There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned . Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient , such as Greenwich Mean Time , or the time zone of the country from which they departed . Climate ( edit ) Arctic ice shrinkages of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979 -- 2000 average . Main article : Climate of the Arctic See also : Climate change in the Arctic The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean ( which acts as a reservoir of heat ) , rather than at altitude on a continental land mass . Despite being an ice cap , it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate ( ETf ) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing . Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about − 50 to − 13 ° C ( − 58 to 9 ° F ) , averaging around − 31 ° C ( − 24 ° F ) . However , a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 ° C ( 33 ° F ) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy , located at 87.45 ° N , on December 30 , 2015 . It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 ° F ( − 1 and 2 ° C ) during the storm . Summer temperatures ( June , July , and August ) average around the freezing point ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ) . The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) , much warmer than the South Pole 's record high of only − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) . A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15 , 2016 when temperatures hit freezing . Yet again , February of 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup , the world northermost weather station in Greenland , reached 6.1 ° C ( 43 ° F ) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing . Meanwhile , the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 ° C ( 35 ° F ) . This same temperature of 1.6 ° C ( 35 ° F ) was also recorded at the Hollywood Burbank Airport in Los Angeles at the very same time . The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) thick , although ice thickness , its spatial extent , and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can very rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate . Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years . It is likely that global warming has contributed to this , but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic . Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer . This may have significant commercial implications ; see `` Territorial Claims , '' below . The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming , as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation , and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation . ( hide ) Climate data for Greenlandic Weather Station ( eleven year average observations ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) − 13 ( 9 ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 6 ( 21 ) ( 37 ) 10 ( 50 ) 13 ( 55 ) 12 ( 54 ) 7 ( 45 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 13 ( 55 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 29 ( − 20 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 9 ( 16 ) 0 ( 32 ) ( 36 ) ( 34 ) − 7 ( 19 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 25 ( − 13 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 16.2 ( 2.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 32 ( − 26 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 23 ( − 9 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 1 ( 30 ) ( 34 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 9 ( 16 ) − 20 ( − 4 ) − 27 ( − 17 ) − 28 ( − 18 ) − 17.7 ( 0.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 33 ( − 27 ) − 35 ( − 31 ) − 34 ( − 29 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 1 ( 30 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 19.7 ( − 3.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 24 ( − 11 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 83.5 83.0 83.0 85.0 87.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 88.0 84.5 83.0 83.0 85.83 Source : Weatherbase Flora and fauna ( edit ) Polar bears are believed rarely to travel beyond about 82 ° North owing to the scarcity of food , though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole , and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from the Pole . The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole , and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km ( 37 mi ) away at 89 ° 40 ′ N . Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting , northern fulmar and black - legged kittiwake , though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions . Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole , but these are probably few in number . A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there . However , it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods . Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions ( edit ) Main article : Territorial claims in the Arctic Sunset over the North Pole at the International Dateline , 2015 Currently , under international law , no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it . The five surrounding Arctic countries , Russian Federation , Canada , Norway , Denmark ( via Greenland ) , and the United States ( via Alaska ) , are limited to a 200 - nautical - mile ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) exclusive economic zone off their coasts , and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority . Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200 - mile exclusive economic zone . If validated , such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone . Norway ( ratified the convention in 1996 ) , Russia ( ratified in 1997 ) , Canada ( ratified in 2003 ) and Denmark ( ratified in 2004 ) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation . In 1907 Canada invoked a `` sector principle '' to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole . This claim has not been relinquished , but was not consistently pressed until 2013 . Cultural associations ( edit ) In some children 's Western cultures , the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus ' workshop and residence , although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole . Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole ( referring to Santa 's traditional exclamation of `` Ho ho ho ! '' ) . This association reflects an age - old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole , the otherworldly world - axis , as the abode of God and superhuman beings . The popular figure of the pole - dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence . As Henry Corbin has documented , the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism . `` The Orient sought by the mystic , the Orient that can not be located on our maps , is in the direction of the north , beyond the north . '' Owing to its remoteness , the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf ( Jabal Qaf ) , the `` farthest point of the earth '' . According to certain authors , the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra , a mountain whose ascent , like Dante 's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory , represents the pilgrim 's progress through spiritual states . In Iranian theosophy , the heavenly Pole , the focal point of the spiritual ascent , acts as a magnet to draw beings to its `` palaces ablaze with immaterial matter . '' See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Council Biome Celestial pole Ecliptic pole Inuit Circumpolar Council North Pole , Alaska Polaris Poles of astronomical bodies Willem Barentsz Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Data is from a Greenlandic Weather Station at 83 ° 38 ′ N 033 ° 22 ′ W  /  83.633 ° N 33.367 ° W  / 83.633 ; - 33.367  ( Greenlandic Weather Station ) located 709 km ( 441 mi ) from the North Pole . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( 8 April 2001 ) . New warning on Arctic sea ice melt . BBC Jump up ^ Ljunggren , David ( 5 March 2009 ) . Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013 : expert . Reuters Jump up ^ Russian sub plants flag at North Pole , Reuters , 2 August 2007 Jump up ^ Андерсон , Уильям Роберт ( 1965 ) . `` '' Наутилус '' у Северного полюса `` . Воениздат . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mouton , M.W. ( 1968 ) . The International Regime of the Polar Regions . Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha . pp. 202 ( 34 ) . ISBN 9028614427 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , John K. ( July 1953 ) . `` The Open Polar Sea '' . Geographical Review . 43 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 365 . Jump up ^ `` At the North Pole , 6 -- 7 April 1909 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Bryce Cook and Peary : the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997 ; Henderson , B. ( 2005 ) True North WW Norton & Company ISBN 0 - 393 - 32738 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Sir Wally Herbert '' . The Independent . 16 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Avery website . Retrieved May 2007 ^ Jump up to : Roald Amundsen First to Each Pole -- Three Prior North Pole Claims : Each Unproven & Highly Suspect . Dioi.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd : An Overview of the Controversy Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University . See also DIO Vol. 10 ( 2000 ) ( refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the DIO board ) , which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd - defenses of W. Molett ( pp. 55 & 98 ) and consultant J. Portney ( pp. 73 -- 75 ) , neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd 's surgical censoring of his original June report , or his and the National Geographic 's hiding of said report for decades . Similarly , Avery 's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice , may divert from but can not explain Peary 's data - blanks , data - alterations , nor why he , when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911 , understandably deleted ( only ) its sole attempt at explaining ( crudely and inadequately ) his steering : `` setting course by moon , our shadows etc '' . See The Washington Post 20 April 1989 . Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings : complete verbatim copy at 1916 Congressional Record Vol. 53 , Appendix pp. 293 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Did Byrd Reach Pole ? His Diary Hints ' No ' . The New York Times . ( 9 May 1996 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ D. Rawlins Polar Record ( Scott Polar Research Institute ) vol. 36 pp. 25 -- 50 . SPRI 's preface : the paper `` is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in DIO . '' Both versions ( p. 38 and 59 , respectively ) note that while Byrd 's New York ticker - tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926 , the NGS exam of his later - hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June ( six days , mistakenly cited as `` five consecutive days '' in the report ) , a chronology so revealing that the September National Geographic pp. 384 -- 385 stripped out the dates ( only ) from the NGS ' own report , which fortunately was published uncensored ( thanks to the Secretary of the Navy ) at The New York Times 30 June , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John . ( 7 September 2009 ) Who Was First at the North Pole ? . Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` North Pole Drifting Stations ( 1930s -- 1980s ) '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lockerby , Patrick ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Arctic Heroes # 2 -- North Pole 1 '' . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Terence ( 2011 ) . The Russians in the Arctic . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 245 - 58209 - 4 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Hugh A. ( January / February 2004 ) The Aries Flights Of 1945 , Legion Magazine Jump up ^ Mills , William James ( 2003 ) . Exploring polar frontiers : a historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 422 - 0 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса , где , образно говоря , проходит земная ось '' . Вокруг Света . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Concise chronology of approach to the poles '' . Scott Polar Research Institute ( SPRI ) . February 2001 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция `` Север - 2 '' ( 1948 г . ) `` . ФГБУ `` Арктический и антарктический научно - исследовательский институт '' ( ФГБУ `` ААНИИ '' ) . 2005 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Уфаркин , Николай Васильевич . `` Черевичный Иван Иванович '' . Патриотический интернет проект `` Герои Страны '' . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Loginov , Dmitri . `` Великий полярный водоворот просыпается '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Volovich Vitaly Georgievich '' . Polar World . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlow , John Matthew ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` The Cold War in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute ( CDFAI ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Aerial Exploration '' . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Safronov , Ivan , Jr. ( 29 July 2009 ) . `` Десантников отправят на Северный полюс '' . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aviation History Facts , U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Jump up ^ Jensen , Joel FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE . militaryhonors.sid-hill.us Jump up ^ Jenny Booth ( 13 June 2007 ) . ' Greatest polar explorer ' Sir Wally Herbert dies , The Times . ^ Jump up to : Bob Headland ( 15 June 2007 ) . Sir Wally Herbert , The Guardian . Jump up ^ Polar History . northpolewomen.com . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramstad , C.J. & Pickering , Keith ( 2011 ) . First to the Pole . North Star Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87839 - 446 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Wally Herbert . Polarworld.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruhns , Sarah ( 27 August 2013 ) When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole . atlasobscura.com . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North and South Pole successful '' . ExplorersWeb Inc. 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle '' . Associated Press . 21 April 1987 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ First people to reach the north pole . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fütterer , D. et al. ( 1992 ) `` The Expedition ARK - VIII / 3 of RV Polarstern in 1991 '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 107 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10107. d001 Jump up ^ Thiede , J. et al. ( 2002 ) `` POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII / 2 Cruise Report : AMORE 2001 ( Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition ) '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 421 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10426. d001 Jump up ^ `` Lada Oddities '' . ladaniva.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rosloot , Hans `` Amphihans '' . `` The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa '' . amphibiousvehicle.net . Jump up ^ Cormick , Brett ( February 2000 ) . `` Diving the top of the world '' . Diver . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ozeck , Dave ( 12 January 2005 ) USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under - Ice Transit . news.navy.mil . Jump up ^ Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge , BBC news ( 15 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Банько , Юрий ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Вчера и сегодня мы -- первые . А завтра ? '' . Российская газета . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Академик Федоров '' -- выходит из порта Санкт - Петербург в экспедицию `` Арктика - 2007 '' . Press release of the AARI ( 9 July 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Russia plants flag under N Pole , BBC News ( 2 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole Jump up ^ Russia 's North Pole Obsession , The New York Times ( 2 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Big Melt '' , The New York Times ( October 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Diary of MLAE - 2013 '' . yemelya.ru . Jump up ^ Fritz , Angela ; Fritz , Angela ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point '' -- via washingtonpost.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI / 709 KM , GREENLAND '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Sun : Heat Wave '' , US Antarctic Program Jump up ^ `` Bizarre Temperatures : North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below - 40 Degrees '' . Jump up ^ `` February 2018 heatwave across the Far North '' . NOAA . Jump up ^ `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . NOAA / NWS . Jump up ^ Beyond `` Polar Express '' : Fast Facts on the Real North Pole , National Geographic News Jump up ^ `` Sea Ice '' . State of the Cryosphere . NSIDC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 percent '' , The Daily Telegraph ( 28 October 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Model - Based Estimates of Change '' . IPCC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 12 December 2006 ) . Arctic sea ice `` faces rapid melt '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Polar Bear -- Population & Distribution , WWF , January 2007 Jump up ^ Explorers ' Blog Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Greenpeace Project Thin Ice ( 1 July 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Halkka , Antti ( February 2003 ) . Ringed seal makes its home on the ice . suomenluonto.fi Jump up ^ Tannerfeldt , Magnus . The Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus . zoologi.su.se ^ Jump up to : `` FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR ( Ursus maritimus ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species '' , Observer , 2 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( Annex 2 , Article 4 ) '' . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks . un.org ( 4 June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Territorial claims in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier : The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons , by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek , Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , August 2007 Jump up ^ Noronha , Charmaine ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Canada plans claim that would include North Pole '' . 9 December 2013 . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Sovereignty : Loss by Dereliction ? '' . Northern Perspectives. 22 ( 4 ) . Winter 1994 -- 1995 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffers , Harry Paul ( 2000 ) . Legends of Santa Claus . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4983 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Meet your neighbor : Santa Claus of the North Pole '' . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Letter - writing Program -- Post Office Sends Joy to Salvation Army with $25,000 Donation '' . Canada Post . 15 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Joscelyn ( 1993 ) . Arktos : The Polar Myth in Science , Symbolism , and Nazi Survival . Grand Rapids : Phanes Press . ISBN 0932813356 . Jump up ^ `` Pole - Spirits North and South '' . Livingheritage.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Henry and Pearson , N. ( Translator ) ( 1978 ) . The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism . Shambhala . ISBN 0394734416 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibrahim Muhawi & Sharif Kanaana . Speak , Bird , Speak Again : Palestinian Arab Folktales . Berkeley : University of California Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Frederick , Albert ; Cook , Robert E. Peary , George W. Melville ( 2003 ) . Finding the North Pole . The Lyons press . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 072 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Pal , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Oddest Place on Earth : Rediscovering the North Pole . Writer 's Showcase . ISBN 0 - 595 - 21454 - 1 . Fairfield , William ( 1885 ) . Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World . Houghton , Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 665 - 37759 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Pole . 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where is the north pole on the world map

90°N 0°W / 90°N -0°E

75th parallel

Draft lottery ( 1969 ) - wikipedia Draft lottery ( 1969 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Representative Alexander Pirnie ( R - NY ) drawing the first number . On December 1 , 1969 , the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War for men born from 1944 to 1950 . These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription from just before World War II to 1973 . It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942 . The lottery numbers assigned in December 1969 were used during calendar year 1970 both to call for induction and to call for physical examination , a preliminary call covering more men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Origins and consequences 3 Modification 4 Present Day Use 5 References 6 External links Method ( edit ) The days of the year ( including February 29 ) were written on slips of paper . These pieces of paper were then placed in separate plastic capsules that were mixed in a shoebox and then dumped into a deep glass jar . Capsules were drawn from the jar one at a time . The first number drawn was 258 ( September 14 ) , so all registrants with that birthday were assigned lottery number 1 . The second number drawn corresponded to April 24 , and so forth . All men of draft age ( born 1944 to 1950 ) who shared a birth date would be called to serve at once . The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn ; the last of these was September 24 . Also on December 1 , 1969 , a second lottery was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet . Among men with the same birthdate , the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters of their last , first , and middle names . Anyone with initials `` JJJ '' would have been first within the shared birthdate , followed by `` JGJ '' , `` JDJ '' , and `` JXJ '' ; anyone with initials `` VVV '' would have been last . SSS Draft scatterplot of the days of the year ( horizontal ) and their lottery numbers ( vertical ) . December birthdays ( far right ) were assigned many low numbers ( bottom ) , representing early induction , and few high numbers ( top ) . People soon noticed that the lottery numbers were not distributed uniformly over the year . In particular , November and December births , or dates 306 to 366 , were assigned mainly to lower draft numbers representing earlier calls to serve ( see figure ) . This led to complaints that the lottery was not random as the legislation required . Analysis of the procedure suggested that mixing 366 capsules in the shoe box did not mix them sufficiently before dumping them into the jar . ( `` The capsules were put in a box month by month , January through December , and subsequent mixing efforts were insufficient to overcome this sequencing . '' ) Only five days in December -- Dec. 2 , 12 , 15 , 17 and 19 -- were higher than the last call number of 195 ; had the days been evenly distributed , 14 days in December would have been expected to remain uncalled . From January to December , the rank of the average draft pick numbers were 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 9 10 7 11 12 . A Monte Carlo simulation found that the probability of a random order of months being this close to the 1 -- 12 sequence expected for unsorted slips was 0.09 % . Draft lotteries were conducted again in 1970 ( for those born in 1951 ) and from 1971 to 1975 ( for 1952 to 1956 births ) . The draft numbers issued in 1972 were never used the next year to call for induction into service , because the last call was December 7 and authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 . The 1972 to 1975 lottery numbers were used to call some men born 1953 to 1956 for physical exams . The highest number called for a physical was 215 ( for tables 1970 through 1976 ) . Origins and consequences ( edit ) The reason for the 1969 draft was to add personnel to a war to stop the spread of communism in Vietnam . After World War II , Japan left Vietnamese Emperor Bao Dai in command . Ho Chi Minh , another Vietnamese leader , saw this as an opportunity to strike and took over Hanoi . Ho Chi Minh then set up the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . Emperor Bo , in the South , set up the Vietnam State with Saigon as the capital . Ho Chi Minh was basing his political structure off of the communist states such as Russia while Emperor Bao Dai in the south wanted a Vietnam that was modeled after the west , like the United States . The North and the South began armed conflict against one another until the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 ended with the Viet Minh forces as the victor . Afterwards at the Geneva conference Vietnam was split along the 17th latitude . There was supposed to be a reunification election in 1956 but another leader took over the South . Ngo Dinh Diem took over leadership from Emperor Bao Dai who took a very hard stance against communism . In other parts of the world , the Cold War was intensifying between Soviet Russia and the United States . The U.S. was becoming more rigid in its policies with the communist allies of Russia . President Dwight D. Eisenhower started supporting the South Vietnamese who were also against the communist north . The U.S. begun training and equipping Diem 's forces with weapons . Conflicts between communist sympathizers began occurring in the South . At the time , the U.S. had only committed around 800 personnel to train and outfit the South Vietnamese . In 1961 , the John F. Kennedy administration started working under the `` Domino Theory , '' which stated that if South Vietnam was to fall to the North , then other places in southeast Asia were to become vulnerable to the communists as well . This caused President Kennedy to begin sending additional American soldiers to Vietnam . By 1962 , there were around 9,000 personnel in Vietnam . In 1963 , a coup was organized by South Vietnamese generals which resulted in the death of Diem . President Lyndon B. Johnson increased U.S. personnel in Vietnam due to the political instability in the country . In August 1964 , two U.S. warships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats . Johnson issued an attack order against North Vietnam , and Congress passed a motion which gave him more authority over military decisions . In 1965 , President Johnson had sent 82,000 troops to Vietnam , and his officials wanted another 175,000 . Due to the heavy demand for military personnel , the United States required more than what the regular military could provide , causing the acceleration of the draft . Between 1965 and 1972 the draft provided 2,215,000 service members to the U.S. military . Previously in the United States , during the War of 1812 , President Madison established a commission to recommend the best ways to raise military manpower ; to keep the draft or to institute a volunteer army . After much debate within the Nixon administration and Congress , it was decided that an all - volunteer force was affordable , feasible , and would enhance the nation 's security . President Richard Nixon issued an executive order prescribing regulations for random selection by the United States Selective Service on November 26 , 1969 . In the 1960s anti-war movements started to occur in the U.S. , mainly among those on college campuses and in more leftist circles , especially those who embraced the `` hippie '' lifestyle . College students were entitled to a deferment ( 2 - S status ) but were subject to the draft if they dropped out or graduated . In 1967 , the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was around 500,000 . The war was costing the U.S. $25 billion a year , and many of the young men drafted were being sent to a war they wanted no part of . Martin Luther King Jr. also started to support the anti-war movement on the grounds of it being immoral and the amount of African Americans that were being killed . November 15 , 1969 marked the largest anti war movement in the history of the United States . This protest featured many anti-war political speakers and popular singers of the time . Many people at the time saw Richard Nixon as a liar ; when he took office , he claimed that he would begin troop withdrawals from Vietnam immediately . After ten months of being in office , the president had yet to start withdrawals , anyone and the people felt lied to . Later , president Nixon claimed to have been watching sports as the anti-war demonstration took place outside the White House . The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States , beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement . The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft . It strengthened the anti-war movement , and all over the United States , people decried discrimination by the draft system `` against low - education , low - income , underprivileged members of society '' . The draft lottery had social and economic consequences because it generated resistance to military service and the resisters , draft evaders or `` draft dodgers '' , were generally young , well - educated , healthy men . The fear of military service in Vietnam influenced many young men born in the late 1940s to join the National Guard . These young men were aware that the National Guard would be unlikely to send its soldiers to Vietnam . Many men were unable to join the National Guard , even though they had passed their physicals , because many state National Guards had long waiting lists just to enlist . Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment , either showing their disapproval by burning their draft cards or draft letters , or simply not presenting themselves for the military service test . Others left the country , commonly moving to Canada . The number of American citizens who moved to Canada during the Vietnam war because of the draft is estimated to be around 125,000 ; it is believed that about half returned to the United States after the Nixon era ( when the war was also over ) ( 1975 ) . Modification ( edit ) Lottery procedure was improved the next year although public discontent continued to grow until `` authority to induct expired on June 30 , 1973 '' . In 1970 , covering 1951 birthdates for use during 1971 ( sometimes called the 1971 draft ) , scientists at the National Bureau of Standards prepared 78 random permutations of the numbers 1 to 366 using random numbers selected from published tables . From the 78 permutations , 25 were selected at random and transcribed to calendars using 1 = January 1 , 2 = January 2 , ... 365 = December 31 . Those calendars were sealed in envelopes. 25 more permutations were selected and sealed in 25 more envelopes without transcription to calendars . The two sets of 25 envelopes were furnished to the Selective Service System . On June 2 , an official picked two envelopes , thus one calendar and one raw permutation . The 365 birthdates ( for 1951 ) were written down , placed in capsules , and put in a drum in the order dictated by the selected calendar . Similarly , the numbers from 1 to 365 were written down and placed into capsules in the order dictated by the raw permutation . On July 1 , the drawing date , one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half - hour ( its rotating mechanism failed ) . Pairs of capsules were then drawn , one from each drum , one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366 . The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139 , so all men born September 16 , 1951 , were assigned draft number 139 . The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1 , so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first . Present day use ( edit ) The military draft method used back in the 1950s and 1960s involved using dates and numbers mixed randomly and then drawn to decide who would go to war . In the present - day , not much has changed on how the draft would be conducted if it was ever needed . The Selective Service Committee who presides over the draft procedures still have a large tumbler that holds all the number and dates that will be drawn to select candidates and the only thing that seems to have changed between the method of the past and the present one is that instead of using pieces of paper in blue capsules the SSC now uses ping pong balls with the dates and numbers on them . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selective Service System . `` 1970 Draft Lottery Results drawn December 1 , 1969 sorted by date '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . See also sorted by numeric order . ^ Jump up to : Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . June 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henk Tijms . `` Understanding Probability '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chambers , John W. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Richard Nixon : `` Executive Order 11497 - Amending the Selective Service Regulations to Prescribe Random Selection , '' November 26 , 1969 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam War Protests - Vietnam War - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/02/us/college-enrollment-linked-to-vietnam-war.html , https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/03/19/107186611.pdf Jump up ^ Fisher , Anthony C. ( 1969 ) . `` The Cost of the Draft and the Cost of Ending the Draft '' . American Economic Review . 59 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Ifill , Gwen ( 13 February 1992 ) . `` THE 1992 CAMPAIGN : New Hampshire ; Clinton Thanked Colonel in ' 69 For ' Saving Me From the Draft ' '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Rosenblatt , J.R. ; Filliben , J.J. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and the Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 : 306 -- 08 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 306 . Jump up ^ `` How the U.S. Draft Works '' . HowStuffWorks. 2001 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Landscaper.net ( 2009 ) . The Military Draft and 1969 Draft Lottery for the Vietnam War . Last modified 2009 - 03 - 24 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- contemporary news stories , images of Official Orders ( call to physical exam , call to report ) , lottery results , Draft Board classifications , Vietnam troop levels , induction statistics 1917 -- 73 . David Lane ( 2003 ) . Introduction to Graphs : Clearing Up the Draft with Graphs . Connexions. 18 July 2003 . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- list of draft ranks , additional analysis . Selective Service System ( 2009 ) . The Vietnam Lotteries . SSS : History and Records . Last updated 2015 - 09 - 19 . Norton Starr ( 1997 ) . `` Nonrandom Risk : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Journal of Statistics Education 5.2 ( 1997 ) . Confirmed 2011 - 05 - 26 . -- The online edition includes instructions for getting the data online and a lesson plan for statistics class using the 1970 and 1971 draft lottery data . Fienberg , S.E. ( 1971 ) . `` Randomization and Social Affairs : The 1970 Draft Lottery '' . Science . 171 ( 3968 ) : 255 -- 261 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 171.3968. 255 . PMID 17736218 . Rosenbaum , David E. ( 4 January 1970 ) . `` Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random '' . New York Times . p. 66 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft_lottery_(1969)&oldid=836891138 '' Categories : Vietnam War Conscription in the United States 1969 in military history 1969 in the United States 1969 establishments in the United States 1973 disestablishments in the United States Lotteries Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 13 : 36 . About Wikipedia

when did the us stop drafting for the vietnam war

1973

1969

Transfer case - wikipedia Transfer case Jump to : navigation , search For the US military use of the term , see coffin . Inside of a 231 New Process Gear transfer case . Part - time / Manual , shift on the fly A transfer case is a part of the drivetrain of four - wheel - drive , all - wheel - drive , and other multiple powered axle vehicles . The transfer case transfers power from the transmission to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts . It also synchronizes the difference between the rotation of the front and rear wheels , and may contain one or more sets of low range gears for off - road use . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Types 2.1 Drive type 2.1. 1 Gear - driven 2.1. 2 Chain - driven 2.2 Housing type 2.2. 1 Married 2.2. 2 Divorced / independent 2.3 Transfer case shift type 2.3. 1 M.S.O.F. 2.3. 2 E.S.O.F. 3 See also 4 References Functions ( edit ) The transfer case receives power from the transmission and sends it to both the front and rear axles . This can be done with gears , hydraulics , or chain drive . On some vehicles , such as four - wheel - drive trucks or vehicles intended for off - road use , this feature is controlled by the driver . The driver can put the transfer case into either `` two - wheel - drive '' or `` four - wheel - drive '' mode . This is sometimes accomplished by means of a shifter , similar to that in a manual transmission . On some vehicles this may be electronically operated by a switch instead . Some vehicles , such as all - wheel - drive sports cars , have transfer cases that are not selectable . Such a transfer case is permanently `` locked '' into all - wheel - drive mode . Transfer cases that are designed to allow for normal road use synchronize the difference between the rotation of the front and rear wheels , in much the same way the differential acts on a given axle . This is necessary because the front and rear tires never turn at the same speed . Different rates of tire rotation are generally due to different tire diameters ( since front and rear tires inevitably wear at different rates ) and different gear ratios in the front and rear differentials since manufacturers will often have a slightly lower ratio in the front vs. the rear to help with control ( such as a 3.55 : 1 in the rear differential and a 3.54 : 1 in the front differential ) . If the transfer case did not make up the difference between the two different rates of rotation , binding would occur and the transfer case could become damaged . This is also why a transfer case that is not designed for on - road use must never be driven on dry pavement . Transfer cases designed for off - road use can mechanically lock the front and rear axles when needed ( e.g. when one of the axles is on a slippery surfaces or stuck in mud , whereas the other has better traction ) . This is the equivalent to the differential lock . The transfer case may contain one or more sets of low range gears for off - road use . Low range gears are engaged with a shifter or electronic switch . On many transfer cases , this shifter is the same as the one that selects 2WD or 4WD operation . Low range gears allow the vehicle to drive at much slower speeds while still operating within the usable power band / RPM range of the engine . This also increases the torque available at the axles . Low - range gears are used during slow - speed or extreme off - road maneuvers , such as rockcrawling , navigating dangerous roads , or when pulling a heavy load . This feature is often absent on all - wheel - drive cars . Some very large vehicles , such as heavy equipment or military trucks , have more than one low - range gear . Types ( edit ) Transfer cases used on `` part - time '' four - wheel - drive off - road vehicles such as trucks , truggies , rock - crawling vehicles , and some military vehicles generally allow the driver to select 2WD or 4WD , as well as high or low gear ranges . Those used in sports cars and performance sedans are usually `` transparent '' to the driver ; there is no shifter or select lever . Drive type ( edit ) Gear - driven ( edit ) There are two different types of internal power - transfer mechanism found in most transfer cases . Gear - driven transfer cases use sets of gears to drive either the front or both the front and rear driveshafts . These are generally strong , heavy units that are used in large trucks , but there are currently several gear drive cases in production for passenger cars . Chain - driven ( edit ) Chain - driven transfer cases use a chain to drive most often only one axle , but can drive both axles . Chain - driven transfer cases are quieter and lighter than gear - driven ones . They are used in vehicles such as compact trucks , full size trucks , Jeeps and SUVs . Some off - road driving enthusiasts modify their vehicles to use gear - driven transfer cases , accepting the additional weight and noise to gain the extra strength they generally provide . Housing type ( edit ) Married ( edit ) Transfer cases are also classified as either `` divorced '' / independent or `` married '' . Married transfer cases are bolted directly to the transmission , usually between the transmission 's output shaft and the rear or main driveshaft . Sometimes a married transfer case is an integral part of the transmission and the two components share the same housing or `` case '' , as is commonly found on recent Subaru products and some other all - wheel - drive cars . Divorced / independent ( edit ) A divorced or independent transfer case is completely separate from the transmission . It is located further down the driveline than a married transfer case and connected to the transmission output shaft by a short driveshaft . Independent transfer cases are used on very long wheelbase vehicles , such as commercial trucks or military trucks . Transfer case Shift type ( edit ) M.S.O.F. ( edit ) Manual Shift On - the - Fly transfer cases have a selector lever on the driver 's side floor transmission hump and may also have either two sealed automatic front axle locking hubs or two manual front axle hub selectors of `` LOCK '' and `` UNLOCK '' or `` FREE '' . To engage the four - wheel - drive system the vehicle must be moving at a low speed , the speed at which 4x4 can be engaged depends on the vehicle . This is only for the four - wheel - drive high setting . To engage the four - wheel - drive low setting , the vehicle must be stopped and the transmission must be shifted to neutral , then the four - wheel - drive low can be selected . ESOF ( edit ) Electronic Shift On - the - Fly ( ESOF ) transfer cases have a dash - mounted selector switch or buttons with front sealed automatic locking axle hubs or drive flanges . Some vehicles , such as Jeeps , also have what is called SelecTrac , which has a slider switch on the center console . Unlike the manual transfer case , this system has a transfer case motor . To engage the four - wheel - drive system the vehicle must be moving at a lower speeds , the speed at which 4x4 can be engaged depends on the vehicle . This is only for the four - wheel - drive high setting . To engage the four - wheel - drive low setting , the vehicle must be stopped and the transmission must be shifted to neutral , then the four - wheel - drive low can be selected . See also ( edit ) NP - 205 AMC / Jeep Transmissions Jeep four wheel drive systems Mitsubishi Super Select References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.cdxetextbook.com/trans/finalDrives/allWheel/transfercasediff.html Transfer case differential action Jump up ^ http://www.fourwheeler.com/techarticles/68958_how_transfer_cases_work/index.html How Transfer Cases Work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_case&oldid=805616544 '' Categories : Vehicle technology Four - wheel drive layout Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does the transfer case control module do

transfers power from the transmission to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts

transfers power from the transmission to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts.

Super Bowl LI halftime show - wikipedia Super Bowl LI halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LI halftime show Date February 5 , 2017 Location Houston , Texas Venue NRG Stadium Headliner Lady Gaga Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5 , 2017 , at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas as part of Super Bowl LI . The show was headlined by Lady Gaga , who performed a medley of her songs , including newer material from her most recent studio album Joanne . Gaga 's performance was critically acclaimed , with media outlets praising the show for demonstrating her artistic and musical qualities , and some arguing that it ranked among the top Super Bowl halftime performances in history . The show was also noted for its acknowledgment of the LGBT community , the use of a swarm of lighting - equipped drones for a pre-recorded intro scene , and its perceived political undertones . With 117.5 million television viewers , the Super Bowl LI halftime show was the second most - watched Super Bowl halftime show behind Katy Perry 's and had higher average viewership than the game itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Fashion 3.4 Multimedia 3.5 Drones 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Set list 7 Personnel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) NRG Stadium , where the Super Bowl LI and the halftime show took place The halftime show started on the roof of NRG Stadium . Gaga started singing `` God Bless America '' as drones swarm behind her emitting red , blue and white color . She then sang Woody Guthrie 's `` This Land Is Your Land '' , followed by the ending of the Pledge of Allegiance : `` One nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all '' . Gaga then dove from the rooftop as the drones behind formed the design of the US flag . The singer came down and stood on a tall pillar across the stage , and started singing `` Poker Face '' as fireworks emitted behind her . After the first verse and chorus , Gaga , who was attached to a harness , bounced from the pillar to the main stage , and was joined by her dancers to sing `` Born This Way '' , including the track 's intermediate spoken verse . As the performance ended , Gaga headed towards one corner of the stage inside a star shaped structure , and sang `` Telephone '' . She was carried by a dancer to the main stage where she held a keytar and sang `` Just Dance '' . The singer proceeded to the grounds from the stage as the song completed . She reached a podium with a piano , and started singing `` Million Reasons '' . The audience present on the field drifted off in different directions holding the light sticks in their hands . Continuing the song , she came down from the stage and hugged members of the audience . For the finale of `` Bad Romance '' a team of white - clad dancers strutted across the main stage . Gaga joined them wearing a football inspired costume and performed the track . As fireworks erupted heralding the end of the show , Gaga reached the edge of the stage , shouted `` Super Bowl 51 '' , dropped her microphone , and jumped off stage catching a football . Background ( edit ) Gaga after performing the US national anthem at the Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 Around August 2016 , media started reporting that singer Adele was in discussion with the National Football League ( NFL ) to perform at the Super Bowl LI halftime show , to be held on February 5 , 2017 , at Houston 's NRG Stadium ; the show was sponsored by Pepsi Zero Sugar . A representative from the NFL said that `` organisers are doing absolutely everything they can to try to persuade her to sign up '' . During her Adele Live 2016 concert tour at Los Angeles , Adele clarified that although she had been offered to perform by the NFL , she had declined since she did not believe herself to be suitable for the halftime show . The NFL also explained that they had not signed any musician till then and were still in discussion with several artists . In the meantime , singer Lady Gaga had announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album , Joanne , in October 2016 . Billboard reported that the NFL was discussing with the singer , based on her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl . On September 29 , 2016 , Gaga finally confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show . Fox Sports president and executive producer of the show , John Entz , confirmed Gaga 's involvement adding `` ( She ) is one of the most electric performers of our generation , and we could n't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show ... It is going to be an incredible night . '' According to Emma Quigley , Pepsi 's North American head of music , and Justin Toman , Pepsi sports marketing director , choosing Gaga to headline the show made sense based on her previous output and musical endeavors . They considered various parameters -- social media followers , record sales , trending topic -- and then shortlisted her . Toman also took into account the total time it usually takes for the show -- seven minutes for set up , 12 minutes for the main show , and another seven minutes to dismantle -- and believed the singer could deliver `` power , punch , performance , singing , lights '' within that time frame . Pepsi sponsored the halftime show for the fifth - consecutive year . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) A long shot view of the stage during the performance of `` Just Dance '' in the halftime show In October 2016 , Gaga told Entertainment Weekly she wanted to give `` the best show for the football fans , the ones that are watching at home '' . Although indecisive about the set list , the singer wanted to play a mixture of her past and recent songs . She also confirmed that the NFL had heard Joanne before its release , and decided to offer the halftime performance slot . Inspiration came from previous halftime show performances by Michael Jackson , Diana Ross , and Bruce Springsteen , with Gaga remarking that she loved `` all the ( past shows ) '' . In December 2016 , Gaga launched the `` Guest of Honor '' contest along with Pepsi and the NFL , which would enable her fans to win an opportunity to see the halftime show from the sidelines of the stage . The singer uploaded a video titled `` Fanifesto '' , talking about the power of fandom , and explained that one has to upload a 15 -- 60 second video on Instagram or Twitter with the hashtags # GOHContest and # PepsiHalftime by December 15 , professing their fandom for Gaga . Colin Stutz from Billboard revealed that Gaga would not be accompanied by any guest musicians for the show , which was a deviation from the shows of the past few years . Pepsi confirmed in a press release that a ten - second countdown would precede Gaga 's performance , where a lead - in featuring jazz singer Tony Bennett would be shown , produced by Creator 's Studio . Gaga confirmed planning to sing atop the dome of NRG Stadium , the idea given to her by her sister Natali Germanotta . Her team were worried about the safety hazards associated with the stunt , although Gaga continued to pursue it . The organizers considered airlifting the singer on top of the dome before the performance , or making her appear through the `` see - through '' roof of the stadium , which is retractable . Gaga 's lawyers worked on the logistics and the insurance associated with the stunt . The US media had expected Gaga to do `` something overtly political '' during her performance . NFL refuted news about them forbidding the singer to mention President Donald Trump during the show . A representative from the organization issued a statement saying , `` The Super Bowl is a time when people really come together . Lady Gaga is focused on putting together an amazing show for fans and we love working with her on it ; we are n't going to be distracted by this . '' Rehearsals ( edit ) I really had a real sense of being in the zone for this performance , worked on it for a really long time , took months , trained hard . Every second I wanted to give the world and my fans what they deserve , a great show . Its really exciting , I wanted to enjoy the moment not just be hell bent on everything . -- Gaga on the halftime show By January 2017 , Gaga started posting images on her social media accounts , showing her practicing for the show . She built a tent in her backyard where she could rehearse with her dancers . The group rehearsed in it for about 1.5 week , then moved to larger venues in Hollywood for working on the rest of the show . Finally , all the equipment was sent to Houston , where the last rehearsals took place . Gaga enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence for helping her belt out the correct musical notes . Lawrence had worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance previous year , as well as for her concert tours . A behind - the - scenes video from the rehearsals was uploaded by Pepsi , where Gaga explained that the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different than the preceding years , but keep it still about the music . Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers , enacting the characteristic moves from the song , `` Bad Romance '' ( 2009 ) . Jackson said that the dancers were hand - picked and were among the personnel that had worked with the singer . He further added that the show would unveil a different aspect of Gaga , since she had never got the chance to perform on a big platform like the Super Bowl . As the day for the show approached , the singer kept posting short videos from rehearsal as well as behind - the - scenes . She showed her pre-game dance routines and choreography , FaceTimeing with her grandmother , warming up for the show , and the onstage activities . Toman explained that they wanted to have the general fans get `` a peek into the journey to halftime , tapping into the artist fanbase -- that really works . Doing a behind - the - scenes content program , giving people that glimpse of what it takes to prepare . People love that . So that really worked and we continue to do that . '' Fashion ( edit ) After the release of Joanne Gaga had worn simplistic fashion , deviating from her previous outrageous attires . Prior to the halftime show , there was much speculation regarding her fashion for the performance . Versace had created all the looks for the show , including the final look which was inspired by the label 's Spring 2017 collection . The singer wore a custom created , Atelier Versace , iridescent colored jumpsuit , which was beaded over with Swarovski crystals , along with high shoulder pads and matching knee length boots . The body suit facilitated swift movement onstage , aiding the mobility for the singer . According to fashion expert Cameron Silver , Gaga 's final look for the performance of `` Bad Romance '' was the `` most interesting '' . It consisted of silver hot pants with sequins on it , with a footballer shoulder - pad like jacket . Both the dresses were deemed as a `` customary nod '' to Gaga 's past by Billboard , who added that `` It was a solid balance of glam and sexy without overdoing it ( ... ) ( The dress ) gave fantasy to her fans . She looked great . She sounded great . It 's like she was playing football in heels . '' In between the performance , Gaga also wore a golden jacket which had shoulder spikes , while playing the keytar . Gaga 's looks were styled by her longtime collaborator Brandon Maxwell , while her makeup was influenced by singer David Bowie 's persona Ziggy Stardust . Donatella Versace herself flew to Houston to help with the costumes , including dressing the singer herself before the show . Gaga 's makeup was done by artist Sarah Nicole Tanno and her hair was coiffured by Frederic Aspiras . Tanno used products from Marc Jacobs ' cosmetics line to give a `` timeless '' look for Gaga . The singer wore a pair of eye masks made of crystals , extending till her temples . According to Vanessa Friedman from The New York Times , choosing Versace as her fashion brand for the costumes `` helped to support a subtler , arguably more powerful , message '' by Gaga . She had promised to make the show about `` inclusion '' and to that extent , using Versace and a number of other designers like Dr. Martens and Vera Wang made it a point . Multimedia ( edit ) During `` Million Reasons '' a field cast used Glow Motion LED Batons , creating a three - dimensional moving pixels show . The production work on the show was done by designers Bruce Rodgers of Tribe Inc. and LeRoy Bennett , and lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees . The stage was created by All Access Staging & Productions , who had also created previous Super Bowl halftime stages . Key features of the stage consisted of a main platform , two towers , three star - shaped side stages , a piano dome and a stage lift . The towers were around 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall and could be carried by carts to the field for set - up . All Access had only 4.5 weeks to create the whole piece with the main stage itself , and required 17 trucks for storage and transport . The show utilized LED system from Verrents and sound by ATK Audio tek . Around 5,000 LED lights were embedded in the stage , which was a record number . Special effects group Strictly FX was behind all the pyrotechnics . Both Rodgers and Bennett combined the individual ideas for the show , and took inputs from Barnhart and special effects designer Mark Grega from FX . Rodgers called the stage setup as `` the most intense technological and visually impactful epic possible '' . The show featured a field cast led by KP Terry ; they used Glow Motion LED batons , creating a 3D moving pixels show . A Nashville - based company , Glow Motion programmed each of the individual batons to sync with the music being played . `` All our field cast and staging experts , technicians and vendors ( had ) stepped up to support the vision , and Gaga herself , having embraced the concept early on , ( had ) taken on the task with more interest and heart than any other artist that I 've worked with in the last 11 years , '' Rodgers concluded . Lighting for the show was supplied by Production Resource Group ( PRG ) . Chris Conti from the company shared Barnhart 's floor planning for the lighting setup , which utilized DMX512 for controlling the whole system . Barnhart recalled that `` ( the ) show was a little more complicated this year , due to the amount of scenery that we normally do n't have on a halftime show '' , but it was better since there were no video backdrops . All around the roof of NRG Stadium , an array of 36 Clay Paky Sharpy fixtures were added , which lit the Houston night skyline with light beams . Barnhart also arranged a backlight array fixture , using Philips Vari - Lite VL4000 and PRG Best Boy . LED tape was used around the main production area . They were controlled by the lighting team and could light the stage from afar . Director Hamish Hamilton and his crew devised their own way of capturing and transmitting the show for the live audience . Drones ( edit ) See also : Quadcopter § Art For performing on top of NRG Stadium , Gaga was accompanied by a fleet of 300 synchronized , LED - equipped `` Shooting Star '' quadcopter drones provided by Intel , which formed an image of the American flag behind the singer . It marked the first time that the drones had been used as part of a television broadcast . According to Intel 's senior vice president Josh Walden , `` Gaga and the Super Bowl creative team wanted to pull off something that had never been done before ... The potential for these light show drones is endless '' . Barnhart explained that he had wanted to use drones in the Super Bowl for many years , but never encountered the correct technology until Intel 's drones . With the permission from producer Ricky Kirshner , he reached out to Intel representatives and told them that he wanted to use their drone technology for a `` large TV show in February . I ca n't give you money , but I can give you exposure '' . Hearing that the Super Bowl will expose the technology to over 110 million television sets across the country , Intel agreed . Since the drones did not fly indoors , Barnhart wrote a new creative segment for the opening with Gaga singing atop the roof of the stadium with the drones flying behind her . The segment was filmed earlier in the week due to safety concerns regarding performing the formation over the live audience . The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) had forbidden drones from being used within a 34.5 miles ( 55.5 km ) radius of NRG Stadium ( which is also located near William P. Hobby Airport ) . The production staff obtained special permission from the FAA in order to perform the drone acrobatics . The drones used for the show had a plastic and foam body for soft impacts , and were about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) square and weighed 8 ounces ( 0.50 lb ) . They were connected to a central computer through wireless and executed individual choreography , each being oblivious to what the other drones ' position was . The computer checked the GPS signal strength and battery level of the drones , while assigning their roles accordingly . Intel had started preparing from early December 2016 , working out the logistics . After coming to a consensus with the creative team , they started storyboarding the drones , finally accepting to display a star array , the American flag and the Pepsi logo . Critical response ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Born This Way '' during the show in the Atelier Versace iridescent colored jumpsuit Gaga 's performance at the halftime show was critically acclaimed . A writer for Time described the show as `` among the very best in the history of the form , racing ambitiously through the artist 's entire career and putting forward the qualities of the artist that just work '' . The New Yorker review described Gaga and the show as `` an astute , intense , and disciplined performance '' . Andrew Unterberger from Billboard felt that the performance would go down as `` one of the best halftime sets of the century '' and that it had cemented Gaga as a `` legacy artist ... It was Gaga through and through , and every song felt more gratifying than the last ... ( R ) eminding you why Gaga 's pop supremacy was so inarguable not all that long ago . '' Unterberger noted that there was nothing `` outrageous '' in the show . Chris Chase of Fox Sports said that the halftime show would `` go down with Michael , Prince , Beyoncé , and Bruce as the greatest ever . '' Marguerite Ward from CNBC considered the show to be Gaga 's comeback , noting how she had announced in 2015 that she would retire . `` Fast forward to 2017 . ( Lady Gaga ) is back on the global stage , gearing up for a new world tour , '' she added . Writing for Variety , Sonia Saraiya described the show as `` breathtaking '' and `` soar ( ing ) '' , but felt it `` lacked an iconic moment or emotional button '' . Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was disappointed that the show never had a `` close - up or any sort of swooping medium - shot to accentuate ( Gaga 's ) movement '' , and felt that `` the weakly presented dive '' detracted from Gaga 's rendition of `` God Bless America '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Nico Land from Salon noted that Gaga became the first artist to refer to the LGBT community during a Super Bowl halftime show when she sang `` Born This Way '' . Land considered this a `` crucial milestone '' for the community . He said that `` Putting LGBT issues on the main stage at the Super Bowl served as a powerful message of queer solidarity in the face on an unprecedented wave of challenges from our government . '' Although Gaga did not openly criticize Trump , Land viewed the singer 's opening performance was a subtle `` dig '' at the President . Singing `` This Land Is Your Land '' , a protest anthem for the Women 's Marches across the country following Trump 's inauguration , Gaga referred to Trump 's policies on immigration . According to Joanna Robinson from Vanity Fair , the performance was a `` dog whistle '' against Trump 's plans to construct a wall between United States and Mexico . At the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , the halftime show was nominated in 6 categories : Outstanding Special Class Program , Outstanding Production Design for Variety , Nonfiction , Event or Award Special , Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special , Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Music Direction , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special and won for Outstanding Lighting Design . It was also the most nominations received by a halftime show at the Emmy Awards . Commercial reception ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Poker Face '' , after descending from the roof of the NRG Stadium in a harness . The Super Bowl LI halftime show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers in the United States , making it the second-most - watched halftime show behind Katy Perry 's ( 2015 ) . For the fourth year in a row , the viewership was higher than the game which was viewed by an audience of 111.3 million . A total of 5.1 million tweets were made regarding Gaga 's performance , including 2.2 million during the actual show , which made her the most tweeted about entertainer in the show 's history . According to statistics presented by Billboard , the most tweeted moment was captured when the show ended , followed by when Gaga waved at her parents from the stage , and finally when the singer descended from the NRG Stadium roof in a harness . The set list was also included in the most tweets tabulation with `` Bad Romance '' getting the highest number of tweets . `` Telephone '' was the second-most - tweeted song followed by `` Born This Way '' . According to Nielsen SoundScan on the day of the show , Gaga sold 150,000 digital albums and songs in the United States , up by 1,000 % from the previous day . The singer sold a total of 125,000 digital song downloads , led by `` Million Reasons '' ( 45,000 up by 900 % ) , then `` Bad Romance '' ( 13,000 ) , `` Born This Way '' ( 12,000 ) and `` Poker Face '' ( 10,000 ) . Her albums sold more than 23,000 downloads with Joanne selling over 12,000 copies , followed by The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , which sold about 6,000 . Gaga acquired over 24,000 listeners on music streaming website Pandora Radio . Total station adds for the singer went up by 1,391 % week - by - week with a cumulative 14.8 million stations and her songs received 2.5 billion spins . All the songs performed received significant spin boosts . This was a difference from the previous halftime shows , when Coldplay was up by 225 % , Bruno Mars by 62 % , and Beyoncé up 60 % . After the final tabulation , Gaga sold over 410,000 digital song downloads in total for the tracking week of February 9 , 2017 , an increase of 1,850 % . `` Million Reasons '' re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number four becoming Gaga 's 14th top - ten single . It also reached the top of the Digital Songs chart with 149,000 downloads . Other songs entering the Digital Songs chart were `` Born This Way '' ( 41,000 , number seven ) , `` Bad Romance '' ( 39,000 , number nine ) `` Poker Face '' ( 34,000 , number fourteen ) , `` Just Dance '' ( 25,000 , number 26 ) and `` Telephone '' ( 20,000 , number 39 ) . Gaga 's streaming activity increased by 196 % to 41.8 million streams , led by `` Million Reasons '' with 3.9 million plays . Her album sales increased by 844 % to 135,000 equivalent units , with Joanne soaring from number 66 -- 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 74,000 units ( 48,000 traditional album purchases ) . Other entries in the chart included The Fame ( 38,000 , number six ) , Born This Way ( 17,000 , number 25 ) and Artpop ( 5,000 , number 174 ) . Gaga reached number one on the Billboard Artist 100 chart , which measures activity across various social media websites as well as record sales . The Super Bowl performance also had an impact in Canada , where Joanne vaulted from number 54 -- 2 , with a 524 % gain in album - equivalent units . In the United Kingdom , Joanne 's sales were up by 222 % , while The Fame ( 2008 ) was up by 1,605 % since the show . On the UK Albums Chart , the former moved from number 88 -- 11 , with sales increasing to 5,289 copies , while the latter entered at number 38 , selling 2,263 copies . Set list ( edit ) The final performance of the show , `` Bad Romance '' The following songs were performed during the halftime show : `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( pre-recorded intro ) `` Poker Face '' `` Born This Way '' `` Telephone '' `` Just Dance '' `` Million Reasons '' `` Bad Romance '' Set list adapted from Billboard . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the listing available at Live Design website . Main performer Lady Gaga Creative personnel Executive Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Production Designer : Bruce Rodgers , Tribe Inc . Co-Production Designer : LeRoy Bennett Lighting Designer : Bob Barnhart , 22 Degrees Vendors Set and Staging Fabrication : All Access Pyro and Effects : Strictly FX On - field cast LED batons : Glow Motion Technologies Lighting Equipment Supplier : PRG LED Systems : VER Sound Equipment Provider : ATK Lighting crew Lighting Directors : Pete Radice , David Grill , Jason Rudolph Gaffer : Tony Ward Best Boy : David Serralles , Kieth Berkes , Dean Brown , Joe Faretta , George Clayton Lead Tech : Robb Minnotte Tech : Matt Geneczko , Jeff Anderson Network Designer : Chris Conti Lead Spot Op : Tim Altman , George Sennerfelder , John Washburton Lead Spot Tech : Quinn Smith Assistant Lighting Director : Megan Seibel Fiber Tech : Alex Ward Art design team Art Directors : Shelley Rodgers , Lindsey Breslauer Set and CAD Designers : Maria Maria Garcia , Bruno Oliveira , Evan Alexander , Assistant Art Director : Lucas Ingram Stage video and projection crew LED Technicians : Gary Madura , Luke Pilato , Rod Silhanek , Michael Spencer Media Server Operator : Jason Rudolph Media Server Technician : Tim Nauss Intel Shooting Star drone team Lead Technical Engineer : Daniel Gurden Software Development Engineer ( Programmer ) : Tobias Gurden General Manager of Drone Light Shows : Natalie Cheung Project Manager : Madeline Ong Pilot In Command : Clay Coleman , Pilot In Command Hardware Engineer : Tobi Lang All Access Staging & Productions crew All Access Staging Supervisor : Tim Fallon Project Manager : Tommy Rose Manufacturing Design : Erik Eastland Automation Technician and Fabrication Lead : Fidel Garza Head Carpenter : Roger Cabot Staging Technicians : Kyle Duarte , Jesus Arroyo , Arturo Martinez , Jeff Haas , Anthony Pozos , Micky Dymond , Staging Technician / Fabricator : Julio Roch LED Technicians : Zack Eastland , Blake Chandler See also ( edit ) 2017 in American music 2017 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Hopes to Deliver ' Powerful ' Super Bowl Halftime Show Like Greats Michael Jackson , Bruce Springsteen '' . People . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Dan ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Adele set to perform at the Super Bowl show as ' desperate ' chiefs bid to land Brit star '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adele Reveals She Turned Down Super Bowl 51 Halftime Gig '' . Rolling Stone . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashlee ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Did Not Get Super Bowl Halftime Show Offer , Says NFL and Pepsi '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga In Talks to Play Super Bowl Halftime Show : Sources '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : Lady Gaga to Headline 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Atkinson , Katie ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Will Be ' Uniquely Lady Gaga ' : Pepsi Execs Promise ' One of the Greatest Halftime Shows Ever ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga : Joanne sealed my Super Bowl halftime show deal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Kendall ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About Lady Gaga 's 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Performance So Far '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Launches ' Guest of Honor ' Contest with Pepsi & NFL For Fans to Watch Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Joey ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` You could be Lady Gaga 's guest at Super Bowl LI '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Was Lady Gaga Asked to Avoid Politics at Super Bowl Halftime Show ? '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PepsiCo 's Zero - Calorie Beverages Take Center Stage During Super Bowl LI '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . January 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Oil ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Inside Lady Gaga 's dangerous Super Bowl halftime plans '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Lady Gaga 's Super Bowl LI Halftime Performance Is Confrontationally Apolitical '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga plots dangerous stunt for Superbowl , and will be allowed to mention Donald Trump '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Talks ' Amazing ' Super Bowl Performance , ' A Star is Born ' & Metallica '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Preps For Super Bowl Gig with Backyard Dance Floor , Horse Rides '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga 's career spanning show '' . The Hamilton Spectator . January 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Neil ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Coach for Lady Gaga , Super Bowl Halftime Star '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Katie ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's A First Look At Lady Gaga 's Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Elle . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga shares Super Bowl rehearsal videos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wete , Brad ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Versace Super Bowl Style Scored Big , Says Fashion Pundit Cameron Silver and Beyonce 's Stylist Ty Hunter '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Booth ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Luminescent Super Bowl Fashion Look '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Erin ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga wins the Super Bowl halftime in sparkly looks by Atelier Versace '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grechko , Irina ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Super Bowl Look Was Fire '' . Nylon . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Vanessa ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga , in Versace , Sends a Sparkly Super Bowl Message '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Build : Super Bowl LI halftime show '' . All Access Inc . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandberg , Marian ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bruce Rodgers On Super Bowl LI 2017 Halftime Show Design Renderings '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orne , Neil ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Nashville company played huge role in Super Bowl halftime show '' . WKRN - TV . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Marian ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Lighting Network System '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lampert - Greaux , Ellen ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bob Barnhart On The Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Skylight Lights Super Bowl Sky With Claypaky Supersharpy Array '' . Live Design . February 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Andrew ; McCormick , Rich ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Super Bowl halftime show drones were n't flying live '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Intel Drones Light Up Lady Gaga Performance During Pepsi Zero Sugar Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Brian ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Halftime Show Drones Have a Bright Future '' . Wired . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Pandora Station Adds Spike Nearly 1,400 % Post Super Bowl '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Pulled Off One of the Best Halftime Shows Ever '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga 's All - American Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New Yorker . February 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Is a Legacy Artist Now , But What a Legacy : Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Show Analysis '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga won the Super Bowl with high - flying halftime show ( the best since MJ ? ) '' . Fox Sports . February 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward , Marguerite ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` How Lady Gaga overcame career burnout and came back with a bang '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Halftime Review : Lady Gaga Takes Safe Route With Hits and Spectacle '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Nico ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Super Bowl 's big queer milestone : Lady Gaga was the first singer to reference LGBT people during a halftime show '' . Salon . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Made an Edgy Political Statement You Might Have Missed at the Super Bowl '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI halftime show featuring Lady Gaga '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` For Immediate Release : First Night of 2017 Creative Arts Emmy Awards are Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Sadie ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Celebrates Record 6 Emmy Nominations for Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl LI Pulls in 111.3 Million Viewers on Fox , Shy of 2015 Ratings Record '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Super Bowl Halftime Show Drives 5.1 Million Tweets '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Sales Surge Over 1,000 % in Wake of Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Super Week : Her Sales & Streaming Gains After the Big Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Leaps to No. 1 on Billboard Artist 100 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` On the Charts ... This Week '' . FYI Music Canada . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's sales surge in the UK after Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Elbow debut at No. 1 with new album Little Fictions '' . Music Week . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Lady Gaga 's Show - Stopping Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Credits And Staff '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LI halftime show . Do n't Worry About What ' Joanne ' Songs Lady Gaga Is Gonna Perform at the Super Bowl Billboard Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Staging Technical Drawings Live Design Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Set Drawings Live Design Will Lady Gaga 's Drones Win a Lion ? Intel Explains How It Pulled Off Its Fantastical Super Bowl Stunt Adweek Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Dive Bar Tour Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! 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The Man in the High Castle - wikipedia The Man in the High Castle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the 2015 TV adaptation , see The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) . The Man in the High Castle Cover of first edition ( hardcover ) Author Philip K. Dick Country United States Language English Genre Alternate history Publisher Putnam Publication date October 1962 Media type Print ( Hardcover & Paperback ) Pages 240 OCLC 145507009 Dewey Decimal 813.54 The Man in the High Castle ( 1962 ) is an alternate history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick . Set in 1962 , fifteen years after an alternative ending to World War II , the novel concerns intrigues between the victorious Axis Powers -- primarily , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany -- as they rule over the former United States , as well as daily life under the resulting totalitarian rule . The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963 . Beginning in 2015 , the book was adapted as a multi-season TV series , with Dick 's daughter , Isa Dick Hackett , serving as one of the show 's producers . Reported inspirations include Ward Moore 's alternate Civil War history , Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , various classic World War II histories , and the I Ching ( referred to in the novel ) . The novel features a `` novel within the novel '' comprising an alternate history within this alternate history wherein the Allies defeat the Axis ( though in a manner distinct from the actual historical outcome ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Background 1.2 Plot summary 2 The Grasshopper Lies Heavy 3 Inspirations 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 5.1 Audiobook 5.2 Television 6 Incomplete sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Fictional map of the world after the Axis victory Briefly , The Man in the High Castle is a `` fictional picture of a world divided by Germany and Japan , victors of the second World War '' . Background ( edit ) In the novel 's alternate history , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was assassinated by Giuseppe Zangara in 1934 leading to the continuation of the Great Depression and U.S. isolationism during the opening of World War II . Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany to conquer most of Europe and the Soviet Union , murdering Jews , Roma , Slavs , and other groups . Meanwhile , Imperial Japan occupied China , before taking control of India and Oceania . The Nazis then helped Italy conquer most of Africa . As Japan invaded the U.S. West Coast , Germany invaded the U.S. East Coast and most of South America . By 1947 , the U.S. and the remaining Allies surrendered to the Axis , ending the war . By the 1960s , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany are the world 's competing superpowers , with Japan establishing the `` Pacific States of America '' ( P.S.A. ) from the former Western United States , with the remaining Rocky Mountain States now a neutral buffer zone between the P.S.A. and the Nazi - occupied former Eastern United States . For unknown reasons , Canada remains independent . Hitler , though still alive , is incapacitated from advanced syphilis , and Martin Bormann has become Chancellor of Germany , with Goebbels , Heydrich , Göring , Seyss - Inquart ( who oversees the extermination of the peoples of Africa ) , and other Nazi leaders soon vying to take his place . The Nazis have drained the Mediterranean to make room for farmland , developed and used the hydrogen bomb , and designed rockets for extremely fast travel across the world as well as space , having colonized the Moon , Venus , and Mars . The novel is set mostly in San Francisco in the P.S.A. ; here , Chinese residents first appear in the novel as second - class citizens and black people as slaves . The secondary setting of the novel is the Rocky Mountains States , namely the cities of Cañon City , Denver and Cheyenne . Plot summary ( edit ) In 1962 , fifteen years after Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany have won World War II , Robert `` Bob '' Childan owns an Americana antique shop in San Francisco , California ( located in the Japanese - occupied Pacific States of America ) , which is most commonly frequented by the Japanese , who make a fetish of romanticized American cultural artifacts . Childan is contacted by Nobusuke Tagomi , a high - ranking Japanese trade official , who is seeking a gift to impress a visiting Swedish industrialist named Baynes . Childan 's store is stocked in part with antiques from the Wyndam - Matson Corporation , a metalworking company . Frank Frink ( formerly Fink ) , a secretly Jewish -- American veteran of World War II , has just been fired from the Wyndam - Matson factory , when he agrees to join a former coworker to begin a handcrafted jewelry business . Meanwhile , Frink 's ex-wife , Juliana , works as a judo instructor in Cañon City , Colorado ( in the neutral buffer zone of Mountain States ) , where she begins a sexual relationship with an Italian truck driver and ex-soldier , Joe Cinnadella . Throughout the book , many of these characters frequently make important decisions using prophetic messages they interpret from the I Ching . Many characters are also reading a widely banned yet extremely popular new novel , The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , which depicts an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II , a concept that amazes and intrigues its readers . Frink reveals that the Wyndam - Matson Corporation has been supplying Childan with counterfeit antiques , which effectively works to blackmail Wyndam - Matson for money to finance Frink 's new jewelry venture . Tagomi and Baynes meet , but Baynes repeatedly delays any real business as they await an expected third party from Japan . Suddenly , the public receives news of the death of the recently ill Chancellor of Germany , Martin Bormann . Childan tentatively , on consignment , takes some of Frink 's `` authentic '' new metalwork and attempts to curry favor with a Japanese client , who surprisingly considers Frink 's jewellery immensely spiritually alive . Juliana and Joe take a road trip to Denver , Colorado , and Joe impulsively decides they should go on a side - trip to meet the mysterious Hawthorne Abendsen , author of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , who supposedly lives in a guarded fortress - like estate called the `` High Castle '' in Cheyenne , Wyoming . Soon , Joseph Goebbels is announced as the new German Chancellor . Baynes and Tagomi finally meet their Japanese contact as two agents of the Nazi secret police , the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , close in to arrest Baynes , who is actually revealed to be a Nazi defector named Rudolf Wegener . Wegener warns his contact , a famed Japanese general , of Operation Dandelion , an upcoming Goebbels - approved plan for the Nazis to surprise - attack the Japanese Home Islands , in order to obliterate them in one swift stroke . As Frink is elsewhere exposed as a Jew and arrested , Wegener and Tagomi are confronted by the SD agents , both of whom Tagomi shoots dead with an antique American pistol . Back in Colorado , Joe abruptly changes his appearance and mannerisms before the trip to the High Castle , leading Juliana to deduce that he intends to actually murder Abendsen . Joe confirms this , revealing himself to be an undercover Swiss Nazi assassin . Juliana mortally wounds Joe and drives off to warn Abendsen of the threat to his life . Wegener flies back to Germany where upon landing learns that Reinhard Heydrich ( a member of the anti-Dandelion faction ) has launched a coup against Goebbels , possibly installing himself as Chancellor . Meanwhile , Tagomi remains shaken by the shootout and goes to Childan to sell back the gun he used in the fight ; however , instead , sensing the energy from one of Frink 's jewelery items , Tagomi impulsively buys it from Childan , before undergoing a spiritually intense ambiguous moment where he momentarily perceives an alternative - history version of San Francisco . Later , Tagomi on a whim forces the German authorities to release Frink , whom Tagomi has never met and does not know is the maker of the jewelery . Juliana soon has her own spiritual experience when she arrives in Cheyenne . There , she discovers that Abendsen now lives in a normal house with his family , having left behind the High Castle due to a change of outlook ; he no longer preoccupies himself with thoughts that he might soon be assassinated . After dodging many of Juliana 's questions about his inspiration for his novel , Abendsen finally confesses that he in fact used the I Ching to guide his writing of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy . Before leaving , Juliana infers then that `` Truth '' wrote the book in order to reveal the `` Inner Truth '' that Japan and Germany really lost World War II . The Grasshopper Lies Heavy ( edit ) Several characters in The Man in the High Castle read the popular novel The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , by Hawthorne Abendsen , whose title is assumed or supposed to have come from the Bible verse `` The grasshopper shall be a burden '' ( Ecclesiastes 12 : 5 ) . Thus , The Grasshopper Lies Heavy constitutes a novel within a novel , wherein Abendsen writes of an alternative universe , where the Axis Powers lost World War II ( 1939 -- 1947 ) . For this reason , the Germans have banned the novel in the occupied U.S. , but it is widely read in the Pacific , and its publication is legal in the neutral countries . The Grasshopper Lies Heavy postulates that President Roosevelt survives an assassination attempt but forgoes re-election in 1940 , honoring George Washington 's two - term limit . The next president , Rexford Tugwell , removes the Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , saving it from Japanese attack , which ensures that the U.S. enters the conflict a well - equipped naval power . The United Kingdom retains most of its military - industrial strength , contributing more to the Allied war effort , leading to Rommel 's defeat in North Africa ; the British advance through the Caucasus to fight alongside the Soviets to victory in the Battle of Stalingrad ; Italy reneges on its membership in the Axis Powers and betrays them ; British tanks and the Red Army jointly conquer Berlin ; at the end of the war , the Nazi leaders -- including Adolf Hitler -- are tried for their war crimes , wherein the Führer 's last words are Deutsche , hier steh ' ich ( `` Germans , here I stand '' ) , in imitation of Martin Luther . After the war , Winston Churchill remains the British Prime Minister , and , because of its military - industrial might , the British Empire does not collapse . The Soviet Union , crippled by war losses , collapses . The U.S. establishes strong business relations with Chiang Kai - shek 's right - wing regime in China after vanquishing the Communist Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War . The British Empire becomes more racist and expansionist post-war , while the U.S. outlaws Jim Crow laws , resolving its racism by the 1950s . Both changes provoke racial - cultural tensions between the U.S. and the U.K. , leading them to a Cold War for global hegemony between their two vaguely liberal , democratic , capitalist societies . Although the end of the novel is never depicted in the text , one character claims the book ends with the British Empire eventually defeating the U.S. , becoming the sole world superpower . Inspirations ( edit ) Dick said he conceived The Man in the High Castle when reading Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , by Ward Moore , which occurs in an alternative nineteenth - century U.S. wherein the Confederate States of America won the American Civil War . In the acknowledgments to the book , he mentions other influences : The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1960 ) , by William L. Shirer ; Hitler : A Study in Tyranny ( 1962 ) , by Alan Bullock ; The Goebbels Diaries ( 1948 ) , Louis P. Lochner , translator ; Foxes of the Desert ( 1960 ) , by Paul Carrell ; and the 1950 translation of the I Ching by Richard Wilhelm . The acknowledgments have three references to traditional Japanese and Tibetan poetic forms ; ( i ) volume one of the Anthology of Japanese Literature ( 1955 ) , edited by Donald Keene , from which is cited the haiku on page 48 ; ( ii ) from Zen and Japanese Culture ( 1955 ) , by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki , from which is cited a waka on page 135 ; and ( iii ) the Tibetan Book of the Dead ( 1960 ) , edited by Walter Evans - Wentz . Nathanael West 's Miss Lonelyhearts ( 1933 ) is also mentioned in the text , written before the Roosevelt assassination divergence point that separates the world of The Man in the High Castle from ours . In this novella , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' is a male newspaper journalist who writes anonymous advice as an agony aunt to forlorn readers during the height of the Great Depression ; hence , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' tries to find consolation in religion , casual sex , rural vacations , and work , none of which provide him with the sense of authenticity and engagement with the outside world that he needs . West 's book is about the elusive quality of interpersonal relationships and quest for personal meaning at a time of political turmoil within the United States . Philip Dick used the I Ching to make decisions crucial to the plot of The Man in the High Castle just as characters within the novel use the I Ching to guide decisions . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : further , broader statements aimed at encyclopedic , balanced views . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2014 ) In The Religion of Science Fiction , Frederick A. Kreuziger explores the theory of history implied by Dick 's creation of the two alternative realities : Neither of the two worlds , however , the revised version of the outcome of WWII nor the fictional account of our present world , is anywhere near similar to the world we are familiar with . But they could be ! This is what the book is about . The book argues that this world , described twice , although differently each time , is exactly the world we know and are familiar with . Indeed , it is the only world we know : the world of chance , luck , fate . Avram Davidson praised the novel as a `` superior work of fiction '' , citing Dick 's use of the I Ching as `` fascinating '' . Davidson concluded that `` It 's all here -- extrapolation , suspense , action , art , philosophy , plot , ( and ) character . '' The Man in the High Castle secured for Dick the 1963 Hugo Award for Best Novel . A new paperback edition of the novel was published in 1992 by Vintage Books . Adaptations ( edit ) Audiobook ( edit ) An unabridged The Man in the High Castle audiobook , read by George Guidall and running approximately 9.5 hours over seven audio cassettes , was released in 1997 . Another unabridged audiobook version was released in 2008 by Blackstone Audio , read by Tom Wyner and running approximately 8.5 hours over seven CDs . A third unabridged audiobook recording was released in 2014 by Brilliance Audio , read by Jeff Cummings with a running time of 9 hours 58 minutes . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) After a number of attempts to adapt the book to the screen , in October 2014 Amazon 's film production unit began filming the pilot episode of The Man in the High Castle in Roslyn , Washington , for release through the Amazon Prime Web video streaming service . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 , and was Amazon 's `` most watched pilot ever '' according to Amazon Studios ' vice president , Roy Price . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon green - lit the series . The show became available for streaming on November 20 , 2015 . The television series diverges from the novel in many significant respects . Both the Pacific States of America and the Eastern American puppet state appear to be mere provinces of the Japanese and German empires without any apparent autonomous ( even quisling ) government institutions whatsoever . The Rocky Mountain States become an anarchic Neutral Zone . World War II appears to have ended following the destruction of Washington , D.C. with an atomic bomb , rather than a land invasion as in the book . As for Hitler , while elderly , he is apparently mostly hale in his Season 1 finale appearance , though other characters elsewhere in the season do reference his supposed physical infirmity . In the novel , the Italian Empire is a minor power that controls North Africa and the Middle East ; in the series , however , it is shown through maps that these territories are part of the Nazi Empire , suggesting that either the Italian Empire was annexed after the war or is self - governing within the Reich . Characters from the book that do appear are in most cases far more fleshed out with deeper and sometimes rather different backstories than their novel originals . For instance , Wegener is a Standartenführer in the SS , rather than a naval captain ( and oddly there are no German military or naval -- as opposed to SS -- personnel depicted anywhere in the first season ) . Rather than being a member of an organized internal resistance ( and despite his relatively low rank ) Wegener is a close personal confidante of Hitler and his disillusionment with the regime appears to be largely personal . Juliana and Frank are unmarried , but living together , rather than divorced and separated . Frank has a sister , nephew and niece , although they are killed early in the series , and this propels him into a more active role in relation to the resistance . Juliana also has a sister whose murder by the Kenpeitai early in the season instigates her search for the mysterious Man in the High Castle , as well as her having a mother and stepfather who are significant supporting characters . Joe Cinnadella is renamed Joe Blake and as he becomes closer to Juliana appears to have growing doubts about his role as a Nazi agent . Robert Childan is , however , a more minor character in Season 1 than the original , while Ed McCarthy has a rather more prominent and active role . There are several major additional characters introduced by the television series and numerous narrative details and the plotline differ radically from the source novel . For example , the planned Nazi pre-emptive nuclear strike on Japan , `` Operation Dandelion , '' is apparently being prevented only by Hitler 's personal refusal to authorise it , leading Heydrich and the faction demanding pre-emptive war to plot the Führer 's assassination . In addition , Hawthorne Abendsen does not appear in the first season of the television version and The Grasshopper Lies Heavy is a series of newsreel films depicting multiple alternative realities rather than a novel ( although this idea may actually be borrowed from Dick 's later novel Valis which features a mysterious film depicting yet another dystopian alternative history of the USA ) . As of the Season 1 finale , these films are being tracked down by SS agents like Blake for dispatch to Hitler for an as - yet - unknown purpose . In season two we see a map on John Smith 's wall of the world . From this map we can see that Japan controls the entirety of the Pacific Ocean and most of the Asian continent , including China , India and half of Russia . Japan is also shown to control Australia , New Zealand , western Canada , Alaska and , all pacific states in the USA . We also see that that the Japanese Empire controls the Yucatán Peninsula and South American countries like Chile . In contrast , Nazi Germany is shown as controlling all of Europe , Africa and the Middle East . The German Empire also controls all of the United States and Canada up to the Rockies in the west and South American countries like Brazil . Germany also controls the western parts of former USSR such as the Ukraine . There are also buffer zones between the empires . Neither empire seems to have invaded Mexico and this neutral zone continues up through the Rockies and through Canada . A similar neutral zone is seen dividing Russia in half . Season two also shows two very different lifestyles in the Japanese controlled Pacific states and the German controlled east . The Germans have colonized the eastern states and are assimilating its inhabitants into Nazi beliefs . The Japanese Empire is occupying the pacific states versus colonizing them . There is enforced segregation between Japanese and Americans citizens . It is implied that Native Americans and Pacific Islanders were exterminated by the Germans . Incomplete sequel ( edit ) In a 1976 interview , Dick said he planned to write a sequel novel to The Man in the High Castle : `` And so there 's no real ending on it . I like to regard it as an open ending . It will segue into a sequel sometime . '' Dick said that he had `` started several times to write a sequel '' , but progressed little , because he was too disturbed by his original research for The Man in the High Castle and could not mentally bear `` to go back and read about Nazis again . '' He suggested that the sequel would be a collaboration with another author : Somebody would have to come in and help me do a sequel to it . Someone who had the stomach for the stamina to think along those lines , to get into the head ; if you 're going to start writing about Reinhard Heydrich , for instance , you have to get into his face . Can you imagine getting into Reinhard Heydrich 's face ? Two chapters of the proposed sequel were published in The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick , a collection of his essays and other writings . Dick 's novel Radio Free Albemuth is rumored to have started as a sequel to The Man in the High Castle . Dick described the plot of this early version of Radio Free Albemuth -- then titled VALISystem A -- writing : ... a divine and loving ETI ( extraterrestrial intelligence ) ... help ( s ) Hawthorne Abendsen , the protagonist - author in ( The Man in the High Castle ) , continue on in his difficult life after the Nazi secret police finally got to him ... VALISystem A , located in deep space , sees to it that nothing , absolutely nothing , can prevent Abendsen from finishing his novel . The novel eventually evolved into a new story unrelated to The Man in the High Castle . Dick ultimately abandoned the Albemuth book , unpublished during his lifetime , though portions were salvaged and used for 1981 's VALIS . The full book was published in 1985 , three years after Dick 's death . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II Simulated reality in fiction The Iron Dream Fatherland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( December 15 , 1962 ) . `` New Fiction '' . Library Corner . Dixon Evening Telegraph . Dixon , Illinois . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Philip K. ( 2011 ) . The Man in the High Castle ( 1st Mariner Books ed . ) . Boston : Mariner Books . p. ix - x . ISBN 9780547601205 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cover , Arthur Byron ( February 1974 ) . `` Interview with Philip K. Dick '' . Vertex. 1 ( 6 ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ West , Nathanael ( 1933 ) Miss Lonelyhearts , New York , N.Y. : Liveright Publ . Jump up ^ Kreuziger , Frederick A . `` In The Religion of Science Fiction '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Books '' , The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , June 1963 , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Philip K. Dick , Won Awards For Science - Fiction Works '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1982 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Fred ( November 7 , 1963 ) . `` A Brisk Bathrobe Canter At Cry Of ' Fire ! ' Stirs Blood '' . I-J Reporter 's Notebook . Daily Independent Journal . San Rafael , California . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Belatedly I learned that Philip K. Dick of Point Reyes Station won the Hugo , the 21st World Science Fiction Convention Annual Achievement Award for the best novel of 1962 . Jump up ^ Staff ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` New in Paperback '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Willis , Jesse ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Review of The Man In The High Castle by Philip K. Dick '' . SFFaudio . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . BlackstoneAudio.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ L.B. `` Audiobook review : The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick , read by Tom Weiner '' . audiofilemagazine.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Audible , Inc . Jump up ^ Muir , Pat ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame '' . Yakima Herald . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios Adds Drama ' The Man In The High Castle ' , Comedy ' Just Add Magic ' To Pilot Slate '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon Orders 5 New Series Including ' Man in the High Castle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon green - lights The Man in the High Castle TV series '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian . `` Does The Man in the High Castle prove that the best TV is now streamed ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hour 25 : A Talk With Philip K. Dick `` Philip K. Dick Fan Site '' . Philipkdickfans.com . June 26 , 1976 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RC , Lord ( 2006 ) . Pink Beam : A Philip K. Dick Companion ( 1st ed . ) . Ward , Colorado : Ganymedean Slime Mold Pubs . p. 106 . ISBN 9781430324379 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dick , Philip K. ( 1995 ) . `` Part 3 . Works Related to ' The Man in the High Castle ' and its Proposed Sequel '' . In Sutin , Lawrence . The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick : Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 74787 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pfarrer , Tony . `` A Possible Man in the High Castle Sequel ? '' . Willis E. Howard , III Home Page . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LC Online Catalog -- Item Information ( Full Record ) '' . Catalog.loc.gov . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , William Lansing 2006 . `` alternative Histories : Power , Politics , and Paranoia in Philip Roth 's The Plot against America and Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , The Image of Power in Literature , Media , and Society : Selected Papers , 2006 Conference , Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery . Wright , Will ; Kaplan , Steven ( eds . ) ; Pueblo , CO : Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery , Colorado State University - Pueblo ; pp. 107 -- 11 . Campbell , Laura E. 1992 . `` Dickian Time in The Man in the High Castle '' , Extrapolation , 33 : 3 , pp. 190 -- 201 . Carter , Cassie 1995 . `` The Metacolonization of Dick 's The Man in the High Castle : Mimicry , Parasitism and Americanism in the PSA '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 67 , 22 : 3 , pp. 333 -- 342 . DiTommaso , Lorenzo , 1999 . `` Redemption in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 77 , 26 : , pp. 91 -- 119 . Fofi , Goffredo 1997 . `` Postfazione '' , Philip K. Dick , La Svastica sul Sole , Roma , Fanucci , pp. 391 -- 5 . Hayles , N. Katherine 1983 . `` Metaphysics and Metafiction in The Man in the High Castle '' , Philip K. Dick . Greenberg , M.H. ; Olander , J.D. ( eds . ) ; New York : Taplinger , 1983 , pp. 53 -- 71 . Malmgren , Carl D. 1980 . `` Philip Dick 's The Man in the High Castle and the Nature of Science Fictional Worlds '' , Bridges to Science Fiction . Slusser , George E. ; Guffey , George R. ; Rose , Mark ( eds . ) ; Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois University Press , pp. 120 -- 30 . Mountfort , Paul 2016 . `` The I Ching and Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 129 , 43 : , pp. 287 -- 309 . Pagetti , Carlo , 2001a . `` La svastica americana '' ( Introduction ) , Philip K. Dick , L'uomo nell'alto castello , Roma : Fanucci , pp. 7 -- 26 . Proietti , Salvatore , 1989 . `` The Man in The High Castle : politica e metaromanzo '' , Il sogno dei simulacri . Pagetti , Carlo ; Viviani , Gianfranco ( eds . ) ; Milano : Nord , 1989 pp. 34 -- 41 . Rieder , John 1988 . `` The Metafictive World of The Man in the High Castle : Hermeneutics , Ethics , and Political Ideology '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 45 , 15.2 : 214 - 25 . Rossi , Umberto , 2000 . `` All Around the High Castle : Narrative Voices and Fictional Visions in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Telling the Stories of America -- History , Literature and the Arts -- Proceedings of the 14th AISNA Biennial conference ( Pescara , 1997 ) , Clericuzio , A. ; Goldoni , Annalisa ; Mariani , Andrea ( eds . ) ; Roma : Nuova Arnica , pp. 474 -- 83 . Simons , John L. 1985 . `` The Power of Small Things in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' . The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature , 39 : 4 , pp. 261 -- 75 . Warrick , Patricia , 1992 . `` The Encounter of Taoism and Fascism in The Man in the High Castle '' , On Philip K. Dick , Mullen et al. ( eds . ) ; Terre Haute and Greencastle : SF - TH Inc. 1992 , pp. 27 -- 52 . External links ( edit ) The Man in the High Castle cover art gallery The Man in the High Castle at the Internet Book List The Man in the High Castle at Worlds Without End Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Hugo Award for Best Novel Retro The Sword in the Stone by T.H. White ( 1939 ) Slan by A.E. van Vogt ( 1941 ) The Mule by Isaac Asimov ( 1946 ) Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1951 ) Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury ( 1954 ) 1953 -- 1975 The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester ( 1953 ) They 'd Rather Be Right ( aka : The Forever Machine ) by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley ( 1955 ) Double Star by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1956 ) The Big Time by Fritz Leiber ( 1958 ) A Case of Conscience by James Blish ( 1959 ) Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1960 ) A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller , Jr. ( 1961 ) Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1962 ) The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick ( 1963 ) Here Gather the Stars ( aka : Way Station ) by Clifford D. Simak ( 1964 ) The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber ( 1965 ) Dune by Frank Herbert ( 1966 , tie ) ... And Call Me Conrad ( aka : This Immortal ) by Roger Zelazny ( 1966 , tie ) The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1967 ) Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny ( 1968 ) Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner ( 1969 ) The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1970 ) Ringworld by Larry Niven ( 1971 ) To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer ( 1972 ) The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov ( 1973 ) Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke ( 1974 ) The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Forever War by Joe Haldeman ( 1976 ) Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm ( 1977 ) Gateway by Frederik Pohl ( 1978 ) Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre ( 1979 ) The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke ( 1980 ) The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge ( 1981 ) Downbelow Station by C.J. Cherryh ( 1982 ) Foundation 's Edge by Isaac Asimov ( 1983 ) Startide Rising by David Brin ( 1984 ) Neuromancer by William Gibson ( 1985 ) Ender 's Game by Orson Scott Card ( 1986 ) Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card ( 1987 ) The Uplift War by David Brin ( 1988 ) Cyteen by C.J. Cherryh ( 1989 ) Hyperion by Dan Simmons ( 1990 ) The Vor Game by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1991 ) Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1992 ) A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge / Doomsday Book by Connie Willis ( 1993 ) Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson ( 1994 ) Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1995 ) The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson ( 1996 ) Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson ( 1997 ) Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman ( 1998 ) To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis ( 1999 ) A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) American Gods by Neil Gaiman ( 2002 ) Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer ( 2003 ) Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 2004 ) Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke ( 2005 ) Spin by Robert Charles Wilson ( 2006 ) Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge ( 2007 ) The Yiddish Policemen 's Union by Michael Chabon ( 2008 ) The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman ( 2009 ) The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi / The City & the City by China Miéville ( 2010 ) Blackout / All Clear by Connie Willis ( 2011 ) Among Others by Jo Walton ( 2012 ) Redshirts by John Scalzi ( 2013 ) Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie ( 2014 ) The Three - Body Problem by Cixin Liu ( 2015 ) The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin ( 2016 ) The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle&oldid=835816521 '' Categories : 1962 American novels 1962 science fiction novels American alternate history novels Dystopian novels Hugo Award for Best Novel - winning works Metafictional novels Postmodern novels Novels by Philip K. Dick Novels set in California Novels set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories G.P. Putnam 's Sons books Fictional states of the United States Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from February 2014 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what do the films mean in high castle

The Grasshopper Lies Heavy is a series of newsreel films depicting multiple alternative realities

The Man in the High Castle

Balamory - wikipedia Balamory Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Balamory Created by Brian Jameson Starring Julie Wilson Nimmo Miles Jupp Kasia Haddad Buki Akib Juliet Cadzow Andrew Agnew Rodd Christensen Mary Riggans Kim Tserkezie Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 254 , including Christmas special . Production Producer ( s ) Brian Jameson Running time 19 -- 21 minutes . 28 -- 30 minutes . Specials Production company ( s ) BBC Scotland Distributor BBC Release Original network CBeebies Picture format 16 : 9 Widescreen Audio format Stereo Original release 10 February 2002 -- 14 April 2005 External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory Balamory is a Scottish live action television series on British television ( BBC One , BBC Two and CBeebies ) for pre school children , about a fictional small island community called Balamory in Scotland . It was produced between 10 February 2002 and 14 April 2005 by BBC Scotland , with 254 episodes made ( including a DVD exclusive Christmas episode ) . The series was created by Brian Jameson . Balamory was filmed mostly in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull , with the exception of scenes at Archie 's castle filmed at Fenton Tower in North Berwick , and other scenes , such as Camden and the nursery filmed in Glasgow . A select series of episodes was shown for two brief seasons in the United States on the Discovery Kids channel . It was also shown on TLC . In Ireland , episodes were shown until recently on weekdays on RTÉ Two 's The Den and continue to be shown on The Den 's replacement , RTÉjr . Tobermory , Mull , the setting for the fictional town of Balamory Edie McCredie 's bus ( LDV Convoy ) in the Glasgow Museum of Transport Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Episodes 2.1 Episode guide 3 Audience 4 Songs 5 Production 6 Retirement 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) There are eight central characters in Balamory . Each character wears a distinctive colour of clothing like pink or yellow , and lives in a house of the same colour like Archie lives in a pink castle , with the exception of Penny Pocket ( who shares the red house / shop with Suzie Sweet , and wears blue ) and PC Plum ( who lives in the white house but wears a police uniform ) . Each character also has one or more individual songs . Character Actor Job House Song ( s ) Miss Hoolie Julie Wilson Nimmo Nursery teacher Green house Nursery Song : Everybody everyone Day off song : What do you want to do today ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Strike up the band ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Archie the Inventor Miles Jupp Inventor Pink castle I 'm Archie the Inventor ( Series 1 - 4 ) Great Inventions , Groovy Solutions ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Josie Jump Buki Akib ( series 1 - 2 ) Kasia Haddad ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Fitness instructor Yellow house Josie Jump is My Name ( Jump a Little Higher ) ( Series 1 - 4 ) Cheer You Up ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Edie McCredie Juliet Cadzow Bus driver Blue garage / house When I Honk My Horn ( Series 1 - 4 ) Let Me Take You on a Journey ( Series 3 -- 4 ) PC Plum Andrew Agnew Policeman Black and white police station I 'm PC Plum ( Series 1 -- 4 ) Follow the Clue ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Spencer the Painter Rodd Christensen Painter / Musician Orange house Climbing Up My Musical Ladder ( Series 1 -- 4 ) If You Need a Little Rhythm ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Suzie Sweet Mary Riggans Shop and café workers Red shop I 'm Suzie Sweet , I 'm Penny Pocket ( Series 1 -- 4 ) Suzie 's Cooking ( Series 3 -- 4 ) Penny Pocket Kim Tserkezie I 'm Suzie Sweet , I 'm Penny Pocket ( Series 1 -- 4 ) Sort It ( Series 3 -- 4 ) The nursery teacher Miss Hoolie is the framing character and narrator for each episode . She introduces the programme and the problem which needs to be solved , provides a recap in the middle , and summarises the story at the end of the episode . Archie the Inventor builds zany creations from household objects , such as boxes , bottles , yoghurt pots , string , and similar items that young children might typically use in craft projects . His inventions are intended to be useful , but sometimes backfire . Josie Jump is the fitness instructor at the primary school next door to Miss Hoolie 's nursery school . She plays and coaches all types of gymnastics , sports , and dance , and encourages the young viewers to exercise . She is also talented at storytelling through expressive movement and dance . Edie McCredie drives the nursery school bus . She has travelled all over the world , and has a variety of photographs and souvenirs to talk about . She is also an expert driver and motor mechanic , and occasionally gets exasperated with other road users . Police officer PC Plum aspires to be a master detective , but Balamory is a crime free village . He spends most of his time watching wildlife and using his detective skills , to figure out what the animals have been doing . He is also particularly interested in rules , regulations , and safety . Spencer is officially responsible for painting the coloured houses of Balamory , but also paints pictures and creates music . His painter 's ladder is musical , each rung sounding a different note . Spencer is also the only American to reside in Balamory and he is black . Suzie Sweet and Penny Pocket together run the village shop and cafe . Suzie Sweet is an older , grandmotherly figure who loves to tell customers about the items in the shop . Penny Pocket is a young woman who uses a wheelchair ; she has a talent for mathematics . Episodes ( edit ) A typical episode follows this general plan : The opening credits show the town of `` Balamory '' with its brightly coloured houses . Miss Hoolie opens the nursery school , greets the nursery children , and talks about that day 's weather . One of the other characters ( who will be the main character of that episode ) tells Miss Hoolie about a problem . This character then sings `` Which Coloured House Are We Going To ? '' , asking the young viewers to guess which of the Balamory characters will be most helpful in solving the problem . The main character then proceeds to visit several other characters until the problem is solved . Miss Hoolie and the main character provide a summary of the story at each point , and a final recap at the end of the episode . For example , in one episode Josie Jump has been asked to look after a neighbour 's rabbit , but does not know what it needs . She is advised to visit PC Plum , who advises her to feed it vegetables . She then goes to the shop run by Pocket and Sweet to buy rabbit food , and finally brings the rabbit to Miss Hoolie 's nursery for the children to feed and pat it . Each episode of Balamory contains at least five songs : `` What 's the Story in Balamory ? '' , the theme song Miss Hoolie 's opening song , either `` Everybody , Everyone '' if the nursery school is open , or one of the two `` day off '' songs otherwise `` Which Coloured House Are We Going To ? '' , sung by the main character after presenting his or her problem Character - specific songs , sung by the characters visited by the main character Episode guide ( edit ) Series One Series Two Series Three Series Four Audience ( edit ) The programme was aimed at pre schoolers . The programme 's creator had intended it as a `` soap opera for children '' . The show can also be seen in a humorous light . The characters in Balamory are somewhat naive and light hearted , often appearing to be children trapped in adult bodies with adult roles . The storyline revolves around simple problems designed to challenge pre schoolers ' minds . Songs ( edit ) There are many songs in Balamory , mainly sung by the actors . These songs are used consistently throughout the series , when corresponding characters or circumstances are introduced . In the run starting from September 2004 , new songs were introduced . These songs are longer and take up more time in the episode , so the old versions were still often used . In addition to the character specific songs mentioned in the `` Characters '' section , there are two general songs : `` What 's the Story in Balamory ? '' is the show 's theme song , sung over the opening titles and played as an instrumental over the closing credits . `` Which Coloured House Are We Going To ? '' is sung by the main character of each episode after introducing that episode 's problem . Production ( edit ) Very few episodes feature actors other than the main characters and the nursery children . Terry Wogan made a guest appearance in one episode ( The Game Show ) as a television director . This episode also featured Greg Hemphill ( Julie Wilson Nimmo 's husband in real life ) and John Altman , who plays Nick Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders . Celebrity chef Keith Floyd appeared in Suzie Sweet 's song `` Suzie 's Cookin ' '' . Occasionally , the shots of children entering the nursery are cut down for repeats for time reasons . Retirement ( edit ) On 30 April 2005 , the BBC announced that it would not order another season of the series , citing they wanted to experiment and create more new programme ideas . In that year , all the cast ( except for two of them ) performed a farewell touring show called `` Balamory Live : Strike up the Band '' , a follow up to the `` Balamory Live : What 's The Story '' tour from 2004 . By the time the programme was retired , many of the cast were also keen to move on . Miles Jupp , who played Archie , stated that his role caused some problems when he was performing stand up on the Edinburgh Fringe , due to parents assuming his show was child friendly , and bringing their children to see it . Julie Wilson Nimmo , who played Miss Hoolie , complained that she could not take her children to the local play area without being mobbed . Awards ( edit ) Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2003 BAFTA Children 's Awards . Awarded Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2004 BAFTA Children 's Awards . Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2005 BAFTA Children 's Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sunday Herald talks to the Balamory cast and production team Jump up ^ Ross , Peter ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` What 's the story ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees - Children 's -- Awards - 2003 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees - Children 's - Awards - 2004 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees - Children 's - Awards - 2005 '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory Press release at the launch of Balamory ) at bbc.co.uk http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/30/balamory.shtml CBeebies - Balamory ) at bbc.co.uk Balamory on IMDb Balamory at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balamory&oldid=807129679 '' Categories : Balamory BBC children 's television programmes Fictional populated places in Scotland 2002 British television programme debuts 2005 British television programme endings 2000s Scottish television series Musical television series Preschool education television series Television shows set in Scotland Isle of Mull 2002 establishments in Scotland BBC Scotland television programmes 2000s British children 's television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 02 : 40 . 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who lives in the blue house in balamory

Edie McCredie

Brian Jameson

Hosts ( file ) - wikipedia Hosts ( file ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Host ( disambiguation ) . The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses . It is a plain text file . Originally a file named HOSTS. TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership , containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations . The Domain Name System , first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984 , automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network . In modern operating systems , the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism , configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 File content 3 Location in the file system 4 History 5 Extended applications 6 Security issues 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Purpose ( edit ) The hosts file is one of several system facilities that assists in addressing network nodes in a computer network . It is a common part of an operating system 's Internet Protocol ( IP ) implementation , and serves the function of translating human - friendly hostnames into numeric protocol addresses , called IP addresses , that identify and locate a host in an IP network . In some operating systems , the contents of the hosts file is used preferentially to other name resolution methods , such as the Domain Name System ( DNS ) , but many systems implement name service switches , e.g. , nsswitch. conf for Linux and Unix , to provide customization . Unlike remote DNS resolvers , the hosts file is under the direct control of the local computer 's administrator . File content ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names . Each field is separated by white space -- tabs are often preferred for historical reasons , but spaces are also used . Comment lines may be included ; they are indicated by an octothorpe ( # ) in the first position of such lines . Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored . For example , a typical hosts file may contain the following : 127.0. 0.1 localhost loopback : : 1 localhost This example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names , a typical default content of the hosts file . The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names ( localhost and loopback ) , and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses , as shown on the first and second lines respectively . Location in the file system ( edit ) The location of the hosts file in the file system hierarchy varies by operating system . It is usually named hosts , without an extension . Operating System Version ( s ) Location Unix , Unix - like , POSIX / etc / hosts Microsoft Windows 3.1 % WinDir % \ HOSTS 95 , 98 , ME % WinDir % \ hosts NT , 2000 , XP , 2003 , Vista , 2008 , 7 , 2012 , 8 , 10 % SystemRoot % \ System32 \ drivers \ etc \ hosts Windows Mobile , Windows Phone Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ Comm \ Tcpip \ Hosts Apple Macintosh 9 and earlier Preferences or System folder Mac OS X 10.0 -- 10.1. 5 ( Added through NetInfo or niload ) Mac OS X 10.2 and newer / etc / hosts ( a symbolic link to / private / etc / hosts ) Novell NetWare SYS : etc \ hosts OS / 2 & eComStation `` bootdrive '' : \ mptn \ etc \ Symbian Symbian OS 6.1 -- 9.0 C : \ system \ data \ hosts Symbian OS 9.1 + C : \ private \ 10000882 \ hosts MorphOS NetStack ENVARC : sys / net / hosts AmigaOS < 4 AmiTCP : db / hosts DEVS : Internet / hosts AROS ENVARC : AROSTCP / db / hosts Android / etc / hosts ( a symbolic link to / system / etc / hosts ) iOS iOS 2.0 and newer / etc / hosts ( a symbolic link to / private / etc / hosts ) TOPS - 20 < SYSTEM > HOSTS. TXT Plan 9 / lib / ndb / hosts BeOS / boot / beos / etc / hosts Haiku / boot / common / settings / network / hosts OpenVMS UCX UCX $ HOST TCPware TCPIP $ HOST RISC OS 3.7 , 5 ! Boot. Resources. ! Internet. files. Hosts later boot sequence ! Boot. Choices. Hardware. Disabled. Internet. Files. Hosts History ( edit ) The ARPANET , the predecessor of the Internet , had no distributed host name database . Each network node maintained its own map of the network nodes as needed and assigned them names that were memorable to the users of the system . There was no method for ensuring that all references to a given node in a network were using the same name , nor was there a way to read the hosts file of another computer to automatically obtain a copy . The small size of the ARPANET kept the administrative overhead small to maintain an accurate hosts file . Network nodes typically had one address and could have many names . As local area TCP / IP computer networks gained popularity , however , the maintenance of hosts files became a larger burden on system administrators as networks and network nodes were being added to the system with increasing frequency . Standardization efforts , such as the format specification of the file HOSTS. TXT in RFC 952 , and distribution protocols , e.g. , the hostname server described in RFC 953 , helped with these problems , but the centralized and monolithic nature of hosts files eventually necessitated the creation of the distributed Domain Name System ( DNS ) . On some old systems a file named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks . Extended applications ( edit ) In its function of resolving host names , the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system . Redirecting local domains Some web service and intranet developers and administrators define locally defined domains in a LAN for various purposes , such as accessing the company 's internal resources or to test local websites in development . Internet resource blocking Entries in the hosts file may be used to block online advertising , or the domains of known malicious resources and servers that contain spyware , adware , and other malware . This may be achieved by adding entries for those sites to redirect requests to another address that does not exist or to a harmless destination . Commercial software applications may be used to populate the hosts file with entries of known undesirable Internet resources automatically . Security issues ( edit ) The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software . The file may be modified , for example , by adware , computer viruses , or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content . The widespread computer worm Mydoom. B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected access from the compromised computer to the Microsoft Windows Update website . See also ( edit ) DNSBL , a DNS - based blackhole list Content - control software Ad filtering References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Internet Systems Consortium . `` The Most Widely Used Name Server Software : BIND '' . History of BIND . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cisco Networking Academy Program : First - Year Companion Guide '' , Cisco Systems , Inc. , 2002 ( 2nd Edition ) , page 676 , ISBN 1 - 58713 - 025 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Linux Network Administrators Guide : Writing hosts and networks files '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hosts File '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft KB Q314053 : TCP / IP and NBT configuration parameters for Windows XP '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft KB 972034 Revision 2.0 : default hosts files '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mac OS X : How to Add Hosts to Local Hosts File '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Haiku / BeOS Tip Server '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RISC OS 6.14 Jump up ^ `` Remove Trojan. Qhosts -- Symantec '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Windows TCP / IP in Windows 2000 Professional Microsoft TCP / IP Host Name Resolution Order Blocking Unwanted Connections with a Hosts File ( Creative Commons License ) Solution if Windows stops you from modifying the Hosts file or the Lmhosts file in Windows Vista / 7 / 8 Beginners Guide on Editing Hosts File List of Microsoft related domains that Windows wo n't redirect Mac How to block unwanted domains with a HOSTS file on Mac OS X 10.2 or later `` Gas Mask '' - Hosts file manager for Mac OS X Linux Block unwanted advertisements with / etc / hosts file on Linux Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosts_(file)&oldid=833616207 '' Categories : Domain name system Configuration files Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lumbaart Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 吴语 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 16 : 33 . 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where is the host file located in windows server 2008 r2

%SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts

not_equivalent

History of laptops - wikipedia History of laptops Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in History of Science . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject History of Science may be able to help recruit an expert . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alan Kay with his 1972 `` Dynabook '' prototype ( photo : 5 November 2008 in Mountain View , California ) History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... The history of laptops describes the efforts in the 1970 s and 1980 s to build small , portable personal computers that combine the components , inputs , outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer in a small chassis . Before laptop / notebook computers were technically feasible , similar ideas had been proposed , most notably Alan Kay 's Dynabook concept , developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970 s . One of the first reasonably portable computers was the Xerox NoteTaker , again developed at Xerox PARC , in 1976 . However , only 10 prototypes were built . Contents ( hide ) 1 Portal R2E CCMC 2 Osborne 1 3 Bondwell 2 4 Compaq Portable 5 Epson HX - 20 6 Grid Compass 7 Dulmont Magnum / Kookaburra 8 Ampere 9 Tandy Model 100 10 Sharp and Gavilan 11 Kyotronic 85 12 Commodore SX - 64 13 Kaypro 2000 14 IBM PC Convertible 15 Toshiba T1100 , T1000 , and T1200 16 US Air Force 17 Hewlett - Packard Vectra Portable CS 18 Cambridge Z88 19 Compaq SLT / 286 20 NEC UltraLite 21 Apple 21.1 Macintosh Portable 21.2 Powerbook 22 IBM RS / 6000 N40 23 Windows 95 operating system 24 Intel Pentium processor 25 Improved technology 26 Netbooks 27 Smartbooks 28 See also 29 References 30 External links 31 Further reading Portal R2E CCMC ( edit ) R2E CCMC Portal laptop The portable micro computer the `` Portal '' of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris . The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting . It was based on an Intel 8085 processor , 8 - bit , clocked at 2 MHz . It was equipped with a central 64K byte Ram , a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys ( separate blocks ) , a 32 - character screen , a floppy disk : capacity = 140 000 characters , of a thermal printer : speed = 28 characters / second , an asynchronous channel , a synchronous channel , a 220V power supply . Designed for an operating temperature of 15 ° C to 35 ° C , it weighed 12 kg and its dimensions were 45cm x 45cm x 15cm . It provided total mobility . Its operating system was Prologue . Osborne 1 ( edit ) An opened Osborne 1 computer , ready for use . The keyboard sits on the inside of the lid . The Osborne 1 is considered the first true mobile computer by most historians . Adam Osborne founded Osborne Computer and formed the Osborne 1 in 1981 . The Osborne 1 had a five - inch screen , incorporating a modem port , two 5 1 / 4 floppy drives , a big collection of bundled software applications , and a battery pack . The computer company was a failure and did not last for very long . Although it was large and heavy compared to today 's laptops , with a tiny 5 '' CRT monitor , it had a near - revolutionary impact on business , as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time . This and other `` luggables '' were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer , the Xerox NoteTaker . The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine , and could be carried on commercial aircraft . The Osborne 1 weighed close to 11 kg and was priced at $1795 . Bondwell 2 ( edit ) Although it was n't released until 1985 , well after the decline of CP / M as a major operating system , the Bondwell 2 is one of only a handful of CP / M laptops . It used a Z - 80 CPU running at 4 MHz , had 64 KBs of RAM , and a 3.5 '' floppy disk drive built in , which was unusual for CP / M laptops . The flip - up LCD display 's resolution was 640x200 pixels . Bondwell 2 also included MicroPro 's complete line of CP / M software , including WordStar . The Bondwell 2 was capable of displaying bitmapped graphics . The price of the Bondwell 2 was listed at $995 . Compaq portable ( edit ) The Compaq Portable was the first portable computer created in 1982 which one of the first 100 % IBM PC compatible systems . The first shipment was in March 1983 and was priced at $2,995 . The Compaq Portable folded up into a luggable case the size of a portable sewing machine . The third model of this development , Compaq Portable II , featured high resolution graphics on its tube display . It was the first portable computer ready to be used on the shop floor , and for CAD and diagram display . It established Compaq as a major brand on the market . Epson HX - 20 ( edit ) Epson HX - 20 ( 1981 ) Epson L3s ( ~ 1990 ? ) Another significant machine announced in 1981 , although first sold widely in 1983 , was the Epson HX - 20 . A simple handheld computer , it featured a full - transit 68 - key keyboard , rechargeable nickel - cadmium batteries , a small ( 120 × 32 - pixel ) dot - matrix LCD with 4 lines of text , 20 characters per line text mode , a 24 column dot matrix printer , a Microsoft BASIC interpreter , and 16 KB of RAM ( expandable to 32 KB ) . Through at least the late 1980s Epson continued to release laptops such as the L3s . GRiD Compass ( edit ) Main article : Grid Compass The first laptop in the modern form was the Grid Compass 1101 , designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979 -- 80 , and released in 1983 . Enclosed in a magnesium case , it introduced the now familiar clamshell design , in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard . The computer could be run from batteries , and was equipped with a 320 × 200 - pixel electroluminescent display and 384 kilobyte bubble memory . It was not IBM - compatible , and its high price ( US $ 8,000 -- 10,000 ) limited it to specialized applications . However , it was used heavily by the U.S. military , and by NASA on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s . The GRiD 's manufacturer subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace . GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by the Tandy ( now RadioShack ) Corporation . Dulmont Magnum / Kookaburra ( edit ) Main article : Dulmont Magnum Another contender for the first true laptop was the Dulmont Magnum , designed Barry Wilkinson and Terry Crews Engineering Manager at Dulmison in 1982 and released in Australia in 1983 It included an 80 × 8 display in a lid that closed against the keyboard . It was based on the MS - DOS operating system and applications stored in ROM ( A :) and also supported removable modules in expansion slots ( B : and C :) that could be custom programmed EPROM or standard word processing and spreadsheet applications . However , the Magnum had no nonvolatile memory , but could suspend and retain memory in RAM , including a RAM Disk ( D :) . A separate expansion box provided dual 5.25 - inch floppy or 10 MB hard disk storage . Dulmont was eventually taken over by Time Office Computers , who marketed the Magnum internationally in 16 and 25 line LCD versions , and also introduced the brandname Kookaburra to emphasize its Australian origins . Ampere ( edit ) The Ampere , a laptop with a sleek clamshell design by Ryu Oosake , was made in 1983 . It offered a MC68008 microprocessor dedicated to running an APL interpreter residing in ROM . It was released as the Ampere WS - 1 . Tandy Model 100 ( edit ) The TRS - 80 Model 100 was an early portable computer introduced in 1983 . It was one of the first notebook - style computers , featuring a keyboard and LCD , battery - powered , in a package roughly the size and shape of a notepad or a large book . It was made by Kyocera , and originally sold in Japan as the Kyotronic 85 . Although a slow seller for Kyocera , the rights to the machine were purchased by Tandy Corporation , and the computer was sold through Radio Shack stores in the United States and Canada as well as affiliated dealers in other countries , becoming one of the company 's most popular models , with over 6,000,000 units sold worldwide . The Olivetti M - 10 and the NEC PC - 8201 and PC - 8300 were also built on the same Kyocera platform . Sharp and Gavilan ( edit ) Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC - 5000 and the Gavilan SC , announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984 . The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a `` laptop '' . It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad - like pointing device , installed on a panel above the keyboard . Like the GRiD Compass , the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases , but they were partly IBM - compatible , although primarily running their own system software . Both had LCDs , and could connect to optional external printers . The Dulmont Magnum , launched internationally in 1984 , was an Australian portable similar in layout to the Gavilan , which used the Intel 80186 processor . Kyotronic 85 ( edit ) The year 1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest - selling early laptop , the Kyocera Kyotronic 85 . Owing much to the design of the previous Epson HX - 20 , and although at first a slow seller in Japan , it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation , Olivetti , and NEC , who recognised its potential and marketed it respectively as the TRS - 80 Model 100 line ( or Tandy 100 ) , Olivetti M - 10 , and NEC PC - 8201 . The machines ran on standard AA batteries . The Tandy 's built - in programs , including a BASIC interpreter , a text editor , and a terminal program , were supplied by Microsoft , and was written in part by Bill Gates himself . The computer was not a clamshell , but provided a tiltable 8 line × 40 - character LCD screen above a full - travel keyboard . With its internal modem , it was a highly portable communications terminal . Due to its portability , good battery life ( and ease of replacement ) , reliability ( it had no moving parts ) , and low price ( as little as US $300 ) , the model was highly regarded , becoming a favorite among journalists . It weighed less than 2 kg with dimensions of 30 × 21.5 × 4.5 centimeters ( 12 × 81⁄2 × 13⁄4 in ) . Initial specifications included 8 kilobytes of RAM ( expandable to 24 KB ) and a 3 MHz processor . The machine was in fact about the size of a paper notebook , but the term had yet to come into use and it was generally described as a `` portable '' computer . Commodore SX - 64 ( edit ) The Commodore SX - 64 , also known as the Executive 64 , or VIC - 64 in Europe , was a portable , briefcase or suitcase - size `` luggable '' version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer , and was the first full - color portable computer . The SX - 64 featured a built - in five - inch composite monitor and a built - in 1541 floppy drive . It weighed 20 pounds . The machine was carried by its sturdy handle , which doubled as an adjustable stand . It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later , at $995 USD . Kaypro 2000 ( edit ) Possibly the first commercial IBM - compatible laptop was the Kaypro 2000 , introduced in 1985 . With its brushed aluminum clamshell case , it was remarkably similar in design to modern laptops . It featured a 25 line by 80 character LCD , a detachable keyboard , and a pop - up 90 mm ( 3.5 - inch ) floppy drive . IBM PC Convertible ( edit ) Also among the first commercial IBM - compatible laptops was the IBM PC Convertible , introduced in 1986 . It had a CGA - compatible LCD and 2 floppy drives . It weighed 13 pounds ( 5.9 kg ) . Toshiba T1100 , T1000 , and T1200 ( edit ) Toshiba launched the Toshiba T1100 in 1985 , and has subsequently described it as `` the world 's first mass - market laptop computer '' . It did not have a hard drive , and ran entirely from floppy disks . The CPU was a 4.77 MHz Intel 80C88 , a variation of the popular Intel 8088 , and the display was a monochrome , text - only 640x200 LCD . It was followed in 1987 by the T1000 and T1200 . Although limited floppy - based DOS machines , with the operating system stored in ROM , the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack , and could be run from lead - acid batteries . They also introduced the now - standard `` resume '' feature to DOS - based machines : the computer could be paused between sessions without having to be restarted each time . U.S. Air Force ( edit ) The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large part due to a Request For Proposal ( RFP ) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987 . This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over 200,000 laptops . Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and the major PC companies of the time ; IBM Corporation , To shins , Compaq , NEC , and Zenith Data Systems ( ZDS ) , rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal . ZDS , which had earlier won a landmark deal with the IRS for its Z - 171 , was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series . The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor , dual floppy disk drives , a backlit , blue and white STN LCD screen , and a NiCd battery pack . Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20 MB hard disk drive . On the strength of this deal , ZDS became the world 's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988 . ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of these laptops . This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a major brand and an Asian original equipment manufacturer . Hewlett - packard Vectra portable CS ( edit ) In 1987 , HP released a portable version of their Vectra CS computer . It had the classic laptop configuration ( keyboard and monitor closes up clam - shell style in order to carry ) , however , it was very heavy and fairly large . It had a full - size keyboard ( with separate numeric keypad ) and a large amber LCD screen . While it was offered with dual 3.5 - inch floppy disk drives , the most common configuration was a 20 MB hard drive and a single floppy drive . It was one of the first machines with a 1.44 MB density 3.5 - inch disk drive . Cambridge Z88 ( edit ) Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88 , designed by Clive Sinclair , introduced in 1988 . About the size of an A4 sheet of paper as well , it ran on standard batteries , and contained basic spreadsheet , word processing , and communications programs . It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer , and as a ROM - based machine with a small display , can -- like the TRS - 80 Model 100 -- also be seen as a forerunner of the personal digital assistant . Compaq SLT / 286 ( edit ) By the end of the 1980s , laptop computers were becoming popular among business people . The COMPAQ SLT / 286 debuted in October 1988 , being the first battery - powered laptop to support an internal hard disk drive and a VGA compatible LCD screen . It weighed 14 lbs . NEC Ultralite ( edit ) Main article : NEC UltraLite The NEC UltraLite , released in mid-1989 , was perhaps the first `` notebook '' computer , weighing just 2 kg ( 4.4 lbs ) . In lieu of a floppy or hard drive , it contained a 2 megabyte RAM drive , but this reduced its utility as well as its size . Although portable computers with clamshell LCD screens already existed before it , the Ultralite was the first computer in a notebook form - factor . It was significantly smaller than all portable computers that came before it . People can actually carry - it like a notebook and fold its clamshell LCD like a book cover over the rest of its body . Apple ( edit ) Macintosh portable ( edit ) The Macintosh Portable , Apple 's first attempt at a battery - powered computer The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable ( although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984 ) . Unlike the Compaq LTE laptop released earlier in the year the Macintosh Portable was actually a `` luggable '' not a laptop , but the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life , but was a poor seller due to its bulk . In the absence of a true Apple laptop , several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users ; however , for copyright reasons , the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs , which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well . PowerBook ( edit ) The Apple PowerBook series , introduced in October 1991 , pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops , such as room for a palm rest , and the inclusion of a pointing device ( a trackball ) . The following year , IBM released its ThinkPad 700C , featuring a similar design ( though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device ) . Later PowerBooks featured optional color displays ( PowerBook 165c , 1993 ) , and first true touchpad ( PowerBook 500 series , 1994 ) , first 16 - bit stereo audio , and first built - in Ethernet network adapter ( PowerBook 500 , 1994 ) . IBM RS / 6000 N40 ( edit ) In 1994 , IBM released the RS / 6000 N40 laptop based on a PowerPC microprocessor running the AIX operating system , a variant of UNIX . It was manufactured by Tadpole Technology ( now Tadpole Computer ) , who also manufactured laptops based on SPARC and Alpha microprocessors , the SPARCbook and ALPHAbook lines , respectively . Windows 95 operating system ( edit ) The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computing . In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95 . It was the first time that Microsoft had implemented the advanced power management specification with control in the operating system . Prior to this point each brand used custom BIOS , drivers and in some cases , ASICs , to optimize the battery life of its machines . This move by Microsoft was controversial in the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate ; however , it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design . Intel Pentium processor ( edit ) Windows 95 also ushered in the importance of the CD - ROM drive in mobile computing , and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks . The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD - ROM . Also featuring a removable hard disk drive and floppy drive , the Solo was the first three - spindle ( optical , floppy , and hard disk drive ) notebook computer , and was extremely successful within the consumer segment of the market . In roughly the same time period the Dell Latitude , Toshiba Satellite , and IBM ThinkPad were reaching great success with Pentium - based two - spindle ( hard disk and floppy disk drive ) systems directed toward the corporate market . Improved technology ( edit ) A 1997 Micron laptop Early laptop displays were so primitive that PC Magazine in 1986 published an article discussing them with the headline `` Is It On Yet ? '' . It said of the accompanying montage of nine portable computers , `` Pictured at the right are two screens and seven elongated smudges '' . The article stated that `` LCD screens still look to many observers like Etch - a-Sketch toys , or gray chalk on a dirty blackboard '' , and predicted that until displays improved , `` laptops will continue to be a niche rather than a mainstream direction '' . As technology improved during the 1990s , the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased . Correspondingly prices went down . Several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented , improving usability and performance . Among them were : Improved battery technology . The heavy lead - acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies , first nickel cadmium or NiCd , then nickel metal hydride ( NiMH ) and then Lithium - ion battery and lithium polymer . Power - saving processors . While laptops in 1991 were limited to the 80286 processor because of the energy demands of the more powerful 80386 , the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor , designed for the specific power needs of laptops , marked the point at which laptop needs were included in CPU design . The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I / O chip to create the SL chipset . It was more integrated than any previous solution although its cost was higher . It was heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time . Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used the same architecture . However , Intel had to abandon this design approach as it introduced its Pentium series . Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting ( also used in LCD manufacturing ) and this initially limited the number of companies capable of supplying notebooks . However , Intel did eventually migrate to more standard chip packaging . One limitation of notebooks has always been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops . Intel did try to solve this problem with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing . The MMC was a standard module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit . It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date , eased the manufacturing process somewhat , and was also used in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU could be added to the chassis after it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations but ultimately could not maintain the appropriate speed and data integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector . A more specialized power saving CPU variant for laptops is the PowerPC 603 family . Derived from IBM 's 601 series for laptops ( while the 604 branch was for desktops ) , it found itself used on many low end Apple desktops before it was wildly used in laptops , starting with PowerBook models 5300 , 2400 , 500 upgrades . Ironically , what started out as a laptop processor was eventually used across all platforms in its follow up PPC 750 . Improved Liquid - crystal displays , in particular active - matrix TFT ( Thin - film transistor ) LCD technology . Early laptop screens were black and white , blue and white , or grayscale , STN ( Super Twist Nematic ) passive - matrix LCDs prone to heavy shadows , ghosting and blurry movement ( some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays , but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries ) . Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor . By about 1991 , two new color LCD technologies hit the mainstream market in a big way ; Dual STN and TFT . The Dual STN screens solved many of the viewing problems of STN at a very affordable price and the TFT screens offered excellent viewing quality although initially at a steep price . DSTN continued to offer a significant cost advantage over TFT until the mid-90s before the cost delta dropped to the point that DSTN was no longer used in notebooks . Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger , sharper , had higher native resolutions , faster response time and could display color with great accuracy , making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor . OLPC XO - 1 laptop in Ebook - Mode . Improved storage technology . Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives . As thin , high - capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available , users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them . The 3.5 '' HDD was created initially as a response to the needs of notebook designers that needed smaller , lower power consumption products . With continuing pressure to shrink the notebook size even further , the 2.5 '' HDD was introduced . One Laptop Per Child ( OLPC ) and other new laptops use Flash RAM ( non volatile , non mechanical memory device ) instead of the mechanical hard disk . Improved connectivity . Internal modems and standard serial , parallel , and PS / 2 ports on IBM PC - compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home ; the addition of network adapters and , from 1997 , USB , as well as , from 1999 , Wi - Fi , made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer . Many newer laptops are also available with built - in 3G Broadband wireless modems . Other peripherals may include : an integrated video camera for video communication a fingerprint sensor for implementing a restriction of access to a sensitive data or the computer itself . Netbooks ( edit ) Main article : Netbook In June 2007 , Asus announced the Eee PC 701 to be released in October , a small lightweight x86 Celeron - M ULV 353 powered laptop with 4 GB SDHC disk and a 7 - inch screen . Despite previous attempts to launch small lightweight computers such as ultra-portable PC , the Eee was the first success story largely due to its low cost , small size , low weight and versatility . The term ' Netbook ' was later dubbed by Intel . Asus then extended the Eee line with models with features such as a 9 - inch screen and other brands , including Acer , MSI and Dell followed suit with similar devices , often built on the fledgling low - power Intel Atom processor architecture . Smartbooks ( edit ) Main article : Smartbook In 2009 , Qualcomm introduced a new term `` smartbook '' , which stands for a hybrid device between smartphone and laptop . See also ( edit ) Timeline of portable computers Portal laptop computer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bob Armstrong , http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm Jump up ^ Japanese PCs ( 1984 ) ( 13 : 13 ) , Computer Chronicles Jump up ^ `` OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum '' . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ See TRS - 80 Model 100 / 102 at old-computers.com Jump up ^ `` Commodore SX - 64 Portable '' . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore SX - 64 portable computer '' . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's First Laptop PC '' . Toshiba Science Museum . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Business Desktops / Calcs '' . HP Computer Museum . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Peter H. ( 23 October 1988 ) . `` THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER ; Compaq Finally Makes a Laptop '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Somerson , Paul ( July 1986 ) . `` Is It On Yet ? '' . PC . pp. 122 -- 123 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Power Systems archived white papers '' . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Miller . `` Asus ' new Eee PC 701 joins the laptop - lite fray with a bang '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` Qualcomm Shows Off Snapdragon Smartbooks '' . PC Magazine . External links ( edit ) `` Laptops , 360 degree models '' , Russian Vintage Laptop Museum ( museum ) Further reading ( edit ) Wilson , James E. ( 2006 ) . Vintage Laptop Computers : First Decade : 1980 -- 89 . Outskirts Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59800 - 489 - 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_laptops&oldid=828948006 '' Categories : History of computing hardware Laptops Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles that may contain original research from July 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from November 2008 All articles needing expert attention History of Science articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when was the worlds first laptop computer introduced in the market and by whom

The portable micro computer the “Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980

1970 s and 1980 s

List of Scooby - Doo , where are You ! Episodes - wikipedia List of Scooby - Doo , where are You ! Episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! is a Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna - Barbera . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1969 -- 70 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1970 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1978 ) ( Revival ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 September 13 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 13 ) January 17 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 17 ) 8 September 12 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 12 ) October 31 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 31 ) 16 September 9 , 1978 December 23 , 1978 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1969 -- 70 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Villain ( s ) Original air date `` What a Night for a Knight '' Black Knight / Mr. Wickles September 13 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 13 ) While walking home from the movies , Shaggy and Scooby - Doo discover a black suit of armor in a pickup truck , and the gang deliver it to the local museum . The kids later break into the museum to search for clues , after learning that the archaeologist who was transporting the suit is missing , and they find that the knight 's armor has come to life . `` Hassle in the Castle '' Phantom of Vasquez / Bluestone the Great September 20 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 20 ) The gang goes out on a boating expedition , but gets lost in a fog and crashes their boat on the mysterious Haunted Isle . They decide to venture to the abandoned Vázquez Castle on the island for help , but instead encounter a transparent phantom running loose , who threatens them to leave the island and never return . `` A Clue for Scooby - Doo '' Ghost of Captain Cutler / Captain Cutler September 27 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 27 ) The kids ' beach party is interrupted by a ghost in a glowing deep sea - diving suit , who they think is connected with the disappearance of several yachts . The mystery leads the gang to a bay known as `` The Graveyard of Ships '' where they have a run - in with the ghost . `` Mine Your Own Business '' Miner 49er / Hank October 4 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 04 ) Thanks to Shaggy reading the map upside down , the sleuths end up in Gold City , an old mining town , haunted by the ghost of a miner from 1849 who is said to wander the mines looking for the last vein of gold . 5 5 `` Decoy for a Dognapper '' Indian Witch Doctor and Ghost of Geronimo / Buck Masters October 11 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 11 ) When a series of local dognappings alarms prize - winning dog trainer Buck Masters , the gang offers to have Scooby - Doo pose as a decoy to catch the dognappers . However , their plan works too well as Scooby is himself dognapped , leading the gang to discover that the dognappers appear to be under the command of a ghostly Indian witch doctor . 6 6 `` What the Hex Going On ? '' Ghost of Elias Kingston / Stuart Weatherby October 18 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 18 ) The kids pay a visit to their friend Sharon Weatherby , whose Uncle Stuart has been cursed by the ghost of the family 's neighbor , Elias Kingston . When Uncle Stuart disappears altogether , Mystery , Inc. ventures into the abandoned and allegedly haunted Kingston Mansion next door , in search of him and the ghost . 7 7 `` Never Ape an Ape Man '' Ape Man / Carl October 25 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 25 ) The gang get jobs as extras on Daphne 's uncle John 's set of his new movie The Ape Man of Forbidden Mountain , based on the legend of an ape man . However , the legend soon comes true and the ape man terrorizes the set and the gang . 8 8 `` Foul Play in Funland '' Charlie the Funland Robot controlled by Sarah Jenkins November 1 , 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 01 ) The gang notice that the carnival Funland appears to be operating by itself , so they go to investigate . They soon discover a crazy robot running loose , but when they notify the caretaker , he and his wife are rebuffed , convincing the kids to solve the mystery . 9 9 `` The Backstage Rage '' Phantom Puppeteer / Mr. Pietro November 8 , 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 08 ) While getting a pizza , Shaggy and Scooby - Doo come across a violin case filled with counterfeit money . While Scooby is distracted by a dog puppet , the case of money is stolen away . Shaggy , Scooby , and the rest of the gang find a string puppet controller at the scene and follow it to the local puppet theater , where they uncover a counterfeiting operation , controlled by a spooky puppet master . 10 10 `` Bedlam in the Big Top '' Ghost Clown / Harry the Hypnotist November 15 , 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 15 ) Mystery , Inc. meets a strongman and a midget , both on the run from a circus allegedly haunted by a ghost clown . The gang goes to the circus grounds to investigate , but several of them fall victim to the Ghost Clown 's powers of hypnotism . 11 11 `` A Gaggle of Galloping Ghosts '' Count Dracula , Werewolf , Frankenstein 's Monster and the Gypsy / Big Bob Oakley , alias `` The Actor '' November 22 , 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 22 ) While on their way to Franken Castle , the gang stop to get their fortunes told by a gypsy . She warns them `` they will meet their doom '' if they go to the castle . The gang goes to the castle anyway , where they are confronted by Count Dracula , Frankenstein 's monster and a Werewolf . 12 12 `` Scooby - Doo and a Mummy , Too '' Mummy of Ankha / Dr. Najib November 29 , 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 29 ) While visiting a museum , the gang learn about the legend of Ankha , a 3000 - year - old mummy . Legend had it that the mummy will come back alive and turn people to stone if he is removed from his tomb . Shaggy later finds a coin inside his pocket from the exhibit , and when the gang go back to return it , they find the mummy has come to life and turned the professors to stone , and now he wants Shaggy 's coin . 13 13 `` Which Witch is Which ? '' Witch / Zeb Perkins , Zombie / Zeke Perkins December 6 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 06 ) While lost in a swamp , the gang comes across a zombie who spooks them . In the nearby town of Swamp 's End , they learn that a witch nearby brought the zombie to life , and the gang investigates . 14 14 `` Spooky Space Kook '' Space Kook / Henry Bascombe December 13 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 13 ) The Mystery Machine runs out of gas in front of a farmhouse , next to an abandoned airfield , which is haunted by a UFO and its ghostly alien driver . 15 15 `` Go Away Ghost Ship '' Ghost of Redbeard / C.L. Magnus , Ghosts of Redbeard 's Crew / Hired Henchmen December 20 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 20 ) The newspaper reports that local shipping company owner C.L. Magnus 's company is going out of business , because the ghost of the pirate Redbeard is haunting the harbor and looting Magnus ' ships . After reading the story and consulting Magnus , the gang sets out to see if they can stop the ghost . 16 16 `` A Night of Fright is No Delight '' Phantom Shadows ( Giggling Green Ghosts ) / Cosgoode Creeps and Cuthbert Crawls January 10 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 10 ) Scooby - Doo is named in the will of Colonel Beauregard Sanders , an eccentric millionaire whose life he saved several years earlier . The only way to claim the inheritance is for Scooby , and the other four heirs to stay the night in the Colonel 's mansion -- which they quickly learn is haunted by two phantom shadows . Note : In `` Scoobynatural , '' a season 13 episode of The CW horror fantasy show Supernatural , protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester along with the angel Castiel get sucked into this episode of Scooby - Doo by an actual ghost where they team up with the Scooby Gang to solve the mystery . 17 17 `` That 's Snow Ghost '' Snow Ghost / Mr. Greenway January 17 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 17 ) While on a skiing vacation at Wolf 's End Lodge , the kids are scared by the ghost of a Yeti , called the Snow Ghost , who is believed to turn anyone he captures into ghosts . In search of clues , the gang eventually meet a Tibetan hermit who thinks he is responsible for summoning the monster . Season 2 ( 1970 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Villain ( s ) Chase song Original air date 18 `` Nowhere to Hyde '' Ghost of Mr. Hyde / Dr. Jekyll Recipe for My Love September 12 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 12 ) On their way home from the Malt Shop , the gang encounters the Ghost of Mr. Hyde in the back of the Mystery Machine , who runs through a marsh and sneaks into a spooky house . The house turns out to be the home of Dr. Jekyll ( great - grandson of the novel character ) , who fears he may be transforming into the ghost . The gang begin searching the house for clues , pegging Helga , Jekyll 's housekeeper , as a likely suspect , but they are pursued at every turn by the ghost . 19 `` Mystery Mask Mix - Up '' Ghost of Zen Tuo / Mr. Fong , Scare Pair / Mr. Fong 's Henchmen I Can Make You Happy September 19 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 19 ) After attending a Chinese New Year parade , the gang goes shopping in a curio shop where Daphne buys a golden mask . The gang then visits Mr. Fong , and they soon learn from him that the mask was stolen many centuries ago from the crypt of a Chinese warlord named Zen Tuo , and now his ghost and his two zombie henchmen want it back . 20 `` Jeepers , It 's the Creeper '' Creeper / Mr. Carswell Daydreamin ' September 26 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 26 ) While on their way to their high school 's barn dance , the gang comes across a knocked - out bank guard and his ransacked car . After he mumbles to them some clues , they discover that the local banks have been robbed by a mysterious zombie - like phantom called the Creeper . 21 `` Scooby 's Night with a Frozen Fright '' Caveman / Professor Wayne Seven Days a Week October 3 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 03 ) While out fishing , Shaggy and Scooby - Doo hook a two - million - year - old caveman frozen in a block of ice , which the gang learns was lost at sea during a violent storm . They take the caveman to the Oceanland aquarium , but when someone melts the ice block and the caveman goes on the rampage , the gang decides to stick around and investigate . 22 5 `` Haunted House Hang - Up '' Headless Spectre / Penrod Stillwall , Phantom / Asa Shanks Love the World October 10 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 10 ) The Mystery Machine overheats in front of an old spooky mansion , and the gang goes to look for help , but finds out that the house is being haunted by the Headless Spectre , a terrifying phantom with no head . The mystery gets even stranger when they begin to hear knocking sounds and clues leading to a treasure . 23 6 `` A Tiki Scare is No Fair '' Witch Doctor / John Simms , Mano Tiki Tia / A giant robot controlled by John Simms 's henchman N / A October 17 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 17 ) Shaggy and Scooby 's vacation in Hawaii is interrupted by a ghostly witch doctor , who warns the tourists and natives they are on the sacred grounds of the island god Mano Tiki Tia and to stay away from the cursed village . Later , the gang 's guide John Simms goes missing , so it is up to the gang to search for him in the supposedly cursed village , where they eventually run into the witch doctor , and the giant statue of Mano Tiki Tia . 24 7 `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Werewolf ? '' Ghost of Silas Long the Werewolf / Sheep Rustler Tell Me , Tell Me October 24 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 24 ) Out on a camping trip , the gang hears the sounds of a wolf , so they decide to follow wolf - like tracks to the open and empty grave of Silas Long , who was supposedly a werewolf . They follow his tracks further to an old abandoned sawmill filled with wool , empty barrels , and the werewolf ghost himself . 25 8 `` Do n't Fool with a Phantom '' Wax Phantom / Roger Steven Pretty Mary Sunlight October 31 , 1970 ( 1970 - 10 - 31 ) While participating in the Johnny Sands Dance Game Show at the local TV station , the teens encounter a phantom made of wax , who steals a safe full of money and kidnaps the station manager . Is the phantom a hoax , or the result of a curse from an old station employee seeking revenge for the cancellation of his show ? This is initially the series finale and the last episode under the Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! name until September , 1978 . Season 3 ( 1978 ) ( revival ) ( edit ) Note : Only the first nine episodes of the sixteen episode 1978 season of Scooby - Doo , listed below , were broadcast under the Scooby - Doo , Where are You ! name . The revival series was canceled afterward , and the remaining seven episodes , that were intended for the revival , were instead broadcast during the Scooby 's All - Stars block , and all sixteen were rerun during this block and later syndicated as part of The Scooby - Doo Show . See List of The Scooby - Doo Show episodes for the entire season run and The Scooby - Doo Show for proper production credits . No . overall No. in season Title Villain ( s ) Original air date 26 `` Watch Out ! The Willawaw ! '' The Williwaw and Owl Men / Grey Fox and henchmen September 9 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 09 ) While visiting Velma 's Uncle Dave , the gang find out he has been kidnapped from his home , and that a mysterious Williwaw is haunting the area . 27 `` A Creepy Tangle in the Bermuda Triangle '' Skeleton Men / Dr. Grimsley September 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 16 ) While on a boat flowing down the Gulf Stream , the gang end up in the Bermuda Triangle and discover an airplane - snatching flying saucer and a trio of Skeleton Men . 28 `` A Scary Night with a Snow Beast Fright '' Snow Beast / Dr. Bapiste September 23 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 23 ) After being invited by Professor Krueger at the North Pole , the gang finds out that he has been captured . After they meet an Eskimo named Chief Minook , he gets captured as well , and the gang attempts to solve the mystery . 29 `` To Switch a Witch '' Millisa Wilcox / Arlene 's twin sister and Gar Mooney September 30 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 30 ) On Halloween night , the New England town of Salem is being haunted by the witch of Milissa Wilcox , who was burned at the stake in 1778 . After receiving a distressed call from their friend Arlene Wilcox , a descendant of the accused witch , the gang arrives to help , despite being warned off by the town 's mayor . The witch , it seems , looks exactly like Arlene . Soon after the gang 's arrival , the townsfolk hold a meeting and decide to take Arlene into custody and make her confess that she has been possessed by the witch . As Shaggy and Scooby prepare for Halloween , they encounter the witch . 30 5 `` The Tar Monster '' The Tar Monster / Mr. Stoner October 7 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 07 ) The gang go to the ancient city of Byzantius in Turkey . On the way there , they meet the Tar Monster , who frightens the workers away while opening the inner sanctum . 31 6 `` A Highland Fling with a Monstrous Thing '' The Loch Ness Monster and The Ghost of Finnyan McDuff / Jamie Craigmore October 14 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 14 ) The gang travel to Scotland to visit their friend Aggie MacDuff , who says people have left her castle in fear after ghost sightings . It seems the ghost plays bagpipes to call on the Loch Ness Monster to help him scare people away from the castle . 32 7 `` The Creepy Case of Old Iron Face '' Old Iron Face / Mama Mione October 21 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 21 ) As the gang go water - skiing , they encounter Old Iron Face , a phantom who is supposed to have a hideous face . Later the gang 's guide , Captain Morgan , disappears , and they set out for the island to find him . 33 8 `` Jeepers , It 's the Jaguaro '' Jaguaro / Barney and Luis October 28 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 28 ) After an emergency landing in a jungle in Brazil , the gang get caught between headhunter natives , and the Jaguaro : a creature with the head of a jaguar , and the body of an ape . 34 9 `` Make a Beeline Away from That Feline '' Cat Creature / Dr. Bell November 4 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 04 ) As the gang go to visit Daphne 's aunt , she says that a strange and unexpected package that had a cat medallion in it arrived at her door . She believes that every night , she turns into the cat creature -- the same cat creature that robbed a jewelry store . Note : This is the last episode in season 3 broadcast under the Scooby - Doo , Where are You ! banner , as the revival series was cancelled . 35 10 `` The Creepy Creature of Vulture 's Claw '' Mantis Creature / Professor Greer November 11 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 11 ) The gang discovers a humanoid mantis creature roaming around Vulture 's Claw Botanical Gardens . 36 11 `` The Diabolical Disc Demon '' The Phantom / Ace Decade November 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 18 ) The kids discovers the Diabolical Disc Demon . He wants a half - finished song of a missing writer and will stop at nothing to get it . 37 12 `` Scooby 's Chinese Fortune Kooky Caper '' Moon Monster / Uncle Chin November 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 25 ) The gang runs into The Moon Monster . There are rumors that if you run into his shadow , you will be turned into stone . 38 13 `` A Menace in Venice '' Ghostly Gondolier / Mario December 2 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 02 ) The gang goes to visit their friend Antonio in Venice . They soon find out that a ghost is haunting him and the ghost plans to steal the ancient necklace Antonio is wearing . 39 14 `` Do n't Go Near the Fortress of Fear '' Ghost of Juan Carlos / Captain Eddie December 9 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 09 ) The gang arrives at Puerto Rico to visit the ancient fortress El Moro . While there , the kids run into a ghostly commander named Juan Diego who warns them to stay away from his creepy fortress . 40 15 `` The Warlock of Wimbledon '' Warlock Anthos / Nick Thomas and his brother John the Gatekeeper December 16 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 16 ) The gang meets Jimmy Pelton , a star tennis player , while cruising England . Jimmy has been cursed by the Warlock Anthos that if he plays in Wimbledon , he is doomed . 41 16 `` The Beast is Awake at Bottomless Lake '' Beast of Bottomless Lake / Julie Johnson December 23 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 23 ) The gang goes to Canada at a newly deserted village of Bottomless Lake . It turns out that a beast has scared everyone away . Note : This episode in essence is the series finale of three shows ( the Scooby - Doo segments of Scooby 's All - Stars , The Scooby - Doo Show , and - unofficially - Scooby - Doo , Where are You ! ) . References ( edit ) ( hide ) Scooby - Doo Characters Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers Daphne Blake Fred Jones Velma Dinkley Scrappy - Doo Television shows Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! episodes ( 1969 -- 1970 ) The New Scooby - Doo Movies episodes ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Scooby - Doo Show episodes ( 1976 -- 78 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo ( 1980 -- 82 ) The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show / The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries ( 1983 -- 84 ) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo ( 1985 ) A Pup Named Scooby - Doo episodes ( 1988 -- 1991 ) What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? episodes ( 2002 -- 06 ) Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! episodes ( 2006 -- 08 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated episodes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2015 -- 18 ) Package shows and programming blocks The Scooby - Doo / Dynomutt Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics / Scooby 's All - Stars ( 1977 -- 78 ) The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show ( 1980 -- 81 ) The Scooby & Scrappy - Doo / Puppy Hour ( 1982 ) Scary Scooby Funnies ( 1984 -- 85 ) Scooby 's Mystery Funhouse ( 1985 -- 86 ) Television films and specials Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) Scooby Goes Hollywood ( 1979 ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School ( 1988 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Scooby - Doo : Behind the Scenes ( 1998 ) Night of the Living Doo ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) Direct - to - video films Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Live - action films Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) Daphne & Velma ( 2018 ) Video games Scooby - Doo ( 1986 ) Mystery ( 1995 ) Mystery of the Fun Park Phantom ( 1999 ) Mystery Adventures ( 2000 ) Classic Creep Capers ( 2000 ) The Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Night of 100 Frights ( 2002 ) Mystery Mayhem ( 2004 ) Unmasked ( 2005 ) Who 's Watching Who ? ( 2006 ) First Frights ( 2009 ) Spooky Swamp ( 2010 ) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) Ghoster Coaster ( 1998 ) Haunted Mansion ( 2001 ) Spooky Coaster ( 2002 ) Comic books Scooby Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Soundtracks Snack Tracks : The Ultimate Collection ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Miscellaneous Scooby Snacks `` Scoobynatural '' List of media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scooby-Doo,_Where_Are_You!_episodes&oldid=835266855 '' Categories : Lists of Scooby - Doo television series episodes Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2012 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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September 13, 1969

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Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . Houston Astros 2018 Houston Astros season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 Colors Navy blue , orange , white Name Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames ' Stros Ballpark Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2017 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2017 NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1980 1986 1997 1998 1999 2001 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers 1.16 2017 : World Series champions 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1970s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out , the team electing to keep a five - stripe `` rainbow '' design on the sleeves . From 1987 to 1993 , the Astros wore the same uniform for both home and away games ; the only team in Major League Baseball to do so during that period . Its favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990.1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 -- 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hoped would generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World Series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 -- 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 -- 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 -- 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 -- 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 -- 75 and 74 -- 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 -- 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 -- 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 -- 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the American League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 -- 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 -- 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 -- 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 -- 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 -- 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 -- 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : World Series Champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series Many buildings in the skyline of Downtown Houston participated in cheering for the Astros during the 2017 World Series . In 2014 , Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process . As of June 9 , the Astros were 41 -- 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . This was the best start in the Astros ' 55 - year history . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with an American League best 60 -- 29 record and a 16 - game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' three - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 -- 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( home of the Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Astros greatly improved against the Rangers in 2017 , going 12 -- 7 against them and winning the season series . At the August 31 waiver - trade deadline GM Jeff Luhnow acquired veteran starting pitcher and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander to bolster the starting rotation . Verlander won each of his 5 regular season starts with the Astros , yielding only 4 runs over this stretch . He carried his success into the playoffs , posting a record of 4 - 1 in his 6 starts , and throwing a complete game shutout in Game 2 of the ALCS . Verlander was named the 2017 ALCS MVP . The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division , and first division title overall since 2001 . They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions : National League West in 1980 and 1986 , National League Central from 1997 -- 1999 and 2001 , and American League West in 2017 . On September 29 , the Astros won their 100th game of the season , the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins , the first being in 1998 . They finished 101 -- 61 , with a 21 - game lead in the division , and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs . The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one , and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The Astros won the ALCS four games to three , and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series , winning the first championship in franchise history . The city of Houston celebrated the team 's accomplishment with a parade on the afternoon of November 3 , 2017 . Houston 's Independent School District gave the students and teachers the day off to watch the parade . On November 16 , 2017 Jose Altuve was named the American League Most Valuable Player , capping off a historic season in which he accumulated 200 hits for the fourth consecutive season , led the majors with a . 346 BA , and was the unquestioned clubhouse leader of the World Series Champions . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 season Team name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 810 392 418 -- . 484 Overall total 8948 4391 4552 5 . 491 Playoff record 80 35 45 -- . 438 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers No . Name Position Date retired 5 Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell 1B , Coach August 26 , 2007 7 Biggio , Craig Craig Biggio C , OF , 2B August 17 , 2008 24 Wynn , Jimmy Jimmy Wynn OF June 25 , 2005 25 Cruz , José José Cruz OF , Coach October 3 , 1992 32 Umbricht , Jim Jim Umbricht April 12 , 1965 33 Scott , Mike Mike Scott October 3 , 1992 34 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan September 29 , 1996 40 Wilson , Don Don Wilson April 13 , 1975 49 Dierker , Larry Larry Dierker P , Manager May 19 , 2002 42 Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson All MLB April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Houston Astros Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) Houston Astros 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Dean Deetz 47 Chris Devenski 45 Michael Feliz 53 Ken Giles -- Anthony Gose 64 Reymin Guduan 61 Jandel Gustave 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 60 Dallas Keuchel 58 Francis Martes 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 59 Joe Musgrove 63 David Paulino 41 Brad Peacock -- Cionel Pérez 62 Brady Rodgers 56 Héctor Rondón 29 Tony Sipp 38 Joe Smith 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 10 Yulieski Gurriel † -- Colin Moran 23 A.J. Reed 13 Tyler White Outfielders 21 Derek Fisher 9 Marwin González 18 Tony Kemp 6 Jake Marisnick 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Catchers -- Tim Federowicz Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( assistant hitting ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 37 Alex Cintrón ( first base ) -- Joe Espada ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) -- Doug White ( bullpen ) 96 Carlos Munoz ( bullpen catcher ) 40 active , 0 inactive , 1 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 15 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations Jump up ^ `` Astros officially launch new identity '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sale of Astros to Jim Crane , move to American League in 2013 approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media LP . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Headed to American League as New Team Owner Approved '' . Businessweek . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Astros . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elston , Gene . `` George Kirksey Papers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Colt . 45s '' . AstrosDaily . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Drops Plans to Buy Buff Franchise '' . Bonham Daily Favorite . January 24 , 1960 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New York - Houston Get National Franchises '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . October 11 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Baseball Muddled for ' 61 '' . The Victoria Advocate. 1960 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Will Get Emphasis , Paul Declares '' . Observer -- Reporter. 1961 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herskowitz , Mickey ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Astros out to make history their history '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ian , Fleming ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` April 10 , 1962 Chicago Cubs at Houston Colt . 45 's Play by Play and Box Score '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Coons , Ron ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Richard `` Turk '' Farrell `` . find a grave . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht , Colts pitcher , dies of cancer '' . Morning Record . Meriden , Connecticut . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht Incredible-people.com '' . Profiles.incredible-people.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Colts become Astros '' . Florence Times . Alabama . Associated Press . December 2 , 1964 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colts now ' Astros ' '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . December 2 , 1964 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome Houston-Astros.com '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Astrodome - history , photos and more Ballparks of Baseball . ^ Jump up to : Jimmy Wynn Statistics Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Baseball-Reference.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Cesar Cedeno '' . BaseballLibrary.com. 1985 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astros History '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Cedeno Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Treder , Steve . `` Offseason blockbusters : November ( Part two : 1966 -- 1981 ) '' . Hardball Times . Jump up ^ `` Lee May Baseball Stats , facts , biography , images and video '' . The Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hofheinz , Roy Mark tshonline.org '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Tal Smith -- Pres . Baseball Ops -- Astros '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2005 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Enos Cabell '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Joe Niekro '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Encyclopedia -- Michael Eisenbath -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 1999 - 05 - 14 . ISBN 9781566397032 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Houston Astros Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` John J. McMullen Dies at 87 ; Ex-Owner of Devils and Astros '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 18 , 1980 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One - game playoff history -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Doran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Lanier Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Ball '' . Hardballtimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2013/4/11/4213250/houston-astros-uniforms-craig-biggio-jeff-bagwell-jimmy-winn-cesar-cedeno Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history -- 1987 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated has very , very , very high hopes for the 2017 Astros '' . Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Astros ' Justin Verlander trade came together at the last second '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Astros win 1st World Series crown , top Dodgers 5 - 1 in Game 7 '' . statesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Numbers : Houston Astros - Baseball Essential '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League Champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2016 American League Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Houston Astros managers Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. Hinch ( 2015 -- ) Houston Astros retired numbers 5 Jeff Bagwell 7 Craig Biggio 24 Jimmy Wynn 25 José Cruz 32 Jim Umbricht 33 Mike Scott 34 Nolan Ryan 40 Don Wilson 49 Larry Dierker Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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Shooting an elephant - wikipedia Shooting an elephant Jump to : navigation , search `` Shooting an Elephant '' Cover of first anthology publication Author George Orwell Country United Kingdom Genre ( s ) Unknown whether fiction or non-fiction Published in New Writing Publication date 1936 `` Shooting an Elephant '' is an essay by George Orwell , first published in the literary magazine New Writing in late 1936 and broadcast by the BBC Home Service on 12 October 1948 . The essay describes the experience of the English narrator , possibly Orwell himself , called upon to shoot an aggressive elephant while working as a police officer in Burma . Because the locals expect him to do the job , he does so against his better judgment , his anguish increased by the elephant 's slow and painful death . The story is regarded as a metaphor for British imperialism , and for Orwell 's view that `` when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys . '' Orwell spent some of his life in Burma in a position akin to that of the narrator , but the degree to which his account is autobiographical is disputed , with no conclusive evidence to prove it to be fact or fiction . After Orwell 's death in 1950 , the essay was republished several times , including in Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays ( 1950 ) , Inside the Whale and Other Essays ( 1957 ) , and Selected Writings ( 1958 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 Events 3 Themes 3.1 Imperialism 3.2 Conqueror and conquered 3.3 Conscience 4 Film adaptation 5 Fact or fiction 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Context ( edit ) Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years ( 1823 -- 1886 ) , during which three Anglo - Burmese wars took place , and incorporated it into its Indian Empire . It was administered as a province of India until 1937 , when it became a separate , self - governing colony , attaining its independence on January 4 , 1948 . With a strong interest in the lives of the working class , Orwell -- born in India to a middle - class family , but brought up in Britain -- held the post of assistant superintendent in the British Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927 . `` Moulmein used to be full of elephants ... '' ( employed to ) haul logs in the timber firms . `` Ordinary tamed elephants have been part of Burmese life for centuries , ... the rare and revered white elephant , is believed in Buddhist legend to be a symbol of purity and power . '' By the time Orwell moved to Moulmein , in 1926 , `` ... he was most probably ambivalent about the colonial state of which he was a part . The Kipling - inspired romance of the Raj had been worn thin by the daily realities of his job in which , ... he witnessed ' the dirty work of Empire at close quarters ' . '' Orwell writes how he was trapped between his own resentment towards the Empire and the Burmese people 's resentment towards him . As a member of the ruling power , he is cornered into doing what the `` natives '' expect of him : `` He wears a mask , and his face grows to fit it . '' `` Events ( edit ) A passport photo of Orwell , taken during his time in the Burmese police force . In Moulmein , the narrator -- Orwell , writing in the first person -- is a police officer during a period of intense anti-European sentiment . Although his intellectual sympathies lie with the Burmese , his official role makes him a symbol of the oppressive imperial power . As such , he is subjected to constant baiting and jeering by the local people . After receiving a call regarding a normally tame elephant 's rampage , the narrator , armed with a . 44 caliber Winchester rifle and riding on a pony , goes to the town where the elephant has been seen . Entering one of the poorest quarters , he receives conflicting reports and contemplates leaving , thinking the incident is a hoax . The narrator then sees a village woman chasing away children who are looking at the corpse of an Indian whom the elephant has trampled and killed . He sends an order to bring an elephant rifle and , followed by a group of roughly a few thousand people , heads toward the paddy field where the elephant has rested in its tracks . Although he does not want to kill the elephant now that it seems peaceful , the narrator feels pressured by the demand of the crowd for the act to be carried out . After inquiring as to the elephant 's behavior and delaying for some time , he shoots the elephant several times , wounding it but unable to kill it . The narrator then leaves the beast , unable to be in its presence as it continues to suffer . He later learns that it was stripped , nearly to the bone , within hours . His elderly colleagues agree that killing the elephant was the best thing to do , but the younger ones believe that it was worth more than the Indian it killed . The narrator then wonders if they will ever understand that he did it `` solely to avoid looking a fool . '' Themes ( edit ) Imperialism ( edit ) An anti-imperialist writer , Orwell promotes the idea that , through imperialism , both conqueror and conquered are destroyed . Orwell clearly states his displeasure with colonial Britain : `` I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing ... I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors , the British . '' The narrator perceives that the conqueror is not in control , but it is rather the will of the people that governs his actions . As ruler , he notes that it is his duty to appear resolute , with his word being final . I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys . He becomes a sort of hollow , posing dummy , the conventionalized figure of a sahib . For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the `` natives , '' and so in every crisis he has got to do what the `` natives '' expect of him . He wears a mask , and his face grows to fit it . I had got to shoot the elephant . I had committed myself to doing it when I sent for the rifle . A sahib has got to act like a sahib ; he has got to appear resolute , to know his own mind and do definite things . To come all that way , rifle in hand , with two thousand people marching at my heels , and then to trail feebly away , having done nothing -- no , that was impossible . The crowd would laugh at me . And my whole life , every white man 's life in the East , was one long struggle not to be laughed at . Although it is not the narrator 's wish to shoot the elephant , and even though he holds a weapon far beyond the technological capabilities of the natives , his will is not his own and , due to their expectation , he realises that he must shoot the elephant ; `` I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind . '' Reflectively , the narrator realises that being forced to impose strict laws and to shoot the elephant -- he states his feelings against the act , but submits after comprehending he `` had got to shoot the elephant '' -- illustrates an inherent problem of hegemony : `` when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys . '' By enforcing the strict British rule , he is forfeiting his freedom while concurrently oppressing the Burmese . Conqueror and conquered ( edit ) The narrator 's situation throughout the essay is one of little prospect or prominence . He comments on how , even though he is of the ruling class , he finds himself either largely ignored by the Burmese people or hated . He remarks in the first sentence , `` I was hated by large numbers of people -- the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me . '' Only with the expectation of a killing do the locals find him `` momentarily worth watching . '' He describes how , as a police officer , he was often a target for mockery from the locals , as was any European who provided an easy target . In contrast to his description of the natives as `` little beasts '' , the narrator labels the elephant as a `` great beast '' , suggesting he holds it in higher esteem than the locals . This is somewhat paradoxical , however , as the narrator 's own job is demeaning and forces him to see `` the dirty work of the Empire at close quarters '' . The narrator singles out `` Buddhist priests '' -- persons synonymous with peace and goodwill -- to be `` the worst of all '' and comments on how he would gladly `` drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest 's guts '' . Having killed the elephant , the narrator considers how he was glad it killed the `` coolie '' as that gave him full legal backing . The essay finishes with him wondering if they will even understand his motive for having killed the elephant as he merely wished to salvage his pride . Conscience ( edit ) The narrator 's conscience plagues him greatly as he finds himself trapped between the `` hatred of the empire ( he ) served '' and his `` rage against the evil - spirited little beasts who tried to make ( his ) job impossible . '' He claims that he is `` all for the Burmese and all against the British '' and goes on to say that `` feelings like these are the normal by - products of imperialism ; ask any Anglo - Indian official , if you can catch him off duty . '' This creates a sense of empathy from the imperialists for the natives , but as they treat their conquerors badly , they start to feel less guilty and so treat them badly once more . Film adaptation ( edit ) In 2015 , `` Shooting an Elephant '' was adapted into a short film by director Juan Pablo Rothie and Academy Award nominated writer Alec Sokolow . The film was shot entirely on location in Nepal starring Barry Sloane as Eric Blair . Fact or fiction ( edit ) The degree to which the story is fiction has been disputed . In his biography of Orwell , George Orwell : A Life , Bernard Crick cast doubt on the idea that Orwell himself actually shot an elephant . No independent account of Orwell 's actions has been found and there was no official record of the incident , which was unusual considering the destruction of valuable property . Peter Davison , the editor of Orwell 's Complete Works , includes an interview with George Stuart , a contemporary of Orwell in Burma , who said that Orwell was transferred to Kathar as punishment for shooting an elephant . `` An elephant was considered a valuable asset to any timber firm ... and Orwell would have been severely reprimanded for such unnecessary slaughter . It was not long after the incident that he was transferred from Moulmein to a quiet post in Upper Burma called Katha . '' Davison also includes in the complete works a news item from the Rangoon Gazette , March 22 , 1926 which describes a Major E.C. Kenny shooting an elephant in similar circumstances . When one biographer questioned Orwell 's wife , Sonia Brownell , she replied , `` Of course he shot a fucking a ( sic ) elephant . He said he did . Why do you always doubt his word ! '' See also ( edit ) Burmese Days Chunee George Orwell bibliography Musth Such , Such Were the Joys References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Runciman , David . Political Hypocrisy : The Mask of Power , from Hobbes to Orwell and Beyond . Princeton University Press , 2010 , pp. 182 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Orwell , George . `` Shooting an Elephant '' , The Literature Network , accessed April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George Orwell : A Life ^ Jump up to : Larkin , Emma ( 2005 ) . Finding George Orwell in Burma ( First American ed . ) . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 052 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Elements of Fiction and Total Effect in Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell ( 2004 ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Orwell still matters : Shooting an Elephant '' . rogalinski.com.pl -- Journalist blog . July 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staloysius : Shooting an Elephant analysis '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oppapers : Shooting an Elephant analysis '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting an Elephant '' . IMDb . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Shooting an Elephant `` Audio Version of Shooting an Elephant '' Audio version of `` Shooting an Elephant '' read by Patrick E. McLean Orwell , George ( 1968 ) ( 1958 ) . Selected Writings . Heinemann Educational Books . ISBN 0 - 435 - 13675 - 5 . Orwell , George ( 1969 ) ( 1957 ) . Inside the Whale and other essays . ISBN 0 - 14 - 001185 - 4 . ( hide ) George Orwell Bibliography Novels Burmese Days ( 1934 ) A Clergyman 's Daughter ( 1935 ) Keep the Aspidistra Flying ( 1936 ) Coming Up for Air ( 1939 ) Animal Farm ( 1945 ) Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Nonfiction Down and Out in Paris and London ( 1933 ) The Road to Wigan Pier ( 1937 ) Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) Essays `` A Hanging '' ( 1931 ) `` The Spike '' ( 1931 ) `` Bookshop Memories '' ( 1936 ) `` Shooting an Elephant '' ( 1936 ) `` Spilling the Spanish Beans '' ( 1937 ) `` Boys ' Weeklies '' ( 1940 ) `` Inside the Whale '' ( 1940 ) `` My Country Right or Left '' ( 1940 ) `` England Your England '' ( 1941 ) `` The Lion and the Unicorn : Socialism and the English Genius '' ( 1941 ) `` The Art of Donald McGill '' ( 1940 ) `` Poetry and the Microphone '' ( 1943 ) `` Raffles and Miss Blandish '' ( 1944 ) `` Good Bad Books '' ( 1945 ) `` Notes on Nationalism '' ( 1945 ) `` Books v. Cigarettes '' ( 1946 ) `` Confessions of a Book Reviewer '' ( 1946 ) `` Decline of the English Murder '' ( 1946 ) `` A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray '' ( 1946 ) `` How the Poor Die '' ( 1946 ) `` The Moon Under Water '' ( 1946 ) `` A Nice Cup of Tea '' ( 1946 ) `` Pleasure Spots '' ( 1946 ) `` Politics and the English Language '' ( 1946 ) `` The Politics of Starvation '' ( 1946 ) `` Politics vs. Literature : An Examination of Gulliver 's Travels '' ( 1946 ) `` The Prevention of Literature '' ( 1946 ) `` Riding Down from Bangor '' ( 1946 ) `` Second Thoughts on James Burnham '' ( 1946 ) `` Some Thoughts on the Common Toad '' ( 1946 ) `` Why I Write '' ( 1946 ) `` Lear , Tolstoy and the Fool '' ( 1947 ) `` The English People '' ( 1947 ) `` Such , Such Were the Joys '' ( 1952 ) Collections `` As I Please '' ( 1943 -- 1947 ) `` London Letters '' ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Betrayal of the Left ( 1941 ) Inside the Whale and Other Essays ( 1940 ) Critical Essays ( 1946 ) Related Searchlight Books Secker and Warburg Victor Gollancz Ltd Eileen O'Shaughnessy Sonia Orwell Orwell 's list ( 1949 ) Eric & Us Why Orwell Matters Orwell Award Orwell Prize Orwellian Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shooting_an_Elephant&oldid=825385267 '' Categories : Essays by George Orwell 1936 essays Works originally published in British magazines Works originally published in literary magazines Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto עברית Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 02 : 41 . 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Sheila Carter - Wikipedia Sheila Carter Jump to : navigation , search Sheila Carter Kimberlin Brown as Sheila Carter The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Kimberlin Brown ( 1990 -- ) Michelle Stafford ( 2006 -- 07 ) Duration 1990 -- 98 2002 -- 03 2005 -- 07 2017 -- First appearance May 1990 Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 1990 , 1992 -- 95 ) Lee Phillip Bell ( 1992 ) Bradley Bell ( 2002 -- 03 ) John F. Smith ( 2005 ) Lynn Marie Latham and Josh Griffith ( 2006 ) Bradley Bell and Michael Minnis ( 2017 ) Crossover appearances The Bold and the Beautiful Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Sheila Grainger Sheila Forrester Sheila Warwick Sybil Weller Sheila Lovejoy Brenda Harris Jennifer Mitchell Phyllis Newman Betsy Occupation Waitress Executive assistant Nurse Residence Los Angeles , California Michelle Stafford as Sheila Carter ( show ) Family Family Carter Mother Molly Carter Sisters Sarah Smythe Husband Scott Grainger , Sr. ( 1991 -- 92 ) Eric Forrester ( 1993 -- 95 ) James Warwick ( 1997 -- 98 ) Sons Ryder Callahan Daughters Mary Carter Warwick Diana Carter Daisy Carter Granddaughters Lucy Romalotti Sheila Carter is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful , American soap operas on the CBS network . Created by William J. Bell , the role was introduced in 1990 -- by Edward J. Scott -- under the portrayal of Kimberlin Brown , who portrayed the role for many intervals on both soaps until 2006 . That same year , Michelle Stafford took over the role , after Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers . Brown returned to the role of Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful , beginning on June 9 , 2017 . Sheila is known as a villain . A significant portion of Sheila 's history on both soaps revolves around her long - running conflict with Lauren Fenmore , whom she has attempted to kill on multiple occasions . She has also had conflicts with Stephanie Forrester , Maggie Forrester , Amber Moore , Taylor Hayes , Brooke Logan , Phyllis Summers and Quinn Fuller . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1990 -- 92 3.2 1992 -- 98 3.3 2002 -- 03 3.4 2005 -- 07 3.5 2010 , 2012 3.6 2017 -- 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) The role was portrayed by Kimberlin Brown for a total of 16 years . Her first run was on The Young and the Restless from May 1990 to May 20 , 1992 , when the character crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful from May 21 , 1992 , to October 2 , 1998 , again from May 24 to November 5 , 2002 , and again finally from September 26 to October 10 , 2003 . Despite being a regular cast member on The Bold and the Beautiful , Brown returned to The Young and the Restless for several guest appearances beginning on October 27 , 1992 . Brown departed on November 5 , 1992 , and reappeared for one episode on December 23 , 1992 . She continued making appearance from January 7 to 14 , 1993 , February 19 , 1993 , to March 2 , 1993 , October 11 , 1993 , October 19 to 27 , 1993 , January 12 , 1994 , and February 28 , 1995 , until March 2 , 1995 . In July 2005 , after a 10 - year absence from The Young and the Restless , it was announced that Brown was to reprise the role . At the time , Brown had been appearing on ABC 's One Life to Live as Paige Miller , and Brown reportedly opted to leave the role when ABC was unable to match the financial terms of a contract offered to her by CBS . She returned on August 5 , 2005 , and her run ended on January 11 , 2006 . However , that December , the character returned , though not portrayed by Brown , but by Michelle Stafford , who in addition portrayed Phyllis Summers . For the reason of Brown not returning to the role , the actress said : `` I had a bad accident last year , and when they wanted me back in November , I really could n't go at that time , and that 's why I came back looking like somebody else . '' Stafford only portrayed the role for two months until February 9 , 2007 , when Sheila was shot by her longtime enemy Lauren Fenmore and presumed dead . In 2009 , reports speculated that Brown would reprise the role again on The Bold and the Beautiful , which was followed by more rumors speculating a return to The Young and the Restless . `` I actually got a call from ( B&B head writer and executive producer ) Brad Bell a while back asking if I 'd be interested in coming back , and I said , ' Sure ! ' The thing with daytime is that the storylines are ( written ) so far in advance , you just never know when ( you might be needed ) , '' Brown said at the time . When asked where her alter - ego may be `` hiding out '' , Brown said : `` I am still getting healthy from my car accident . Right now , Sheila is hiding out in North Carolina -- playing golf . But do n't worry : Sheila always comes back ! '' In June 2017 , Kimberlin Brown reprised her role as Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful . Executive producer Brad Bell announced Brown had been signed to a one - year deal with the serial . Development ( edit ) `` She seduced another woman 's husband and stole their child ... but if you think that 's bold , hold on tight ... because the hand that rocked The Young and the Restless is now rocking The Bold and the Beautiful . Sheila lives ... -- CBS promoting Kimberlin Brown 's crossover as Sheila On the topic of Sheila and Lauren 's `` cat fights '' , Brown said : `` People like cat fights because we can get away with what you ca n't get away with in everyday life . You 're living vicariously through me . There might be someone that ( boy ) you just might want to put it to someday , and you ca n't , but you can turn on the TV and see Sheila do it , and get away with it . Being mean and evil and fighting and by the end of the day , you 're spent . '' On the topic of Sheila `` terrorizing '' both Genoa City and Los Angeles while on both soaps , Brown said : `` You know , I came to L.A. to start a new life . And well they just did n't make it that easy for me , did they ? So I might 've shot a gun once or twice again , but it was n't my fault . You know what , people get what they deserve , they really do . I might 've poisoned someone by accident , but he never should 've talked to me like that . You just do n't do that . Anyway , people get what they deserve , and I think a lot of them have what 's coming to them , and I 'm not sure I 'm done yet . '' About Sheila 's personality , Brown said : `` Sheila 's just evil . There 's nothing bitchy about what she does , ( I mean ) it 's very straightforward . She 's manipulative but never in a bitchy way , in a way to get things accomplished , and get things done the way she wants to . When being nice and being diplomatic and when being all those things do n't work any longer , she snaps . '' On Sheila 's relationship with Stephanie Forrester , Brown said : `` Stephanie made my life miserable . So anyway , I shot Stephanie . I did . Stephanie felt she could be a better provider for my child than I could . And you know what , you do n't keep a mother like Sheila away from her child , you just do n't do that . And Stephanie could n't stop me . '' Brown also added that , `` To be a good villain , you have to make the character real for you . '' Storylines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1990 -- 92 ( edit ) Sheila was introduced on The Young and the Restless in 1990 as she relocated to Genoa City from Michigan . Sheila was a nurse who worked at Genoa City Memorial Hospital and immediately fell in love with the married Dr. Scott Grainger . Her feelings for Scott quickly turned from infatuation to obsession . In order to steal him away from his wife Lauren Fenmore , Sheila drugged him and had sex with him , resulting in a pregnancy . At the same time Lauren also became pregnant by Scott but did n't tell him . When the truth about the father of Sheila 's baby came out , Scott felt obligated , so he thus divorced Lauren and married Sheila . Sheila 's baby died , unbeknownst to Scott , and she secretly switches Lauren 's newborn with a black market baby , which Lauren named Dylan . Sheila began passing Lauren 's baby off as her own , and Dylan eventually dies from meningitis . Sheila 's mother , Molly Carter , found out about her daughter 's crime and intended to tell Lauren the truth , but suffers a stroke that rendered her speechless . Sheila sent her mother to her farmhouse in Michigan before Molly could expose her . Lauren eventually found out about the baby switch , but not before Sheila kidnapped both Lauren and Molly , and almost succeeded in killing both women , when during a brief struggle Lauren accidentally kicked over a lantern on a coffee table , setting the farmhouse they were imprisoned in on fire . Lauren and Molly are rescued by Lauren 's ex-husband , private investigator Paul Williams , and his secretary , Lynne Bassett . Sheila was never found , and authorities presumed that she perished in the fire when a body burned beyond recognition turned up in the ashes . The corpse turned out to be a meter man that had visited the house just before the fire started ; Sheila had escaped from the burning building . Picking up a discarded newspaper in an area diner , she read about an opening working as a company nurse for the Forresters in Los Angeles . She left Wisconsin to travel to California . Meanwhile , Lauren is reunited with Scott and her real son , Scott Jr . 1992 -- 98 ( edit ) In 1992 , Sheila is reintroduced on The Bold and the Beautiful and she quickly worms her way into fashion CEO Eric Forrester ( John McCook ) 's life by becoming the company nurse at Forrester Creations in Los Angeles , as well as working as Rick Forrester 's nanny ( after staging an accident that leaves the former nanny , Judy , hospitalized , and later threatening Judy and her family ) . Sheila and Eric fall in love and are eventually engaged , which angers Eric 's ex-wife Stephanie Forrester ( Susan Flannery ) , who suspects Sheila is a gold digger and a liar . To Sheila 's dismay , Eric 's most recent ex-wife Brooke Logan Forrester ( Katherine Kelly Lang ) is pregnant with a child that may either belong to Eric or his son Ridge Forrester ( Ronn Moss ) . After Bridget Forrester is born , Sheila manipulates the paternity test so that everyone will believe Ridge is the father . Security guard Mike Guthrie ( Ken Hanes ) catches her in the act and after threatening to blackmail her with the details , Sheila sets loose a vicious dog to attack him . Meanwhile , Lauren finds out that Sheila is alive and well , and living on the West Coast . Lauren follows her and they once again fight . Lauren threatens to expose Sheila to the Forrester family , but Sheila turns the tables on Lauren by blackmailing her with pictures she took of Lauren sleeping with Brad Carlton ( Don Diamont ) and sent to Lauren as puzzle pieces . Despite Sheila 's love for Eric , she panics when Lauren attempts to disclose her past at the wedding , and leaves a heartbroken Eric at the altar . After the guests leave , Sheila returns to the chapel and pleads for Eric 's forgiveness . Although Eric demands answers , he eventually forgives Sheila and the two are married . Sheila and Brooke become close friends . Sheila and Eric 's marriage becomes rocky when Sheila accepts a job from Brooke , who seizes control of Forrester Creations with her patent on the BeLieF formula . Eric feels betrayed by her actions and a rift is created in their marriage . Sheila proposes the two take a vacation and use this time to reconnect . The two leave town for Catalina Island . Scott , who became ill , also vacations with Lauren in Catalina Island , where the two run into Eric and Sheila . Lauren intends to use Scott to expose Sheila 's past to Eric ; however , Scott , still caring for Sheila , keeps mum . Scott eventually dies on the island as a result of his illness . With both women by his side , he wishes that Lauren give Sheila a second chance . Lauren tearfully agrees . When Sheila becomes concerned that Eric is excluding her from his will , she decides she would be more financially secure if she gave Eric a child . After a one - night stand with former rival Connor Davis ( Scott Thompson Baker ) , Sheila goes to Eric claiming she is pregnant with his child . Eric , who had recently had a vasectomy , tells Sheila he wants a divorce . For some time she begins to see psychiatrist Jay Garvin , who is friends with Brooke 's fiance Dr. James Warwick ( Ian Buchanan ) . James suspects Sheila is hiding something from the family , and tries to pry information from Dr. Garvin . However , during a brief struggle , Sheila accidentally pushes Jay off a balcony and to his death . James later learns from Lauren the secrets of her past . After attempting to drown Lauren in a hot tub , Sheila kidnaps James with the help of her new partner - in - crime , the security guard Mike . She imprisons him in the basement of her house ( known as `` The Houdini House '' ) for some time . When James escapes and her secrets finally surface , she holds Stephanie , Eric , Ridge , Brooke , Lauren and James hostage in the Forrester mansion , welcoming them to her `` goodbye party . '' At the `` party , '' Sheila tells everyone in attendance how they had personally wronged her , and threatens to kill them . Holding a gun to Stephanie , Sheila has a change of heart when the others step in front of her , and swallows a bottle of poison . Having survived , Sheila is placed in a psychiatric hospital , under the care of Dr. Brian Carey ( Kin Shriner ) , but does not remain there for long , despite Stephanie 's attempts to keep her there . Sheila tries to revive her friendship with Brooke , who sides with her at first , but later wants nothing to do with her . She begins dating neighbor Grant Chambers ( Charles Grant ) , and later her psychiatrist , James Warwick . She continues to see James at this time , and memories of her abusive childhood are revealed . Sheila confesses that she murdered her father by poisoning him . Sheila meets Maggie Forrester ( Barbara Crampton ) , whom she befriends . The two are amazed to discover they both have ties to the same family . When Stephanie attempts to take Brooke 's children , however , Sheila poisons her by replacing her medication with mercury pills , and ultimately frames Maggie for the crime . Maggie , later realizing who was behind the poisoning , fights with Sheila and accidentally pushes her onto a fire poker , seriously injuring her . Sheila also makes an enemy of Forrester Creations ' rival , Sally Spectra ( Darlene Conley ) who defends Stephanie to her , thus planting the seeds of the eventual friendship between Stephanie and Sally . After the fire poker incident , Sheila sets her sights on proving to James that she has changed for the better , in the hopes that he will fall in love with her . However , James has feelings for Maggie instead . Maggie goes to Sheila 's house to inform her that she needs to find a new therapist , because Maggie would n't allow her to see James anymore . As Maggie taunts her , Sheila snaps and nearly chokes Maggie to death . Mike later kidnaps her and holds her prisoner at an amusement park . Sheila , wanting to prove to James that she had changed , agrees to release Maggie . After having crashed James and Maggie 's wedding , Sheila reveals that she has become pregnant after a night alone with James . The three come to a settlement that Sheila would temporarily stay with them until her baby was born , and the child would be given to James and Maggie . After Sheila hands her baby , Mary , over to the Warwicks , she relocates to Death Valley , where she meets Amber Moore ( Adrienne Frantz ) . Anxious to see her daughter , Sheila suggests that Amber babysit for James and Maggie , so that she can secretly visit Mary in LA . Amber is hired and keeps her alliance with Sheila secret for some time , but when Sheila threatens her , she reveals to James and Maggie the real reason why she applied to be Mary 's babysitter . Sheila eventually takes matters into her own hands and takes Mary back . James attempts to trick Sheila into marrying him , so that he can gain full custody of his daughter . When Sheila realizes the marriage is a set - up , she attempts to kill herself again by jumping off a roof . James , who had actually fallen for Sheila during this time , promises to stay with her . Meanwhile , an angry Maggie sneaks into Sheila 's hospital room and cuts off her oxygen . Sheila is rescued by doctors and Maggie is immediately arrested . With the help of Mike and his brother Martin , a desperate Maggie captures Sheila and holds her prisoner , appropriately , in the house from Psycho at Universal Studios Hollywood . When Sheila escapes , James demands that Maggie leave . Maggie and Lauren later team up in an attempt to drive Sheila over the edge . They wire Sheila 's house with hidden cameras and an audio system , while the former nanny Judy surprises Sheila on her doorstep . The plan fails , however , and Maggie , realizing James and the baby are lost to her , leaves town . When a friendship begins between James and Stephanie , a paranoid Sheila becomes jealous and attempts to drown Stephanie in a pool . To prevent Stephanie from telling anyone about this incident , Sheila threatens to kill Stephanie 's grandson , Thomas Forrester . Sheila is arrested for the threat , but secretly switches places with a woman named Sybil . After breaking out of prison in disguise , Sheila shoots Stephanie , kidnaps baby Mary and leaves town . 2002 -- 03 ( edit ) Sheila returns to L.A. four years later to find her now - teenage daughter Mary ( whom she had renamed Erica Lovejoy ) ( Courtnee Draper ) . Erica , who is completely unaware of her mother 's past or her own real name , has traveled to L.A. to meet her idol - Amber Forrester . She soon develops a crush on Amber 's husband , Rick Forrester , although she never intends to act on her feelings . Sheila convinces Erica to seduce Rick , saying that a Forrester man would never abandon the woman carrying his child . She then pays off a man named Lance to drug Amber and take her to bed . Amber tracks Lance down and begins to question him . When a nervous Lance threatens to tell Amber everything , Sheila kills him by releasing a tank of bees into his apartment . Amber becomes increasingly suspicious and confronts Erica in Rick 's office . During a struggle , Erica falls and hits her head on a desk , making Amber look guilty of pushing her . At the hospital , a disguised Sheila confronts Amber , warning her to stay away from her daughter . Amber decides to look for clues at Erica 's apartment , but is impeded when Sheila throws a pot at the window and the police arrive , arresting Amber and causing the Forresters to distrust her further . Meanwhile , while browsing through a photo album of Eric 's , Erica is startled to find a picture of her mother . She learns that Sheila was formerly married to Eric , and that her mother wants her to live the life she had always dreamed of with Rick . Sheila pushes Erica to have sex with Rick , so that she can live vicariously as a Forrester through her daughter . As a reluctant Erica is about to carry out her mother 's plan , Rick 's brother Ridge bursts in and exposes Erica 's true identity . Rick kicks Erica out , but not before Sheila kidnaps Amber , who is stunned to learn that Erica is really Mary Warwick . Sheila stages a crime scene and drags Amber off to her apartment . Massimo Marone ( Joseph Mascolo ) , who had been romantically involved with Sheila for a short time , gets a call from her , and Stephanie recognizes her voice . The two track Sheila and Amber down . Sheila then flees and holds Eric and Taylor Hayes Forrester ( Hunter Tylo ) hostage at the mansion . But when Brooke walks into the room , a struggle ensues in which Taylor and Brooke are shot . Brooke survives her wounds , whereas Taylor succumbs ( a few years later , Taylor was revealed to still be alive ) . Sheila is arrested and subsequently confronted by her daughter , who condemns Sheila 's actions and wants nothing to do with her . Sheila is jailed for her crimes but soon escapes with the help of a sympathetic warden named Sugar ( Robin Mattson ) . She then kidnaps Ridge and Brooke , while on their South American honeymoon . Soon Ridge 's half - brother Nick Marone ( Jack Wagner ) arrives to rescue Ridge but he is soon captured by Sheila as well . When Ridge and Nick 's father , Massimo , arrives to deliver the ransom , Sheila reveals that she had a baby daughter , Diana , whom she claims to be the result of the fling she had with Massimo during her previous trip to L.A. When Massimo tries ( unsuccessfully ) to trick Sheila into handing over the infant , she and Sugar run away . Brooke and Nick are soon rescued ; however , it is believed that Ridge had been burned to death in the foundry Sheila stashed him in . Soon after , it is revealed that Ridge had survived , and he reunites with Brooke on the island . 2005 -- 07 ( edit ) Sheila returns to Genoa City ( on The Young and the Restless ) after being unseen for ten years , and begins terrorizing Lauren once again , by indirectly turning her now - adult son Scott ( Blair Redford ) against her , under the alias Brenda Harris . It is soon revealed that the woman in the psychiatric hospital who was believed to be Sheila is actually Sugar -- Sheila had tricked her into having plastic surgery in order to look just like Sheila , and then turned Sugar in to the police . Meanwhile , the real Sheila develops another persona , Jennifer Mitchell , by wearing a fake nose , wig , and speaking in a British accent . She allies with Tom Fisher ( Roscoe Born ) , who helps her in her scheme to poison Lauren with a necklace that Scott offers to his mother as a gift . In exchange , Tom has Sheila manipulate his estranged wife Gloria Abbott ( Judith Chapman ) into giving him money and later bailing him out of prison . When Lauren plans a rooftop dinner with her fiancé Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) , Sheila surprises her and persuades her to commit suicide by jumping off of the roof . Lauren believes Sheila is a hallucination , but before she can jump , Michael rescues her . At the hospital , Sheila sneaks into Lauren 's room as `` Jennifer , '' and attempts to inject the poison into Lauren 's bloodstream , but is interrupted . She then convinces Tom -- Michael 's stepfather -- to help her abduct Lauren from a yacht while on her honeymoon with Michael . She then bombs the yacht , hoping to kill both Lauren and Tom , whom she wants to take the fall for the crime . Tom realizes Sheila 's plan , and traps both Sheila and Lauren in a bomb shelter . Tom leaves the two together and in the meantime is shot and killed by John Abbott ( Jerry Douglas ) . As the bomb shelter collapses , Lauren is astonished when Sheila saves her life . As for Sugar , after she manages to leave the psychiatric hospital , she goes to see Scott who believes she is Sheila . Thinking that Lauren had died in the explosion , Scott is furious with her . Sugar then proceeds to stab him in order to exact her revenge on Sheila . Troy , a police officer , arrives to the scene and arrests her . Upon seeing her , Lauren immediately knows it is not Sheila whose ankle is sprained . Sugar walks well and has a raspy voice . She confirms that she is Sugar and hates Sheila for ruining her life . Troy then explains Sugar 's fingerprints do not match Sheila Carter 's . Sheila is then seen in an unidentified plastic surgeon 's office . She tells him : `` Thank God ! Your people were able to come and get me . '' She then uses crutches to walk , has a seat and asks him for a new face . Months later : it is revealed that Sheila Carter is still alive , had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers Newman ( Michelle Stafford ) , and that Paul Williams had been hiding the fact that he had been keeping her locked in a cage she had constructed in an abandoned warehouse . Ultimately , Sheila is determined to escape and take Phyllis 's place in order to infiltrate Michael and Lauren 's lives . Sheila is accidentally freed from the prison she created for Lauren by Maggie Sullivan , Paul 's girlfriend . After acting as a kidnap victim and pleading for Maggie 's help , Maggie sets her free but Sheila chokes her unconscious , steals her gun , and then shoots her , but Maggie survives . Subsequently , Paul returns to the warehouse only to be ambushed by Sheila who imprisons both Paul and Maggie in that cage . Sheila then went to Phyllis ' , tied her up and waited for Lauren and baby Fen to arrive while taunting Phyllis about how great it would be to take over her life with her husband Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) and her baby Summer . After Lauren arrived she was tied up , and Sheila flees with Phyllis and babies Fen and Summer as hostages . By this time , Michael arrives at the warehouse and frees Paul and Maggie , the latter being taken to the hospital . Posing as an elderly woman named Betsy , Sheila takes Phyllis , Summer , and Fen to a nearby retirement home to hide out . After learning of their location , Lauren goes to that home carrying a gun in her purse . Following a tip from a neighbor , Lauren finds Sheila 's apartment and forces her way inside . Sheila and Phyllis then argue over who is who , and Lauren screams at them to stop . Sheila then runs to grab baby Summer in order to use her as a shield against Lauren ; Phyllis tells Lauren to point the gun at her to protect her daughter , and a frightened Lauren , realizing the real Phyllis would never put her daughter in the line of fire , turns to Sheila and shoots her . Sheila is then declared dead at the scene . 2010 , 2012 ( edit ) In 2010 , Sarah Smythe , Sheila Carter 's sister , arrives in town . Having herself had plastic surgery to resemble Lauren , Sarah holds both Phyllis and Lauren responsible for her sister 's death . Sarah devises a plan with Daisy Carter and Ryder Callahan , Sheila 's twins with Tom Fisher , to take over Lauren 's life and riches . The plan fails , with Lauren shooting and killing Sarah in self - defense to Sarah 's attempt to fire her gun at Phyllis . In 2012 , a woman claiming to be Daisy 's mother checks her out of a mental institution , signing the name `` Sheila Carter '' on the release form . Michael has said signature analyzed to see if it fits Sheila 's handwriting , and results turn out to be inconclusive . 2017 -- ( edit ) Sheila ( Brown ) returns to Los Angeles in June 2017 . When she attempts to leave Katie Logan ( Heather Tom ) 's home without being noticed , Quinn Forrester ( Rena Sofer ) hears her leaving , immediately asking who she is . Introducing herself as a friend of the Logan family , Sheila reveals herself to Katie , making for her assistance in making amends with those she had wronged in Los Angeles . Startled by her arrival , Katie immediately alerts Eric of Sheila 's re-appearance ; arriving at Katie 's and believing that Sheila is the one who shot at Quinn , Eric escorts Sheila to the police station , and has her arrested for violating an order of protection he had previously filed years prior . When it is revealed that Deacon Sharpe ( Sean Kanan ) is the one who was targeting Quinn , Eric extends an olive branch to Sheila , welcoming her back to the Forrester estate , much to the disapproval of Quinn and Ridge ( Thorsten Kaye ) . Sheila immediately begins to dig into the life of Eric , rooting herself into his marriage with Quinn . After scheming with Forrester security officer , Charlie Webber , Sheila exposes Quinn 's affair with Ridge . As Sheila comforts and supports an emotionally hurt Eric , she is confronted by Steffy Forrester ( Jacqueline MacInnes Wood ) , who -- believing Sheila to be armed -- shoots her in Eric 's hotel room , but she survives , only sustaining a flesh wound . Sheila continues to insinuate herself into Eric 's life , faking a concussion after a catfight with Quinn to manipulate Eric into letting her stay in the Forrester mansion . Sheila blackmails her ex-husband , James Warwick , into lying about the severity of her condition . Critical reception ( edit ) Sheila is often considered to be one of the most popular villains in daytime . Kimberlin Brown was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in the role as Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1993 . With the global success of The Bold and the Beautiful , Sheila is arguably the most recognisable soap opera villain in the world . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Los Angeles - Sheila Carter '' . SoapCental . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 9 July 2005 ) . `` Y&R confirms the return of Kimberlin Brown '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Friday , 5th August 2005 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Wednesday , 11th January 2006 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Thursday , 28th December 2006 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Stafford Playing Sheila Carter on The Young and the Restless '' . She Knows Soaps . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimberlin Brown ( 2007 ) . KB Interview Nov 2007 . KOUS News . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Friday , 9th February 2007 '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` Could Kimberlin Brown Return to B&B ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Is Kimberlin Brown returning to The Young and the Restless ? '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kimberlin Brown Returns to The Bold and the Beautiful as Supervillain Sheila Carter '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Bold and the Beautiful : EP Bradley Bell Answers Our Burning Sheila Carter Questions '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimberlin Brown ( 1992 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful May 1992 Promo Sheila . CBS Daytime . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimberlin Brown ( 2008 ) . Planet Soap - Sheila & Lauren on Catfights . TV Tropolis . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kimberlin Brown ( 2008 ) . Planet Soap - Soap Villains Part 1 . TV Tropolis . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Soap Opera Villains of All Time '' . soaps.about.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soap opera slimeballs : The best villains '' . www.hlntv.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sheila Carter biography at SoapCentral The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton Reed Hellstrom Anita Lawson Dina Mergeron Chloe Mitchell Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Chelsea Lawson Christian Newman Connor Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Noah Newman Sharon Newman Summer Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family The Bold and the Beautiful Current characters Maya Avant Nicole Avant Sheila Carter Zende Dominguez Pamela Douglas Eric Forrester Ivy Forrester Rick Forrester Ridge Forrester R.J. Forrester Steffy Forrester Thomas Forrester Quinn Fuller Brooke Logan Hope Logan Katie Logan Coco Spectra Sally Spectra Shirley Spectra Bill Spencer Caroline Spencer Liam Spencer Wyatt Spencer Recurring characters Alison Montgomery Justin Barber Bradley Baker Julius Avant Vivienne Avant Saul Feinberg Antonio Dominguez Thorne Forrester Felicia Forrester Kristen Forrester Bridget Forrester C.J. Garrison Deacon Sharpe Taylor Hayes Donna Logan Sasha Thompson Carter Walton James Warwick Charlie Webber John Forrester Jarrett Maxwell Mateo Darlita Notable previous characters Ashley Abbott Adam Alexander Macy Alexander Morgan DeWitt Deveney Dixon Dante Damiano Kimberly Fairchild Lauren Fenmore Aly Forrester Caroline Spencer Darla Einstein Margo Lynley Dayzee Leigh Marcus Forrester Maggie Forrester Jessica Forrester Phoebe Forrester Stephanie Forrester Clarke Garrison Agnes Jones Whipple Jones Oliver Jones Owen Knight Beth Logan Stephen Logan Storm Logan Erica Lovejoy Jake Maclaine Mark Maclaine Massimo Marone Jackie Marone Nick Marone Oscar Marone Amber Moore Sally Spectra Bill Spencer Karen Spencer Danielle Spencer Production crew Executive Producer Bradley Bell Head Writers Bradley Bell Michael Minnis Creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell Related articles Cast members Crew Characters Forrester Creations Jackie M Designs Spencer family Forrester family Logan family Marone family The Young and the Restless The Forrester family in The Bold and the Beautiful Angela Forrester Kristen Dominguez Ridge Forrester Thorne Forrester Felicia Forrester Eric Forrester Rick Forrester Bridget Forrester Thomas Forrester Phoebe Forrester Steffy Forrester Jessica Forrester R.J. Forrester Alexandria Forrester Zende Forrester Dominguez Dino Damiano Ivy Forrester John Forrester Spouses Stephanie Forrester Brooke Logan Sheila Carter Donna Logan Caroline Spencer Forrester Maggie Forrester Taylor Hayes Macy Alexander Sharpe Darla Einstein Clarke Garrison Antonio Dominguez Amber Moore Deacon Sharpe Dominick Marone Gabriela Moreno Liam Spencer Caroline Spencer Maya Avant Nicole Avant Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheila_Carter&oldid=821858904 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters The Bold and the Beautiful characters Fictional characters from Michigan Fictional characters introduced in 1990 Fictional murderers Fictional nurses Fictional rapists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 01 : 28 . 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who plays sheila carter on the bold and the beautiful

Kimberlin Brown

Kimberlin Brown

MacOS - Wikipedia MacOS Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers . For pre-2001 versions , see Classic Mac OS . `` OSX '' and `` OS X '' redirect here . For other uses , see OSX ( disambiguation ) . macOS Screenshot of the macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple , Inc . Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh , Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source ( with open source components ) Initial release March 24 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) Latest release 10.13. 4 ( 17E202 ) ( April 24 , 2018 ; 2 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) ) ( ± ) Latest preview 10.13. 5 beta 2 ( 17B45c ) ( April 17 , 2018 ; 9 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) ) ( ± ) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages As of macOS Sierra : Arabic , Catalan , Croatian , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese ( Traditional ) , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Malay , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Spanish ( Mexico ) , Spanish ( Spain ) , Swedish , Thai , Turkish , Ukrainian , Vietnamese Update method Mac App Store ( 10.8 + ) Software Update ( 10.0 -- 10.7 ) Platforms x86 - 64 ( 10.4. 7 - present ) IA - 32 ( 10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8 ; discontinued ) PowerPC ( 10.0 -- 10.5. 8 ; discontinued ) Kernel type Hybrid ( XNU ) Default user interface Graphical ( Aqua ) License Commercial software , proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported macOS ( / ˌmækoʊˈɛs / ; previously Mac OS X , then OS X ) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac family of computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the `` classic '' Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after landmarks in California . Apple shortened the name to `` OS X '' in 2012 and then changed it to `` macOS '' in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS High Sierra , which was publicly released in September 2017 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 . After this , new versions were introduced concurrently with the desktop version of Mac OS X . Beginning with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , the server functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store . macOS is based on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT , a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving the company . The `` X '' in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such . The X was a prominent part of the operating system 's brand identity and marketing in its early years , but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009 . UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification . macOS shares its Unix - based core , named Darwin , and many of its frameworks with iOS , tvOS and watchOS . A heavily modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was used for the first - generation Apple TV . Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC - based Macs from that time period . After Apple announced that they were switching to Intel CPUs from 2006 onwards , a separate version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel - based Macs ; it included an emulator known as Rosetta , which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel - based Macs . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release to be built as a universal binary , meaning that the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first release to be available exclusively for Intel - based Macs . In 2011 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , which no longer supported 32 - bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta . All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64 - bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications . Part of a series on macOS Features ( show ) History Transition to Intel processors Architecture Technologies List of applications List of games Components Versions ( show ) Hera ( 1.0 ) Kodiak ( Public Beta ) Cheetah ( 10.0 ) Puma ( 10.1 ) Jaguar ( 10.2 ) Panther ( 10.3 ) Tiger ( 10.4 ) Leopard ( 10.5 ) Snow Leopard ( 10.6 ) Lion ( 10.7 ) Mountain Lion ( 10.8 ) Mavericks ( 10.9 ) Yosemite ( 10.10 ) El Capitan ( 10.11 ) Sierra ( 10.12 ) High Sierra ( 10.13 ) Applications ( show ) Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Grapher iTunes ( version history ) Mac App Store Mail Messages Photo Booth Preview QuickTime Safari ( version history ) Stickies TextEdit Utilities ( show ) Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange ColorSync Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Related ( show ) Classic Mac OS Copland NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Darwin Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Mac OS X 1.2. 1 Launch of Mac OS X 1.2. 2 Following releases 1.3 OS X 1.4 macOS 2 Architecture 2.1 Software compatibility 2.2 Hardware compatibility 2.3 PowerPC -- Intel transition 3 Features 3.1 Aqua user interface 3.2 Components 3.3 Multilingual support 3.4 Updating methods 4 Release history 4.1 Mac OS X Public Beta 4.2 Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 4.3 Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 4.4 Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 4.5 Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 4.6 Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 4.7 Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 4.8 Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 4.9 Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 4.10 OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 4.11 OS X 10.9 Mavericks 4.12 OS X 10.10 Yosemite 4.13 OS X 10.11 El Capitan 4.14 macOS 10.12 Sierra 4.15 macOS 10.13 High Sierra 5 Reception 5.1 Usage share 5.2 Malware and spyware 5.3 Promotion 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Simplified history of Unix - like operating systems Main article : History of macOS The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT , a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985 . There , the Unix - like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed , and then launched in 1989 . The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel , which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University , with additional kernel layers and low - level user space code derived from parts of BSD . Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object - oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective - C programming language . Throughout the early 1990s , Apple had tried to create a `` next - generation '' OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent , Copland and Gershwin projects , but all of them were eventually abandoned . This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996 , allowing NeXTSTEP , then called OPENSTEP , to serve as the basis for Apple 's next generation operating system . This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim , and then the permanent CEO , shepherding the transformation of the programmer - friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple 's primary market of home users and creative professionals . The project was first code named `` Rhapsody '' and then officially named Mac OS X . Mac OS X Launch of Mac OS X Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple 's operating system for Macintosh computers ; current versions of macOS retain the major version number `` 10 '' . Previous Macintosh operating systems ( versions of the classic Mac OS ) were named using Arabic numerals , as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 . The letter `` X '' in Mac OS X 's name refers to the number 10 , a Roman numeral . It is therefore correctly pronounced `` ten '' / tɛn / in this context . However , it is also commonly pronounced like the letter `` X '' / ɛks / . The first version of Mac OS X , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was a transitional product , featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS , though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system . Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility . Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance . The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0 . Reviews were variable , with extensive praise for its sophisticated , glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance . With Apple 's popularity at a low , the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X . Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa , who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10 , described the early releases in retrospect as ' dog - slow , feature poor ' and Aqua as ' unbearably slow and a huge resource hog ' . Following releases Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X . Siracusa 's review of version 10.3 , Panther , noted `` It 's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases . '' Version 10.4 , Tiger , reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features , such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing , that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance . As the operating system evolved , it moved away from the classic Mac OS , with applications being added and removed . Considering music to be a key market , Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac , including iTunes and GarageBand . Targeting the consumer and media markets , Apple emphasized its new `` digital lifestyle '' applications such as the iLife suite , integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser . With increasing popularity of the internet , Apple offered additional online services , including the . Mac , MobileMe and most recently iCloud products . It later began selling third - party applications through the Mac App Store . Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface , moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions . Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance , or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4 . In Leopard , Apple announced a unification of the interface , with a standardized gray - gradient window style . In 2006 , the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger . A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards . While Apple 's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system , the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X , which would later be called `` iPhone OS '' and then iOS . The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple , which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard . However , after Apple opened the iPhone to third - party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X , with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development . In 2007 , Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components , allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs . It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs , and the final release with 32 - bit Intel Mac support . The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard , focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user - facing features ; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a ' no new features ' release . Since its release , several OS X or macOS releases ( namely OS X Mountain Lion , OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra ) follow this pattern , with a name derived from its predecessor , similar to the ' tick - tock model ' used by Intel . In two succeeding versions , Lion and Mountain Lion , Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS , at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use . This direction was , like brushed metal interfaces , unpopular with some users , although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility , which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula , and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard . In addition , with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X , selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store . A review described the trend in the server products as becoming `` cheaper and simpler ... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones . '' OS X OS X logo from 2012 -- 2013 In 2012 , with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X . That year , Apple removed the head of OS X development , Scott Forstall , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction . Apple 's new user interface design , using deep color saturation , text - only buttons and a minimal , ' flat ' interface , was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013 . With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7 , the version released in 2013 , OS X 10.9 Mavericks , was something of a transitional release , with some of the skeuomorphic design removed , while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged . The next version , OS X 10.10 Yosemite , adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse . From 2012 onwards , the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS . It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards , before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards . Some journalists and third - party software developers have suggested that this decision , while allowing more rapid feature release , meant less opportunity to focus on stability , with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features . Apple 's 2015 update , OS X 10.11 El Capitan , was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements . MacOS In 2016 , with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra , the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple 's other primary operating systems : iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . macOS 10.12 Sierra 's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS , Optimized Storage , improvements to included applications , and greater integration with Apple 's iPhone and Apple Watch . The Apple File System ( APFS ) was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS+ , a highly criticized file system . At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra . It uses APFS , rather than HFS+ , on solid state drives . Architecture Main article : Architecture of macOS At macOS 's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel , with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface . Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin . On top of Darwin , Apple layered a number of components , including the Aqua interface and the Finder , to complete the GUI - based operating system which is macOS . With its original introduction as Mac OS X , the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor , the classic Mac OS . For example , pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system 's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other . Many aspects of macOS 's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP , which was designed to be portable , to ease the transition from one platform to another . For example , NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k - based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple , and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project . Prior to macOS High Sierra , and on drives other than solid state drives ( SSDs ) , the default file system is HFS+ , which it inherited from the classic Mac OS . Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+ , saying it is `` probably the worst file system ever '' , whose design is `` actively corrupting user data '' . He criticized the case insensitivity of file names , a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode . Initially , HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS , which runs on big - endian 68K and PowerPC systems . When Apple switched Macintosh to little - endian Intel processors , it continued to use big - endian byte order on HFS+ file systems . As a result , macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data . These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System , which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra . The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system , which includes the Unix permissions layer . In 2003 and 2005 , two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme ; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions `` the most common frustration '' in macOS , while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day , a process which can take up to 15 minutes . More recently , another Macworld editor , Dan Frakes , called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused . He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference , and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge . The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design : the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks . Apple provides its own software development tools , most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode . Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C , C++ , Objective - C , and Swift . For the Apple -- Intel transition , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary , which provides compatibility with both the Intel - based and PowerPC - based Macintosh lines . First and third - party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework , retained from the classic Mac OS , or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge . Software compatibility See also : List of Macintosh software List of macOS versions and the software they run Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages / iChat iWork 10.13 `` High Sierra '' 11.0 11.0 10.4 12.7 11.0 2017 10.12 `` Sierra '' 10.0 10.11 `` El Capitan '' 9.3 9.2 2016 10.10 `` Yosemite '' 9.1. 3 8.0 2014 10.9 `` Mavericks '' 7.3 10.3 12.6. 2 2013 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' 6.1 ? 10.2 12.4. 3 ' 09 10.7 `` Lion '' 10.1 12.2. 2 8.0 b or 6.0. 1 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' 5.1. 10 4.5 11.4 5.0 10.5 `` Leopard '' 5.0. 6 3.6 7.7 10.6. 3 4.0 10.4 `` Tiger '' 4.1. 3 2.1. 3 7.6. 4 9.2. 1 3.0 10.3 `` Panther '' 1.3. 2 1. x 7.5 7.7. 1 2.1 ' 05 10.2 `` Jaguar '' 1.0. 3 6.5. 3 6.0. 5 2.0 Keynote 10.1 `` Puma '' N / A 6.3. 1 4.7. 1 N / A N / A 10.0 `` Cheetah '' 5.0 2.0. 4 Jump up ^ Messages 8.0 b was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12 , 2012 . Afterwards , users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X ( 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' for US $19.99 , or 10.9 `` Mavericks '' or newer for free ) to continue using Messages . Jump up ^ Keynote 1.0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 `` Jaguar '' . Two minor updates , 1.1 and 1.1. 1 , can be applied to this version . Jump up ^ iTunes 2.0. 4 can only run if Classic is installed . Otherwise , Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1. 1 natively . Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS : Cocoa and Carbon . Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS , while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs , allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X . The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems . This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers , since the `` NS '' prefix is ubiquitous in the framework , standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT / Sun . The official OPENSTEP API , published in September 1994 , was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the `` NS '' prefix . Traditionally , Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective - C , with Java as an alternative . However , on July 11 , 2005 , Apple announced that `` features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa - Java programming interface . '' macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a `` preferred software package '' -- in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible , and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces . Since 2014 , Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms . Apple 's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs . This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers , who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite , and the idea was shelved . To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X , the Carbon Application Programming Interface ( API ) was created . Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X , although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed . Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X : the little - used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0 , which also did not include the Aqua interface . Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards , announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64 - bit . A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards , especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult , uneconomic or not necessary . This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016 , and Photoshop up to CS5 . Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations ; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors . Because macOS is POSIX compliant , many software packages written for the other Unix - like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it , including much scientific and technical software . Third - party projects such as Homebrew , Fink , MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages . Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look - and - feel . The current Apple - endorsed method is the open - source XQuartz project ; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple , or before that the XDarwin project . Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading ( with or without code signing , available via an Apple developer account ) or through the Mac App Store , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company 's approval . Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features . This has been cited as an advantage , by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system , but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store 's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges . Applications without any code signature can not be run by default except from a computer 's administrator account . Apple produces macOS applications , some of which are included and some sold separately . This includes iWork , Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , iLife , and the database application FileMaker . Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS . Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions , the supported systems on which they run , and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems RAM requirement 10.12 -- 10.13 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2009 ( iMac and main MacBook line ) , 2010 ( other ) or later 2 GB 10.8 -- 10.11 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2007 ( prosumer and iMac ) , 2008 ( other consumer ) , 2009 ( Xserve ) or later 10.7 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and newer . 10.6 Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) 1 GB 10.5 G4 , G5 and Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) at 867 MHz or faster Classic support dropped from 10.5 and newer . 512 MB 10.4 Macs with built - in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor 256 MB 10.3 Macs with a New World ROM 128 MB 10.0 -- 10.2 G3 , G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook , Power Mac and iMac ( except PowerBook G3 `` Kanga '' ) Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple . This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , all G3 - based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger , and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac 's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater . Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing , the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware . As most Mac hardware components , or components similar to those , since the Intel transition are available for purchase , some technology - capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers . These are referred to as Hackintoshes , a portmanteau of the words `` hack '' and `` Macintosh '' . This violates Apple 's EULA ( and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support , warranties etc . ) , but communities that cater to personal users , who do not install for resale and profit , have generally been ignored by Apple . These self - made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware , but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine , such as on matter of data integrity or security . Psystar , a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware , was sued by Apple in 2008 . PowerPC -- Intel transition Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors . Main article : Apple 's transition to Intel processors In April 2002 , eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code - named Marklar , which ran on Intel x86 processors . The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform . These rumors subsided until late in May 2005 , when various media outlets , such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET , announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months . On June 6 , 2005 , Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years , and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition . Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life . Intel - based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta , a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines . The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6. 8 . Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs . Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac , Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS . A new version of Xcode and the underlying command - line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture . PowerPC - only software is supported with Apple 's official emulation software , Rosetta , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors . Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel . There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta . Moreover , some PowerPC software , such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins , are not supported on Intel Macs at all . Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all . Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari , so when Safari is running on Intel , it requires plug - ins that have been compiled as Intel - only or universal binaries , so PowerPC - only plug - ins will not work . While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC , Intel , and universal binaries ; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds . Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition . In 2009 , Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel - only . Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion . In addition , new versions of Mac OS X first - and third - party software increasingly required Intel processors , including new versions of iLife , iWork , Aperture and Logic Pro . Features Aqua user interface Main article : Aqua ( user interface ) The original Aqua user interface as seen in the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000 One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua , a graphical user interface with water - like elements , in the first major release of Mac OS X . Every window element , text , graphic , or widget is drawn on - screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology . ColorSync , a technology introduced many years before , was improved and built into the core drawing engine , to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals . Also , drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth . New interface elements were integrated , including sheets ( dialog boxes attached to specific windows ) and drawers , which would slide out and provide options . The use of soft edges , translucent colors , and pinstripes , similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs , brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0 's `` Platinum '' appearance had offered . According to Siracusa , the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look `` hit like a ton of bricks . '' Bruce Tognazzini ( who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group ) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface . Third - party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance . To some extent , Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage , at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design . Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design , particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar . Since 2012 , Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high - resolution Retina displays , and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution - independent development on supporting high - resolution displays . Reviewers have described Apple 's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows . The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications , giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts . In addition , new services for applications are included , which include spelling and grammar checkers , special characters palette , color picker , font chooser and dictionary ; these global features are present in every Cocoa application , adding consistency . The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware - accelerated drawing . This technology , introduced in version 10.2 , is called Quartz Extreme , a component of Quartz . Quartz 's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) imaging model , making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices . As a side result , PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built - in features . Reflecting its popularity with design users , macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library , featuring many prominent brand - name designs . Components Main article : List of macOS components The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer , which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS . Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5 . It allows for dynamic previews of files , including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications . Spotlight , a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4 , allows rapid real - time searches of data files ; mail messages ; photos ; and other information based on item properties ( metadata ) and / or content . macOS makes use of a Dock , which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows . Apple added `` Exposé '' in version 10.3 ( called Mission Control since version 10.7 ) , a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop . Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks , display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application , and hide all windows to access the desktop . Also , FileVault was introduced , which is an optional encryption of the user 's files with the 128 - bit Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES - 128 ) . Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator , an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks ; Dashboard , a full - screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke ; and Front Row , a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote . Moreover , the Sync Services were included , which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data , including calendar and contact items . The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency . All system icons are scalable up to 512 × 512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size , including for example the Cover Flow view , a three - dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes , the Finder , and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork . That version also introduced Spaces , a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé - like interface ; an automatic backup technology called Time Machine , which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data ; and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time . In more recent releases , Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text . Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS , its mobile operating system , to macOS in recent releases , notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri , which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS . Multilingual support There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation ; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment . Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language . Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China . Updating methods macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application or the softwareupdate command line utility . Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , a separate Software Update application performed this functionality . In Mountain Lion and later , this was merged into the Mac App Store application , although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application . Release History Main article : History of macOS § Releases Box / Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS . Left to right : Cheetah / Puma ( 1 ) , Jaguar ( 2 ) , Panther ( 3 ) , Tiger ( 4 ) , Leopard ( 5 ) , Snow Leopard ( 6 ) , Lion ( 7 ) , Mountain Lion ( 8 ) , Mavericks ( 9 ) , Yosemite ( 10 ) , El Capitan ( 11 ) , Sierra ( 12 ) High Sierra ( 13 ) . Mac OS X , OS X , and macOS version information Version Codename Darwin version Processor support Application support Kernel Date announced Release date Most recent version Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4 / Titan1U 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit Unknown August 31 , 1997 DR2 ( May 14 , 1998 ) Mac OS X Server 1.0 Hera Unknown March 16 , 1999 1.2 v3 ( October 27 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Developer Preview Unknown May 11 , 1998 March 16 , 1999 DP4 ( April 5 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak 1.2. 1 Unknown September 13 , 2000 N / A Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 1.3. 1 Unknown March 24 , 2001 10.0. 4 ( June 22 , 2001 ) Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 1.4. 1 / 5 July 18 , 2001 September 25 , 2001 10.1. 5 ( June 6 , 2002 ) Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 6 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC May 6 , 2002 August 24 , 2002 10.2. 8 ( October 3 , 2003 ) Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 7 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC June 23 , 2003 October 24 , 2003 10.3. 9 ( April 15 , 2005 ) Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 8 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel May 4 , 2004 April 29 , 2005 10.4. 11 ( November 14 , 2007 ) Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 9 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel June 26 , 2006 October 26 , 2007 10.5. 8 ( August 5 , 2009 ) Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 10 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 - bit PowerPC 32 / 64 - bit June 9 , 2008 August 28 , 2009 10.6. 8 v1. 1 ( July 25 , 2011 ) Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 11 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel October 20 , 2010 July 20 , 2011 10.7. 5 ( September 19 , 2012 ) OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 12 64 - bit February 16 , 2012 July 25 , 2012 10.8. 5 ( 12F45 ) ( October 3 , 2013 ) OS X 10.9 Mavericks 13 June 10 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 10.9. 5 ( 13F1112 ) ( September 18 , 2014 ) OS X 10.10 Yosemite 14 June 2 , 2014 October 16 , 2014 10.10. 5 ( 14F27 ) ( August 13 , 2015 ) OS X 10.11 El Capitan 15 June 8 , 2015 September 30 , 2015 10.11. 6 ( 15G31 ) ( July 18 , 2016 ) macOS 10.12 Sierra 16 June 13 , 2016 September 20 , 2016 10.12. 6 ( 16G29 ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) macOS 10.13 High Sierra 17 June 5 , 2017 September 25 , 2017 10.13. 4 ( 17E199 ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) Timeline of versions ( not including 2016 's macOS Sierra and 2017 's High Sierra ) The PowerMac G5 had special Jaguar builds . Tiger did not support 64 - bit GUI applications , only 64 - bit CLI applications . 32 - bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta . With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta , OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks , when Apple switched to using California locations . Prior to its release , Mac OS X 10.0 was code named `` Cheetah '' internally at Apple , and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as `` Puma '' . After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2 , codenamed `` Jaguar '' , Apple 's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system . Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as `` Panther '' , Mac OS X 10.4 as `` Tiger '' , Mac OS X 10.5 as `` Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.6 as `` Snow Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.7 as `` Lion '' , OS X 10.8 as `` Mountain Lion '' , and OS X 10.9 as `` Mavericks '' . `` Panther '' , `` Tiger '' and `` Leopard '' are registered as trademarks of Apple , but `` Cheetah '' , `` Puma '' and `` Jaguar '' have never been registered . Apple has also registered `` Lynx '' and `` Cougar '' as trademarks , though these were allowed to lapse . Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name `` Tiger '' . On May 16 , 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple 's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct 's trademark . Mac OS X public Beta Main article : Mac OS X Public Beta On September 13 , 2000 , Apple released a $29.95 `` preview '' version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users . The `` PB '' , as it was known , marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback . Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001 . Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah Main article : Mac OS X 10.0 Screenshot of OS X 10.0 On March 24 , 2001 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 ( internally codenamed Cheetah ) . The initial version was slow , incomplete , and had very few applications available at the time of its launch , mostly from independent developers . While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption , they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve . Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment , for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996 , and delayed by countless setbacks . Following some bug fixes , kernel panics became much less frequent . Mac OS X 101 Puma Main article : Mac OS X 10.1 Later that year on September 25 , 2001 , Mac OS X 10.1 ( internally codenamed Puma ) was released . It featured increased performance and provided missing features , such as DVD playback . Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users , in addition to the US $129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9 . It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file ; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped - down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems . On January 7 , 2002 , Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month . Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar Main article : Mac OS X 10.2 On August 23 , 2002 , Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , the first release to use its code name as part of the branding . It brought great raw performance improvements , a sleeker look , and many powerful user - interface enhancements ( over 150 , according to Apple ) , including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP - based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM , a system - wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book , and an instant messaging client named iChat . The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10. 2 . Mac OS X 10.3 Panther Main article : Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X v10. 3 Panther was released on October 24 , 2003 . In addition to providing much improved performance , it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface . Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before , including an updated Finder , incorporating a brushed - metal interface , Fast user switching , Exposé ( Window manager ) , FileVault , Safari , iChat AV ( which added videoconferencing features to iChat ) , improved Portable Document Format ( PDF ) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability . Support for some early G3 computers such as `` beige '' Power Macs and `` WallStreet '' PowerBooks was discontinued . Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Main article : Mac OS X Tiger Screenshot of Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29 , 2005 . Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features . As with Panther , certain older machines were no longer supported ; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built - in FireWire port . Among the new features , Tiger introduced Spotlight , Dashboard , Smart Folders , updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes , QuickTime 7 , Safari 2 , Automator , VoiceOver , Core Image and Core Video . The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services . On January 10 , 2006 , Apple released the first Intel - based Macs along with the 10.4. 4 update to Tiger . This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC - based Macs and the new Intel - based machines , with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26 , 2007 . It was called by Apple `` the largest update of Mac OS X '' . It brought more than 300 new features . Leopard supports both PowerPC - and Intel x86 - based Macintosh computers ; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz , and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed . The single DVD works for all supported Macs ( including 64 - bit machines ) . New features include a new look , an updated Finder , Time Machine , Spaces , Boot Camp pre-installed , full support for 64 - bit applications ( including graphical applications ) , new features in Mail and iChat , and a number of new security features . Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform . It was also the first BSD - based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification . Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications . It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28 , 2009 . Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X , Snow Leopard focused on `` under the hood '' changes , increasing the performance , efficiency , and stability of the operating system . For most users , the most noticeable changes were : the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa , faster Time Machine backups , more reliable and user - friendly disk ejects , a more powerful version of the Preview application , as well as a faster Safari web browser . Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs , required at least 1 GB of RAM , and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture ( Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC - only applications ) . Snow Leopard also featured new 64 - bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM , improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch , and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL . The 10.6. 6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store , Apple 's digital distribution platform for macOS applications . Mac OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West Mac OS X 10.7 Lion Main article : Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20 , 2011 . It brought developments made in Apple 's iOS , such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures , to the Mac . This release removed Rosetta , making it incompatible with PowerPC applications . Changes made to the GUI include auto - hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used , and Mission Control which unifies Exposé , Spaces , Dashboard , and full - screen applications within a single interface . Apple also made changes to applications : they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed , similar to iOS . Documents auto - save by default . OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Main article : OS X Mountain Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25 , 2012 . Following the release of Lion the previous year , it was the first of the annual rather than two - yearly updates to OS X ( and later macOS ) , which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates . It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5 , which include Game Center , support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application , and Reminders as a to - do list app separate from iCal ( which is renamed as Calendar , like the iOS app ) . It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud . Notification Center , which makes its debut in Mountain Lion , is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher . Application pop - ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen , and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen . Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine , QQ , 163.com and 126.com services for Mail , Contacts and Calendar , Youku , Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets . Starting with Mountain Lion , Apple software updates ( including the OS ) are distributed via the App Store . This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility . A screenshot of OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks Main article : OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22 , 2013 . It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64 - bit Intel processor . Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS - only Maps and iBooks applications , improvements to the Notification Center , enhancements to several applications , and many under - the - hood improvements . OS X 10.10 Yosemite Main article : OS X Yosemite OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16 , 2014 . It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7 , intended to feature a more minimal , text - based ' flat ' design , with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors . Apple 's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff , which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls , receive and send SMS messages , and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac . As of OS X 10.10. 3 , Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture . OS X 10.11 El Capitan Main article : OS X El Capitan Screenshot of El Capitan OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30 , 2015 . Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard , Apple described this release as containing `` refinements to the Mac experience '' and `` improvements to system performance '' rather than new features . Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application , GUI improvements to the Notes application , adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility , and the introduction of System Integrity Protection . The Metal API , first introduced in iOS 8 , was also included in this operating system for `` all Macs since 2012 '' . MacOS 10.12 Sierra Main article : macOS Sierra macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20 , 2016 . New features include the addition of Siri , Optimized Storage , and updates to Photos , Messages , and iTunes . MacOS 10.13. High Sierra Main article : macOS High Sierra The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5 , 2017 at Apple 's WWDC event . On September 12 , 2017 at Apple 's iPhone event , they announced its release to be September 25 , 2017 . Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion , High Sierra is a refinement - based update having very few new features . High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari , Photos , and Mail , among other changes . Reception Usage share See also : Usage share of operating systems As of July 2016 , macOS is the second-most - active general - purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows , with a 4.90 % usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation . It is the second most widely used desktop operating system ( for web browsing ) , after Windows , and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux ( which has 1.01 % ) . Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Malware and spyware In its earlier years , Mac OS X enjoyed a near - absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users . macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows , but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots . Worms , as well as potential vulnerabilities , were noted in 2006 , which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple 's Mac OS X is not immune to malware . Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks . In early 2011 , Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks , and malware such as Mac Defender , MacProtector , and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users . At first , the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password , but later versions were able to install without user input . Initially , Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue , but as the malware spread , a support document was issued . Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem . An estimated 100,000 users were affected . Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis , as well as signature files for Xprotect , an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard . Promotion As a devices company , most large - scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs , with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users , promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners , or through events for developers . In larger scale advertising campaigns , Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home - user applications , and comparing Mac OS X ( especially versions Tiger and Leopard ) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long - awaited Windows Vista operating system . See also Apple portal Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems List of Macintosh software List of macOS technologies Dock ( macOS ) References Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Swift '' . Apple Developer ( Video ) . June 14 , 2016 . At 2 : 40 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Apple Releases macOS High Sierra 10.13. 4 Security Update '' . MacRumors . Jump up ^ `` macOS High Sierra 10.13. 4 ( 17E202 ) - Releases '' . Apple Developer . Apple Inc . April 24 , 2018 . 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United States two - dollar bill - wikipedia United States two - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Two dollars ( United States ) Value $2.00 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx. 1 g Security features None Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1862 -- 1966 , 1976 -- present ( Federal Reserve Note , current form ) Obverse Design Thomas Jefferson Design date 1928 Reverse Design Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Design date 1976 The United States two - dollar bill ( $2 ) is a current denomination of U.S. currency . The third U.S. President ( 1801 -- 09 ) , Thomas Jefferson , is featured on the obverse of the note . The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull . Throughout the $2 bill 's pre-1929 life as a large - sized note , it was issued as a United States Note , National Bank Note , silver certificate , Treasury or `` Coin '' Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note . When U.S. currency was changed to its current size , the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note . Production went on until 1966 , when the series was discontinued . Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design . Two - dollar bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand . This comparative scarcity in circulation , coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation , has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Denomination overview 2 Rarity 3 History 3.1 Large - sized notes 3.2 Small size notes 3.2. 1 1928 -- 1966 3.2. 2 1976 -- present 3.3 Series dates 3.3. 1 Large size 3.3. 2 Small size 4 Visual snapshot 5 Usage 5.1 Lockheed U-2 5.2 Incidents 6 Uncut currency sheets 7 References 8 External links Denomination overview ( edit ) The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act , and first used in March 1862 . The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s ; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two - dollar bill was assigned to . In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all United States Notes from production , which included the two - dollar bill . The two - dollar bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued ; the Treasury Department cited the two - dollar bill 's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination . In 1976 production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note , with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull 's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello . It has remained a current denomination since then . It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation , the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ( $112 million adjusted for inflation ) over the period from 1976 to 1981 , due to reduced production , storage , and shipping costs . However , due to their limited use , two - dollar bills are not printed as frequently in a new series like other denominations , which are produced according to demand . Though some cash registers accommodate the bill , its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins . Some bill acceptors found in vending machines , self checkout lanes , and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two - dollar bills , even if the fact is not stated on the label . Although they are generally available at most banks , two - dollar bills are usually not handed out arbitrarily except upon specific request by the customer , and even then , may cause a delay with a trip to the vault . Rarity ( edit ) The seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note . Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation . After its initial release , supplies of the Series 1976 two - dollar bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 began to be printed . This series was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta . Today , there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer being produced . According to the Treasury , it `` receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation '' . In response , the Treasury stated : `` The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations ... As of April 30 , 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide . '' Things such as unusual serial numbers ( example : A11111111A ) , and replacement notes designated by a star in the serial number can raise the collector value . `` Collectible '' two - dollar bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding colors and special graphics to regular issue bills by using computer printers . However , these bills are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors ' market . Certain conventions and tourism / convention bureaus capitalize on the scarcity of $2 bills in circulation , encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring . Sometimes known as `` SpendTom '' campaigns , the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder . Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes . History ( edit ) Large - sized notes ( edit ) First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note . Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Winfield Scott Hancock Series 1890 featuring James McPherson . This `` Coin Note '' was used for government purchases of silver bullion from the mining industry . ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) In March 1862 , the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note ( United States Note ) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton ; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is not the same portrait used currently for the $10 bill . The continental congress based on defending the United States , released on June 25 , 1776 , began to authorize $2 credit , the circulation of 49,000 copies . Pass two - dollar bill was first used in March 1862 . Between 1966 and 1976 , two - dollar notes were not printed . By 1869 , the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse . This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse . Although this note is technically a United States Note , TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE . The reverse was completely redesigned . This series was again revised in 1874 , changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting , adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. , and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE . The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue . This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time . National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 ( Lazy Duce ) on the obverse , the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield . The second two - dollar denomination in the silver certificate series printed in 1891 . This note features United States Secretary of the Treasury William Windom . In 1886 , the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued . This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse . Two - dollar Treasury , or `` Coin '' , Notes were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry . The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . More open space was incorporated into the new design . In 1896 , the `` Educational Series '' Silver Certificate was issued . The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture . The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F.B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . By 1899 , however , The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics . Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse depicted on the reverse of the 1896 $2 ' Educational Series '' Silver Certificate . The final design of the United States ' silver certificate series featuring George Washington , printed in 1899 . The only large - sized , Federal Reserve Note - like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note . Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank . The obverse of the note featured a borderless portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center . The reverse featured a World War I battleship . Beginning in the 1950s , production of $2 bills began to decrease . The relative scarcity of the bills lead some to start saving any they found , with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation . Currently , the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1 % of the U.S. currency in circulation . Small size notes ( edit ) ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm ) 1928 -- 1966 ( edit ) In 1928 , when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size , the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note . The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson 's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills . The reverse featured Jefferson 's home , Monticello . The note 's seal and serial numbers were red . The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right . In 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note . The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill ; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO . The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2 . The reverse remained unchanged . The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello . And , because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver , WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse . Two - dollar bills , along with $5 and $100 United States Notes , were officially discontinued in August 1966 , although they remain legal tender . 1976 -- present ( edit ) Series 1976 first day of issue $2 bill with a canceled JFK postage stamp . On April 13 , 1976 , the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost - saving measure . Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note . The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson . A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes . Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial , it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse . An engraved rendition ( not an exact reproduction ) of John Trumbull 's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse . First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date `` APR 13 1976 '' . In all , 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed . Currently , stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value . If the bills were stamped in an exotic place , the value may be slightly higher . However , no first - day - issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable . Despite their age , crisp , uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable . These notes were saved and hoarded upon their original issue and are plentiful today . A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value . If the note is circulated , then it is only worth its $2 face value . In 1996 and 1997 , 153,600,000 bills were printed as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta . In 2004 , 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank . An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all twelve Federal Reserve Banks . In all , 220,800,000 notes were printed . In February 2012 , the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes , in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012 . Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012 . In November 2013 , the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta ; these notes entered circulation in early 2014 . A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014 , which ran from October 2013 through September 2014 . Series dates ( edit ) Large size ( edit ) Series 1880 $2 Legal Tender note showing a large brown treasury seal . The signatures of Blanche Bruce & A.U. Wyman . are present on the obverse near the bottom Type Series Register Treasurer Seal Notes Legal Tender Note 1862 Lucius E. Chittenden F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Also called a `` Greenback '' . Legal Tender Note 1869 John Allison F.E. Spinner Large Red Nicknamed : `` Rainbow Note '' from its red , white , and blue colors . Legal Tender Note 1874 John Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Legal Tender Note 1875 John Allison New & Wyman Small Red w / rays Legal Tender Note 1878 Allison & Scofield James Gilfillan Small Red w / rays Scofield / Gilfillan combo is scarce Legal Tender Note 1880 Scofield , Bruce , Rosecrans , and Tillman Gilfillan , Wyman , Huston , Nebeker , and Morgan Large Brown / Red Small Red scalloped Legal Tender Note 1917 Teehee , Elliott , and Speelman John Burke & White Small Red scalloped National Bank Note Original Colby , Jeffries , and Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Jeffries / Spinner combo is very rare National Bank Note 1875 Allison & Scofield New , Wyman , and Gilfillan Small Red scalloped Nicknamed : `` Lazy Deuce '' along with the original series from the position of the `` 2 '' on the note . Silver Certificate 1886 William S. Rosecrans Jordan , Hyatt , and Huston Large Brown / Red Small Red scalloped Silver Certificate 1891 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red Silver Certificate 1891 Rosecrans & Tillman Nebecker & Morgan Small Red scalloped Silver Certificate 1896 Tillman & Bruce Morgan & Roberts Small Red w / rays Part of the `` Educational Series '' . Silver Certificate 1899 Lyons , Vernon , Napier , Parker , Teehee , Elliott , and Speelman Roberts , Treat , McClung , Thompson , Burke , and White Blue Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Huston & Nebecker Large Brown & Small Red scalloped Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red Treasury Note 1891 Rosecrans , Tillman , and Bruce Nebecker , Morgan , and Roberts Small Red scalloped Federal Reserve Bank Note 1918 Teehee & Elliott John Burke Blue Nicknamed : `` Battleship note '' from the reverse design . Small size ( edit ) The first small - size $2 Legal Tender Note printed ( Smithsonian ) Type Series Treasurer Secretary Seal Legal Tender Note 1928 , 1928 - A to G Tate , Woods , Julian , Clark Mellon , Mills , Morgenthau , Vinson , Snyder Red Legal Tender Note 1953 , 1953 - A to C Priest , Smith , Granahan Humphrey , Anderson , Dillon Red Legal Tender Note 1963 , 1963 - A Kathryn E. Granahan Dillon & Fowler Red Federal Reserve Note 1976 Francine I. Neff William E. Simon Green Federal Reserve Note 1995 Mary Ellen Withrow Robert E. Rubin Green Federal Reserve Note 2003 Rosario Marin John W. Snow Green Federal Reserve Note 2003 - A Anna Escobedo Cabral John W. Snow Green Federal Reserve Note 2009 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Timothy F. Geithner Green Federal Reserve Note 2013 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Jack Lew Green ^ α These are sourced by The Official Red Book ( Whitman ) . Visual snapshot ( edit ) A chronological display of the American two - dollar bill . Visual collection of the two - dollar bill throughout the history of the United States . Usage ( edit ) Over five million $2 bills are entered into the database of the American currency - tracking website Where 's George ? . Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use , their use can make a particular group of spenders visible . A documented case of using two - dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County . In 1989 , Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills . When the bills began to appear in different places , people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy . Use of the two - dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights , particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises . Two - dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged , especially in strip clubs . This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single , higher - denomination bill as the lowest common note in use . The use of the two - dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area . The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened to no longer play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations . Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw ( Clemson 's logo ) on the note as a sign of its origin . During the 1930s , the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet . Because of the German and Jewish influence , the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a `` zwei - buck '' , and the upper right corner `` 2 '' was sometimes torn off to increase the luck . Lockheed U-2 ( edit ) `` U.S. Air Force pilots who fly the venerable Lockheed U-2 spy plane always keep a $2 bill in their flight suit . Each pilot is issued a number identifying their chronological position among the 1,000 or so pilots who have flown the U-2 solo . Some pilots search until they find a $2 bill with a serial number whose final digits match their pilot number . New pilots must provide $222 in $2 bills to fund the U-2 clubhouse at Beale Air Force Base , near Yuba City , California . Veteran pilots conduct periodic `` conformity checks '' to make sure new fliers are carrying at least one bill . The fine for a violation ? $2 . '' Incidents ( edit ) The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale , as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill . In 2005 , a man in Baltimore , Maryland was jailed for attempting to use legally circulating $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place . In 2016 , a 13 - year - old girl in Texas was detained by police at Fort Bend Independent School District 's Christa McAuliffe Middle School , and prevented from eating lunch that day , for attempting to use a $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria . Uncut currency sheets ( edit ) Uncut 32 - subject sheet of series 1995 $2 Federal Reserve Notes . Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings . Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills . Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston ( A ) , New York ( B ) , Atlanta ( F ) , Chicago ( G ) , Minneapolis ( I ) , and Dallas ( K ) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation . Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced , although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made . All two - dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth , Texas ( indicated by `` FW '' preceding the face plate number on the obverse of the note ) . Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes . A 32 - subject sheet , which is the original - size sheet on which the notes are printed , is available . Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32 - subject sheet . These include half ( 16 - note ) , quarter ( 8 - note ) , and eighth ( 4 - note ) sheets for $2 bills . Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values . Uncut sheets of large size notes ( issued before 1928 ) also exist , but are extremely rare . Steve Wozniak , a co-founder of Apple Inc. , has been using $2 banknotes separated from 4 - bill uncut sheets ( glued together into pads ) , to surprise merchants and waiters ; also , because of notes ' unusual appearance , he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Tender Alexander Hamilton : 1862 $2 Currency '' . The Kennedy Mint . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency '' . friesian.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Paper Money - Small - size Bicentennial $2 notes '' . Coinworld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Suzanne J. ( March -- April 1976 ) . `` The $2 Bill Returns '' ( PDF ) . The Economic Review . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 62 ( 2 ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` $2.00 still printed ? '' . Ustreas.gov . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` $2 accepting vending machines '' . 4mega-vending.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Use The $2 '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2003A $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Denominations of currency '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ bbbconsumeralert ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Sometimes a $2 Bill is Just a $2 Bill '' . Tucson Citizen.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spend Tom 2010 '' . Visit California . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 88 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stone , Suzanne J. ( March -- April 1976 ) . `` The $2 Bill Returns '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing . `` Annual Production Figures '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2009 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 BEP Production Info via FOIA '' . WheresGeorge.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2013 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1869 $2 Legal Tender Rainbow Note '' . usrarecurrency.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kathy Lawrence ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` '' Lazy Deuces '' -- $2 National Bank Notes `` . currency.ha.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Reed ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Battleship Note Projects American Naval Strength '' . numismaster.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. & Ira S. Friedberg ( 2014 ) . A guide Book of United States Paper Money 4th Edition . Whitman . pp. 56 -- 68 . Jump up ^ http://www.wheresgeorge.com/wrapper.php?page=denom Jump up ^ Tad Walch ( May 17 , 2003 ) . `` Geneva workers give their $2 worth '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2A supporters start Buycott to battle the Starbucks Anti-Firearm Boycott '' . Military Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks `` $2 for 2A '' Appreciation Day Going Viral `` . The Truth About Guns . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` $2 bill increasing in use and shedding its ' play - money ' image '' . USA Today . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson University Traditions '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael M. `` What 's The Most Useful Form of Cash ? ( Hint : It 's not a $100 Bill ) '' ) The Wall Street Journal. February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man arrested , cuffed after using $2 bills '' . WND.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Girl Detained By Police After Trying to Buy School Lunch with Real $2 Bill '' . Reason.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lunchroom Lunacy : ISD cops investigate $2 bill spent on school lunch '' . abc13.com . Retrieved Feb 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Series 1995 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2003 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEP to Raise Uncut Currency Sheet Prices '' . coinnews.net . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Large Size. 1896 . Silver Certificates . Bound Presentation Set of the First Educational Uncut Sheets. $1 , $2 , and $5 . Fr - 224 , 247 , and 268 . PMG Photo Proof Certificates '' . stacksbowers.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woz and the Secret Service : `` The infamous $2 bill incident '' `` . Woz.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Woz 's $2 bill sheets - The Engadget Show on YouTube ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) General Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money , 17th edition published by Krause Publications Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) The Bureau of Engraving and Printing website USpapermoney.info External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2 United States dollar banknotes . The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing 's website USAToday : `` $2 bill increasing in use and shedding its ' play - money ' image '' 2006 - 11 - 06 . The Two Dollar Bill project teaches Americans about the history of the $2 bill '' Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_two-dollar_bill&oldid=835774203 '' Categories : 1862 introductions Banknotes of the United States Thomas Jefferson Two - base - unit banknotes United States Declaration of Independence Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 17 : 57 . 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when were 2 dollar bills stopped being made

current denomination of U.S. currency

1966,

Economy of India - Wikipedia Economy of India Jump to : navigation , search Economy of India Mumbai , Maharashtra the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 100 Paise Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , WFTU , G - 20 and others Statistics GDP $2.848 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $10.385 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP rank 6th ( nominal ) 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 7.2 % ( Q3 , 2017 - 18 ) ( MOSPI ) GDP per capita $2,134 ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $7,783 ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP per capita rank 141st ( nominal ) 123rd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 4.28 % ( March 2018 ) Base borrowing rate 6.25 % ( as on 16 Mar. 2018 ) Population below poverty line 21.2 % 58 % live less than $3.10 / day ( 2011 ; World bank estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.2 million ( 2017 ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 8.8 % ( 2017 ) Average net salary ₹ 82,269 / $1,284 annually ( 2016 - 17 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $275.8 billion ( 2017 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $384.3 billion ( 2017 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $318.50 billion Outward : $144.13 billion ( 2016 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $471.9 billion ( 31 March 2017 ) Net international investment position - $404.8 billion ( Sept. 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Revenues ₹ 35.41 trillion ( US $540 billion ) ( 2017 ) Expenses ₹ 46.25 trillion ( US $710 billion ) ( 2017 ) Economic aid $2.68 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $426.082 billion ( 13 April 2018 ) ( 8th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 141st in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $2,134 and 123rd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $7,783 as of 2018 . After 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2018 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy , surpassing China . The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Despite previous reforms , economic growth is still significantly slowed by bureaucracy , poor infrastructure , and inflexible labor laws ( especially the inability to lay off workers in a business slowdown ) . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry ( manufacturing ) sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three - wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 . India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Industry 4.1 Petroleum products and chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Mining 4.7 Iron and steel 4.8 Defence 4.9 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Banking and financial services 5.3 Financial technology 5.4 Information technology 5.5 Insurance 5.6 Electricity sector 5.7 Infrastructure 5.8 Retail 5.9 Tourism 5.10 Construction 5.11 Education 5.12 Entertainment industry 5.13 Healthcare 5.14 Logistics 5.15 Printing 5.16 Telecommunications 6 Foreign trade and investment 6.1 Foreign trade 6.2 Balance of payments 6.3 Foreign direct investment 6.3. 1 Outflows 6.4 Remittances 6.5 Mergers and Acquisitions 7 Currency 8 Income and consumption 8.1 Poverty 9 Employment 10 Economic trends and issues 10.1 Agriculture 10.2 Corruption 10.3 Education 10.4 Economic disparities 11 Security markets 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD , India is the top most economy constituting 35 to 40 % of world GDP . Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown is in Sanskrit ( above ) and Persian . Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century . Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century . After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy . Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system . This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers . The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2014 -- 15 when the growth rate accelerated to 7.2 % . In 2015 , India went through a startup boom and manufacturing expanded in 2015 -- 16 with growth of 7.6 % . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . In mid-2015 , during the global stock market rout , India witnessed a sharp fall in stock markets and the rupee ; this repeated in January 2016 . India 's economic growth is expected to be 8.0 % + for 2016 -- 17 . India is ranked 100th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2018 ease of doing business index , up 30 points from the last year 's 130 . This is first time in history where India got into the top 100 rank . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , health care , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . Agriculture accounted for 23 % of GDP , and employed 59 % of the country 's total workforce in 2016 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development . Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand was a highly successful co-operative started during the green revolution in the 1960s India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Industry Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals Main article : Oil and gas industry in India Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . The chemicals manufacturing industry contributed $141 billion ( 6 % of GDP ) and employed 17.33 million people ( 4 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Pharmaceuticals Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . The automotive manufacturing industry contributed $79 billion ( 4 % of GDP ) and employed 6.76 million people ( 2 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Gems and jewellery Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $38 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $77 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery . Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Mining Main article : Mining in India Mining contributed $63 billion ( 3 % of GDP ) and employed 20.14 million people ( 5 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barites , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel Main article : Iron and steel industry in India In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Defence Main article : Defence industry of India With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Services Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India India is the fourth - largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . In 2015 , Boeing projected India 's demand for aircraft to touch 1,740 , valued at $240 billion , over the next 20 years . This would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . According to Airbus , India will be one of the top three aviation markets in the next 20 years . Airbus is expecting an annual growth rate of over 11 per cent for the domestic market over the next ten years , while the combined growth rate for domestic and international routes would be more than 10 per cent . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , with the first commercial flight from Allahabad to Naini . Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane . On 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India . In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act . India 's airline industry was nationalised and the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time , Deccan Airways , Airways India , Bharat Airways , Himalayan Aviation , Kalinga Airlines , Indian National Airways , Air India and Air Services of India were merged into two government - owned entities . Indian Airlines focussed on domestic routes and Air India International on international services . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . East - West Airlines was the first national - level private airline to operate in the country after the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 . The government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buy outs and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and financial services Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India The financial services industry contributed $809 billion ( 37 % of GDP ) and employed 14.17 million people ( 3 % of the workforce ) in 2016 , and the banking sector contributed $407 billion ( 19 % of GDP ) and employed 5.5 million people ( 1 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $910 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $590 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Financial technology Main article : FinTech in India According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion . The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets . Information technology Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 . The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 . Electricity sector Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $130 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) . India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure Vizag Sea Port , Visakhapatnam Port in Bay of Bengal Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the second - largest road network in the world . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations . This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . The retail industry , excluding wholesale , contributed $482 billion ( 22 % of GDP ) and employed 249.94 million people ( 57 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The industry is the second largest employer in India , after agriculture . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline . The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 15.24 lakh crore ( US $230 billion ) or 9.4 % of the nation 's GDP in 2017 and supported 41.622 million jobs , 8 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9 % to ₹ 32.05 lakh crore ( US $490 billion ) by 2028 ( 9.9 % of GDP ) . Over 10 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2017 compared to 8.89 million in 2016 , recording a growth of 15.6 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Construction Main article : Construction industry of India The construction industry contributed $288 billion ( 13 % of GDP ) and employed 60.42 million people ( 14 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Education Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance . Logistics The logistics industry in India was worth over $160 billion in 2016 , and grew at a CAGR of 7.8 % in the previous five - year period . The industry employs about 22 million people . India was ranked 35th out of 160 countries in the World Bank 's 2016 Logistics Performance Index . Printing Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in India The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $34 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Foreign trade and investment A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Treemap of India Exports ( 2016 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $13 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $19 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $7.2 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $6.1 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative . Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows . From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime . In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . Outflows Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 . Mergers and Acquisitions Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in , into ( inbound ) and out of ( outbound ) India . This cumulates to a value of 618 bil . USD . In terms of value , 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil . USD . Most deals have been conducted in 2007 ( 1,510 ) . Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Indian companies participating : Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ( $ mil ) Petrol Complex Pte Ltd Oil & Gas Singapore Essar Oil Ltd Oil & Gas India 12,907.25 Vodafone Grp Plc Wireless United Kingdom Hutchison Essar Ltd Telecommunications Services India 12,748.00 Vodafone Grp PLC - Vodafone Asts Wireless India Idea Cellular Ltd - Mobile Bus Wireless India 11,627.32 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa 11,387.52 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India Zain Africa BV Wireless Nigeria 10,700.00 BP PLC Oil & Gas United Kingdom Reliance Industries Ltd - 21 Oil Oil & Gas India 9,000.00 MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India 8,775.09 Shareholders Other Financials India Reliance Inds Ltd - Telecom Bus Telecommunications Services India 8,063.01 Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd Oil & Gas India Hindustan Petro Corp Ltd Petrochemicals India 5,784.20 Reliance Commun Ventures Ltd Telecommunications Services India Reliance Infocomm Ltd Telecommunications Services India 5,577.18 Currency The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July . In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion . Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Per capita gross national income of India in 2013 compared to other countries , on purchasing power parity basis , per World Bank data . New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries , which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country . According to New World Wealth , India 's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017 , a growth rate of 160 % . India 's total wealth rose by 25 % from $6.2 trillion in 2016 to $8.23 trillion in 2017 , making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world . There are 20,730 multimillionaires ( 7th largest in the world ) and 119 billionaires in India ( 3rd largest in the world ) . With 330,400 high net - worth individuals ( HNWI ) , India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world . Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world , with a total net worth of $950 billion in 2017 . Twenty - eight billionaires reside in the city . As of December 2016 , the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty Main article : Poverty in India In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $38 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % . Economic trends and issues Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in India Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . By 2016 , India saw a reduction in corruption and its ranking improved to 79th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets . India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education Main article : Education in India India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups . Economic disparities Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 . Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . 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Retrieved 6 August 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Datt & Ravallion ( 2011 ) , Has India 's economic growth become more pro-poor in the wake of economic reforms ? , The World Bank Economic Review , 25 ( 2 ) , pp 157 - 189 Jump up ^ Tripathi , Sabyasachi ( December 2013 ) , Has urban economic growth in Post-Reform India been pro-poor between 1993 - 94 and 2009 - 10 ? Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations , MPRA Paper No. 52336 , Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Jump up ^ `` ' Modi Mania ' propels India 's stock market into world 's top 10 '' . The Financial Times . 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BSE Ltd . ( Bombay Stock Exchange ) - Live Stock Market Updates for S&P BSE SENSEX , Stock Quotes & Corporate Information '' . www.BSEIndia.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ WFE Archived 17 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : EY Global IPO Trends Global IPO Trends Q4 2013 Ernst & Young ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Listing abroad sans domestic IPO set to be a reality soon '' . Business Standard . 28 July 2013 . Further reading Books Datt , Ruddar ; Sundharam , K.P.M. ( 2009 ) . Indian Economy . New Delhi : S. Chand Group . p. 976 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 219 - 0298 - 4 . Drèze , John ; Sen , Amartya ( 1996 ) . India : Economic Development and Social Opportunity . Oxford University Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564082 - 3 . Kumar , Dharma ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume II : c. 1757 -- 2003 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 1115 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2710 - 2 . Nehru , Jawaharlal ( 1946 ) . The Discovery of India . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303103 - 1 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2008 ) . India : The Emerging Giant . Oxford University Press . p. 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531503 - 5 . Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . International Center for Public Policy , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University . `` Economic reforms in India : Task force report '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2009 . `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . p. 294 . Articles `` Growth of India '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . `` Infrastructure in India : Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 August 2005 . Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms in India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Centre for Media Studies ( 2005 ) . `` India Corruption Study 2005 : To Improve Governance Volume -- I : Key Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Ghosh , Jayati . `` Bank Nationalisation : The Record '' . Macroscan . Archived from the original on 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2005 . Gordon , Jim ; Gupta , Poonam ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding India 's Services Revolution '' ( PDF ) . 12 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2004 ) . `` India in the 1980s and 1990s : A Triumph of Reforms '' . Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Srinivasan , T.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic Reforms and Global Integration '' ( PDF ) . 17 January 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' ( PDF ) . News Ravi S Jha . `` India , the Goliath , Falls with a Thud '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . `` India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . `` Economic structure '' . The Economist. 6 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . a `` Regional stock exchanges -- Bulldozed by the Big Two '' . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of India . 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what is the share of agriculture in indian economy

17.32%

$10.385 trillion

It Ai n't Me - wikipedia It Ai n't Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Kygo and Selena Gomez song . For the Bob Dylan song , see It Ai n't Me , Babe . `` It Ai n't Me '' Single by Kygo and Selena Gomez from the EP Stargazing Released 17 February 2017 Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Dance - pop electropop tropical house Length 3 : 40 Label Interscope Sony Ultra Songwriter ( s ) Kyrre Gørvell - Dahll Selena Gomez Andrew Wotman Brian Lee Ali Tamposi Producer ( s ) Kygo Andrew Watt Ben Rice Louis Bell Kygo singles chronology `` Carry Me '' ( 2016 ) `` It Ai n't Me '' ( 2017 ) `` First Time '' ( 2017 ) Selena Gomez singles chronology `` Trust Nobody '' ( 2016 ) Trust Nobody 2016 `` It Ai n't Me '' ( 2017 ) It Ai n't Me2017 `` Bad Liar '' ( 2017 ) Bad Liar 2017 Music video `` It Ai n't Me '' on YouTube `` It Ai n't Me '' is a song by Norwegian DJ Kygo and American singer Selena Gomez . It was released by Interscope Records , Sony and Ultra on 17 February 2017 as the lead single from Kygo 's first EP , Stargazing . The song was written by Kygo , Gomez , Andrew Watt , Brian Lee and Ali Tamposi . It was produced by Kygo , Watt , Ben Rice and Louis Bell . A dance - pop , electropop and tropical house song , `` It Ai n't Me '' comprises an acoustic guitar line , and a build - drop arrangement in its chorus featuring pulsing piano notes , bass , synthesizers , finger - snap claps and pan flute melodies . Gomez sings the track in a husky tone , while in the chorus her vocals are reduced to recurring syllables . The lyrics are nostalgic and narrate a past relationship ruined by alcoholism and partying too often . In addition to reaching number one in Croatia , Lebanon , and Norway , the song attained a top five peak in Australia , Austria , Belgium , Canada , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia , Sweden and Switzerland . It also reached the top 10 in Italy , Spain , the United Kingdom and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Music and lyrics 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 7 Usage in media 8 Track listing 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Release history 13 References 14 External links Writing and Recording ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Ai n't Me '' were written by Andrew Watt , Brian Lee and Ali Tamposi . With Watt previously working with Kygo , the DJ 's manager Myles Shear contacted Watt for a session with Kygo which Watt also facilitated for Lee and Tamposi . During their session for `` It Ai n't Me '' , they initially found the track very poor , but were trying to salvage it . Kygo and Shear suggested that they continue working on the song . After Kygo and Shear had left , Tamposi told Watt and Lee to play guitar and `` Fleetwood Mac it '' , spawning a 45 - minute jam session as well as the demo of `` It Ai n't Me '' , a simple acoustic guitar recording with Tamposi on vocals . Watt , Lee and Tamposi then asked Kygo to return to their studio to hear `` It Ai n't Me '' for a second time . Tamposi recalled , `` When they pushed the space bar to play the song , ( Kygo ) went from this very sweet , polite , charming young man to this super-human producer guy . I was watching his eyes go back , left and right , just mapping out how he envisioned the production of the song . He was extremely excited '' . Lee and Tamposi then left for Kygo and Watt to work on the production where they followed the melodies and message of the demo . According to Tamposi , the producers brought the song to life . The three songwriters would usually spend several months pitching their songs to different singers , but with `` It Ai n't Me '' Gomez heard it about a month afterward and recorded it a few days later . Tamposi was called back for the vocal sessions with Gomez where they shared a similar emotional vision for `` It Ai n't Me '' , basing it on their own personal experiences . Recalling the sessions , Tamposi said she was impressed with Gomez 's involvement and the ideas she came up with for the song . Music and lyrics ( edit ) A dance - pop , electropop and tropical house song , `` It Ai n't Me '' is composed in the key of C Major and is set in the time signature of alla breve at a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Gomez 's vocal range spawns from the low note G to the high note E , while the music follows the chord progression of Am -- C -- F -- C -- F -- C -- G. While the piano later in the song plays in a Chord Progression of : Am -- C -- G -- F -- Am -- C -- G . The song carries a calm tone and a drop common in tropical house music , but is complimented by an equal measure of electronic and pop rock elements . The track starts with a folk - like acoustic guitar riff . It is followed immediately by Gomez singing the first verse in a husky tone . As the song develops , a steady bass and synthesizers are heard . The production is subtle and varied with finger snaps sometimes being louder than the kick drum , and the guitar riff and piano notes alternating in and out . In the chorus , Gomez is accompanied by background vocals that pertain to the sound of a choir . `` It Ai n't Me '' A 21 - second sound sample from `` It Ai n't Me '' featuring the chorus to the start of the drop which Gomez sings accompanied by backing vocals , piano notes , a guitar riff , and vocal effects . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The chorus has a new melodic arrangement and a crescendo . It is ensued by chord - buoyed builds and drops comprising finger snaps and pan flute melodies . The same synthesizers from the verses are repeated with a piano in the background . Gomez 's vocals in the drop are reduced to syllables from her verses such as a recurring `` whiskey neat '' and are accompanied by percussion instruments . `` It Ai n't Me '' is a breakup song with a theme of nostalgia . The lyrics are about standing up for yourself in the face of a toxic relationship . Gomez narrates the regret of a previous relationship ruined by her former lover 's habits of drinking and partying too often . The lyrics specifically address alcohol abuse , a type of alcoholism . Tamposi explained that `` It Ai n't Me '' is about a woman finding the strength to walk away from a toxic relationship despite the pressure she receives from society to stand by her man . Although the lyrics are sombre , the song has a distinctly uplifting and empowering sound . Release ( edit ) In early February 2017 , `` It Ai n't Me '' was registered on the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) database . Gomez first teased the single with two Instagram stories on 3 February 2017 . The first teaser showed a half - profile of the singer with a black `` X '' over her mouth as a 10 - second snippet plays with the lyrics , `` I had a dream / we were back to 17 / summer nights and liberties / never growing up , '' while the second teaser was a snippet of the song 's beat . Gomez later revealed the single 's cover art and release date on Instagram on 13 February 2017 , and shared three teasers of the song on Snapchat the following day . `` It Ai n't Me '' was released for digital download by Interscope , Sony and Ultra Music on 17 February 2017 as the first single from Kygo 's upcoming second studio album . Interscope was the primary label since it is Gomez 's label . A remix of the song featuring actor Vin Diesel was released on Facebook on 18 February 2017 . `` It Ai n't Me '' was sent to contemporary hit radio in the US on 28 February 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) `` It Ai n't Me '' received positive reviews from music critics . Matt Medved of Billboard magazine regarded it as one of Gomez 's most mature - sounding releases and appreciated Kygo 's usage of her vocals , adding that the song showed both collaborators ' `` best sides '' . Similarly , Alexia Hernandez of Entertainment Weekly deemed it `` perhaps her most mature tune to date '' . In The New York Times , Jon Pareles described the track as a `` righteous kiss - off '' , complimenting the subtle and varied production . Pedro Pincay of Vibe magazine said Kygo and Gomez `` cooked up something special '' . Kat Bein of Billboard magazine placed `` It Ai n't Me '' at number one in her list of ten best Kygo songs , writing that Gomez 's `` powerful and strong '' vocals took `` Kygo 's collaborative vocal game to a whole new level '' and the chorus arrangement brought `` a certain edginess new to Kygo 's catalogue '' , concluding that the song showed growth and `` maybe heralds a new era of Kygo 's sound '' . Chart performance ( edit ) In the US , `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 19,000 copies and accumulating 1.7 million streams in its first day . Following its first full week of tracking , the song climbed to number 12 , aided by sales of 67,000 copies , 15.5 million streams and a 19 million airplay audience . `` It Ai n't Me '' became Kygo 's highest - charting single in the US , surpassing the number 92 peak of his 2014 single `` Firestone '' , and marked Gomez 's seventh top 10 entry in less than four years , continuing her `` chart hot streak '' according to Gary Trust of Billboard magazine . As of May 2017 , the song has sold 484,000 copies in the United States . It peaked at number 10 making it Kygo 's first top 10 and Gomez 's seventh top 10 overall . `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart with first - week sales of 31,380 units , giving Kygo his second top 10 single ( after `` Firestone '' ) in the UK and Gomez her third ( after `` Naturally '' and `` Come & Get It '' ) . It rose to number seven in its second week , selling 33,466 units . In Australia , `` It Ai n't Me '' debuted at number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart becoming both Kygo and Gomez 's first top 10 debut and highest - charting single in the country , as well as Kygo 's second top 10 entry after `` Firestone '' and Gomez 's third following `` Good for You '' and `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' . Music Video ( edit ) A music video , directed by Philip R. Lopez , was released on 24 April 2017 on Kygo 's official Vevo channel . The video revolves around a couple involved in a motorcycle accident . The boyfriend is rendered comatose . The video depicts the boyfriend 's unconscious state , with the girlfriend dancing and singing by his bedside at the hospital . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song is featured in tenth episode of the television series The Bold Type . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` It Ai n't Me '' -- 3 : 40 Digital download -- Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix `` It Ai n't Me '' ( Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix ) -- 3 : 12 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Qobuz . Kygo -- composer , producer Selena Gomez -- composer , vocals Andrew Watt -- guitar , producer , vocal producer , composer , songwriter Brian Lee -- composer , songwriter Ali Tamposi -- composer , songwriter Tom Coyne -- mastering engineer Serban Ghenea -- mixing engineer Ben Rice -- vocal producer Louis Bell -- vocal producer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Colombia ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) 12 Ecuador ( National - Report ) 7 Ecuador Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 6 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Finnish Airplay ( Radiosoittolista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany Dance ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) 10 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 6 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 10 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 6 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Panama ( Monitor Latino Anglo ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 27 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 5 Poland ( Polish TV Airplay Chart ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 20 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 9 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Switzerland ( Romandy ) 6 Turkey ( Number One Top 40 ) 30 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 18 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 17 US Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 20 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 10 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 17 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) 32 Italy ( FIMI ) 26 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Poland ( ZPAV ) 36 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 19 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 5 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Portugal ( AFP ) 5 × Platinum 100,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Version Format Label Ref . Italy 16 February 2017 Original Contemporary hit radio Sony Various 17 February 2017 Single Digital download Sony Ultra United States 28 February 2017 Original Mainstream radio Ultra 7 March 2017 Rhythmic radio Sony Ultra United Kingdom 17 March 2017 Contemporary hit radio United States 28 March 2017 Hot adult contemporary Various 7 April 2017 Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix Digital download References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.pandora.com/artist/kygo-and-selena-gomez/it-aint-me-single/it-aint-me/TR9c9kdKhgc9Xcm ^ Jump up to : Bein , Kat ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Is ' an Old Soul With a Beautiful Baby Face , ' Says ' It Ai n't Me ' Songwriter '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meadow , Matthew ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` Your EDM Interview With Ali Tamposi , Co-Writer On Selena Gomez & Kygo 's ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . Your EDM . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnsen , Frank ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez elsket låten '' . Bergens Tidende ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Teams Up With Gucci Mane For New Single ' Fetish ' '' . Forbes . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Tou Liang ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Hot tracks : Stargazing by Kygo , Debussy : Jeux , Khamma & La Boite A Joujoux by Singapore Symphony Orchestra and Shui Lan '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Selena Gomez & Kygo Soar With ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez ' It Ai n't Me ' Sheet Music In A Minor '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pan , Kevin ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo releases first new single in months '' . The Post . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Is One More Hit Away From Becoming A Household Name '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parles , Jon ; Caramanica , Jon ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` The Playlist : Selena Gomez Chides an Ex , and Remy Ma Stomps on a Foe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo Teases Selena Gomez Collab in New Instagram Video : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bein , Kat ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` The 10 Best Kygo Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medved , Matt ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo & Selena Gomez 's New Song ' It Ai n't Me ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pincay , Pedro ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Kicks Love to the Curb on Kygo 's ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . Vibe . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` The 10 Best Selena Gomez Songs : Critic 's Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linkin Park , Future & More Are Spotify Editors ' Picks for New Music Friday '' . Billboard. 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Teases New Music on Instagram -- Is This Her Kygo Collaboration ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Slead , Evan ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez teases new music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez & Kygo 's Sleek ' It Ai n't Me ' Cover '' . Idolator . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mei , Gina ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez Gives Fans a Sneak Peek at Her New Single '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 18 February 2017 ) . `` Vin Diesel : Selena Gomez 's It Ai n't Me becomes duet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB. 28 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sundar , Priyanka ( 17 February 2017 ) . `` It Ai n't Me : Selena Gomez and Kygo 's new song is all about love , with a twist '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Alexia ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez and Kygo release It Ai n't Me '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Gordon ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Kygo & Selena Gomez 's ' It Ai n't Me ' Debuts in Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Selena Gomez 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran still No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ed Sheeran makes it eight weeks at No. 1 with Shape Of You '' . Music Week . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Australian Charts : Ed Sheeran Scores Trifecta On Singles Chart '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SELENA GOMEZ AND KYGO RELEASE THE OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO FOR ' IT AIN 'T ME ' '' . edmsauce.com. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez Drop Breathtaking Music Video For ' It Ai n't Me ' '' . hollywoodlife.com. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bold Type Official Music Guide Season 1 '' . Freeform . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It Ai n't Me -- Single by Kygo & Selena Gomez on Apple Music '' . iTunes , Apple Music . February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It Ai n't Me ( Tiësto 's AFTR : HRS Remix ) -- Single by Kygo & Selena Gomez on Apple Music '' . iTunes , Apple Music . April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Qobuz . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : The Week of March 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 26 de Junio al 2 de Julio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` STRANA -- Top do topa ( 25.03. 2017 . ) '' . HRT . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201725 into search . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201715 into search . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Republica Dominicana '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Ecuador -- del 14 de Julio al 21 de Julio del 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' . Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez , Kygo : It Ai n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez : It Ai n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' . Billboard Greece Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- It Ai n't Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . April 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Selena Gomez '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' . Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Streaming ( del 10 de Marzo al 16 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : March 18 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay : April 8 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 General '' . Monitor Latino . 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 11 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Mega Top 50 - AVROTROS - NPO 3FM '' . megatop50.3fm.nl . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Panama '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Video Chart '' . 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 24 ) '' . Tophit . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201723 into search . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez no . 6 en Suisse romande '' . lescharts.ch . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 -- Number1 FM / TV '' ( in Turkish ) . Number One . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Kygo & Selena Gomez ' `` It Ai n't Me '' Enters Top 10 `` . 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : The Week of April 29 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary : The Week of July 8 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : The Week of June 24 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Electronic Songs : The Week of May 13 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kygo Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : The Week of June 24 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs : The Week of June 3 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo USA '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 29 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest. bizz . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Kygo & Selena Gomez in the field Interpret . Enter It Ai n't Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Kygo & Selena Gomez '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Kygo / Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Type Kygo & Selena Gomez in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select It Ai n't Me and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Kygo & Selena Gomez ; ' It Ai n't Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Enter It Ai n't Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kygo & Selena Gomez -- It Ai n't Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Kygo & Selena Gomez - It Ai n't Me RadioDate '' . Radioairplay.fm. 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 17 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music Meeting for March 28 '' . Play IGA . Archived from the original on 28 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kygo Discography Studio albums Cloud Nine ( 2016 ) Kids in Love ( 2017 ) EPs Stargazing ( 2017 ) Singles Cloud Nine `` Firestone '' `` Stole the Show '' `` Nothing Left '' `` Stay '' `` Fragile '' `` Raging '' `` Carry Me '' Stargazing `` It Ai n't Me '' `` First Time '' `` Stargazing '' Kids in Love `` Kids in Love '' `` Stranger Things '' `` Remind Me to Forget '' Non-album singles `` ID '' `` Coming Over '' `` Here for You '' Remixes `` Cut Your Teeth '' `` Sexual Healing '' `` Take On Me '' `` Tired '' `` You 're the Best Thing About Me '' Soundtracks Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Selena Gomez Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Stars Dance Revival Compilation albums For You Singles `` Come & Get It '' `` Slow Down '' `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` Good for You '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` It Ai n't Me '' `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Wolves '' Featured singles `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' Promotional singles `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' `` Magic '' `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` Send It On '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' Other charted songs `` One and the Same '' `` Birthday '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Sober '' `` Me & My Girls '' Other songs `` Like a Champion '' `` Forget Forever '' `` Revival '' `` Only You '' Concert tours Stars Dance Tour Revival Tour Related articles Selena Gomez & the Scene Francia Raisa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Ain%27t_Me&oldid=837863799 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Kygo songs Selena Gomez songs Sony Music Entertainment singles Songs written by Kygo Songs written by Selena Gomez Songs written by Ali Tamposi Ultra Music singles Number - one singles in Norway Songs written by Andrew Watt ( musician ) Songs written by Brian Lee ( songwriter ) Songs about alcohol Tropical house songs Interscope Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Finnishairplay Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 14 : 05 . 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who sings the song it ain't me

Selena Gomez

Bob Dylan

2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17 , 2017 -- April 11 , 2018 April 14 -- May 28 , 2018 ( Playoffs ) May 31 -- June 17 , 2018 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Top seed Houston Rockets Top scorer James Harden ( Houston ) Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 Eastern Conference champion ( and Finals runner -- up ) Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio Christmas games were played on December 25 , 2017 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game was played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers was named the All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . The regular season ended on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs began on April 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 In - season trades 1.3 Free agency 1.4 Coaching changes 1.4. 1 Off - season 1.4. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.1. 1 Tiebreakers 3.2 International games 4 Playoffs 4.1 Bracket 5 Statistics 5.1 Individual statistic leaders 5.2 Individual game highs 5.3 Team statistic leaders 6 Awards 6.1 Players of the Week 6.2 Players of the Month 6.3 Rookies of the Month 6.4 Coaches of the Month 7 Arenas 8 Media 9 Uniforms 9.1 Uniform sponsorships 10 Notable occurrences 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics in 2008 . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013 and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 10 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons in 2004 . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait , and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 , Metta World Peace was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers , the Los Angeles Lakers ' NBA G League affiliate , thus ending his 18 - year playing career with the NBA . During his career , he won one championship with the LA Lakers in 2010 . On November 19 , 2017 , David Lee announced his retirement from the NBA via Instagram. Lee won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors back in 2015 . On December 11 , 2017 , Matt Barnes announced his retirement from the NBA via Instagram . Barnes won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in June 2017 . On February 8 , 2018 , Caron Butler announced his retirement after 14 professional seasons . Butler won an NBA championship with the Dallas Mavericks in 2011 . On February 19 , 2018 , Tiago Splitter announced his retirement from basketball due to a hip injury . Splitter won an NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . In - season trades ( edit ) On November 17 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns traded Eric Bledsoe to the Milwaukee Bucks for Greg Monroe and two 2018 first - round draft picks . On December 7 , 2017 , the Philadelphia 76ers traded Jahlil Okafor , Nik Stauskas , and a 2019 second - round draft pick to the Brooklyn Nets for veteran forward Trevor Booker . On January 30 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Clippers traded 5 time All - Star Blake Griffin , veteran center Willie Reed , and sophomore forward Brice Johnson to the Detroit Pistons for Tobias Harris , Avery Bradley , Boban Marjanović , a protected 2018 first - round draft pick , and a protected 2019 second - round draft pick . On February 3 , 2018 , the Chicago Bulls traded forward Nikola Mirotić to the New Orleans Pelicans in exchange of Ömer Aşık , Tony Allen , Jameer Nelson , and a protected 2018 first - round draft pick . On February 5 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks acquired Tyler Zeller of the Brooklyn Nets for fellow guard Rashad Vaughn and a protected 2018 second - round draft pick . On February 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks traded forward Willy Hernangómez to the Charlotte Hornets for center Johnny O'Bryant III , a 2020 second - round draft pick , and a 2021 second - round draft pick . On February 8 , 2018 , the Cleveland Cavaliers traded Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye , and their 2018 first - round pick to the Los Angeles Lakers for Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr ... The Cavaliers also participated in a three - team trade with the Utah Jazz and Sacramento Kings to acquire Rodney Hood and George Hill while trading Iman Shumpert and a 2020 second - round pick to the Kings , Jae Crowder and Derrick Rose to the Jazz while the Kings also receive Joe Johnson from the Jazz . In addition , the Cavaliers traded Dwyane Wade back to the Miami Heat for a 2024 second - round pick . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Memphis Grizzlies David Fizdale J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) Milwaukee Bucks Jason Kidd Joe Prunty ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there would be no coaching changes going from the previous season to entering the regular season . In fact , the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . The last time no head coaches were hired in the off - season occurred during the 1975 -- 76 season . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . On November 27 , 2017 , the Memphis Grizzlies fired head coach David Fizdale and replaced him with the team 's associate head coach J.B. Bickerstaff . On January 22 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks fired head coach Jason Kidd and replaced him with the team 's assistant head coach Joe Prunty as interim head coach for the rest of the season . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 and ended on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP c -- Toronto Raptors 59 23 . 720 0.0 34 -- 7 25 -- 16 12 -- 4 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 27 -- 14 28 -- 13 12 -- 4 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 30 -- 11 22 -- 19 9 -- 7 82 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 19 -- 22 10 -- 31 6 -- 10 82 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 15 -- 26 13 -- 28 1 -- 15 82 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Cleveland Cavaliers 50 32 . 610 0.0 29 -- 12 21 -- 20 11 -- 5 82 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 2.0 27 -- 14 21 -- 20 10 -- 6 82 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 6.0 25 -- 16 19 -- 22 6 -- 10 82 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 11.0 25 -- 16 14 -- 27 9 -- 7 82 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 23.0 17 -- 24 10 -- 31 4 -- 12 82 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Miami Heat 44 38 . 537 0.0 26 -- 15 18 -- 23 11 -- 5 82 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 1.0 23 -- 18 20 -- 21 8 -- 8 82 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 8.0 21 -- 20 15 -- 26 11 -- 5 82 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 19.0 17 -- 24 8 -- 33 5 -- 11 82 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 20.0 16 -- 25 8 -- 33 5 -- 11 82 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Portland Trail Blazers 49 33 . 598 0.0 28 -- 13 21 -- 20 9 -- 7 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 1.0 27 -- 14 21 -- 20 5 -- 11 82 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 1.0 28 -- 13 20 -- 21 7 -- 9 82 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 2.0 30 -- 11 17 -- 24 10 -- 6 82 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 3.0 31 -- 10 15 -- 26 9 -- 7 82 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Golden State Warriors 58 24 . 707 0.0 29 -- 12 29 -- 12 13 -- 3 82 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 16.0 22 -- 19 20 -- 21 12 -- 4 82 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 23.0 20 -- 21 15 -- 26 6 -- 10 82 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 31.0 14 -- 27 13 -- 28 5 -- 11 82 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 37.0 10 -- 31 11 -- 30 4 -- 12 82 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP z -- Houston Rockets 65 17 . 793 0.0 34 -- 7 31 -- 10 12 -- 4 82 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 24 -- 17 24 -- 17 9 -- 7 82 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 33 -- 8 14 -- 27 9 -- 7 82 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 15 -- 26 9 -- 32 5 -- 11 82 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 16 -- 25 6 -- 35 5 -- 11 82 By Conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Toronto Raptors * 59 23 . 720 -- 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 82 y -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 50 32 . 610 9.0 82 5 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 11.0 82 6 y -- Miami Heat * 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 7 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 8 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 16.0 82 9 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 20.0 82 10 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 23.0 82 11 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 82 12 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 82 13 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 32.0 82 14 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 34.0 82 15 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 35.0 82 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Houston Rockets * 65 17 . 793 -- 82 y -- Golden State Warriors * 58 24 . 707 7.0 82 y -- Portland Trail Blazers * 49 33 . 598 16.0 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 5 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 6 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 7 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 8 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 9 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 19.0 82 10 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 23.0 82 11 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 30.0 82 12 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 38.0 82 13 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 82 14 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 82 15 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 44.0 82 Notes z -- Clinched home court advantage for the entire playoffs c -- Clinched home court advantage for the conference playoffs y -- Clinched division title x -- Clinched playoff spot * -- Division leader Tiebreakers ( edit ) Eastern Conference Miami clinched # 6 seed over Milwaukee based on head - to - head sweep ( 3 -- 0 ) . Western Conference Oklahoma City , Utah , and New Orleans were seeded based on record in games against each other ( OKC : 4 -- 3 , UTAH : 4 -- 4 , NO : 3 -- 4 ) . San Antonio clinched # 7 seed over Minnesota based on head - to - head record ( 2 -- 1 ) . International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets played against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they matched up against the Miami Heat . The Nets prevailed 100 -- 95 over the Thunder in their first game , but lost to the Heat 101 -- 89 in their second game . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . The Celtics won the game 114 − 103 . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NBA Playoffs The 2018 NBA Playoffs began on Saturday , April 14 , 2018 , ESPN will air the 2018 Eastern Conference Finals and TNT will air the 2018 Western Conference Finals . The season will end with the 2018 NBA Finals which will begin on May 31 , 2018 on ABC . Bracket ( edit ) First Round Conference Semifinals Conference Finals NBA Finals E1 Toronto * E8 Washington E4 Cleveland * E5 Indiana Eastern Conference E3 Philadelphia E6 Miami * E3 Philadelphia 0 E2 Boston E7 Milwaukee W1 Houston * W8 Minnesota W1 Houston * 0 W4 Oklahoma City W5 Utah Western Conference W3 Portland * 0 W6 New Orleans W6 New Orleans 0 W2 Golden State * 0 W2 Golden State * W7 San Antonio * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game James Harden Houston Rockets 30.4 Rebounds per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 16.0 Assists per game Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10.3 Steals per game Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 2.36 Blocks per game Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 2.57 Turnovers per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 5.0 Fouls per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 3.8 Minutes per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 37.2 FG % Clint Capela Houston Rockets 65.2 % FT % Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 92.1 % 3FG % Darren Collison Indiana Pacers 46.8 % Efficiency per game James Harden Houston Rockets 29.87 Double - doubles Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves 68 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 25 Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points James Harden Houston Rockets 60 Rebounds Dwight Howard Charlotte Hornets 30 Assists Rajon Rondo New Orleans Pelicans 25 Steals Lou Williams Los Angeles Clippers 10 Blocks Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 10 Three pointers Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 10 Kemba Walker Charlotte Hornets Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 113.5 Rebounds per game Philadelphia 76ers 47.4 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 29.3 Steals per game Oklahoma City Thunder 9.1 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 7.5 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 15.9 FG % Golden State Warriors 50.3 % FT % Golden State Warriors 81.5 % 3FG % Golden State Warriors 39.1 % + / − Houston Rockets + 8.5 Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 5 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 3 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 October 30 -- November 5 Porziņģis , Kristaps Kristaps Porziņģis ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 5 ) 04 November 6 -- 12 Harris , Tobias Tobias Harris ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 2 ) 05 November 13 -- 19 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 5 ) Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) ( 1 / 1 ) 06 November 20 -- 26 Dragić , Goran Goran Dragić ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 2 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 2 ) 07 November 27 -- December 3 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 3 / 5 ) 08 December 4 -- 10 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 2 / 3 ) Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 09 December 11 -- 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Paul , Chris Chris Paul ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 10 December 18 -- 24 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 2 / 5 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 1 / 2 ) 11 December 25 -- 31 Beal , Bradley Bradley Beal ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 1 ) Williams , Lou Lou Williams ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 1 / 2 ) 12 January 1 -- 7 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 3 / 5 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 2 ) 13 January 8 -- 14 Dragić , Goran Goran Dragić ( Miami Heat ) ( 2 / 2 ) Williams , Lou Lou Williams ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 2 / 2 ) 14 January 15 -- 21 Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 3 ) 15 January 22 -- 28 Middleton , Khris Khris Middleton ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 2 / 2 ) 16 January 29 -- February 4 Drummond , Andre Andre Drummond ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 4 / 5 ) 17 February 5 -- 11 Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 5 / 5 ) 18 February 26 -- March 4 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 4 / 5 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 2 / 2 ) 19 March 5 -- 11 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 5 / 5 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 2 / 3 ) 20 March 12 -- 18 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 2 / 2 ) 21 March 19 -- 25 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Aldridge , LaMarcus LaMarcus Aldridge ( San Antonio Spurs ) ( 1 / 1 ) 22 March 26 -- April 1 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 3 / 3 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 3 / 3 ) 23 April 2 -- 8 Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 2 / 2 ) Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 January DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 04 February James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 2 ) 05 March / April James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 2 / 2 ) Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Kuzma , Kyle Kyle Kuzma ( Los Angeles Lakers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Tatum , Jayson Jayson Tatum ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 1 / 4 ) 03 January Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 2 / 4 ) 04 February Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 3 / 4 ) 05 March / April Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 4 / 4 ) Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 2 ) 02 December Casey , Dwane Dwane Casey ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 January Spoelstra , Erik Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Stotts , Terry Terry Stotts ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 04 February Brooks , Scott Scott Brooks ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 2 ) 05 March / April Brown , Brett Brett Brown ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Snyder , Quin Quin Snyder ( Utah Jazz ) ( 1 / 1 ) Arenas ( edit ) This is the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team played their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This also marks the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team played its final regular season game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic . The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team played a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or `` MECCA '' Arena , their home from 1968 until 1988 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announced that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . The Chicago Bulls experienced a mid-season change in their broadcast partner due to the Cumulus Media Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing nulling and voiding many broadcasting agreements . The team 's games moved from Cumulus 's WLS to Entercom 's WSCR on February 3 , 2018 . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike is the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Athlete 's Mindset Edition '' ) , and `` City Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Community Edition '' ) jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included every now and then as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . For the first time in league history , the manufacturer 's logo will appear on the team uniforms , making the NBA the last professional sports league in North America to have the manufacturer 's logo appear on the team uniforms . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 . The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Air Jordan - branded apparel were used during the 2018 NBA All - Star Game , which is endorsed by the owner of the Charlotte Hornets , Michael Jordan , and is owned by Nike . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . With this , the NBA became the first of the `` Big Four '' North American professional sports league to use corporate sponsorship patches on its jerseys . As of March 6 , 2018 , there are 21 NBA teams that had signed uniform sponsorship contracts : Atlanta Hawks : Sharecare Boston Celtics : General Electric Brooklyn Nets : Infor Charlotte Hornets : LendingTree Cleveland Cavaliers : Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Dallas Mavericks : 5Miles Denver Nuggets : Western Union Detroit Pistons : Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors : Rakuten Los Angeles Clippers : Bumble Los Angeles Lakers : Wish Miami Heat : Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks : Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves : Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans : Zatarain 's New York Knicks : Squarespace Orlando Magic : The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers : StubHub Sacramento Kings : Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors : Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz : Qualtrics Nine who do not : Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , Indiana Pacers , Memphis Grizzlies , Oklahoma City Thunder , Phoenix Suns , Portland Trail Blazers , San Antonio Spurs and Washington Wizards . Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season started eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a regulation game from 18 to 14 . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game were also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before it , so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also added two - way contracted players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul . Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza Pachulia rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happens before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunges into the defender or locks arms to create contact , a rule informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to the draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , the teams with the three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with only the Oklahoma City Thunder voting against the change and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , during the season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee . That same day , in the season opening game for the Portland Trail Blazers and Phoenix Suns , the Trail Blazers would defeat the Suns 124 -- 76 in what would be the greatest deficit for a season - opening game in league history . On October 25 , 2017 , the Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , normally a frontcourt player , recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st career triple - double as starting point guard . On October 28 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook became the first player in NBA history to record a triple double against all 29 opposing teams . On November 3 , 2017 , LeBron James scored 57 points for the night and his 29,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the seventh overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 309 days ) . LeBron James also passed both Kevin Garnett for 12th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list ( with 10,506 career field goals to his name ) and passed John Havlicek for 11th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list with 10,514 career field goals . On November 7 , 2017 , Ben Simmons became the only player in NBA history with at least 170 points , 100 rebounds and 80 assists in his team 's first 10 games . On November 7 , 2017 , the Sacramento Kings set a record for most points scored before a starter scored . The King 's bench scored the team 's first 29 points before Willie Cauley - Stein scored a free throw at 4 : 08 of the second quarter . The previous record was held by the Milwaukee Bucks at 23 points set on April 5 , 2011 against the Orlando Magic . On November 11 , 2017 , Lonzo Ball became the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple - double at 20 years and 15 days old . He recorded 19 points , 13 assists and 12 rebounds . The previous record holder was LeBron James ' at 20 years and 20 days old . On November 14 , 2017 , the Boston Celtics became the first team in NBA history to win at least 13 straight games after starting the season 0 -- 2 . The winning streak ended at 16 when they lost to the Miami Heat on November 22 , 2017 . On November 15 , 2017 , the Atlanta Hawks set a franchise record for their largest margin of victory in a win against the Sacramento Kings at 46 points , 126 - 80 . The previous record was set on February 12 , 1965 at a 44 - point margin when the St. Louis Hawks beat the Baltimore Bullets , 144 - 100 . On November 28 , 2017 , LeBron James was ejected for the first time in his career after contesting a non-call following a drive to the basket against the Miami Heat . He had gone 1,081 games without disqualification . On December 1 , 2017 , Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz set a rookie franchise record after scoring 41 points against the New Orleans Pelicans . So far , it is the highest scoring game for a rookie this season . On December 1 , 2017 , Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the NBA 's all - time list for three - pointers made . On December 4 , 2017 , Stephen Curry hit his 2,000 th career three - pointer . He became the fastest to reach the milestone at 597 games , 225 games fewer than Ray Allen , the previous record - holder . On December 11 , 2017 , Carmelo Anthony of the Oklahoma City Thunder passed Vince Carter for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . On December 14 , 2017 , Vince Carter moved to 50th all - time in career steals , passing Tim Hardaway in the process . On December 16 , 2017 , Miami Heat head coach Erik Spoelstra surpassed Pat Riley for most wins in franchise history with his 455th career win . On December 18 , 2017 , during halftime against the Golden State Warriors , the Los Angeles Lakers held a ceremony to retire both of Kobe Bryant 's jersey numbers in 8 and 24 . That same day , the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame updates the length for players , coaches , and referees eligible for entry into the Hall of Fame to decrease by three years , allowing names like Steve Nash , Chauncey Billups , Ray Allen , and Jermaine O'Neal to potentially enter earlier than originally expected . On December 25 , 2017 , in a win against the Cleveland Cavaliers , Draymond Green became the sixth player in NBA history to record a triple double on Christmas Day . On January 1 , 2018 , DeMar DeRozan recorded the first 50 - point performance of the year against the Milwaukee Bucks . He also broke the Toronto Raptors ' franchise record for points with 52 . On January 4 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony passed Patrick Ewing for 21st on the NBA all - time scoring list . On January 8 , 2018 , Kyle Korver of the Cleveland Cavaliers passed Paul Pierce in career 3 - pointers made for fourth place . On January 15 , 2018 , Lauri Markkanen of the Chicago Bulls became the fastest player to reach 100 3 - pointers . He did it in 41 games , beating Damian Lillard 's record of 44 games . On January 23 , 2018 , LeBron James scored his 30,000 th point at the age of 33 years old and 24 days surpassing Kobe Bryant as the youngest player to do so , as well as being just the 7th player to join the 30,000 - point club . Additionally , he became the first player in NBA history with 30,000 points , 7,000 rebounds and 7,000 assists . On January 27 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony became the 21st player in NBA history to reach 25,000 points . On January 28 , 2018 , Manu Ginobili and Vince Carter , marked the first time in NBA history that two 40 year - old players scored 15 points or more in the same game with Ginobili scoring 15 points and Carter scoring 21 points . On January 30 , 2018 , James Harden becomes the first player in NBA history to record a triple - double with at least 60 points scored in a game , he recorded 60 points , 10 rebounds and 11 assists . This marks the highest scored points for a player with a triple - double . He also set a franchise scoring record that was previously held by Calvin Murphy . On February 5 , 2018 , Dirk Nowitzki became the 6th player in NBA history to reach 50,000 minutes played . He also surpassed Elvin Hayes for top 5 in the process . Coincidentally , his name was incorrectly spelled as `` Nowitkzi '' on his jersey . On February 12 , 2018 , T.J. McConnell of the Philadelphia 76ers recorded a triple - double while coming off the bench , this marks the first time in franchise history that a reserve recorded a triple - double . He recorded 10 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds while also adding a career - high 6 steals . On February 15 , 2018 , Nikola Jokić of the Denver Nuggets recorded the fastest triple - double in NBA history , with his feat in fourteen minutes and 33 seconds , beating previous record holder Jim Tucker 's time of seventeen minutes set in 1955 . On February 27 , 2018 , LeBron James became the only player in NBA history with at least 30,000 points , 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists . On February 28 , 2018 , Dirk Nowitzki became the sixth player in NBA history to reach 31,000 career points . On March 6 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony passed Jerry West and moved to 20th on the NBA all - time scoring list . On March 18 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony passed Reggie Miller and moved to 19th on the NBA all - time scoring list . On March 19 , 2018 , Vince Carter passed Patrick Ewing for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . That same day , the Miami Heat beat the Denver Nuggets in a classic double - overtime , scoring 149 - 141 and setting a franchise record for most points in a game . This is also the highest score made a team in this season , surpassing 148 points made by Houston Rockets and Oklahoma City Thunder earlier in the season . On March 21 , 2018 , Dwight Howard became the ninth player in NBA history to record at least 30 points and 30 rebounds in a game . He led the Charlotte Hornets to victory against the Brooklyn Nets with 32 points and 30 rebounds . That same day , the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Washington Wizards , 98 -- 90 , to win their 42nd game of the season to clinch 21 consecutive winning seasons . On March 22 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets beat the Memphis Grizzlies with a margin of 61 points , the most in the last 20 years . It was also a Hornets franchise record , the final scores were 140 - 79 . On March 30 , 2018 , LeBron James broke Michael Jordan 's record for consecutive games with at least 10 points . James scored in double digits for 867 consecutive games and finished the game with 27 . On the same game , he also tied Kobe Bryant 's record for third-most 20 - point games in NBA history with 941 . On April 4 , 2018 The Milwaukee Bucks became the eighth and final eastern conference team to clinch a playoff berth. . That the same day , Wayne Ellington of the Miami Heat made his 207th three - pointer of the season as a reserve , setting an NBA record for the most three - pointers made in a season by a player off the bench . The previous record of 206 three - pointers was set by Eric Gordon last year . For the first time since the 1996 - 97 NBA season , two teams played their last game against each other for the 8th and final spot in the playoffs . The Minnesota Timberwolves defeated the Denver Nuggets 112 - 106 in overtime to clinch the final playoff seed in the west . This also ended Minnesota 's 13 - year drought without a playoff appearance having last played in 2003 - 04 season . On April 6 , 2018 , LeBron James became youngest player to score 31,000 career points at 33 years and 97 days and the 7th player in NBA history to do so . He achieved the record by finishing 44 points , 11 rebounds , and 11 assists in a losing effort against Philadelphia 76ers , 132 - 130 . On April 11 , 2018 , Markelle Fultz became the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple - double at 19 years and 317 days old . He recorded 13 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists , surpassing the record held by Lonzo Ball earlier in the season . That same day , Russell Westbrook became the only player in NBA history to average a triple - double in consecutive and multiple seasons . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key dates for 2017 - 18 NBA season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Caron ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sixteen Years , Nine Teams , One Love '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Injury forces former Spurs center Tiago Splitter to retire '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://static.nytimes.com/email-content/MSB_352.html?nlid=60638453 Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies relieve David Fizdale of head coaching duties '' . NBA.com . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks Relieve Jason Kidd Of Head Coaching Duties '' . Milwaukee Bucks . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Prunty to remain head coach of Milwaukee Bucks for remainder of season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , James Harden Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Oladipo , DeMarcus Cousins Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kristaps Porzingis , James Harden Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tobias Harris , Nikola Jokic Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , Karl - Anthony Towns Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goran Dragic Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 7 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo Named Player of the Week for Second Time This Season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 9 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Beal Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goran Dragić Named Eastern Conference Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Lou Williams Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Center Joel Embiid Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard Named Western Conference Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Middleton Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Center Andre Drummond Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Center Joel Embiid Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard Named Western Conference Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named East Player of the Week for Week 22 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named East Player of the Week for Week 23 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LaMarcus Aldridge Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo Named Player of the Week for Third Time This Season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simmons Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nikola Jokić Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Houston Rockets ' James Harden named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Oklahoma City Thunder 's Russell Westbrook named Kia Players of Month for December '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors ' DeMar DeRozan , Warriors ' Stephen Curry named Kia Players of Month for January '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Pelicans ' Anthony Davis tabbed Kia Players of Month for February '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Pelicans ' Anthony Davis named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Los Angeles Lakers ' Kyle Kuzma named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Jayson Tatum , Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for February '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for March , April '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Brad Stevens , Houston Rockets ' Mike D'Antoni named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors ' Dwane Casey , Golden State Warriors ' Steve Kerr named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat 's Erik Spoelstra , Portland Trail Blazers ' Terry Stotts named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Brooks named February Eastern Conference Coach of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike D'Antoni Named Western Conference Coach of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quin Snyder Named Western Conference Coach of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight Coach of the Month Winner Brown Appreciative of Journey '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Done deal : Bulls pivot to The Score '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Uni Watch : Nike - NBA deal FAQ '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets , LendingTree Announce New Multi-Year Founding Level Partnership Highlighted By Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wermuth , Adam ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` 5miles '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors and Rakuten Form Jersey Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LA Clippers PR ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Bumble and the L.A. Clippers Announce Global Partnership Based on Shared Principles of Gender Equality and Debut ' Empowerment Badge ' '' . NBA.com/Clippers ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers and Wish Announce a Multi-Year Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MIAMI HEAT AND ULTIMATE SOFTWARE ANNOUNCE JERSEY PATCH PARTNERSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers And StubHub Announce First Jersey Sponsorship In Major American Professional Sports '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons did something even LeBron ( or anyone else in NBA history ) has n't matched '' . Newsweek.com. 8 November 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings set record for most points scored before a starter scores vs. Thunder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lonzo Ball is the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple double '' . SBNation.com . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaskey - Blomain , Michael ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Celtics become first NBA team to win 13 straight after 0 - 2 start '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat top Celtics 104 - 98 , snap Boston 's 16 - game win streak ( Nov 22 , 2017 ) '' . FOXSports.com. 22 November 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks get their most lopsided win ever , 126 - 80 over Kings '' . sports.yahoo.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron ejected for first time in 15 - year career '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt . `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell makes statement with 41 - point performance '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors news : Stephen Curry passes Jason Kidd for eighth spot in all - time 3 - pointers ladder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard 's 23 points lead Hornets past Thunder '' . FOXSports.com. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richardson has 28 points to lead Heat past Clippers '' . Sportsnet.ca . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers , Los Angeles celebrate Kobe Bryant 's jersey retirement in style '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2017/12/19/naismith-memorial-basketball-hall-fame-announces-modifications-enshrinement#/ Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan went full Maple Jordan on the Milwaukee Bucks '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony passes Patrick Ewing for 21st on NBA 's all - time scoring list '' . 247sports.com . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs news : Kyle Korver makes NBA history early in game versus Wolves '' . cavsnation.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lauri Markkanen becomes fastest player in NBA history to make 100 3 - pointers '' . tucson.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilberg , Ari ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James becomes the youngest player in NBA history to score 30,000 career points '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Carmelo Anthony hits milestone as Thunder rolls '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs - Kings game was a first of its kind in NBA history '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki joins 50,000 minutes club wearing jersey with name misspelled '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. McConnell 's triple - double off bench makes 76ers history '' . SportingNews.com. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan . `` LeBron James becomes first player ever to reach 30K points , 8K rebounds , 8K assists '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Dirk Nowitzki Becomes 6th Player in NBA History to Reach 31,000 Points '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Melo moves into top 20 on all - time scorers list '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo passes Miller on NBA 's all - time scoring list '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kings news : Vince Carter makes NBA history at 41 years old '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild night in Miami : Heat top Nuggets 149 - 141 in 2 OTs '' . USA Today . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight night : Hornets center posts rare 30 - 30 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs top Wizards to clinch 21st straight winning season '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets beat Grizzlies by 61 , NBA 's largest margin of victory in 20 years '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bests MJ 's double - digit scoring mark '' . ESPN.com . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Newport ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks Clinch Playoff Berth With Pistons Loss To 76ers '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Diego Quezada ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Wayne Ellington sets NBA record for 3 - pointers off bench '' . HotHotHoops.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Nelson ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Timberwolves clinch playoffs , end 13 - year postseason drought '' . Armchairallamericans.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Kaskey - Blomain ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James becomes youngest to score 31,000 career points '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alec Nathan ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Markelle Fultz Becomes Youngest Player in NBA History to Record Triple - Double '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook becomes first NBA player to average triple - double in back - to - back seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . 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when does the nba season end this year

April 11, 2018

April 11, 2018

Gerald Ford - wikipedia Gerald Ford Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 38th U.S. President . For other uses , see Gerald Ford ( disambiguation ) . `` Gerald R. Ford '' redirects here . For the museum , see Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum . For the library , see Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . For international airport , see Gerald R. Ford International Airport . Gerald Ford Photo by David H. Kennerly , 1974 38th President of the United States In office August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 Vice President None ( Aug -- Dec. 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Preceded by Richard Nixon Succeeded by Jimmy Carter 40th Vice President of the United States In office December 6 , 1973 -- August 9 , 1974 President Richard Nixon Preceded by Spiro Agnew Succeeded by Nelson Rockefeller House Minority Leader In office January 3 , 1965 -- December 6 , 1973 Deputy Leslie C. Arends Preceded by Charles A. Halleck Succeeded by John Jacob Rhodes Chair of the House Republican Conference In office January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 Leader Charles A. Halleck Preceded by Charles B. Hoeven Succeeded by Melvin Laird Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan 's 5th district In office January 3 , 1949 -- December 6 , 1973 Preceded by Bartel J. Jonkman Succeeded by Richard Vander Veen Personal details Leslie Lynch King Jr . ( 1913 - 07 - 14 ) July 14 , 1913 Omaha , Nebraska , U.S. December 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 26 ) ( aged 93 ) Rancho Mirage , California , U.S. Cause of death Cerebrovascular disease and diffuse arteriosclerosis Resting place Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Betty Bloomer ( m . 1948 ) Children Michael Jack Steven Susan Parents Leslie Lynch King Sr . Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford Education University of Michigan , Ann Arbor ( BA ) Yale University ( LLB ) Signature Military service Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Navy Years of service 1942 -- 1946 Rank Lieutenant commander Battles / wars World War II Awards American Campaign Medal Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal ( 9 campaign stars ) World War II Victory Medal Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King Jr. ; July 14 , 1913 -- December 26 , 2006 ) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977 , following the resignation of Richard Nixon . Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States , following the resignation of Spiro Agnew . He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment , and consequently the only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected to executive office . Before his appointment to the vice presidency , Ford served 25 years as U.S. Representative from Michigan 's 5th congressional district , the final nine of them as the House Minority Leader . As President , Ford signed the Helsinki Accords , marking a move toward détente in the Cold War . With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency , U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended . Domestically , Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression , with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure . One of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal . During Ford 's presidency , foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play , and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President . In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976 , Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination . He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger , former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter . Following his years as President , Ford remained active in the Republican Party . After experiencing health problems , he died at home on December 26 , 2006 . Ford lived longer than any other U.S. president -- 93 years and 165 days -- while his 895 - day presidency is the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office . He is the most recent Vice President to become President as a result of succession to a mid-term vacancy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College and law school 3 U.S. Naval Reserve 3.1 Sea duty 3.2 Post-war 4 Marriage and children 5 House of Representatives ( 1949 -- 1973 ) 5.1 Warren Commission 5.2 House Minority Leader ( 1965 -- 1973 ) 6 Vice presidency ( 1973 -- 1974 ) 7 Presidency ( 1974 -- 1977 ) 7.1 Swearing - in 7.2 Pardon of Nixon 7.3 Draft dodgers and deserters 7.4 Administration officials 7.5 Midterm elections 7.6 Domestic policy 7.6. 1 Inflation 7.6. 2 Budget 7.6. 3 Swine flu 7.6. 4 Other domestic issues 7.7 Foreign policy 7.7. 1 Middle East 7.7. 2 Vietnam 7.7. 3 Mayaguez and Panmunjom 7.7. 4 Indonesian invasion of East Timor 7.8 Assassination attempts 7.9 Judicial appointments 7.9. 1 Supreme Court 7.9. 2 Other judicial appointments 7.10 1976 presidential election 8 Post-presidency ( 1977 -- 2006 ) 8.1 Activity 8.2 Health problems 9 Death and legacy 9.1 Longevity 9.2 Public image 10 Civic and Fraternal Organizations 10.1 Freemasonry 11 Honors 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Primary sources 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14 , 1913 , at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha , Nebraska , where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents . His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. , a wool trader and a son of prominent banker Charles Henry King and Martha Alicia King ( née Porter ) . Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her son 's birth . She took her son with her to the Oak Park , Illinois , home of her sister Tannisse and brother - in - law , Clarence Haskins James . From there , she moved to the home of her parents , Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer , in Grand Rapids , Michigan . Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913 , and she gained full custody of her son . Ford 's paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930 . Leslie Lynch King Jr. ( later known as Gerald R. Ford ) in 1916 Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother . James M. Cannon , a member of the Ford administration , wrote in a biography of Ford that the Kings ' separation and divorce were sparked when , a few days after Ford 's birth , Leslie King took a butcher knife and threatened to kill his wife , his infant son , and Ford 's nursemaid . Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man . After two and a half years with her parents , on February 1 , 1916 , Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford , a salesman in a family - owned paint and varnish company . They then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford Jr . The future president was never formally adopted , and did not legally change his name until December 3 , 1935 ; he also used a more conventional spelling of his middle name . He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half - brothers from his mother 's second marriage : Thomas Gardner `` Tom '' Ford ( 1918 -- 1995 ) , Richard Addison `` Dick '' Ford ( 1924 -- 2015 ) , and James Francis `` Jim '' Ford ( 1927 -- 2001 ) . Ford also had three half - siblings from the second marriage of Leslie King , Sr. , his biological father : Marjorie King ( 1921 -- 1993 ) , Leslie Henry King ( 1923 -- 1976 ) , and Patricia Jane King ( 1925 -- 1980 ) . They never saw one another as children and he did not know them at all . Ford was not aware of his biological father until he was 17 , when his parents told him about the circumstances of his birth . That year his biological father , whom Ford described as a `` carefree , well - to - do man who did n't really give a damn about the hopes and dreams of his firstborn son '' , approached Ford while he was waiting tables in a Grand Rapids restaurant . The two `` maintained a sporadic contact '' until Leslie King , Sr. 's death in 1941 . Ford said , `` My stepfather was a magnificent person and my mother equally wonderful . So I could n't have written a better prescription for a superb family upbringing . '' Eagle Scout Gerald Ford ( circled in red ) in 1929 ; Michigan Governor Fred W. Green at far left , holding hat Ford as a center on the University of Michigan football team , 1933 Ford was involved in the Boy Scouts of America , and earned that program 's highest rank , Eagle Scout . He is the only Eagle Scout to have ascended to the U.S. Presidency . Ford attended Grand Rapids South High School , where he was a star athlete and captain of the football team . In 1930 , he was selected to the All - City team of the Grand Rapids City League . He also attracted the attention of college recruiters . 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Anthony List Tea Party Patriots Turning Point USA Traditional Values Coalition United States Chamber of Commerce Young America 's Foundation Young Americans for Liberty Media ( show ) The American Conservative The American Spectator American Thinker Breitbart TheBlaze Chicago Tribune CNSNews.com Conservative Review Chronicles Daily Caller Daily Signal Daily Wire Drudge Report The Federalist Fox News FrontPage Magazine Gateway Pundit Hot Air Human Events Independent Journal Review Infowars LifeZette National Review The New American Newsmax Media New York Post One America News Network PJ Media RedState Right Side Broadcasting Network The Spotlight Taki 's Magazine Townhall TruthRevolt Twitchy Wall Street Journal Washington Examiner Washington Free Beacon Washington Times Weekly Standard WorldNetDaily VDARE Variants ( show ) Bold text Alt - right Christian right Conservative Democrat Counter-jihad Patriot movement Radical Right Tea Party movement See also ( show ) Bibliography American nationalism Black conservatism Green conservatism LGBT conservatism Libertarianism Women in conservatism Conservatism portal Attending the University of Michigan as an undergraduate , Ford became a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity ( Omicron chapter ) and washed dishes at his fraternity house to earn money for college expenses . Ford played center , linebacker , and long snapper for the school 's football team , and helped the Wolverines in two undefeated seasons and national titles in 1932 and 1933 . The team suffered a steep decline in his 1934 senior year , however , winning only one game . Ford was the team 's star nonetheless . After a game during which Michigan held heavily favored Minnesota ( the eventual national champion ) to a scoreless tie in the first half , assistant coach Bennie Oosterbaan later said , `` When I walked into the dressing room at halftime , I had tears in my eyes I was so proud of them . Ford and ( Cedric ) Sweet played their hearts out . They were everywhere on defense . '' Ford later recalled , `` During 25 years in the rough - and - tumble world of politics , I often thought of the experiences before , during , and after that game in 1934 . Remembering them has helped me many times to face a tough situation , take action , and make every effort possible despite adverse odds . '' His teammates later voted Ford their most valuable player , with one assistant coach noting , `` They felt Jerry was one guy who would stay and fight in a losing cause . '' During Ford 's senior year , a controversy developed when the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets refused to play a scheduled game if a black player named Willis Ward took the field . Even after protests from students , players and alumni , university officials opted to keep Ward out of the game . Ford was Ward 's best friend on the team and they roomed together while on road trips . Ford reportedly threatened to quit the team in response to the university 's decision , but eventually agreed to play against Georgia Tech when Ward personally asked him to play . In 1934 , Ford was selected for the Eastern Team on the Shriner 's East West Shrine Game at San Francisco ( a benefit for physically disabled children ) , played on January 1 , 1935 . As part of the 1935 Collegiate All - Star football team , Ford played against the Chicago Bears in the Chicago College All - Star Game at Soldier Field . In honor of his athletic accomplishments and his later political career , the University of Michigan retired Ford 's No. 48 jersey in 1994 . With the blessing of the Ford family , it was placed back into circulation in 2012 as part of the Michigan Football Legends program and issued to sophomore linebacker Desmond Morgan before a home game against Illinois on October 13 . Ford remained interested in football and his school throughout life , occasionally attending games . Ford also visited with players and coaches during practices , at one point asking to join the players in the huddle . Ford often had the Naval band play the University of Michigan fight song , The Victors , before state events instead of Hail to the Chief . Following his graduation in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics , Ford turned down contract offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League . Instead , in September 1935 he took a job as the boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach at Yale University , and applied to its law school . Ford hoped to attend Yale 's law school beginning in 1935 . Yale officials at first denied his admission to the law school because of his full - time coaching responsibilities . He spent the summer of 1937 as a student at the University of Michigan Law School and was eventually admitted in the spring of 1938 to Yale Law School . Ford earned his LL. B. degree in 1941 ( later amended to Juris Doctor ) , graduating in the top 25 percent of his class . While attending Yale Law School , Ford joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart Jr. , and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act . The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for the America First Committee , a group determined to keep the U.S. out of World War II . In the summer of 1940 he worked in Wendell Willkie 's presidential campaign . Ford graduated from law school in 1941 and was admitted to the Michigan bar shortly thereafter . In May 1941 , he opened a Grand Rapids law practice with a friend , Philip W. Buchen , who would later serve as Ford 's White House counsel . U.S. Naval Reserve ( edit ) The Gunnery officers of USS Monterey . Ford is second from the right , in the front row . Ford responded to the December 7 , 1941 , attack on Pearl Harbor by enlisting in the navy . He received a commission as ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on April 13 , 1942 . On April 20 , he reported for active duty to the V - 5 instructor school at Annapolis , Maryland . After one month of training , he went to Navy Preflight School in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , where he was one of 83 instructors and taught elementary navigation skills , ordnance , gunnery , first aid , and military drill . In addition , he coached in all nine sports that were offered , but mostly in swimming , boxing and football . During the year he was at the Preflight School , he was promoted to Lieutenant , Junior Grade , on June 2 , 1942 , and to lieutenant , in March 1943 . Sea duty ( edit ) Navy pilots in forward elevator well playing basketball . Jumper at left is Gerald R. Ford , mid-1944 After applying for sea duty , Ford was sent in May 1943 to the pre-commissioning detachment for the new aircraft carrier USS Monterey ( CVL - 26 ) , at New York Shipbuilding Corporation , Camden , New Jersey . From the ship 's commissioning on June 17 , 1943 , until the end of December 1944 , Ford served as the assistant navigator , Athletic Officer , and antiaircraft battery officer on board the Monterey . While he was on board , the carrier participated in many actions in the Pacific Theater with the Third and Fifth Fleets in late 1943 and 1944 . In 1943 , the carrier helped secure Makin Island in the Gilberts , and participated in carrier strikes against Kavieng , New Ireland in 1943 . During the spring of 1944 , the Monterey supported landings at Kwajalein and Eniwetok and participated in carrier strikes in the Marianas , Western Carolines , and northern New Guinea , as well as in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . After an overhaul , from September to November 1944 , aircraft from the Monterey launched strikes against Wake Island , participated in strikes in the Philippines and Ryukyus , and supported the landings at Leyte and Mindoro . Ford in Navy uniform , 1945 Although the ship was not damaged by Japanese forces , the Monterey was one of several ships damaged by the typhoon that hit Admiral William Halsey 's Third Fleet on December 18 -- 19 , 1944 . The Third Fleet lost three destroyers and over 800 men during the typhoon . The Monterey was damaged by a fire , which was started by several of the ship 's aircraft tearing loose from their cables and colliding on the hangar deck . During the storm , Ford narrowly avoided becoming a casualty himself . As he was going to his battle station on the bridge of the ship in the early morning of December 18 , the ship rolled twenty - five degrees , which caused Ford to lose his footing and slide toward the edge of the deck . The two - inch steel ridge around the edge of the carrier slowed him enough so he could roll , and he twisted into the catwalk below the deck . As he later stated , `` I was lucky ; I could have easily gone overboard . '' Ford , serving as General Quarters Officer of the Deck , was ordered to go below to assess the raging fire . He did so safely , and reported his findings back to the ship 's commanding officer , Captain Stuart Ingersoll . The ship 's crew was able to contain the fire , and the ship got underway again . After the fire , the Monterey was declared unfit for service , and the crippled carrier reached Ulithi on December 21 before continuing across the Pacific to Bremerton , Washington where it underwent repairs . On December 24 , 1944 , at Ulithi , Ford was detached from the ship and sent to the Navy Pre-Flight School at Saint Mary 's College of California , where he was assigned to the Athletic Department until April 1945 . One of his duties was to coach football . From the end of April 1945 to January 1946 , he was on the staff of the Naval Reserve Training Command , Naval Air Station , Glenview , Illinois , as the Staff Physical and Military Training Officer . On October 3 , 1945 , he was promoted to lieutenant commander . Ford received the following military awards : the American Campaign Medal , the Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal with nine ⁄ '' bronze stars ( for operations in the Gilbert Islands , Bismarck Archipelago , Marshall Islands , Asiatic and Pacific carrier raids , Hollandia , Marianas , Western Carolines , Western New Guinea , and the Leyte Operation ) , the Philippine Liberation Medal with two ⁄ '' bronze stars ( for Leyte and Mindoro ) , and the World War II Victory Medal . Post-war ( edit ) In January 1946 , Ford was sent to the Separation Center , Great Lakes to be processed out . He was released from active duty under honorable conditions on February 23 , 1946 . On June 28 , 1946 , the Secretary of the Navy accepted Ford 's resignation from the Naval Reserve . Ford remained in the inactive Naval Reserve until 1963 . Marriage and children ( edit ) The Fords on their wedding day , October 15 , 1948 On October 15 , 1948 , at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids , Ford married Elizabeth Bloomer Warren ( 1918 -- 2011 ) , a department store fashion consultant . Warren had been a John Robert Powers fashion model and a dancer in the auxiliary troupe of the Martha Graham Dance Company . She had previously been married to and divorced from William G. Warren . At the time of his engagement , Ford was campaigning for what would be his first of thirteen terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives . The wedding was delayed until shortly before the elections because , as The New York Times reported in a 1974 profile of Betty Ford , `` Jerry was running for Congress and was n't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced ex-dancer . '' The couple had four children : Michael Gerald , born in 1949 John Gardner , known as Jack , born in 1951 Steven Meigs , born in 1956 Susan Elizabeth , born in 1957 House of Representatives ( 1949 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) A billboard for Ford 's 1948 Congressional Campaign After returning to Grand Rapids in 1946 , Ford became active in local Republican politics , and supporters urged him to take on Bartel J. Jonkman , the incumbent Republican congressman . Military service had changed his view of the world . `` I came back a converted internationalist '' , Ford wrote , `` and of course our congressman at that time was an avowed , dedicated isolationist . And I thought he ought to be replaced . Nobody thought I could win . I ended up winning two to one . '' During his first campaign in 1948 , Ford visited voters at their doorsteps and as they left the factories where they worked . Ford also visited local farms where , in one instance , a wager resulted in Ford spending two weeks milking cows following his election victory . Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for 25 years , holding the Grand Rapids congressional district seat from 1949 to 1973 . It was a tenure largely notable for its modesty . As an editorial in The New York Times described him , Ford `` saw himself as a negotiator and a reconciler , and the record shows it : he did not write a single piece of major legislation in his entire career . '' Appointed to the House Appropriations Committee two years after being elected , he was a prominent member of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee . Ford described his philosophy as `` a moderate in domestic affairs , an internationalist in foreign affairs , and a conservative in fiscal policy . '' Ford was known to his colleagues in the House as a `` Congressman 's Congressman '' . In the early 1950s , Ford declined offers to run for either the Senate or the Michigan governorship . Rather , his ambition was to become Speaker of the House , which he called `` the ultimate achievement . To sit up there and be the head honcho of 434 other people and have the responsibility , aside from the achievement , of trying to run the greatest legislative body in the history of mankind ... I think I got that ambition within a year or two after I was in the House of Representatives '' . Warren Commission ( edit ) The Warren Commission presents its report to President Johnson Further information : Warren Commission and Assassination of John F. Kennedy On November 29 , 1963 , Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission , a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . Ford was assigned to prepare a biography of Lee Harvey Oswald , the accused assassin . According to a 1963 FBI memo released in 2008 , Ford was in contact with the FBI throughout his time on the Warren Commission and relayed information to the deputy director , Cartha DeLoach , about the panel 's activities . In the preface to his book , A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission , Ford defended the work of the commission and reiterated his support of its conclusions . House Minority Leader ( 1965 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) Ford meets with President Richard Nixon as House Minority Leader . Congressman Gerald Ford , MSFC director Wernher von Braun , Congressman George H. Mahon , and NASA Administrator James E. Webb visit the Marshall Space Flight Center for a briefing on the Saturn program , 1964 . In 1964 , Lyndon Johnson led a landslide victory for his party , securing another term as president and taking 36 seats from Republicans in the House of Representatives . Following the election , members of the Republican caucus looked to select a new Minority Leader . Three members approached Ford to see if he would be willing to serve ; after consulting with his family , he agreed . After a closely contested election , Ford was chosen to replace Charles Halleck of Indiana as Minority Leader . With a Democrat majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate , the Johnson Administration proposed and passed a series of programs that was called by Johnson the `` Great Society . '' During the first session of the Eighty - ninth Congress alone , the Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress , and Johnson signed 84 , or 96 % , arguably the most successful legislative agenda in Congressional history . In 1966 , criticism over the Johnson Administration 's handling of the Vietnam War began to grow , with Ford and Congressional Republicans expressing concern that the United States was not doing what was necessary to win the war . Public sentiment also began to move against Johnson , and the 1966 midterm elections saw a 47 - seat swing in favor of the Republicans . This was not enough to give Republicans a majority in the House , but the victory gave Ford the opportunity to prevent the passage of further Great Society programs . Ford 's private criticism of the Vietnam War became public following a speech from the floor of the House , in which he questioned whether the White House had a clear plan to bring the war to a successful conclusion . The speech angered President Johnson , who accused Ford of having played `` too much football without a helmet '' . As Minority Leader in the House , Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen , in which they proposed Republican alternatives to Johnson 's policies . Many in the press jokingly called this `` The Ev and Jerry Show . '' Johnson said at the time , `` Jerry Ford is so dumb he ca n't fart and chew gum at the same time . '' The press , used to sanitizing Johnson 's salty language , reported this as `` Gerald Ford ca n't walk and chew gum at the same time . '' After President Nixon was elected in November 1968 , Ford 's role shifted to being an advocate for the White House agenda . Congress passed several of Nixon 's proposals , including the National Environmental Policy Act and the Tax Reform Act of 1969 . Another high - profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance act . Passed in 1972 , the act established a Revenue Sharing program for state and local governments . Ford 's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress , and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor ( compared with 185 against ) . During the eight years ( 1965 -- 1973 ) that Ford served as Minority Leader , he won many friends in the House because of his fair leadership and inoffensive personality . Vice presidency ( 1973 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) Gerald and Betty Ford with the President and First Lady Pat Nixon after President Nixon nominated Ford to be Vice President , October 13 , 1973 To become House Speaker , Ford worked to help Republicans across the country get a majority in the chamber , often traveling on the rubber chicken circuit . After a decade of failing to do so , he promised his wife that he would try again in 1974 then retire in 1976 . On October 10 , 1973 , Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering , part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland . According to The New York Times , Nixon `` sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement . The advice was unanimous . ' We gave Nixon no choice but Ford , ' House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later '' . Ford agreed to the nomination , telling his wife that the Vice Presidency would be `` a nice conclusion '' to his career . Ford was nominated to take Agnew 's position on October 12 , the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented . The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27 . Only three Senators , all Democrats , voted against Ford 's confirmation : Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin , Thomas Eagleton of Missouri and William Hathaway of Maine . On December 6 , 1973 , the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35 . One hour after the confirmation vote in the House , Ford took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States . Ford became Vice President as the Watergate scandal was unfolding . On Thursday , August 1 , 1974 , Chief of Staff Alexander Haig contacted Ford to tell him that `` smoking gun '' evidence had been found . The evidence left little doubt that President Nixon had been a part of the Watergate cover - up . At the time , Ford and his wife , Betty , were living in suburban Virginia , waiting for their expected move into the newly designated vice president 's residence in Washington , D.C. However , `` Al Haig asked to come over and see me , '' Ford later said , `` to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday , and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation . And he said , ' I 'm just warning you that you 've got to be prepared , that things might change dramatically and you could become President . ' And I said , ' Betty , I do n't think we 're ever going to live in the vice president 's house . ' '' Presidency ( 1974 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Gerald Ford For a chronological guide to this subject , see Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford . Swearing - in ( edit ) Gerald Ford is sworn in as the 38th President of the United States by Chief Justice Warren Burger in the White House East Room , while Betty Ford looks on . When Nixon resigned on August 9 , 1974 , Ford assumed the presidency , making him the only person to assume the presidency without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice presidential office . Immediately after taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House , he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech broadcast live to the nation . Ford noted the peculiarity of his position : `` I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots , and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers . '' He went on to state : Ford and his golden retriever , Liberty , in the Oval Office , 1974 I have not sought this enormous responsibility , but I will not shirk it . Those who nominated and confirmed me as Vice President were my friends and are my friends . They were of both parties , elected by all the people and acting under the Constitution in their name . It is only fitting then that I should pledge to them and to you that I will be the President of all the people . He also stated : My fellow Americans , our long national nightmare is over . Our Constitution works ; our great Republic is a government of laws and not of men . Here , the people rule . But there is a higher Power , by whatever name we honor Him , who ordains not only righteousness but love , not only justice , but mercy ... let us restore the golden rule to our political process , and let brotherly love purge our hearts of suspicion and hate . Message to Congress nominating Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President ( August 20 , 1974 ) A portion of the speech would later be memorialized with a plaque at the entrance to his presidential museum . On August 20 , Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vice presidency he had vacated . Rockefeller 's top competitor had been George H.W. Bush . Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress , which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides , such as Henry Kissinger . Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked , most of them voted for his confirmation , and his nomination passed both the House and Senate . Some , including Barry Goldwater , voted against him . Pardon of Nixon ( edit ) Main article : Pardon of Richard Nixon President Ford appears at a House Judiciary Subcommittee hearing regarding his pardon of Richard Nixon Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Nixon Pardon On September 8 , 1974 , Ford issued Proclamation 4311 , which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while President . In a televised broadcast to the nation , Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country , and that the Nixon family 's situation `` is a tragedy in which we all have played a part . It could go on and on and on , or someone must write the end to it . I have concluded that only I can do that , and if I can , I must . '' Ford 's decision to pardon Nixon was highly controversial . Critics derided the move and said a `` corrupt bargain '' had been struck between the men . They said that Ford 's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon 's resignation , which had elevated Ford to the presidency . Ford 's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon . According to Bob Woodward , Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford . He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons , primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared . Regardless , historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the 1976 presidential election , an observation with which Ford agreed . In an editorial at the time , The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a `` profoundly unwise , divisive and unjust act '' that in a stroke had destroyed the new president 's `` credibility as a man of judgment , candor and competence '' . On October 17 , 1974 , Ford testified before Congress on the pardon . He was the first sitting President since Abraham Lincoln to testify before the House of Representatives . In the months following the pardon , Ford often declined to mention President Nixon by name , referring to him in public as `` my predecessor '' or `` the former president . '' When , on a 1974 trip to California , White House correspondent Fred Barnes pressed Ford on the matter , Ford replied in surprisingly frank manner : `` I just ca n't bring myself to do it . '' After Ford left the White House in January 1977 , the former President privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States , a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt , and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt . In 2001 , the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon . In presenting the award to Ford , Senator Edward Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon , but later decided that history had proved Ford to have made the correct decision . Pardon given by President Ford under Proclamation 4313 Draft dodgers and Deserters ( edit ) On September 16 , shortly after he announced the Nixon pardon , Ford introduced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada , and for military deserters , in Presidential Proclamation 4313 . The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military . The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status . Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter Administration . Administration officials ( edit ) Upon assuming office , Ford inherited Nixon 's Cabinet . During Ford 's brief administration , all members were replaced except Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon . Ford 's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 has been referred to by political commentators as the `` Halloween Massacre '' . One of Ford 's appointees , William Coleman , as Secretary of Transportation , was the second black man to serve in a presidential cabinet ( after Robert C. Weaver ) and the first appointed in a Republican administration . The Ford Cabinet Office Name Term President Gerald Ford 1974 -- 1977 Vice President none * Nelson Rockefeller 1974 -- 1977 Secretary of State Henry Kissinger 1974 -- 1977 Secretary of Treasury William E. Simon 1974 -- 1977 Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger 1974 -- 1975 Donald Rumsfeld 1975 -- 1977 Attorney General William B. Saxbe 1974 -- 1975 Edward H. Levi 1975 -- 1977 Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton 1974 -- 1975 Stanley K. Hathaway Thomas S. Kleppe 1975 -- 1977 Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz 1974 -- 1976 John Albert Knebel 1976 -- 1977 Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent 1974 -- 1975 Rogers Morton Elliot Richardson 1975 -- 1977 Secretary of Labor Peter J. Brennan 1974 -- 1975 John Thomas Dunlop 1975 -- 1976 William Usery Jr . 1976 -- 1977 Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Caspar Weinberger 1974 -- 1975 F. David Mathews 1975 -- 1977 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development James Thomas Lynn 1974 -- 1975 Carla Anderson Hills 1975 -- 1977 Secretary of Transportation Claude Brinegar 1974 -- 1975 William Thaddeus Coleman Jr . 1975 -- 1977 Chief of Staff Alexander Haig Donald Rumsfeld 1974 -- 1975 Dick Cheney 1975 -- 1977 Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Russell E. Train 1974 -- 1977 Director of the Office of Management and Budget Roy Ash 1974 -- 1975 James Thomas Lynn 1975 -- 1977 United States Trade Representative William Denman Eberle 1974 -- 1975 Frederick B. Dent 1975 -- 1977 * A vacancy by ascension briefly occurred for the position of Vice President from August 9 , 1974 to December 19 , 1974 after Richard Nixon 's resignation from office . Other members of the administration : United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Brent Scowcroft ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Director of Central Intelligence William Colby ( 1974 -- 1976 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Press Secretary Jerald terHorst ( 1974 ) Ron Nessen ( 1974 -- 1977 ) United States Ambassador to the United Nations John A. Scali ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Daniel Patrick Moynihan ( 1975 -- 1976 ) William Scranton ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Ford selected George H.W. Bush as Chief of the US Liaison Office to the People 's Republic of China in 1974 , and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in late 1975 . Ford 's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador Donald Rumsfeld . In 1975 , Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest - ever Secretary of Defense . Ford chose a young Wyoming politician , Richard Cheney , to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff ; Cheney became the campaign manager for Ford 's 1976 presidential campaign . Midterm elections ( edit ) Ford in the Oval Office , 1974 Main articles : United States House elections , 1974 and United States Senate elections , 1974 The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place less than three months after Ford assumed office and in the wake of the Watergate scandal . The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House elections , taking 49 seats from the Republican Party , increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats . This was one more than the number needed ( 290 ) for a two - thirds majority , the number necessary to override a Presidential veto or to propose a constitutional amendment . Perhaps due in part to this fact , the 94th Congress overrode the highest percentage of vetoes since Andrew Johnson was President of the United States ( 1865 -- 1869 ) . Even Ford 's former , reliably Republican House seat was won by a Democrat , Richard Vander Veen , who defeated Robert VanderLaan . In the Senate elections , the Democratic majority became 61 in the 100 - seat body . Domestic Policy ( edit ) Inflation ( edit ) President Ford meets with his Cabinet in 1975 The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration . One of the first acts the new president took to deal with the economy was to create , by Executive Order on September 30 , 1974 , the Economic Policy Board . In October 1974 , in response to rising inflation , Ford went before the American public and asked them to `` Whip Inflation Now '' . As part of this program , he urged people to wear `` WIN '' buttons . At the time , inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy , more so than growing unemployment ; there was a belief that controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment . To rein in inflation , it was necessary to control the public 's spending . To try to mesh service and sacrifice , `` WIN '' called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption . On October 4 , 1974 , Ford gave a speech in front of a joint session of Congress ; as a part of this speech he kicked off the `` WIN '' campaign . Over the next nine days 101,240 Americans mailed in `` WIN '' pledges . In hindsight , this was viewed as simply a public relations gimmick which had no way of solving the underlying problems . The main point of that speech was to introduce to Congress a one - year , five - percent income tax increase on corporations and wealthy individuals . This plan would also take $4.4 billion out of the budget , bringing federal spending below $300 billion . At the time , inflation was over twelve percent . Budget ( edit ) The federal budget ran a deficit every year Ford was President . Despite his reservations about how the program ultimately would be funded in an era of tight public budgeting , Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 , which established special education throughout the United States . Ford expressed `` strong support for full educational opportunities for our handicapped children '' according to the official White House press release for the bill signing . The economic focus began to change as the country sank into the worst recession since the Great Depression four decades earlier . The focus of the Ford administration turned to stopping the rise in unemployment , which reached nine percent in May 1975 . In January 1975 , Ford proposed a 1 - year tax reduction of $16 billion to stimulate economic growth , along with spending cuts to avoid inflation . Ford was criticized greatly for quickly switching from advocating a tax increase to a tax reduction . In Congress , the proposed amount of the tax reduction increased to $22.8 billion in tax cuts and lacked spending cuts . In March 1975 , Congress passed , and Ford signed into law , these income tax rebates as part of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975 . This resulted in a federal deficit of around $53 billion for the 1975 fiscal year and $73.7 billion for 1976 . When New York City faced bankruptcy in 1975 , Mayor Abraham Beame was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford 's support for a federal bailout . The incident prompted the New York Daily News ' famous headline `` Ford to City : Drop Dead '' , referring to a speech in which `` Ford declared flatly ... that he would veto any bill calling for ' a federal bail - out of New York City ' '' . Swine flu ( edit ) Main article : 1976 swine flu outbreak Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic . In the early 1970s , an influenza strain H1N1 shifted from a form of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans . On February 5 , 1976 , an army recruit at Fort Dix mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized ; health officials announced that `` swine flu '' was the cause . Soon after , public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated . Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems , some 25 % of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December 1976 . The vaccine was blamed for twenty - five deaths ; more people died from the shots than from the swine flu . Other domestic issues ( edit ) Cheney , Rumsfeld and President Ford in the Oval Office , 1975 Ford was an outspoken supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment , issuing Presidential Proclamation no . 4383 in 1975 : In this Land of the Free , it is right , and by nature it ought to be , that all men and all women are equal before the law . Now , therefore , I , Gerald R. Ford , President of the United States of America , to remind all Americans that it is fitting and just to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment adopted by the Congress of the United States of America , in order to secure legal equality for all women and men , do hereby designate and proclaim August 26 , 1975 , as Women 's Equality Day . As president , Ford 's position on abortion was that he supported `` a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice '' . This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade , which he opposed . Ford came under criticism for a 60 Minutes interview his wife Betty gave in 1975 , in which she stated that Roe v. Wade was a `` great , great decision '' . During his later life , Ford would identify as pro-choice . Foreign Policy ( edit ) Ford meets with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev during the Vladivostok Summit , November 1974 , to sign a joint communiqué on the SALT treaty Ford makes remarks at a Reciprocal Dinner in Beijing on December 4 , 1975 . Ford continued the détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China , easing the tensions of the Cold War . Still in place from the Nixon Administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty ( SALT ) . The thawing relationship brought about by Nixon 's visit to China was reinforced by Ford 's December 1975 visit to that communist country . In 1975 , the Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords with the Soviet Union , creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch , an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance that later evolved into Human Rights Watch . Ford attended the inaugural meeting of the Group of Seven ( G7 ) industrialized nations ( initially the G5 ) in 1975 and secured membership for Canada . Ford supported international solutions to issues . `` We live in an interdependent world and , therefore , must work together to resolve common economic problems , '' he said in a 1974 speech . According to internal White House and Commission documents posted in February 2016 by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University , the Gerald Ford White House significantly altered the final report of the supposedly independent 1975 Rockefeller Commission investigating CIA domestic activities , over the objections of senior Commission staff . The changes included removal of an entire 86 - page section on CIA assassination plots and numerous edits to the report by then - deputy White House Chief of Staff Richard Cheney . Middle East ( edit ) Countries visited by Ford during his presidency In the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean , two ongoing international disputes developed into crises . The Cyprus dispute turned into a crisis with the Turkish invasion of Cyprus , causing extreme strain within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance . In mid-August , the Greek government withdrew Greece from the NATO military structure ; in mid-September 1974 , the Senate and House of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to halt military aid to Turkey . Ford , concerned with both the effect of this on Turkish - American relations and the deterioration of security on NATO 's eastern front , vetoed the bill . A second bill was then passed by Congress , which Ford also vetoed , although a compromise was accepted to continue aid until the end of the year . As Ford expected , Turkish relations were considerably disrupted until 1978 . Ford with Anwar Sadat in Salzburg , 1975 In the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict , although the initial cease fire had been implemented to end active conflict in the Yom Kippur War , Kissinger 's continuing shuttle diplomacy was showing little progress . Ford considered it `` stalling '' and wrote , `` Their ( Israeli ) tactics frustrated the Egyptians and made me mad as hell . '' During Kissinger 's shuttle to Israel in early March 1975 , a last minute reversal to consider further withdrawal , prompted a cable from Ford to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin , which included : I wish to express my profound disappointment over Israel 's attitude in the course of the negotiations ... Failure of the negotiation will have a far reaching impact on the region and on our relations . I have given instructions for a reassessment of United States policy in the region , including our relations with Israel , with the aim of ensuring that overall American interests ... are protected . You will be notified of our decision . On March 24 , Ford informed congressional leaders of both parties of the reassessment of the administration policies in the Middle East . `` Reassessment '' , in practical terms , meant canceling or suspending further aid to Israel . For six months between March and September 1975 , the United States refused to conclude any new arms agreements with Israel . Rabin notes it was `` an innocent - sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American - Israeli relations '' . The announced reassessments upset the American Jewish community and Israel 's well - wishers in Congress . On May 21 , Ford `` experienced a real shock '' when seventy - six U.S. senators wrote him a letter urging him to be `` responsive '' to Israel 's request for $2.59 billion in military and economic aid . Ford felt truly annoyed and thought the chance for peace was jeopardized . It was , since the September 1974 ban on arms to Turkey , the second major congressional intrusion upon the President 's foreign policy prerogatives . The following summer months were described by Ford as an American - Israeli `` war of nerves '' or `` test of wills '' . After much bargaining , the Sinai Interim Agreement ( Sinai II ) , was formally signed on September 1 , and aid resumed . Vietnam ( edit ) Ford and his daughter Susan watch as Henry Kissinger shakes hands with Mao Zedong , December 2 , 1975 One of Ford 's greatest challenges was dealing with the continued Vietnam War . American offensive operations against North Vietnam had ended with the Paris Peace Accords , signed on January 27 , 1973 . The accords declared a cease fire across both North and South Vietnam , and required the release of American prisoners of war . The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and , like the Geneva Conference of 1954 , called for national elections in the North and South . The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty - day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces . The accords had been negotiated by United States National Security Advisor Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Lê Đức Thọ . South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations , and publicly criticized the proposed agreement . However , anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces . In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president , Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu 's government , should the North Vietnamese violate the accords . In December 1974 , months after Ford took office , North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of Phuoc Long . General Trần Văn Trà sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion , as well as to solve logistical issues , before proceeding with the invasion . As North Vietnamese forces advanced , Ford requested Congress approve a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam , funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration . Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin . Senator Jacob K. Javits offered `` ... large sums for evacuation , but not one nickel for military aid '' . President Thieu resigned on April 21 , 1975 , publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country . Two days later , on April 23 , Ford gave a speech at Tulane University . In that speech , he announced that the Vietnam War was over `` ... as far as America is concerned '' . The announcement was met with thunderous applause . South Vietnamese refugees arrive on a U.S. Navy vessel during Operation Frequent Wind 1,373 U.S. citizens and 5,595 Vietnamese and third country nationals were evacuated from the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon during Operation Frequent Wind . In that operation , military and Air America helicopters took evacuees to U.S. Navy ships off - shore during an approximately 24 - hour period on April 29 to 30 , 1975 , immediately preceding the fall of Saigon . During the operation , so many South Vietnamese helicopters landed on the vessels taking the evacuees that some were pushed overboard to make room for more people . Other helicopters , having nowhere to land , were deliberately crash landed into the sea after dropping off their passengers , close to the ships , their pilots bailing out at the last moment to be picked up by rescue boats . Many of the Vietnamese evacuees were allowed to enter the United States under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act . The 1975 Act appropriated $455 million toward the costs of assisting the settlement of Indochinese refugees . In all , 130,000 Vietnamese refugees came to the United States in 1975 . Thousands more escaped in the years that followed . Mayaguez and Panmunjom ( edit ) North Vietnam 's victory over the South led to a considerable shift in the political winds in Asia , and Ford administration officials worried about a consequent loss of U.S. influence there . The administration proved it was willing to respond forcefully to challenges to its interests in the region on two occasions , once when Khmer Rouge forces seized an American ship in international waters and again when American military officers were killed in the demilitarized zone ( DMZ ) between North and South Korea . The first crisis was the Mayaguez incident . In May 1975 , shortly after the fall of Saigon and the Khmer Rouge conquest of Cambodia , Cambodians seized the American merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters . Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew , but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as , unknown to the U.S. , the Mayaguez sailors were being released . In the operation , two military transport helicopters carrying the Marines for the assault operation were shot down , and 41 U.S. servicemen were killed and 50 wounded while approximately 60 Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed . Despite the American losses , the operation was seen as a success in the United States and Ford enjoyed an 11 - point boost in his approval ratings in the aftermath . The Americans killed during the operation became the last to have their names inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall in Washington , D.C. Some historians have argued that the Ford administration felt the need to respond forcefully to the incident because it was construed as a Soviet plot . But work by Andrew Gawthorpe , published in 2009 , based on an analysis of the administration 's internal discussions , shows that Ford 's national security team understood that the seizure of the vessel was a local , and perhaps even accidental , provocation by an immature Khmer government . Nevertheless , they felt the need to respond forcefully to discourage further provocations by other Communist countries in Asia . The second crisis , known as the axe murder incident , occurred at Panmunjom , a village which stands in the DMZ between the two Koreas . Encouraged by U.S. difficulties in Vietnam , North Korea had been waging a campaign of diplomatic pressure and minor military harassment to try and convince the U.S. to withdraw from South Korea . Then , in August 1976 , North Korean forces killed two U.S. officers and injured South Korean guards who were engaged in trimming a tree in Panmunjom 's Joint Security Area . The attack coincided with a meeting of the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in Colombo , Sri Lanka , at which Kim Jong - il , the son of North Korean leader Kim Il - sung , presented the incident as an example of American aggression , helping secure the passage of a motion calling for a U.S. withdrawal from the South . At administration meetings , Kissinger voiced the concern that the North would see the U.S. as `` the paper tigers of Saigon '' if they did not respond , and Ford agreed with that assessment . After mulling various options the Ford administration decided that it was necessary to respond with a major show of force . A large number of ground forces went to cut down the tree , while at the same time the air force was deployed , which included B - 52 bomber flights over Panmunjom . The North Korean government backed down and allowed the tree - cutting to go ahead , and later issued an unprecedented official apology . Indonesian invasion of East Timor ( edit ) East Timor 's decolonization due to political instability in Portugal saw Indonesia posture to annex the new state in 1975 . Just hours before the Indonesian invasion of East Timor ( now Timor Leste ) on December 7 , 1975 , Ford and Kissinger had visited Indonesian President Suharto in Jakarta and guaranteed American compliance with the Indonesian operation . Suharto had been a key supporter of American influence in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and Ford did not desire to place pressure on the American - Indonesian relationship . Under Ford , a policy of arms sales to the Suharto regime began in 1975 , before the invasion . `` Roughly 90 % '' of the Indonesian army 's weapons at the time of East Timor 's invasion were provided by the U.S. according to George H. Aldrich , a former State Department deputy legal advisor . Post-invasion , Ford 's military aid averaged about $30 million annually throughout East Timor 's occupation , and arms sales increased exponentially under President Carter . This policy continued until 1999 . Assassination attempts ( edit ) Reaction immediately after the second assassination attempt Main articles : Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento and Sara Jane Moore Ford faced two assassination attempts during his presidency . In Sacramento , California , on September 5 , 1975 , Lynette `` Squeaky '' Fromme , a follower of Charles Manson , pointed a Colt . 45 - caliber handgun at Ford . As Fromme pulled the trigger , Larry Buendorf , a Secret Service agent , grabbed the gun , and Fromme was taken into custody . She was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison ; she was paroled on August 14 , 2009 . In reaction to this attempt , the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds , a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later . As he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco , Sara Jane Moore , standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street , pointed her . 38 - caliber revolver at him . Moore fired a single round but missed because the sights were off . Just before she fired a second round , retired Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot ; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford 's head , then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver , who was slightly wounded . Moore was later sentenced to life in prison . She was paroled on December 31 , 2007 , after serving 32 years . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Further information : Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies Supreme Court ( edit ) Main article : Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates John Paul Stevens was Ford 's only Supreme Court appointment . In 1975 , Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas . Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit , appointed by President Nixon . During his tenure as House Republican leader , Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached . After being confirmed , Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court 's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues . Nevertheless , in 2005 Ford praised Stevens . `` He has served his nation well , '' Ford said of Stevens , `` with dignity , intellect and without partisan political concerns . '' Other Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford Ford appointed 11 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals , and 50 judges to the United States district courts . 1976 Presidential election ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1976 Governor Ronald Reagan congratulates President Ford after the president successfully wins the 1976 Republican nomination , while Bob Dole , Nancy Reagan , and Nelson Rockefeller look on . Ford reluctantly agreed to run for office in 1976 , but first he had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination . Former Governor of California Ronald Reagan and the party 's conservative wing faulted Ford for failing to do more in South Vietnam , for signing the Helsinki Accords , and for negotiating to cede the Panama Canal . ( Negotiations for the canal continued under President Carter , who eventually signed the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . ) Reagan launched his campaign in autumn of 1975 and won numerous primaries , including North Carolina , Texas , Indiana , and California , but failed to get a majority of delegates ; Reagan withdrew from the race at the Republican Convention in Kansas City , Missouri . The conservative insurgency did lead to Ford dropping the more liberal Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in favor of U.S. Senator Bob Dole of Kansas . In addition to the pardon dispute and lingering anti-Republican sentiment , Ford had to counter a plethora of negative media imagery . Chevy Chase often did pratfalls on Saturday Night Live , imitating Ford , who had been seen stumbling on two occasions during his term . As Chase commented , `` He even mentioned in his own autobiography it had an effect over a period of time that affected the election to some degree . '' Ford 's 1976 election campaign benefitted from his being an incumbent president during several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the United States Bicentennial . The Washington , D.C. fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the President and televised nationally . On July 7 , 1976 , the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom , which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service network . The 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for `` reconciliation , not recrimination '' and `` reconstruction , not rancor '' between the United States and those who would pose `` threats to peace '' . Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day , Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to `` basic American virtues '' . Ford ( at right ) and Jimmy Carter in a debate on September 23 , 1976 . Democratic nominee and former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter campaigned as an outsider and reformer , gaining support from voters dismayed by the Watergate scandal and Nixon pardon . After the Democratic National Convention , he held a huge 33 - point lead over Ford in the polls . However , as the campaign continued , the race tightened , and , by election day , the polls showed the race as too close to call . There were three main events in the fall campaign . Most importantly , Carter repeated a promise of a `` blanket pardon '' for Christian and other religious refugees , and also all Vietnam War draft dodgers ( Ford had only issued a conditional amnesty ) in response to a question on the subject posed by a reporter during the presidential debates , an act which froze Ford 's poll numbers in Ohio , Wisconsin , Hawaii , and Mississippi . ( Ford had needed to shift just 11,000 votes in Ohio plus one of the other three in order to win . ) It was the first act signed by Carter , on January 20 , 1977 . Earlier , Playboy magazine had published a controversial interview with Carter ; in the interview Carter admitted to having `` lusted in my heart '' for women other than his wife , which cut into his support among women and evangelical Christians . Also , on September 24 , Ford performed well in what was the first televised presidential debate since 1960 . Polls taken after the debate showed that most viewers felt that Ford was the winner . Carter was also hurt by Ford 's charges that he lacked the necessary experience to be an effective national leader , and that Carter was vague on many issues . Ford campaigns at the Nassau County Veterans Coliseum in Hempstead , New York on October 31 , 1976 during the final days of the campaign . Televised presidential debates were reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election . As such , Ford became the first incumbent president to participate in one . Carter later attributed his victory in the election to the debates , saying they `` gave the viewers reason to think that Jimmy Carter had something to offer '' . The turning point came in the second debate when Ford blundered by stating , `` There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford Administration . '' Ford also said that he did not `` believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union '' . In an interview years later , Ford said he had intended to imply that the Soviets would never crush the spirits of eastern Europeans seeking independence . However , the phrasing was so awkward that questioner Max Frankel was visibly incredulous at the response . As a result of this blunder , and Carter 's promise of a full presidential pardon for political refugees from the Vietnam era during the presidential debates , Ford 's surge stalled and Carter was able to maintain a slight lead in the polls . 1976 electoral vote results . In the end , Carter won the election , receiving 50.1 % of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes compared with 48.0 % and 240 electoral votes for Ford . The election was close enough that had fewer than 25,000 votes shifted in Ohio and Wisconsin -- both of which neighbored his home state -- Ford would have won the electoral vote with 276 votes to 261 for Carter . Though he lost , in the three months between the Republican National Convention and the election Ford had managed to close what was once an alleged 33 - point Carter lead to a 2 - point margin . Ford carried 27 states versus 23 carried by Carter . Had Ford won the election , the provisions of the 22nd Amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980 , because he had served more than two years of Nixon 's remaining term . Post-presidency ( 1977 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Activity ( edit ) The Nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided . Ford 's successor , Jimmy Carter , opened his 1977 inaugural address by praising the outgoing President , saying , `` For myself and for our Nation , I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land . '' Ford remained relatively active in the years after his presidency . He continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation , such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services . In January 1977 , he became the president of Eisenhower Fellowships in Philadelphia , then served as the chairman of its board of trustees from 1980 to 1986 . Later in 1977 , he reluctantly agreed to be interviewed by James M. Naughton , a New York Times journalist who was given the assignment to write the former President 's advance obituary , an article that would be updated prior to its eventual publication . In 1979 , Ford published his autobiography , A Time to Heal ( Harper / Reader 's Digest , 454 pages ) . A review in Foreign Affairs described it as , `` Serene , unruffled , unpretentious , like the author . This is the shortest and most honest of recent presidential memoirs , but there are no surprises , no deep probings of motives or events . No more here than meets the eye . '' During the term of office of his successor , Jimmy Carter , Ford received monthly briefs by President Carter 's senior staff on international and domestic issues , and was always invited to lunch at the White House whenever he was in Washington , D.C. Their close friendship developed after Carter had left office , with the catalyst being their trip together to the funeral of Anwar el - Sadat in 1981 . Until Ford 's death , Carter and his wife , Rosalynn , visited the Fords ' home frequently . Ford and Carter served as honorary co-chairs of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform in 2001 and of the Continuity of Government Commission in 2002 . Like Presidents Carter , George H.W. Bush , and Clinton , Ford was an honorary co-chair of the Council for Excellence in Government , a group dedicated to excellence in government performance , which provides leadership training to top federal employees . In retirement Ford also devoted much time to his love of golf , often playing both privately and in public events with comedian Bob Hope , a longtime friend . In 1977 , he shot a hole in one during a Pro-am held in conjunction with the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic at Colonial Country Club in Memphis , Tennessee . He hosted the Jerry Ford Invitational in Vail , Colorado from 1977 to 1996 . Ford considered a run for the Republican nomination in 1980 , foregoing numerous opportunities to serve on corporate boards to keep his options open for a rematch with Carter . Ford attacked Carter 's conduct of the SALT II negotiations and foreign policy in the Middle East and Africa . Many have argued that Ford also wanted to exorcise his image as an `` Accidental President '' and to win a term in his own right . Ford also believed the more conservative Ronald Reagan would be unable to defeat Carter and would hand the incumbent a second term . Ford was encouraged by his former Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger as well as Jim Rhodes of Ohio and Bill Clements of Texas to make the race . On March 15 , 1980 , Ford announced that he would forgo a run for the Republican nomination , vowing to support the eventual nominee . On July 16 , 1980 ( day 3 of the 1980 Republican National Convention ) Gerald Ford consults with Bob Dole , Howard Baker and Bill Brock before making a decision to ultimately decline the offer to serve as Ronald Reagan 's runningmate After securing the Republican nomination in 1980 , Ronald Reagan considered his former rival Ford as a potential vice-presidential runningmate , but negotiations between the Reagan and Ford camps at the Republican National Convention were unsuccessful . Ford conditioned his acceptance on Reagan 's agreement to an unprecedented `` co-presidency '' , giving Ford the power to control key executive branch appointments ( such as Kissinger as Secretary of State and Alan Greenspan as Treasury Secretary ) . After rejecting these terms , Reagan offered the vice-presidential nomination instead to George H.W. Bush . Ford did appear in a campaign commercial for the Reagan - Bush ticket , in which he declared that the country would be `` better served by a Reagan presidency rather than a continuation of the weak and politically expedient policies of Jimmy Carter '' . On October 8 , 1980 , Ford said President Nixon 's involvement in the general election potentially could negatively impact the Reagan campaign : `` I think it would have been much more helpful if Mr. Nixon had stayed in the background during this campaign . It would have been much more beneficial to Ronald Reagan . '' On October 3 , 1980 , Ford cast blame on Carter for the latter 's charges of ineffectiveness on the part of the Federal Reserve Board due to his appointing of most of its members : `` President Carter , when the going gets tough , will do anything to save his own political skin . This latest action by the president is cowardly . '' After the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan , Ford told reporters while appearing at a fundraiser for Thomas Kean that criminals who use firearms should get the death penalty in the event someone is injured with the weapon . After his presidency , Ford joined the American Enterprise Institute as a distinguished fellow . He founded the annual AEI World Forum in 1982 . Ford was awarded an honorary doctorate at Central Connecticut State University on March 23 , 1988 . After leaving the White House , Ford and his wife moved to Denver , Colorado . Ford successfully invested in oil with Marvin Davis , which later provided an income for Ford 's children . In September 1981 , Ford advised Reagan against succumbing to Wall Street demands and follow his own agenda for the economic policies of the US during an appearance on Good Morning America : `` He should n't let the gurus of Wall Street decide what the economic future of this country is going to be . They are wrong in my opinion . '' On October 20 , 1981 , Ford stated stopping the Reagan administration 's Saudi arms package could have a large negative impact to American relations in the Middle East during a news conference . On March 24 , 1982 , Ford offered an endorsement of President Reagan 's economic policies while also stating the possibility of Reagan being met with a stalemate by Congress if not willing to compromise while in Washington . During an August 1982 fundraising reception , Ford stated his opposition to a constitution amendment requiring the US to have a balanced budget , citing a need to elect `` members of the House and Senate who will immediately when Congress convenes act more responsibly in fiscal matters . '' Ford was a participant in the 1982 midterm elections , traveling to Tennessee in October of that year to help Republican candidates . In January 1984 , a letter signed by Ford and Carter and urging world leaders to extend their failed effort to end world hunger was released and sent to Secretary - General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar . In 1987 , Ford testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee in favor of District of Columbia Circuit Court judge and former Solicitor General Robert Bork after Bork was nominated by President Reagan to be an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court . Bork 's nomination was rejected by a vote of 58 - 42 . In 1987 Ford 's Humor and the Presidency , a book of humorous political anecdotes , was published . By 1988 , Ford was a member of several corporate boards including Commercial Credit , Nova Pharmaceutical , The Pullman Company , Tesoro Petroleum , and Tiger International , Inc . Ford also became an honorary director of Citigroup , a position he held till his death . In 1977 , Ford established the Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy at Albion College in Albion , Michigan , to give undergraduates training in public policy . In April 1981 , he opened the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor , Michigan , on the north campus of his alma mater , the University of Michigan , followed in September by the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids . In October 1990 , Ford appeared in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania with Bob Hope to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the birth of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower , where the two unveiled a plague with the signatures of each living former president . In April 1991 , Ford joined former presidents Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and Jimmy Carter , in supporting the Brady Bill . Three years later , he wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives , along with Carter and Reagan , in support of the assault weapons ban . At the 1992 Republican National Convention , Ford compared the election cycle to his 1976 loss to Carter and urged attention be paid to electing a Republican Congress : `` If it 's change you want on Nov. 3 , my friends , the place to start is not at the White House but in the United States ' Capitol . Congress , as every school child knows , has the power of the purse . For nearly 40 years , Democratic majorities have held to the time - tested New Deal formula , tax and tax , spend and spend , elect and elect . '' Ford at his 90th birthday with Laura Bush , President George W. Bush , and Betty Ford in the White House State Dining Room in 2003 In April 1997 , Ford joined President Bill Clinton , former President Bush , and Nancy Reagan in signing the `` Summit Declaration of Commitment '' in advocating for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States . On January 20 , 1998 , during an interview at his Palm Springs home , Ford said the Republican Party 's nominee in the 2000 presidential election would lose if very conservative in their ideals : `` If we get way over on the hard right of the political spectrum , we will not elect a Republican President . I worry about the party going down this ultra-conservative line . We ought to learn from the Democrats : when they were running ultra-liberal candidates , they did n't win . '' In the prelude to the impeachment of President Clinton , Ford conferred with former President Carter and the two agreed to not speak publicly on the controversy , a pact broken by Carter when answering a question from a student at Emory University . In October 2001 , Ford broke with conservative members of the Republican Party by stating that gay and lesbian couples `` ought to be treated equally . Period . '' He became the highest ranking Republican to embrace full equality for gays and lesbians , stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters . He also was a member of the Republican Unity Coalition , which The New York Times described as `` a group of prominent Republicans , including former President Gerald R. Ford , dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party '' . On November 22 , 2004 , New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Ford and the other living former Presidents ( Carter , George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton ) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center . In a pre-recorded embargoed interview with Bob Woodward of The Washington Post in July 2004 , Ford stated that he disagreed `` very strongly '' with the Bush administration 's choice of Iraq 's alleged weapons of mass destruction as justification for its decision to invade Iraq , calling it a `` big mistake '' unrelated to the national security of the United States and indicating that he would not have gone to war had he been President . The details of the interview were not released until after Ford 's death , as he requested . Health problems ( edit ) Gerald Ford and Roy W. Hill , Rancho Mirage California Gerald Ford , Anne T. Hill , and Edgar L. McCoubrey , Rancho Mirage California Ford suffered two minor strokes at the 2000 Republican National Convention , but made a quick recovery after being admitted to Hahnemann University Hospital . In January 2006 , he spent 11 days at the Eisenhower Medical Center near his residence at Rancho Mirage , California , for treatment of pneumonia . On April 23 , 2006 , President George W. Bush visited Ford at his home in Rancho Mirage for a little over an hour . This was Ford 's last public appearance and produced the last known public photos , video footage , and voice recording . While vacationing in Vail , Colorado , Ford was hospitalized for two days in July 2006 for shortness of breath . On August 15 he was admitted to St. Mary 's Hospital of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota , for testing and evaluation . On August 21 , it was reported that he had been fitted with a pacemaker . On August 25 , he underwent an angioplasty procedure at the Mayo Clinic . On August 28 , Ford was released from the hospital and returned with his wife Betty to their California home . On October 13 , he was scheduled to attend the dedication of a building of his namesake , the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan , but due to poor health and on the advice of his doctors he did not attend . The previous day , Ford had entered the Eisenhower Medical Center for undisclosed tests ; he was released on October 16 . By November 2006 , he was confined to a bed in his study . Death and Legacy ( edit ) Ford 's casket lies in state at the United States Capitol as his widow , Betty , kneels in prayer Main article : Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford Ford died on December 26 , 2006 , at his home in Rancho Mirage , California , of arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and diffuse arteriosclerosis . He had end - stage coronary artery disease and severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency , caused by calcific alteration of one of his heart valves . He was 93 . Ford died on the 34th anniversary of President Harry Truman 's death ; he was the last surviving member of the Warren Commission . On December 30 , 2006 , Ford became the 11th U.S. President to lie in state . A state funeral and memorial services was held at the National Cathedral in Washington , D.C. , on January 2 , 2007 . After the service , Ford was interred at his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids , Michigan . Citizens lining outside of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids , Michigan during a public visitation of Ford . Scouting was so important to Ford that his family asked that Scouts participate in his funeral . A few selected Scouts served as ushers inside the National Cathedral . About 400 Eagle Scouts were part of the funeral procession , where they formed an honor guard as the casket went by in front of the museum . Ford selected the song to be played during his funeral procession at the U.S. Capitol . After his death in December 2006 , the University of Michigan Marching Band played the school 's fight song for him one final time , for his last ride from the Gerald R. Ford Airport in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The State of Michigan commissioned and submitted a statue of Ford to the National Statuary Hall Collection , replacing Zachariah Chandler . It was unveiled on May 3 , 2011 in the Capitol Rotunda . On the proper right side is inscribed a quotation from a tribute by Thomas P. `` Tip '' O'Neill , Speaker of the House at the end of Ford 's presidency : `` God has been good to America , especially during difficult times . At the time of the Civil War , he gave us Abraham Lincoln . And at the time of Watergate , he gave us Gerald Ford -- the right man at the right time who was able to put our nation back together again . '' On the proper left side are words from Ford 's swearing - in address : `` Our constitution works . Our great republic is a government of laws and not of men . Here the people rule . '' Ford 's wife , Betty Ford , died on July 8 , 2011 . Like her husband , she was 93 years old when she died . Longevity ( edit ) On November 12 , 2006 , upon surpassing Ronald Reagan 's lifespan , Ford released his last public statement : The length of one 's days matters less than the love of one 's family and friends . I thank God for the gift of every sunrise and , even more , for all the years He has blessed me with Betty and the children ; with our extended family and the friends of a lifetime . That includes countless Americans who , in recent months , have remembered me in their prayers . Your kindness touches me deeply . May God bless you all and may God bless America . Ford 's age at the time of his death was 93 years and 165 days , making him the longest - lived U.S. President , his lifespan being 45 days longer than Ronald Reagan 's . He was the third - longest - lived Vice President , falling short only of John Nance Garner , 98 , and Levi P. Morton , 96 . Ford also had the third - longest post-presidency ( 29 years and 11 months ) after Jimmy Carter ( 36 years , 9 months and counting ) and Herbert Hoover ( 31 years and 7 months ) . Public image ( edit ) President George W. Bush with Ford and his wife Betty on April 23 , 2006 ; this is the last known public photo of Gerald Ford . Ford was the only person to hold the presidential office without being elected as either president or vice-president . The choice of Ford to fulfill Spiro Agnew 's vacated role as vice president was based on Ford 's reputation for openness and honesty . `` In all the years I sat in the House , I never knew Mr. Ford to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part - true and part - false . He never attempted to shade a statement , and I never heard him utter an unkind word , '' said Martha Griffiths . The trust the American people had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by his pardon of Nixon . Nonetheless , many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought . His subsequent loss to Carter in 1976 has come to be seen as an honorable sacrifice he made for the nation . In spite of his athletic record and remarkable career accomplishments , Ford acquired a reputation as a clumsy , likable , and simple - minded Everyman . An incident in 1975 , when he tripped while exiting Air Force One in Austria , was famously and repeatedly parodied by Chevy Chase , cementing Ford 's image as a klutz . Pieces of Ford 's common Everyman image have also been attributed to Ford 's inevitable comparison to Nixon , as well as his perceived Midwestern stodginess and self - deprecation . Civic and fraternal organizations ( edit ) Ford was a member of several civic organizations , including the Junior Chamber of Commerce ( Jaycees ) , American Legion , AMVETS , Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks , Sons of the Revolution , and Veterans of Foreign Wars . Freemasonry ( edit ) Ford was initiated into Freemasonry on September 30 , 1949 . He later said in 1975 , `` When I took my obligation as a master mason -- incidentally , with my three younger brothers -- I recalled the value my own father attached to that order . But I had no idea that I would ever be added to the company of the Father of our Country and 12 other members of the order who also served as Presidents of the United States . '' Ford was made a 33 ° Scottish Rite Mason on September 26 , 1962 . In April 1975 , Ford was elected by a unanimous vote Honorary Grand Master of the International Supreme Council , Order of DeMolay , a position in which he served until January 1977 . Ford received the degrees of York Rite Masonry ( Chapter and Council degrees ) in a special ceremony in the Oval Office on January 11 , 1977 , during his term as President of the United States . Honors ( edit ) Ford honored on U.S Postage , issue of 2007 Ford received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in May 1970 , as well as the Silver Buffalo Award , from the Boy Scouts of America . In 1974 , he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan , the Golden Pheasant Award . In 1985 , he received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America , GCSAA 's highest honor . In 1992 , the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service . In 1999 , Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars . Also in 1999 , Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton . In 2001 , he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate . The following were named after Ford : The Ford House Office Building in the U.S. Capitol Complex , formerly House Annex 2 . Gerald R. Ford Freeway ( Nebraska ) Gerald R. Ford Freeway ( Michigan ) Gerald Ford Memorial Highway , I - 70 in Eagle County , Colorado Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids , Michigan Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor , Michigan Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids , Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy , University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy , Albion College USS Gerald R. Ford ( CVN - 78 ) Gerald R. Ford Middle School , Grand Rapids , Michigan President Gerald R. Ford Park in Alexandria , Virginia , located in the neighborhood where Ford lived while serving as a Representative and Vice President President Ford Field Service Council , Boy Scouts of America The council where he was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout . Serves 25 counties in Western and Northern Michigan with its headquarters located in Grand Rapids , Michigan . See also ( edit ) List of Freemasons List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . pp. xxiii , 301 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : George Lenczowski ( 1990 ) . American Presidents , and the Middle East . Duke University Press . pp. 142 -- 143 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0972 - 6 . Jump up ^ Young , Jeff C. ( 1997 ) . The Fathers of American Presidents . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0182 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Funk , Josh ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Nebraska - born Ford Left State as Infant '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cannon , James . `` Gerald R. Ford '' . Character Above All . Public Broadcasting System . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum . University of Texas . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Ford remembered as active steward of President Gerald Ford 's legacy '' . MLive . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Common Man on an Uncommon Climb '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 19 , 1976 . p. 28 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kunhardt Jr. , Phillip ( 1999 ) . Gerald R. Ford `` Healing the Nation '' . New York : Riverhead Books . pp. 79 -- 85 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Townley , Alvin ( 2007 ) ( December 26 , 2006 ) . Legacy of Honor : The Values and Influence of America 's Eagle Scouts . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 12 -- 13 and 87 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36653 - 1 . Retrieved December 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Investigatory Records on Gerald Ford , Applicant for a Commission '' ( PDF ) . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . December 30 , 1941 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Linda ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Special Report : Former President Gerald Ford Dies ; Sought to Heal Nation Disillusioned by Watergate Scandal '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Perry , Will ( 1974 ) . `` No Cheers From the Alumni '' . The Wolverines : A Story of Michigan Football ( PDF ) . Huntsville , Alabama : The Strode Publishers . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 87397 - 055 - 1 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kruger , Brian ; Moorehouse , Buddy ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Willis Ward , Gerald Ford and Michigan Football 's darkest day '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greene , J.R. ( 1995 ) . The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( American Presidency Series ) . University Press of Kansas . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0638 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Named Michigan Football Legend ; Morgan to Wear No. 48 Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` Clumsy image aside , Ford was Accomplished Athlete '' . Los Angeles Times . December 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rozell , Mark J. ( October 15 , 1992 ) . The Press and the Ford Presidency . University of Michigan Press . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10350 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline of President Ford 's Life and Career '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wendy Wolff ( 1997 ) . Vice Presidents of the United States 1789 -- 1993 . United States Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ `` The U-M Remembers Gerald R. Ford '' . The University of Michigan . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford Biography '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doenecke , Justus D. ( 1990 ) . `` In Danger Undaunted : The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940 -- 1941 As Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee ( Hoover Archival Documentaries ) '' . Hoover Institution Press . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Naughton , James M. ; Adam Clymer ( December 26 , 2006 ) . `` Gerald Ford , 38th President , Dies at 93 years and 165 day '' . The New York Times . Naval Historical Center . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hove , Duane ( 2003 ) . American Warriors : Five Presidents in the Pacific Theater of World War II . Burd Street Press . ISBN 1 - 57249 - 307 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Gerald Ford and Typhoon Cobra '' . Naval Historical Foundation . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard , Jane ( December 8 , 1974 ) . `` The 38th First Lady : Not a Robot At All '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Winget , Mary Mueller ( 2007 ) . Gerald R. Ford . Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 1509 - 8 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kruse , Melissa ( January 3 , 2003 ) . `` The Patterson Barn , Grand Rapids , Michigan -- Barn razing erases vintage landmark '' . The Grand Rapids Press . p . D1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerald R. Ford '' . The New York Times . December 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford '' . The White House . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Celebrating the life of President Gerald R. Ford on what would have been his 96th birthday , H.R. 409 , 111th Congress , 1st Session ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum '' . Ford.utexas.edu . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James M. Naughton ; Adam Clymer ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Gerald Ford , 38th President , Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Appoints Gerald Ford to the Warren Commission '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newton , Jim ( 2007 ) . Justice for All : Earl Warren and the Nation He Made . Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59448 - 270 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Joe ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` Ford Told FBI of Skeptics on Warren Commission '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford told FBI about panel 's doubts on JFK murder '' . USA Today . August 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( 2007 ) . A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission . The FlatSigned Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934304 - 02 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Roger H. Davidson ; Susan Webb Hammond ; Raymond Smock ( 1988 ) . Masters of the House : Congressional leadership over two centuries . Westview Press . pp. 267 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Unger , Irwin , 1996 : ' The Best of Intentions : the triumphs and failures of the Great Society under Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon ' : Doubleday , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Gray , Paul ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Gerald Ford : Steady Hand for a Nation in Crisis '' . Time . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( May 23 , 2001 ) . `` Address by President Gerald R. Ford , May 23 , 2001 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Harold ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Guardian newspaper obituary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard ( 1975 ) . A Ford , not a Lincoln . Jump up ^ James Midgley ; Michelle Livermore ( 2008 ) . The Handbook of Social Policy . SAGE . p. 162 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 5076 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hoff , Joan ( 1995 ) . Nixon Reconsidered . Basic Books . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05105 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford 's Remarks Upon Taking the Oath of Office as President '' . The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . August 9 , 1974 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks By President Gerald Ford On Taking the Oath Of Office As President '' . Watergate.info. 1974 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , Danny ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Coming of Age with Gerald Ford '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( August 9 , 1974 ) . `` Gerald R. Ford 's Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office as President '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford '' ( PDF ) . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . August 20 , 1976 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vice Presidency : Rocky 's Turn to the Right '' . Time . May 12 , 1975 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( September 8 , 1974 ) . `` President Gerald R. Ford 's Proclamation 4311 , Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum . University of Texas . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( September 8 , 1974 ) . `` Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon '' . Pardon images . University of Maryland . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Pardons Nixon -- Events of 1974 -- Year in Review '' . UPI.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( September 8 , 1974 ) . `` Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon '' . Great Speeches Collection . The History Place . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shane , Scott ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` For Ford , Pardon Decision Was Always Clear - Cut '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Testimony on Nixon Pardon -- C - SPAN Video Library '' . C-spanvideo.org . October 17 , 1974 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sitting presidents and vice presidents who have testified before congressional committees '' ( PDF ) . Senate.gov. 2004 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Barnes on Conversations with Bill Kristol '' . Jump up ^ Shadow , by Bob Woodward , chapter on Gerald Ford ; Woodward interviewed Ford on this matter , about twenty years after Ford left the presidency Jump up ^ `` Award Announcement '' . JFK Library Foundation . May 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Ted Kennedy crossed political paths with Grand Rapids ' most prominent Republican , President Gerald R. Ford '' , The Grand Rapids Press , August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Marjorie ( September 16 , 1974 ) . `` Ford Offers Amnesty Program Requiring 2 Years Public Work ; Defends His Pardon Of Nixon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford : Proclamation 4313 -- Announcing a Program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters '' . ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ `` Carter 's Pardon '' . McNeil / Lehrer Report . Public Broadcasting System . January 21 , 1977 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Secretary of Transportation : William T. Coleman Jr. ( 1975 -- 1977 ) -- AmericanPresident.org ( January 15 , 2005 ) . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` George Herbert Walker Bush Profile '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Cheney Archived September 3 , 1999 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Department of Defense . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bush vetoes less than most presidents , CNN , May 1 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Renka , Russell D. Nixon 's Fall and the Ford and Carter Interregnum . Southeast Missouri State University , ( April 10 , 2003 ) . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , John Robert . The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford . University Press of Kansas , 1995 Jump up ^ Gerald Ford Speeches : Whip Inflation Now Archived August 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( October 8 , 1974 ) , Miller Center of Public Affairs . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas . Gerald R. Ford . New York : Times Books , 2007 Jump up ^ `` WIN buttons and Arthur Burns '' . Econbrowser. 2006 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Crain , Andrew Downer . The Ford Presidency . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland , 2009 Jump up ^ Dale Jr. , Edwin L. ( November 22 , 1974 ) . `` Consumer prices up 0.9 % in October , 12.2 % for year ; annual rate is highest since 1947 '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ CRS Report RL33305 , The Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax of the 1980s : Implications for Current Energy Policy Archived February 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Salvatore Lazzari , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` President Gerald R. Ford 's Statement on Signing the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 '' , Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library , December 2 , 1975 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Ballard C. ( 2008 ) . `` 1973 oil embargo '' . Disasters , accidents and crises in American history : a reference guide to the nation 's most catastrophic events . New York : Facts On File . p. 353 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6603 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dale Jr. , Edwin L. ( June 7 , 1975 ) . `` U.S. jobless rate up to 9.2 % in May , highest since ' 41 '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Stein , Judith ( 2010 ) . `` 1975 ' Capitalism is on the run ' '' . Pivotal decade : how the United States traded factories for finance in the seventies . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11818 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Management and Budget . `` Historical Table 1.1 '' `` . The White House . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( December 28 , 2006 ) . `` Infamous ' Drop Dead ' Was Never Said by Ford '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Van Riper , Frank ( October 30 , 1975 ) . `` Ford to New York : Drop Dead '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pandemic Pointers . Living on Earth , March 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mickle , Paul . 1976 : Fear of a great plague . The Trentonian . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( August 26 , 1975 ) . `` Proclamation 4383 -- Women 's Equality Day , 1975 '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Campaign Debate Between Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter , October 22 , 1976 '' . Fordlibrarymuseum.gov . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( September 10 , 1976 ) . `` Letter to the Archbishop of Cincinnati '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greene , John Edward . ( 1995 ) . The presidency of Gerald R. Ford . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0639 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Interviews With Gerald Ford '' . Larry King Live Weekend . CNN . February 3 , 2001 . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mieczkowski , Yanek ( 2005 ) . Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 283 -- 284 , 290 -- 294 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2349 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Trip To China '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . University of Texas . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` President Gerald R. Ford 's Address in Helsinki Before the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe '' . USA-presidents.info . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Human Rights Watch '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` President Ford got Canada into G7 '' . Canadian Broadcasting Company . December 27 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Archive - 30 + Years of Freedom of Information Action '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Jump up ^ Gerald Ford , A Time to Heal , 1979 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Rabin , Yitzak ( 1996 ) , The Rabin Memoirs , University of California Press , p. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20766 - 0 Jump up ^ Goldstein ) , Yitzhak Rabin ; ( translated by Dov ( 1996 ) . The Rabin memoirs ( Expanded ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Jump up ^ George Lenczowski , American Presidents , and the Middle East , 1990 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Gerald Ford , A Time to Heal , 1979 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Church , Peter , ed. ( 2006 ) . A Short History of South - East Asia . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 193 -- 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82181 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Brinkley , Douglas ( 2007 ) . Gerald R. Ford . New York , NY : Times Books . pp. 89 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6909 - 7 . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1991 ) . Vietnam : A History . Viking . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam 's President Thieu resigns '' . BBC News . April 21 , 1975 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowman , John S. ( 1985 ) . The Vietnam War : An Almanac . Pharos Books . p. 434 . ISBN 0 - 911818 - 85 - 5 . Jump up ^ Plummer Alston Jones ( 2004 ) . `` Still struggling for equality : American public library services with minorities '' . Libraries Unlimited . p. 84 . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 243 - 1 Jump up ^ Robinson , William Courtland ( 1998 ) . Terms of refuge : the Indochinese exodus & the international response . Zed Books . p. 127 . ISBN 1 - 85649 - 610 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gawthorpe , A.J. ( 2009 ) , `` The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia - Pacific after the Fall of Saigon '' , The Historical Journal , 52 ( 3 ) : 697 -- 716 . Jump up ^ `` Debrief of the Mayaguez Captain and Crew '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . May 19 , 1975 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capture and Release of SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge forces in May 1975 '' . United States Merchant Marine . 2000 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gerald R. Ford , A Time to Heal , p. 284 Jump up ^ Cécile Menétray - Monchau ( August 2005 ) , `` The Mayaguez Incident as an Epilogue to the Vietnam War and its Reflection on the Post-Vietnam Political Equilibrium in Southeast Asia '' , Cold War History , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Gawthorpe , Andrew J. ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia - Pacific after the Fall of Saigon '' . The Historical Journal . 52 ( 03 ) : 707 -- 709 . ISSN 1469 - 5103 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X09990082 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don ( 2001 ) , The two Koreas : a contemporary history ( New York , NY : Basic Books ) , pp. 47 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gawthorpe , `` The Ford Administration and Security Policy '' , p. 711 . Jump up ^ Gawthorpe , `` The Ford Administration and Security Policy '' , pp. 710 -- 714 . Jump up ^ Ricklefs , `` A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200 '' , p. 342 . Jump up ^ 1977 hearing of the House International Relations Committee Jump up ^ `` Report : U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975 -- 1997 -- World Policy Institute -- Research Project '' . World Policy Institute . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Year in Review : Ford Assassinations Attempts '' . Upi.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Election Is Crunch Time for U.S. Secret Service '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Manson follower Lynette ' Squeaky ' Fromme released from prison after more than 30 years '' . Daily News . New York . Associated Press . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Secret Service . `` Public Report of the White House Security Review '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Vic ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Interview : Woman Who Tried To Assassinate Ford '' . San Francisco : KGO - TV . Retrieved January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` John Paul Stevens '' . Oyez . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` News Release , Congressman Gerald R. Ford '' ( PDF ) . The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . April 15 , 1970 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levenick , Christopher ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` The Conservative Persuasion '' . The Daily Standard . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Letter from Gerald Ford to Michael Treanor Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Fordham University , September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a public - domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . Jump up ^ Another Loss For the Gipper . Time , March 29 , 1976 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ VH1 News Presents : Politics : A Pop Culture History Premiering Wednesday , October 20 at 10 : 00 pm ( ET / PT ) . PRNewswire October 19 , 2004 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Election of 1976 : A Political Outsider Prevails. C - SPAN . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Shabecoff , Philip . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford -- Reconciliation Plea '' , The New York Times , April 20 , 1975 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shabecoff , Philip . `` Ford , on Bicentennial Trip , Bids U.S. Heed Old Values '' , The New York Times , April 19 , 1975 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Presidential Debates '' . CNN . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lehrer , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` 1976 : No Audio and No Soviet Domination '' . Debating Our Destiny . PBS . Retrieved March 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Election 1976 States Carried '' . multied.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carter '' . U.S. Inaugural Addresses . Bartleby.com . January 20 , 1977 . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Marguerite . `` Eisenhower Fellowship : A History 1953 -- 2003 '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ Naughton , James M ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` The Real Jerry Ford '' . PoynterOnline . Retrieved March 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gaddis ( 1979 ) . `` A Time to Heal '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kornblut , Anne ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Ford Arranged His Funeral to Reflect Himself and Drew in a Former Adversary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Updegrove , Mark K. ( August -- September 2006 ) . `` Flying Coach to Cairo '' . American Heritage . 57 ( 4 ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . `` Certainly few observers in January 1977 would have predicted that Jimmy and I would become the closest of friends , '' Ford said in 2000 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2007 ) . `` The 38th President : More Than Met the Eye '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard V. `` How the Bush Dynasty Almost Was n't '' Archived July 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Hoover Institution , reprinted from the New York Times Magazine , July 30 , 2000 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan campaign ad '' . Livingroomcandidate.org . November 4 , 1979 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Uhlenbrock , Tom ( October 8 , 1980 ) . `` Former President Gerald Ford said Wednesday former President Richard ... '' . UPI . Jump up ^ `` Former President Gerald Ford Friday accused President Carter of ... '' . UPI . October 3 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Pamela ( April 3 , 1981 ) . `` Former President Gerald Ford says people who commit crimes ... '' . UPI . Jump up ^ Whipple , Scott ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` A $3 m gift '' . The New Britain Herald . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Ate Hollywood '' . Vanity Fair . November 2005 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former President Gerald Ford had some advice today for ... '' . UPI . September 18 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Former President Gerald Ford continued his campaign in favor ... '' . UPI . October 20 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Sawislak , Arnold ( March 24 , 1982 ) . `` Former President Gerald Ford endorsed President Reagan 's handling of ... '' . UPI . Jump up ^ Henry , Tamara . `` Gerald Ford : ' Carter administration blew it ' '' . UPI . Jump up ^ `` Former President Gerald Ford and former Vice President Walter ... '' . UPI . October 21 , 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Former presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter have signed ... '' . UPI . January 2 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Archives - Philly.com '' . articles.philly.com . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ; Times , Special to the New York ( October 24 , 1987 ) . `` Bork& # 146 ; s Nomination Is Rejected , 58 - 42 ; Reagan & # 146 ; Saddened& # 146 ; '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ New York Media , LLC ( January 25 , 1988 ) . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . pp. 19 -- . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's Citigroup Connection '' . The Wall Street Journal . December 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lessenberry , Jack ( April 20 , 1981 ) . `` Ford to Formally Unveil His Presidential Library '' . Toledo Blade . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( September 18 , 1981 ) . `` Remarks at the Dedication of the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids , Michigan '' . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Brian ( September 18 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Praises Ford at Opening of Museum '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ike commemorated with 100th birthday bash '' . UPI . October 14 , 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Carter , Ford Join Other Former Presidents in Backing Gun Bill '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . April 29 , 1991 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eaton , William J. ( May 5 , 1994 ) . `` Ford , Carter , Reagan Push for Gun Ban '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Langford , Mark . `` Ford warns Clinton victory would return America to Carter era '' . UPI . Jump up ^ Bennet , James ( April 29 , 1997 ) . `` Presidents Call for Big Citizenship , Not Big Government '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Berke , Richard L. ( January 20 , 1998 ) . `` Ford Urges G.O.P. to Drop Abortion Issue and Shift Center '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Carter breaks silence on Clinton , says nation will heal '' . Emory . September 28 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Price , Deb . `` Gerald Ford : Treat gay couples equally '' Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Detroit News , October 29 , 2001 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay . `` Vocal Gay Republicans Upsetting Conservatives '' , The New York Times , June 1 , 2003 , p . N26 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob . `` Ford Disagreed With Bush About Invading Iraq '' . The Washington Post , December 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Embargoed Interview Reveals Ford Opposed Iraq War '' Archived December 28 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Democracy Now Headlines for December 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford recovering after strokes '' . BBC , August 2 , 2000 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hospitalized After Suffering a Stroke , Former President Ford Is Expected to Fully Recover The New York Times , August 3 , 2000 . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Former `` President Ford , 92 , hospitalized with pneumonia '' . USA Today , Associated Press , January 17 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford released from hospital '' . MSNBC , Associated Press , July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Former President Gerald Ford Released from Hospital '' . Fox News . October 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford Dies At Age 93 '' . CNN Transcript December 26 , 2006 . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeFrank T : Write It When I 'm Gone , G. Putnam & Sons , New York , NY , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Bush and ex-presidents eulogize Gerald R. Ford '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davey , Monica ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Ford Is Buried After Thousands in Hometown Pay Respects '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ray , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` Eagle Scout Welcome Gerald Ford Home '' . Scouting Magazine . Boy Scouts of America . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anne E. Kornblut , `` Ford Arranged His Funeral to Reflect Himself and Drew in a Former Adversary '' , The New York Times , December 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Funeral : Marching Band Plays in His Honor '' . Eugene Register - Guard . January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Former first lady Betty Ford dies at 93 '' . MSNBC . July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ford eclipses Reagan as oldest ex-president '' . USA Today . November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US ex-President Gerald Ford dies '' . BBC News . December 27 , 2006 . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerald Ford , Betty 's Husband '' . The Phoenix Media / Communications Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerald R Ford '' . The Independent . London . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jake , Coyle ( September 12 , 2008 ) . `` ' SNL ' returns with spotlight on prez impersonators '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chevy Chase recalls Ford as ' a terrific guy ' : ' SNL ' comedian became famous in the 1970s portraying president as klutz '' . MSNBC . December 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford 1913 -- 2006 '' . Van Nuys , Calif. : Sons of the Revolution in the State of California . 2006 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Supreme Council , Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite , Southern Jurisdiction , USA . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford '' . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ masons , Wayne Bradywrote in ; 07 : 29 : 00 , 2006 - 12 - 31 07 : 29 : 00 Wayne Brady mr_lunch masons 2006 - 12 - 31 . `` Masonic Record of Gerald Ford '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Masonic American Presidents The Grand Lodge of Minnesota '' . www.mn-masons.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Larson , Donna ( January 11 , 1977 ) . `` The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford '' ( PDF ) . www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov . Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf Jump up ^ `` Old Tom Morris Award Recipients '' . Golf Course Superintendents Association of America . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Palm Springs Walk of Stars : By Date Dedicated '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Politicians Who Received the Medal of Freedom '' . The Political Graveyard . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford '' . John F. Kennedy Library Foundation . 2001 . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford Middle School , Grand Rapids Public Schools '' . grpublicschools.org . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President Ford Field Service Council , Boy Scouts of America '' . michiganscouting.org . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brinkley , Douglas ( 2007 ) . Gerald R. Ford . New York , NY : Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6909 - 7 . full - scale biography Cannon , James . Gerald R. Ford : An Honorable Life ( Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 2013 ) 482 pp. latest full - scale biography Cannon , James ( 1993 ) . Time and Chance : Gerald R. Ford 's Appointment with History . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08482 - 8 . older full - scale biography Conley , Richard S. `` Presidential Influence and Minority Party Liaison on Veto Overrides : New Evidence from the Ford Presidency '' . American Politics Research 2002 30 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 65 . ISSN 1532 - 673X Fulltext : in Swetswise Firestone , Bernard J. and Alexej Ugrinsky ( eds ) ( 1992 ) . Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28009 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Greene , John Robert ( 1992 ) . The Limits of Power : The Nixon and Ford Administrations . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 32637 - 0 . Greene , John Robert ( 1995 ) . The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0639 - 4 . , the major scholarly study Hersey , John Richard . The President : A Minute - By - Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford . New York : Alfred A. Knopf. 1975 . Hult , Karen M. and Walcott , Charles E. Empowering the White House : Governance under Nixon , Ford , and Carter . University Press of Kansas , 2004 . Jespersen , T. Christopher . `` Kissinger , Ford , and Congress : the Very Bitter End in Vietnam '' . Pacific Historical Review 2002 71 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 473 . ISSN 0030 - 8684 Fulltext : in University of California ; Swetswise ; Jstor and Ebsco Jespersen , T. Christopher . `` The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam : Congress , the Ford Administration , and the Battle over Vietnam , 1975 -- 76 '' . Diplomatic History 2000 24 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 293 . ISSN 0145 - 2096 Fulltext : in Swetswise , Ingenta , Ebsco Maynard , Christopher A. `` Manufacturing Voter Confidence : a Video Analysis of the American 1976 Presidential and Vice-presidential Debates '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television 1997 17 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 562 . ISSN 0143 - 9685 Fulltext : in Ingenta Primary sources ( edit ) Ford , Gerald R. ( 1994 ) . Presidential Perspectives from the National Archives . Washington , DC : National Archives and Records Administration . ISBN 1 - 880875 - 04 - 7 . Ford , Gerald R. ( 1987 ) . Humor and the Presidency . New York : Arbor House . ISBN 0 - 87795 - 918 - 8 . Ford , Gerald R. ( 1979 ) . A Time to Heal : The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford . New York , NY : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011297 - 2 . `` Gerald Ford Presidential Autograph Letters '' . SMF . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Ford , Gerald R. ( 1973 ) . Selected Speeches . Arlington , Va. : R.W. Beatty . ISBN 0 - 87948 - 029 - 7 . Ford , Gerald R. ( 1965 ) . Portrait of the assassin ( Lee Harvey Oswald ) . ASIN B0006BMZM4 . Ford , Betty ( 1978 ) . The Times of My Life . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011298 - 0 . Casserly , John J. ( 1977 ) . The Ford White House : Diary of a Speechwriter . Boulder : Colorado Associated University Press . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 106 - 1 . Coyne , John R. ( 1979 ) . Fall in and Cheer . Garden City / N.Y. : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 11119 - 3 . DeFrank , Thomas . ( 2007 ) . Write It When I 'm Gone : Remarkable Off - the - Record Conversations with Gerald R. Ford . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15450 - 7 . Gergen , David . ( 2000 ) . Eyewitness to Power : The Essence of Leadership . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82663 - 1 . , by speechwriter Hartmann , Robert T. ( 1980 ) . Palace Politics : An Insider 's Account of the Ford Years . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 026951 - 3 . , by chief of staff Hersey , John ( 1980 ) . Aspects of the Presidency : Truman and Ford in Office ( The President : A Minute - by - Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford ) . New Haven : Ticknor & Fields . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 012 - X . Kissinger , Henry A. ( 1999 ) . Years of Renewal . New York : Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85572 - 0 . by Secretary of State Thompson , Kenneth ( ed . ) ( 1980 ) . The Ford Presidency : Twenty - Two Intimate Perspectives of Gerald Ford . Lanham : University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 6960 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGerald Fordat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Official sites Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation White House biography Media coverage `` Gerald Ford collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Appearances on C - SPAN `` Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , November 22 , 1999 Other United States Congress . `` Gerald Ford ( id : F000260 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Gerald Ford : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress . Essays on Gerald Ford , each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Works by or about Gerald Ford at Internet Archive Gerald Ford on IMDb Gerald R. Ford 38th President of the United States ( 1974 -- 1977 ) 40th Vice President of the United States ( 1973 -- 1974 ) U.S. Representative for MI - 5 ( 1949 -- 1973 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Inauguration Federal - Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 Education for All Handicapped Children Act Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control Helsinki Accords National Security Study Memorandum 200 Nixon pardon Whip inflation now Wilson desk Assassination attempts ( Sacramento San Francisco ) State of the Union Addresses ( 1975 1976 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Supreme Court candidates controversies Life Early life Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens President Gerald R. Ford Jr . Boyhood Home Gerald R. Ford Jr . House Warren Commission AEI World Forum Death and state funeral Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1976 1980 Republican National Convention , 1976 1980 United States presidential election , 1976 Legacy Gerald R. Ford International Airport Gerald R. Ford Award Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy Ford House Office Building USS Gerald R. Ford ( CVN - 78 ) Gerald R. Ford Freeway U.S. Postage stamps Family Betty Ford ( wife ) Michael Gerald Ford ( son ) John Gardner Ford ( son ) Steven Meigs Ford ( son ) Susan Ford Bales ( daughter ) Dorothy Gardner Ford ( mother ) Leslie Lynch King Sr. ( father ) Thomas Gardner Ford ( half - brother ) Charles Henry King ( grandfather ) Liberty ( family dog ) ← Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter → Category Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Bartel J. Jonkman Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan 's 5th congressional district 1949 -- 1973 Succeeded by Richard Vander Veen Preceded by Charles A. Halleck House Minority Leader 1965 -- 1973 Succeeded by John Jacob Rhodes Party political offices Preceded by Charles B. Hoeven Chair of the House Republican Conference 1963 -- 1965 Succeeded by Melvin Laird Preceded by Charles A. Halleck House Republican Leader 1965 -- 1973 Succeeded by John Jacob Rhodes First Response to the State of the Union address 1966 , 1967 , 1968 Served alongside : Everett Dirksen ( 1966 , 1967 ) , Howard Baker , George H.W. Bush , Peter Dominick , Robert Griffin , Thomas Kuchel , Mel Laird , Bob Mathias , George Murphy , Dick Poff , Chuck Percy , Al Quie , Charlotte Reid , Hugh Scott , Bill Steiger , John Tower ( 1968 ) Vacant Title next held by Donald Fraser , Scoop Jackson , Mike Mansfield , John McCormack , Patsy Mink , Ed Muskie , Bill Proxmire Preceded by Richard Nixon Republican nominee for President of the United States 1976 Succeeded by Ronald Reagan Political offices Preceded by Spiro Agnew Vice President of the United States 1973 -- 1974 Succeeded by Nelson Rockefeller Preceded by Richard Nixon President of the United States 1974 -- 1977 Succeeded by Jimmy Carter Diplomatic posts Preceded by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Chair of the Group of Seven 1976 Succeeded by James Callaghan Honorary titles Preceded by Ronald Reagan Oldest living President of the United States 2004 -- 2006 Succeeded by George H.W. 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Howard Kelley Staebler 1st district McClelland Buel Penniman D. Stuart W. Howard Cooper W. Howard Granger Beaman Waldron Field A.S. Williams Newberry Lord Maybury J.L. Chipman Griffin Corliss Lucking Denby Doremus Codd Clancy Sosnowski Clancy Sadowski Tenerowicz Sadowski Machrowicz Nedzi Conyers Stupak Benishek Bergman 2nd district Lyon J.S. Chipman E. Bradley C. Stuart Sprague C. Stuart Noble Waldron Beaman Upson Stoughton Waldron Willits Eldredge Allen Gorman Spalding H. Smith Townsend Wedemeyer Beakes Bacon Beakes Michener Lehr Michener Meader Vivian Esch Pursell Hoekstra Huizenga 3rd district Hunt Bingham J. Conger Clark Walbridge Kellogg Longyear Blair Willard McGowan Lacey O'Donnell Burrows Milnes A. Todd Gardner J. Smith Frankhauser J. Smith A.B. Williams Hooper Kimball Main Shafer Johansen P. Todd G. Brown Wolpe Henry Ehlers Amash 4th district Stevens Peck Leach Trowbridge Kellogg Ferry Foster Burrows Potter Keightley Burrows Yaple Burrows Thomas Hamilton Ketcham Foulkes Hoffman Hutchinson Stockman Siljander Upton Camp Moolenaar 5th district Baldwin Trowbridge O. Conger Foster W. Williams Stone Webber Houseman Comstock M. Ford Belknap M. Ford Belknap Richardson W. Smith Diekema Sweet Mapes Jonkman G. Ford Vander Veen Sawyer Henry Barcia D.E. Kildee D.T. Kildee 6th district Driggs Strickland Sutherland Begole Durand Brewer Spaulding Winans Brewer Stout Aitken S. Smith Kelley Hudson Person Cady Blackney Transue Blackney Clardy Hayworth Chamberlain Carr Dunn Carr Upton 7th district O. Conger Rich Carleton Whiting Snover Weeks McMorran Cramton Wolcott McIntosh O'Hara Mackie Riegle D.E. Kildee N. Smith Schwarz Walberg Schauer Walberg 8th district N. Bradley Ellsworth Horr Tarsney Bliss Youmans Linton Brucker Fordney Vincent Hart Crawford Bentley Harvey Traxler Carr Chrysler Stabenow Rogers M. Bishop 9th district Hubbell Cutcheon H. Wheeler Moon R. Bishop McLaughlin Harry W. Musselwhite Engel Thompson Griffin Vander Jagt D.E. Kildee Knollenberg Peters Levin 10th district Hatch Fisher F. Wheeler Weadock Crump Aplin Loud Woodruff Loud Currie Woodruff Cederberg Albosta Schuette Camp Bonior Miller Mitchell 11th district Breitung Moffatt Seymour Stephenson Avery Mesick Darragh Dodds Lindquist Scott Bohn P. Brown Luecke F. Bradley Potter Knox Clevenger Ruppe Davis Knollenberg McCotter Curson Bentivolio Trott 12th district Stephenson Shelden Young MacDonald James Hook Bennett Hook Bennett O'Hara Bonior Levin J. Dingell Jr . D. Dingell 13th district Nichols McLeod Brennan McLeod O'Brien McLeod O'Brien Coffin O'Brien Diggs Crockett Collins W. Ford Rivers Kilpatrick Clarke Conyers 14th district Weideman Rabaut Youngblood Rabaut Ryan Nedzi Hertel Conyers Peters Lawrence 15th district J. Dingell Sr . J. Dingell Jr . W. Ford Collins Kilpatrick J. Dingell Jr . 16th district Lesinski Sr . Lesinski Jr . J. Dingell Jr . 17th district Dondero Oakman Griffiths Brodhead Levin 18th district Dondero Broomfield Huber Blanchard Broomfield 19th district Farnum McDonald Broomfield Members of the Warren Commission Earl Warren ( Chairman ) Hale Boggs John Sherman Cooper Allen Dulles Gerald Ford John J. McCloy Richard Russell Jr . 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Kalamazoo Canal Auto Makers River Rouge Plant Willow Run Ambassador Bridge Detroit -- Windsor Tunnel Flint Sit - Down Strike Mackinac Bridge Politics Lewis Cass Gerald Ford 1932 Michigan Wolverines football -- Dickinson national champions Thomas D. Austin Chuck Bernard William F. Borgmann Cecil Cantrill , Jr . Russell Damm Herman Everhardus Stanley Fay Gerald Ford John P. Heston John Kowalik Abe Marcovsky Harry Newman Russell D. Oliver Ted Petoskey John Regeczi Carl Savage Willis Ward Ivy Williamson Whitey Wistert Head coach : Harry Kipke Assistant coaches : Jack Blott Franklin Cappon Ray Courtright Cliff Keen Bennie Oosterbaan Wally Weber 1933 Michigan Wolverines football -- national champions Thomas Austin Chuck Bernard William F. Borgmann Tony Dauksza Herman Everhardus Stanley Fay Gerald Ford John Heston Willard Hildebrand John Kowalik Russell D. Oliver Ted Petoskey John Regeczi Bill Renner Carl Savage Estel Tessmer Willis Ward Louis Westover Whitey Wistert Head coach : Harry Kipke Assistant coaches : Jack Blott Franklin Cappon Ray Courtright Cliff Keen Bennie Oosterbaan Wally Weber Cabinet of President Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) Vice President Spiro T. Agnew ( 1969 -- 73 ) None ( 1973 ) Gerald R. Ford ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of State William P. Rogers ( 1969 -- 73 ) Henry A. Kissinger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of the Treasury David M. Kennedy ( 1969 -- 71 ) John B. Connally ( 1971 -- 72 ) George P. Shultz ( 1972 -- 74 ) William E. Simon ( 1974 ) Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird ( 1969 -- 73 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1973 ) James R. Schlesinger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Attorney General John N. Mitchell ( 1969 -- 72 ) Richard G. Kleindienst ( 1972 -- 73 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1973 ) William B. Saxbe ( 1974 ) Postmaster General Winton M. Blount ( 1969 -- 71 ) Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel ( 1969 -- 70 ) Rogers C.B. Morton ( 1970 -- 74 ) Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin ( 1969 -- 71 ) Earl L. Butz ( 1971 -- 74 ) Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans ( 1969 -- 72 ) Peter G. Peterson ( 1972 -- 73 ) Frederick B. Dent ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Labor George P. Shultz ( 1969 -- 70 ) James D. Hodgson ( 1970 -- 73 ) Peter J. Brennan ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Robert H. Finch ( 1969 -- 70 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1970 -- 73 ) Caspar W. Weinberger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney ( 1969 -- 73 ) James T. Lynn ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Transportation John Volpe ( 1969 -- 73 ) Claude S. Brinegar ( 1973 -- 74 ) Cabinet of President Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 77 ) ( hide ) Cabinet Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger ( 1974 -- 77 ) Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon ( 1974 -- 77 ) Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger ( 1974 -- 75 ) Donald H. Rumsfeld ( 1975 -- 77 ) Attorney General William B. Saxbe ( 1974 -- 75 ) Edward H. Levi ( 1975 -- 77 ) Secretary of the Interior Rogers C.B. Morton ( 1974 -- 75 ) Stanley K. Hathaway ( 1975 ) Thomas S. Kleppe ( 1975 -- 77 ) Secretary of Agriculture Earl L. Butz ( 1974 -- 76 ) John A. Knebel ( 1976 -- 77 ) Secretary of Commerce Frederick B. Dent ( 1974 -- 75 ) Rogers C.B. Morton ( 1975 -- 76 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1976 -- 77 ) Secretary of Labor Peter J. Brennan ( 1974 -- 75 ) John T. Dunlop ( 1975 -- 76 ) W.J. Usery Jr. ( 1976 -- 77 ) Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Caspar W. Weinberger ( 1974 -- 75 ) F. David Mathews ( 1975 -- 77 ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development James T. Lynn ( 1974 -- 75 ) Carla A. Hills ( 1975 -- 77 ) Secretary of Transportation Claude S. Brinegar ( 1974 -- 75 ) William T. Coleman Jr. ( 1975 -- 77 ) ( hide ) Cabinet - level Vice President None ( 1974 ) Nelson A. Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 77 ) White House Chief of Staff Alexander M. Haig Jr. ( 1974 ) Donald H. Rumsfeld ( 1974 -- 75 ) Richard B. Cheney ( 1975 -- 77 ) Director of the Office of Management and Budget Roy L. Ash ( 1974 -- 75 ) James T. Lynn ( 1975 -- 76 ) Director of Central Intelligence William E. Colby ( 1974 -- 76 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1976 -- 77 ) Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Russell E. Train ( 1974 -- 77 ) Special Representative for Trade Negotiations William D. Eberle ( 1974 -- 75 ) Frederick B. Dent ( 1975 -- 77 ) Ambassador to the United Nations John A. Scali ( 1974 -- 75 ) Daniel P. Moynihan ( 1975 -- 76 ) William W. Scranton ( 1976 -- 77 ) ( 1972 ← ) United States presidential election , 1976 ( → 1980 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Jimmy Carter VP nominee Walter Mondale Candidates Birch Bayh Lloyd Bentsen Jerry Brown Robert Byrd Hugh Carey Frank Church Fred R. Harris Hubert Humphrey Henry M. Jackson Leon Jaworski Barbara Jordan Eugene McCarthy Ellen McCormack Walter Mondale Jennings Randolph Terry Sanford Milton Shapp campaign Sargent Shriver Adlai Stevenson III Mo Udall George Wallace Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Gerald Ford VP nominee Bob Dole Candidates James L. Buckley Ronald Reagan Harold Stassen Third party and independent candidates American Party Nominee Thomas J. Anderson American Independent Party Nominee Lester Maddox Communist Party Nominee Gus Hall VP nominee Jarvis Tyner Libertarian Party Nominee Roger MacBride VP nominee David Bergland People 's Party Nominee Margaret Wright VP nominee Benjamin Spock Prohibition Party Nominee Ben Bubar VP nominee Earl Dodge Socialist Workers Party Nominee Peter Camejo VP nominee Willie Mae Reid U.S. Labor Party Nominee Lyndon LaRouche Other 1976 elections : House Senate Gubernatorial Theodore Roosevelt Award winners 1967 : Eisenhower 1968 : Saltonstall 1969 : White 1970 : Hovde 1971 : Kraft Jr . 1972 : Holland 1973 : Bradley 1974 : Owens 1975 : Ford 1976 : Hamilton 1977 : Bradley 1978 : Zornow 1979 : Chandler 1980 : Cooley 1981 : Linkletter 1982 : Cosby 1983 : Palmer 1984 : Lawrence 1985 : Fleming 1986 : Bush 1987 : Zable 1988 : Not presented 1989 : Ebert 1990 : Reagan 1991 : Gibson 1992 : Kemp 1993 : Alexander 1994 : Johnson 1995 : Mathias 1996 : Wooden 1997 : Payne 1998 : Dole 1999 : Richardson 2000 : Staubach 2001 : Cohen 2002 : Shriver 2003 : de Varona 2004 : Page 2005 : Ride 2006 : Kraft 2007 : Tagliabue 2008 : Glenn 2009 : Albright 2010 : Mitchell 2011 : Dunwoody 2012 : Allen 2013 : Dungy 2014 : Mills 2015 : Jackson 2016 : Ueberroth 2017 : Brooke - Marciniak National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners 1958 : Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959 : Douglas MacArthur 1960 : Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961 : John F. Kennedy 1962 : Byron `` Whizzer '' White 1963 : Roger Q. Blough 1964 : Donold B. Lourie 1965 : Juan T. Trippe 1966 : Earl H. `` Red '' Blaik 1967 : Frederick L. Hovde 1968 : Chester J. LaRoche 1969 : Richard Nixon 1970 : Thomas J. Hamilton 1971 : Ronald Reagan 1972 : Gerald Ford 1973 : John Wayne 1974 : Gerald B. Zornow 1975 : David Packard 1976 : Edgar B. Speer 1977 : Louis H. Wilson 1978 : Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979 : William P. Lawrence 1980 : Walter J. Zable 1981 : Justin W. Dart 1982 : Silver Anniversary Awards ( NCAA ) - All Honored Jim Brown , Willie Davis , Jack Kemp , Ron Kramer , Jim Swink 1983 : Jack Kemp 1984 : John F. McGillicuddy 1985 : William I. Spencer 1986 : William H. Morton 1987 : Charles R. Meyer 1988 : Clinton E. Frank 1989 : Paul Brown 1990 : Thomas H. Moorer 1991 : George H.W. Bush 1992 : Donald R. Keough 1993 : Norman Schwarzkopf 1994 : Thomas S. Murphy 1995 : Harold Alfond 1996 : Gene Corrigan 1997 : Jackie Robinson 1998 : John H. McConnell 1999 : Keith Jackson 2000 : Fred M. Kirby II 2001 : Billy Joe `` Red '' McCombs 2002 : George Steinbrenner 2003 : Tommy Franks 2004 : William V. Campbell 2005 : Jon F. Hanson 2006 : Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007 : Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008 : John Glenn 2009 : Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010 : Bill Cosby 2011 : Robert Gates 2012 : Roscoe Brown 2013 : National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014 : Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015 : Condoleezza Rice 2016 : Archie Manning Biography portal Conservatism portal Government of the United States portal Michigan portal Politics portal United States Navy portal VIAF : 110300539 LCCN : n79022087 ISNI : 0000 0001 1479 978X GND : 118534297 SELIBR : 237206 SUDOC : 027638928 BNF : cb124889486 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90245932 MusicBrainz : b65822da - ce5a - 4a80 - 8ec1 - 0bf7c9821971 NLA : 35093197 NDL : 00439822 US Congress : F000260 IATH : w6m043ks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Ford&oldid=807079147 '' Categories : Gerald Ford 1913 births 2006 deaths 20th - century American Episcopalians 21st - century American Episcopalians 20th - century American politicians American adoptees American anti-communists American athlete - politicians American Episcopalians American football centers American gun control advocates American military personnel of World War II American people of English descent American people of the Vietnam War American shooting survivors Assassination attempt survivors Burials in Michigan Congressional Gold Medal recipients Distinguished Eagle Scouts East Grand Rapids , Michigan Gerald Ford family History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Lawyers from Alexandria , Virginia Members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan Members of the Warren Commission Michigan lawyers Michigan Republicans Michigan Wolverines football players Military personnel from Michigan Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Nixon administration cabinet members Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal Politicians from Alexandria , Virginia People from Kent County , Michigan People from Rancho Mirage , California Players of American football from Michigan Politicians from Grand Rapids , Michigan Politicians from Omaha , Nebraska Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Presidents of the United States Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , 1st Class Republican Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Republican Party Presidents of the United States Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States Sons of the American Revolution University of Michigan Law School alumni United States Navy officers United States presidential candidates , 1976 Vice Presidents of the United States Yale Bulldogs football coaches Yale Law School alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 19 : 29 . 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U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1975 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1980 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . ) Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . PMID 19922564 . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07 . SSRN 304765 . Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot , Petersburg , Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE '' . nber.org . Petersburg Public Library . October 19 , 1983 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Does the Minimum Drinking Age Save Lives ? Jeffrey A. Miron and Elina Tetelbaum , 2007 '' . Nber.org. 2007 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , December 4 , 1972 , `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) link to fake reference ( typical wikitrash ) ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1888 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1887 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 37 , Number 12646 : THE NEXT GRAND JURY '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1884 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Call , Volume 69 , Number 144 : NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1891 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR '' . jstor.org . Jump up ^ OLR Research Report - Lowering the Drinking Age , 2009 . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation final report ( DOT HS 809 348 ) `` Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers , '' section III. B. , `` What happened : regional & state experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. debate continuing on alcohol '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . UPI . September 29 , 1966 . p. 10C . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 '' . The Day . New London , CT . January 22 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . September 24 , 1986 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 1 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Some , New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow '' . sun-sentinel.com . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws '' . Alcohollaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 18 , 1972 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers '' . Deseret News . UPI . June 26 , 1972 . p. 8C . Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors '' . Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune . January 18 , 1972 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . June 30 , 1972 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing '' . Spokane Chronicle. April 10 , 1987 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest . ( Portland , Or . ) 1871 - 1887 , March 15 , 1872 , Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law '' . oregonnews.uoregon.edu . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , August 3 , 1961 , `` Girl , 19 , sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 14 , 1973 , `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker . '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '' , Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division , Historical Highlights '' . iowaabd.com . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 4 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . 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Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . 94 . Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=837456968 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when was the drinking age set to 21

By mid-1988

1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed

Cost of the Olympic Games - wikipedia Cost of the Olympic Games Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sports - related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion dollars . Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history ; with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials , and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms . While originally budgeted at US $12 billion , the budget expanded to US $51 billion , surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , making Sochi the most expensive Olympics in history . The table below is listing the not so hard costs of the Games . Due to the multitude of reporting methods , the table contains both the operating costs and total final costs ( which include various infrastructure upgrades and security costs ) , known and not estimated . Net loss or gain are measured against the operating budgets . Intangible costs ( such as to the environment and society ) and not so total benefits ( through tourism ) are not included here . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Table ( edit ) Host City Year Final Operating Budget Total Costs Taxpayer Contribution Profit / Loss Year Debt Paid Off Notes Athens Summer Olympics 1896 3,740,000 ₯ Donations by George Averoff of 1,000,000 ₯ covered potential losses London Summer Olympics 1908 US $394,000 est . £ 6,377 Chamonix Winter Olympics 1924 3,500,000 ₣ 2,000,000 ₣ Paris Summer Olympics 1924 5,496,610 ₣ Amsterdam Summer Olympics 1928 $1,183,000 $18,000 St. Moritz Winter Olympics 1928 CHF 706,000 CHF104 , 800 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1932 $1,000,000 Berlin Summer Olympics 1936 $30,000,000 London Summer Olympics 1948 £ 761,688 £ 29,000 Helsinki Summer Olympics 1952 1,580,000,000 mk 49,000,000 mk Melbourne Summer Olympics 1956 A £ 5,400,000 A £ 300,000 Tokyo Summer Olympics 1964 US $ 72,000,000 Mexico City Summer Olympics 1968 US $ 176,000,000 Munich Summer Olympics 1972 1,972,000,000 DM Montreal Summer Olympics 1976 CDN $ 207,000,000 CDN $ 1,410,000,000 CDN $ 990,000,000 2006 A special tobacco tax was introduced in May 1976 to fund the loss Lake Placid Winter Olympics 1980 US $ 49,000,000 US $ 169,000,000 Moscow Summer Olympics 1980 US $ 231,000,000 US $ 1,350,000,000 USD $1,190,000,000 deficit This was the year that The United States and 64 other Nations boycotted due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984 US $ 55,400,000 US $ 110,900,000 US $10,000,000 The first Olympics since 1948 to make a profit Los Angeles Summer Olympics 1984 US $ 320,000,000 US $ 413,000,000 $75,000,000 US $250,000,000 1984 The first Summer Olympics since 1932 to make a profit Calgary Winter Olympics 1988 CDN $ 438,000,000 CDN $ 899,000,000 CDN $ 425,000,000 CDN $ 32,000,000 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics 1988 USD $4,000,000,000 US $300,000,000 1988 A record profit for a government - run Olympiad Barcelona Summer Olympics 1992 US $ 850,000,000 US $ 9,300,000,000 US $10,000,000 1992 Operating costs were put at 9.1 % of the total cost . The vast majority of spending was to improve infrastructure . Albertville Winter Olympics 1992 USD $1,200,000,000 on infrastructure USD $67,000,000 Lillehammer Winter Olympics US $ 1,100,000,000 US $ 250,000,000 Atlanta Summer Olympics US $ 1,800,000,000 US $ 609,000,000 US $ 19,000,000 Despite the profit , Atlanta 's heavy reliance on corporate sponsorship drew criticism of commercialization Nagano Winter Olympics 1998 ~ US $ 10,000,000,000 in new infrastructure Net loss Estimated 2015 The full cost of the Nagano Olympics is unknown , due to Nagano Olympic Bid Committee vice-secretary general Sumikazu Yamaguchi ordering accounting documents burned Sydney Summer Olympics 2000 A $ 6,600,000,000 A $ 3,000,000,000 ( A $ 363 , 5000 , 000 borne by the public ) A $ 2,050,000,000 USD $2,100,000,000 loss 2000 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 2002 US $ 2,000,000,000 US $ 1,200,000,000 US $ 600,000,000 US $ 101,000,000 2002 Additional security costs were incurred in the wake of the September 11 attacks Athens Summer Olympics US $ 15,000,000,000 US $ 9,000,000,000 US $ 6,200,000,000 US $ 14,500,000,000 The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government - debt crisis . Many of the venues lie vacant and rotting ; the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused . Turin Winter Olympics 2006 US $ 700,000,000 USD $3,200,000 The Italian government created a lottery game to cover its financial losses . Beijing Summer Olympics 2008 US $ 44,000,000,000 CNY 1,000,000,000 ( US $ 146,000,000 ) 2008 Vancouver Winter Olympics CDN $ 1,700,000,000 ( US $ 1,260,000,000 ) US $ 6,400,000,000 US $ 2,300,000,000 CDN $ 1,900,000 Included in the total US $ 6,400,000,000 cost are the $1,000,000,000 for security , $2,500,000,000 for transportation extensions and upgrades , and $900,000,000 for the new Vancouver Convention Centre ( An additional $554,000,000 was spent by the city including a portion on the Olympic Village ) . London Summer Olympics 2012 US $ 10,400,000,000 US $ 14,600,000,000 US $ 4,400,000,000 GBP £ nil 2012 Additional costs include $90 million for converting the Olympic Stadium ( London ) to a football venue Sochi Winter Olympics 2014 US $ 51,000,000,000 US $ 53,150,000 The most expensive Olympic Games in history , surpassing the previous record set by the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games . Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics 2016 US $ 13,100,000,000 US $ 11.6 billion Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018 US $ 12,900,000,000 Tokyo Summer Olympics 2020 Beijing Winter Olympics 2022 Paris Summer Olympics 2024 TBA 2026 Winter Olympics 2026 Los Angeles Summer Olympics 2028 TBA 2032 See also ( edit ) List of megaprojects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bennetts , Marc ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Winter Olympics 2014 : Sochi Games `` nothing but a monstrous scam , '' says Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov `` . Telegraph . London . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sochi Olympics : Castles in the sand '' . The Economist. 13 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf ^ Jump up to : https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/2307426/London-2012-must-learn-from-the-1bn-Sydney-hangover.html ^ Jump up to : `` Official Report of the XXIst Olympiad Montréal 1976 '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . 1978 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` XIII Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid - Final Report '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Report of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980 '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . 1981 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` FINAL REPORT published by the Organising Committee of the XlVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles , 1984 '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . 1985 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Julia Campbell . `` Cost to Host Olympic Games Skyrockets '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic Cities : Booms and Busts '' . Cnbc.com. 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing Olympiad : Profit or Loss ? '' . China Internet Information Center . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` XV Olympic Winter Games : Official Report '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . 1988 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Flyvbjerg , Bent ; Allison Stewart ( 2012 ) . `` Olympic Proportions : Cost and Cost Overrun at the Olympics 1960 - 2012 '' . Working Paper . Saïd Business School , University of Oxford . Jump up ^ Brunet , Ferran ( 1995 ) . An economic analysis of the Barcelona'92 Olympic Games : resources , financing and impacts `` . Working Paper . Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic Cities : Booms and Busts '' . Cnbc.com. 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Nina Berglund . `` Lillehammer marks OL anniversary '' . News In English . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . compared to the NOK 8,500,000,000 spent on Lillehammer ^ Jump up to : `` Exchange rate , US dollar ( USD ) '' . Norges Bank . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . January 1994 7.5109 ^ Jump up to : Schlotterbeck , Bianca ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` Nagano , Japan ( Winter 1998 ) '' . Olympic Cities : Booms and Busts . CNBC . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Craig , David ( 2009 ) . Squandered . Constable & Robinson Limited . p. 300 . ISBN 9781849011617 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic glory at any price ? - John Madden & James Giesecke - 26 Jul 2012 , Business Spectator '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney 2000 - Auditor Slams Costs '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hosting the Olympics : cash cow or money pit ? '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( 2002 - 02 - 04 ) . `` IOC 's Rogge Steps into the Cold - Feb 4 , 2002 - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics budget nearly $2,000,000,000 - Dec 11 , 2001 - Sports Illustrated '' . CNN . 2001 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mitt Romney 's Olympic history in the spotlight '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Lake Tops Forecast - 2002 - 09 - 18 - The New York Times '' . 2002 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` As Olympic glow fades , Athens Questions $15,000,000,000 Cost - 2008 - 07 - 21 - The Christian Science Monitor '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` How the 2004 Olympics Triggered Greece 's Decline - 2012 - 08 - 02 - Bloomberg Business '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics ' may cost Greece dear ' - 2004 - 06 - 02 - BBC NEWS '' . BBC News . 2004 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Schlotterbeck , Bianca ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` Athens , Greece ( Summer , 2004 ) '' . Olympic Cities : Booms and Busts . CNBC . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Cities : Booms and Busts '' . Cnbc.com. 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Turin Winter Olympics 2006 - 2014 - 02 - 06 - CIPRA : Living in the Alps '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Cities : Booms and Busts '' . Cnbc.com. 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics to cost China 44,000,000,000 dollars - 2008 - 06 - 08 - Pravda News '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics ' profit exceeds 1b yuan '' . Jump up ^ `` Olympics cost B.C. $925 M '' . CBC Sports . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vancouver 's Olympic Games overstated legacy and ignored true costs - 2014 - 02 - 07 - Rabble Canada '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IOC HEAD ROGGE HAPPY THAT 2010 VANCOUVER GAMES ARE ON TRACK - 2014 - 02 - 12 - TSN.ca '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` VANCOUVER 2010 TAKES ITS FINAL BOW WITH POSITIVE FINANCIAL FIGURES '' . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winner 's curse ? The economics of hosting the Olympic Games '' . CBC News . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics cost B.C. $925 M '' . CBC News . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 - Final cost of London 2012 Games revealed '' . Yahoo . October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Olympic Games 2012 olympics olys , Paralympics 2012 , Olympic legacy , Olympic Stadium , London ( News ) , UK news , Politics , Sport '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` London Olympics exceed initial budget by £ 6.52 bn '' . Newstatesman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Locog London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games , Olympic Games 2012 olympics olys , British Olympic Association , Sport politics , Sport '' ( PDF ) . LOCOG FINAL ANNUAL REPORT Page 33 . London . March 31 , 2012 . The results for the period show a net profit ( ... ) which matches brought forward losses therefore bringing the cumulative financial position of the Company to £ nil . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) . `` BBC Sport - West Ham get Olympic Stadium after government ups funding '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sochi 2014 : the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew . `` Sochi Winter Games made $53 million profit '' , Reuters , Rio De Janeiro , 27 February 2015 . Retrieved on 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Why Sochi Is By Far The Most Expensive Olympics Ever ADAM TAYLOR , JAN. 17 , 2014 , Jump up ^ http://qz.com/753250/rio-2016-is-hosting-the-olympics-ever-worth-it/ Jump up ^ http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/06/14/rio-olympics-cost-13-billion/ Jump up ^ `` Finance '' . 2016 Working Group Report ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . March 14 , 2008 . p. 88 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finance '' ( PDF ) . Rio de Janeiro 2016 Candidate File ( PDF ) . 1 . Brazilian Olympic Committee . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina . `` By The Numbers : The 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) What did Olympics bring Sydney Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_the_Olympic_Games&oldid=836147866 '' Categories : History of the Olympics History of finance Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from February 2018 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Монгол Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 23 : 15 . About Wikipedia

how much does it cost for the olympics

on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion dollars

USD 3.1 billion dollars

List of narrative techniques - wikipedia List of narrative techniques Jump to : navigation , search A narrative technique ( also known more narrowly for literary fictional narratives as a literary technique , literary device , or fictional device ) is any of several specific methods the creator of a narrative uses to convey what they want -- in other words , a strategy used in the making of a narrative to relay information to the audience and , particularly , to `` develop '' the narrative , usually in order to make it more complete , complicated , or interesting . Literary techniques are distinguished from literary elements , which exist inherently in works of writing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Plots 3 Perspective 4 Style 5 Theme 6 Character 7 References Setting ( edit ) Name Definition Example Setting The setting is both the time and geographic location within a narrative or within a work of fiction . A literary element , the setting initiates the main backdrop and mood of a story , often referred to as the story world . The novel Ulysses by James Joyce is set in Dublin , Ireland , the action taking place on a single day , 16 June 1904 . The action of the novel takes place from one side of Dublin Bay to the other , opening in Sandycove to the South of the city and closing on Howth Head to the North . While the novel parallels the story of Odysseus , the hero of Homer 's epic poem Odyssey , whose role is carried by Leopold Bloom , much of the setting is described realistically , with great attention to detail . The locations within Dublin also represent locations in the Odyssey . Bloom 's home is at 7 Eccles Street , and at the same time , Ithaca , the home of Odysseus . The Post office , Westland Row and Sweny 's pharmacy in Lombard Street represent the Dublin location for Episode 5 , Lotus Eaters ; the National Library of Ireland parallels Episode 9 , Scylla and Charybdis and so on . Plots ( edit ) Name Definition Example Backstory Story that precedes events in the story being told -- past events or background that add meaning to current circumstances Though The Lord of the Rings trilogy takes place in a relatively short period towards the end of the 3021 - year Third Age , the narration gives glimpses of the mythological and historical events which took place earlier in the Third age leading up to the action in the novel , and in the First and Second Age . Cliffhanger The narrative ends unresolved , to draw the audience back to a future episode for the resolution . Almost every episode of the TV shows like Dexter and Breaking Bad ends with one of the characters in a predicament ( about to be caught by thugs , about to be exposed by the authority , or a family member or a friend finds out the main character 's dirty secret ) . Deus ex machina ( a machination , or act of god ; lit . `` god out of the machine '' ) Resolving the primary conflict by a means unrelated to the story ( e.g. , a god appears and solves everything ) . This device dates back to ancient Greek theater , but can be a clumsy method that frustrates the audience . The phrase originates from Medea , an ancient Greek drama . An example occurs in Mighty Aphrodite and the Tamil movie Inga Enna Solluthu . Eucatastrophe Coined by J.R.R. Tolkien , a climactic event through which the protagonist appears to be facing a catastrophic change . However , this change does not materialize and the protagonist finds himself as the benefactor of such a climactic event ; contrast peripety / peripateia . At the end of The Lord of the Rings , Gollum forcibly takes away the Ring from Frodo , suggesting that Sauron would eventually take over Middle Earth . However , Gollum celebrates too eagerly and clumsily falls into the lava , whereby the ring is destroyed and with it Sauron 's power . In a way , Gollum does what Frodo and the Fellowship of the Ring intended to do through the whole plot of the trilogy , which was to throw the ring into the lake of fire in the heart of Mount Doom . Flashback ( or analeptic reference ) General term for altering time sequences , taking characters back to the beginning of the tale , for instance The story of `` The Three Apples '' in Arabian Nights tale begins with the discovery of a young woman 's dead body . After the murderer later reveals himself , he narrates his reasons for the murder as a flashback of events leading up to the discovery of her dead body at the beginning of the story . Flashforward Also called prolepsis , a scene that temporarily jumps the narrative forward in time . Flashforwards often represent events expected , projected , or imagined to occur in the future . They may also reveal significant parts of the story that have not yet occurred , but soon will in greater detail . Occurs in A Christmas Carol when Mr. Scrooge visits the ghost of the future . It is also frequent in the later seasons of the television series Lost . Foreshadowing Implicit yet intentional efforts of an author to suggest events which have yet to take place in the process of narration . See also repetitive designation and Chekhov 's gun A narration might begin with a male character who has to break up a schoolyard fight among some boys who are vying for the attention of a girl , which was introduced to foreshadow the events leading to a dinner time squabble between the character and his twin brother over a woman , whom both are courting at the same time . Frame story , or a story within a story A main story that hatches a linking series of shorter stories . Early examples include Panchatantra , Kalila and Dimna , Arabian Nights , and The Decameron . More modern examples are Brian Jacques 's 1999 The Legend of Luke and Ramsay Wood 's 2011 Kalila and Dimna update , subtitled Fables of Conflict and Intrigue . Framing device A single action , scene , event , setting , or any element of significance at the beginning and end of a work . The use of framing devices allows frame stories to exist . In Arabian Nights , Scheherazade , the newly wed wife to the King , is the framing device . As a character , she is telling the `` 1,001 stories '' to the King , in order to delay her execution night by night . However , as a framing device her purpose for existing is to tell the same 1,001 stories to the reader . MacGuffin A plot device coined by Alfred Hitchcock referring to some goal , desired object , or other motivator that the protagonist pursues , often with little or no narrative explanation as to why it is considered so important . In Hitchcock 's The 39 Steps the MacGuffin is a mysterious set of `` military secrets . '' No one knows what they are , and in the end they mean almost nothing . For all its power , mystery , and danger , The One Ring in Lord of the Rings is a MacGuffin that saves the world . The stuff that dreams are made of . The Maltese Falcon is a powerful MacGuffin in the film of the same name , a supposedly jewel encrusted black bird which creates the greed which propels every character , even the hero . In medias res Beginning the story in the middle of a sequence of events . A specific form of narrative hook . The Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer are prime examples . The latter work begins with the return of Odysseus to his home of Ithaka and then in flashbacks tells of his ten years of wandering following the Trojan War . Narrative hook Story opening that `` hooks '' readers ' attention so they will keep reading Any non-fiction book is often introduced with an interesting factoid . Ochi A sudden interruption of the wordplay flow indicating the end of a rakugo or a kobanashi . A Rakugo is a Japanese verbal entertainment usually lasting 30 minutes which ends with a surprise punch line , a narrative stunt known as ochi ( fall ) or sage ( lowering ) . Twelve kinds of ochi are codified and recognized . The earlier kobanashi was a short comical vignette ending with an ochi . Plot twist Unexpected change ( `` twist '' ) in the direction or expected outcome of the plot . See also twist ending . An early example is the Arabian Nights tale `` The Three Apples '' . A locked chest found by a fisherman contains a dead body , and two different men claim to be the murderer , which turns out to be the investigator 's own slave . Poetic justice Virtue ultimately rewarded , or vice punished , by an ironic twist of fate related to the character 's own conduct Wile E. Coyote coming up with a contraption to catch the Road Runner , only to be foiled and caught by his own devices . Each sin 's punishment in Dante 's Inferno is a symbolic instance of poetic justice . Predestination paradox Time travel paradox where a time traveler is caught in a loop of events that `` predestines '' them to travel back in time In Doctor Who , the main character repeatedly finds himself under the obligation of having to travel back in time because of something his future character has done . Quibble Plot device based on an argument that an agreement 's intended meaning holds no legal value , and that only the exact , literal words agreed on apply . For example , William Shakespeare used a quibble in The Merchant of Venice : Portia saves Antonio in a court of law by pointing out that the agreement called for a pound of flesh , but no blood , so Shylock can collect only if he sheds no blood . Red herring Diverting attention away from an item of significance . For example , in mystery fiction , an innocent party may be purposefully cast as highly suspicious through emphasis or descriptive techniques to divert attention from the true guilty party . Self - fulfilling prophecy Prediction that , by being made , makes itself come true . Early examples include the legend of Oedipus , and the story of Krishna in the Mahabharata . There is also an example of this in Harry Potter when Lord Voldemort heard a prophecy ( made by Sybill Trelawney to Dumbledore ) that a boy born at the end of July , whose parents had defied Voldemort thrice and survived , would be made marked as his equal . Because of this prophecy , Lord Voldemort sought out Harry Potter ( believing him to be the boy spoken of ) and tried to kill him . His parents died protecting him , and when Voldemort tried to cast a killing curse on Harry , it rebounded and took away most of his strength , and gave Harry Potter a unique ability and connection with the Dark Lord thus marking him as his equal . Story within a story ( Hypodiegesis ) A story told within another story . See also frame story . In Stephen King 's The Wind Through the Keyhole , of the Dark Tower series , the protagonist tells a story from his past to his companions , and in this story he tells another relatively unrelated story . Ticking clock scenario Threat of impending disaster -- often used in thrillers where salvation and escape are essential elements In the TV show `` 24 '' , the main character , Jack Bauer often finds himself interrogating a terrorist who is caught in order to disarm a bomb . Chekhov 's gun A dramatic principle that requires every element in a narrative to be irreplaceable , with anything else removed . `` Remove everything that has no relevance to the story . If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall , in the second or third chapter it absolutely must go off . If it 's not going to be fired , it should n't be hanging there . '' -- Anton Chekhov Unreliable narrator The narrator of the story is not sincere , or introduces a bias in their narration and possibly misleads the reader , hiding or minimizing events , characters , or motivations . An example is The Murder of Roger Ackroyd . The novel includes an unexpected plot twist at the end of the novel . In the last chapter , Sheppard describes how he was an unreliable narrator . Perspective ( edit ) Name Definition Example Audience surrogate A character who expresses the questions and confusion of the audience , with whom the audience can identify . Frequently used in detective fiction and science fiction , where the character asks a central character how he or she accomplished certain deeds , for the purpose of inciting that character to explain ( for the curious audience ) his or her methods , or a character asking a relatively educated person to explain what amounts to the backstory . Dr Watson in the Sherlock Holmes stories . Scott Evil , played by Seth Green , son of Dr. Evil on the Austin Powers movies . Author surrogate Characters which are based on authors , usually to support their personal views . Sometimes an intentionally or unintentionally idealized version of them . A variation is the Mary Sue or Gary Stu , which primarily serves as an idealized self - insertion . Socrates in the writings of Plato . Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues . In the Second Letter , it says , `` no writing of Plato exists or ever will exist , but those now said to be his are those of a Socrates become beautiful and new '' . Breaking the fourth wall An author or character addresses the audience directly ( also known as direct address ) . This may acknowledge to the reader or audience that what is being presented is fiction , or may seek to extend the world of the story to provide the illusion that they are included in it . The characters in Sesame Street often break the fourth wall when they address their viewers as part of the ongoing storyline , which is possible because of the high level of suspension of belief afforded by its audience -- children . The American political drama show House of Cards also uses this technique frequently to let the viewers know what the main character Frank Underwood is thinking and planning . Defamiliarization Taking an everyday object and presenting it in a way that is weirdly unfamiliar so that we see the object in a new way . Coined by the early 20th - century Russian literary critic Viktor Shklovsky in `` Art as Technique . '' In , Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels when Gulliver visits the land of the giants and sees a giant woman 's skin he sees it is anything but smooth and beautiful when viewed up close . First - person narration A text presented from the point of view of a character , especially the protagonist , as if the character is telling the story themselves . ( Breaking the fourth wall is an option , but not a necessity , of this format . ) Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn uses the title character as the narrator , while Sherlock Holmes is primarily told from Watson 's perspective . Magical realism Describing events in a real - world setting but with magical trappings , often incorporating local customs and invented beliefs . Different from urban fantasy in that the magic itself is not the focus of the story . Particularly popular with Latin American authors like Gabriel García Márquez and Jorge Luis Borges . Elsewhere , Salman Rushdie 's work provides good examples . Multiperspectivity A narrative that is told from the viewpoints of multiple characters that incorporate various perspectives , emotions , and views from witnesses or actors to varying particular events or circumstances that might not be felt by other characters in the story . The films of Robert Altman . 2666 by Roberto Bolano features European literary critics , a Chilean philosophy professor , an African - American journalist , detectives investigating Santa Teresa murders and an obscure German writer named Benno Von Archimboldi . Pale Fire by Vladimir Nabokov features literature professor John Shade , Charles Kinbote , a neighbor and colleague of Shade 's and Charles the Beloved , king of Zembla . Kinbote is the ultimate unreliable commentator . Second - person narration A text written in the style of a direct address , in the second - person . Rape : A Love Story . Stream of consciousness The author uses narrative and stylistic devices to create the sense of an unedited interior monologue , characterized by leaps in syntax and punctuation that trace a character 's fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings . The outcome is a highly lucid perspective with a plot . Not to be confused with free writing . An example is Ulysses . At one point Leopold Bloom saunters through Dublin musing on `` Pineapple rock , lemon platt , butter scotch . A sugar - sticky girl shovelling scoopful of creams for a Christian brother . Some school treat . Bad for their tummies . '' Third - person narration A text written as if by an impersonal narrator who is not affected by the events in the story . Can be omniscient or limited , the latter usually being tied to a specific character , a group of characters , or a location . A Song of Ice and Fire is written in multiple limited third - person narrators that change with each chapter . The Master and Margarita uses an omniscient narrator . Style ( edit ) See also : Figure of speech Name Definition Example Allegory A symbolic fiction story . C.S. Lewis 's The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe is a religious allegory with Aslan as Christ and Edmund as Judas . Alliteration Repeating the same letter or consonant sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words . In the film V for Vendetta the main character performs a couple of soliloquies with a heavy use of alliteration , e.g. , `` Voilà ! In view , a humble vaudevillian veteran , cast vicariously as both victim and villain by the vicissitudes of Fate . This visage , no mere veneer of vanity , is a vestige of the vox populi , now vacant , vanished , as the once vital voice of the verisimilitude now venerates what they once vilified . However , this valorous visitation of a bygone vexation stands vivified , and has vowed to vanquish these venal and virulent vermin vanguarding vice and vouchsafing the violently vicious and voracious violation of volition . The only verdict is vengeance ; a vendetta held as a votive , not in vain , for the value and veracity of such shall one day vindicate the vigilant and the virtuous . Verily , this vichyssoise of verbiage veers most verbose vis - à - vis an introduction , and so it is my very good honor to meet you and you may call me V . '' Amplification ( rhetoric ) Amplification refers to a literary practice wherein the writer embellishes the sentence by adding more information to it in order to increase its worth and understanding . E.g. , Original sentence : The thesis paper was difficult . After amplification : The thesis paper was difficult : it required extensive research , data collection , sample surveys , interviews and a lot of fieldwork . Anagram Rearranging the letters of a word or a phrase to form a new phrase or word . E.g. , An anagram for `` debit card '' is `` bad credit '' . As you can see , both phrases use the same letters . By mixing the letters a bit of humor is created . Asyndeton When sentences do not use conjunctions ( e.g. , and , or , nor ) to separate clauses , but run clauses into one another , usually marking the separation of clauses with punctuation . An example is when John F. Kennedy said on January 20 , 1961 `` ... that we shall pay any price , bear any burden , meet any hardship , support any friend , oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty . '' Bathos An abrupt transition in style from the exalted to the commonplace , producing a ludicrous effect . While often unintended , bathos may be used deliberately to produce a humorous effect . : The ballerina rose gracefully en pointe and extended one slender leg behind her , like a dog at a fire hydrant . ( Jennifer Hart , Arlington ) Caesura A break , especially a sense pause , usually near the middle of a verse , and marked in scansion by a double vertical line . This technique frequently occurs within a poetic line grammatically connected to the end of the previous line by enjambment . E.g. , in `` Know then thyself . ‖ Presume not God to scan . '' Distancing effect Deliberately preventing the audience from identifying with characters in order to let them be coolly scrutinized . Popularized by 20th century playwright Bertolt Brecht . Dramatic visualization Representing an object or character with abundant descriptive detail , or mimetically rendering gestures and dialogue to make a scene more visual or imaginatively present to an audience . This technique appears at least as far back as the Arabian Nights . Euphuism An artificial , highly elaborate way of writing or speaking . Named from Euphues ( 1579 ) the prose romance by John Lyly . `` Is it not far better to abhor sins by the remembrance of others ' faults , than by repentance of thine own follies ? '' ( Euphues , 1 , lecture by the wise Neapolitan ) Hyperbole Exaggeration used to evoke strong feelings or create an impression which is not meant to be taken literally . Sally could no longer hide her secret . Her pregnant belly was bigger than the planet on which she stood . Imagery Forming mental images of a scene using descriptive words , especially making use of the human senses . The same as sensory detail . When the boots came off his feet with a leathery squeak , a smell of ferment and fish market immediately filled the small tent . The skin of his toes were red and raw and sensitive . The malodorous air was so toxic he thought he could almost taste his toes . Leitwortstil Purposefully repeating words that usually express a motif or theme important to the story . This dates back at least to the Arabian Nights . Metonymy Word or phrase in a figure of speech in which a noun is referenced by something closely associated with it , rather than explicitly by the noun itself . This is not to be confused with synecdoche , in which a part of the whole stands for the thing itself . Metonomy : The boxer threw in the towel . Synecdoche : She gave her hand in marriage . Overstatement Exaggerating something , often for emphasis ( also known as hyperbole ) Sally 's pregnant belly most likely weighed as much as the scooter she used to ride before she got pregnant . Onomatopoeia Word that sounds the same as , or similar to what the word means . `` Boom goes the dynamite . '' Oxymoron A term made of two words that deliberately or coincidentally imply each other 's opposite . `` terrible beauty '' Paradox A phrase that describes an idea composed of concepts that conflict . `` It was the best of times , it was the worst of times . '' ( A Tale of Two Cities ) Parody Ridicule by overstated imitation , usually humorous . MAD Magazine Pastiche Using forms and styles from another author , generally as an affectionate tribute . Such as the many stories featuring Sherlock Holmes not written by Arthur Conan Doyle , or much of the Cthulhu Mythos . Pathos Emotional appeal , one of the three modes of persuasion in rhetoric that the author uses to inspire pity or sorrow towards a character -- typically does not counterbalance the target character 's suffering with a positive outcome , as in Tragedy . In Romeo and Juliet , the two main characters each commit suicide at the sight of the supposedly dead lover , however the audience knows these actions to be rash and unnecessary . Therefore , Shakespeare makes for the emotional appeal for the unnecessary tragedy behind the young characters ' rash interpretations about love and life . Polyptoton Words derived from the same root in a sentence . `` Not as a call to battle , though embattled we are . '' John F. Kennedy , Inaugural Address , January 20 , 1961 . Polysyndeton Polysyndeton is the use of several conjunctions in close succession , this provides a sense of exaggeration designed to wear down the audience . An example of this is in the first chapter of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens : `` A man who had been soaked in water , and smothered in mud , and lamed by stones , and cut by flints , and stung by nettles , and torn by briars ; who limped , and shivered , and glared and growled ; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin '' Satire The use of humor , irony or exaggeration to criticize . An example is Network . One of the earliest examples is Gullivers Travels , written by Jonathan Swift . The television program South Park is another . Sensory detail sight , sound , taste , touch , smell . The same as imagery The boot was tough and sinewy between his hard - biting teeth . There was no flavor to speak of except for the blandness of all the dirt that the boot had soaked up over the years . The only thing the boot reminded him of was the smell of a wet - dog . Understatement A diminishing or softening of a theme or effect . The broken ends of the long bone were sticking through the bleeding skin , but it was n't something that always killed a man . Theme ( edit ) Name Definition Example Irony This discrepancy between expectation and reality occurs in three forms : situational irony , where a situation features a discrepancy between what is expected and what is actualized ; dramatic irony , where a character is unaware of pivotal information already revealed to the audience ( the discrepancy here lies in the two levels of awareness between the character and the audience ) ; and verbal irony , where one states one thing while meaning another . The difference between verbal irony and sarcasm is exquisitely subtle and often contested . The concept of irony is too often misunderstood in popular usage . Unfortunate circumstances and coincidences do not constitute irony ( nor do they qualify as being tragic ) . See the Usage controversy section under irony , and the term tragedy . A person hears a prophecy about himself . His endeavor to stop the prophecy from coming true , makes it come true . Metaphor Evoking imagination by means of using figurative language . Her tears were a river flowing down her cheeks . Thematic patterning Distributing recurrent thematic concepts and moralistic motifs among various incidents and frames of a story . In a skillfully crafted tale , thematic patterning may emphasize the unifying argument or salient idea disparate events and disparate frames have in common . Each of the chapters of Ulysses by James Joyce . Character ( edit ) Name Type Notes Anthropomorphism Form of personification that applies human - like characteristics to animals and objects The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi or the Cheshire Cat of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll Hamartia The character flaw of an initially rich and powerful hero that leads to his tragic downfall . This is also referred to as the tragic flaw . Oedipus kills his own father because he does n't understand his true parentage . Pathetic fallacy Reflecting a character 's ( usually the protagonist ) mood in the atmosphere or inanimate objects . Related to anthropomorphism and projection For example , the storm in William Shakespeare 's King Lear , which mirrors Lear 's mental deterioration . Personification Using comparative metaphors and similes to give living characteristics to abstract concepts and non-human entities Taken from Act I , Scene II of Romeo and Juliet : `` When well - appareled April on the heel / Of limping winter treads . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orehovec , Barbara ( 2003 ) . Revisiting the Reading Workshop : A Complete Guide to Organizing and Managing an Effective Reading Workshop That Builds Independent , Strategic Readers ( illustrated ed . ) . Scholastic Inc. p. 89 . ISBN 0439444047 . Jump up ^ Demchick , Harrison ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Techniques and Tension in Breaking Bad '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Literature Glossary - Defamiliarization '' . www.shmoop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Allegory Examples '' . YourDictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Robert Hartwell ( 1 November 2011 ) . Robert Hartwell Fiske 's Dictionary of Unendurable English : A Compendium of Mistakes in Grammar , Usage , and Spelling with commentary on lexicographers and linguists . Scribner . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 5134 - 8 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Meyer Howard ; Harpham , Geoffrey Galt ( 2009 ) . A Glossary of Literary Terms . Cengage Learning . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4130 - 3390 - 8 . Jump up ^ High School Analogies Jump up ^ Graham Allen ( 2 June 2004 ) . Roland Barthes . Routledge . p. 29 . ISBN 1 - 134 - 50341 - 5 . Jump up ^ Heath , Peter ( May 1994 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights by David Pinault '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Cambridge University Press , 26 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 360 , doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800060633 Jump up ^ Heath ( 1994 ) p. 360 Jump up ^ `` Personification - Examples and Definition of Personification '' . 2013 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Narrative Character Antagonist Antihero Archenemy Character arc Characterization Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Protagonist Stock character Supporting character Tritagonist Narrator Tragic hero Plot Action Backstory Cliché Climax Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Exposition Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Reveal Self - fulfilling prophecy Subplot Trope Kishōtenketsu Setting Backstory Utopia Dystopia Alternate history Fictional location city country universe Theme Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Motif Irony Style Allegory Bathos Diction Figure of speech Imagery Narrative techniques Narration Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Mode Mood Structure Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Comics Epic Fable Fabliau Fairy tale Folktale Flash fiction Legend Novella Novel Parable Play Poem Screenplay Short story Genre Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docufiction Epistolary Erotic Fiction Fantasy Gothic Historical Horror Magic realism Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Psychological Romance Saga Satire Science Speculative Superhero Thriller Urban Western List of writing genres Narration First - person Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Unreliable Tense Past Present Future Related Audience Author Creative nonfiction Fiction writing Literary theory Literary science Narratology Monomyth Rhetoric Screenwriting Storytelling Tellability Literature portal Literary composition General topics Literature Fiction writing Writer Characterization Exposition Description Writer 's block Techniques / devices Linguistic contrast Literary contrast Trope Idiom Cliché Methods Writing process Mimesis Plagiarism Cut - up technique Pastiche Assemblage Features Writing style Stylistics Writer 's voice Setting tone Grammatical mood Tone Register Rhetorical modes Forms Novel Screenplay Short story Poetry Essay Joke Creative nonfiction Beyond the arts Composition studies Technical writing Articulation ( sociological ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_narrative_techniques&oldid=836217232 '' Categories : Narrative techniques Literary techniques Narratology Poetic devices Style ( fiction ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français עברית Latviešu Lietuvių ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Simple English Slovenčina Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- ladies ' singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- ladies ' singles Jump to : navigation , search Ladies ' singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 21 -- 23 February Competitors 30 from 20 nations Winning score 239.57 Medalists 01 ! Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 02 ! Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 03 ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The ladies ' single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 21 February , and the free skating was held on 23 February . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Records ( edit ) See also : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics For a complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . The following new best scores were set during this competition : Component Skaters Score Date Ref Short program Evgenia Medvedeva ( OAR ) 81.61 21 February 2018 Alina Zagitova ( OAR ) 82.92 The Olympic Athletes from Russia set two subsequent world records in the short program on February 21 , with Evgenia Medvedeva scoring 81.61 and then Alina Zagitova scoring 82.92 ten minutes later . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete in the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 20.00 and the free skate 36.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 21 February 10 : 00 Short program 23 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 21 February . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 82.92 WR 45.30 37.62 9.36 9.18 9.64 9.43 9.43 0.00 28 Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 81.61 43.19 38.42 9.54 9.39 9.71 9.68 9.71 0.00 25 Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 78.87 41.83 37.04 9.32 9.00 9.36 9.29 9.32 0.00 27 Satoko Miyahara Japan 75.94 40.25 35.69 8.96 8.75 9.00 8.86 9.04 0.00 26 5 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 73.18 40.36 32.82 8.43 7.96 8.29 8.18 8.18 0.00 19 6 Carolina Kostner Italy 73.15 35.06 38.09 9.46 9.32 9.54 9.61 9.68 0.00 29 7 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 68.90 35.90 33.00 8.32 8.04 8.18 8.25 8.46 0.00 21 8 Choi Da - bin South Korea 67.77 37.54 30.23 7.75 7.29 7.68 7.5 7.57 0.00 24 9 Mirai Nagasu United States 66.93 37.24 30.69 8.04 7.36 7.61 7.68 7.68 - 1.00 20 10 Karen Chen United States 65.90 33.53 32.37 8.07 7.89 8.14 8.11 8.25 0.00 22 11 Bradie Tennell United States 64.01 35.50 29.51 7.57 7.25 7.25 7.43 7.39 - 1.00 12 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 63.86 31.47 33.39 8.46 8.21 8.21 8.46 8.39 - 1.00 30 13 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 60.59 32.36 28.23 7.18 6.82 7.21 7.00 7.07 0.00 18 14 Nicole Schott Germany 59.20 31.62 27.58 6.96 6.61 7.07 6.86 6.96 0.00 17 15 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 58.82 29.14 29.68 7.46 7.18 7.50 7.43 7.54 0.00 23 16 Kailani Craine Australia 56.77 30.36 26.41 6.61 6.32 6.71 6.57 6.79 0.00 13 17 Isadora Williams Brazil 55.74 29.83 25.91 6.54 6.29 6.64 6.46 6.46 0.00 18 Emmi Peltonen Finland 55.28 28.48 27.80 7.00 6.64 6.96 7.07 7.07 - 1.00 10 19 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 55.26 29.99 25.27 6.39 6.14 6.39 6.39 6.29 0.00 8 20 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 55.16 27.79 27.37 7.04 6.64 6.82 6.82 6.89 0.00 16 21 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 54.33 29.41 24.92 6.36 6.00 6.32 6.29 6.18 0.00 5 22 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 53.67 28.24 25.43 6.57 6.14 6.46 6.29 6.32 0.00 12 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 53.22 27.60 25.62 6.54 6.18 6.43 6.39 6.50 0.00 14 24 Li Xiangning China 52.46 27.27 26.19 6.64 6.29 6.54 6.64 6.64 - 1.00 7 Did not advance to free skating 25 Larkyn Austman Canada 51.42 25.93 26.49 6.71 6.32 6.61 6.71 6.75 - 1.00 11 26 Diāna Ņikitina Latvia 51.12 26.35 24.77 6.29 5.93 6.18 6.32 6.25 0.00 27 Giada Russo Italy 50.88 25.90 25.98 6.57 6.25 6.50 6.54 6.61 - 1.00 15 28 Anita Östlund Sweden 49.14 25.35 23.79 6.14 5.82 5.93 5.93 5.93 0.00 6 29 Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine 47.59 26.66 22.93 5.86 5.54 5.61 5.82 5.82 - 2.00 30 Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan 44.40 21.29 23.11 5.71 5.46 5.82 5.89 6.00 0.00 9 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 23 February . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 79.18 * 77.47 * 9.57 9.43 9.82 9.71 9.89 0.00 24 Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 81.62 * 75.03 * 9.32 9.21 9.61 9.29 9.46 0.00 22 Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 152.15 76.50 75.65 9.50 9.21 9.57 9.39 9.61 0.00 23 Satoko Miyahara Japan 146.44 75.20 71.24 8.93 8.64 9.07 8.89 9.00 0.00 19 5 Carolina Kostner Italy 139.29 63.64 75.65 9.46 9.25 9.43 9.57 9.57 0.00 20 6 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 136.53 68.42 68.11 8.57 8.36 8.50 8.57 8.57 0.00 21 7 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 134.24 66.94 67.30 8.39 8.14 8.54 8.43 8.57 0.00 13 8 Choi Da - bin South Korea 131.49 68.74 62.75 7.86 7.57 8.04 7.86 7.89 0.00 17 9 Bradie Tennell United States 128.34 65.41 62.93 7.93 7.68 7.79 7.93 8.00 0.00 15 10 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 121.38 67.03 54.35 6.96 6.46 7.00 6.68 6.86 0.00 11 Karen Chen United States 119.75 56.65 64.10 8.18 7.64 7.96 8.07 8.21 - 1.00 14 12 Mirai Nagasu United States 119.61 57.56 62.05 8.14 7.50 7.71 7.75 7.68 0.00 18 13 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 118.30 60.50 58.80 7.39 7.11 7.39 7.43 7.43 - 1.00 7 14 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 116.72 60.73 55.99 7.07 6.71 7.11 6.96 7.14 0.00 15 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 114.60 57.80 56.80 7.11 6.89 7.25 7.25 7.21 0.00 11 16 Kailani Craine Australia 111.84 57.89 57.89 6.68 6.54 7.00 6.64 6.86 0.00 9 17 Nicole Schott Germany 109.26 52.68 56.58 7.04 6.82 7.04 7.18 7.29 0.00 10 18 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 106.25 55.13 52.12 6.50 6.29 6.61 6.54 6.64 - 1.00 19 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 103.56 45.81 61.75 8.00 7.64 7.39 7.93 7.64 - 4.00 16 20 Li Xiangning China 101.97 50.56 51.41 6.57 6.21 6.46 6.39 6.50 0.00 5 21 Emmi Peltonen Finland 101.86 46.41 56.45 7.14 6.79 7.00 7.07 7.29 - 1.00 8 22 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 101.00 50.94 50.06 6.43 6.00 6.29 6.32 6.25 0.00 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 97.21 49.82 50.39 6.32 6.29 6.21 6.39 6.29 - 3.00 6 24 Isadora Williams Brazil 88.44 38.39 51.05 6.43 6.18 6.36 6.43 6.50 - 1.00 12 * Evgenia Medvedeva finished at higher place due to better program component score Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating Rank Name Nation Total points SP FS 01 ! Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 239.57 82.92 156.65 02 ! Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 238.26 81.61 156.65 03 ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 231.02 78.87 152.15 Satoko Miyahara Japan 222.38 75.94 146.44 5 Carolina Kostner Italy 212.44 73.15 6 139.29 5 6 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 209.71 73.18 5 136.53 6 7 Choi Da - bin South Korea 199.26 67.77 8 131.49 8 8 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 198.10 63.86 12 134.24 7 9 Bradie Tennell United States 192.35 64.01 11 128.34 9 10 Mirai Nagasu United States 186.54 66.93 9 119.61 12 11 Karen Chen United States 185.65 65.90 10 119.75 11 12 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 177.12 58.82 15 118.30 13 13 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 175.71 54.33 21 121.38 10 14 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 175.19 60.59 13 114.60 15 15 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 172.46 68.90 7 103.56 19 16 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 171.88 55.16 20 116.72 14 17 Kailani Craine Australia 168.61 56.77 16 111.84 16 18 Nicole Schott Germany 168.46 59.20 14 109.26 17 19 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 159.92 53.67 22 106.25 18 20 Emmi Peltonen Finland 157.14 55.28 18 101.86 21 21 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 156.26 55.26 19 101.00 22 22 Li Xiangning China 154.43 52.46 24 101.97 20 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 150.43 53.22 23 97.21 23 24 Isadora Williams Brazil 144.18 55.74 17 88.44 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Larkyn Austman Canada N / A 51.42 25 N / A N / A 26 Diāna Ņikitina Latvia N / A 51.12 26 N / A N / A 27 Giada Russo Italy N / A 50.88 27 N / A N / A 28 Anita Östlund Sweden N / A 49.14 28 N / A N / A 29 Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine N / A 47.59 29 N / A N / A 30 Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan N / A 44.40 30 N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : Bieler , Des ; Janes , Chelsea ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` Alina Zagitova tops Russian teammate Evgenia Medvedeva 's world - record short program score '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia 's Zagitova beats Medvedeva 's short program world record at Olympics '' . TASS. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Short program results Jump up ^ Free skating results Jump up ^ Final results Olympic champions in figure skating -- Ladies ' singles 1908 : Madge Syers ( GBR ) 1920 : Magda Julin ( SWE ) 1924 : Herma Szabo ( AUT ) 1928 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1932 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1936 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1948 : Barbara Ann Scott ( CAN ) 1952 : Jeannette Altwegg ( GBR ) 1956 : Tenley Albright ( USA ) 1960 : Carol Heiss ( USA ) 1964 : Sjoukje Dijkstra ( NED ) 1968 : Peggy Fleming ( USA ) 1972 : Trixi Schuba ( AUT ) 1976 : Dorothy Hamill ( USA ) 1980 : Anett Pötzsch ( GDR ) 1984 : Katarina Witt ( GDR ) 1988 : Katarina Witt ( GDR ) 1992 : Kristi Yamaguchi ( USA ) 1994 : Oksana Baiul ( UKR ) 1998 : Tara Lipinski ( USA ) 2002 : Sarah Hughes ( USA ) 2006 : Shizuka Arakawa ( JPN ) 2010 : Yuna Kim ( KOR ) 2014 : Adelina Sotnikova ( RUS ) 2018 : Alina Zagitova ( OAR ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Ladies % 27_singles&oldid = 827594424 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Women 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 06 . 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when is the womens ice skating for the olympics

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Doug Pederson - wikipedia Doug Pederson Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Doug Peterson . Doug Pederson Pederson in 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Position : Head coach Born : ( 1968 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1968 ( age 50 ) Bellingham , Washington Height : 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Weight : 221 lb ( 100 kg ) Career information High school : Ferndale ( WA ) College : Northeast Louisiana Undrafted : 1991 Career history As player : Miami Dolphins ( 1991 ) * New York / New Jersey Knights ( 1992 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Carolina Panthers ( 1995 ) * Rhein Fire ( 1995 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1995 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2000 ) Green Bay Packers ( 2001 -- 2004 ) * Offseason and / or practice squad member only As coach : Calvary Baptist Academy ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Head coach Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Offensive quality control coordinator Philadelphia Eagles ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Quarterbacks coach Kansas City Chiefs ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Offensive coordinator Philadelphia Eagles ( 2016 -- present ) Head coach Career highlights and awards As player Super Bowl champion ( XXXI ) As coach Super Bowl champion ( LII ) Career NFL statistics Pass attempts : 522 Pass completions : 286 Percentage : 54.7 TD -- INT : 12 -- 19 Passing yards : 2,762 Passer rating : 62.3 Player stats at NFL.com Head coaching record Regular season : 20 -- 12 (. 625 ) Postseason : 3 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) Career : 23 -- 12 (. 657 ) Coaching stats at PFR Douglas Irving Pederson ( born January 31 , 1968 ) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He served as the offensive coordinator of the Kansas City Chiefs from 2013 -- 2015 . He spent most of his playing career as a member of the Green Bay Packers , serving as a backup quarterback to Brett Favre and holder on placekicks , and winning Super Bowl XXXI with the team over the New England Patriots . He was also a backup to Dan Marino as a member of the Miami Dolphins , and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and Cleveland Browns . In his second season as the Eagles ' head coach , Pederson won Super Bowl LII ( also against the Patriots ) , marking the first Super Bowl title in franchise history . He also became just the fourth person , after Mike Ditka , Tom Flores , and Tony Dungy to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Professional 1.2. 1 Miami Dolphins 1.2. 2 First stint with Packers 1.2. 3 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 4 Cleveland Browns 1.2. 5 Green Bay Packers ( second stint ) 2 Coaching career 2.1 High school 2.2 NFL assistant coaching positions 2.3 NFL head coach 2.4 Head coaching record 2.5 Coaching tree 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Playing career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Pederson was born in Bellingham , Washington , in 1968 . He attended Ferndale High School in nearby Ferndale , Washington , and was an All - State selection in football , basketball , and baseball . After high school he graduated from Northeast Louisiana University , where he was quarterback from 1987 through 1990 . He still holds multiple passing records at the school . Professional ( edit ) Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Pederson originally signed as a rookie free agent by the Miami Dolphins on May 1 , 1991 , out of Northeast Louisiana University ( now University of Louisiana at Monroe ) in Monroe , Louisiana . He was waived on August 17 , 1991 , before the start of the regular season . After spending the 1991 season as a free agent , the New York / New Jersey Knights of the World League of American Football ( WLAF ) drafted him in the fifth round for the first pool of draft - eligible players on February 4 , 1992 . The second pool , which was drafted from on February 20 , consisted of players allocated by NFL teams to the league . He was the backup quarterback to Reggie Slack with the Knights from March to May 1992 . After the WLAF season finished , he was re-signed by the Dolphins on June 2 , 1992 . Pederson spent 1992 training camp with the Dolphins , before being released during final roster cuts again . He was subsequently re-signed to the team 's practice squad , where he practiced on the scout team until he was waived on October 8 , 1992 . He was re-signed by the Dolphins after the season on March 3 , 1993 . After his third training camp with the Dolphins , he was waived again on August 31 , 1993 . For the second consecutive season , Pederson was re-signed to the team 's practice squad , on September 1 , 1993 . Dan Marino , the Dolphins ' starting quarterback since 1983 , ruptured his Achilles ' tendon in a week 6 game against the Cleveland Browns on October 10 , 1993 , forcing backup Scott Mitchell to replace him . Pederson replaced Marino on the active roster , and served as Mitchell 's backup for the next four games . Pederson made his NFL debut on October 24 , 1993 , in a week 8 game against the Indianapolis Colts . He helped head coach Don Shula win his NFL - record 325th victory as a coach when Mitchell suffered a separated shoulder in a week 11 game against the Philadelphia Eagles on November 14 , 1993 . In that record breaking game for Coach Shula , Pederson entered in the 3rd quarter of the game and went 3 for 6 for 34 yards , and completed several crucial 3rd downs . Pederson was able to steer the Dolphins to the win . Pederson also served as the backup to recently acquired Steve DeBerg for the three games Mitchell missed with injury . He briefly entered a week 14 game against the New York Giants while DeBerg was receiving stitches on his face . Mitchell returned as the Dolphins ' starter after week 15 , and Pederson was released in favor of backup DeBerg and third - string quarterback Hugh Millen on December 16 , 1993 . Pederson re-signed with the Dolphins on April 16 , 1994 , after the season ended . He spent the entire 1994 season on the Dolphins ' active roster as the third - string quarterback behind Marino and Bernie Kosar . On February 15 , 1995 , Pederson was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the twenty - second round of the NFL Expansion Draft , after being placed on the Dolphins ' available players list on January 19 , but was released on May 24 , 1995 . He returned to the World League after his release , playing with Rhein Fire . Pederson re-signed with the Dolphins again in June 1995 . After competing with Dan McGwire throughout training camp , Pederson was waived on August 22 , 1995 . Marino suffered a knee injury during a week 6 game , so Pederson was re-signed on October 10 to serve as the third quarterback behind Kosar and McGwire for the next two games . He was released again after Marino returned for week 9 on October 24 . First stint with Packers ( edit ) Pederson worked out for the Green Bay Packers following week 10 in 1995 , due to a season - ending injury suffered by backup Ty Detmer and a minor injury sustained by starter Brett Favre . Third - string quarterback T.J. Rubley was forced to play in week 10 and threw a game - ending interception after calling an audible , going against head coach Mike Holmgren 's playcall . The Packers signed Bob Gagliano to serve as the third - stringer quarterback for weeks 11 and 12 . Pederson replaced Gagliano as the third - string quarterback when he signed with the Packers on November 22 , 1995 . The Packers claimed Jim McMahon off waivers from the Browns to serve as Favre 's backup ahead of Pederson and Rubley on November 29 , 1995 . Rubley was waived on December 13 , leaving McMahon and Pederson as Favre 's backups . Favre did not miss any games , so Pederson did not see any game action for the Packers in 1995 . Pederson served as the third quarterback behind Favre and McMahon in 1996 , playing in one game but recorded no statistics . He received a Super Bowl ring following the Packers ' win over the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI . He re-signed with the Packers with a two - year contract on February 20 , 1997 . Pederson was again the third quarterback throughout 1997 , backing up Favre and Steve Bono . Pederson beat out Rick Mirer for the backup job to Favre , as well as the primary placekick holder job , in 1998 . In a week 5 loss to the Minnesota Vikings , Pederson replaced Favre in the last five minutes of a blowout game , and threw two touchdowns in his place . However , Pederson suffered a broken jaw that knocked him out for the team 's next four games . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Pederson signed a three - year , $4.5 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles on February 18 , 1999 , to become the team 's starting quarterback under new head coach Andy Reid , who was Pederson 's quarterbacks coach in Green Bay from 1997 -- 1998 . The Eagles drafted Donovan McNabb with the second overall pick in the 1999 NFL Draft in April 1999 , and Reid said Pederson would remain the starter until McNabb was ready to play . In his nine starts for the Eagles , Pederson had a 2 -- 7 record , a 51.6 % completion rate , 1,168 passing yards , six touchdowns , and nine interceptions . In his first career start , a week 1 game against the Arizona Cardinals , Pederson threw two touchdowns in the first quarter to help give the Eagles a 21 -- 0 lead . The Cardinals came back , however , and won the game on a field goal as time expired , 25 -- 24 . Pederson went 12 - for - 25 for 91 yards and two touchdowns in the game . McNabb replaced Pederson , who suffered a bruised throwing shoulder , after one half in a week 2 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , in which Pederson went 12 - of - 19 for 100 yards and an interception . Pederson started a week 3 shutout loss ( 26 -- 0 ) to the Buffalo Bills , going 14 - of - 26 for 137 yards and two lost fumbles , before being replaced by McNabb again in the fourth quarter . In a week 4 loss to the New York Giants , Pederson went 6 - for - 15 for 75 yards and two interceptions before being replaced by McNabb after halftime . Pederson 's first NFL win came in week 5 in a game against the Dallas Cowboys . He played the entire game , going 11 - of - 29 for 145 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Pederson played the entirety of the next three games , posting a 1 -- 2 record while throwing three touchdowns and three interceptions . In his final start as an Eagle , Pederson was benched at halftime of a week 9 game against the Carolina Panthers after going 3 - of - 9 for 28 yards and being down 23 -- 0 . He did not see game action at quarterback again until a week 14 game against the Cowboys in which McNabb suffered an injury in the fourth quarter . Pederson went 8 - for - 12 for 108 yards and a touchdown in the loss , and Koy Detmer received the start ahead of him in week 15 with McNabb still injured . After spending the next season 's training camp with the team , the Eagles released Pederson on August 28 , 2000 . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Pederson considered retirement after being released by the Eagles , but instead signed a two - year contract with the Cleveland Browns on September 2 , 2000 . The Browns ' backup , Ty Detmer , suffered a season - ending injury , and the Browns needed a backup quarterback to starter Tim Couch . This was the second time in Pederson 's career that he was signed to replace an injured Ty Detmer . Pederson started as the third quarterback behind Couch and Spergon Wynn , until Couch suffered a season - ending injury in week 7 . Pederson started the next six games , posting a 1 -- 5 record . In a week 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , he was knocked out of the game with bruised ribs and replaced with Wynn . Wynn started the next week against the Jacksonville Jaguars , but he suffered a season - ending injury and Pederson replaced him . Pederson returned for the final two games of the season , losing both , including a 35 -- 24 loss to his former team , the Eagles , and a 24 -- 0 shutout loss to the Tennessee Titans . Pederson was released after the season on February 22 , 2001 . Green Bay Packers ( second stint ) ( edit ) The Packers re-signed Pederson to a one - year contract on March 13 , 2001 , to replace backup Matt Hasselbeck , who was traded to the Seattle Seahawks . Pederson was the primary backup to Favre for the entire 2001 season , and was the primary placekick holder in every game . He was re-signed to a one - year , $650,000 contract with the Packers on April 2 , 2002 . Pederson again was the backup quarterback and primary holder in all 16 games in 2002 . In a week 7 game against the Washington Redskins , Favre suffered a sprained knee and Pederson took most of the snaps in the second half , going 9 - for - 15 for 78 yards to help win the game 30 -- 9 . Pederson also played in games against the Miami Dolphins , Detroit Lions , and New York Jets . He re-signed with the Packers to a one - year , $750,000 contract on April 29 , 2003 . For the third consecutive season , Pederson backed up Favre in all 16 games and held placekicks . He completed both of his passes during the regular season for a total of 16 yards . The Packers re-signed Pederson to a one - year contract on April 28 , 2004 . Tim Couch was signed to compete for the backup quarterback job , but lost out to Pederson and was released on September 5 , 2004 . In a week 3 game against the Indianapolis Colts , Pederson replaced Favre in a blowout loss and went 4 - of - 6 for 34 yards and an interception . The next week , a week 4 game against the New York Giants , Favre sustained a concussion in the third quarter , and Pederson replaced him at quarterback . Pederson went 7 - of - 17 for 86 yards and an interception in the loss before he suffered a hit to his side in the third quarter that resulted in a cracked bone in his back , a torn muscle in his side , and a broken rib . He stayed in the game up until the last snap , when he was replaced by third - string quarterback Craig Nall . Pederson was placed on injured reserve on October 7 , ending his season . He retired in March 2005 to become a head coach at Calvary Baptist Academy . Coaching career ( edit ) High school ( edit ) After his retirement , Pederson was hired as head football coach of Calvary Baptist Academy , a private Christian high school in Shreveport , Louisiana . Calvary was going into its second year as a program when Pederson signed on in March 2005 . Pederson was the head coach at Calvary for four years , and held a 33 -- 7 record in the regular season and an 8 -- 3 record in the post-season . The Cavaliers were in the state playoffs all four years with Pederson as head coach . In his first season in 2005 , the Cavaliers went 5 -- 6 and lost in the first round of the state playoffs . In 2007 , he led the Cavaliers to the semi-finals and to their first district title . NFL assistant coaching positions ( edit ) On January 29 , 2009 , Pederson was hired as the offensive quality control coach for the Philadelphia Eagles , reuniting him with his former head coach , Andy Reid . He was promoted to quarterbacks coach on February 8 , 2011 , replacing James Urban , who was promoted to assistant offensive coordinator . On January 11 , 2013 , Pederson followed Andy Reid to the Kansas City Chiefs to serve as offensive coordinator . NFL head coach ( edit ) On January 18 , 2016 , Pederson was hired as head coach of the Eagles replacing Chip Kelly . Despite having Sam Bradford on the roster as the starting quarterback , the Eagles drafted Carson Wentz with the second overall pick in 2016 . Right before the 2016 season began , Bradford was traded to the Minnesota Vikings and Wentz was named the starting quarterback as a rookie . Pederson and Wentz won their first three NFL games together , but finished the season 7 -- 9 , missing the playoffs . Pederson 's second season was much more successful as he led the Eagles to a 13 - 3 record , winning them the NFC East division championship and allotting them home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . Wentz , who was having a career year and was considered a front runner for league MVP , tore his ACL in Week 14 , leaving backup Nick Foles with the starting job for the remainder of the year . Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz , Foles filled in admirably as the starter , allowing Philadelphia to make it to Super Bowl LII , their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season . Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41 - 33 win over the New England Patriots , giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960 . Head coaching record ( edit ) Team Year Regular season Postseason Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result PHI 2016 7 9 0 . 438 4th in NFC East -- -- -- -- PHI 2017 13 0 . 813 1st in NFC East 0 1.000 Won Super Bowl LII Total 20 12 0 . 625 0 1.000 Coaching tree ( edit ) NFL head coaches under whom Pederson has served : Andy Reid , Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2013 - 2015 ) Assistant coaches under Pederson who have become NFL head coaches : Frank Reich , Indianapolis Colts ( 2018 -- present ) Personal life ( edit ) Pederson was born to Teri ( née Boykin ) and Gordon `` Gordy '' Pederson ( 1939 -- 2016 ) on January 31 , 1968 , in Bellingham , Washington . A devout Christian , Pederson and his wife Jeannie have three sons . Pederson has been a resident of Moorestown , New Jersey . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cahill , Dan ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Ron Rivera could become one of four to win Super Bowl as player and coach '' . chicago.suntimes.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCallister , Laura ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Andy Reid fills out coaching staff , including coordinators '' . KCTV - TV website . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ULM Football Records . '' 2008 ULM Warhawks Football Media Guide . Retrieved on September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The Dispatch. 1991 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Pederson '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Michael ( August 17 , 1991 ) . `` Brown On Leave But Robbie Is , Too '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( February 5 , 1992 ) . `` Football ; World League Kicks Off Its Talent Hunt for 1992 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( May 17 , 1992 ) . `` Football ; Knights Do Their Part but Ca n't Gain Playoff Berth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Giants release Collins , focus search for backup on O'Donnell '' . Buffalo News . April 29 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Packers cut former No. 1 pick Tim Couch '' . ESPN.com . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( October 4 , 2004 ) . `` Packers Suffer A Giant Loss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Re-sign Smith , Place Pederson On I.R , Sign Millhouse To Practice Squad '' . packers.com . October 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Fedotin , Jeff ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Using Lessons He Learned Backing Up Favre , Pederson Coaches High Schoolers '' . Green Bay Packers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Calvary Baptist Academy '' . cavsfootball.com. 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles bring back ex-QB Pederson '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2009 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Coaching Staff Complete '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com. 2011 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs hire Doug Pederson and Bob Sutton as Coordinators '' . nfl.com. 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Phil ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Doug Pederson announced as Eagles coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( 11 February 2018 ) . `` Eagles OC Frank Reich named new Colts coach '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon `` Gordy '' Pederson `` . Legacy.com . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles head coach Doug Pederson gives glory to God , says his faith keeps him grounded '' . Jump up ^ McLane , Jeff ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Pederson goes on without his first mentor -- his late father '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cuellar , Dann . `` Doug Pedersons ' neighbors ready to welcome him back home '' , WPVI - TV , January 19 , 2016 . Accessed November 29 , 2017 . `` New Philadelphia Eagles head coach Doug Pederson and his family are excited about moving back to the area ... Before moving to Kansas City in 2011 , the Pederson family lived on a cul - de-sac in the unit block of Hamilton Court in Moorestown , New Jersey . '' External links ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles profile Current head coaches of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Sean McDermott ( Buffalo Bills ) Adam Gase ( Miami Dolphins ) Bill Belichick ( New England Patriots ) Todd Bowles ( New York Jets ) John Harbaugh ( Baltimore Ravens ) Marvin Lewis ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Hue Jackson ( Cleveland Browns ) Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bill O'Brien ( Houston Texans ) Frank Reich ( Indianapolis Colts ) Doug Marrone ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Mike Vrabel ( Tennessee Titans ) Vance Joseph ( Denver Broncos ) Andy Reid ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Anthony Lynn ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Jon Gruden ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jason Garrett ( Dallas Cowboys ) Pat Shurmur ( New York Giants ) Doug Pederson ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Jay Gruden ( Washington Redskins ) Matt Nagy ( Chicago Bears ) Matt Patricia ( Detroit Lions ) Mike McCarthy ( Green Bay Packers ) Mike Zimmer ( Minnesota Vikings ) Dan Quinn ( Atlanta Falcons ) Ron Rivera ( Carolina Panthers ) Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Dirk Koetter ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Steve Wilks ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean McVay ( Los Angeles Rams ) Kyle Shanahan ( San Francisco 49ers ) Pete Carroll ( Seattle Seahawks ) Links to related articles Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks starting quarterbacks Lloyd Ray ( 1951 ) Mark Boatright ( 1953 ) Pete Chambless ( 1954 ) Everett Reynolds ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Nathan Zametto ( 1957 ) Bob Randel ( 1959 ) Don Wattigny ( 1960 ) Ronnie Myrick ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Bookie Shillcutt ( 1963 ) Johnny Garrison ( 1964 ) Steve Mansur ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Terry Reisig ( 1967 ) Mike Audirsch ( 1969 ) Allen Taylor ( 1970 ) Don Smith ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Scotty Dyer ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Joe Bruner ( 1975 ) Mike Howell ( 1976 ) Bud Cespiva ( 1977 ) Kirby Arceneaux ( 1978 ) John Holman ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Rodney Horn ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Bubby Brister ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Stan Humphries ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Doug Pederson ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Wendal Lowrey ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Robert Cobb ( 1993 ) Raymond Philyaw ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Daniel Jeremiah ( 1997 ) Andre Vige ( 1998 ) Andy Chance ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Steven Jyles ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Kinsmon Lancaster ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Trey Revell ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Cody Wells ( 2009 , 2012 ) Kolton Browning ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Brayle Brown ( 2013 ) Pete Thomas ( 2014 ) Garrett Smith ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Earnest Carrington ( 2015 ) Will Collins ( 2016 ) Caleb Evans ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 1987 Northeast Louisiana Indians football -- NCAA Division I - AA national champions Teddy Garcia Jackie Harris Stan Humphries Doug Pederson Head coach : Pat Collins Assistant coaches : Rickey Bustle Chris Scelfo Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XXXI champions 4 Brett Favre 7 Kyle Wachholtz 9 Jim McMahon 13 Chris Jacke 17 Craig Hentrich 18 Doug Pederson 21 Craig Newsome 25 Dorsey Levens 27 Calvin Jones 28 Roderick Mullen 30 William Henderson 32 Travis Jervey 33 Doug Evans 34 Edgar Bennett 36 LeRoy Butler 37 Tyrone Williams 39 Mike Prior 40 Chris Hayes 41 Eugene Robinson 46 Michael Robinson 51 Brian Williams 52 Frank Winters 53 George Koonce 54 Ron Cox 55 Bernardo Harris 56 Lamont Hollinquest 59 Wayne Simmons 62 Marco Rivera 63 Adam Timmerman 64 Bruce Wilkerson 65 Lindsay Knapp 67 Jeff Dellenbach 68 Gary Brown 71 Santana Dotson 72 Earl Dotson 73 Aaron Taylor 75 Ken Ruettgers 77 John Michels 80 Derrick Mayes 81 Desmond Howard ( MVP ) 82 Don Beebe 83 Jeff Thomason 84 Andre Rison 85 Terry Mickens 86 Antonio Freeman 87 Robert Brooks 88 Keith Jackson 89 Mark Chmura 90 Darius Holland 91 Shannon Clavelle 92 Reggie White 93 Gilbert Brown 94 Bob Kuberski 95 Keith McKenzie 96 Sean Jones 98 Gabe Wilkins Head coach : Mike Holmgren Coaches : Larry Brooks Nolan Cromwell Gil Haskell Johnny Holland Sherman Lewis Jim Lind Tom Lovat Marty Mornhinweg Andy Reid Gary Reynolds Fritz Shurmur Harry Sydney Bob Valesente Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles starting quarterbacks Red Kirkman ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Jim Leonard ( 1934 , 1936 ) Stumpy Thomason ( 1935 ) Irv Kupcinet ( 1935 ) Glenn Frey ( 1936 -- 1937 ) Jess Dow ( 1938 -- 1939 ) Davey O'Brien ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Len Barnum ( 1941 ) Tommy Thompson ( 1941 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1950 ) Foster Watkins ( 1941 ) Roy Zimmerman ( 1943 -- 1946 ) Allie Sherman ( 1945 ) Bill Mackrides ( 1948 ) Jack Myers ( 1948 ) Adrian Burk ( 1951 -- 1956 ) Bobby Thomason ( 1952 -- 1957 ) Sonny Jurgensen ( 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ) Norm Van Brocklin ( 1958 -- 1960 ) King Hill ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1968 ) Norm Snead ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Jack Concannon ( 1964 , 1966 ) John Huarte ( 1968 ) George Mira ( 1969 ) Rick Arrington ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Pete Liske ( 1971 -- 1972 ) John Reaves ( 1972 ) Roman Gabriel ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Mike Boryla ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Ron Jaworski ( 1977 -- 1986 ) Joe Pisarcik ( 1984 ) Randall Cunningham ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1986 ) Scott Tinsley ( 1987 ) Guido Merkens ( 1987 ) Jim McMahon ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Jeff Kemp ( 1991 ) Brad Goebel ( 1991 ) Bubby Brister ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Ken O'Brien ( 1993 ) Rodney Peete ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Ty Detmer ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Bobby Hoying ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Koy Detmer ( 1998 -- 1999 , 2002 , 2004 ) Doug Pederson ( 1999 ) Donovan McNabb ( 1999 -- 2009 ) A.J. Feeley ( 2002 , 2007 ) Mike McMahon ( 2005 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2006 ) Kevin Kolb ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Michael Vick ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Vince Young ( 2011 ) Nick Foles ( 2012 -- 2014 , 2017 -- present ) Mark Sanchez ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Sam Bradford ( 2015 ) Carson Wentz ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Browns starting quarterbacks Cliff Lewis ( 1946 -- 1947 , 1949 ) Otto Graham ( 1946 -- 1955 ) George Ratterman ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Babe Parilli ( 1956 ) Tommy O'Connell ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Milt Plum ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Len Dawson ( 1961 ) Jim Ninowski ( 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 ) Frank Ryan ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Gary Lane ( 1967 ) Bill Nelsen ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Mike Phipps ( 1970 -- 1976 ) Don Gault ( 1970 ) Brian Sipe ( 1974 -- 1983 ) Will Cureton ( 1975 ) Dave Mays ( 1977 ) Terry Luck ( 1977 ) Paul McDonald ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Gary Danielson ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Bernie Kosar ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Jeff Christensen ( 1987 ) Mike Pagel ( 1988 , 1990 ) Don Strock ( 1988 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1992 ) Todd Philcox ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Mark Rypien ( 1994 ) Eric Zeier ( 1995 ) Ty Detmer ( 1999 ) Tim Couch ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Doug Pederson ( 2000 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2000 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2004 ) Luke McCown ( 2004 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2005 ) Charlie Frye ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Derek Anderson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Brady Quinn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Ken Dorsey ( 2008 ) Bruce Gradkowski ( 2008 ) Jake Delhomme ( 2010 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Colt McCoy ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Brandon Weeden ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Thad Lewis ( 2012 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jason Campbell ( 2013 ) Johnny Manziel ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Connor Shaw ( 2014 ) Josh McCown ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Austin Davis ( 2015 ) Robert Griffin III ( 2016 ) Cody Kessler ( 2016 ) DeShone Kizer ( 2017 ) Kevin Hogan ( 2017 ) Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Lud Wray ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Bert Bell ( 1936 -- 1940 ) Greasy Neale ( 1941 -- 1950 ) Bo McMillin ( 1951 ) Wayne Millner # ( 1951 ) Jim Trimble ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Hugh Devore ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Buck Shaw ( 1958 -- 1960 ) Nick Skorich ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Joe Kuharich ( 1964 -- 1968 ) Jerry Williams ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Ed Khayat ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Mike McCormack ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Dick Vermeil ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Marion Campbell ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Fred Bruney # ( 1985 ) Buddy Ryan ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Rich Kotite ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Ray Rhodes ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Andy Reid ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Chip Kelly ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Pat Shurmur # ( 2015 ) Doug Pederson ( 2016 -- ) Pound ( # ) sign denotes interim head coach . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Pederson&oldid=832875504 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people American football quarterbacks Cleveland Browns players Green Bay Packers players High school football coaches in the United States Kansas City Chiefs coaches Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks football players Miami Dolphins players New York / New Jersey Knights players People from Moorestown , New Jersey Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Philadelphia Eagles players Players of American football from Washington ( state ) Rhein Fire players Sportspeople from Bellingham , Washington Super Bowl champions Super Bowl - winning head coaches Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Philadelphia Eagles currentteam parameter articles NFL player with coaching information Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 22 . 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what position did doug peterson play in the nfl

a member of the Green Bay Packers, serving as a backup quarterback to Brett Favre and holder on placekicks

Head coach

National legal aid & Defender Association - wikipedia National legal aid & Defender Association Jump to : navigation , search The National Legal Aid & Defender Association ( NLADA ) is the oldest and largest national , nonprofit membership organization devoted to advocating equal justice for all Americans and was established in 1911 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and its Equal Protection Clause provides Equal justice under law . Beginning in the late 1800s and throughout the early years of the 20th century , the American legal profession expressed its commitment to the concept of free legal assistance for poor people in the form of legal aid societies and bar association legal aid committees . The first legal aid society , The German Society of New York , was founded in 1876 to protect German immigrants from exploitation . Subsequently , the agency 's protection was extended to others and in 1890 it became the Legal Aid Society of New York . In 1888 , the Ethical Culture Society of Chicago established by the Bureau of Justice was the first agency to offer legal assistance to individuals regardless of nationality , race or gender . Other municipalities followed suit , and in the first decades of the 20th century most major cities had opened legal aid societies . In 1911 , legal aid societies joined together to form the National Alliance of Legal Aid Societies . Arthur von Briesen of the Legal Aid Society of New York was the first president of the organization that became the National Legal Aid & Defender Association ( NLADA ) in 1949 . The concept of free legal assistance for the poor was promoted by the publication of Reginald Heber Smith 's Justice and the Poor in 1919 . Smith challenged the legal profession to consider it an obligation to see that access to justice was available to all , without regard to ability to pay . `` Without equal access to the law , '' he wrote , `` the system not only robs the poor of their only protection , but places in the hands of their oppressors the most powerful and ruthless weapon ever invented . As a result of Smith 's book , the American Bar Association created the Special Committee on Legal Aid Work . By the middle of the 20th century , virtually every major metropolitan area had some kind of legal aid program . However , the system established was not suffice in meeting the needs of the poor and in the early 1960s a new model for legal services programs emerged . This new model was based on the philosophy that legal services should be a component of an overall anti-poverty effort . The Ford Foundation was one of the original supporters of this model . Subsequently , in 1964 came the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act , which launched the war on poverty and mandated federal funds to be allocated for the first time to fund legal services to the poor . However , this law did not specifically provide for legal services and it took many years and attempts to finally devise a federal construct to support legal aid for the low - income community . After years of research and advocacy , the Legal Services Corporation Act was enacted in 1974 by President Richard Nixon . This program flourished and has evolved over the years to become the organization nationally recognized as the Legal Services Corporation . Over the years legal aid has evolved into a comprehensive program that provides legal assistance to low - income people regardless of race , ethnicity or gender . NLADA is the only national membership organization devoted exclusively to ensuring legal representation for individuals who can not afford an attorney . NLADA serves the equal justice community in two major ways : providing products and services and as a national voice in public policy and legislative debates on the many issues affecting the equal justice community . NLADA also serves as a resource for those seeking more information on equal justice in the United States . In recent years , the NLADA has honored individuals and organizations with a variety of awards at its annual conferences . Awards range from the Mary Ellen Hamilton award , which recognizes a client of a legal aid or defender organization , to the Clara Shortridge Foltz Award , which honors organizations that have pioneered important innovations in the field . Notable recipients of NLADA awards include former Attorney General Janet Reno , Bronx Defenders attorney David Feige , and Hillary Clinton . Paul D. Borman was Chief Federal Defender , Legal Aid & Defender Association of Detroit , from 1979 to 1994 . He was the first federal defender to be appointed to the federal bench , in 1994 . See also ( edit ) Human rights portal Law portal Legal aid in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legal Aid Societies , '' MSN Encantra , ( 1 ) . Archived November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Legal Aid Society , '' The Legal Aid Society , http://www.legal-aid.org/en/aboutus/ourhistory.aspx Jump up ^ `` Ethical Culture and the Ongoing Quest for Social Justice , '' The Ethical Culture Society of Bergen County , NJ , ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Would Keep Law and Charity Apart ; Legal Aid Society Refuses to Amalgamate with the Charities Conference '' . The New York Times . November 16 , 1912 . Jump up ^ Justice and the Poor , Reginald Heber Smith , 1919 Jump up ^ `` NLADA : About NLADA -- Awards , '' National Legal Aid & Defender Association , http://www.nlada.org/About/About_Awards Jump up ^ `` Judge Paul D. Borman '' . United States District Court -- Eastern Michigan District . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) External links ( edit ) nlada.org , the organization 's official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Legal_Aid_%26_Defender_Association&oldid=826346364 '' Categories : 1911 establishments in the United States Legal aid Law - related professional associations Legal advocacy organizations in the United States Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Organizations established in 1911 Criminal justice reform in the United States Criminal defense organizations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 16 : 48 . About Wikipedia

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National Legal Aid & Defender Association

National Legal Aid & Defender

Geoffrey Palmer ( actor ) - wikipedia Geoffrey Palmer ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Geoffrey Palmer OBE Palmer performing at A Breath of Fresh Air , June 2008 ( 1927 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1927 ( age 90 ) London , England Occupation Actor Years active 1958 -- present Spouse ( s ) Sally Green ( m . 1963 ) Children 2 , including Charles Palmer Geoffrey Dyson Palmer , OBE ( born 4 June 1927 ) is an English actor known for his roles in British television sitcoms playing Jimmy Anderson in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin ( 1976 -- 79 ) , Ben Parkinson in Butterflies ( 1978 -- 83 ) and Lionel Hardcastle in As Time Goes By ( 1992 -- 2005 ) . His film appearances include A Fish Called Wanda ( 1988 ) , The Madness of King George ( 1994 ) , Mrs. Brown ( 1997 ) , and Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Awards and recognition 4 Appearances 4.1 Stage 4.2 Radio 4.3 Television 4.4 Film 4.5 Recordings ( spoken word ) 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Palmer 's early television appearances included a variety of roles in Granada Television 's The Army Game , two episodes of The Baron and as a property agent in Cathy Come Home . Getting a major break in John Osborne 's West of Suez at the Royal Court with Ralph Richardson , he then acted in major productions at the Royal Court and for the National Theatre Company and was directed by Laurence Olivier in J.B. Priestley 's Eden End . Palmer found the play so boring , however , that it put him off a stage career for good . Two sitcom roles brought him attention in the 1970s : the hapless brother - in - law of Reggie Perrin in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin ( 1976 -- 79 ) , and the phlegmatic Ben Parkinson in Carla Lane 's Butterflies ( 1978 -- 83 ) . He has continued to appear in productions written by Perrin creator David Nobbs , the latest being the radio comedy The Maltby Collection . He starred opposite Judi Dench for over a decade in the BBC situation comedy As Time Goes By ( 1992 -- 2005 ) . During this time he also appeared with Dench in other productions , including the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies , in which he portrayed Admiral Roebuck , and Mrs. Brown , playing Sir Henry Ponsonby to Dench 's Queen Victoria . He played Doctor Price in the Fawlty Towers episode `` The Kipper and the Corpse '' , determined to get breakfast amidst the confusion caused by the death of a guest and Basil 's inept way of handling the emergency . His distinctive voice has given him a career in advertising in such commercials as the ' Slam in the Lamb ' ads for the Meat & Livestock Commission ; television voiceovers such as the Audi commercials in which he popularised the phrase `` Vorsprung durch Technik '' , and as the narrator for the BBC series Grumpy Old Men and Grumpy Old Holidays . He narrated the audiobook version of Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , released in 2005 as a podcast by Penguin Books . He narrates Little England . In the 2006 DVD series The Compleat Angler , Palmer partners Rae Borras in a series of episodes based on Izaak Walton 's 1653 The Compleat Angler . In 2007 , he recorded The Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith and Weedon Grossmith as an online audiobook . In December 2007 , Palmer appeared in the role of the Captain in `` Voyage of the Damned '' , the Christmas special episode of the BBC science - fiction series Doctor Who ; Palmer previously appeared in the classic era of the show as different characters in the Third Doctor serials Doctor Who and the Silurians and The Mutants . In March 2009 , he joined in a sketch with the two double acts `` Armstrong and Miller '' and `` Mitchell and Webb '' for Comic Relief . In 2011 , he played the reactionary father - in - law of the eponymous clergyman of Rev. in its Christmas episode . Personal life ( edit ) Palmer was born in London and attended Highgate School . He is the son of Norah Gwendolen ( née Robins ) and Frederick Charles Palmer , who was a chartered surveyor . He has a daughter , Harriet , and a son , Charles , a television director , who is married to actress Claire Skinner . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In the New Year 's Honours List published 31 December 2004 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) for services to drama . Appearances ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Kafka 's Dick by Alan Bennett at the Royal Court Theatre ( 1986 ) Eden End by J.B. Priestley at the Royal National Theatre ( 1974 ) Radio ( edit ) At Home With The Snails ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Les Miserables as Inspector Javert ( 2002 ) The Man Who Was Thursday ( 2005 ) High Table , Lower Orders ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Maltby Collection ( 2007 -- 2009 ) A Murder of Quality ( 2009 ) North by Northamptonshire ( 2011 - 2012 ) Two Pipe Problems : The Case of the Missing Meerschaum as Mortimer Tregennis ( 2011 ) Television ( edit ) The Army Game ( 1958 -- 1960 ) as Various Characters The Avengers : `` Propellant 23 '' ( 1962 ) as Paul Manning `` Man with Two Shadows '' ( 1963 ) as Dr. Terence `` A Surfeit of H2O '' ( 1965 ) as Martin Smythe The Saint : `` The Rough Diamonds '' ( 1963 ) as Pete Ferguson Gideon 's Way ( TV Series ) `` The Alibi Man '' ( 1965 ) as Jeff Grant The Baron : `` Masquerade '' ( 1966 ) as Anstruther `` The Killing '' ( 1966 ) as Anstuther The Wednesday Play : Cathy Come Home ( 1966 ) as Property Agent Mrs Thursday ( 1966 ) as Henry Baxter Doctor Who : Doctor Who and the Silurians ( 1970 ) as Masters The Mutants ( 1972 ) as Administrator `` Voyage of the Damned '' ( 2007 ) as Captain Hardaker Colditz ( 1972 ) as Doc The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin ( 1976 -- 1979 ) as Jimmy Anderson Butterflies ( 1978 -- 1983 ) as Ben Parkinson The Professionals ( 1978 ) as Sinclair in `` Where The Jungle Ends '' Fawlty Towers : `` The Kipper and the Corpse '' ( 1979 ) as Dr. Price The Goodies ( 1980 ) as School Headmaster Whoops Apocalypse ( 1982 ) as Foreign Secretary Death of an Expert Witness ( 1983 ) as Dr. Edwin Lorrimer The Professionals ( 1983 ) as Avery in `` The Ojuka Situation '' Fairly Secret Army ( 1984 - 1986 ) as Major Harry Kitchener Wellington Truscott Executive Stress ( 1986 first series only ) as Donald Fairchild # 1 Season 's Greetings ( 1986 ) as Bernard Hot Metal ( 1986 ) as Harold Stringer Christabel ( 1988 ) as Mr. Burton Blackadder Goes Forth : Episode 6 `` Goodbyeee '' ( 1989 ) ; as Field Marshal Douglas Haig Inspector Morse : `` The Infernal Serpent '' ( 1990 ) as Matthew Copley - Barnes Bergerac ( 1990 ) `` Roots of Evil '' as Nigel Carter As Time Goes By ( 1992 -- 2005 ) as Lionel Hardcastle The Legacy of Reginald Perrin ( 1996 ) as Jimmy Anderson Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 1998 ) as White King The Savages ( 2001 ) as Donald The 1940s House ( 2001 ) as Narrator Absolute Power ( 2003 ) as Lord Harcourt Grumpy Old Men ( 2003 -- 2004 , 2006 ) as Narrator He Knew He Was Right ( 2004 ) as Sir Marmaduke Rowley Grumpy Old Holidays ( 2006 ) as Narrator Ashes to Ashes : `` Episode 8 '' ( 2008 ) ; as Lord Scarman The Long Walk to Finchley ( 2008 ) ; as John Crowder Agatha Christie 's Poirot : `` The Clocks '' ( 2009 ) as Vice Admiral Hamling Grandpa in My Pocket `` Captain Dumbletwit 's Toughest Mission Yet ! '' ( 2010 ) as Grandad Gillbert Rev `` Christmas Special '' Series 2 , episode 7 ( 2011 ) as Martin Henry IV , Part II ( 2012 ) ; as Lord Chief Justice Royal Variety Performance ( 2014 ) ; as the announcer ( voice - only ) Film ( edit ) A Prize of Arms ( 1962 ) as Cpl . Myers Incident at Midnight ( 1963 ) as Dr. Tanfield Ring of Spies ( 1964 ) as Police Officer ( uncredited ) Cast a Giant Shadow ( 1966 ) as David ( uncredited ) O Lucky Man ! ( 1973 ) as Examinator Doctor / Basil Keyes The Battle of Billy 's Pond ( 1976 ) - First Policeman The Outsider ( 1979 ) as Colonel Wyndham The Honorary Consul ( 1983 ) as Belfrage : British Ambassador A Zed & Two Noughts ( 1985 ) as Fallast Clockwise ( 1986 ) as Headmaster A Fish Called Wanda ( 1988 ) as Judge Hawks ( 1988 ) as SAAB Salesman The Madness of King George ( 1994 ) as Warren Mrs. Brown ( 1997 ) as Henry Ponsonby Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) as Admiral Roebuck Stiff Upper Lips ( 1998 ) as His Butler 's Voice Anna and the King ( 1999 ) as Lord John Bradley Rat ( 2000 ) as The Doctor Peter Pan ( 2003 ) as Sir Edward Quiller Couch Picadilly Jim ( 2005 ) - Bayliss The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) as Joubert W.E. ( 2011 ) as Stanley Baldwin Lost Christmas ( 2011 ) as Dr. Clarence Run for Your Wife ( 2012 ) as Man on Bus Bert and Dickie ( 2012 ) as Charles Burnell The Last Sparks of Sundown ( 2014 ) as Sir Buster Sparks ( voice ) Paddington ( 2014 ) as Head Geographer Recordings ( spoken word ) ( edit ) Welcome to the Pleasuredome ( Fruitless Mix ) ( 1985 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Spectator ( 11 June 2011 ) '' . Exacteditions.com. 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Penguin Podcast : A Christmas Carol - Episode 1 '' . 15 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2005 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kylie Boards Titanic ! '' . BBC . 11 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Palmer Biography ( 1927 - ) '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Loose Women , 12 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` The London Gazette '' . 31 December 2004 : 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 Extra - G.K. Chesterton - The Man Who Was Thursday '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Afternoon Drama , Two Pipe Problems , The Case of the Missing Meerschaum '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Geoffrey Palmer on IMDb Selected performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol VIAF : 7732233 ISNI : 0000 0000 7252 9609 GND : 173637132 SUDOC : 114267413 MusicBrainz : b2548661 - d5ba - 4f3c - a731 - 4aec89b0b5a9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Palmer_(actor)&oldid=825516396 '' Categories : 1927 births Living people Audiobook narrators English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors English male radio actors Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Highgate School Male actors from London 20th - century English male actors 20th - century Royal Marines personnel British male comedy actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی עברית Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played lionel in as time goes by

Geoffrey Dyson Palmer, OBE

Geoffrey Palmer

The Deer Hunter - wikipedia The Deer Hunter Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Deer Hunter ( disambiguation ) . The Deer Hunter UK theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Cimino Produced by Barry Spikings Michael Deeley Michael Cimino John Peverall Screenplay by Deric Washburn Story by Deric Washburn Michael Cimino Louis Garfinkle Quinn K. Redeker Starring Robert De Niro John Cazale John Savage Meryl Streep Christopher Walken Music by Stanley Myers Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Peter Zinner Production company EMI Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 8 , 1978 ( 1978 - 12 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) February 23 , 1979 ( 1979 - 02 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 183 minutes Country United States Language English Russian Vietnamese French Budget $15 million Box office $49 million The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American epic war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Russian American steelworkers whose lives are changed forever after they fight in the Vietnam War . The three soldiers are played by Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage , with John Cazale ( in his final role ) , Meryl Streep , and George Dzundza playing supporting roles . The story takes place in Clairton , Pennsylvania , a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh , and in Vietnam . The film was based in part on an unproduced screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , about Las Vegas and Russian roulette . Producer Michael Deeley , who bought the script , hired writer / director Michael Cimino who , with Deric Washburn , rewrote the script , taking the Russian roulette element and placing it in the Vietnam War . The film went over-budget and over-schedule , and ended up costing $15 million . The scenes depicting Russian roulette were highly controversial after the film 's release . The film won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Michael Cimino , and Best Supporting Actor for Christopher Walken , and marked Meryl Streep 's very first Academy Award nomination ( for Best Supporting Actress ) ; she would go on to become the most nominated actor in history . In 1996 it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' , and was named the 53rd greatest American film of all time by the American Film Institute in 2007 in their 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Pre-production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay 3.2. 1 Cimino 's claim 3.2. 2 Washburn 's claim 3.2. 3 Deeley 's reaction to the revised script 4 Filming 4.1 The wedding scenes 4.2 The bar and the steel mill 4.3 Hunting the deer 4.4 Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes 4.5 Filming locations 5 Post-production 5.1 Sound design 5.2 Previews 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Selected tracks 7 Release 8 Analysis 8.1 Controversy over Russian roulette 8.1. 1 Critics ' response 8.1. 2 Cast and crew response 8.2 Director Cimino 's autobiographical intent 8.3 Homosocial bonding 8.4 Coda of `` God Bless America '' 9 Reception 9.1 Top - ten lists 9.2 Revisionism following Heaven 's Gate 10 Awards 10.1 Lead - up to awards season 10.2 51st Academy Awards 10.3 Golden Globes 10.4 Complete list of awards 11 Legacy 11.1 Honors and recognition 12 Home media 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Annotations 14.2 Notes 14.3 Bibliography 14.4 Further reading 15 External links Plot ( edit ) In the small working class town of Clairton , Pennsylvania , in late 1967 , steel workers Mike Vronsky , Steven Pushkov , and Nick Chevotarevich , with the support of their friends and co-workers Stan and Peter `` Axel '' Axelrod and local bar owner and friend John Welsh , prepare for two rites of passage : marriage and military service . Mike is a serious but unassuming leader ; Steven the groom - to - be , pecked - at by his mother ; and Nick the introspective man who loves deer hunting . Before the trio ships out , Steven and his girlfriend Angela marry in a Russian Orthodox wedding . Mike works to control his feelings for Nick 's girlfriend Linda . At the wedding reception held at the local VFW hall , the guys drink , dance , sing , and enjoy the festivities , but then notice a soldier in a U.S. Army Special Forces uniform . Mike attempts to ask what Vietnam is like , but the soldier ignores him . After Mike explains that he , Steven , and Nick are going to Vietnam , the Green Beret raises his glass and says `` fuck it '' . After being restrained from starting a fight , Mike goes back to the bar and raises his glass and toasts him with `` fuck it '' . The soldier glances over at Mike and grins . Later , Steven and Angela drink from conjoined goblets , a traditional part of the Orthodox wedding ceremony . It is believed that if they drink without spilling any wine , they will have good luck for life . Two drops of blood - red wine unknowingly spill on her wedding gown . After Linda catches the bride 's bouquet , Nick asks her to marry him , and she agrees . Later that night , a drunken Mike runs through the town , stripping himself naked along the way . After Nick chases him down , he begs Mike not to leave him `` over there '' if anything happens in combat . The next day , Mike , Nick , Stan , John , and Axel go deer hunting one last time . Mike is exasperated by his friends , especially Stan , who drinks and clowns , showing little respect for the ritual of hunting , which to Mike is a nearly sacred experience . Only Nick understands Mike 's attitude , but he is more indulgent toward his friends . Mike goes hunting afterwards and kills a deer with one clean shot . The friends return to Welsh 's bar , with Michael 's deer strapped to the hood of the car . They enter rambunctiously , spraying beers over each other and singing loudly . Welsh then makes his way to the piano and begins playing Chopin 's Nocturne No. 6 Op. 15 - 3 . In Vietnam , U.S. helicopters attack a village . An unconscious Mike ( now a Staff Sergeant in the Special Forces ) wakes up to see an NVA soldier shoot a woman carrying a baby . Mike kills him with a flamethrower . Meanwhile , a unit of UH - 1 `` Huey '' helicopters drops off several U.S. infantrymen , Nick and Steven among them . Mike , Steven , and Nick unexpectedly find each other just before they are captured and held in a prisoner of war camp . For entertainment , the guards force the prisoners to play Russian roulette and gamble on the outcome . All three friends are forced to play . Steven plays against Mike , who offers moral support , but Steven breaks down and points the gun upwards whilst pulling the trigger , grazing himself with the bullet when it discharges . As punishment , the guards put him into an underwater cage full of rats and dead bodies . Mike and Nick hatch a plan to escape by playing against each other , with Mike convincing the guards to let them play Russian roulette with three bullets in the gun . After a tense match , they kill their captors and escape . After killing the guards , Mike rescues Steven . The three float downriver on a tree limb . An American helicopter finds them , but only Nick is able to climb aboard . The weakened Steven falls back into the water , and Mike plunges in the water to rescue him . Mike helps Steven to reach the river bank , but Steven 's legs are broken , so Mike carries him through the jungle to friendly lines . Approaching a caravan of locals escaping the war zone , Mike stops a South Vietnamese military truck and places the wounded Steven on it , asking the soldiers to take care of him . Nick recuperates in a military hospital in Saigon with no knowledge of his friends . After being released , he goes AWOL and aimlessly stumbles through the red - light district at night . He encounters Julien Grinda , a Frenchman , outside a gambling den where men play Russian roulette for money . Grinda entices the reluctant Nick to participate and leads him into the den . Mike is present in the den , watching the game , but the two friends do not notice each other at first . When Mike does see Nick , he is unable to get his attention . When Nick is introduced into the game , he grabs the gun , fires it at the current contestant , and then again at his own temple , causing the audience to riot in protest . Grinda hustles Nick outside to his car to escape the angry mob . Mike can not catch up with them as they speed away . Back in the U.S. , Mike maintains a low profile . He tells a cab driver to drive past the house where all his friends are waiting , as he is embarrassed by the fuss Linda and the others have made . He visits Linda the following day and grows close to her , but only because of the friend they both think they have lost . Mike goes to visit Angela at Steven 's mother 's home . Angela is barely responsive . When asked by Mike about Steven 's whereabouts , she writes a phone number on a scrap of paper , which leads Mike to the local VA hospital where Steven has been for several months . Mike goes hunting with Axel , John , and Stan one more time , and after tracking a deer across the woods , fires into the air . He then sits on a rock escarpment and yells out , `` OK ? '' , which echoes back at him . He also berates Stan for carrying around a small revolver and waving it around , not realizing it is loaded . Mike visits Steven , who has lost both of his legs and is partially paralyzed . Steven reveals that someone in Saigon has been mailing large amounts of money to him , and Mike is convinced that it is Nick . Mike brings a reluctant Steven home to Angela and then travels to Saigon just before its fall in 1975 . He tracks down Grinda , who has made a lot of money from the Russian roulette - playing Nick . He finds Nick in a crowded gambling club , but Nick appears to have no recollection of his friends or his home . Mike enters the game of Russian roulette against Nick , hoping to jog his memory and persuade him to come home , but Nick 's mind is gone . To keep him from taking another turn , Mike grabs Nick 's arms , which are covered in scars . At the last moment , after Mike reminds Nick of their hunting trips together , Nick recognizes Mike and smiles . Nick raises the gun to his temple , and pulls the trigger , killing himself . Mike tries reviving him , but to no avail . Back home in 1975 , the friends have gathered for Nick 's funeral , whom Mike has brought home , staying good to his promise . Mike toasts in Nick 's honor . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as SSG Michael `` Mike '' Vronsky . Producer Deeley pursued De Niro for The Deer Hunter because he felt that he needed De Niro 's star power to sell a film with a `` gruesome - sounding storyline and a barely known director '' . `` I liked the script , and ( Cimino ) had done a lot of prep , '' said De Niro . `` I was impressed . '' De Niro prepared by socializing with steelworkers in local bars and by visiting their homes . Cimino introduced De Niro as his agent , Harry Ufland . No one recognized him . De Niro claims this was his most physically exhausting film . He explained that the scene where Mike visits Steven in the hospital for the first time was the most emotional scene that he was ever involved with . De Niro was a last - minute replacement for Roy Scheider , who dropped out of the production two weeks before the start of filming due to `` creative differences '' ; Universal managed to keep Scheider to his three - picture contract by forcing him into doing Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) . Christopher Walken as Cpl . Nikanor `` Nick '' Chevotarevich . His performance garnered his first Academy Award , for Best Supporting Actor . John Savage as Cpl . Steven Pushkov . John Cazale as Stan ( `` Stosh '' ) . All scenes involving Cazale , who had terminal cancer , were filmed first . Because of his illness , the studio initially wanted to fire him , but Streep , with whom he was in a relationship , and Cimino threatened to walk away if they did . He was also uninsurable , and according to Streep , De Niro paid for his insurance because he wanted Cazale in the film . This was Cazale 's last film , as he died shortly after filming wrapped . Cazale never saw the finished film . Meryl Streep as Linda . Prior to The Deer Hunter , Streep was seen briefly in Fred Zinnemann 's Julia ( 1977 ) and the eight - hour miniseries Holocaust ( 1978 ) . In the screenplay , Streep 's role was negligible . Cimino explained the set - up to Streep and suggested that she write her own lines . George Dzundza as John Welsh Pierre Segui as Julien Grinda Shirley Stoler as Steven 's mother Chuck Aspegren as Peter `` Axel '' Axelrod . Aspegren was not an actor ; he was the foreman at an East Chicago steelworks visited early in pre-production by De Niro and Cimino . They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role . He was the second person to be cast in the film , after De Niro . Rutanya Alda as Angela Ludhjduravic - Pushkov Amy Wright as Bridesmaid Joe Grifasi as Bandleader While producer Deeley was pleased with the revised script , he was still concerned about being able to sell the film . `` We still had to get millions out of a major studio , '' wrote Deeley , `` as well as convince our markets around the world that they should buy it before it was finished . I needed someone with the caliber of Robert De Niro . '' De Niro was one of the biggest stars at that time , coming off Mean Streets ( 1973 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , and Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) . In addition to attracting buyers , Deeley felt De Niro was `` the right age , apparently tough as hell , and immensely talented . '' Hiring De Niro turned out to be a casting coup because he knew so many actors in New York . De Niro brought Meryl Streep to the attention of Cimino and Deeley . With Streep came John Cazale . De Niro also accompanied Cimino to scout locations for the steel mill sequence as well as rehearsed with the actors to use the workshops as a bonding process . Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in their back pocket depicting them all together as children , to enhance the sense of camaraderie amongst them . Additionally , director Cimino instructed the props department to fashion complete Pennsylvania IDs for each of them , including driver 's licenses , medical cards , and various other pieces of paraphernalia , in order to enhance each actor 's sense of his character . Pre-production ( edit ) There has been considerable debate , controversy , and conflicting stories about how The Deer Hunter was initially developed and written . Director and co-writer Michael Cimino , writer Deric Washburn , and producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley all have different versions of how the film came to be . Development ( edit ) In 1968 , the record company EMI formed a new company called EMI Films , headed by producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley . Deeley purchased the first draft of a spec script called The Man Who Came to Play , written by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , for $19,000 . The spec script was about people who go to Las Vegas to play Russian roulette . `` The screenplay had struck me as brilliant , '' wrote Deeley , `` but it was n't complete . The trick would be to find a way to turn a very clever piece of writing into a practical , realizable film . '' When the movie was being planned during the mid-1970s , Vietnam was still a taboo subject with all major Hollywood studios . According to producer Michael Deeley , the standard response was `` no American would want to see a picture about Vietnam '' . After consulting various Hollywood agents , Deeley found writer - director Michael Cimino , represented by Stan Kamen at the William Morris Agency . Deeley was impressed by Cimino 's TV commercial work and crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) . Cimino himself was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came to Play without losing the essence of the original . After Cimino was hired , he was called into a meeting with Garfinkle and Redeker at the EMI office . According to Deeley , Cimino questioned the need for the Russian roulette element of the script , and Redeker made such a passionate case for it that he ended up literally on his knees . Over the course of further meetings , Cimino and Deeley discussed the work needed at the front of the script , and Cimino believed he could develop the stories of the main characters in the first 20 minutes of film . Screenplay ( edit ) Cimino worked for six weeks with Deric Washburn on the script . Cimino and Washburn had previously collaborated with Stephen Bochco on the screenplay for Silent Running ( 1972 ) . According to producer Spikings , Cimino said he wanted to work again with Washburn . According to producer Deeley , he only heard from office rumor that Washburn was contracted by Cimino to work on the script . `` Whether Cimino hired Washburn as his sub-contractor or as a co-writer was constantly being obfuscated , '' wrote Deeley , `` and there were some harsh words between them later on , or so I was told . '' Cimino 's claim ( edit ) According to Cimino , he would call Washburn while on the road scouting for locations and feed him notes on dialogue and story . Upon reviewing Washburn 's draft , Cimino said , `` I came back , and read it and I just could not believe what I read . It was like it was written by somebody who was ... mentally deranged . '' Cimino confronted Washburn at the Sunset Marquis in LA about the draft , and Washburn supposedly replied that he could n't take the pressure and had to go home . Cimino then fired Washburn . Cimino later claimed to have written the entire screenplay himself . Washburn 's response to Cimino 's comments were , `` It 's all nonsense . It 's lies . I did n't have a single drink the entire time I was working on the script . '' Washburn 's claim ( edit ) According to Washburn , he and Cimino spent three days together in Los Angeles at the Sunset Marquis , hammering out the plot . The script eventually went through several drafts , evolving into a story with three distinct acts . Washburn did not interview any veterans to write The Deer Hunter nor do any research . `` I had a month , that was it , '' he explains . `` The clock was ticking . Write the fucking script ! But all I had to do was watch TV . Those combat cameramen in Vietnam were out there in the field with the guys . I mean , they had stuff that you would n't dream of seeing about Iraq . '' When Washburn was finished , he says , Cimino and Joann Carelli , an associate producer on The Deer Hunter who went on to produce two more of Cimino 's later films , took him to dinner at a cheap restaurant off the Sunset Strip . He recalls , `` We finished , and Joann looks at me across the table , and she says , ' Well , Deric , it 's fuck - off time . ' I was fired . It was a classic case : you get a dummy , get him to write the goddamn thing , tell him to go fuck himself , put your name on the thing , and he 'll go away . I was so tired , I did n't care . I 'd been working 20 hours a day for a month . I got on the plane the next day , and I went back to Manhattan and my carpenter job . '' Deeley 's reaction to the revised script ( edit ) Deeley felt the revised script , now called The Deer Hunter , broke fresh ground for the project . The protagonist in the Redeker / Garfinkle script , Merle , was an individual who sustained a bad injury in active service and was damaged psychologically by his violent experiences , but was nevertheless a tough character with strong nerves and guts . Cimino and Washburn 's revised script distilled the three aspects of Merle 's personality and separated them out into three distinct characters . They became three old friends who grew up in the same small industrial town and worked in the same steel mill , and in due course were drafted together to Vietnam . In the original script , the roles of Merle ( later renamed Mike ) and Nick were reversed in the last half of the film . Nick returns home to Linda , while Mike remains in Vietnam , sends money home to help Steven , and meets his tragic fate at the Russian roulette table . A Writers ' Guild arbitration process awarded Washburn sole `` Screenplay by '' credit . Garfinkle and Redeker were given a shared `` Story by '' credit with Cimino and Washburn . Deeley felt the story credits for Garfinkle and Redeker `` did them less than justice . '' Cimino contested the results of the arbitration . `` In their Nazi wisdom , '' added Cimino , `` ( they ) did n't give me the credit because I would be producer , director and writer . '' All four writers -- Cimino , Washburn , Garfinkle , and Redeker -- received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay for the film . Filming ( edit ) The Deer Hunter began principal photography on June 20 , 1977 . This was the first feature film depicting the Vietnam War to be filmed on location in Thailand . All scenes were shot on location ( no sound stages ) . `` There was discussion about shooting the film on a back lot , but the material demanded more realism , '' says Spikings . The cast and crew viewed large amounts of news footage from the war to ensure authenticity . The film was shot over a period of six months . The Clairton scenes comprise footage shot in eight different towns in four states : West Virginia , Pennsylvania , Washington , and Ohio . The initial budget of the film was $8.5 million . Meryl Streep accepted the role of the `` vague , stock girlfriend '' , in order to remain for the duration of filming with John Cazale , who had been diagnosed with lung cancer . De Niro had spotted Streep in her stage production of The Cherry Orchard and had suggested that she play his girlfriend Linda . Before the beginning of principal photography , Deeley had a meeting with the film 's appointed line producer Robert Relyea . Deeley hired Relyea after meeting him on the set of Bullitt ( 1968 ) and was impressed with his experience . However , Relyea declined the job , refusing to disclose his reason why . Deeley suspected that Relyea sensed in director Cimino something that would have made production difficult . As a result , Cimino was acting without the day - to - day supervision of a producer . Because Deeley was busy overseeing in the production of Sam Peckinpah 's Convoy ( 1978 ) , he hired John Peverall to oversee Cimino 's shoot . Peverall 's expertise with budgeting and scheduling made him a natural successor to Relyea , and Peverall knew enough about the picture to be elevated to producer status . `` John is a straightforward Cornishman who had worked his way up to become a production supervisor , '' wrote Deeley , `` and we employed him as EMI 's watchman on certain pictures . '' The wedding scenes ( edit ) St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Cleveland , Ohio . Site of the wedding scene . The wedding scenes were filmed at the historic St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio . The wedding took five days to film . St. Theodosius ' Father Stephen Kopestonsky was cast as the priest at the wedding . The reception scene was filmed at nearby Lemko Hall . The amateur extras lined up for the crowded wedding - dance sequences drank real liquor and beer . The scenes were filmed in the summer , but were set in the fall . To accomplish a look of fall , individual leaves were removed from deciduous trees . Zsigmond also had to desaturate the colors of the exterior shots , partly in camera and in the laboratory processing . The production manager asked each of the Russian immigrant extras to bring to the location a gift - wrapped box to double for wedding presents . The manager figured if the extras did this , not only would the production save time and money , but the gifts would also look more authentic . Once the unit wrapped and the extras disappeared , the crew discovered to their amusement that the boxes were n't empty but filled with real presents , from china to silverware . `` Who got to keep all these wonderful offerings , '' wrote Deeley `` is a mystery I never quite fathomed . '' Cimino originally claimed that the wedding scene would take up 21 minutes of screen time . In the end , it took 51 minutes . Deeley believes that Cimino always planned to make this prologue last for an hour , and `` the plan was to be advanced by stealth rather than straight dealing . '' At this point in the production , nearly halfway through principal photography , Cimino was already over budget , and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project . The bar and the steel mill ( edit ) The bar was specially constructed in an empty storefront in Mingo Junction , Ohio for $25,000 ; it later became an actual saloon for local steel mill workers . U.S. Steel allowed filming inside its Cleveland mill , including placing the actors around the furnace floor , only after securing a $5 million insurance policy . Other filming took place in Pittsburgh . Hunting the Deer ( edit ) The first deer to be shot was depicted in a `` gruesome close - up '' , although he was hit with a tranquilizer dart . The stag that Michael allows to get away later was the same one used on TV commercials for the Connecticut Life Insurance Company . Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes ( edit ) The Viet Cong Russian roulette scenes were shot in real circumstances , with real rats and mosquitoes , as the three principals ( De Niro , Walken , and Savage ) were tied up in bamboo cages erected along the River Kwai . The woman who was given the task of casting the extras in Thailand had much difficulty finding a local to play the vicious - looking individual who runs the game . The first actor hired turned out to be incapable of slapping De Niro in the face . The caster then found a local Thai man with a particular dislike of Americans , and cast him accordingly . De Niro suggested that Walken be slapped for real by one of the guards without any warning . The reaction on Walken 's face was genuine . Producer Deeley has said that Cimino shot the brutal Vietcong Russian roulette scenes brilliantly and more efficiently than any other part of the film . De Niro and Savage performed their own stunts in the fall into the river , filming the 30 foot drop 15 times in two days . During the helicopter stunt , the runners caught on the rope bridge as the helicopter rose , it threatened to seriously injure De Niro and Savage . The actors gestured and yelled furiously to the crew in the helicopter to warn them . Footage of this is included in the film . According to Cimino , De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale 's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette , to heighten the intensity of the situation . Cazale agreed without protest , but obsessively rechecked the gun before each take to make sure that the live round was n't next in the chamber . While appearing later in the film , the first scenes shot upon arrival in Thailand were the hospital sequences between Walken and the military doctor . Deeley believed that this scene was `` the spur that would earn him an Academy Award . '' In the final scene in the gambling den between Mike and Nick , Cimino had Walken and De Niro improvise in one take . His direction to his actors : `` You put the gun to your head , Chris , you shoot , you fall over and Bobby cradles your head . '' Filming locations ( edit ) Lemko Hall St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral , in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio . The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene . Lemko Hall , Cleveland , Ohio . Also located in Tremont , the wedding banquet was filmed here . The name is clearly visible in one scene . U.S. Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland , Ohio . Opening sequence steel mill scenes . Patpong , Bangkok , Thailand , the area used to represent Saigon 's red light district . Sai Yok , Kanchanaburi Province , Thailand Mount Baker - Snoqualmie National Forest and Nooksack Falls in the North Cascades range of , Washington , deer hunting scenes . Steubenville , Ohio , for some mill and neighborhood shots . Struthers , Ohio , for external house and long - range road shots . Also including , the town 's bowling alley is the Bowladrome Lanes , located at 56 State Street , Struthers , Ohio . Weirton , West Virginia , for mill and trailer shots . River Kwai , Thailand , Prison camp and initial Russian roulette scene . Post-production ( edit ) By this point , The Deer Hunter had cost $13 million and the film still had to go through an arduous post-production . Film editor Peter Zinner was given 600,000 feet of printed film to edit , a monumental task at the time . Producers Spikings and Deeley were pleased with the first cut , which ran for three and a half hours . `` We were thrilled by what we saw , '' wrote Deeley , `` and knew that within the three and a half hours we watched there was a riveting film . '' Executives from Universal , including Lew Wasserman and Sid Sheinberg , were not very enthusiastic . `` I think they were shocked , '' recalled Spikings . `` What really upset them was ' God Bless America ' . Sheinberg thought it was anti-American . He was vehement . He said something like ' You 're poking a stick in the eye of America . ' They really did n't like the movie . And they certainly did n't like it at three hours and two minutes . '' Deeley was n't surprised by the Universal response : `` The Deer Hunter was a United Artists sort of picture , whereas Convoy was more in the style of Universal . I 'd muddled and sold the wrong picture to each studio . '' Deeley did agree with Universal that the film needed to be shorter , not just because of pacing but also to ensure commercial success . `` A picture under two and a half hours can scrape three shows a day , '' wrote Deeley , `` but at three hours you 've lost one third of your screenings and one third of your income for the cinemas , distributors , and profit participants . '' Thom Mount , president of Universal at the time , said , `` This was just a ... continuing nightmare from the day Michael finished the picture to the day we released it . That was simply because he was wedded to everything he shot . The movie was endless . It was The Deer Hunter and the Hunter and the Hunter . The wedding sequence was a cinematic event all unto its own . '' Mount says he turned to Verna Fields , Universal 's then - head of post-production . `` I sicked Verna on Cimino , '' Mount says . `` Verna was no slouch . She started to turn the heat up on Michael , and he started screeching and yelling . '' Zinner eventually cut the film down to 18,000 feet . Cimino later fired Zinner when he discovered that Zinner was editing down the wedding scenes . Zinner eventually won Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter . Regarding the clashes between him and Cimino , Zinner stated : `` Michael Cimino and I had our differences at the end , but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards . '' Cimino later commented in The New York Observer , `` ( Zinner ) was a moron ... I cut Deer Hunter myself . '' Sound design ( edit ) The Deer Hunter was Cimino 's first film to use Dolby noise - reduction system . `` What Dolby does , '' replied Cimino , `` is to give you the ability to create a density of detail of sound -- a richness so you can demolish the wall separating the viewer from the film . You can come close to demolishing the screen . '' It took five months to mix the soundtrack . One short battle sequence -- 200 feet of film in the final cut -- took five days to dub . Another sequence recreated the 1975 American evacuation of Saigon ; Cimino brought the film 's composer , Stanley Myers , out to the location to listen to the auto , tank , and jeep horns as the sequence was being photographed . The result , according to Cimino : Myers composed the music for that scene in the same key as the horn sounds , so the music and the sound effects would blend with the images to create one jarring , desolate experience . Previews ( edit ) Both the long and short versions were previewed to Midwestern audiences , although there are different accounts among Cimino , Deeley , and Spikings as to how the previews panned out . Director Cimino claims he bribed the projectionist to interrupt the shorter version , in order to obtain better reviews of the longer one . According to producer Spikings , Wasserman let EMI 's CEO Bernard Delfont decide between the two and chose Cimino 's longer cut . Deeley claims that the two - and - a-half hour version tested had a better response . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Deer Hunter Soundtrack album by Stanley Myers Released Recorded 1978 Genre Film score Label Capitol The soundtrack to The Deer Hunter was released on audio CD on October 25 , 1990 . Selected tracks ( edit ) Stanley Myers ' `` Cavatina '' ( also known as `` He Was Beautiful '' ) , performed by classical guitarist John Williams , is commonly known as `` The Theme from The Deer Hunter '' . According to producer Deeley , he discovered that the song was originally written for a film called The Walking Stick ( 1970 ) and , as a result , had to pay the original purchaser an undisclosed sum . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' , a 1967 hit song , sung by Frankie Valli . It is played in John 's bar when all of the friends sing along and at the wedding reception . According to Cimino , the actors sang along to a recording of the song as it was played instead of singing to a beat track , a standard filmmaking practice . Cimino felt that would make the sing - along seem more real . During the wedding ceremonies and party , the Eastern Orthodox Church songs such as `` Slava '' , and Russian folk songs such as `` Korobushka '' and `` Katyusha '' , are played . Russian Orthodox funeral music is also employed during Nick 's funeral scene , mainly `` Vechnaya Pamyat '' , which means `` eternal memory '' . Release ( edit ) The Deer Hunter debuted at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8 , 1978 . The release strategy was to qualify the film for Oscar consideration and close after a week to build interest . After the Oscar nominations , Universal widened the distribution to include major cities , building up to a full - scale release on February 23 , 1979 , just following the Oscars . This film was important for helping massage release patterns for so - called prestige pictures that screen only at the end of the year to qualify for Academy Award recognition . The film eventually grossed $48.9 million at the US box office . CBS paid $3.5 million for three runs of the film . The network later cancelled the acquisition on the contractually permitted grounds of the film containing too much violence for US network transmission . Analysis ( edit ) Controversy over Russian roulette ( edit ) Robert De Niro pulls the trigger in the game of Russian roulette that takes place in the Viet Cong prison scene . One of the most talked - about sequences in the film , the Vietcong 's use of Russian roulette with POWs , was criticized as being contrived and unrealistic since there were no documented cases of Russian roulette in the Vietnam War . Associated Press reporter Peter Arnett , who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the war , wrote in the Los Angeles Times , `` In its 20 years of war , there was not a single recorded case of Russian roulette ... The central metaphor of the movie is simply a bloody lie . '' Director Cimino was also criticized for one - sidedly portraying all the North Vietnamese as sadistic racists and killers . Cimino countered that his film was not political , polemical , literally accurate , or posturing for any particular point of view . He further defended his position by saying that he had news clippings from Singapore that confirm Russian roulette was used during the war ( without specifying which article ) . During the 29th Berlin International Film Festival in 1979 , the Soviet delegation expressed its indignation with the film which , in their opinion , insulted the Vietnamese people in numerous scenes . Other socialist states also voiced their solidarity with the `` heroic people of Vietnam '' . They protested against the screening of the film and insisted that it violated the statutes of the festival , since it in no way contributed to the `` improvement of mutual understanding between the peoples of the world '' . The ensuing domino effect led to the walk - outs of the Cubans , East Germans , Bulgarians , Poles and Czechoslovakians , and two members of the jury resigned in sympathy . Critics ' response ( edit ) In his review , Roger Ebert defended the artistic license of Russian roulette , arguing `` it is the organizing symbol of the film : Anything you can believe about the game , about its deliberately random violence , about how it touches the sanity of men forced to play it , will apply to the war as a whole . It is a brilliant symbol because , in the context of this story , it makes any ideological statement about the war superfluous . '' Film critic and biographer David Thomson also agrees that the film works despite the controversy : `` There were complaints that the North Vietnamese had not employed Russian roulette . It was said that the scenes in Saigon were fanciful or imagined . It was also suggested that De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage were too old to have enlisted for Vietnam ( Savage , the youngest of the three , was 28 ) . Three decades later , ' imagination ' seems to have stilled those worries ... and The Deer Hunter is one of the great American films . '' In her review , Pauline Kael wrote , `` The Vietcong are treated in the standard inscrutable - evil Oriental style of the Japanese in the Second World War movies ... The impression a viewer gets is that if we did some bad things there we did them ruthlessly but impersonally ; the Vietcong were cruel and sadistic . '' In his Vanity Fair article `` The Vietnam Oscars '' , Peter Biskind wrote that the political agenda of The Deer Hunter was something of a mystery : `` It may have been more a by - product of Hollywood myopia , the demands of the war - film genre , garden - variety American parochialism , and simple ignorance than it was the pre-meditated right - wing road map it seemed to many . '' Cast and crew response ( edit ) According to Christopher Walken , the historical context was not paramount : `` In the making of it , I do n't remember anyone ever mentioning Vietnam ! '' De Niro added to this sentiment : `` Whether ( the film 's vision of the war ) actually happened or not , it 's something you could imagine very easily happening . Maybe it did . I do n't know . All 's fair in love and war . '' Producer Spikings , while proud of the film , regrets the way the Vietnamese were portrayed . `` I do n't think any of us meant it to be exploitive , '' Spikings said . `` But I think we were ... ignorant . I ca n't think of a better word for it . I did n't realize how badly we 'd behaved to the Vietnamese people ... '' Producer Deeley , on the other hand , was quick to defend Cimino 's comments on the nature and motives of the film : `` The Deer Hunter was n't really ' about ' Vietnam . It was something very different . It was n't about drugs or the collapse of the morale of the soldiers . It was about how individuals respond to pressure : different men reacting quite differently . The film was about three steel workers in extraordinary circumstances . Apocalypse Now is surreal . The Deer Hunter is a parable ... Men who fight and lose an unworthy war face some obvious and unpalatable choices . They can blame their leaders ... or they can blame themselves . Self - blame has been a great burden for many war veterans . So how does a soldier come to terms with his defeat and yet still retain his self - respect ? One way is to present the conquering enemy as so inhuman , and the battle between the good guys ( us ) and the bad guys ( them ) so uneven , as to render defeat irrelevant . Inhumanity was the theme of The Deer Hunter 's portrayal of the North Vietnamese prison guards forcing American POWs to play Russian roulette . The audience 's sympathy with prisoners who ( quite understandably ) cracked thus completes the chain . Accordingly , some veterans who suffered in that war found the Russian roulette a valid allegory . '' Director Cimino 's autobiographical intent ( edit ) Cimino frequently referred to The Deer Hunter as a `` personal '' and `` autobiographical '' film , although later investigation by journalists like Tom Buckley of Harper 's revealed inaccuracies in Cimino 's accounts and reported background . Homosocial bonding ( edit ) In 1986 , critic Robin Wood examined what he viewed as the film 's homosexual subtext . In the film 's central `` male love affair '' Mike supposedly represents the powers of control and repression , whereas Nick stands for release and liberation . According to Wood , `` Nick both is and knows himself to be in love with Mike and Mike reciprocates that love but ca n't admit it , even to himself '' . In the end , Wood argues that Nick shoots himself because `` he has recognized that Mike offers nothing but a return to repression '' . Coda of `` God Bless America '' ( edit ) The final scene in which all the main characters gather and sing `` God Bless America '' became a subject of heated debate among critics when the film was released . It raised the question of whether this conclusion was meant ironically or not -- `` as a critique of patriotism or a paean to it '' . Reception ( edit ) The film 's initial reviews were largely positive . It was hailed by many critics as the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather . The film was praised for its depiction of realistic working class settings and environment ; Cimino 's direction ; the performances of De Niro , Walken , Streep , Savage , Dzundza and Cazale ; the symphonic shifts of tone and pacing in moving from America to Vietnam ; the tension during the Russian roulette scenes ; and the themes of American disillusionment . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars and called it `` one of the most emotionally shattering films ever made . '' Gene Siskel from the Chicago Tribune praised the film , saying , `` This is a big film , dealing with big issues , made on a grand scale . Much of it , including some casting decisions , suggest inspiration by The Godfather . '' Leonard Maltin also gave the film four stars , calling it a `` sensitive , painful , evocative work '' . Vincent Canby of the New York Times called The Deer Hunter `` a big , awkward , crazily ambitious motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since The Godfather . Its vision is that of an original , major new filmmaker . '' David Denby of New York called it `` an epic '' with `` qualities that we almost never see any more -- range and power and breadth of experience . '' Jack Kroll of Time asserted it put director Cimino `` right at the center of film culture . '' Stephen Farber pronounced the film in New West magazine as `` the greatest anti-war movie since La Grande Illusion . '' However , The Deer Hunter was not without critical backlash . Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote a positive review with some reservations : `` ( It is ) a small minded film with greatness in it ... with an enraptured view of common life ... ( but ) enraging , because , despite its ambitiousness and scale , it has no more moral intelligence than the Eastwood action pictures . '' Andrew Sarris wrote that the film was `` massively vague , tediously elliptical , and mysteriously hysterical ... It is perhaps significant that the actors remain more interesting than the characters they play . '' Jonathan Rosenbaum disparaged The Deer Hunter as an `` Oscar - laden weepie about macho buddies '' and `` a disgusting account of what the evil Vietnamese did to poor , innocent Americans '' . John Simon of New York wrote : `` For all its pretensions to something newer and better , this film is only an extension of the old Hollywood war - movie lie . The enemy is still bestial and stupid , and no match for our purity and heroism ; only we no longer wipe up the floor with him -- rather , we litter it with his guts . '' Author Karina Longworth notes that Streep `` made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept -- a normal lady from an average American small town , for whom subservience was the only thing she knew '' . She states that The Deer Hunter `` evokes a version of dominant masculinity in which male friendship is a powerful force '' . It has a `` credibly humanist message '' , and that the `` slow study of the men in blissfully ignorant homeland machismo is crucial to it '' . The film holds a metascore of 73 on Metacritic , based on seven reviews , and 93 % fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 48 reviews . The RT summary reads : Its greatness is blunted by its length and one - sided point of view , but the film 's weaknesses are overpowered by Michael Cimino 's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro , Meryl Streep , and Christopher Walken . Top - Ten Lists ( edit ) 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times . Ebert also placed Deer Hunter on his list of the best films of the 1970s . 3rd -- Gene Siskel , Chicago Tribune Academy Award - winning film director Miloš Forman and Academy Award - nominated actor Mickey Rourke consider The Deer Hunter to be one of the greatest films of all time . Revisionism following Heaven 's Gate ( edit ) Cimino 's next film , Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) , debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales , effectively leaving United Artists bankrupt . The failure of Heaven 's Gate led several critics to revise their positions on The Deer Hunter . Canby said in his famous review of Heaven 's Gate , `` ( The film ) fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter , and the Devil has just come around to collect . '' Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of Heaven 's Gate , `` I 'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for The Deer Hunter have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm . '' Sarris added , `` I was never taken in ... Hence , the stupidity and incoherence in Heaven 's Gate came as no surprise since very much the same stupidity and incoherence had been amply evident in The Deer Hunter . '' In his book Final Cut : Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , Steven Bach wrote , `` critics seemed to feel obliged to go on the record about The Deer Hunter , to demonstrate that their critical credentials were un-besmirched by having been , as Sarris put it , ' taken in . ' '' More recently , British film critic Mark Kermode challenged the film 's status : `` At the risk of being thrown out of the ' respectable film critics ' circle , may I take this opportunity to declare officially that in my opinion The Deer Hunter is one of the worst films ever made , a rambling self indulgent , self aggrandizing barf-fest steeped in manipulatively racist emotion , and notable primarily for its farcically melodramatic tone which is pitched somewhere between shrieking hysteria and somnambulist sombreness . '' However , many critics , including David Thomson and A.O. Scott. , maintain that The Deer Hunter is still a great film , the power of which has n't since diminished . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards record 1 . Best Supporting Actor , Christopher Walken 2 . Best Director , Michael Cimino 3 . Best Editing , Peter Zinner 4 . Best Picture , Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino , John Peverall 5 . Best Sound , Richard Portman , William L. McCaughey , Aaron Rochin , C. Darin Knight Golden Globe Awards record 1 . Best Director , Michael Cimino BAFTA Awards record 1 . Best Cinematography , Vilmos Zsigmond 2 . Best Editing , Peter Zinner Lead - up to Awards season ( edit ) Film producer and `` old - fashioned mogul '' Allan Carr used his networking abilities to promote The Deer Hunter . `` Exactly how Allan Carr came into The Deer Hunter 's orbit I can no longer remember , '' recalled producer Deeley , `` but the picture became a crusade to him . He nagged , charmed , threw parties , he created word - of - mouth -- everything that could be done in Hollywood to promote a project . Because he had no apparent motive for this promotion , it had an added power and legitimacy and it finally did start to penetrate the minds of the Universal 's sales people that they actually had in their hands something a bit more significant than the usual . '' Deeley added that Carr 's promotion of the film was influential in positioning The Deer Hunter for Oscar nominations . On the Sneak Previews special `` Oscar Preview for 1978 '' , Roger Ebert correctly predicted that The Deer Hunter would win for Best Picture while Gene Siskel predicted that Coming Home would win . However , Ebert incorrectly guessed that Robert De Niro would win for Best Actor for Deer Hunter and Jill Clayburgh would win for Best Actress for An Unmarried Woman while Siskel called the wins for Jon Voight as Best Actor and Jane Fonda as Best Actress , both for Coming Home . Both Ebert and Siskel called the win for Christopher Walken receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor . According to producer Deeley , orchestrated lobbying against The Deer Hunter was led by Warren Beatty , whose own picture Heaven Can Wait had multiple nominations . Beatty also used ex-girlfriends in his campaign : Julie Christie , serving on the jury at the Berlin Film Festival where Deer Hunter was screened , joined the walkout of the film by the Russian jury members . Jane Fonda also criticized The Deer Hunter in public . Deeley suggested that her criticisms partly stemmed from the competition between her film Coming Home vying with The Deer Hunter for Best Picture . According to Deeley , he planted a friend of his in the Oscar press area behind the stage to ask Fonda if she had seen The Deer Hunter . Fonda replied she had not seen the film , and to this day she still has not . As the Oscars drew near , the backlash against The Deer Hunter gathered strength . When the limos pulled up to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on April 9 , 1979 , they were met by demonstrators , mostly from the Los Angeles chapter of Vietnam Veterans Against the War . The demonstrators waved placards covered with slogans that read `` No Oscars for racism '' and `` The Deer Hunter a bloody lie '' and thrust pamphlets berating Deer Hunter into long lines of limousine windows . Washburn , nominated for Best Original Screenplay , claims his limousine was pelted with stones . According to Variety , `` Police and The Deer Hunter protesters clashed in a brief but bloody battle that resulted in 13 arrests . '' De Niro was so anxious that he did not attend the Oscars ceremony . He asked the Academy to sit out the show backstage , but when the Academy refused , De Niro stayed home in New York . Producer Deeley made a deal with fellow producer David Puttnam , whose film Midnight Express was nominated , that each would take $500 to the ceremony so if one of them won , the winner would give the loser the $500 to `` drown his sorrows in style . '' 51st Academy Awards ( edit ) The Deer Hunter won five Oscars at the 51st Academy Awards in 1979 : Best Picture -- Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall ( John Wayne 's final public appearance was to present the award ) Best Director -- Michael Cimino Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Christopher Walken Best Film Editing -- Peter Zinner Best Sound -- Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight . In addition , the film was nominated in four other categories : Best Actor in a Leading Role -- Robert De Niro ( lost to Jon Voight for Coming Home ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Meryl Streep ( lost to Maggie Smith for California Suite ) Best Cinematography -- Vilmos Zsigmond ( lost to Néstor Almendros for Days of Heaven ) Best Writing , Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- Michael Cimino , Deric Washburn , Louis Garfinkle and Quinn Redeker ( lost to Robert C. Jones , Waldo Salt and Nancy Dowd for Coming Home ) Golden globes ( edit ) Cimino won the film 's only Golden Globe Award for Best Director . Other nominations the film included Best Motion Picture -- Drama , De Niro for Best Motion Picture Actor -- Drama , Walken for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role , Streep for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role , and Washburn for Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture . Complete list of awards ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result 51st Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Picture Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall Won Academy Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won Academy Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing Peter Zinner Won Academy Award for Best Sound Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight Won American Cinema Editors American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Peter Zinner Won American Movie Awards Best Film Nominated Best Director Michael Cimino Won Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Nominated Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won 33rd British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Film Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino , John Peverall Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Direction Michael Cimino Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Robert De Niro Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle , Quinn K. Redeker Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christopher Walken Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Editing Peter Zinner Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Won BAFTA Award for Best Sound Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin , Darin Knight Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards 1978 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film Michael Cimino Won 36th Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Barry Spikings Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Robert De Niro Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Deric Washburn Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Christopher Walken Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1978 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won National Society of Film Critics Awards 1978 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film 2nd place National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken 3rd place National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won 1978 New York Film Critics Circle Awards New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro 3rd place New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep 3rd place Writers Guild of America Award Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle , Quinn K. Redeker Nominated Legacy ( edit ) The Deer Hunter was one of the first , and most controversial , major theatrical films to be critical of the American involvement in Vietnam following 1975 when the war officially ended . While the film opened the same year as Hal Ashby 's Coming Home , Sidney Furie 's The Boys in Company C , and Ted Post 's Go Tell the Spartans , it was the first film about Vietnam to reach a wide audience and critical acclaim , culminating in the winning of the Oscar for Best Picture . Other films released in the late 1970s and 1980s that illustrated the ' hellish ' , futile conditions of bloody Vietnam War combat included : Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Oliver Stone 's Platoon ( 1986 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) John Irvin 's Hamburger Hill ( 1987 ) Oliver Stone 's Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Brian De Palma 's Casualties of War ( 1989 ) Oliver Stone 's Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) Robert Zemeckis ' Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Randall Wallace 's We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) David Thomson wrote in an article titled `` The Deer Hunter : Story of a scene '' that the film changed the way war - time battles were portrayed on film : `` The terror and the blast of firepower changed the war film , even if it only used a revolver . More or less before the late 1970s , the movies had lived by a Second World War code in which battle scenes might be fierce but always rigorously controlled . The Deer Hunter unleashed a new , raw dynamic in combat and action , paving the way for Platoon , Saving Private Ryan and Clint Eastwood 's Iwo Jima films . '' In a 2011 interview with Rotten Tomatoes , actor William Fichtner retrospectively stated that he and his partner were silenced after seeing the film , stating that `` the human experience was just so pointed ; their journeys were so difficult , as life is sometimes . I remember after seeing it , walking down the street -- I actually went with a girl on a date and saw The Deer Hunter , and we left the theater and walked for like an hour and nobody said anything ; we were just kind of stunned about that . '' The deaths of approximately twenty - five people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie . Honors and recognition ( edit ) In 1996 , The Deer Hunter was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . American Film Institute included the film as # 79 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , # 30 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , and # 53 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . The film ranks 467th in the Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time , noting : Cimino 's bold , powerful ' Nam epic goes from blue - collar macho rituals to a fiery , South East Asian hell and back to a ragged singalong of America the Beautiful ( sic ) . De Niro holds it together , but Christopher Walken , Meryl Streep and John Savage are unforgettable . Jan Scruggs , a Vietnam veteran who became a counselor with the U.S. Department of Labor , thought of the idea of building a National Memorial for Vietnam Veterans after seeing a screening of the film in March 1979 , and he established and operated the memorial fund which paid for it . Director Cimino was invited to the memorial 's opening . Home media ( edit ) The Deer Hunter has twice been released on DVD in America . The first 1998 issue was by Universal , with no extra features and a non-anamorphic transfer , and has since been discontinued . A second version , part of the `` Legacy Series '' , was released as a two - disc set on September 6 , 2005 , with an anamorphic transfer of the film . The set features a cinematographer 's commentary by Vilmos Zsigmond , deleted and extended scenes , and production notes . The Region 2 version of The Deer Hunter , released in the UK and Japan , features a commentary track from director Michael Cimino . The film was released on HD DVD on December 26 , 2006 . StudioCanal released the film on the Blu - ray format in countries other than the United States on March 11 , 2009 . It was released on Blu - ray in the U.S. on March 6 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) The Deer Hunter ( novel ) ( 1978 ) The Last Hunter ( 1980 ) , an Italian film originally made as an unofficial sequel References ( edit ) Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ A clip from the scene between Walken and the military doctor was shown on a Sneak Previews special `` Oscar Preview for 1978 , '' in which critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert correctly predicted that Walken would win the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor . Jump up ^ While featured prominently in the film , `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' does not appear on The Deer Hunter 's soundtrack . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DEER HUNTER ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1978 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry 1989 -- 2008 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ( March 2008 ) . `` The Vietnam Oscars '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Realizing The Deer Hunter : An Interview with Michael Cimino . Blue Underground . Interview on The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and the StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube Jump up ^ De Niro , Robert ( actor ) ( June 12 , 2003 ) . AFI Life Achievement Award : A Tribute to Robert De Niro . ( Television Production ) American Film Institute . Jump up ^ Kachmar 2002 , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Parker , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` Richard Shepard Talks John Cazale Doc , Plus The Trailer For ' I Knew It Was You ' '' . The Playlist . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Parker , p. 128 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : DVD commentary by director Michael Cimino and film critic F.X. Feeney . Included on The Deer Hunter UK region 2 DVD release and the StudioCanal Blu - Ray . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 164 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 166 Jump up ^ Wasburn , Deric The Deer Hunter script ( Unspecified draft ) . DailyScript.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Nancy ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` Last Typhoon Cimino Is Back '' . The New York Observer 16 ( 6 ) : pp. 1 + 15 + 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Oscars : 1979 -- 51st Annual Academy Awards '' . theOscarSite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Longworth 2013 , pp. 19 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth 2013 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 172 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Shooting The Deer Hunter : An interview with Vilmos Zsigmond . Blue Underground . Interview with the cinematographer , located on The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 177 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 173 Jump up ^ `` City Lands Good Share of Movies '' . The Vindicator . Youngstown . Associated Press . December 10 , 1995 . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 175 Jump up ^ Playing The Deer Hunter : An interview with John Savage . Blue Underground . Interview with the actor Savage , located on the UK Region 2 DVD and StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 176 ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger & Siskel , Gene ( hosts ) ; Flaum , Thea & Solley , Ray ( producers ) ; Denny , Patterson ( director ) . ( 1979 ) . Sneak Previews : Oscar Preview for 1978 . ( Television Production ) . Chicago , IL : WTTW . ^ Jump up to : The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- Filming locations Jump up ^ `` Lemko Hall '' . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . May 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Movie Locations in Bangkok - Bangkok.com Magazine '' . Bangkok.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nam , Suzanne ( 2012 ) . Moon Thailand . Avalon Travel . p. 320 . ISBN 9781598809695 . Jump up ^ Krause , Mariella ( 2013 ) . Lonely Planet Pacific Northwest 's Best Trips . Lonely Planet . p. 118 . ISBN 1741798159 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter film locations ( 1978 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Randy Fox Writer and photographer ( 2012 - 05 - 05 ) . `` ' The Deer Hunter ' And ' Reckless ' : Hollywood Briefly Comes To The Factory Valleys ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History - Struthers , Ohio '' . Strutherscommunity.weebly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Bowladrome Lanes owners reflect on 40 years in the business '' . Vindy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Joe ( July 5 , 1077 ) . `` '' Deer Hunter '' Filming Under Way `` . Weirton Daily Times . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations . September 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLellan , Dennis ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Peter Zinner , 88 ; film editor won Oscar for ' The Deer Hunter ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 4 Jump up ^ Schreger , Charles ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Altman , Dolby , and the Second Sound Revolution '' . In Belton , John ; Weis , Elisabeth . Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( Paperback ed . ) . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 195 Jump up ^ `` An Eastern Orthodox Approach to the Brothers Karamazov by Donald Sheehan '' Archived 2014 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- Release dates '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bach , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 196 Jump up ^ Chaffin - Quiray , Garrett ( writer ) ; Schnider , Steven Jay ( general editor ) ( 2003 ) . 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die ( 2003 ed . ) . London , England : Quintet Publishing . p. 642 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Greatest Films . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Auster , Albert ; Quart , Leonard ( 2002 ) . `` The seventies '' . American film and society since 1945 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 120 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96742 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Yearbook '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( March 9 , 1979 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Have You Seen ... ? '' : A Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films . New York , NY : Random House . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26461 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 197 Jump up ^ Wood , Robin . Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan and Beyond . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 9780231129664 . P. 260 - 270 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( December 15 , 1978 ) . `` Movie Review : The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( October 26 , 2010 ) . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film : Fifth Edition , Completely Updated and Expanded ( Hardcover ed . ) . Knopf . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27174 - 7 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( March 9 , 1979 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( August 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide ( 2009 ed . ) . New York , NY : Penguin Group p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28978 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bach , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Bach , p. 168 Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` The Deer Hunter '' . The Reader . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon , John ( February 16 , 1979 ) . New York . Anthologized in the collection Reverse Angle ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Longworth 2013 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Ebert 's 10 Best Lists : 1967 - present '' Archived September 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( host ) ; Siskel , Gene ( host ) ( December 20 , 1979 ) Sneak Previews : Best Films of the 1970s . ( Television Production ) Chicago , IL : WTTW . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists ( 1969 -- 1998 ) '' . Innermind.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Poll 2002 -- Milos Forman '' . Sight & Sound . `` 5 . The Deer Hunter ( Cimino ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Presentation of the film by Mickey Rourke . Video located on The Deer Hunter Blu - ray . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 19 , 1980 ) . `` ' Heaven 's Gate , ' A Western by Cimino '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bach , p. 370 Jump up ^ Critics ' Picks : The Deer Hunter on YouTube by New York Times film critic A.O. Scott on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 3 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards ( 1979 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Deer Hunter : Story of a scene '' . The Guardian . Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Goodsell , Luke ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Five Favorite Films with William Fichtner '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter and Suicides '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . `` 79 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . `` 30 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 'S 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . `` 53 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scruggs , Jan C. ; Swerdlow , Joel L. ( April 1985 ) . To Heal a Nation : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York , NY : Harpercollins . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015404 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- DVD details '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( Universal Legacy Series ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` View topic -- The Deer Hunter ( DVD vs. BD -- Scandinavia ) ADDED '' . The Rewind Forums . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter HD - DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Achetez le Blu - Ray Voyage au bout de l'enfer '' ( in French ) . StudioCanal.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bach , Steven ( September 1 , 1999 ) . Final Cut : Art , Money , and Ego in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , the Film That Sank United Artists ( Updated 1999 ed . ) . New York , NY : Newmarket Press . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 374 - 4 . Deeley , Michael ( April 7 , 2009 ) . Blade Runners , Deer Hunters , & Blowing the Bloody Doors Off : My Life in Cult Movies ( Hardcover ed . ) . New York , NY : Pegasus Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60598 - 038 - 6 . Kachmar , Diane C. ( 2002 ) . Roy Scheider : a film biography . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1201 - 1 . Longworth , Karina ( 2013 ) . Meryl Streep : Anatomy of an Actor . Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 6669 - 7 . Parker , John ( 2009 ) . Robert De Niro : Portrait of a Legend . London , England : John Blake Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 639 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) McKee , Bruce ( 1997 ) . Story ( Hardcover ed . ) . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 126 , 296 - 7 , 308 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039168 - 5 . Mitchell , Robert ( writer ) ; Magill , Frank N. ( editor ) ( 1980 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Magill 's Survey of Cinema : A-Eas. 1 . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Salem Press pp. 427 -- 431 . ISBN 0 - 89356 - 226 - 2 . External links ( edit ) The Deer Hunter on IMDb The Deer Hunter at the TCM Movie Database The Deer Hunter at AllMovie The Deer Hunter at Box Office Mojo The Deer Hunter at Rotten Tomatoes The Deer Hunter at Metacritic Films directed by Michael Cimino Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) Year of the Dragon ( 1985 ) The Sicilian ( 1987 ) Desperate Hours ( 1990 ) Sunchaser ( 1996 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316751845 GND : 7552963 - 4 SUDOC : 178587672 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Deer_Hunter&oldid=821471587 '' Categories : 1978 films 1970s drama films 1970s war films American films American war drama films English - language films Russian - language films Vietnamese - language films French - language films Films directed by Michael Cimino Anti-war films about the Vietnam War Best Picture Academy Award winners Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring hunters Films set in 1967 Films set in 1968 Films set in 1975 Films set in Pennsylvania Films set in Vietnam Films shot in Bangkok Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in West Virginia Films shot in Thailand Films shot in Youngstown , Ohio Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Prisoner of war films War epic films 1990 soundtracks Stanley Myers albums Capitol Records soundtracks United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Films shot in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 01 . 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Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

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Cellular respiration - wikipedia Cellular respiration Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Typical eukaryotic cell Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions . Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Aerobic respiration summed up 1.2 Glycolysis 1.3 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.4 Citric acid cycle 1.5 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Aerobic respiration summed up 1 . Glycolysis : -- - 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs 2 . Formation of Acetyl CoA : -- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen 3 . Krebs Cycle : -- - 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs 4 . Electron Transport System : -- - 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs Overall Reaction : -- - Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=830663802 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 06 : 02 . 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how many co2 molecules are produced in aerobic respiration

6

1.2

Optic chiasm - wikipedia Optic chiasm Jump to : navigation , search For other meanings of `` chiasm '' , see Chiasm . Optic chiasma Brain viewed from below ; the front of the brain is above . Visual pathway with optic chiasm ( X shape ) is shown in red ( 1543 image from Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica ) Optic nerves , chiasm , and optic tracts Details Part of Visual system Identifiers Latin chiasma opticum MeSH A08. 800.800. 120.680. 600 NeuroLex ID Optic chiasm TA A14. 1.08. 403 FMA 62045 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The optic chiasm or optic chiasma ( / ɒptɪk kaɪæzəm / ; Greek χίασμα , `` crossing '' , from the Greek χιάζω ' to mark with an X ' , after the Greek letter ' Χ ' , chi ) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross . The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus . The optic chiasm is found in all vertebrates , although in cyclostomes ( lampreys and hagfishes ) it is located within the brain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Other animals 3 Additional images 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The optic nerve fibres on the nasal sides of each retina cross over ( decussate ) to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm ( decussation of medial fibers ) . The temporal hemiretina , on the other hand , stays on the same side . The inferonasal retina are related to anterior portion of the optic chiasm whereas superonasal retinal fibers are related to the posterior portion of the optic chiasm . The crossing over of optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasm allows the visual cortex to receive the same hemispheric visual field from both eyes . Superimposing and processing these monocular visual signals allow the visual cortex to generate binocular and stereoscopic vision . For example , the right visual cortex receives the temporal visual field from the left eye , and the nasal visual field from the right eye , which results in the right visual cortex producing a binocular image of the left hemispheric visual field . The net result of optic nerve crossing over at the optic chiasm is for the right cerebral hemisphere to sense and process left hemispheric vision , and for the left cerebral hemisphere to sense and process right hemispheric vision . This crossing is an adaptive feature of frontally oriented eyes , found mostly in predatory animals requiring precise visual depth perception . ( Prey animals , with laterally positioned eyes , have little binocular vision , so there is a more complete crossover of visual signals . ) Beyond the optic chiasm , with crossed and uncrossed fibers , the optic nerves become optic tracts . The signals are passed on to the lateral geniculate body , in turn giving them to the occipital cortex ( the outer matter of the rear brain ) . Other animals ( edit ) In Siamese cats with certain genotypes of the albino gene , this wiring is disrupted , with more of the nerve - crossing than is normal , as a number of scholars have reported . To compensate for lack of crossing in their brains , they cross their eyes ( strabismus ) . This is also seen in albino tigers , as Guillery & Kaas report . Additional images ( edit ) Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts . Base of brain . 3D schematic representation of optic tracts Transformations of the visual field toward the visual map on the primary visual cortex . Human brainstem anterior view Optic chiasm Optic chiasma Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection . Cerebrum. Inferior view . Deep dissection . History ( edit ) The crossing of nerve fibres , and the impact on vision that this had , was probably first identified by Persian physician `` Esmail Jorjani '' , who appears to be Zayn al - Din Gorgani ( 1042 -- 1137 ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic chiasm . Chiasmal syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colman , Andrew M. ( 2006 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 530 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861035 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bainbridge , David ( 30 June 2009 ) . Beyond the Zonules of Zinn : A Fantastic Journey Through Your Brain . Harvard University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02042 - 9 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ de Lussanet , Marc H.E. ; Osse , Jan W.M. ( 2012 ) . `` An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates '' . Animal Biology . 62 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 216 . arXiv : 1003.1872 . doi : 10.1163 / 157075611X617102 . ISSN 1570 - 7555 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; Augustine , George ; Fitzpatrick , David ; Hall , William ; LaMantia , Anthony - Samuel ; White , Leonard ( 2012 ) . Neuroscience . Sinauer Associates . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 695 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ Schmolesky MT , Wang Y , Creel DJ , Leventhal AG . `` Abnormal retinotopic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tyrosinase - negative albino cat '' . J Comp Neurol. 427 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 19 . doi : 10.1002 / 1096 - 9861 ( 20001113 ) 427 : 2 < 209 : : aid - cne4 > 3.0.co ; 2 - 3 . PMID 11054689 . Jump up ^ Guillery , RW ; Kaas , JH ( June 1973 ) . `` Genetic abnormality of the visual pathways in a `` white '' tiger `` . Science . 180 ( 4092 ) : 1287 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 180.1287 G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 180.4092. 1287 . PMID 4707916 . Jump up ^ Guillery RW ( May 1974 ) . `` Visual pathways in albinos '' . Sci. Am. 230 ( 5 ) : 44 -- 54 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0574 - 44 . PMID 4822986 . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew C. ; Griessenauer , Christoph J. ; Bosmia , Anand N. ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Shoja , Mohammadali M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The naming of the cranial nerves : A historical review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 27 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22345 . ISSN 1098 - 2353 . Jeffery G ( October 2001 ) . `` Architecture of the optic chiasm and the mechanisms that sculpt its development '' . Physiol. Rev. 81 ( 4 ) : 1393 -- 414 . PMID 11581492 . External links ( edit ) `` Anatomy diagram : 13048.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . ( hide ) The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_chiasm&oldid=815119276 '' Categories : Cerebrum Visual system Optic nerve Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 21 : 54 . 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where does the optic nerve cross the midline ​

optic chiasm

the opposite side of the brain

The Grand Tour ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Grand Tour ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Grand Tour Genre Motoring Entertainment Created by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Andy Wilman Written by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Richard Porter Directed by Phil Churchward Brian Klein Kit Lynch - Robinson Gavin Whitehead Presented by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Starring Mike Skinner Abbie Eaton Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 24 Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Wilman Producer ( s ) Chris Hale Greg Vince Richard Evans Ronan Browne Cinematography Ben Joiner Editor ( s ) James Hart Dan James Chris Denton Joe Orr Camera setup Multi-camera setup Running time 44 -- 71 minutes Production company ( s ) W. Chump & Sons Amazon Studios Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) 23.976 fps , 25fps HDR Original release 18 November 2016 -- present External links Website The Grand Tour is a British motoring television series for Amazon Video , presented by Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , and James May , and produced by Andy Wilman . The four agreed to produce the series following their departures from the BBC series Top Gear with an initial agreement of 36 episodes over three years . Episodes are released weekly to those with Amazon Prime Video accounts , repeats of the first series began airing on traditional broadcasters in late 2017 . As of December 2016 the show was made available to an additional 195 countries and various territories . Studio audience segments for the first series were filmed in the travelling tent between 17 July and 11 December 2016 in various countries , while for the second series the tent was stationed permanently in the Cotswolds . Series one was filmed over the course of mid - to late 2016 and premiered on 18 November 2016 . Series two was filmed over the same time period the following year ; however , filming was set back due to various illnesses and injuries suffered by the presenters . Due to this , it premiered on 8 December 2017 . In the days following the launch , `` The Holy Trinity '' became Amazon Video 's most watched premiere episode . Overall , the show has received positive reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Films 1.2 Test tracks 1.2. 1 Eboladrome 1.2. 2 Enstone 1.3 Celebrity Face Off 1.4 Conversation Street 1.5 Running gags 1.6 Awards 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Series 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.2. 1 Notes 2.3 Series 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.3. 1 Notes 2.4 Series 3 3 Production 3.1 History 3.2 Legal issues 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 3.5 Sponsorship 3.6 Technical Issues 4 Reception 5 Broadcast 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) The Grand Tour is presented as a mix of pre-recorded television films and live - audience segments presented in a large tent to an audience of about 300 members . The show and its segments are hosted by Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , and James May . The show is presented from a pair of large tents on a Grand Tour around the world . The presenters sit around a trestle table , with the studio audience seated in front of them . Films ( edit ) Each show is generally bookended by two television films , or two parts of the same film , produced by one or more of the hosts . Similar to the films from Top Gear , these may focus on one or more cars and their features , including how it performs on the test track . These have also included similar Top Gear - like challenges , such as building their own eco-friendly car chassis atop a Land Rover engine base and undergoing challenges sent by text message by their producer Mr. Wilman , unconventional races between the hosts in different forms of transportation , selecting and driving certain types of cars along a route in a foreign locale in the same manner as the Top Gear specials , or other motoring - related segments . Test tracks ( edit ) Eboladrome ( edit ) `` Eboladrome '' test track at RAF Wroughton The show has a dedicated test track called the `` Eboladrome '' , at the former RAF Wroughton . Clarkson states in the first episode that the name is due to its shape resembling the structure of the Ebola virus . It is designed to `` trip cars up '' , according to Clarkson . Section names include the `` Is n't Straight '' , `` Your Name Here '' , `` Old Lady 's House '' , `` Substation '' and `` Field of Sheep '' . In the first episode , the track was said to have been modified following the discovery of an unexploded Second World War bomb . In the first series , the cars were driven by former NASCAR driver Mike Skinner , known as `` The American '' ; Amazon had requested that their test driver be American , according to the hosts . `` The American '' was portrayed with a stereotypical redneck accent and viewpoints , and prone to tangential speech and calling several things communist . Due to poor reception , for series two Skinner was replaced by British racing driver Abbie Eaton . Prior to the airing of the first episode the lap - board had been pre-populated with ten lap - times by a selection of cars . The laps themselves were not shown , only their lap - times . The first car to be shown , with an on - screen lap - time , was a 2016 BMW M2 with a time of 1 : 26.2 set by Skinner . The Eboladrome is also used for general filming and testing by the presenters , meaning that other vehicles -- such as a Ferrari 488 used in episode one -- may appear on the track , but do not set a lap - time set by the racing driver . Lap board Car Time Condition Episode Aston Martin Vulcan 1 : 15.5 Lamborghini Huracán Performante 1 : 16.8 20 Ford GT 1 : 17.6 21 McLaren 650S 1 : 17.9 not shown McLaren 720S 1 : 17.9 17 Mercedes AMG GT R 1 : 18.7 15 Audi R8 V10 Plus 1 : 19.2 not shown Porsche 911 GT3 RS 1 : 20.4 not shown Nissan GT - R 1 : 21.2 not shown Porsche 911 C2S 1 : 21.4 not shown BMW M4 GTS 1 : 22.4 Porsche 718 Boxster S 1 : 23.4 not shown BMW M5 1 : 24.2 not shown BMW M3 1 : 24.3 not shown Honda NSX 1 : 26.0 Wet 9 BMW M2 1 : 26.2 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio 1 : 27.1 Wet 10 Honda Civic Type R 1 : 28.2 not shown Ford Focus RS 1 : 28.4 6 Lexus GS - F 1 : 29.6 Damp 12 Ford Mustang GT 1 : 29.6 6 Tesla Model X 1 : 29.6 not shown Ford Fiesta ST200 1 : 32.8 not shown Bugatti EB 110 Super Sport 1 : 32.8 Wet 22 Fiat Abarth 124 Spider 1 : 33.7 Wet 11 Jaguar XJ220 1 : 35.1 Wet not shown Volkswagen Up ! GTI 1 : 39.7 Wet 18 Enstone ( edit ) Gravel course at Enstone Airfield introduced in Series 2 and used for Celebrity Face Off For the second series , a new test track was created at Enstone Airfield , close to the fixed studio tent location , and which the production team had previously tried to use for Top Gear . The main Eboladrome track was planned to continue to serve for the testing of loud and fast cars . Celebrity Face off ( edit ) Following complaints regarding the `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' segment in the first series , this segment was replaced by `` Celebrity Face Off '' . Two celebrities join the show each week , with a similar background or connection and often from different countries , to see which one of the two is faster . The car used for this segment is a Jaguar F - Type R - Dynamic coupe , racing around a half gravel , half asphalt track at Enstone . Prior to showing the lap results , Clarkson interviews the guests . Lap board Celebrity Time Condition Episode Ricky Wilson 1 : 20.1 Dry 14 David Hasselhoff 1 : 24.1 Kevin Pietersen 1 : 17.2 Dry 15 Brian Wilson 1 : 17.5 Hugh Bonneville 1 : 22.2 Dry 16 Casey Anderson 1 : 18.6 Michael Ball 1 : 23.3 Damp 17 Alfie Boe 1 : 24.4 Dominic Cooper 1 : 23.6 Wet 18 Bill Bailey 1 : 25.1 Luke Evans 1 : 21.3 Dry 19 Kiefer Sutherland 1 : 17.8 Bill Goldberg 1 : 20.4 Dry 20 Anthony Joshua 1 : 18.7 Nick Mason 1 : 21.3 Dry 21 Stewart Copeland 1 : 24.2 Dynamo 1 : 39.3 Snow 22 Penn & Teller 1 : 33.8 Rory McIlroy 1 : 21.9 Wet 23 Paris Hilton 1 : 25.8 Conversation Street ( edit ) Introduced by Hammond using a car analogy to often take a left and park on the street , the trio discuss car news . Running jokes in the first series include Hammond `` oversharing '' intimate personal information , and Clarkson being cut off after asking `` Can I talk about ... ? '' before either Hammond or May introduce the next segment ; frequently , the subject he attempts to raise is Alfa Romeo and their new cars . The video introduction to the segment shows the men , in silhouette talking animatedly : in each episode the silhouettes change in various ways . The music used in the intro is a jazz piece called `` Heavy Berry '' by Scott Robinson Due to show specials this segment does not appear in shows 1.7 , 1.8 or 2.11 episode Hammond 's introduction Silhouettes are doing ... 1.1 It 's a segment we are calling Conversation Street The three chaps are sitting on bar stools , having a very animated discussion highlighted by the fact they are waving their arms about . 1.2 It 's time for us to take a gentle stroll down Conversation Street . Still sitting at the stools , Hammond to the left Clarkson in middle , May to the right . Finger wagging rather than hands this time . 1.3 It 's time for us to check our mirrors and make a smooth left into Conversation Street . Feet are been tapped to the music . Clarkson is wearing a stiletto on his right foot 1.4 It 's time for us to make a gentle left into Conversation Street . Hammond has an usually large left hand with very long fingers . None of them are disturbed by this 1.5 It is now time for us to engage reverse and park neatly in a marked space on Conversation Street . May has an owl tethered to his hand . It is trying to fly . The other two do n't care and continue to chat . 1.6 It 's time to drop it a cog and hook a left into Conversation Street . Still sat a the bar stools , The three are wearing sombreros 1.9 Let 's do that by popping some loose change in the ticket machine so we can park a while on Conversation Street . A female is seen dancing between Hammond and Clarkson . They are not that bothered and continue chatting . 1.10 It 's time now for us to enjoy a gentle stroll along the sunlit sidewalks of Conversation Street . The stools have disappeared , the chaps are standing but Hammond appears much smaller than the other two as per a long standing joke about his height . Hammond looks a little upset waving his arms about a lot . 1.11 It 's time now for us to take a gentle cruise down the velvety smoothness of Conversation Street . The three are sat once more Clarkson and May are s deep conversation . Hammond polishes off a bottle of something and then proceeds to smash this on Clarkson 's head . 1.12 It is time to set the satnav for destination chat , as we head down Conversation Street . Hammond has lost his chair and appears to be much larger than the other two who are sat down and putting the worlds to rights . A wrecking ball comes in from the right and knocks Hammond off his feet . 1.13 It is now time for us to visit the headquarters of Chat & Co , who are , of course , based on Conversation Street . Hammond and Clarkson are discussing the finer points of the day . May 's head gets larger and larger and eventually explodes . 2.1 It 's time for us to take a stroll down the smooth sidewalks of Conversation Street . May is been bugged by a fly / bee and has to run off . The other two are deep in chat . Still perched on the stools . 2.2 It is time for us to lean on the lamppost of chat , in Conversation Street . Clarkson has developed super human powers . He does n't want to hear Hammond contribution so fobs him off with flames coming forth from his palms . This is the only time in 2 series that the intro has any colour in it 2.3 It is now time for us to peer down a manhole of chat on Conversation Street A Christmas episode . Clarkson has grown antlers 2.4 It 's time for us to plant a sapling of chat on Conversation Street . Hammond takes up playing the trombone 2.5 It is time for us to pop into the post office of chat on Conversation Street . Clarkson drops an anvil on May 's head 2.6 It 's time to slide across an icy puddle of chat on Conversation Street . May is standing up and draws a long bow . He shoots Hammond in the arm . Hammond protests but there is no reaction from Clarkson 2.7 It is now time for us to plant some daffodils of opinion on the roundabout of chat at the end of Conversation Street . May and Clarkson are debating the price of fish . A fountain of vomit is projecting out from Hammond 's mouth . 2.8 It is time to ring the doorbell of debate on the house of chat , located on Conversation Street . Hammond and Clarkson are standing up making their points clear through the media of a gun fight . May looks most disinterested until he turns sideways to show that he has a knife stuck in his head . 2.9 It 's time to order some doughnuts of debate from the Chat Café , on Conversation Street . Hammond is been throttled by a bald man in shorts . The other two are so intoxicated by their own debate they do n't notice . 2.10 It 's time to step in a dog turd of chat , on Conversation Street . The stools have disappeared . Clarkson with a sledge hammer in his hands , Hammond with a shovel are standing above a third person ( May ? ) They are swinging their tools at the prone body which cries out in pain when it is hit . ( this is the only time in two series that we hear any one of the three make a noise in an otherwise silent introduction ) Running gags ( edit ) The first series included several running gags . During the opening titles of each episode , a camera drone was destroyed . From episode three onward , one of the presenters ' names is always seen misspelt during the opening . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , celebrity guests are humorously `` killed '' in an accident while making their way to the tent . After each `` death '' , May asks `` Does that mean he / she 's not coming on then ? '' to which Hammond deadpans `` No James , they 're not '' while bluntly outlining how `` dead '' the celebrity is . This element of the show reflects the BBC 's efforts to stop The Grand Tour from interviewing celebrity guests , as had been the focus of the Top Gear `` Star in a Reasonably Priced Car '' segment . It was announced on 16 November 2017 that both `` The American '' and `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' would not be returning and will be replaced for the second series as they had been unpopular with the viewers . The segment was replaced by `` Celebrity Face Off '' in which celebrities compete for the best lap times around a new track in a Jaguar F - Type . Abbie Eaton replaced `` The American '' , being billed as `` Driver '' . Hammond 's crash in Switzerland and Clarkson 's pneumonia , both of which were talked about between series , are also often used as a joke . Awards ( edit ) Episode 4 of Series 2 , Conversation Street was turned into an awards ceremony as this was the last episode of 2017 . Clarkson , Hammond and May gave out awards ( also known as the `` Nigel Award '' ) to cars and moments in 2017 on various aspects . The nominee and winners are : Award Nominee Winner The `` Nissan Juke '' Award ( worst car ) Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV , MINI Countryman , Renault Kadjar Nissan Juke The `` Hard Ass to Follow '' Award ( worst rear end ) Honda Civic Type - R , Toyota C - HR Land Rover Discovery The `` You would , but you know you should n't '' Award ( embarrassed to like ) Corvette ZR1 Corvette ZR1 The `` Lack of Continuity '' Award James May , Richard Hammond Richard Hammond The `` Accidentally filling the tank of a super car with water '' Award Richard Hammond Richard Hammond Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 11 8 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 16 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Series 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Tent location Vehicles tested Special guests Original air date `` The Holy Trinity '' Lucerne Valley , California , United States McLaren P1 , Porsche 918 , LaFerrari , BMW M2 Hothouse Flowers , Chris Goodwin , Jérôme d'Ambrosio , Armie Hammer , Jeremy Renner , Carol Vorderman 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) Clarkson , Hammond and May launch their new programme with a film showing Clarkson leaving London to fly to Los Angeles where he meets Hammond and May . As the Hothouse Flowers play `` I Can See Clearly Now '' the trio drive Ford Mustangs through the California desert to Rabbit Dry Lake , accompanied by a range of cars and a fly - over by the Breitling Jet Team . Following a sequence where they greet the audience and viewers , and introduce the tent , the first feature shows the three presenters testing three hybrid hypercars ; with Clarkson in the McLaren P1 , Hammond in the Porsche 918 and May in the Ferrari LaFerrari at the Algarve International Circuit in Portugal . After a series of tests including a drag race ( which had no determined winner ) , a road drive and an electric race ( both of which the LaFerrari did not take part in ) , Jérôme d'Ambrosio performs timed laps in the hypercars . Hammond 's Porsche 918 sets the fastest time and both he May declare that they will demolish Clarkson 's house as forfeit for losing a bet : that the McLaren P1 would be fastest in a timed lap and beat the Porsche 918 and LaFerrari . Clarkson introduces the show 's new test track , the `` Eboladrome '' with laps by a Ferrari 488 and then tests a BMW M2 which is then sent round the track by the new test driver `` The American '' . May is revealed to have been caught speeding in a segment called `` Conversation Street '' . Jeremy Renner , Armie Hammer and Carol Vorderman are all humorously `` killed '' before being able to take part in the show in a segment called `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' . `` Operation Desert Stumble '' Johannesburg , South Africa Aston Martin Vulcan , Audi S8 Plus Johan Ackermann 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) The tent is at the Cradle of Humankind nature reserve overlooking Johannesburg . The presenters discuss President of South Africa Jacob Zuma , the Nkandla compound firepool controversy and carjacking . Clarkson tests the Aston Martin Vulcan at the Eboladrome , followed by a fast lap set by `` The American '' . Hypercars and Johannesburg are discussed in Conversation Street . Producer Andy Wilman sends the presenters to the King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Centre ( KASOTC ) outside Amman , Jordan for a SAS - style military training exercise . After a poor start they review an Audi S8 Plus while rescuing a VIP and transporting them to the `` British Embassy '' . Car - builder Johan Ackermann shows his self - built replica of a Sauber Mercedes C9 . May visits Soweto to take part in South African motorsport of `` Spinning '' where cars generate smoke by performing doughnuts set to rap music until the tyres blowout . A person introduced as actress Charlize Theron is pounced on by a lion and `` killed '' . `` Opera , Arts and Donuts '' Whitby , England , United Kingdom Rolls - Royce Dawn , Aston Martin DB11 , Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Simon Pegg 2 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) The tent is on the quayside of Whitby harbour in North Yorkshire . The presenters go `` Grand Touring '' in Italy with May in the Rolls - Royce Dawn , Clarkson in the Aston Martin DB11 and Hammond in the Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat . Clarkson and May 's tour starts at the Palio di Siena horse race , before viewing The Birth of Venus painting at Uffizi Gallery in Florence with Hammond acting inappropriately throughout . Clarkson and Hammond race each other the Mugello Circuit with Clarkson narrowly winning and all three presenters try painting their cars . Hammond visits the Lamborghini Museum whilst Clarkson and May watch Carmen staged at the Verona Arena , in the Piazza Bra . The tour continues via the Piazza dei Signori , Vicenza , where Clarkson and May abandon Hammond in the Crowds and ends up in Venice where Hammond causes Clarkson and May to fall into the Venetian Lagoon . The presenters discuss Whitby jet in Conversation Street . Simon Pegg `` falls to his death '' from Whitby Swing Bridge . Clarkson presents his take on automated vehicles . Fulfilling their bet from episode one , Hammond and May destroy Clarkson 's house at Diddly Squat Farm in Chadlington , Oxfordshire . `` Enviro - mental '' Whitby , England , United Kingdom Porsche 911 GT3 RS , BMW M4 GTS Jimmy Carr 9 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) The tent remains on the quayside of Whitby harbour in North Yorkshire . Clarkson reviews the Porsche 911 GT3 RS and compares it to the BMW M4 GTS at the Eboladrome ; despite criticising the M4 GTS for sacrificing creature comforts for no overall gain in performance , he declares it the winner simply because Hammond owns a GT3 RS . The Porsche is revealed to be two seconds faster than the BMW following Laps set by `` The American '' . In Conversation Street the Constabulary of Whitby are discussed . The presenters travel to South Wales and set out to make the most environmentally friendly car bodies using the platform of a Land Rover Discovery . They take an 11 - mile road trip to a dirt track , where they race against three normal cars . The idea of environmentally friendly car bodies is abandoned after Clarkson 's meat car is infested with maggots , Hammond 's garden car catches fire , and May 's mud and hay car falls apart . Jimmy Carr is the guest of `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , but his jet ski collides with a boat on his way to the tent . To fill in the time , the presenters introduce an Audi TT Mk1 Quattro with Hammond hidden behind the rear bumper to show a new smuggling technique used by illegal immigrants , as well as using Hammond as an improvised parking sensor . 5 5 `` Moroccan Roll '' Rotterdam , Netherlands Mazda MX - 5 , Zenos E10S , Alfa Romeo 4C Spider Golden Earring 16 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) The tent is at the Port of Rotterdam . To settle an argument over the best affordable roadster , the presenters go to Marrakech , Morocco with Hammond in a Mazda MX - 5 , May in a Zenos E10S and Clarkson in an Alfa Romeo 4C Spider . During the road trip Clarkson suddenly pulls over due to a leg cramp while driving the 4C . Later , he challenges Hammond and May to weigh their cars to prove that the 4C is lighter , using an improvised scale and animal carcasses as counterweight . The scale breaks just as Hammond is about to remove the MX - 5 from it , and the crew are ordered to leave the premises due to their use of animal carcasses . Clarkson and the film crew leave Hammond and May to focus on the 4C . The presenters stop at Atlas Corporation Studios in Ouarzazate to perform timed laps with their cars . Hammond wins , despite crashing into an Egyptian statue prop . The Dutch Police and Dutch traditions are discussed in Conversation Street . Hammond and May play an explosive game of Battleships using old cars as the `` ships '' and several G - Wizes as `` missiles '' . Dutch band Golden Earring perform live outside the tent , but are electrocuted on stage . To fill in the time , Clarkson uses a V - 8 engine to inflate a blow - up doll . 6 6 `` Happy Finnish Christmas '' Saariselkä , Lapland , Finland Ford Mustang GT , Ford Focus RS Bob Geldof 23 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) The tent is at the forests of Saariselkä . At the Port of London , Hammond welcomes the new right - hand - drive Ford Mustang GT and gives it a tour of London and Stonehenge before Clarkson arrives and proceeds to argue that Mustang has no place in Britain and that the Ford Focus RS is a better option . This escalates to a chase between both cars up to Cheddar Gorge . The Mustang beats the Focus in a drag race , but is slower around the Eboladrome when driven by `` The American '' . In `` Conversation Street '' , Clarkson and May debate over which confectionery creates more mess in a car -- a Flake or a Double Decker . A person introduced as a drunk Kimi Räikkönen arrives outside the tent for `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , but collapses from drinking too much vodka and is left to die in the arctic temperatures . To fill in the time , the presenters introduce their `` Santaland Grotto '' , where they talk about their Christmas gift ideas , mostly consisting of everyday items emblazoned with car - manufacturer logos . May introduces Bob Geldof via tablet on a Double telerobot . He then talks about the historic 24 Hours of Le Mans rivalry between Ford and Ferrari , which gave birth to the Ford GT40 and the Ferrari P3 . 7 7 `` The Beach ( Buggy ) Boys -- Part 1 '' None None None 30 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) The presenters are set a challenge by their producer , Andy Wilman , who wishes to show that beach buggies are poor vehicles . Their challenge is to drive one thousand miles ( 1,600 km ) along Namibia 's Skeleton Coast in three beach buggies , each built to their personal specifications but all derived from the Volkswagen Beetle . After 36 hours of going nowhere , the presenters camp by the shipwreck of Eduard Bohlen before venturing to the Namib Desert . The trio climb and descend several dunes and travel through harsh terrain before finally reaching a road . Clarkson 's buggy breaks down and is abandoned by Hammond and May , who arrive in Windhoek to have a beer while Clarkson struggles with overheating problems on his way to town . 8 8 `` The Beach ( Buggy ) Boys -- Part 2 '' None None None 31 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) The presenters are reunited , as Clarkson finally arrives in Windhoek to meet up with Hammond and May and prepare for the second leg of their journey to the Namibia - Angola border . The rough road takes its toll on Clarkson and May 's buggies until May suggests they continue off - road , which ends up being worse terrain and they end up in softer sand before returning to the road . After the trio sets camp , May attempts to sabotage Clarkson 's buggy when he accidentally sets fire to the front end of his own car . With a third of a mile away from the border , the presenters create a cable car line to cross through a crocodile infested river . Clarkson and May cross successfully , but Hammond is stuck within 200 metres from the goal . Because of this , Clarkson concludes that their failure has proven Wilman right . 9 9 `` Berks to the Future '' Ludwigsburg , Stuttgart , Germany Honda NSX Diego Costa , Thibaut Courtois , Gary Cahill , Eden Hazard , Oscar , Willian 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) The tent is within the courtyard of Ludwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart , where Clarkson praises Germany as the `` cradle of the automobile . '' May reviews the new Honda NSX at the Eboladrome after which `` The American '' sets a wet Lap . The German speeding laws are discussed in Conversation Street . Clarkson fuses the body of a 1978 MGB Roadster with the chassis of a Land Rover Discovery to make a `` proper '' sport utility vehicle , but when the MG body falls off , he replaces it with a 1980s Mercedes - Benz SL and christens it `` The Excellent '' . He then gives Hammond and May a ride in it to the Cobham Training Centre of Chelsea Football Club before having it displayed at the Coys of Kensington car auction , where it fetches £ 4,000 ( it cost £ 14,000 to make ) . A human figure introduced as German singer Nena is carried away from the courtyard by 99 red balloons . The presenters develop alternative means to recharge mobile phone batteries . May then demonstrates how much power a gym generates to recharge a G - Wiz . Hammond tries his hand on post-apocalyptic `` Bug Out '' vans , made out of a Volkswagen Transporter T25 ; Ford Transit Mk. 3 and an Alvis Stalwart but it is not long before Clarkson and May destroy his creations using a rocket - propelled grenade , Scimitar and Challenger 2 tanks , and a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun on HMS Richmond . 10 10 `` Dumb Fight at the O.K. Coral '' Nashville , Tennessee , United States Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Brian Johnson 13 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The tent is in Nashville facing the Cumberland River . Clarkson drives the Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio in Wales and at the Eboladrome and the American sets a Lap in the wet . Nashville 's Rodeo Music is discussed inConversation Street . The presenters then travel to Barbados to solve the problem of dying coral reefs by dumping five car body shells into the ocean , but they lose four of the cars , a boat , and a raft due to their numerous mishaps . Eventually , they pull a Land Rover into the ocean before Clarkson ditches his partners to chase a trimaran . They reach the reef site and sink the Land Rover . Former AC / DC vocalist Brian Johnson is tackled and trampled to death by American football players on his way to the tent before the presenters instigate a verbal clash with the audience over the meaning of the word `` football '' . 11 11 `` Italian Lessons '' Loch Ness , Scotland , United Kingdom Fiat Abarth 124 Spider Chris Hoy 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) The tent is on the shore of Loch Ness . Hammond test drives the new Fiat Abarth 124 Spider at the Eboladrome and `` The American '' then sets a slow Lap in the wet . Cars designed by women are discussed in Conversation Street . To prove that a second - hand Maserati priced under £ 8,000 is a better buy than a used Ford Focus , the presenters travel to Circuit de Croix - en - Ternois in France for a series of tests with Clarkson 's Biturbo S Coupé , Hammond 's 430 Saloon , and May 's Zagato Spyder . Because May injured his right arm prior to the challenge , he bought an automatic variant . The presenters then embark on a road trip through Northern France before racing back to England via the Port of Le Havre , with the loser selling his Maserati . Clarkson 's Biturbo dies , but he continues the race with it on a tow truck . He reaches the ferry port , but discovers that his Biturbo fell off the tow truck while chasing Hammond . May launches his Spyder toward a boat and crashes in spectacular fashion . The presenters conclude that buying a second - hand Maserati will result in a 66 % chance of it working . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , Chris Hoy rows toward the tent , but his boat hits an underwater mine . To fill in the time , Clarkson uses a Bulgarian man to demonstrate a new hands - free system for any car and a Thai woman as an inexpensive massaging back seat . 12 12 `` ( censored ) to ( censored ) '' Loch Ness , Scotland , United Kingdom Lexus GS - F , Bentley Bentayga , Range Rover , Jaguar F - Pace Tim Burton 27 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) The tent remains at the west end of Loch Ness because Hammond and May are convinced that the Loch Ness Monster is deep in the water . Clarkson test drives the Lexus GS - F at the Eboladrome , driving past many animal - like figures and `` The American '' sets a Damp Lap Time . The Conversation Street segment sees cars which are becoming extinct . The presenters travel to Wank , Germany , where May in a Bentley Bentayga , Clarkson in a Range Rover , and Hammond in a Jaguar F - Pace plan a road trip on the Romantic Road via Kissing , Bavaria , then Petting , Bavaria , to Fucking , Austria . After passing Landsberg Prison and staying overnight in Fucking , Clarkson and Hammond suggest to May that they should skip Wedding , Germany , and head for the Nürburgring instead . A mistake in the voice recognition of May 's navigation system leads them to the Nuremberg Norisring , after which the trio find a quarry to perform timed laps in . Clarkson cheats by climbing a hill and crossing the water to beat Hammond and May 's times by two minutes . Tim Burton crosses Loch Ness in a mini-submarine , which implodes before reaching the tent . During the final announcements a mysterious object is seen rising from the loch in the background . 13 13 `` Past v Future '' Dubai , United Arab Emirates Volkswagen Golf GTI , BMW i3 Roger Daltrey , Wilko Johnson , Daniel Ricciardo , Steve Biagioni , Bartek Ostałowski , Conor Shanahan 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) The tent is in Dubai . Clarkson compares his Volkswagen Golf GTI to May 's BMW i3 with a drag race at an airstrip and a road trip from London to Dartmoor to attend a Roger Daltrey and Wilko Johnson concert . In Conversation Street Dubai 's infrastructure is discussed . Clarkson and Hammond make May hang out with `` winchers '' who drive their 4x4s deep into mud . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , F1 racer Daniel Ricciardo drives a hovercraft toward the tent , but crashes before being sucked into the hovercraft 's fan . Hammond defeats the Bugatti Veyron in a drag race with the Porsche 918 Spyder , but quickly loses to a 1900 horsepower Nissan Patrol . Later , he travels to Michelin 's proving grounds in France to learn how to drift . He must then prove his skills against two professional drifters -- double amputee Bartek Ostałowski and 13 - year - old Conor Shanahan -- at Rockingham Motor Speedway . May ends the episode with a series of outtakes of Clarkson and Hammond attempting to drift cars . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarkson drove a blue Fisker - Galpin Rocket Mustang , Hammond a red Shelby GT350 Mustang , and May a white Roush Stage 3 Mustang . Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00 : 01 UTC on 18 November 2016 ; Episode 1 became available 20 minutes earlier , before midnight , on the previous day ( 17 November 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Neither credited , or identifiable . Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00 : 01 UTC on 25 November 2016 ; Episode 2 became available 60 minutes earlier , before midnight , on the previous day ( 24 November 2016 ) Jump up ^ This actually happened . The team demolished Clarkson 's Oxfordshire home , which was scheduled for demolition , and filmed it for The Grand Tour . Series 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Vehicles tested Special guests Original air date 14 `` Past , Present , or Future '' Lamborghini Aventador S , Honda NSX , Rimac Concept One David Hasselhoff , Ricky Wilson 8 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) The tent is now in the Cotswolds and will remain there for the duration of the series . To determine whether the past , present , or future of motoring is best , the presenters visit Switzerland with Clarkson in a petrol powered Lamborghini Aventador S representing the past , May in a hybrid powered Honda NSX representing the present , and Hammond in an all - electric Rimac Concept One representing the future . After starting at the top of the Gotthard Pass , Hammond brings the trio to a stay at the Park Weggis ( de ) health retreat and visit the Swiss Museum of Transport and other museums in Lucerne close to a charging station for the Rimac car . May and Clarkson reject this and go to a hill climbing race at Hemberg instead . As Clarkson can not fit into the Aventador whilst wearing a mandatory racing helmet , Clarkson sends a Lamborghini test driver in his place , thus setting the fastest time of all three . Hammond crashes after completing the course , destroying the Rimac in a fire . Footage taken from YouTube shows the wreckage being extinguished and Hammond being airlifted by the Swiss Air - Rescue ( REGA ) to hospital . The presenters discuss some inapropriate new features within cars on Conversation Street . Celebrity Brain Crash is replaced by Celebrity Face Off , in which Ricky Wilson beats David Hasselhoff to determine who the `` fastest former talent show host '' is . 15 `` The Falls Guys '' Ford GT , Mercedes AMG GT R Kevin Pietersen , Brian Wilson 15 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) The presenters race from Central Park in Manhattan , New York City , to an observation tower overlooking the Niagara Falls . Clarkson drives the new Ford GT whilst May and Hammond ( on crutches ) use public transport , taking the New York City Subway , AirTrain JFK , a JetBlue Embraer E190 flight , plus two Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority buses . Despite Hammond and May 's flight arriving 15 minutes early , Clarkson narrowly wins the race . For Conversation Street the presenters discuss sponsorship ideas . Clarkson reviews the Mercedes AMG GT R , after which new test driver , Abbie Eaton , takes it for a timed lap around the Eboladrome . In `` Celebrity Face Off '' , Kevin Pietersen of South Africa beats Brian Wilson of the U.S. as the `` fastest person who makes a living throwing and hitting and catching small balls '' . 16 `` Bah Humbug - atti '' Kia Stinger GT , Bugatti Chiron Hugh Bonneville , Casey Anderson 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) The presenters begin with Christmas tree lights made from vehicle parts and , Starting with Scalextric , they exchange humorous and inappropriate Christmas gifts in Conversation Street . May travels to Majorca to race a Kia Stinger GT against a pair of longboard riders along a mountain road , with May winning the race despite him racing uphill and the riders downhill . Hammond and May attempt to relieve lunchtime boredom by inventing `` lunchtime office car park racing '' at Houghton Hall business park in the Luton / Dunstable Urban Area . After brief interviews in which both share their own ownership of a Tesla Model S , Hugh Bonneville , representing the UK , and Casey Anderson , representing the United States , compete during `` Celebrity Face Off '' as the `` fastest person who lives with a bear '' , with Anderson winning by setting the faster lap time . Clarkson experiments with the jet set lifestyle , starting in the morning from the Da Vinci super-yacht moored in Saint - Tropez and then driving a Bugatti Chiron to L'Alpe De Venosc France for skiing at lunchtime , stopping briefly for a drag race against a BMW M4 at Gap -- Tallard Airport to give viewers a perspective on how fast the Chiron is . After leaving the Alps , Clarkson then pays an homage to the 1976 film C'était un rendez - vous , by speeding across Turin and reaching the Piazza Carignano ( it ) in 9 minutes . 17 `` Unscripted '' McLaren 720S , Audi TT RS , Ariel Nomad Michael Ball , Alfie Boe , Silvija Jurin 29 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 29 ) The presenters begin by having a year - ending awards ceremony in Conversation Street . Hammond heads to the Eboladrome to test the McLaren 720S after which Eaton sets a lap time . Since The Grand Tour has been criticised for being too `` scripted '' , the presenters head to Zadar county and the island of Pag in Croatia to make a completely `` unscripted '' film . This results in Clarkson turning up in the Audi TT RS , Hammond turning up in the not at all comparable Ariel Nomad , and May turning up in an old Lada Riva which he turns into a fire engine . They go their separate ways though Clarkson and Hammond end up comparing their cars in a drag race , a rally stage ( both of which are won by Clarkson ) , visiting Maslenica , the Plitvice Lakes National Park , and following the D106 road until running out of road at Žigljen ferry port . Due to a lack of fires , May has to setup his own ones until Clarkson and Hammond setup one that proves too difficult for May , which the real fire brigade manage to put out with a firefighting aircraft , destroying May 's Lada fire engine in the process . Michael Ball and Alfie Boe compete in `` Celebrity Face Off '' with Ball setting the faster time and becoming the `` fastest classical singer with some kind of interesting connection to the British motor industry '' . 18 5 `` Up , Down and Round the Farm '' Ripsaw EV2 , Volkswagen Up ! GTI Bill Bailey , Dominic Cooper , Mark Higgins 5 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) The presenters introduce some of the new cars for 2018 in Conversation Street . Hammond heads to Dubai to test a Sandrail dune buggy in the desert , followed by the Ripsaw `` high - end luxury tank '' , visiting the Dubai Mall . May reviews the Volkswagen Up ! GTI at the Eboladrome and in thick fog Eaton records a record slow time . Guests Bill Bailey and Dominic Cooper discuss their shared ownership of old French cars before racing each other in greasy / wet conditions with Cooper becoming the `` fastest person who has a failed former career in a band '' . Clarkson creates a Ken Block - style `` Farmkhana '' film using an old Subaru Impreza WRX STi around Hare Farm , near Rye , with bullet time photography . Hammond and May show the audience that Clarkson 's driving was mostly fake by sharing a `` making - of '' consisting of outtakes and behind - the - scenes footage featuring rally driver Mark Higgins , producer Phil Churchward , plus camera operator Ben Joiner breaking the fourth wall . Clarkson suggests that the whole thing is like sawing a woman in half during a magic show , and that really the audience do n't want to know . 19 6 `` Jaaaaaaaags '' None Luke Evans , Kiefer Sutherland 12 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) The presenters head to the area around Grand Junction , Colorado , staying at the Gateway Canyons Resort & Spa , and eventually travelling to Telluride , Colorado with a variety of old Jaguar cars to establish the manufacturer 's reputation for reliability with Clarkson buying an XJR , May taking an XK8 convertible and Hammond bringing a Mark X . During the course of the trip the cars are driven around a dirt track ( where Hammond 's car is badly damaged , and is replaced by an XJ6 ) , along the runway at Telluride Regional Airport , ( where May 's car is destroyed , and is replaced by an XJS ) and down the slopes of the Telluride Ski Resort . At Hanging Flume overlook , Clarkson experiences a traffic stop by a Mesa County police officer and reads the `` Her Britannic Majesty '' text from his British passport . Despite Clarkson 's car being the best , May admitting his car had poor brakes deemed the challenge pointless . The presenters discuss the annoyance of Firemen cutting the roofs of cars in Conversation Street . Kiefer Sutherland beats Luke Evans to become `` the fastest actor with a middle name of George '' . 20 7 `` It 's a Gas , Gas , Gas '' Lamborghini Huracán Performante Anthony Joshua , Bill Goldberg 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) The presenters discuss some new supercars and how handbrake turns impress women within the Conversation Street Segment . Hammond tests the Lamborghini Huracán Performante at the Eboladrome beating May 's Ferrari 458 Speciale in a drag race before Eaton takes it round the track setting a fast time . May and Hammond then look at ingenious ways of filling up with fuel instead of stopping at a fuel station . Anthony Joshua becomes `` the fastest man who makes a living out of punching or strangling someone '' beating Bill Goldberg , with both previously owning cars from General Motors . Clarkson then talks about the Rivalry in rallying between Audi with the Quattro and Lancia with the 037 . They conclude with a `` terrible disappointment '' that Lancia is no longer around . 21 8 `` Blasts from the Past '' Jaguar XK SS , Aston Martin DB4 GT , Honda Civic Type R , Ford GT Stewart Copeland , Nick Mason 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) The presenters head to the City of Pau , Pyrénées - Atlantiques , France , and home of the Pau Grand Prix on the Circuit de Pau - Ville ( fr ) street course . At Palais Beaumont ( fr ) Hammond arrives with a Jagaur XK SS and Clarkson in an Aston Martin DB4 GT ; both being modern builds of older designs from the 1950s `` back - catalogues '' of Jaguar and Aston Martin . They both race around the Streets of Pau before May turns up in a modern Honda Civic Type R to prove that new cars are better . All three depart to drive south over the Pyrenees mountain range , with Clarkson and Hammond experiencing difficulties in dense fog . Clarkson recants a previous incident from 2013 -- when Clarkson and Hammond 's driving licences were confiscated whilst filming The Perfect Road Trip in France -- and tries to goad May into speeding on the Autopista AP - 2 . At Barcelona the presenters race around the abandoned Autódromo de Sitges - Terramar and the extreme banking on its corners , with May winning , and Hammond abstaining following his history of crashes . During Conversation Street the presenters discuss names for gritters . At the Eboladrome , Clarkson retests the Ford GT following the Niagara Falls race , with Eaton setting a test lap . Nick Mason goes on to record a faster lap than Stewart Copeland to become `` the fastest drummer for a band beginning with the letter p '' . 22 9 `` Breaking , Badly '' Jaguar XJ220 , Bugatti EB 110 Super Sport Dynamo , Penn & Teller 2 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) The presenters discuss new sport cars by various companies , jumpers and the speed of pigeons vs blackbirds during Conversation Street . Clarkson unsuccessfully sets out to prove that mankind has not significantly improved over the last 25 years by testing the Jaguar XJ220 and the Bugatti EB 110 Super Sport , the fastest supercars from the early 90s , both of which set slow times at the Eboladrome when driven by Eaton . The trio tries to break the UK speed record for amphibious vehicles by building one of their own . Clarkson oversees his idea of combining a Rolls - Royce Spey turbofan engine from a Nimrod jet and a speedboat with a Suzuki Jimny . However on a nearby lake , Clarkson and May have to abort their run after achieving only 3 mph ( 5 km / h ) and nearly sinking . Hammond and May then go on to build a vehicle of their own by combining a Bond Bug with the engine of a personal water craft nicknaming it the `` Pond Bug '' . Competing on Coniston Water during Coniston Power Boat Records Week , Clarkson , being the only one with a speedboat licence , operates the `` Pond Bug '' and achieves an average of 47.81 mph ( 76.94 km / h ) , setting a new UK record . After performing a series of magic tricks , Dynamo and Penn & Teller compete to become `` the fastest magician in the world '' , with Penn & Teller prevailing on a snowy track . 23 10 `` Oh , Canada '' Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio , Range Rover Velar P380 , Porsche Macan Turbo Performance Pack , Tesla Model X , Ford F150 Raptor Rory McIlroy , Paris Hilton 9 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) The presenters head to Canada to prove that small SUV 's are useless with Clarkson picking an Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio , May choosing a Range Rover Velar P380 and Hammond taking a Porsche Macan Turbo Performance Pack . They are shown to be slower round the Area 27 circuit than a BMW M3 , not practical enough to carry Canadian Newfoundland dogs , and slower round a barrel course than a horse : concluding that SUVs are pointless . Despite this , executive producer Andy Wilman informs via text that they will race their SUVs whilst each towing a boat up a mountain . May abandons his Velar for his boat , which sinks , causing him to lose the race . Because Clarkson 's Stelvio has no tow bar he cheats and exchanges it for a Ford F150 Raptor , ultimately arriving first with the presenters concluding that the Raptor was better than all the SUVs being tested . On Conversation Street the presenters talk about new SUVs and vans . Clarkson reviews the Tesla Model X at the Eboladrome and on the road , accompanied by some lawyers , ostensibly to avoid Tesla pursuing any legal action , following the previous Tesla v. Top Gear court cases . Rory McIlroy and Paris Hilton discuss their car collections before McIlroy beats Hilton to become the `` World 's Fastest Golfing Enthusiast '' . 24 11 `` Feed the World '' None None 16 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) The presenters head to Mozambique on a mission to feed the people of Bingo , an isolated town in the west of the country , with fish from the country 's capital of Maputo , covering a distance of approximately 200 miles . To do this , each of them attempt to find the best transport solution : May buys a Mercedes - Benz Estate and modifies it by fitting a Perspex tank filled with sea water in which to keep the fish alive ; Clarkson buys a Nissan Hardbody truck which he fits with a generator and an ice machine in an attempt to keep the fish frozen and Hammond buys a TVS Star motorcycle and devises a rack which he fits to the bike 's rear , inspired by a local method of drying and salting the fish to preserve them . After unsuccessfully trying to catch fish using local methods , they buy fish at a local market . Early in the journey , Clarkson 's truck crashes into May 's car upon rescuing it , damaging its radiator grille . Deeper into rural Mozambique , May constantly soaks himself with sea water from his ill - fitted tank and , due to his damaged radiator grille , suffers multiple breakdowns due to water intrusion . Hammond loses a large number of his fish on the bumpy roads , constantly gets stuck in thick mud and endlessly falls from his motorbike . Clarkson suffers very few issues except when his ice machine breaks , causing him to make small adjustments to his truck in order to smoke the fish with his exhaust . Upon May 's car breaking down in the middle of a lake , despite Hammond and Clarkson crossing successfully , Clarkson cuts off the front end of the Mercedes and tows what remains of the rear portion using his truck - much to May 's dismay and annoyance . Eventually , the three reach Bingo with May 's fish dead , Clarkson 's fish ruined and Hammond having almost no fish left . As a result , they sell no fish and leave Bingo in a helicopter `` like all charitable celebrities '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Episode title spelt with varied capitalisation and comma use ; `` Past , Present or Future '' / `` Past , Present , or Future '' / `` Past , present or future '' Jump up ^ Segment variously spelt `` Farmkhana '' in segment titles , or `` Farmkana '' on the clapper boards . Series 3 ( edit ) In March 2018 , Shifting Lanes reported that Clarkson would test the Lamborghini Urus at the Arjeplog winter testing facility in northern Sweden . A month later , Shifting Lanes reported that a 2018 grey DS 7 Crossback Ultra Prestige Performance Line broke down whilst being tested by Clarkson in London , and he reported on DriveTribe that the team would be filming in Scotland in three classic Italian sports cars . Production ( edit ) History ( edit ) The presenting line - up consists of Richard Hammond , James May and Jeremy Clarkson . Clarkson , Hammond and May had been presenters on BBC 's Top Gear , both as part of the rotating hosts of the original , and permanent hosts for the 2002 rebooted series up through 2015 . Under them , the show had an estimated worldwide audience of 350 million , and listed by Guinness World Records as the highest - viewed factual television programme . Due to several incidents involving Clarkson , the BBC chose not to renew Clarkson 's contract with the show in March 2015 . Both May and Hammond affirmed they would not return to Top Gear without Clarkson , even though the BBC offered them lucrative salaries to remain on for additional series . Along with their departure , their long - time producer and Clarkson 's classmate Andy Wilman also opted to leave at this time . BBC retooled the show for 2016 , bringing in new hosts Chris Evans and Matt LeBlanc . Shortly after his separation from the BBC , Clarkson stated his intent to start a new car show , saying `` I have lost my baby but I shall create another . I do n't know who the other parent will be or what the baby will be like . '' Rumours that Clarkson , Hammond , and May were developing a new show through discreet meetings with various networks emerged starting in April 2015 . These rumors pointed to a potential American broadcaster , as the terms of Clarkson 's non-compete clause with the BBC stipulated he could not make a rival car show with a BBC competitor , such as ITV . Among those that had been approached included Netflix , who felt Clarkson 's team wanted too much money for what they were worth , and BT Sport , believing this show would be a better fit on a network with a more global reach . In July 2015 , Clarkson announced he had signed a deal with Amazon to develop a new car show that followed a similar format as Top Gear , with both Hammond and May joining him as co-hosts , and Wilman directing . The deal included 36 episodes across three series which would be available to Amazon Prime members starting in 2016 . Wilman stated that Amazon promised them to have the freedom they wanted to make the show how they wanted along with the necessary budget . Additionally , by using a subscription - based service over an advert - based network , they would not be beholden to commercial pressure for their advertisers . Jeff Bezos , CEO of Amazon , said he was `` very excited '' about bringing this program to Amazon , and that producing the show would be `` very , very , very expensive '' , but added , `` ( Clarkson , Hammond and May are ) worth a lot and they know it . '' According to insider information reported by The Daily Mirror , Amazon paid GB £ 160 million for all three series . Wilman denied the show cost this much , but did admit the show was costly , partially due to Amazon 's intent to have it filmed in 4K resolutions . The production of this show would be based in the United Kingdom , and done by W Chump & Sons , a company set up by Wilman , Clarkson , Hammond and May . The show 's name , The Grand Tour , was revealed in May 2016 . Clarkson said the name brought to mind the tradition of Grand Tours , and reflected how the show would travel to several different countries to film . There was speculation that the show could be called Gear Knobs after a trademark application was made for that name by an associated company , but Clarkson stated in October 2015 that this would not be the title . He explained in April 2016 that the word `` Gear '' could not be used for legal reasons . The Grand Tour tent behind school buses in the Lucerne Valley , California for the first episode of series 1 Initially , the show 's format was to present individual television films , using location shooting without studio segments . They later came up with the idea of using a traveling tent to provide a mobile `` studio '' , to go along with The Grand Tour name . They would be able to use local audience members , and would give the hosts the opportunity to explore the local culture around cars . According to Wilman , the idea to film audience segments in a tent came from Clarkson , who had seen an episode of True Detective that took place at a Baptist revival ceremony . Legal issues ( edit ) Wilman said that lawyers for Amazon were very mindful of any perceived similarities in segments to Top Gear , requiring changes to the format and regular segments . Named elements from Top Gear like The Star in a Reasonably Priced Car , the Cool Wall , and the Stig could not be used at all , but they also had to clear other legal concerns . For example , the lawyers said they could test cars on a test track , but they could not post the times using hand - written signs as they had done on Top Gear ; instead , they used a digital leaderboard . Wilman said that some of the lawyers concerns `` got funnier and funnier '' , such as whether May could say `` cock '' , or whether during one of their exotic roadtrips , if they could stop and admire the scenery by saying `` it 's beautiful '' as they frequently did on Top Gear . Many outlets falsely reported that the BBC had explicitly told the crew they could not have celebrities come on the show and race around a track . This was later confirmed to be false , with the crew admitting that the real reason for the nature of the segment was a last - minute panic . `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' was replaced in series two by `` Celebrity Face Off '' where two celebrities compete to be fastest around a track , avoiding the legal complications with the BBC . Filming ( edit ) United Broadcast Facilities ( UBF ) in The Netherlands won the contract for the outside broadcasting tent segments . Fourteen microphones are used for recording the audience reaction laugh track within the tent . The mobile studio audio setup uses Lawo mixing desks connected via MADI for live sound mixing , recording and talkback intercoms . During the first series , the studio segments were filmed in various locations around the world . Studio recording for the first series began in Johannesburg , South Africa on 17 July 2016 . Recording in the United States took place on 25 September 2016 in Southern California , with further recording taking place in Nashville on 21 November 2016 . Studio recording in the United Kingdom took place in Whitby on 13 October 2016 , with further recordings taking place at Loch Ness in December 2016 . Further studio recording took place in Rotterdam on 22 October 2016 and Lapland on 3 November 2016 . Stuttgart ( Ludwigsburg ) was also a filming location . The final studio filming took place in Dubai in December 2016 . For the second series , following Clarkson 's pneumonia and Hammond 's car crash , the producers decided that there would no longer be a travelling tent . Instead the tent would be in one location near Clarkson 's home in the Cotswolds as this would be more convenient for the crew to operate . It also would be useful for new features such as Celebrity Face Off . In September 2017 , West Oxfordshire District Council gave planning permission for three months of filming from a fixed tent location on the Great Tew Estate , near Chipping Norton . Two - hundred parking spaces already used for hosting the Cornbury Music Festival on the same site would be used to accommodate 350 guests per week , plus 80 members of staff . The time window allowed for the series 2 filming was between October and December 2017 . Promotion ( edit ) The Grand Tour parcel tape used for orders in November 2016 Following the public naming of the show , Amazon offered new customers a £ 20 discount for their first year on Amazon Prime during 14 -- 16 May 2016 . A trailer announcing the release date of the show as 18 November 2016 was posted on the show 's YouTube channel on 15 September 2016 . A second , full - length trailer , was released on 6 October 2016 . Trailers for series one have used the music `` Come with Me Now '' by Kongos. , while series two trailers have used `` Live and Let Die '' by Wings . As part of their marketing campaign , Amazon placed crashed Toyota Prius cars at Hackescher Markt in Berlin , in front of London King 's Cross railway station , and on the Hollywood Walk of Fame outside the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . Sponsorship ( edit ) In mid-2016 DHL began sponsoring the transport costs of the tent and mobile studio . In June 2016 , in connection with the sponsorship deal , the presenters had uploaded videos of themselves attempting to assemble DHL - branded shipping boxes . The first episode stated that `` promotional consideration '' had been given by the Breitling Jet Team , DHL and Samsung . Eight of the Breitling Jet aircraft took part in the opening sequence flyovers . For episode 2 , the list included 5.11 Tactical . A DHL Boeing 757 was featured in the opening sequence of episode 5 , the tent was located in Rotterdam , and the DHL logo is featured on part of the crash barrier at the Eboladrome . Technical issues ( edit ) During filming for some episodes in the second series of the show , the production team suffered major technical issues with the tent lighting , which threatened to derail filming . Nonetheless , all episodes were released on the correct dates , with all delays having been averted . Reception ( edit ) As of November 2016 the show has received positive reviews from critics , with The Guardian saying `` Jeremy Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . Daily Express TV reporter , Neela Debnath commented that the first episode `` resembled a Hollywood blockbuster '' and added that `` ( The Grand Tour is ) basically Top Gear on steroids '' . However , BBC Arts Editor , Will Gompertz said of the opening that `` there is no irony . It feels uncomfortably hubristic '' but once the presenters were in the tent `` Normal service has been resumed '' and that `` It seemed to me that Grand Tour is a TV show that wants to be -- and quite possibly should be -- a movie '' The Independent described The Grand Tour as `` the best of Top Gear but with a greater budget '' TheWrap reported an estimate by Symphony Advanced Media that the opening weekend viewer count for The Grand Tour was three times the size of the opening weekend of The Man in the High Castle . Episode 2 was somewhat less favourably received by fans and critics . The Telegraph wrote about the Jordan segment : `` ( ... ) a tedious action movie segment suggested that they were in danger of losing the run of themselves slightly and that Amazon 's hands - off policy towards the production had potential downsides . '' Radio Times said that `` many of the viewers were disgruntled to say the least , branding the show as dull and not funny . '' Richard Hammond was criticised by Stonewall , Peter Tatchell , and Olly Alexander , amongst others , for a comment he made in episode six where he implied that men who eat ice - cream are homosexual . It was later revealed that the comment was an in - joke for the Finnish audience as a reference to a controversial TV commercial that aired in Finland . The Grand Tour received a nomination in the Original OTT Streamed category at the 2017 Television and Radio Industries Club Awards . Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant gave the show a positive review , stating `` Fans can rest assured Top Gear has n't gone anywhere , it 's just hiding out at Amazon under a different name . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety was also positive of the show , stating `` When it comes to the cars , The Grand Tour delivers gearhead porn in spades ... Clarkson , Hammond , and May 's love for machinery ... is still present , pure , and appealing , even with the shift in networks and formats . '' Conversely , in April 2017 Brad Anderson of CarScoops stated that he prefers Top Gear to The Grand Tour . According to Anderson , Top Gear had `` become even better '' , whereas The Grand Tour `` seemed more scripted , less natural and at stages , forced ... attention is often skewed away from the cars as the presenters , namely Clarkson , seemed to chase controversy and headlines '' . Anderson continues that in - studio segments became repetitive quickly , particularly `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , also noting that all three hosts seem to spend far too much time needling each other , and test driver Mike Skinner offers no worthwhile commentary . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first series of The Grand Tour has a `` fresh '' rating of 86 % , based on 7 reviews , with an average rating of 8.0 / 10 . Digital Spy was positive of series 2 , episode 1 , calling it `` An understated premiere for a show that feels like it 's finding its feet . '' The Times was also positive , giving the show 4 out of 5 stars , stating `` Some parts of the show are flat but mostly it works , the production values remain high and it has clearly been hit with a juggernaut of money . '' The Daily Telegraph , while not as positive , still approved of the episode , stating `` The writing is still rather ropey . Clarkson 's suggestion of a new nickname for May -- `` Dingleberry Handpump '' -- failed to raise a titter even among the super-fans gathered for the London premiere '' but also said that `` for each wobble , there are just as many moments when The Grand Tour manages the clever trick Top Gear could pull off at its best : raising a chuckle while sneaking in a bit of serious journalism at the same time . '' and ultimately gave the episode 3 out of 5 stars . Jeremy Clarkson himself believed that they had `` hit the ground running with series 2 of the Grand Tour '' . Radio Times has criticised the gender balance of guests on the `` Celebrity Face Off '' segment . There was only 1 woman guest in the episode `` Oh Canada '' ; Paris Hilton . Hothouse Flowers playing for the opening sequence of `` The Holy Trinity '' episode in the Lucerne Valley , California Broadcast ( edit ) Australian free - to - air network Seven Network started broadcasting the first series of The Grand Tour in mid-October 2017 . French channel RMC Découverte started broadcasting the first series with the Namibian special episodes on 29 November 2017 and L'Équipe ( TV channel ) broadcast episodes 1 and 13 on 15 January 2018 . At the start of 2018 high - speed Eurostar train services between Paris or Brussels and London began to feature The Grand Tour as part of the available on board entertainment package . See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Amazon DriveTribe , an automotive enthusiast website by Clarkson , Hammond and May . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : From episode 15 credits ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The program will be U.K. based ^ Jump up to : @ @ thegrandtour ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` GMT , it 's a British show '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Juss , Mindy . `` ' The Grand Tour ' with executive producer Andy Wilman '' . Edinburgh International Television Festival . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharples , Sarah ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Lawo gears up for The Grand Tour with former Top Gear presenters '' . Pro Sound News Europe . NewBay . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilman , Andy ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Masterclass '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Elaine Bedell . Edinburgh : Edinburgh International Television Festival . Retrieved 7 November 2016 -- via YouTube . ( 2 : 01 ) ... they want everything in 4k , they want a specific framerate , they want it in HDR ... ( 17 : 35 ) ... built a new server to deal with the 4k framerate , the 23.98 ... ( 22 : 18 ) first show ... comes out at 70 - odd minutes ... we 're trying to discipline ourselves to 60 minutes Jump up ^ `` Clarkson delighted with terms of new Amazon show '' . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . The new motoring show , which will be available to Amazon Prime customers next year , will feature at least 36 episodes over three years . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . will be 12 episodes in each of the three series , and each episode will run for around an hour ... deal was brokered by Amazon U.K. film and TV strategy director Chris Bird and Conrad Riggs , the U.S. company 's head of TV production . Jump up ^ `` Repeats of The Grand Tour are coming to your TV -- MotoringBox '' . www.motoringbox.com . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour is going global '' . Amazon . Amazon . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour breaks Amazon Prime streaming record with debut episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Despite the difficulty , the trio 's debut was an undisputed success , becoming Amazon Prime 's most - watched premiere in the streaming service 's history . The previous record - holder was The Man in the High Castle . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour gets rave reviews from critics as Jeremy Clarkson and co make triumphant Amazon Prime debut '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Martin ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` So how many DID tune in to The Grand Tour ? Amazon cagily announces Clarkson 's premiere its ' biggest ever success ' for Prime Video ( but refuses to release viewing figures ) '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Series Premiere Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour review -- Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` ' The Grand Tour ' Executive Producer Andy Wilman on Working With Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Michael ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour vs Top Gear : how do they compare ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . ( Test driver ) Mike Skinner . A stubbly , Commie - hating 59 - year - old Californian prone to drawling Jump up ^ St. John , Allen ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's Expensive ' Grand Tour ' Is Really Just ' Top Gear ' On Steroids '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour has SCRAPPED its American version of ' The Stig ' from season two '' . 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rufford , Nick ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` Our year from hell : Clarkson , Hammond and May on The Grand Tour season 2 , overcoming disaster , ' that ' crash and ill - health '' . The Sunday Times : Driving . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . The show has a new test track in Enstone , ... there planning problems when ( Clarkson ) tried once before to use the Enstone track , back in Top Gear days ... The noisier testing of fast cars will continue to be done in Wiltshire at RAF Wroughton ... nicknamed `` the Eboladrome '' Jump up ^ Reed , Jason ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` The Secret Story Behind The Grand Tour 's Celebrity Braincrash '' . Shifting Lanes . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCreesh , Louise ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 confirms celebrity guests including Kiefer Sutherland and David Hasselhoff '' . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . The celebrity guests this series include Luke Evans , Kiefer Sutherland , Hugh Bonneville , Kevin Pietersen and Dominic Cooper ( ... ) Dynamo , Rory Mcllroy , Michael Ball and Alfie Boe will also appear in season two . ^ Jump up to : Finnerty , Joe ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` WWE legend Goldberg and world heavyweight champ Anthony Joshua go head - to - head on The Grand Tour '' . The Sun . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ivie , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Goes Back to Its Top Gear Roots '' . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . a future episode ( ... ) will see Nick Mason and Stewart Copeland competing for the title of fastest rock drummer . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 9 Preview -- ' Breaking , badly ' '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Finnerty , Joe ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` MUDDY HELL Paris Hilton gets dirty with Rory McIlroy on The Grand Tour -- but does n't want to mess up her hair with a racing helmet '' . The Sun . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Emma ( 26 November 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson forced to ' kill off ' celebs on The Grand Tour after BBC ' bans Top Gear rip - off star interviews ' '' . The Sun . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kristen ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Brain Crash ' Axed on the Grand Tour Season 2 '' . jalopnik.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 confirms celebrity guests including The Hoff , Jack Bauer and Luke Evans '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsieh , Tony ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour : 3 Mustangs from the Opening Sequence of the Premiere Episode '' . Grand Tour Nation . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Instant Video '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Launching 18 November , 2016 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Alex ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon upload first episode of Jeremy Clarkson 's Grand Tour 20 minutes Early '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Clarkson surprised fans by launching the Grand Tour half an hour early on Amazon Prime this evening ^ Jump up to : `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter : `` This is it . The Grand Tour 's first studio day . '' `` . Twitter.com. 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fane Saunders , Tristram ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` What really happens in The Grand Tour ? Episode - by - episode details for Jeremy Clarkson 's Amazon show revealed '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson blows up old home to make way for new Cotswold farmhouse '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Grand Tour show one : Los Angeles . Show two : Johannesburg . Show three : Whitby obviously . Tickets available now '' . Twitter . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour on Twitter : `` Thank you for a great show Rotterdam . '' `` . Twitter.com. 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour -- Timeline '' . Facebook . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour boss said there would be no Christmas specials -- so what are all these photos about ? '' . Radio Times . 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . travelling studio tent to Kakslauttanen , Finland ... Even the title gives it away : Happy Finnish Christmas ... on Friday 30th December , wo n't even be coming from the travelling tent at all ... The Grand Tour abandons its usual travelling tent for a road trip across Namibia ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Instant Video '' . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clarkson , Hammond und May in Stuttgart : Amazon Prime `` The Grand Tour '' kommt nach Deutschland -- GQ '' ( in German ) . Gq-magazin.de. 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PS - Fernsehen im Residenzschloss -- Geheimsache Autoshow -- Landkreis Ludwigsburg -- Stuttgarter Zeitung '' ( in German ) . stuttgarter-zeitung.de. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chris ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Chelsea stars mock Jeremy Clarkson over his custom car on The Grand Tour '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . inspections from Eden Hazard , Diego Costa , Thibaut Courtois , Gary Cahill , Willian and Oscar . Jump up ^ `` Book tickets for the Grand Tour Dubai '' . 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . 10th December 2016 ^ Jump up to : McKellar , Sean ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Behind the scenes with The Grand Tour in Switzerland '' . Motoring Box . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . `` It 's the past , the present and the future , '' says Clarkson ... the Gotthard Pass ... Today it is closed for The Grand Tour to film . The Swiss authorities have granted them all of ten minutes ... they head to the top of the pass and do ' the walkaround . ' ... we end the day at the Verkehrshaus , aka the Swiss Transport Museum , ... town of Kriens , 20 minutes from Lucerne , ... home to EVTech , ... We follow Hammond as he plugs in his Rimac and then ... Waits ... why we end the day in the Kriens Chess Museum Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( 9 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour Season 2 : How to watch episode 1 , plus stream FULL second season for Free '' . Sunday Express . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Dubbed `` Past , Present or Future '' , this is the episode that features Hammond 's explosive car crash Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( @ thegrandtour ) ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` 3 days to go until # TheGrandTour returns to Prime Video with the episode Past , Present , or Future . www.PrimeVideo.com/GT '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk website . ASIN B0731ZQ3R7. 1 . Past , present or future Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 : Richard Hammond is on crutches in episode 2 after horrifying crash '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . second episode titled The Falls Guys , Clarkson drives ... Ford GT from New York City to Niagara Falls , with James May making the same journey via public transport with Hammond ... Celebrity Face Off ... cricketer Kevin Pietersen and baseball 's Brian Wilson Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Episode 3 '' . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zadarska manekenka Silvija oduševila u ' The Grand Touru ' '' ( Zadar model Silvija delights in The Grand Tour ) . 24sata ( in Croatian ) . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jeremy Clarkson ( 57 ) , Richard Hammond ( 47 ) i James May ( 54 ) dio svoje emisije The Grand Tour snimali su sredinom godine na Plitvičkim jezerima , u Zadru i na Pagu ... Riječ je o zadarskoj manekenki Silviji Jurin ( 32 ) ... Reakcije na njezin nastup bile su samo pozitivne ... Razne nove modele auta testirali su i na paškoj prometnici koja povezuje trajektno pristanište Žigljen i grad Novalju . ^ Jump up to : Plivelić , Petra ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Silvija Jurin : Kad me Clarkson posjeo u Audi i stisnuo gas , toliko sam vrištala da su htjeli ugasiti kamere ! '' ( Silvija Jurin : When I sat in the Audi and Clarkson squeezed the throttle , I screamed so much that they wanted to turn off the camera ! ) . Jutarnji list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Bez scenarija -- To je bila tzv . unscripted epizoda , dakle bez prethodno razrađenog scenarija , plana snimanja i lokacija te unaprijed osmišljenih stuntova . Samo se u jednom trenutku dogodio prazan hod . Pitala sam što se događa , a Clarkson mi je odgovorio da pričekam jer nemaju priču ... Prvi dan su snimali na napuštenom aerodromu u Šepurinama , a drugi dan u Maslenici . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Episode 4 Preview -- ' Unscripted ' '' . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zvijezde Grand Toura u Zadru su napravile vatrogasno vozilo '' ( Stars of The Grand Tour in Zadar to build a Fire Engine ) . 24sata ( in Croatian ) . 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . cijelu utrku obilježila je naša manekenka Silvija Jurin kao ' živa finiš crta ' koja se i vozila s Clarksonom u njegovu Audiju . Jump up ^ @ harefarm ( 9 December 2017 ) . `` Yes , that 's us . The chosen farm for this season 's The Grand Tour . Thank you @ farmlocations for making us reach the big time ! @ thegrandtour '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 6 January 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Episode 5 Preview -- ' Up , Down and Round the Farm ' '' . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( April 2017 ) . `` Amazon 's The Grand Tour Hosts Visit Colorado '' . KEKB . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . spent Easter weekend at the Gateway Canyons Resort in Gateway , Colo Jump up ^ Alderton , Stephanie ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Mesa County deputy featured in The Grand Tour show '' . The Durango Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . it showed Mesa deputy Conner Bell performing a traffic stop on Jeremy Clarkson ... scene was originally supposed to be filmed in Mesa County , but production moved to the Hanging Flume Overlook in Montrose County Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 6 January 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 6 Preview -- ' Jaaaaaaaags ' '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 6 January 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 7 Preview -- ' It 's a gas , gas , gas ' '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 8 Preview -- ' Blasts from the Past ' '' . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 9 Preview -- ' Breaking , badly ' '' . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Tosses Tesla 's case against Top Gear '' . 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 3 February 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 10 Preview -- ' Oh , Canada ' '' . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McKellar , Sean ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` The Grand Tour : Series 2 Episode 11 Preview -- ' Feed the World ' '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jason ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Solved : The Grand Tour Is In Sweden ! '' . DriveTribe . Shifting Lanes . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jason ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Grand Tour Season 3 Filming Update : Clarkson 's Test Car Is Broken Down ! '' . DriveTribe . Shifting Lanes . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Tour Season 3 Filming Update : In Scotland with an Alfa Romeo GTV6 , a Lancia Gamma Coupe and a Fiat X1 / 9 '' . Reddit . Reddit. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jason ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Win Exclusive Prizes In Jeremy Clarkson 's Grand Tour Breakdown Challenge ! '' . DriveTribe . Shifting Lanes . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear : How a monster was born '' . BBC . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` Top Gear : ' BBC has offered Richard Hammond and James May £ 4.6 million to return ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear producer Andy Wilman quits show '' . BBC . 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis - Petersen , Hannah ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson says he had cancer scare two days before Top Gear fracas '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Daisy ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Top Gear trio Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May meet for ' secret talks ' at Goodwood Motor Circuit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ; Sweney , Mark ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Top Gear stars Jeremy Clarkson , James May and Richard Hammond in ITV talks '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 12 July 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's lawyers confident he can get around BBC contract ban on doing Top Gear - style show for ITV '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Top Gear trio ' not worth the money ' '' . BBC . 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pyrnn , Jonathan ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Amazon Prime sign Top Gear 's Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May for exclusive new show '' . The Evening Standard . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Quinn , James ( 15 August 2015 ) . `` Amazon 's Jeff Bezos : With Jeremy Clarkson , we 're entering a new golden age of television '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke - Billings , Lucy ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson ' to become highest paid TV host in Britain ' on post-Top Gear Amazon Prime show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Amazon reveal Clarkson , May and Hammond show name '' . BBC . 11 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Horton , Helena ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's new Amazon Top Gear - style show could be called Gear Knobs '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . ' Gear Knobs ' is trademarked to new company Newincco 1361 Limited which has also trademarked ' Gear Nobs ' , and the name ' Speedbird ' which is speculated to be a charater ( sic ) on the show . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Clarkson ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` I see that many people think our new show is called Gear Knobs . Well you heard it here first . It is n't '' . Twitter . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Alanis ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` The Top Gear Guys ' New Amazon Show Will Not Be Called ' Gear Knobs , ' Thankfully '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Thanks for your suggestions . But be aware : for legal reasons , we can not use a name with the word `` gear '' in it `` . Twitter . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` James May : Top Gear 's Cenotaph stunt was ' possibly a little unwise ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` James May : ' We are not in a race with Chris Evans ' Top Gear ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Patrick ( 24 August 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's new show can not have a test track or describe Namibia as ' beautiful ' over fears of being sued , producer claims '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jason ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` The Secret Story Behind The Grand Tour 's Celebrity Braincrash '' . DriveTribe . Shifting Lanes . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ivie , Devon ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` 3 Big Ways The Grand Tour Went Back to Its Top Gear Roots for Season Two '' . Vulture . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Chris ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Nashville -- How to Get Tickets for Clarkson , Hammond , and May '' . Roadandtrack.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour 's final location is unveiled '' . 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson reveals he nearly died from pneumonia in hospital '' . theguardian.com. 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Hammond airlifted to hospital following car crash in Switzerland '' . theguardian.com. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson 's found a new permanent home for his Amazon show '' . uk.businessinsider.com. 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , Sophie ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Plans passed for TV filming rumoured to be Jeremy Clarkson 's The Grand Tour '' . Oxford Mail . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . West Oxfordshire District Council has given approval for 13 weeks of filming at the Great Tew Estate , near Chipping Norton ... temporary studio ... Chump Productions , the production company owned by Jeremy Clarkson , James May , Richard Hammond and producer Andy Wilman ... shoot will involve 80 staff members and 350 ticketed guests , with the latter expected to generate 150 -- 200 cars on a filming day ... during two five - week periods between October and December ... 200 parking spaces , a marquee and a catering bus ... parking during the Cornbury festival will be utilised Jump up ^ `` To celebrate The Grand Tour , join Amazon Prime for £ 59 and save £ 20 on your first year 's membership '' . Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 15 September 2016 ) , The Grand Tour : Launch Date , retrieved 9 October 2016 Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 6 October 2016 ) , The Grand Tour : The Official Trailer , retrieved 9 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` '' The Grand Tour '' ya tiene fecha en Amazon Prime '' ( The Grand Tour now has a date on Amazon Prime ) . Ñandutí , 1020 AM ( in Spanish ) . Paraguay. 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . El tráiler oficial , al ritmo de Come with Me Now , de Kongos Jump up ^ Okulski , Travis ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Is Leaving Crashed Priuses All Over the World '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jonny ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour moves into Top Gear with Clarkson , Hammond and May 's Amazon debut '' . Belfast Telegraph . DHL sponsorship Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 30 October 2016 ) . `` Grand Tour special : `` We 're back ! With all guns blazing '' `` . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Happily , a magnificent company called DHL then rode into the equation , offering to meet our transport costs in something called a `` sponsorship deal '' Jump up ^ `` This video of Jeremy Clarkson assembling a box got better reviews than Top Gear '' . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . shows Jeremy Clarkson assembling a DHL flat - pack box Jump up ^ `` The Holy Trinity '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 1 . 17 November 2016 . Event occurs at 01 : 10 : 45 . Amazon Video . `` Promotional Consideration Breitling Jet Team DHL Samsung Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( @ thegrandtour ) ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` 8 Breitling jets , the # BurningVan festival , and a flotilla of over 40 cars . Stream episode 1 of # TheGrandTour on Amazon Prime Video now '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 24 November 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Operation Desert Stumble '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 2 . 24 November 2016 . Event occurs at 00 : 57 : 14 . Amazon Video . `` Promotional Consideration Provided By DHL Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd 5.11 Jump up ^ Reed , Jason ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Here 's What A Real Day of Filming The Grand Tour Is Like '' . DriveTribe . Shifting Lanes . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour gets rave reviews from critics as Jeremy Clarkson and co make triumphant Amazon Prime debut '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour review -- Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gompertz , Will ( 18 November 2016 ) , The Grand Tour Review : Clarkson returns in ' filmic ' show Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour episode 1 review : The best of Top Gear with a bigger budget '' . The Independent . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's ' Grand Tour ' Triples ' Man in the High Castle ' Viewers '' ( Exclusive ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Power , Ed ( 25 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour episode two review : Operation Desert Stumble and Jeremy Clarkson is still off the leash -- plus all the talking points '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers divided over `` difficult second episode '' of The Grand Tour `` . RadioTimes . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Richard Hammond under fire for ' ice - cream is gay ' line on The Grand Tour '' . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . In front of a live audience , Clarkson pointed to an image of the interior of a Rolls Royce , saying : `` The only problem is that in one of those , you could n't enjoy a chocolate Magnum ice - cream . '' `` It 's all right , I do n't eat ice - cream '' , replied Hammond . `` It 's something to do with being straight . '' Jump up ^ `` Richard Hammond is criticised for gay ice cream joke on Amazon show , The Grand Tour '' . 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 2 January 2017 ) . `` Richard Hammond 's controversial ' gay ice cream joke ' on The Grand Tour may not have been all it seemed '' . The Sun . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TRIC Award Nominees '' . Television and Radio Industries Club . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Series Premiere Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Review : Jeremy Clarkson 's ' The Grand Tour ' on Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Brad ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Sorry The Grand Tour , Top Gear Is Again The World 's Best Car Show '' . Car Scoops . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Season 1 -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour season 2 episode 1 review : We 're in safe hands as Clarkson , Hammond and May return '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television review : The Grand Tour on Amazon Prime '' . The Times . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour season 2 , episode 1 review : Has Jeremy Clarkson finally found his groove ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ling , Thomas ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour 's first celebrity guests for series 2 have been revealed -- and there 's not a single woman '' . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Trevor . `` Clarkson , Hammond & May 's The Grand Tour coming to Channel 7 free to air ! '' . EFTM . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Paris in just two hours with Eurostar ... via Amazon -- Get Packing '' . Daily Express . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . European operator to offer the free service , ... 300 hours of original content -- including The Grand Tour External links ( edit ) Map all coordinates in `` The Grand Tour ( TV series ) '' using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Official website The Grand Tour on IMDb The Grand Tour 's channel on YouTube Geographic data related to The Grand Tour 's `` Eboladrome '' test track at OpenStreetMap Geographic data related to The Grand Tour 's Enstone gravel test track at OpenStreetMap Quotations related to The Grand Tour at Wikiquote Amazon Video original programming Current Bosch ( since 2014 ) Transparent ( since 2014 ) The Man in the High Castle ( since 2015 ) Patriot ( since 2015 ) Sneaky Pete ( since 2015 ) The Collection ( since 2016 ) Fleabag ( since 2016 ) Goliath ( since 2016 ) The Grand Tour ( since 2016 ) The Tick ( since 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( since 2017 ) Comrade Detective ( since 2017 ) Lore ( since 2017 ) Britannia ( since 2018 ) The Dangerous Book for Boys ( since 2018 ) Ended Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- 18 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Ripper Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- 17 ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) Upcoming Homecoming ( 2018 ) The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Untitled Fred Armisen / Maya Rudolph comedy series ( 2018 ) The Boys ( 2019 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) The Feed ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Too Old To Die Young ( 2019 ) Undone ( 2019 ) Cortes ( TBA ) Hanna ( TBA ) Lorena ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) Utopia ( 2019 ) Top Gear 1977 -- 2001 format List of episodes 2002 -- present format Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Segments Challenges Power Lap Times Races Specials Winter Olympics US Special Top Gear of the Pops Polar Special Botswana Special Top Ground Gear Force Vietnam Special Race to the North Bolivia Special Middle East Special India Special Patagonia Special Other Home video releases Top Gear controversies Top Gear Test Track BBC v HarperCollins Publishers Ltd The Stig International versions Australia episodes China France Russia United States Top Gear episodes Top Gear America South Korea Italy Spin - offs and related Extra Gear Fifth Gear Rally Report Stars in Fast Cars The Grand Tour Top Gear Magazine Top Gear Motorsport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grand_Tour_(TV_series)&oldid=838351793 '' Categories : The Grand Tour ( TV series ) Amazon Video original programming Automotive television series 2010s British television series 2016 British television programme debuts British adventure television series Driving in the United Kingdom English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use British English from June 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 13 : 32 . 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the grand tour season 2 episode 2 celebrity guests

Abbie Eaton

The Grand Tour

The Green Mile ( novel ) - wikipedia The Green Mile ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Green Mile Cover of the first volume in the series , released March 28 , 1996 Author Stephen King Country United States Language English Genre Dark Fantasy , Southern Gothic , Magic Realism Publisher Signet Books Publication date March -- August 1996 Media type Print ( Paperback ) The Green Mile is a 1996 serial novel written by Stephen King . It tells the story of death row supervisor Paul Edgecombe 's encounter with John Coffey , an unusual inmate who displays inexplicable healing and empathetic abilities . The serial novel was originally released in six volumes before being republished as a single volume work . The book is an example of magical realism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Volume list 2 Plot 3 Characters 3.1 Other characters 4 Reception 5 Film adaptation 6 References Publication history ( edit ) The Green Mile was first published in six low - priced paperback volumes . The first , subtitled The Two Dead Girls was published on March 28 , 1996 , with new volumes following monthly until the final volume , Coffey on the Mile , was released on August 29 , 1996 . The novel was republished as a single paperback volume on May 5 , 1997 . On October 3 , 2000 , the book was published in its first hardcover edition ( ISBN 978 - 0743210898 ) . In 2007 , Subterranean Press released a 10th anniversary edition of the novel in three different versions , each mimicking the original six - volume release : the Gift Edition , limited to 2,000 copies , containing six unsigned hardcover volumes of each separate part , housed in a slipcase ; the Limited Edition , limited to 148 numbered copies , and signed by Stephen King , housed in a slipcase ; and the Lettered Edition , limited to 52 lettered copies , and signed by Stephen King , housed in a traycase . Every edition contained new illustrations by Mark Geyer , the novel 's original illustrator . Each version had its own design , and cost $150 , $900 , and $2,500 , respectively . There were other versions published as well , including a `` pocketbook '' sized hardcover by Paw Prints ( ISBN 9781439182789 ) . Volume list ( edit ) Title Date Length ISBN The Two Dead Girls March 28 , 1996 92 pp ISBN 978 - 0451190499 The Mouse on the Mile April 25 , 1996 96 pp ISBN 978 - 0451190529 Coffey 's Hands May 30 , 1996 96 pp ISBN 978 - 0451190543 The Bad Death of Eduard Delacroix June 27 , 1996 96 pp ISBN 978 - 0451190550 Night Journey July 25 , 1996 96 pp ISBN 978 - 0451190567 Coffey on the Mile August 29 , 1996 144 pp ISBN 978 - 0451190574 Plot ( edit ) A first - person narrative told by Paul Edgecombe , the novel switches between Paul as an old man in the Georgia Pines nursing home sharing his story with fellow resident Elaine Connelly in 1996 , and his time in 1932 as the block supervisor of the Cold Mountain Penitentiary death row , nicknamed `` The Green Mile '' for the color of the floor 's linoleum . This year marks the arrival of John Coffey , a 6 ft 8 in powerfully built black man who has been convicted of raping and murdering two small white girls . During his time on the Mile , John interacts with fellow prisoners Eduard `` Del '' Delacroix , a Cajun arsonist , rapist , and murderer , and William Wharton ( `` Billy the Kid '' to himself , `` Wild Bill '' to the guards ) , a wild - acting and dangerous multiple murderer who is determined to make as much trouble as he can before he is executed . Other inhabitants include Arlen Bitterbuck , a Native American convicted of killing a man in a fight over a pair of boots ( also the first character to die in the electric chair ) ; Arthur Flanders , a real estate executive who killed his father to perpetrate insurance fraud , and whose sentence is eventually commuted to life imprisonment ( while serving his sentence , he is killed by another inmate in the laundry room ) ; and Mr. Jingles , a mouse , to whom Del teaches various tricks . Paul and the other guards are irritated throughout the book by Percy Wetmore , a sadistic guard who enjoys antagonizing the prisoners . The other guards have to be civil to him despite their dislike of him because he is the nephew of the Governor 's wife . When Percy is offered a position at the nearby Briar Ridge psychiatric hospital as a secretary , Paul thinks they are finally rid of him . However , Percy refuses to leave until he is allowed to supervise an execution , so Paul hesitantly allows him to run Del 's . Percy deliberately avoids soaking a sponge in brine that is supposed to be tucked inside the electrode cap to ensure a quick death in the electric chair . When the switch is thrown , the current causes Del to catch fire in the chair and suffer a prolonged , agonizing demise . Over time , Paul realizes that John possesses inexplicable healing abilities , which he uses to cure Paul 's urinary tract infection and revive Mr. Jingles after Percy stomps on him . Simple - minded and shy , John is very empathic and sensitive to the thoughts and feelings of others around him . One night , the guards drug Wharton , then put a straitjacket on Percy and lock him in the padded restraint room so that they can smuggle John out of the prison and take him to the home of Warden Hal Moores . Hal 's wife Melinda has an inoperable brain tumor , which John cures . When they return to the Mile , John passes the `` disease '' from Melinda into Percy , causing him to go mad and shoot Wharton to death before falling into a catatonic state from which he never recovers . Percy is committed to Briar Ridge . Paul 's long - simmering suspicions that John is innocent are proven right when he discovers that it was actually William Wharton who raped and killed the twin sisters and that John was trying to revive them . Later John tells Paul what he saw when Wharton grabbed his arm one time , how Wharton had coerced the sisters to be silent by threatening to kill one if the other made a noise , using their love for each other . Paul is unsure how to help John , but John tells him not to worry , as he is ready to die anyway , wanting to escape the cruelty of the world . John 's execution is the last one in which Paul participates . He introduces Mr. Jingles to Elaine just before the mouse dies , having lived 64 years past these events , and explains that those healed by John gained an unnaturally long lifespan . Elaine dies shortly after , never learning how Paul 's wife died in his arms immediately after they suffered a bus accident , and that he then saw John Coffey 's ghost watching him from an overpass . Paul seems to be all alone , now 104 years old , and wondering how much longer he will live . Characters ( edit ) Paul Edgecombe -- The protagonist and narrator of the book and the death - row supervisor at Cold Mountain Penitentiary . He is 40 years old when the main bulk of the story takes place , in 1932 . He is a caring man and takes excellent care of the men on his block , avoiding conflict and keeping the peace whenever possible . He is the first character to discover John Coffey 's amazing abilities , when the prisoner cures his urinary tract infection . It is also his idea to take Coffey to try to cure Melinda , Warden Hal Moores ' wife , of her brain tumor . He transferred to Boy 's Correctional with Brutus Howell shortly after Coffey 's execution . Brutus `` Brutal '' Howell -- He is second in command on the Green Mile and Paul 's best friend . He is a tall , imposing man but not violent at all unless necessary . His nickname of `` Brutal '' is intended as irony . A former football tackle who had gone on to play at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) in his youth , he eventually suffers a fatal heart attack at home , in his fifties , about twenty - five years after Coffey 's execution . John Coffey -- He is a massive black man ( 6 ft 8 in tall ) , on death row for the alleged rape and murder of two young girls . He is very quiet and prefers to keep to himself , weeps almost constantly , and is afraid of the dark . Even at the end , during his execution , he asks Paul Edgecombe not to put on the traditional black silk mask used to block the view of the prisoner 's face because he fears the dark . Coffey is described as `` knowing his own name and not much else '' and lacks the capability to do so much as tie a simple knot . However , he is convicted of luring the girls away from their home , disposing of the watchdog , carefully planning and using abilities he would otherwise not be expected to have . He is the calmest and mildest prisoner the guards have ever seen , despite his hulking form . He turns out to be innocent of what he is accused of , but chooses to die anyway . Percy Wetmore -- He is a young and sadistic guard . He is disliked by Paul and the other guards because of his ways , but they can not do anything about it because he is the nephew of the governor 's wife . He is very homophobic and attacks Eduard Delacroix for allegedly touching him , although it was an accident caused by Del stumbling out of the prison truck . He is later attacked by `` Wild Bill '' Wharton , consequently wets himself , and is teased by Delacroix for it . In retaliation , Percy deliberately sabotages Delacroix 's execution . At the end of the story he is sent to the Briar Ridge mental institution , originally considered for a job but now as a patient , after Coffey transferred Melinda 's disease to him which caused him to kill William Wharton . He eventually lives through a hospital fire and dies in 1965 . William `` Wild Bill '' Wharton -- The antagonist of the story . He is on death row for various crimes . He does not like the nickname `` Wild Bill '' but prefers to be called `` Billy the Kid '' , a name which he has tattooed on his forearm . When he first arrives he manages to convince the guards that he is in a drugged stupor , only to attack and attempt to strangle to death Dean Stanton when they reach E Block . He continues to wreak havoc on the Mile and plays tricks such as urinating on the guards , amongst other things . He is punished by being placed in solitary confinement , but never seems to learn his lesson . As John Coffey is being smuggled to Hal Moores 's house , Wild Bill grabs his arm and Coffey sees that he actually committed the murders Coffey was accused of . Therefore , Coffey gives Percy the `` sickness '' he took from the warden 's wife , causing him to kill Wharton . Eduard `` Del '' Delacroix -- He is a Cajun prisoner with a fairly slow grasp of the English language . He is incarcerated for multiple deaths due to a fire he started while trying to cover up his rape and murder of a young girl . While on the Mile , Del befriends a mouse named Mr. Jingles , who becomes his best friend in his last days on death row . Percy , his enemy , sabotages his execution , causing Del to die in a slow , gruesome death in the electric chair . Mr. Jingles ( nicknamed `` Steamboat Willie '' ) -- An unusually intelligent mouse who enjoys eating peppermint sweets . He becomes a friend to Eduard Delacroix in the few days before the man is executed . He is resurrected by John Coffey after being stomped on by Percy Wetmore . This gives him increased longevity and he finally dies 64 years later . Other characters ( edit ) Arthur `` The President '' Flanders -- An inmate on death row , convicted of killing his father in an insurance - fraud scheme . His sentence is commuted to life imprisonment , but he is later murdered by an unknown inmate in the prison laundry . Arlen `` The Chief '' Bitterbuck -- A Washita Cherokee death - row inmate , convicted of killing a man in a drunken brawl over a pair of boots . His execution is the first of three mentioned in Paul 's story . Janice Edgecombe -- Paul Edgecombe 's wife . Dies in a bus accident on the way to her grandchild 's graduation in 1956 . Hal Moores -- The warden at Cold Mountain Penitentiary . Melinda Moores -- Warden Moores 's wife , who is dying of a brain tumor and is cured by John Coffey . She eventually dies of a heart attack ten years later . Curtis Anderson -- The assistant warden . Dean Stanton -- A guard on E Block who is strangled and nearly killed by William Wharton . A father of young children , he takes no part in the taking of John Coffey to Melinda Moores due to the risk of losing his job . He applies for relocation to C Block after John Coffey 's death , where he is murdered by an inmate 4 months later . Harry Terwilliger -- One of the main guards on E Block along with his friends Paul Edgecombe , Brutus Howell and Dean Stanton . He eventually dies of cancer , long after John Coffey 's execution . Bill Dodge -- A `` floater '' guard on E Block ( not permanently assigned there ) . Jack Van Hay -- A guard who is part of the execution team . He operates the switch room . Toot - Toot -- A trustee who stands in for the condemned during execution rehearsals and sells snacks to prisoners and guards . Burt Hammersmith -- A reporter who wrote on the Detterick twins ' murders and John Coffey 's trial . Despite believing himself to be an `` Enlightenment '' man , he displays prejudice in his stance on `` Negroes '' and tries to convince Paul of John Coffey 's guilt . Elaine Connelly -- A friend of Paul in the present - day nursing home where he tells his story . She is later revealed to be the grandmother of the Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives , using this position to scare Brad Dolan from harassing Paul . Homer Cribus -- The Sheriff of Trapingus County , where the murders of the Detterick twins took place . Despite playing no part in apprehending John Coffey , he later shows up at the execution . An outspoken Baptist with strong racial prejudice and immensely overweight , he later succumbs to a heart attack while having sex with a 17 - year - old African American in his office . Rob McGee -- The Deputy Sheriff of Trapingus County , who led the search party which found John Coffey . While displaying strong doubt about Coffey 's guilt after being shown signs of innocence by Paul Edgecombe , he is still powerless to call for an appeal as he is subordinate to Sheriff Cribus , whom he allegedly hopes to succeed . Brad Dolan -- A malicious nursing home employee who harasses Paul Edgecombe . Paul strongly compares him to Percy Wetmore , and several times mistakes him for Percy , despite the latter dying in 1965 . Kathe and Cora Detterick -- The two young girls whom John Coffey was convicted of raping and murdering . Killed by William Wharton . Klaus and Marjorie Detterick -- The parents of Kathe and Cora . Reception ( edit ) The Green Mile won the Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel in 1996 . In 1997 , The Green Mile was nominated as Best Novel for the British Fantasy Award and the Locus Award . In 2003 the book was listed on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's `` best - loved novel . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Green Mile ( film ) Frank Darabont adapted the novel into a screenplay for a feature film of the same name . Released in 1999 , the film was directed by Darabont and starred Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecombe and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey . The setting is changed from 1932 to 1935 in order to include the film Top Hat , which does n't appear in the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile by Stephen King '' . Subterranean Press . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile by Stephen King '' . Subterranean Press . ISBN 9781439182789 . Jump up ^ Page 482 : ' She died -- of a heart attack , not a brain tumor -- ten or eleven years later ' Jump up ^ `` Past Stoker Nominees & Winners : 1996 Bram Stoker Award Nominees & Winners '' . Horror Writers Association . Jump up ^ `` Bibliography : The Green Mile '' . isfdb.org . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 24 August 2017 Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Green_Mile_(novel)&oldid=817207928 '' Categories : 1996 American novels American magic realism novels American novels adapted into films Novels by Stephen King Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the 1930s Novels set in the 1990s Rape in fiction Great Depression novels Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 22 : 19 . 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who was toot toot in the green mile

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California Highway Patrol - wikipedia California Highway Patrol Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) . For the California State Police ( CSP ) , see California State Police . California Highway Patrol CHP Patch CHP Door Shield CHP Badge CHP Logo Abbreviation CHP Motto Safety , Service , and Security Agency overview Formed August 14 , 1929 ; 88 years ago ( 1929 - 08 - 14 ) Employees 10,551 ( as of 2014 ) Annual budget $2 billion ( as of 2014 ) Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction California , ( ( U.S. ) ) Map of California Highway Patrol 's jurisdiction . Size 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km ) Population 39,536,653 ( 2017 est . ) Legal jurisdiction As per operations jurisdiction Governing body California State Legislature Constituting instrument Senate Bill 869 Headquarters Sacramento , California Officers 7,608 ( as of 2016 ) Civilians 3,276 ( as of 2014 ) Commissioner responsible Warren Stanley Parent agency California State Transportation Agency ( CALSTA ) Facilities Commands 8 Field Divisions 16 Commercial Enforcement Facilities 103 Area Offices Patrol cars Ford Explorer - based Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle Dodge Charger - Police Ford Crown Victoria - Police Planes Cessna 206 Website http://www.chp.ca.gov http://www.chpcareers.com The California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) is a law enforcement agency of the state of California . The primary mission of the CHP is to ensure safety and enforce traffic laws on all California highways and county roads in unincorporated areas . The CHP promotes traffic safety by inspecting commercial vehicles , as well as inspecting and certifying school buses , ambulances , and other specialized vehicles . The California State Legislature established the California Highway Patrol as a branch of the Division of Motor Vehicles in the Department of Public Works , with legislation signed by Governor C. C. Young on August 14 , 1929 . It was established as a separate department by Governor Earl Warren in 1947 . The CHP gradually assumed increased responsibility beyond the enforcement of the State Vehicle Act and eventually merged with the smaller California State Police in 1995 . It is currently organized as part of the California State Transportation Agency ( CALSTA ) . In addition to its highway patrol duties , the CHP also provides other services including protecting state buildings and facilities ( most notably the California State Capitol ) and bodyguarding state officials . The CHP also works with municipal law enforcement agencies , providing assistance in investigations , patrol , and other aspects of law enforcement . The California Highway Patrol is the largest state police agency in the United States , with more than 10,500 employees , 7,608 of whom are sworn officers , according to FBI data and data released by the CHP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highway patrol duties 2 Special responsibilities 3 Pay and pensions 4 Organization 4.1 Hierarchy 4.2 Field Organization 5 Rank structure 6 Traditions 7 Seven points of the CHP badge 8 Code of honor 9 Fallen officers 10 Mexico Liaison Unit 11 Scandals 11.1 Officer Peyer Scandal 11.2 Newhall incident 12 Mergers 13 Weapons 14 Vehicles 14.1 Origins 14.2 Motorcycles 14.3 Vehicles 14.4 Aircraft 15 Rogue officers 15.1 George Gwaltney 15.2 Craig Peyer 16 Media references 17 Programs 17.1 Youth programs 17.2 Vehicle Theft Recognition and Awards Program 17.3 Other Programs 18 Origins of the California Highway Patrol 's name 19 See also 20 References 20.1 Further reading 21 External links Highway Patrol duties ( edit ) The agency has jurisdiction over all California state routes ( including all freeways and expressways ) , U.S. Highways , Interstate Highways and all public roads in unincorporated and incorporated parts of a county . Local police or the local sheriff 's department having a contract with an incorporated city are primarily responsible for investigating and enforcing traffic laws in incorporated cities , but the CHP can still enforce traffic laws on any public road anywhere in the state . While the agency 's primary mission is related to transportation , it also possesses full law enforcement authority and can enforce any state law anywhere in the state . Furthermore , CHP officers act as bailiffs for the California Supreme Court and California Court of Appeal , as well as security at State of California buildings . The Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle replaced the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor in 2013 . CHP officers enforce the California Vehicle Code , pursue fugitives spotted on the highways , and attend to all significant obstructions and crashes within their jurisdiction . They patrol in various vehicles including Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors , Dodge Charger ( LX ) s , Chevrolet Camaros , BMW R1150RT ‐ P motorcycles , Cessna 206 airplanes , and helicopters which include Bell OH ‐ 58As , Bell 206L ‐ IVs and Eurocopter AS ‐ 350B ‐ 3s . Beginning in 2013 , the CHP switched to the Ford Explorer - based Ford Police Interceptor Utility fleet vehicles because the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor was being phased out of production . CHP officers are responsible for investigating and disposing of car accidents , disabled vehicles , debris , and other impediments to the free flow of traffic . They are often the first responders at the scene of an accident ( or obstruction ) , and in turn summon paramedics , firefighters , tow truck drivers or Caltrans personnel . The CHP files traffic collision reports for state highways and within unincorporated areas . The CHP responds to and investigates all accidents involving school buses throughout the state including incorporated cities . CHP also has Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams ( MAIT ) for the investigation of traffic collisions . Special responsibilities ( edit ) The CHP also publishes data on traffic accidents in California from a database called SWITRS ( Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System ) . Members of the CHP SWAT Team After the September 11 , 2001 attacks the CHP became responsible for securing and patrolling a number of potential terrorist targets in California . These sites include nuclear power plants , government buildings , and key infrastructure sites . The CHP also maintains a SWAT team on 24 ‐ hour stand ‐ by to respond to any terrorist activity . In September 2005 , the CHP sent its two Mobile Field Forces ( highly trained and equipped quick reaction / deployment teams for civil disturbances and / or disasters ) to the Gulf Coast to assist in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . Before the United States National Guard arrived , the CHP had four patrol helicopters over Marianna , Florida , more than eighty vehicles on the ground , and more than 200 officers and other staff , including a SWAT team , deployed in New Orleans . The CHP also has officers assigned to drug task forces and other criminal investigative task forces throughout the state , and maintains highly trained Warrant Service Teams ( WST ) throughout each of its Divisions . These teams serve high - risk felony arrest and search warrants generated as a result of CHP investigations , and the WST assists local , state , and federal law enforcement agencies to serve the same type of high - risk warrants . CHP investigators also work closely with agents of the State Bureau of Investigation , Office of the Attorney General . Additionally , the CHP has dozens of narcotic patrol and explosive detection K ‐ 9 teams stationed throughout the state . One of the California Highway Patrol 's additional responsibilities includes a governor protection detail . Somewhat controversially , the cities of Oakland and Stockton have contracted with the California Highway Patrol to assist their police departments with local patrol duties , including traffic stops and responding to 911 calls . Pay and pensions ( edit ) Average officer pay was $118,000 in 2014 . By law , salaries are set by an average of the five largest police departments in the state . In 2012 , the top paid CHP officer received $483,581 , 44 other officers earning over $200,000 , and over 5,000 officers receiving at over $100,000 . In 2011 , CHP officers earned $82.4 million in overtime , triple the amount in the second largest state , and with one officer earning over $93,000 in overtime alone . Officers are strictly prohibited from working more than 16.5 hours at a time before having to take a minimum 8 hour break . In 1999 , Governor Gray Davis signed SB 400 , which allowed CHP officers to retire at age 50 and continue receiving as much as 90 % of their peak pay as a pension . This raised the pension earned for 30 years of service from an average of $62,218 to $96,270 . Officers ' average retirement age is 54 . The private market cost for a similar annuity is $2.6 million . Benefits promised by the State of California are currently $241 billion greater than funds it has actually committed to CalPERS . Organization ( edit ) California Highway Patrol Headquarters in Sacramento , CA . The CHP is led by the Commissioner , who is appointed by the Governor of California . The Deputy Commissioner is also appointed by the Governor and the Assistant Commissioners are appointed by the Commissioner . In 2018 Governor Jerry Brown appointed Warren Stanley to succeed Joe Farrow as CHP Commissioner . Hierarchy ( edit ) Commissioner of the Highway Patrol - Warren A. Stanley Deputy Commissioner of the Highway Patrol - Scott Silsbee Professional Standards and Ethics Division Office of Community Outreach & Media Relations Assistant Commissioner , Field Operations - Northern Division Valley Division Golden Gate Division Central Division Southern Division Border Division Coastal Division Inland Division Protective Services Division Office of Air Operations State Security Division Assistant Commissioner , Staff Operations - A . A. Browne Office of Employee Safety and Assistance Administrative Services Division Enforcement & Planning Division Information Management Division Special Counsel to the Commissioner Field organization ( edit ) California 's 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 square kilometers ) is divided into eight geographic areas or `` divisions '' for CHP field operations . Each division is overseen by a commanding officer with the rank of Chief , who reports to the Assistant Commissioner of Field Operations , assisted by two or more Assistant Chiefs . CHP Field Divisions 1 ) Northern ( Redding ) 2 ) Valley ( Sacramento ) 3 ) Golden Gate ( Vallejo ) 4 ) Central ( Fresno ) 5 ) Southern ( Los Angeles ) 6 ) Border ( San Diego ) 7 ) Coastal ( San Luis Obispo ) 8 ) Inland ( San Bernardino ) CHP Area Offices Each of the eight divisions is subdivided into `` areas , '' which are served by a designated CHP `` area office . '' Area offices are managed by a `` Commander '' holding the rank of Lieutenant or Captain . Area offices serve as the central locations where patrol officers report and receive their daily assignments , work on reports , and complete other administrative tasks . There are 103 area offices statewide . Rank structure ( edit ) Title Insignia Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Chief Assistant Chief Captain Lieutenant Sergeant Officer Cadet Traditions ( edit ) CHP uniforms are traditionally khaki - colored with campaign hat and blue - and - gold trouser stripe . Command officers wear a tan combination cap . The dress uniform includes a forest green jacket and royal blue tie ( bow tie for motor officers ) . Cold weather and utility uniforms are dark blue . California Highway Patrol campaign hat . Leather gear is black with brass snaps and buckles . Standard traffic enforcement patrol vehicles are required by state law to have a white door with , in the case of the CHP , a star . The CHP operates traditional black and white as well as all - white patrol vehicles . The California Highway Patrol is one of the few organizations to continue to use the older toll - free `` Zenith 1 ‐ 2000 '' number . With the falling cost of telephone area code 800 and 888 numbers , most organizations have chosen to switch to one of the newer numbers and discontinue use of the Zenith service , which requires operator assistance . The CHP 's traditions include its own radio codes , widely adopted by local agencies . The most important is 11 ‐ 99 , which signifies that an officer needs emergency assistance or that an officer is down . In 1981 a charitable foundation called the 11 ‐ 99 Foundation was founded to provide benefits and scholarships to officers and their families . The members of the foundation 's board of directors have provided over $16 million in assistance to current , retired , and those fallen in the line of duty CHP employees and their families . The organization 's name is taken from the radio code . There has been some mild controversy over whether the issuing of metal license plate frames to members of this foundation , often seen installed around the rear license plate , might result in any special treatment of member motorists by CHP officers . Seven points of the CHP badge ( edit ) CHP badge . This is for retired officer # 11643 . Active duty badges are exactly the same , with the `` Retired '' banner not applied . The badge of the California Highway Patrol is a gold seven - point star with the California state seal in the center , and a ribbon with the rank of the badge holder on the bottom . The star points have oak leaves in them , and badges are made of 14k gold - filled brass . A patch facsimile is worn on tactical and utility uniforms , and optionally on the cold weather jacket . The cap piece is a golden winged wheel with banners stating the agency name . Character : The qualities of moral strength , vigor , and stability ( 11 : 00 ) Integrity : The moral defense against corrupting influence ( 1 : 00 ) Knowledge : Acquaintance with facts and laws , combined with the awareness and understanding that sustain an officer through daily duties ( 9 : 00 ) Judgment : The ability to apply knowledge to the best advantage of all concerned ( 3 : 00 ) Honor : Highest esteem for the principles upon which the California Highway Patrol has been built ( 7 : 00 ) Loyalty : Faithfulness to the precepts of the Highway Patrol and to fellow officers ( 5 : 00 ) Courtesy : Respect for law and order and for the individual ( 6 : 00 ) Code of honor ( edit ) A CHP Cessna 206 prepares to depart Meadows Field Airport , Bakersfield , California The CHP has a code of honor . It states : I , a member of the California Highway Patrol , subscribe in word and deed to the following : To serve the United States of America and the State of California honestly , and conscientiously ; and fulfill my oath as a soldier of the law ; To uphold and maintain the honor and integrity of the California Highway Patrol ; Be loyal to my fellow officers ; respect and obey my seniors in rank ; and enforce the law without fear , favor , or discrimination ; Assist those in peril or distress , and , if necessary , lay down my life rather than swerve from the path of duty ; My personal conduct shall at all times be above reproach and I will never knowingly commit any act that will in any way bring discredit upon the California Highway Patrol or any member thereof ; To all of this I do solemnly pledge my sacred honor as an Officer of the California Highway Patrol . Fallen officers ( edit ) Since its establishment in 1929 , 234 officers have died in the line of duty . The top three frequent causes of line of duty deaths to date are ( in order of cause ) : Automobile / Motorcycle Accidents , Gunfire , and Vehicular Assault ( i.e. , struck by drunk driver , reckless driving , or hearing and / or visually impaired drivers ) . 1964 was the deadliest year , in which eight officers died in the line of duty ; 1970 and 1978 were the second deadliest years , in which seven officers died in the line of duty . Mexico Liaison Unit ( edit ) The `` Mexico Liaison Unit '' is a Border Division Unit based in San Diego . Since the CHP has no jurisdiction directly in Mexico , officers from the Unit work closely with Mexican authorities to recover stolen vehicles and assist with other law enforcement issues . The purpose of the `` Mexico Liaison Unit '' is to develop and maintain positive working relations with Mexican authorities in order to : Locate and identify stolen U.S. vehicles taken to Mexico Identify vehicle thieves and ensure their prosecution , either in Mexico or California Provide assistance to Mexican and U.S. authorities The unit was originally established in 1958 and only consisted of one officer . It was discontinued in the 1970s , and reestablished in 1980 . The unit now consists of one sergeant and six officers , all of whom are fluent in Spanish . A CHP Officer on a traffic stop A CHP unit at the scene of an accident Scandals ( edit ) Officer Peyer scandal ( edit ) Further information : Murder of Cara Knott In 1988 , CHP officer Craig Peyer , a 13 - year veteran of the CHP , was convicted for the first - degree murder of 20 - year - old Cara Knott , who was pulled over for an alleged traffic violation by Peyer on December 27 , 1986 in a marked CHP patrol vehicle . Peyer attempted inappropriate advances on Knott , but Knott rebuffed him , leading Peyer to bludgeon her with his duty flashlight , strangle her to death with a rope from his vehicle 's trunk , and then toss her corpse over the abandoned bridge on which Peyer had directed Knott to stop . Subsequent investigative media efforts uncovered multitudes of young women who experienced similar inappropriate advances from Peyer during traffic stops . A documented pattern in CHP records of Peyer stopping and detaining young women similar to Knott eventually surfaced during an internal investigation , but all complaints filed with the internal affairs department of CHP against Peyer by these women were dismissed due to Peyer 's `` stellar '' reputation within CHP . The traffic tickets from the night of the Knott incident , as well the officer logbook , were discovered to contain false information authored by Peyer . As of 2014 , Peyer is still in prison denying he killed Knott . His next parole hearing is set for 2027 . Newhall incident ( edit ) Further information : Newhall massacre On April 6 , 1970 , four California Highway Patrol officers were killed in a 41⁄2 ‐ minute shootout in the Newhall region of Southern California . The incident is a landmark in CHP history because of both its emotional impact and the procedural and doctrinal reforms implemented by the CHP in the incident 's aftermath . The shootout occurred in a restaurant parking lot just before midnight . Officers Walt Frago and Roger Gore were alerted by radio of a vehicle carrying someone who brandished a weapon . They spotted the car , fell in behind , called for backup , and began the stop procedure . When the suspects ' vehicle came to a halt in the parking lot , the driver was instructed to step out of the vehicle and spread his hands on the hood . Gore approached him and Frago moved to the passenger side . The passenger side door suddenly swung open and the passenger sprung out , firing at Frago , who fell with two shots in his chest . The gunman , later identified as Jack Twinning , then turned and fired once at Gore , who returned fire . In that moment the driver , Bobby Davis , turned and shot Gore twice at close range . Both officers died instantly . When Officers James Pence and George Alleyn drove in moments later , they could not see suspects or other officers , but both immediately came under fire . Pence put out an 11 ‐ 99 call ( `` officer down '' ) then took cover behind the passenger door . Alleyn grabbed his shotgun , and positioned himself behind the driver - side door . Both officers were mortally wounded in the ensuing exchange , and one suspect was hit . Civilian Gary Kness saw the gunfight as he drove along The Old Road and stopped to help . Kness ran toward the gun battle as shots were still being fired . `` I was driving to work as a computer operator when I turned the corner on the Old Road and saw the gunfire , I saw two CHP cars and a red car . I always say my brain said to get out of the way , but my feet ran the wrong way . '' Kness tried to drag the mortally wounded Alleyn out of the line of fire . When one of the two assailants began firing at him , Kness grabbed a CHP shotgun lying on the ground and aimed it at one of the gunmen . The shotgun was empty , however . Kness grabbed Alleyn 's service pistol from the ground , aimed with both hands and fired , hitting gunman Bobby Augusta Davis in the chest . When Davis kept advancing toward him , Kness tried to shoot again , but the CHP pistol was out of bullets . `` I was upset there were n't four or five more rounds in there . After that , I ran and jumped in a ditch . The dumbest thing is , I still had the service revolver in my hand . I was afraid when more police came they 'd think I was one of the gunman . So I put it behind me and said , ' They went that way . ' '' Suspects Jack Twinning and Bobby Davis escaped , later abandoned their vehicle and then split up . For nine hours , officers blanketed the area searching for the killers . Twinning broke into a house and briefly held a man hostage . Officers used tear gas before storming the house , but Twinning committed suicide with the shotgun he stole from Frago . Davis was captured , stood trial and convicted on four counts of murder . He was sentenced to death , but in 1972 , the California Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be cruel and unusual punishment and in 1973 , the court commuted his sentence to life in prison . Of the incident , Ronald Reagan , who was governor of California at the time , said the following words : `` If anything worthwhile comes of this tragedy , it should be the realization by every citizen that often the only thing that stands between them and losing everything they hold dear ... is the man wearing a badge . '' An emotionally charged follow - up investigation followed the incident , but eventually led to a complete revision of procedures during high - risk and felony stops . Firearms procedures have also changed fundamentally due to this incident , and physical methods of arrest have been improved . The police baton and pepper spray have been added to the officer 's arsenal , with more in ‐ depth training in their use . The 25th anniversary of the Newhall Incident was observed on April 6 , 1995 , at the present Newhall Area office , where a brick memorial pays tribute to Officers James Pence ( 6885 ) , Roger Gore ( 6547 ) , Walt Frago ( 6520 ) and George Alleyn ( 6290 ) . The memorial once stood at the former Newhall office , but was rebuilt at the new site , about one mile ( 1.6 km ) from the scene of the slayings . Mergers ( edit ) On July 12 , 1995 , the California State Police , which was a separate agency , was merged into the CHP , thus greatly expanding the agency 's mandate . In addition to safety on the state highway system , it is now responsible for the safety of all elected state officials and all people who work in or are utilizing a state building in California , such as the State Capitol Building in Sacramento . It has also been discussed to merge the Law Enforcement Division of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife into the California Highway Patrol . By doing so , this may allow for better protection of California 's environment and natural resources . The underfunded CDFW Law Enforcement Division has faced low numbers of Game Wardens also known as Wildlife Officers for the last ten years ; a similar idea is already in place in Oregon and Alaska , where the Oregon State Police and Alaska State Troopers serve as game wardens under a separate fish and wildlife division within the two departments . Weapons ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The previous department issued firearm for CHP officers is the Smith & Wesson Model 4006 TSW in . 40 S&W . As of August 2017 , the department has begun replacing the 4006 TSW with the Smith & Wesson M&P in . 40 S&W . Each CHP patrol vehicle is equipped with a Remington 870 Police Magnum 12 ‐ gauge shotgun and a Sig Sauer M400 rifle in 5.56 mm . Less Lethal options for officers include OC Pepper Spray and the PR - 24 Side Handle Baton . The ASP Expandable Straight Baton is authorized as an optional piece of equipment for officers completing their probationary year . Additionally , officers are authorized to carry the TASER X2 Defender . In early 2009 , officers have been allowed to mount tactical lights to their Smith & Wesson 4006 TSW pistols . Vehicles ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2013 ) Origins ( edit ) When motor vehicles in California were first seen as needing legislation , law enforcement agencies began to patrol using motorcycles , cars and trucks . Motorcycle officers in 1920 Fresno , started a group to assist each other and promote road safety - the Joaquin Valley Traffic Officer 's Association - led by Harry Wilson who they elected as president . They renamed themselves the California Association of Highway Patrolmen in 1921 , and became the California Highway Patrol in 1927 under the auspices of the Department of Motor Vehicles . Motorcycles ( edit ) A motorcycle sergeant on the San Tomas Expressway near Benton Avenue in Santa Clara , California . Through the public competitive bidding process , the Harley - Davidson motorcycle was selected as the primary enforcement motorcycle for the California Highway Patrol in 2013 . These replacement enforcement motorcycles will replenish the Department 's aging motorcycle fleet . In a cost - saving move , the CHP previously deferred the purchase of replacement motorcycles and has not purchased enforcement motorcycles since January 14 , 2011 . As a result , approximately 20 percent of the current fleet has logged 100,000 plus miles -- well exceeding the manufacturer 's warranty . CHP 's motorcycle program enhances public safety . Motorcycle officers are able to effectively enforce traffic laws in areas in which enforcement by four - wheel vehicles is impractical . Motorcycles can access scenes of accidents and natural disasters more quickly and work commute traffic in way that is unique to the motorcycle . Additionally , motorcycles play a special role in dignitary protection . The CHP has approximately 415 enforcement motorcycles working the roads throughout California . The CHP purchased 121 of the Harley - Davidson enforcement motorcycles to replace motorcycles that have high mileage or have been damaged in traffic collisions . As of June 2013 , approximately 22 percent of the CHP 's motorcycle fleet is over 100,000 miles with more than half of those over 125,000 miles . On average , a CHP enforcement motorcycle is driven 14,000 miles per year . The Harley - Davidson FLHTP Enforcement Motorcycle price per unit is $28,381.00 . This includes a 3 year / 60,000 mile warranty that covers all service and repairs . Early motorcycles used included Indian , Harley - Davidson and Henderson manufactured bikes during the 1920s and 30s ; though by 1941 the main manufacturers used at the training academy were Harley - Davidson and Indian . In the 1970s CHP decided to renew their Harleys fleet and tested many motorcycles such as Honda 750 four , Suzuki 850 , Moto Guzzi and finally Kawasaki Z900 and then 1000C1 made famous in CHiPs . In 1998 CHP began using the BMW R1100RT - P , with features including a helmet interface for communications , two batteries , and a top speed of 130 miles per hour ( 210 km / h ) . Vehicles ( edit ) California Highway Patrol cruiser on display at Public Safety Day in Lakewood , California . The Department of General Services is responsible for selecting a vehicle based on price , performance and payload capacity for the CHP . The bid specifications require a pursuit - rated , rear - wheel drive or all - wheel drive that can carry at least 1,500 pounds , the approximate weight of four officers , their equipment , and the police vehicle equipment . As of July 2013 , CHP had not purchased patrol vehicles since January 2011 and their fleet was rapidly aging . On average , CHP patrol vehicles are driven 33,000 miles per year . Half of their 2,153 - vehicle fleet had over 100,000 miles as of June 2013 . After 100,000 miles the warranty on CHP vehicles expires , forcing CHP to pay for maintenance costs . In July 2013 , the CHP was authorized to purchase up to 751 new vehicles to begin replacing its aging fleet , starting with cars that have the highest mileage . Through a public , competitive bidding process , the Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle ( Explorer ) was selected as the new enforcement vehicle for the CHP in 2013 . The Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle is All Wheel Drive and powered by a V6 , 3.7 Liter engine . It is a Flex Fuel vehicle that can use gasoline or E85 and gets 16 mpg city and 21 mpg highway . Several Dodge Charger Police Packages were also purchased for testing . The Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor averaged 16 mpg city and 24 mpg highway . The new Ford Police Interceptor Utility Vehicle costs $26,578 , which includes a 5 - year , 100,000 - mile warranty . The Department was paying $24,043 for the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors and recently spent hundreds of thousands of dollars per month to maintain all vehicles no longer covered by warranty . Several vehicles were allocated to public affairs officers and are used for recruiting purposes . An example of these vehicles can be seen at the California State Fair and other venues . CHP also uses Chevy Silverados , Dodge Rams ( for commercial vehicle enforcement ) , Ford Expedition , and Chevrolet Tahoe for their divisions that snow frequently or have certain terrains to permit off - road driving . In July 2016 , it was announced that the CHP would be taking delivery of 516 2016 Dodge Chargers . In 2017 , it was announced that the CHP were going to start using Chevrolet Tahoe Police Patrol Vehicles ( PPV ) for rural and resident posts . This is because of their ability to carry a larger `` basic load '' of normal issue equipment , equipment that may be only in a few cars , and / or not carried by patrol cars at all , in a more urban setting . Aircraft ( edit ) CHP AS 350 B3 in flight . The CHP utilizes both helicopters and fixed - wing aircraft . In 2017 the fleet consisted of : 15 Airbus Helicopters ( Eurocopter ) AS350B3 Squirrels 11 Cessna T206H Turbo Stationairs 4 Gippsaero GA8 TC - 320 Airvans 2 Hughes ( MD500 ) 369Ds 1 Cessna 182S Skylane 1 Raytheon ( Beechcraft ) B300 Super King Air Rogue officers ( edit ) George Gwaltney ( edit ) A former officer from Barstow , was convicted on May 10 , 1984 , in federal court , for the on ‐ duty rape and slaying of 23 - year - old Robin Bishop on January 11 , 1982 . Following conviction , Gwaltney was subsequently sentenced to 90 years , being eligible for parole after serving at least 30 years . Gwaltney died in federal custody from a heart attack . Craig Peyer ( edit ) A former officer from Poway , is serving a 25 - years - to - life prison sentence for the on - duty strangulation and murder of 20 - year - old Cara Knott on December 27 , 1986 . After she was killed , Knott 's body was discarded over an abandoned highway bridge . Peyer was convicted of first - degree murder in 1988 . Though he has maintained innocence ever since , Peyer has been denied parole consistently . In 2004 the parole board offered Peyer the chance to prove his alleged innocence by providing a DNA sample to compare against a drop of blood found on Cara 's shoe , using modern DNA profiling . Peyer declined to provide a sample , nor explain why he declined to do so . Media references ( edit ) CHiPs was a fictional television drama show ( 1977 - 1983 ) about the CHP , and the CHP helped out in the 1955 TV show Highway Patrol starring Broderick Crawford . Also the CHiPs TV series was made into a modern television film called CHiPs ' 99 . A comical motion picture version of the show has been released in 2017 ( CHiPS ) but it has not been endorsed by the CHP at all . Former CHP Commissioner Maury Hannigan was the host of the syndicated TV series Real Stories of the Highway Patrol , which aired in the mid-to - late 1990s . The show featured not just the CHP , but also the Minnesota State Patrol , the Nevada Highway Patrol , the Alaska State Troopers , the South Dakota Highway Patrol , the Rhode Island State Police , the Massachusetts State Police , the West Virginia State Police and many other state police and highway patrol agencies in the United State of America , and in one episode , the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary . The series featured selected stories from state troopers and highway patrol officials from throughout North America who put themselves at great risk to apprehend those who instigated crime on their highways . CHiPs ( film ) Was also a movie published in 2017 and made by Director Dax Shepard based all around the Redding area in Northern California . Programs ( edit ) The CHP hosts or partners with numerous programs for public safety education and community involvement . Youth programs ( edit ) Start Smart - a class for prospective and new teen drivers Every 15 Minutes - a two - day anti-drunk driving presentation for high school students Impact Teen Drivers - a nonprofit against teen distracted driving that is partnered with the CHP Make the Right Turn - aimed at educating 11 - to 14 - year - olds about drugs and peer pressure Be An Explorer - a law enforcement career exploration program for teens Sober Graduation - promoting sober driving and the use of a designated driver for teens Red Ribbon Week - a week in October dedicated to education about the dangers of illicit drugs for students of all ages Vehicle Theft recognition and Awards Program ( edit ) 10851 Award for Superior Efforts in Vehicle Theft Recovery . The CHP developed the 10851 Awards Program to recognize the superior efforts made by CHP and allied law enforcement personnel who have met specified criteria toward the reduction of stolen vehicle crimes . This includes actual arrests made of suspects charged with California Vehicle Code Section 10851 - Vehicle Theft . The CHP , in conjunction with the California State Automobile Association , presented an estimated 2,009 awards in 1995 to the more than 170 allied agencies participating in the 10851 Awards Program . California Highway Patrol 10851 Award Pin Other Programs ( edit ) Highway Safety Corridor Program - promoting caution on roads with high accident rates Senior Volunteer Program - senior citizens can help out in the community Designated Driver Program - program to reduce drunk driving incidents through using a designated driver Origins of the California Highway Patrol 's name ( edit ) When the CHP was formed , there were discussions as to what to call this new agency . The consensus was for the name `` California Highway Patrol '' . The American Automobile Association ( AAA ) is a private organization which provided , among other things , roadside assistance to their members . At that time , the AAA had a fleet of trucks which patrolled the roads so they could assist their members . These trucks carried a sign which said `` Highway Patrol '' . The CHP organizers decided it would be best to contact the AAA to see if they would object to the state using this name . The AAA considered the idea , and gave their consent . See also ( edit ) California portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to California Highway Patrol . Highway patrol List of law enforcement agencies in California State patrol State police References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_twhSSk9T0 ^ Jump up to : History of CHP ; the CHP - CSP Merger Archived 2010 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams ( MAIT ) website Jump up ^ News Release 05 - 42 , Media Relations Office , California Highway Patrol , 29 September 2005 Jump up ^ Richards , Kathleen . `` Are CHP Patrols in Oakland Worth It ? '' . East Bay Express . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Approves Extra Patrols From CHP `` CBS San Francisco '' . Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Berton , Justin ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's use of CHP help draws critics '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jon ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` CHP officers ' pay up 11 percent ; number of officers declines '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vekshin , Alison ; Young , Elise ; Yap , Rodney ( 16 December 2012 ) . `` Highest - Paid California Trooper is Chief Banking $484,000 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Jack ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` The Pension Gap '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.chp.ca.gov/PressReleases/Pages/Statement-by-CHP-Commissioner-Warren-Stanley.aspx Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived April 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 - Chaplaincy Responses '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Officer Down Memorial Page Jump up ^ CHP - Mexico Liaison Archived July 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20080407001341/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-chp5apr05%2C0%2C2233857.story . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Anderson , John ; Marsh Cassady ( 1998 ) . The Newhall Incident : America 's Worst Uniformed Cop Massacre . Quill Driver Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884956 - 01 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` CHP : The Newhall Incident '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` CHP : The Newhall Incident '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ California Fish and Game Commission Meeting March 6 2008 Jump up ^ A how - to guide in revamping woeful CDFW Tom Stienstra San Francisco Chronicle December 8 2002 Jump up ^ A world without game wardens ? ESPN March 6 2008 Jump up ^ Game - warden shortage is about to get worse San Francisco Chronicle September 23 2007 Archived February 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lots of ocean , but few game wardens ! Sacramento Bee August 23 2007 Archived August 21 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oregon State Police Fish and Wildlife Division Archived 2012 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Division of Alaska Wildlife Troopers Jump up ^ http://smith-wessonforum.com/showthread.php?t=525162 ^ Jump up to : Mattos , Rick ( 2008 ) . California Highway Patrol . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Pub . ISBN 9780738556208 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` BMW 's R1200RT - P : Big , bad and packing heat '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Satrom , Scott ( April 5 , 2016 ) . ( chips-tv.com/wiki/File : Chips9916wm5. jpg `` chips-tv.com '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . chips-tv.com . Jump up ^ `` CHP Adds Dodge Chargers for Highway Enforcement '' . 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry '' . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 790 F. 2d 1378 : United States of America , Plaintiff - appellee , v. George Michael Gwaltney , Defendant - appellant : : US Court of Appeals Cases : : Justia '' . Cases.justia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ https://www.chp.ca.gov/notify-chp/auto-theft Jump up ^ CHP Terms Explained Further reading ( edit ) Crane , Bob , California Association of Highway Patrolmen Golden Chronicle 1920 -- 1970 , ( Sacramento , California : California Association of Highway Patrolmen , 1970 ) . External links ( edit ) Official website CHP Traffic Incident Information Page CHP recruitment website California Association of Highway Patrolmen ( CAHP ) website ( hide ) Highway patrol / state police in the United States See also : Law enforcement in the United States and Highway patrol States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii ( does not have a statewide police agency ) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Highway_Patrol&oldid=838022576 '' Categories : California Highway Patrol Road transportation in California State law enforcement agencies of California Government agencies established in 1929 1929 establishments in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with URL errors Articles with dead external links from August 2014 Pages using infobox law enforcement agency with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 20 . 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what gun does the california highway patrol use

Smith & Wesson M&P in .40 S&W

CHP

Where the Red Fern Grows - wikipedia Where the Red Fern Grows Jump to : navigation , search For the film adaptations , see Where the Red Fern Grows ( 1974 film ) and Where the Red Fern Grows ( 2003 film ) . Where the Red Fern Grows First edition hardback cover Author Wilson Rawls Country United States Language English Genre Children 's novel Publisher Doubleday Publication date 1961 Media type Print ( Hardcover ) Pages 245 pp ISBN 0 - 440 - 22814 - X OCLC 39850615 Where the Red Fern Grows is a 1961 children 's novel by Wilson Rawls about a boy who buys and trains two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Films 3 Background 4 Reception 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) When leaving work in Idaho 's Snake River Valley , Billy Colman sees a pack of dogs attacking a stray coonhound . He takes the stray home to feed it . Once it has rested , Billy sets it free , knowing that it will return home . The experience reminds Billy of his childhood in the Ozark Mountains of Oklahoma . He wants a dog , and his parents offer to get him a mongrel from a neighbor . He wants two coonhounds , but his parents tell him they can not afford them . Billy finds a magazine ad for a Kentucky kennel which breeds Redbone Coonhounds and sells them for $25 each . He goes to work performing odd jobs and saves the $50 he needs with the help of his grandfather . Since it takes two years to do so , his grandfather writes to see if the kennel will honor the ad . They do , and the price has dropped so the two puppies only cost $40 . Billy 's dogs are delivered to the freight depot in Tahlequah . His family does not have transportation , so he finds his own way to get to the depot and walks through the hills . He picks up his puppies , which are a male and a female . He buys a gift for each member of his family with his extra $10 before heading back home . On the way back home , he spends the night in Robber 's Cave in the Sparrow Hawk Mountains . There he builds a fire and plays with the puppies . While trying to sleep , he hears a noise that he realizes is the cry of a mountain lion . In the morning , he continues on . He comes to a sycamore tree and sees the names Dan and Ann carved inside a heart in the bark and decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann . To train Old Dan and Little Ann , Billy traps a raccoon with the help of his grandfather and uses its pelt to teach them to hunt . During their training , their personalities become apparent : Old Dan is brave and strong , while Little Ann is very intelligent . Both are very loyal to each other and to Billy . On the first night of hunting season , Billy takes Old Dan and Little Ann out for their first hunt . He promises them that if they tree a raccoon , he will do the rest . They tree one in a large sycamore , which Billy had previously nicknamed `` The Big Tree '' . As he tries to call them off , they look at him sadly and he cuts the tree down , which takes him two days and costs him blistered hands . In the end , when he 's about to give up his effort , Billy offers a short prayer for strength to continue . A strong wind starts to blow and the tree falls . Old Dan and Little Ann take the raccoon down . Billy , Old Dan , and Little Ann go hunting almost every night and become well - known in the Ozarks . Billy and his grandfather make a bet with Rubin and Rainie Pritchard that Old Dan and Little Ann can tree the `` ghost coon '' . It leads them on a long , complicated hunt , and Rubin and Rainie want to give up . When they finally have it treed , Billy refuses to kill it . Rubin then orders his dog , Old Blue , to attack Old Dan , who is smaller ; and Rubin starts to beat Billy . Little Ann helps Old Dan , and together they injure Old Blue ; Rubin runs to attack them with an axe , but he trips , falls on it and kills himself . Billy 's grandfather enters him into a championship coon hunt , putting him against experienced hunters and the finest dogs in the country . Before it starts , he enters Little Ann into a conformation contest , where she wins the silver cup . On the fourth night of the hunt , Old Dan and Little Ann tree three raccoons , making it to the final round . The sixth night , they tree one before a blizzard hits . Billy , his father , grandfather , and the judge lose sight of the dogs . When they finally find them , Billy 's grandfather sprains his ankle . They build a fire , and when Billy 's father chops down a tree , three raccoons jump out . Old Dan and Little Ann take two of them down , and chase the third to another tree . In the morning , the hunters find them covered with ice circling the tree . That raccoon wins them the championship , gold cup , and $300 of jackpot money . One night Old Dan and Little Ann tree a mountain lion , and it attacks . Billy enters the fight with his axe , hoping to save his dogs , but they end up having to save him . Eventually , they kill the mountain lion , but Old Dan is badly wounded , and Billy finds his intestines in a bush . He dies late that night . Billy is heartbroken , and Little Ann loses the will to live , stops eating , and dies of grief a few days later on Old Dan 's grave . Billy 's father tries to tell him that it is all for the best , because with the money they received from winning the championship hunt , they can move to town . He goes to visit Old Dan and Little Ann 's graves and finds a giant red fern between them . According to Native American legend , only an angel can plant one . He feels ready to move on knowing that his dogs are always going to be remembered . Films ( edit ) The novel was made into a 1974 film starring Stewart Petersen , James Whitmore , Beverly Garland , and Jack Ging . It was followed by a sequel in 1992 , which starred Wilford Brimley , Chad McQueen , Lisa Whelchel , and Karen Carlson . The film was remade in 2003 and starred Joseph Ashton , Dabney Coleman , Ned Beatty and Dave Matthews . Background ( edit ) In a talk given to a group of schoolteachers , Wilson Rawls related how he wrote the first version of the novel ( along with five full novels , and hundreds of short stories and novelettes ) during the years that he worked on construction in Mexico and Idaho . He rolled the manuscripts up and saved them in a trunk at his parents ' home . When he met his fiancée , Sophie , he did not want her to know about his failed dreams of becoming a writer , so about a week before he got married he visited his parents and burned all his manuscripts . He then returned to Idaho and married Sophie . About three months later , he confessed to his wife that he had burned all his manuscripts and had always dreamed of being a writer . She encouraged him to rewrite one of his stories . He quit his job and wrote the novel in just three weeks . He said , `` I had it memorized . '' He would not let her read it until it was finished . He said , `` I finished it on a Friday . I gave it to her Saturday morning and I went to town . I stayed in town all day . I knew she had time to read it . I called her on the phone . I just knew she was going to laugh at that writing ... but when I called on the phone , she said , ' You get back out here to the house , I want to talk to you ... this is the most wonderful dog and boy story I 've ever heard in my life . ' '' She encouraged him to lengthen the story , because she felt it was too short to be a novel but too long to be a short story . He went to work on lengthening the manuscript . He wrote it longhand with no punctuation . She then typed it up and submitted it to the Saturday Evening Post . The Saturday Evening Post rejected the manuscript in three weeks . Sophie then sent the manuscript to the Ladies ' Home Journal . She believed that a woman editor at the Ladies ' Home Journal would like the story . About four months later , Rawls received a letter from the Ladies ' Home Journal saying that it was the wrong kind of story for their magazine , but they wanted to send it to the Saturday Evening Post . Upon the second submission to the Saturday Evening Post , it was accepted . It was first published in serialization in the Saturday Evening Post in 1961 under the title The Hounds of Youth . Doubleday then accepted the book for publication . Rawls said Doubleday then `` broke my heart . '' They changed the title to Where the Red Fern Grows , and attempted to market it to adult readers . For about six years , it languished on shelves and failed to sell . Doubleday was going to put it out of print , but one agent named Mr. Breinholt from Salt Lake City fought for it and asked for just a few more months to market it . He got Rawls a speaking engagement at the University of Utah to a conference of over 5,000 reading teachers and librarians . Copies of it were made available to them . When they took it back to their schools , the children loved it , and orders began pouring in . Jim Trelease states , `` Each year since then , it has sold more copies than the previous year . '' Reception ( edit ) Although sales of the novel began slowly , by 1974 over 90,000 copies had been sold . In 2001 , Publishers Weekly estimated that it had sold 6,754,308 copies . Today Where the Red Fern Grows is required reading in many American schools . One critic said it will please adults as well as children . I remember crying so much through this book , and even today I tear up thinking of Old Dan and Little Ann . I also loaned this to my ( then ) children 's librarian , because the library copy was always out . I even marked the pages , `` Get out tissue here . '' -- DeAnn Okamura I love , love , love this book with all my heart and soul . My fourth grade teacher read it to me eons ago , and I 've read it to two of my three boys . There 's something about weeping together uncontrollably that builds a community of readers ... -- Tess Alfonsin There is a statue of Billy and his dogs at the Idaho Falls Public Library . Every year in Tahlequah Oklahoma there is a Red Fern festival . It is listed below in the links . See also ( edit ) List of Where the Red Fern Grows Characters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Where the Red Fern Grows Discussion Guide Scholastic.com ^ Jump up to : Where the Red Fern Grows ( 1974 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ IMDb : Where the Red Fern Grows : Part Two ^ Jump up to : Wilson Rawls , Dreams Can Come True , audio recording with commentary by Jim Trelease ^ Jump up to : http://www.trelease-on-reading.com/rawls.html Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19740216&id=bMdSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AH4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5192,3528282&hl=en Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19730929&id=3dBSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G38DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6645,6875378&hl=en Jump up ^ `` The Catoosa County News - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 34 : Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wilson Rawls '' . Idaho Falls Public Library . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Oracle Think Quest , Education Foundation : Where the Red Fern Grows . SparkNotes : Where the Red Fern Grows . http://www.redfernfestival.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_the_Red_Fern_Grows&oldid=818839735 '' Categories : 1961 American novels American children 's novels American novels adapted into films Novels set in Oklahoma Children 's novels about animals Doubleday ( publisher ) books Ozarks in fiction 1961 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is billy last name in where the red fern grows

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Where the Red Fern

Florence cathedral - Wikipedia Florence cathedral Jump to : navigation , search Florence Cathedral Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower Il Duomo di Firenze Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian ) Cathedral Sanctae Mariae Floris ( Latin ) Brunelleschi 's Dome , the nave , and Giotto 's Campanile of the Florence Cathedral as seen from Michelangelo Hill at night and day . Florence Cathedral Location in Florence , Italy 43 ° 46 ′ 23.1 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 22.4 '' E  /  43.773083 ° N 11.256222 ° E  / 43.773083 ; 11.256222 Coordinates : 43 ° 46 ′ 23.1 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 22.4 '' E  /  43.773083 ° N 11.256222 ° E  / 43.773083 ; 11.256222 Location Florence , Tuscany Country Italy Denomination Roman Catholic Tradition Latin Rite Website Duomo Firenze History Consecrated 1436 Architecture Status Cathedral , minor basilica Architect ( s ) Arnolfo di Cambio Filippo Brunelleschi Emilio De Fabris Architectural type Church Style Italian Gothic , Renaissance , Gothic Revival Groundbreaking 9 September 1296 Completed 1436 Specifications Length 153 metres ( 502 ft ) Width 90 metres ( 300 ft ) Nave width 38 metres ( 125 ft ) Height 114.5 metres ( 376 ft ) Floor area 8,300 square metres ( 89,000 sq ft ) Materials Marble , brick Administration Archdiocese Archdiocese of Florence Clergy Archbishop Giuseppe Betori UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Historic Centre of Florence Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii , iv , vi Designated 1982 ( 6th session ) Reference no . 174 State Party Italy Region Europe and North America The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian pronunciation : ( katteˈdraːle di ˈsanta maˈriːa del ˈfjoːre ) ; in English `` Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower '' ) is the main church of Florence , Italy . Il Duomo di Firenze , as it is ordinarily called , was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi . The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th - century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris . The cathedral complex , located in Piazza del Duomo , includes the Baptistery and Giotto 's Campanile . These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to tourists visiting Tuscany . The basilica is one of Italy 's largest churches , and until development of new structural materials in the modern era , the dome was the largest in the world . It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed . The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence , whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Exterior 2.1 Plan and structure 2.2 Dome 2.3 Façade 3 Main Portal 4 Interior 5 Crypt 6 Other burials 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Florence Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of an earlier cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata . The ancient structure , founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs , was crumbling with age , according to the 14th - century Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani , and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city . Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period , such as Pisa and particularly Siena where the enormous proposed extensions were never completed . Giotto 's bell tower ( campanile ) The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and approved by city council in 1294 . Di Cambio was also architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio . He designed three wide naves ending under the octagonal dome , with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata . The first stone was laid on September 9 , 1296 , by Cardinal Valeriana , the first papal legate ever sent to Florence . The building of this vast project was to last 140 years ; Arnolfo 's plan for the eastern end , although maintained in concept , was greatly expanded in size . The Duomo , as if completed , in a fresco by Andrea di Bonaiuto , painted in the 1360s , before the commencement of the dome After Arnolfo died in 1310 , work on the cathedral slowed for thirty years . When the relics of Saint Zenobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata , the project gained a new impetus . In 1331 , the Arte della Lana , the guild of wool merchants , took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral and in 1334 appointed Giotto to oversee the work . Assisted by Andrea Pisano , Giotto continued di Cambio 's design . His major accomplishment was the building of the campanile . When Giotto died the January 8th of 1337 , Andrea Pisano continued the building until work was halted due to the Black Death in 1348 . In 1349 , work resumed on the cathedral under a series of architects , starting with Francesco Talenti , who finished the campanile and enlarged the overall project to include the apse and the side chapels . In 1359 , Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini ( 1360 -- 1369 ) who divided the center nave in four square bays . Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi , Giovanni d'Ambrogio , Neri di Fioravante and Andrea Orcagna . By 1375 , the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down . The nave was finished by 1380 , and by 1418 , only the dome remained incomplete . Procession outside the cathedral during the 18th century On 18 August 1418 , the Arte della Lana announced an architectural design competition for erecting Neri 's dome . The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths , Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi , the latter of whom was supported by Cosimo de Medici . Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a pair of bronze doors for the Baptistery in 1401 and lifelong competition between the two remained sharp . Brunelleschi won and received the commission . Ghiberti , appointed coadjutator , drew a salary equal to Brunelleschi 's and , though neither was awarded the announced prize of 200 florins , was promised equal credit , although he spent most of his time on other projects . When Brunelleschi became ill , or feigned illness , the project was briefly in the hands of Ghiberti . But Ghiberti soon had to admit that the whole project was beyond him . In 1423 , Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility . Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436 . The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25 , 1436 , ( the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar ) . It was the first ' octagonal ' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame . It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance . During the consecration in 1436 , Guillaume Dufay 's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed . The structure of this motet was strongly influenced by the structure of the dome . The Duomo and Baptistery of St. John from Piazza del Duomo The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral , begun in the 14th century , was not completed until 1887 , when the polychrome marble façade was completed with the design of Emilio De Fabris . The floor of the church was relaid in marble tiles in the 16th century . The exterior walls are faced in alternate vertical and horizontal bands of polychrome marble from Carrara ( white ) , Prato ( green ) , Siena ( red ) , Lavenza and a few other places . These marble bands had to repeat the already existing bands on the walls of the earlier adjacent baptistery the Battistero di San Giovanni and Giotto 's Bell Tower . There are two side doors : the Doors of the Canonici ( south side ) and the Door of the Mandorla ( north side ) with sculptures by Nanni di Banco , Donatello , and Jacopo della Quercia . The six side windows , notable for their delicate tracery and ornaments , are separated by pilasters . Only the four windows closest to the transept admit light ; the other two are merely ornamental . The clerestory windows are round , a common feature in Italian Gothic . During its long history , this cathedral has been the seat of the Council of Florence ( 1439 ) , heard the preachings of Girolamo Savonarola and witnessed the murder of Giuliano di Piero de ' Medici on Sunday , 26 April 1478 ( with Lorenzo Il Magnifico barely escaping death ) , in the Pazzi conspiracy . Exterior ( edit ) Plan and structure ( edit ) Plan of the church with various extension phases The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica , having a wide central nave of four square bays , with an aisle on either side . The chancel and transepts are of identical polygonal plan , separated by two smaller polygonal chapels . The whole plan forms a Latin cross . The nave and aisles are separated by wide pointed Gothic arches resting on composite piers . The dimensions of the building are enormous : building area 8,300 square metres ( 89,340 square feet ) , length 153 metres ( 502 feet ) , width 38 metres ( 125 feet ) , width at the crossing 90 metres ( 300 feet ) . The height of the arches in the aisles is 23 metres ( 75 feet ) . The height of the dome is 114.5 metres ( 375.7 feet ) . Dome ( edit ) By the beginning of the 15th century , after a hundred years of construction , the structure was still missing its dome . The basic features of the dome had been designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296 . His brick model , 4.6 metres ( 15.1 ft ) high , 9.2 metres ( 30.2 feet ) long , was standing in a side aisle of the unfinished building , and had long been sacrosanct . It called for an octagonal dome higher and wider than any that had ever been built , with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight . External video Smarthistory - Brunelleschi 's Dome The commitment to reject traditional Gothic buttresses had been made when Neri di Fioravanti 's model was chosen over a competing one by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini . That architectural choice , in 1367 , was one of the first events of the Italian Renaissance , marking a break with the Medieval Gothic style and a return to the classic Mediterranean dome . Italian architects regarded Gothic flying buttresses as ugly makeshifts . Furthermore , the use of buttresses was forbidden in Florence , as the style was favored by central Italy 's traditional enemies to the north . Neri 's model depicted a massive inner dome , open at the top to admit light , like Rome 's Pantheon , but enclosed in a thinner outer shell , partly supported by the inner dome , to keep out the weather . It was to stand on an unbuttressed octagonal drum . Neri 's dome would need an internal defense against spreading ( hoop stress ) , but none had yet been designed . Dome seen from the Giotto 's Campanile The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems . Brunelleschi looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions . The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete , the formula for which had long since been forgotten . Soil filled with silver coins had held the Pantheon dome aloft while its concrete set . This could not be the solution in the case of a dome this size and would put the church out of use . For the height and breadth of the dome designed by Neri , starting 52 metres ( 171 ft ) above the floor and spanning 44 meters ( 144 ft ) , there was not enough timber in Tuscany to build the scaffolding and forms . Brunelleschi chose to follow such design and employed a double shell , made of sandstone and marble . Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick , due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form , and with nothing under it during construction . To illustrate his proposed structural plan , he constructed a wooden and brick model with the help of Donatello and Nanni di Banco , a model which is still displayed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo . The model served as a guide for the craftsmen , but was intentionally incomplete , so as to ensure Brunelleschi 's control over the construction . Interior of the dome Brunelleschi 's solutions were ingenious , such as his use of the catenary arch for support . The spreading problem was solved by a set of four internal horizontal stone and iron chains , serving as barrel hoops , embedded within the inner dome : one at the top , one at the bottom , with the remaining two evenly spaced between them . A fifth chain , made of wood , was placed between the first and second of the stone chains . Since the dome was octagonal rather than round , a simple chain , squeezing the dome like a barrel hoop , would have put all its pressure on the eight corners of the dome . The chains needed to be rigid octagons , stiff enough to hold their shape , so as not to deform the dome as they held it together . The Duomo viewed from the heights of Piazzale Michelangelo Each of Brunelleschi 's stone chains was built like an octagonal railroad track with parallel rails and cross ties , all made of sandstone beams 43 centimetres ( 17 in ) in diameter and no more than 2.3 metres ( 7.5 ft ) long . The rails were connected end - to - end with lead - glazed iron splices . The cross ties and rails were notched together and then covered with the bricks and mortar of the inner dome . The cross ties of the bottom chain can be seen protruding from the drum at the base of the dome . The others are hidden . Each stone chain was supposed to be reinforced with a standard iron chain made of interlocking links , but a magnetic survey conducted in the 1970s failed to detect any evidence of iron chains , which if they exist are deeply embedded in the thick masonry walls . Brunelleschi also included vertical `` ribs '' set on the corners of the octagon , curving towards the center point . The Ribs , 13 feet ( 4 meters ) deep , are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center . The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms , thus allowing the work to progress upward without the need for scaffolding . A circular masonry dome can be built without supports , called centering , because each course of bricks is a horizontal arch that resists compression . In Florence , the octagonal inner dome was thick enough for an imaginary circle to be embedded in it at each level , a feature that would hold the dome up eventually , but could not hold the bricks in place while the mortar was still wet . Brunelleschi used a herringbone brick pattern to transfer the weight of the freshly laid bricks to the nearest vertical ribs of the non-circular dome . Baptistery of St. John next to the cathedral The outer dome was not thick enough to contain embedded horizontal circles , being only 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) thick at the base and 30 centimetres ( 1 ft ) thick at the top . To create such circles , Brunelleschi thickened the outer dome at the inside of its corners at nine different elevations , creating nine masonry rings , which can be observed today from the space between the two domes . To counteract hoop stress , the outer dome relies entirely on its attachment to the inner dome and has no embedded chains . A modern understanding of physical laws and the mathematical tools for calculating stresses were centuries in the future . Brunelleschi , like all cathedral builders , had to rely on intuition and whatever he could learn from the large scale models he built . To lift 37,000 tons of material , including over 4 million bricks , he invented hoisting machines and lewissons for hoisting large stones . These specially designed machines and his structural innovations were Brunelleschi 's chief contribution to architecture . Although he was executing an aesthetic plan made half a century earlier , it is his name , rather than Neri 's , that is commonly associated with the dome . Brunelleschi 's ability to crown the dome with a lantern was questioned and he had to undergo another competition , even though there had been evidence that Brunelleschi had been working on a design for a lantern for the upper part of the dome . The evidence is shown in the curvature , which was made steeper than the original model . He was declared the winner over his competitors Lorenzo Ghiberti and Antonio Ciaccheri . His design ( now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo ) was for an octagonal lantern with eight radiating buttresses and eight high arched windows . Construction of the lantern was begun a few months before his death in 1446 . Then , for 15 years , little progress was possible , due to alterations by several architects . The lantern was finally completed by Brunelleschi 's friend Michelozzo in 1461 . The conical roof was crowned with a gilt copper ball and cross , containing holy relics , by Verrocchio in 1469 . This brings the total height of the dome and lantern to 114.5 meters ( 375 ft ) . This copper ball was struck by lightning on 17 July 1600 and fell down . It was replaced by an even larger one two years later . Cupola of the Dome The commission for this bronze ball ( atop the lantern ) went to the sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio , in whose workshop there was at this time a young apprentice named Leonardo da Vinci . Fascinated by Filippo 's ( Brunelleschi 's ) machines , which Verrocchio used to hoist the ball , Leonardo made a series of sketches of them and , as a result , is often given credit for their invention . Leonardo might have also participated in the design of the bronze ball , as stated in the G manuscript of Paris `` Remember the way we soldered the ball of Santa Maria del Fiore '' . The decorations of the drum gallery by Baccio d'Agnolo were never finished after being disapproved by no one less than Michelangelo . A huge statue of Brunelleschi now sits outside the Palazzo dei Canonici in the Piazza del Duomo , looking thoughtfully up towards his greatest achievement , the dome that would forever dominate the panorama of Florence . It is still the largest masonry dome in the world . The building of the cathedral had started in 1296 with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was completed in 1469 with the placing of Verrochio 's copper ball atop the lantern . But the façade was still unfinished and would remain so until the 19th century . Façade ( edit ) Façade Façade of the cathedral The original façade , designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and usually attributed to Giotto , was actually begun twenty years after Giotto 's death . A mid-15th - century pen - and - ink drawing of this so - called Giotto 's façade is visible in the Codex Rustici , and in the drawing of Bernardino Poccetti in 1587 , both on display in the Museum of the Opera del Duomo . This façade was the collective work of several artists , among them Andrea Orcagna and Taddeo Gaddi . This original façade was completed in only its lower portion and then left unfinished . It was dismantled in 1587 - 1588 by the Medici court architect Bernardo Buontalenti , ordered by Grand Duke Francesco I de ' Medici , as it appeared totally outmoded in Renaissance times . Some of the original sculptures are on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo , behind the cathedral . Others are now in the Berlin Museum and in the Louvre . The competition for a new façade turned into a huge corruption scandal . The wooden model for the façade of Buontalenti is on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo . A few new designs had been proposed in later years , but the models ( of Giovanni Antonio Dosio , Giovanni de ' Medici with Alessandro Pieroni and Giambologna ) were not accepted . The façade was then left bare until the 19th century . Main portal by Augusto Passaglia Statue of Saint Reparata , to whom the previous cathedral was dedicated , in the main portal In 1864 , a competition held to design a new façade was won by Emilio De Fabris ( 1808 -- 1883 ) in 1871 . Work began in 1876 and was completed in 1887 . This neo-gothic façade in white , green and red marble forms a harmonious entity with the cathedral , Giotto 's bell tower and the Baptistery , but some think it is excessively decorated . The whole façade is dedicated to the Mother of Christ . Main portal ( edit ) The three huge bronze doors date from 1899 to 1903 . They are adorned with scenes from the life of the Madonna . The mosaics in the lunettes above the doors were designed by Niccolò Barabino . They represent ( from left to right ) : Charity among the founders of Florentine philanthropic institutions ; Christ enthroned with Mary and John the Baptist ; and Florentine artisans , merchants and humanists . The pediment above the central portal contains a half - relief by Tito Sarrocchi of Mary enthroned holding a flowered scepter . Giuseppe Cassioli sculpted the right - hand door . On top of the façade is a series of niches with the twelve Apostles with , in the middle , the Madonna with Child . Between the rose window and the tympanum , there is a gallery with busts of great Florentine artists . Interior ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Interior of the cathedral Huge clock decorated by Paolo Uccello . Dante and the Divine Comedy . Trompe l'oeil of Niccolò da Tolentino . Vasari 's fresco begun in 1568 , and completed by Federico Zuccari in 1579 . Detail under the dome . The Last Judgement ( detail ) under the dome . Tomb of Antonio d'Orso by Tino da Camaino . The Gothic interior is vast and gives an empty impression . The relative bareness of the church corresponds with the austerity of religious life , as preached by Girolamo Savonarola . Many decorations in the church have been lost in the course of time , or have been transferred to the Museum Opera del Duomo , such as the magnificent cantorial pulpits ( the singing galleries for the choristers ) of Luca della Robbia and Donatello . As this cathedral was built with funds from the public , some important works of art in this church honour illustrious men and military leaders of Florence : Lorenzo Ghiberti had a large artistic impact on the cathedral . Ghiberti worked with Filippo Brunelleschi on the cathedral for eighteen years and had a large number of projects on almost the whole east end . Some of his works were the stained glass designs , the bronze shrine of Saint Zenobius and marble revetments on the outside of the cathedral . Dante Before the City of Florence by Domenico di Michelino ( 1465 ) . This painting is especially interesting because it shows us , apart from scenes of the Divine Comedy , a view on Florence in 1465 , a Florence such as Dante himself could not have seen in his time . Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood by Paolo Uccello ( 1436 ) . This almost monochrome fresco , transferred to canvas in the 19th century , is painted in terra verde , a color closest to the patina of bronze . Equestrian statue of Niccolò da Tolentino by Andrea del Castagno ( 1456 ) . This fresco , transferred on canvas in the 19th century , in the same style as the previous one , is painted in a color resembling marble . However , it is more richly decorated and gives more the impression of movement . Both frescoes portray the condottieri as heroic figures riding triumphantly . Both painters had problems when applying in painting the new rules of perspective to foreshortening : they used two unifying points , one for the horse and one for the pedestal , instead a single unifying point . Busts of Giotto ( by Benedetto da Maiano ) , Brunelleschi ( by Buggiano - 1447 ) , Marsilio Ficino , and Antonio Squarcialupi ( a most famous organist ) . These busts all date from the 15th and the 16th centuries . Above the main door is the colossal clock face with fresco portraits of four Prophets or Evangelists by Paolo Uccello ( 1443 ) . This one - handed liturgical clock shows the 24 hours of the hora italica ( Italian time ) , a period of time ending with sunset at 24 hours . This timetable was used until the 18th century . This is one of the few clocks from that time that still exist and are in working order . The church is particularly notable for its 44 stained glass windows , the largest undertaking of this kind in Italy in the 14th and 15th century . The windows in the aisles and in the transept depict saints from the Old and the New Testament , while the circular windows in the drum of the dome or above the entrance depict Christ and Mary . They are the work of the greatest Florentine artists of their times , such as Donatello , Lorenzo Ghiberti , Paolo Uccello and Andrea del Castagno . Christ crowning Mary as Queen , the stained - glass circular window above the clock , with a rich range of coloring , was designed by Gaddo Gaddi in the early 14th century . Donatello designed the stained - glass window ( Coronation of the Virgin ) in the drum of the dome ( the only one that can be seen from the nave ) . The beautiful funeral monument of Antonio d'Orso ( 1323 ) , bishop of Florence , was made by Tino da Camaino , the most important funeral sculptor of his time . The monumental crucifix , behind the Bishop 's Chair at the high altar , is by Benedetto da Maiano ( 1495 -- 1497 ) . The choir enclosure is the work of the famous Bartolommeo Bandinelli . The ten - paneled bronze doors of the sacristy were made by Luca della Robbia , who has also two glazed terracotta works inside the sacristy : Angel with Candlestick and Resurrection of Christ . In the back of the middle of the three apses is the altar of Saint Zanobius , first bishop of Florence . Its silver shrine , a masterpiece of Ghiberti , contains the urn with his relics . The central compartment shows us one of his miracles , the reviving of a dead child . Above this shrine is the painting Last Supper by the lesser - known Giovanni Balducci . There was also a glass - paste mosaic panel The Bust of Saint Zanobius by the 16th - century miniaturist Monte di Giovanni , but it is now on display in the Museum Opera del Duomo . Many decorations date from the 16th - century patronage of the Grand Dukes , such as the pavement in colored marble , attributed to Baccio d'Agnolo and Francesco da Sangallo ( 1520 -- 26 ) . Some pieces of marble from the façade were used , topside down , in the flooring ( as was shown by the restoration of the floor after the 1966 flooding ) . It was suggested that the interior of the 45 metre ( 147 ft ) wide dome should be covered with a mosaic decoration to make the most of the available light coming through the circular windows of the drum and through the lantern . Brunelleschi had proposed the vault to glimmer with resplendent gold , but his death in 1446 put an end to this project , and the walls of the dome were whitewashed . Grand Duke Cosimo I de ' Medici decided to have the dome painted with a representation of The Last Judgment . This enormous work , 3,600 metres2 ( 38 750 ft2 ) of painted surface , was started in 1568 by Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari and would last till 1579 . The upper portion , near the lantern , representing The 24 Elders of Apoc. 4 was finished by Vasari before his death in 1574 . Federico Zuccari and a number of collaborators , such as Domenico Cresti , finished the other portions : ( from top to bottom ) Choirs of Angels ; Christ , Mary and Saints ; Virtues , Gifts of the Holy Spirit and Beatitudes ; and at the bottom of the cupola : Capital Sins and Hell . These frescoes are considered Zuccari 's greatest work . But the quality of the work is uneven because of the input of different artists and the different techniques . Vasari had used true fresco , while Zuccari had painted in secco . During the restoration work , which ended in 1995 , the entire pictorial cycle of The Last Judgment was photographed with specially designed equipment and all the information collected in a catalogue . All the restoration information along with reconstructed images of the frescos were stored and managed in the Thesaurus Florentinus computer system . Crypt ( edit ) Tomb of Filippo Brunelleschi . The cathedral underwent difficult excavations between 1965 and 1974 . The archaeological history of this huge area was reconstructed through the work of Dr. Franklin Toker : remains of Roman houses , an early Christian pavement , ruins of the former cathedral of Santa Reparata and successive enlargements of this church . Close to the entrance , in the part of the crypt open to the public , is the tomb of Brunelleschi . While its location is prominent , the actual tomb is simple and humble . That the architect was permitted such a prestigious burial place is proof of the high esteem he was given by the Florentines . Other burials ( edit ) Zenobius of Florence Conrad II of Italy Giovanni Benelli Filippo Brunelleschi Giotto di Bondone Pope Nicholas II Pope Stephen IX John Hawkwood See also ( edit ) Italy portal Catholicism portal Roman Catholic Marian churches List of largest domes in the world Santa Reparata , Florence Inferno ( Dan Brown novel ) History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ermengem , Kristiaan Van . `` Duomo di Firenze , Florence '' . A View On Cities . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , pp. 36 -- 37 ; according to Bartlett , the people of Florence continued to call the cathedral by its former name for some time after reconstruction . ^ Jump up to : Barlett , 36 . Jump up ^ Zucconi , Guido ( 1995 ) . Florence : An Architectural Guide . San Giovanni Lupatoto , Vr , Italy : Arsenale Editrice srl . ISBN 88 - 7743 - 147 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria Del Fiore Church ( Dome ) Firenze Italy '' . En.firenze-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ King , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : `` Brunelleschi 's Dome '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , p. 9 . Jump up ^ King , p. 7 . Jump up ^ PBS ' The Medici : Godfathers of the Renaissance , Birth of a Dynasty ( see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FFDJK8jmms at the 20 : 15 mark ) Jump up ^ The Secrets of the Florentine Dome : The Secrets of the Florentine Dome , accessdate : January 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Niel ( 2007 ) Architecture Explained . ISBN 0756628687 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ King , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Tom ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Mystery of Florence 's Cathedral Dome May Be Solved '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Tom Mueller Jump up ^ NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Doumo Design Video Jump up ^ King , pp. 105 - 107 . Jump up ^ Gartner , Peter , Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1446 , p 95 . Jump up ^ King , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Paolo Galluzzi , `` Leonard de Vinci , engineer and architect '' , p. 50 Jump up ^ Figures vary . archINFORM gives a 45 m wide tambour , while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m diameter of the cupola , others as little as 42 m . Jump up ^ As referenced in `` Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore : il cantiere di restauro 1980 - 1995 '' , a cura di Cristina Acidini Luchinat e Riccardo Dalla Negra published by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Roma ) in 1995 ( ISBN 8824039561 ) Jump up ^ Thesaurus Florentinus project page ( in Italian ) , Soprintendenza ai Beni Architettonici e Paesaggisitici di Firenze , Ministero dei Beni Culturali References ( edit ) Bartlett , Kenneth R. ( 1992 ) . The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance . Toronto : D.C. Heath and Company . ISBN 0 - 669 - 20900 - 7 ( Paperback ) . King , Ross ( 2000 ) . Brunelleschi 's Dome : How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture . London : Chatto & Windus . Jepson , Tim ( 2001 ) . The National Geographic Traveler , Florence & Tuscany . National Geographic Society . ISBN 90 - 215 - 9720 - 9 . Henry A. Millon ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) . Italian Renaissance Architecture : from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27921 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Montrésor , Carlo ( 2000 ) . The Opera del Duomo , Museum in Florence . Mandragora . Suro , Roberto ( July 28 , 1987 ) . `` Cracks in a Great Dome in Florence May Point to Impending Disaster '' . New York Times : C3 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Tacconi , Marica S. Cathedral and Civic Ritual in Late Medieval and Renaissance Florence : The Service Books of Santa Maria del Fiore . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81704 - 2 Wirtz , Rolf C. Kunst & Architektur , Florenz . Könemann , 2005 . ISBN 3 - 8331 - 1576 - 9 . Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore : il cantiere di restauro 1980 - 1995 , a cura di Cristina Acidini Luchinat e Riccardo Dalla Negra . Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato ( Roma ) . 1995 . ISBN 88 - 240 - 3956 - 1 . Library of Congress permalink Devémy , Jean - François ( 2013 ) . Sur les traces de Filippo Brunelleschi , l'invention de la coupole de Santa Maria del Fiore à Florence . Suresnes : Les Editions du Net . ISBN 978 - 2 - 312 - 01329 - 9 . ( in line presentation ) Gärtner , Peter J. ( 1998 ) . Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1446 . Köln : Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0241 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Great Cathedral Mystery '' , PBS Nova TV documentary , February 12 , 2014 Hunt , Don , `` Secrets of the Duomo '' , Journal , Issue 2 , 2014 , International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Mueller , Tom , `` Brunelleschi 's Dome : How did a hot - tempered goldsmith with no formal architectural training create the most miraculous edifice of the Renaissance ? '' , National Geographic magazine , February 2014 Ricci , Massimo , Il genio di Brunelleschi e la costruzione della Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore , Livorno : Casa Editrice Sillabe S.r.l. , April 2014 . ( The genius of Filippo Brunelleschi and the construction of the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore ) . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8347 - 691 - 4 . The book is the result of forty years of research on the secret technique with which Brunelleschi built the Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence . Ricci makes the case for the dome being an inverted arch and uses a herringbone pattern ( spina a pesce ) for the dome 's bricks . Vereycken , Karel , `` The Secrets of the Florentine Dome '' , Schiller Institute , 2013 . ( Translation from the French , `` Les secrets du dôme de Florence '' , la revue Fusion , n ° 96 , Mai , Juin 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Maria del Fiore ( Florence ) . Official website L'Opera del Duomo , Firenze Brunelleschi 's Dome - en `` The Cathedral '' . The Florence Art Guide . 2004 . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . Museums in Florence - Cathedral and Giotto Belltower Horner , Susan ; Horner , Joanna ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` Chapter III : The Cathedral - Exterior '' . Walks in Florence . Retrieved July 14 , 2006 . NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo 360 Panorama View Interactive NGM.NationalGeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Cutaway Interactive ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014 - 02 ll Duomo Piazza 360 degree panorama interactive ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2014 - 02 Il Duomo Compared to other Domes Interactive ( hide ) Tourism in Florence Religious sites Basilicas Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore S Lorenzo Medici Chapel S Croce Baroncelli and Pazzi Chapels S Maria Novella Tornabuoni Chapel SS Annunziata S Marco S Miniato al Monte S Maria del Carmine Brancacci Chapel S Trinita Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel Sassetti Chapel S Spirito Churches Badia Fiorentina Battistero di San Giovanni S Mary of the Angels Certosa Orsanmichele Ognissanti Oratorio dei Vanchetoni Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas San Frediano in Cestello S Gaetano S Giovannino degli Scolopi S Giovannino dei Cavalieri S Jacopo sopr'Arno S Salvatore al Vescovo S Ambrogio S Felicita Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi S Maria Maggiore S Martino del Vescovo Ss Apostoli S Pancrazio S Salvi Ss Simone e Giuda S Stefano al Ponte Other Great Synagogue Museums , galleries and palaces Bargello Casa Buonarroti Casa Guidi Galleria dell'Accademia David Garden of Archimedes Loggia del Bigallo Loggia del Mercato Nuovo Loggia del Pesce Loggia Rucellai Museo dell'Opera del Duomo Museo Galileo Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia Museo Nazionale di San Marco Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze La Specola National Archaeological Museum Orsanmichele Ospedale degli Innocenti Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai Palazzo Davanzati Palazzo Gondi Palazzo Medici Riccardi Magi Chapel Palazzo Pitti Museo delle Porcellane Palazzo Vecchio Studiolo of Francesco I Palazzo Spini Feroni Stibbert Museum Uffizi Loggia dei Lanzi Vasari Corridor Towers ( Torri ) degli Amidei Giotto 's Campanile degli Alberti dei Della Bella dei Gianfigliazzi dei Mannelli dei Pulci Library Biblioteca Riccardiana at Palazzo Medici Riccardi British Institute of Florence Gabinetto Vieusseux ( Palazzo Strozzi ) Kunsthistorisches Institut Laurentian Library National Central Library Landmarks Fountain of Neptune Giotto 's Campanile Ponte Vecchio Monument to Dante Theatres Teatro Comunale Florence Teatro della Pergola Teatro Verdi Squares Squares of Florence Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Santa Croce Piazza della Signoria Streets Via Cavour Via de ' Tornabuoni Fort Belvedere Fortezza da Basso Gardens and parks Boboli Gardens Giardino Bardini Giardino dell'Iris Giardino delle rose Orto Botanico di Firenze Parco delle Cascine Villas Medici villas di Castello La Petraia di Careggi Medicea L'Ambrogiana del Poggio Imperiale Gamberaia I Tatti Il Gioiello La Pietra Rusciano Events and traditions Calcio Fiorentino Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Scoppio del carro Districts of Florence Trams in Florence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Cathedral&oldid=803537729 '' Categories : Florence Cathedral Basilica churches in Florence Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1436 15th - century Roman Catholic church buildings 15th - century establishments in the Republic of Florence Domes Fresco paintings Tourist attractions in Florence Gothic architecture in Florence Renaissance architecture in Florence Buildings containing meridian lines Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 03 : 15 . 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Too Much Time on My Hands - Wikipedia Too Much Time on My Hands Jump to : navigation , search `` Too Much Time on My Hands '' Single by Styx from the album Paradise Theatre B - side `` Queen of Spades '' Released March 1981 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Length 4 : 31 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Tommy Shaw Producer ( s ) Styx Styx singles chronology `` The Best of Times '' ( 1981 ) `` Too Much Time on My Hands '' ( 1981 ) `` Nothing Ever Goes as Planned '' ( 1981 ) `` The Best of Times '' ( 1981 ) `` Too Much Time on My Hands '' ( 1981 ) `` Nothing Ever Goes as Planned '' ( 1981 ) `` Too Much Time on My Hands '' is the second single released from Styx 's 1981 triple - platinum album Paradise Theatre . It was written and sung by Tommy Shaw , who also plays the lead guitar solo during the break in the song . It reached No. 9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , No. 2 on the Top Rock Tracks chart , and No. 4 on the RPM Top Singles chart of Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links Personnel ( edit ) Tommy Shaw -- lead vocals , lead guitar Dennis DeYoung -- keyboards , backing vocals James Young -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals Chuck Panozzo -- bass John Panozzo -- drums In popular culture ( edit ) The song enjoyed a small revival when The Tonight Show host Jimmy Fallon started talking about the music video in April 2016 . This culminated with the episode on April 29 , 2016 when Fallon showed a shot - by - shot reenactment of the video with him and guest Paul Rudd on the show . In this video Fallon plays the part of Dennis DeYoung and Rudd plays Tommy Shaw , with A.D. Miles as James Young , Seth Herzog as John Panozzo , and Gerard Bradford as Chuck Panozzo . Tommy Shaw has commented positively and said he was impressed with Fallon 's vocals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Styx '' . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon & Paul Rudd recreate Styx Too Much Time On My Hands video - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon and Paul Rudd re-create Styx 's ' Too Much Time On My Hands ' video '' . UPI. 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Fallon & Paul Rudd Recreate Styx Music Video . 29 April 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Watch Jimmy Fallon 's and Paul Rudd 's Remake of Styx 's ' Too Much Time on My Hands ' Video '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Henderson ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon and Paul Rudd Gave Us the Shot - For - Shot Styx Video Remake We Did n't Know We Needed '' . Esquire . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon Sings `` Too Much Time on My Hands '' - Styx `` . Styx . External links ( edit ) Songfacts ( hide ) Styx Chuck Panozzo James `` J.Y. '' Young Tommy Shaw Todd Sucherman Lawrence Gowan Ricky Phillips Dennis DeYoung John Panozzo John `` J.C. '' Curulewski Glen Burtnik Studio albums Styx ( 1972 ) Styx II ( 1973 ) The Serpent Is Rising ( 1973 ) Man of Miracles ( 1974 ) Equinox ( 1975 ) Crystal Ball ( 1976 ) The Grand Illusion ( 1977 ) Pieces of Eight ( 1978 ) Cornerstone ( 1979 ) Paradise Theatre ( 1981 ) Kilroy Was Here ( 1983 ) Edge of the Century ( 1990 ) Brave New World ( 1999 ) Cyclorama ( 2003 ) The Mission ( 2017 ) Live albums Caught in the Act ( 1984 ) Return to Paradise ( 1997 ) Arch Allies : Live at Riverport ( 2000 ) Styx World : Live 2001 ( 2001 ) At the River 's Edge : Live in St. Louis ( 2002 ) 21st Century Live ( 2003 ) One with Everything : Styx and the Contemporary Youth Orchestra ( 2006 ) The Grand Illusion / Pieces of Eight - Live ( 2012 ) Live at the Orleans Arena , Las Vegas ( 2015 ) Compilations Best of Styx ( 1977 ) Lady ( 1980 ) Styx Classics Volume 15 ( 1987 ) Styx Radio - Made Hits 1975 - 1991 ( 1991 ) Greatest Hits ( 1992 ) Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) Styx Greatest Hits Part 2 ( 1996 ) The Best of Times : The Best of Styx ( 1997 ) Best of Styx 1973 - 1974 ( 1999 ) Extended Versions ( 2000 ) Singles Collection ( 2000 ) Styx Yesterday & Today ( 2001 ) 20th Century Masters ( 2002 ) Rockers ( 2003 ) Come Sail Away -- The Styx Anthology ( 2004 ) The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings ( 2005 ) Regeneration : Volume I & II ( 2011 & 2012 ) Cover albums Big Bang Theory ( 2005 ) Songs `` Best Thing '' ( 1972 ) `` Lady '' ( 1973 ) `` You Need Love '' ( 1975 ) `` Lorelei '' ( 1976 ) `` Mademoiselle '' ( 1976 ) `` Crystal Ball '' ( 1977 ) `` Come Sail Away '' ( 1977 ) `` Fooling Yourself ( The Angry Young Man ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Blue Collar Man ( Long Nights ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Sing for the Day '' ( 1979 ) `` Renegade ( 1979 ) `` Babe '' ( 1979 ) `` Why Me '' ( 1980 ) `` Boat on the River ( 1980 ) `` Borrowed Time '' ( 1980 ) `` Lights '' ( 1980 ) `` First Time '' ( 1980 ) `` The Best of Times '' ( 1981 ) `` Too Much Time on My Hands '' ( 1981 ) `` Nothing Ever Goes as Planned '' ( 1981 ) `` Rockin ' the Paradise '' ( 1981 ) `` Snowblind '' ( 1981 ) `` Mr. Roboto '' ( 1983 ) `` Do n't Let It End '' ( 1983 ) `` High Time '' ( 1983 ) `` Music Time '' / `` Heavy Metal Poisoning '' ( 1984 ) `` Love Is the Ritual '' ( 1990 ) `` Show Me the Way '' ( 1991 ) `` Love at First Sight '' ( 1991 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1997 ) `` On My Way '' ( 1997 ) `` Waiting for Our Time '' ( 2003 ) `` I Am the Walrus '' ( 2003 ) `` Ca n't Stop Rockin ' '' ( 2009 ) `` Gone Gone Gone '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Book This 1980s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too_Much_Time_on_My_Hands&oldid=836493612 '' Categories : 1981 singles Styx ( band ) songs Songs written by Tommy Shaw A&M Records singles 1980 songs 1980s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 03 : 30 . About Wikipedia

who sings too much time on my hands lyrics

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Tommy Shaw

FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Jump to : navigation , search Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2014 . Dark green : twice ; middle green : once ; light green : planned until 2022 Sixteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time . The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw due to either financial problems or disagreements with the organization . To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council ( former Executive Committee ) . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament . Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of hosts 2 1930 FIFA World Cup 3 1934 FIFA World Cup 4 1938 FIFA World Cup 5 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 6 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 6.1 1949 bid 6.2 1951 bid 7 1958 FIFA World Cup 8 1962 FIFA World Cup 9 1966 FIFA World Cup 10 1970 FIFA World Cup 11 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups 11.1 1974 results 11.2 1978 results 11.3 1982 results 12 1986 FIFA World Cup 13 1990 FIFA World Cup 14 1994 FIFA World Cup 15 1998 FIFA World Cup 16 2002 FIFA World Cup 17 2006 FIFA World Cup 17.1 Controversy 18 2010 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2014 FIFA World Cup 20 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 20.1 Accusations of bribery 21 2026 FIFA World Cup 22 2030 FIFA World Cup 23 2034 FIFA World Cup 24 Total bids by country 25 Host country performances 26 References 27 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cancelled due to World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe West Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil West Germany Europe West Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe West Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 South Korea / Japan Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 TBD 2030 TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids : Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote . Results : Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids : Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 . Results : Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids before the vote , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host of the World Cup . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round . Results : France , 19 votes Argentina , 3 votes Germany , 1 vote Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942 : Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host due to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 . Bids for 1946 : none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1949 bid ( edit ) Bid : Brazil Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had official bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 . Result : Brazil 1951 bid ( edit ) Bid : Switzerland The 1951 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals for three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 . Result : Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid : Sweden Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 . Result : Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina . Results : Chile , 32 votes Argentina , 11 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids : England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany for the hosting position . Results : England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina . Results : Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position . 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid : Colombia Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid . Result : Colombia However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup due to financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations : Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) . Results : Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids : Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union . Results : Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding for host duties , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States won the bid by receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members . Results : United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids : England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco . Result : France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids : South Korea / Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico . Results : South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids . 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) . Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa . Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him . On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Bids : Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo . After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes . Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped . Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid . Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision . Result : 2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Further information : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup 2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed . For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , due to there being only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea / Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands . The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup . 2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 Accusations of bribery ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies over the 2022 FIFA World Cup Before the vote , allegations of bribery resulted in the suspension of two FIFA Executive Committee members , reducing the number of voters to 22 . In May 2011 , allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup being held in Qatar . According to then vice-President Jack Warner , an email has been publicised about the possibility that Qatar ' bought ' the 2022 World Cup through bribery via Mohammed bin Hammam who was president of the Asian Football Confederation at the time . Qatar 's officials in the bid team for 2022 have denied any wrongdoing . A whistleblower , revealed to be Phaedra Almajid , alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar . She later retracted her claims of bribery , stating she had fabricated them in order to exact revenge on the Qatari bid team for relieving her of her job with them . She also denied being put under any pressure to make her retraction . FIFA confirmed receiving an email from her which stated her retraction . On 1 June 2014 , The Sunday Times claimed to have obtained documents including e-mails , letters and bank transfers which allegedly proved that Bin Hammam had paid more than US $5 million to football officials to support the Qatar bid . Bin Hamman and all those accused of accepting bribes denied the charges More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that Jack Warner , who was made to leave his post as president of CONCACAF in disgrace , and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar 's successful campaign . The FBI is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid . 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids : Canada / USA / Mexico Morocco A CONCACAF bid for the 2026 World Cup is probable , with Canada , USA , and Mexico the most likely nations to bid . Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup can not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( AFC ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process . CONCACAF member federations ( Canada , Mexico , United States ) are favoured to host the 2026 World Cup for the first time since 1994 World Cup . Also , FIFA 's president Infantino will consider the option for triple co-hosting by Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it will accept CONCACAF triple tournament - sharing bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . According to CONCACAF president , Victor Montagliani , there would be a possibility of a joint bid between Canada , United States , and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final . On 11 August 2017 , Morocco has officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The host will be announced on June 13 , 2018 at the 69th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia . Official 2026 Bids : CONCACAF : Canada / United States / Mexico : Canada -- United States -- Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid CAF : Morocco : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2030 FIFA World Cup Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed . The first bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina . The second bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup . The Uruguay -- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . Paraguay is aiming for joining the bid , but this is not confirmed or discarded yet . The efforts for the inclusion of Paraguay in the bid caused discomfort in the Uruguayan Football Association , and Wilmar Valdéz ( AUF president ) accused some insistence of the Conmebol although it is not official that Paraguay joins the event . Chile also wants to organize the World Cup with Uruguay and Argentina . A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 . English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could potentially bid for 2030 , provided that the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . '' Moreover , a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association . It is expected that countries from `` South America ( CONMEBOL ) and Europe ( UEFA ) will likely to be in a bid competition for 2030 . '' The original bid logo for the Uruguay - Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed 2030 bids : CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Expressed interest in bidding : UEFA : England : England 2030 FIFA World Cup bid 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2034 FIFA World Cup The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the Football Association of Singapore 's then - President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 . Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar . In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of the Indonesia 's Football Association , during meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that due to geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches . In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the ASEAN Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid . Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup . The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians ' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies . Far from ever having hosting the World Cup , no South - East Asian country ever qualified to the tournament . As of March 2018 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 162nd place and not a single national team from South - East Asia ranks in the FIFA top 100 . China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . '' Expressed interest in bidding : AFC : Indonesia and Thailand China Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included . Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Australia 2022 Belgium 2018 Egypt Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Portugal 2018 Qatar 2022 Sweden 1958 Tunisia ^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia . Host country performances ( edit ) Further information : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain were not champions at home , and both England and France had their only titles as hosts . Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage . # Performance Team Year Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay 1930 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France 1998 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England 1966 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy 1934 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina 1978 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil 1950 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden 1958 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy 1990 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany 2006 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile 1962 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea 2002 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil 2014 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Mexico 1986 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico 1970 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 16 Quarter - final Switzerland 1954 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 17 Quarter - final France 1938 0 50 % 0 0 18 Second round Spain 1982 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 19 Round of 16 Japan 2002 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 20 Round of 16 United States 1994 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 21 Group stage South Africa 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. April 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release , May 15 , 2004 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup '' by Robert Wagman , SoccerTimes , July 7 , 2000 . 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Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges , Giles Mole , JJ Bull , Luke Brown and Rob Crilly , `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups : as it happened '' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson , Paul Lewis , `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer : I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis : ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London . 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup '' by John Goodbody , The Times , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA , Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . 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Jump up ^ `` Valcke denies 2022 ' bought ' claim '' . BBC News . 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , `` Sorry Soccer '' , 23 May 2011 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA tight - lipped over whistleblower '' . Al Jazeera. 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qatar World Cup whistleblower retracts her claims of Fifa bribes . The Guardian . 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 31 May 2014 ) . `` Qatar World Cup : ' £ 3m payments to officials ' corruption claim '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Watt , Holly ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` World Cup 2022 investigation : demands to strip Qatar of World Cup '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF president : North America must host 2026 World Cup '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . CBC . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gastelum , Andrew . `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious : Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026 '' . World Cup Blog . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hill in New York ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed '' . BBC News . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding '' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet . AP . 6 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament - sharing '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Canada , Mexico 2026 World Cup bid a possibility - CONCACAF chief '' . ESPN.com. 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026 '' . Le360. 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40 - team World Cup , co-hosts '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) . `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid '' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المغرب يتقدم رسميا بطلب استضافة كأس العالم 2026 - الموقع الرسمي للجامعة الملكية المغربية لكرة القدم '' . www.frmf.ma . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial - 2030 ( in French ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight ' for Europe 's right to host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Chile no se rinde con ser sede '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dudko , James ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Argentina , Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd , Mick ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina 's 2030 World Cup bid before 0 - 0 draw '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial : Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030 '' ( It 's official : Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030 '' ( Without Messi and Suarez , here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup , says FA vice-chairman David Gill '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Bobby . `` Uruguay , Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : TODAY , ASIA ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Valdez : `` La candidatura original es Uruguay - Argentina '' `` . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Barreiro , Ramiro ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 '' . EL PAÍS . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/football/4901830/england-amazingly-backed-by-germany-in-world-cup-2030-bid/ Jump up ^ `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` ASEAN mulling 2034 World Cup bid : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Indonesia ready to lead Asean bid for 2034 World Cup '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seng Foo , `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' ( 23 September 2017 ) , http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' Football Tribe , ( 24 September 2017 ) , http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ ^ Jump up to : George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid : Myanmar , '' Myanmar Times , ( 12 February 2017 ) , https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football : Indonesia to Lead South - East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid , '' Straits Times , ( 5 July 2017 ) , http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup , '' Asian Review , ( 7 July 2017 ) , https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` How Big Is Brazil 's Home - Field Advantage at the World Cup ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance ? '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . May 2010 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision ( PDF ) FIFA World Cup hosts 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : France 1950 : Brazil 1954 : Switzerland 1958 : Sweden 1962 : Chile 1966 : England 1970 : Mexico 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Spain 1986 : Mexico 1990 : Italy 1994 : United States 1998 : France 2002 : South Korea & Japan 2006 : Germany 2010 : South Africa 2014 : Brazil 2018 : Russia 2022 : Qatar FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup bids 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States 1990 Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Yugoslavia 1994 Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Argentina -- Paraguay -- Uruguay England Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being award event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=838388394 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 17 : 48 . 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who has hosted the most fifa world cups

Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions

FIFA World Cup

Geography of Prince Edward Island - wikipedia Geography of Prince Edward Island Jump to : navigation , search This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prince Edward Island The coast of Prince Edward Island around Cavendish Geography Location Gulf of Saint Lawrence Area 5,683.91 km ( 2,194.57 sq mi ) Highest elevation 152 m ( 499 ft ) Administration Canada Province Prince Edward Island Largest settlement Charlottetown ( pop . 32,174 ) Demographics Population 139,407 ( 2008 ) Pop . density 24.53 / km ( 63.53 / sq mi ) Ethnic groups Scottish ( 38.0 % ) , English ( 28.7 % ) , Irish ( 27.9 % ) , French ( 21.3 % ) , German ( 4.0 % ) , and Dutch ( 3.1 % ) Prince Edward Island 's geography is mostly pastoral with red soil , white sand , and scattered communities . Known as the `` Garden of the Gulf '' , the island is located in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence north of Nova Scotia and east of New Brunswick , with which it forms the Northumberland Strait . PEI consists of the capital city Charlottetown , as well as urban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a developing urban fringe . A smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbor , situated on the southern shore 40 kilometers west of Charlottetown Harbor , and consists primarily of the city of Summerside . As with all natural harbors on the island , Charlottetown and Summerside harbors are created by rias . ( See also a list of communities in Prince Edward Island . ) The island 's landscape is pastoral : rolling hills , pristine forests , white sand beaches , ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty . A number of laws have been passed by the provincial government to attempt to preserve the landscape through regulation , although the lack of consistent enforcement and absence of province - wide zoning and land - use planning has resulted in some aesthetically displeasing development in recent years . The island 's lush landscape has had a strong bearing not only on its economy but also its culture . Author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables . Today , many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the Island are enjoyed by tourists who visit during all seasons . They enjoy a variety of leisure activities , including beaches , various golf courses , eco-tourism adventures , and simply touring the countryside and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island . The highest point of land is located at Springton in Queens County ( 152 metres or 499 feet above sea level ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Communities 2 Coastline 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Communities ( edit ) The smaller rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province proudly retain a slower - paced , old world flavor , something that factors heavily into Prince Edward Island 's popularity as a destination for relaxation . Most rural communities on Prince Edward Island are based on small - scale agriculture , given that the size of farm properties is quite small when compared with other areas in Canada . There is an increasing amount of industrial farming as older farm properties are consolidated and modernized . Coastline ( edit ) The coastline of the island consists of a combination of long beaches , dunes , red sandstone cliffs , salt water marshes and numerous bays and harbours . The beaches , dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration which oxidizes upon exposure to the air . The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head are unique in the province ; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on . Large dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours . The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are of particular significance . The shifting , parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants and is also a site of significant archeological interest . See also ( edit ) Geography of Canada portal List of parks in Prince Edward Island List of islands of Prince Edward Island References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Geography of the provinces and territories of Canada National Geography of Canada Centre of Canada Provinces British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Territories Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut See also Regions of Canada Islands Rivers Lakes Mountains National Parks Volcanoes Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Prince_Edward_Island&oldid=835998214 '' Categories : Geography of Prince Edward Island Hidden categories : Articles with peacock terms from August 2017 All articles with peacock terms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 01 : 54 . 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why does prince edward island have red sand

sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration which oxidizes upon exposure to the air

Garden of the Gulf ''

Lion 's mane jellyfish - wikipedia Lion 's mane jellyfish Jump to : navigation , search Lion 's mane jellyfish Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Cnidaria Class : Scyphozoa Order : Semaeostomeae Family : Cyaneidae Genus : Cyanea Species : C. capillata Binomial name Cyanea capillata ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) The lion 's mane jellyfish ( Cyanea capillata ) , also known as the giant jellyfish or the hair jelly , is the largest known species of jellyfish . Its range is confined to cold , boreal waters of the Arctic , northern Atlantic , and northern Pacific Oceans . It is common in the English Channel , Irish Sea , North Sea and in western Scandinavian waters south to Kattegat and Øresund . It may also drift in to the south - western part of the Baltic Sea ( where it can not breed due to the low salinity ) . Similar jellyfish -- which may be the same species -- are known to inhabit seas near Australia and New Zealand . The largest recorded specimen found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870 , had a bell with a diameter of 2.3 metres ( 7 ft 6 in ) and tentacles 37.0 m ( 121.4 ft ) long . Lion 's mane jellyfish have been observed below 42 ° N latitude for some time in the larger bays of the east coast of the United States . The lion 's mane jellyfish uses its stinging tentacles to capture , pull in and eat prey such as fish , sea creatures and smaller jellyfish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 Behavior and reproduction 5 Sting and human contact 6 In popular culture 7 Gallery 8 References 8.1 Other sources 9 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) Cyanea sp . The taxonomy of the Cyanea species is not fully agreed upon ; some zoologists have suggested that all species within the genus should be treated as one . Two distinct taxa , however , occur together in at least the eastern North Atlantic , with the blue jellyfish ( Cyanea lamarckii Péron & Lesueur , 1810 ) differing in color ( blue , not red ) and smaller size ( 10 -- 20 cm diameter , rarely 35 cm ) . Populations in the western Pacific around Japan are sometimes distinguished as Cyanea nozakii , or as a subspecies , C. c. nozakii . In 2015 , Russian researchers announced a possible sister species , Cyanea tzetlinii found in the White Sea , but this has not yet been recognized by other authoritative databases such as WoRMS or ITIS . Description ( edit ) Lion 's mane jellyfish ( Cyanea capillata ) are named for their showy , trailing tentacles reminiscent of a lion 's mane . They can vary greatly in size : although capable of attaining a bell diameter of over 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) , those found in lower latitudes are much smaller than their far northern counterparts , with a bell about 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) in diameter . Size seems to dictate coloration : larger specimens are a vivid crimson to dark purple while smaller specimens grade to a lighter orange or tan , occasionally colorless . The bell of the lion 's mane jellyfish is scalloped into eight lobes ( lappets ) , each lobe containing from 70 to 150 tentacles , arranged in four fairly distinct rows . Along the bell margin is a balance organ at each of the eight indentations between the lobes -- the rhopalium -- which helps the jellyfish orient itself . From the central mouth extend broad frilly oral arms with many stinging cells . Closer to its mouth , its total number of tentacles are around 1200 . The long , thin tentacles which emanate from the bell 's subumbrella have been characterised as `` extremely sticky '' ; they also have stinging cells . The tentacles of larger specimens may trail as long as 30 m ( 100 ft ) or more , with the tentacles of the longest known specimen measured at 37 m ( 120 ft ) in length . This unusual length -- longer than a blue whale -- has earned it the status of one of the longest known animals in the world . Ecology ( edit ) As coldwater species , these jellyfish can not cope with warmer waters . The jellyfish are pelagic for most of their lives but tend to settle in shallow , sheltered bays towards the end of their one - year lifespan . In the open ocean , lion 's mane jellyfish act as floating oases for certain species , such as shrimp , medusafish , butterfish , harvestfish , and juvenile prowfish , providing both a reliable source of food and protection from predators . Predators of the lion 's mane jellyfish include seabirds , larger fish such as ocean sunfish , other jellyfish species , and sea turtles . The leatherback sea turtle feeds almost exclusively on them in large quantities during the summer season around Eastern Canada . The jellyfish themselves feed mostly on zooplankton , small fish , ctenophores , and moon jellies . Behavior and reproduction ( edit ) Main article : Jellyfish § Life cycle Lion 's mane jellyfish swimming , side view Lion 's mane jellyfish remain mostly very near the surface , at no more than 20 m depth . Their slow pulsations drive them forwards weakly , so they depend on ocean currents to travel great distances . The jellyfish are most often spotted during the late summer and autumn , when they have grown to a large size and the currents begin to sweep them to shore . Like other jellyfish , lion 's manes are capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage . Lion 's mane jellyfish have four different stages in their year - long lifespan : a larval stage , a polyp stage , an ephyrae stage , and the medusa stage . The female jellyfish carries its fertilized eggs in its tentacle , where the eggs grow into larva . When the larva are old enough , the female deposits them on a hard surface , where the larva soon grow into polyps . The polyps begin to reproduce asexually , creating stacks of small creatures called ephyrae . The individual ephyrae break off the stacks , where they eventually grow into the medusa stage and become full grown jellyfish . Sting and human contact ( edit ) Most encounters cause temporary pain and localized redness . In normal circumstances , and in healthy individuals , their stings are not known to be fatal . Vinegar can be used to deactivate the nematocysts , but due to the large number of tentacles medical attention is recommended after exposure . There may be a significant difference between touching a few tentacles with finger tips at a beach , compared to an accidental swimming into one . The initial sensation is more strange than painful , it feels like swimming in to a bit warmer and somewhat effervescent water . Some minor pains will though soon follow . It 's not a pleasant feeling , and especially not for children . Normally there is no real danger to humans ( with exception of people suffering from special allergy ) . But in cases when someone has been stung over large parts of his / her body , and not just by the longest tentacles , but by the whole jellyfish ( including the inner tentacles , of which there are around 1200 ) , a visit to a health care centre or similar is recommendable . Although rare , at deep water severe stings can also cause panic followed by drowning . To confuse a Lion 's Mane sting with other Bell jellyfish is perhaps not of larger importance ( although this field is poorly investigated ) , but to assume a sting from a Portuguese man o ' war and usually even worse , from any Box jellyfish especially like the Sea Wasp , to be a Lion 's Mane , can be lethal . Though any contact with the latter one is so extremely painful and very deadly that it immediately becomes obvious . On a July day in 2010 , around 150 beachgoers were stung by the remains of a lion 's mane jellyfish that had broken up into countless pieces in Wallis Sands State Beach , Rye , New Hampshire , in the United States . Considering the size of the species , it is possible that this mass incident was caused by a single specimen . In popular culture ( edit ) The lion 's mane jellyfish appears in the Sherlock Holmes short story `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' published in The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes . Holmes discovers at the end of the story that the true killer of a professor who died shortly after going swimming ( shouting `` the lion 's mane '' before he succumbed ) was actually this jellyfish . Suspicion was originally laid upon the professor 's rival in love , until the latter was similarly attacked ( he survived , although badly stung ) . In the context of the story , it is only because the school professor has a weak heart that he succumbs , as is confirmed by the survival of the second victim . A photograph widely distributed on the internet appears to show an anomalously large lion 's mane dwarfing a nearby diver by several times . The photo was subsequently shown to be a hoax . On the popular television program QI the show claimed that the longest animal in the world was the lion 's mane jellyfish . This was later corrected -- in 1864 , a bootlace worm ( Lineus longissimus ) was found washed up on a Scottish shore that was 55 m ( 180 ft ) long . ( That claim has its critics : because bootlace worms can easily stretch to several times their natural length , it is possible the worm did not actually grow to be that length . ) Gallery ( edit ) A lion 's mane jelly capturing a sea gooseberry Lion 's mane jellyfish with full threads visible Lion 's mane jellyfish contracted Lion 's mane jellyfish in star formation Lion 's mane jellyfish open , showing underside Life - sized model in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History , Washington DC , US Small , dead lion 's mane jelly washing up on the beach Blue lion 's mane jellyfish in Askeröfjorden outside Stenungsund , Sweden . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hair Jelly ( Cyanea capillata ) . Australian Venom Research Unit . ^ Jump up to : `` Lion 's Mane Jellyfish -- Reference Library '' . redOrbit . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lion 's Mane Jellyfish : Discovery Channel '' . Dsc.discovery.com. 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Glafira D. Kolbasova ; Arthur O. Zalevsky ; Azamat R. Gafurov ; Philipp O. Gusev ; Margarita A. Ezhova ; Anna A. Zheludkevich ; Olga P. Konovalova ; Ksenia N. Kosobokova ; Nikita U. Kotlov ; Natalia O. Lanina ; Anna S. Lapashina ; Dmitry O. Medvedev ; Katerina S. Nosikova ; Ekaterina O. Nuzhdina ; Georgii A. Bazykin ; Tatyana V. Neretina ( 2015 ) . `` A new species of Cyanea jellyfish sympatric to C. capillata in the White Sea '' . Polar Biol . doi : 10.1007 / s00300 - 015 - 1707 - y . Jump up ^ `` Lion 's Mane Jellyfish '' . Scubatravel.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110108024017/http://www.typesofjellyfish.net/lions_mane_jellyfish/lions_mane_jellyfish.html Jump up ^ Kozloff , Eugene ( 2003 ) . Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast . University of Washington Press . pp. 54 , 56 ( 1983 edition ) . ISBN 0295960841 . Jump up ^ Point 6 at ^ Jump up to : `` Lions Mane Jellyfish '' . Types Of Jellyfish . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Heaslip SG , Iverson SJ , Bowen WD , James MC ( 2012 ) Jellyfish Support High Energy Intake of Leatherback Sea Turtles ( Dermochelys coriacea ) : Video Evidence from Animal - Borne Cameras . PLoS ONE 7 ( 3 ) : e33259 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0033259 Jump up ^ `` Giant Jellyfish '' . Extremescience.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SCDNR -- Jelly fish '' . Dnr.sc.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Open ocean -- Jellyfish life cycle -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . Teara.govt.nz. 2009 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lion 's Mane Jellyfish '' . Jellyfishfacts.net . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : http://mentalfloss.com/article/61609/15-facts-about-lions-mane-jellyfish Jump up ^ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353284 Jump up ^ https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/jellyfish-sting-vinegar-lions-mane Jump up ^ `` 150 Stung By Jellyfish At Rye Beach -- New Hampshire News Story -- WMUR Manchester '' . Wmur.com. 2010 - 07 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.hoaxorfact.com/pranks/picture-of-giant-lion-s-mane-jellyfish-facts.html Jump up ^ Carwardine , M. 1995 . The Guinness Book of Animal Records . Guinness Publishing . p. 232 . Other sources ( edit ) British Marine Life Study Society -- C. capillata and C. lamarcki Marine Life Information ( UK ) Marine Biological Laboratory ( Massachusetts ) Pacific Coast jellies External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyanea capillata . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q522939 ADW : Cyanea_capillata ARKive : cyanea - capillata BioLib : 126478 EoL : 1005690 EPPO : CYNECA Fauna Europaea : 240643 GBIF : 2264478 iNaturalist : 69838 ITIS : 51671 NCBI : 27804 WoRMS : 135301 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion%27s_mane_jellyfish&oldid=834313563 '' Categories : Semaeostomeae Animals described in 1758 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which is the lion's mane jellyfish's species within its genus

C. capillata

Cyaneidae

Super Bowl XXXVII - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXVII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXVII Oakland Raiders ( AFC ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( NFC ) 21 48 Total OAK 0 6 12 21 TB 17 14 14 48 Date January 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 26 ) Stadium Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , California MVP Dexter Jackson , Safety Favorite Raiders by 4 Referee Bill Carollo Attendance 67,603 Future Hall of Famers Buccaneers : Derrick Brooks , Warren Sapp Raiders : Al Davis ( owner / general manager ) , Tim Brown , Jerry Rice , Rod Woodson Ceremonies National anthem Dixie Chicks Coin toss 1972 Miami Dolphins : Don Shula , Bob Griese , Larry Csonka , Larry Little , Jim Langer , Nick Buoniconti , Paul Warfield Halftime show Shania Twain , No Doubt , and Sting TV in the United States Network ABC Announcers Al Michaels , John Madden , Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann Nielsen ratings 40.7 ( est . 88.6 million viewers ) Market share 61 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.1 million ← XXXVI Super Bowl XXXVIII → Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2002 season . The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48 -- 21 , tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory , and winning their first ever Super Bowl . The game , played on January 26 , 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego , California , was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games ( XVII , XXV , XXVIII , XXXIV , and XXXVI ) . It was also the last Super Bowl played in the month of January . Super Bowl XXXVI was the first to be played in February , due to the NFL postponing games for a week after the September 11 attacks . Starting with Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , the Super Bowl has been permanently played in February . This was the last Super Bowl until Super Bowl 50 to take place in California . It was the first and only time until Super Bowl XLVIII in Super Bowl history that the league 's number one - ranked offense ( Raiders ) was pitted against the league 's number one - ranked defense ( Buccaneers ) . Super Bowl XXXVII is also referred to as the `` Pirate Bowl '' , due to both teams ' pirate - themed names . The game is sometimes referred to as the `` Gruden Bowl '' , because the primary storyline surrounding the game revolved around Jon Gruden . Gruden was the Raiders ' head coach from 1998 to 2001 , and then became the Buccaneers coach in 2002 . Tampa Bay , `` Gruden 's new team '' , made their first Super Bowl appearance in team history after posting a 12 -- 4 regular season record . Oakland , `` Gruden 's old team '' , advanced to their fifth Super Bowl after an 11 -- 5 regular season . This was also the first Super Bowl to feature two former division rivals , as the Buccaneers and Raiders both played in the AFC West in 1976 . The Raiders came into the game as four - point favorites . However , the Tampa Bay defense dominated the contest . Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon threw a Super Bowl record five interceptions , three of which were returned for touchdowns . The Buccaneers also sacked Gannon five times , and scored 34 consecutive points to build a 34 -- 3 lead late in the third quarter . Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson , who had two of those interceptions and returned them for 34 yards , was named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson became only the second safety and third defensive back named Super Bowl MVP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders 1.2 Gruden is `` traded '' to the Buccaneers 1.3 The Raiders win without Gruden 1.4 Playoffs 1.5 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Post-game ceremonies 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual leaders 5 Starting lineups 6 Post-game riots 7 Aftermath 8 Officials 9 Notes and references Background ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII was originally awarded to San Francisco on October 15 , 1997 by the NFL owners at a league meeting in Washington , D.C. The 49ers had recently announced plans for a new stadium , and were awarded the Super Bowl contingent on its completion . However , the stadium plans had stalled by the fall of 1998 and the NFL reopened the bidding for the game . San Diego , which had lost out on Super Bowl XXXVI , announced its interest . The city was awarded the game during the May 26 , 1999 meeting at Atlanta . Miami was the only other city in consideration . It was the last Super Bowl played in California until Super Bowl 50 at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara . It was the also the final Super Bowl at Qualcomm Stadium before the Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017 . Later in 2003 , California would host the Stanley Cup Finals with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim hosting games 3 , 4 , and 6 , making it only the second time that the same state hosted both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals in the same year , following California itself ten years earlier , when the Los Angeles Kings went to the Finals four months after Pasadena hosted Super Bowl XXVII . It was then succeeded by itself again in 2016 when Super Bowl 50 took place in San Francisco and the San Jose Sharks made the Stanley Cup Finals . Jon Gruden helps rebuild the Raiders ( edit ) After moving back to Oakland , California in 1995 , the Raiders suffered sub-par seasons , including a 4 -- 12 record in 1997 . Under Gruden 's leadership , the Raiders improved to 8 -- 8 in both 1998 and 1999 . The team was further boosted in 1999 with the signing of veteran quarterback Rich Gannon . With Gannon as quarterback , the team jumped to the fifth - best offense in the league . The Raiders won the AFC West in 2000 with a 12 -- 4 record and the best rushing offense in the league . However , they lost the AFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl XXXV champion Baltimore Ravens , 16 -- 3 . After signing veteran Pro Bowl wide receiver Jerry Rice and defensive tackle Trace Armstrong , the team repeated as AFC West champions in 2001 , but were eliminated in the AFC Divisional Game by the eventual Super Bowl XXXVI champion New England Patriots in what became known as the `` Tuck Rule Game '' , in which a potential game - ending fumble recovery by the Raiders was overturned by instant replay . Gruden is `` traded '' to the Buccaneers ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league , and Gruden was no exception . Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden , Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks , in a deal similar to what Patriots owner Robert Kraft made with the New York Jets to get head coach Bill Belichick in 2000 . The Buccaneers ended up giving two first - round picks , two second - round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden . Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl . For most of their history , the Buccaneers were regarded as losers , making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons . But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996 . Dungy , along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin , rebuilt the defense around a core group of players , such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp , linebacker Derrick Brooks , and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch . By 1997 , Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed , 2nd in 1998 , and 3rd in 2000 . With one of the best defenses in the league , Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team 's head coach . But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league , and this was a major factor in their playoff losses . Thus , Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden . Still , even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay 's head coach . In 2002 , the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained ( 5,222 ) . Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl , completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards , 22 touchdowns , and only 6 interceptions . Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown , and caught 59 passes for 477 yards . Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns , and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns . Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns , while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns . However , the Buccaneers ' defense was still the strength of the team , leading the NFL in total defense ( 252.8 yards per game ) , pass defense ( 155.6 yards per game ) , points allowed ( 12.3 points per game ) , passing touchdowns allowed ( 10 ) , interceptions ( 31 ) , and opponent passer rating ( 48.4 ) . Brooks , Lynch , Sapp , and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years . Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage , recording 5 interceptions , 218 return yards , and 2 touchdowns , plus 1 fumble return and 1 on a lateral from Sapp after a Sapp interception for a total of 4 touchdowns ( an NFL record for a linebacker ) . The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs . Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks . Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and 2 interceptions . Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset , leading the team with 8 interceptions . The Raiders win without Gruden ( edit ) Further information : 2002 Oakland Raiders season Despite the loss of Gruden in 2002 , the Raiders under their new coach Bill Callahan still managed to earn a share of the AFC 's best record at 11 -- 5 . The offense led the league in total passing yards ( 4,689 ) and ranked second in total yards gained ( 6,451 ) . Gannon had a Pro Bowl season , completing 418 out of 618 passes for 4,689 yards , 26 touchdowns , and with 10 interceptions . His 418 completions and his 10 games with over 300 passing yards were both NFL records . He also ran 50 times for 156 yards and 3 touchdowns . Rice , who was already the NFL 's all - time leader in nearly every receiving record after 17 seasons , had a Pro Bowl season for the 13th time in his career with 92 receptions for 1,211 yards and 7 touchdowns . Gannon 's other weapons in passing game were 15 - year veteran receiver Tim Brown ( 81 receptions for 930 yards and 2 touchdowns ) and young receiver Jerry Porter ( 51 receptions for 688 yards and 9 touchdowns ) . Multi-talented running back Charlie Garner was the team 's leading rusher with 962 yards and 7 touchdowns , while also leading all NFL running backs in receiving with 91 receptions for 941 yards and another 4 touchdowns . Running back Tyrone Wheatley was also a big contributor with 419 rushing yards and 71 receiving yards , while fullback Zack Crockett provided both of them with solid blocking and scored 8 touchdowns . Up front , their offensive line was led by 2 Pro Bowlers , guard Lincoln Kennedy and center Barret Robbins . The Raiders ' weakness was primarily on their defense , which ranked 25th in the league in passing yards allowed ( 3,787 ) and 12th in total yards ( 5,240 ) . But veteran Pro Bowl safety Rod Woodson recorded 8 interceptions ( which led the league ) for 225 yards and 2 touchdowns . Up front , their line was anchored by defensive tackle Rod Coleman , who led the team with 11 sacks . Behind him , the team had a solid veteran linebacker , Bill Romanowski , who was playing in his 5th Super Bowl ( after winning 2 championships with the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV , and 2 while playing for the Denver Broncos in Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII ) . Defensive back Tory James was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions . Playoffs ( edit ) Further information : 2002 -- 03 NFL playoffs The second - seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth - seeded San Francisco 49ers , 31 -- 6 , and the top - seeded Philadelphia Eagles on the road , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs , to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history . Meanwhile , the top - seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth - seeded New York Jets , 30 -- 10 , and the second - seeded Tennessee Titans , 41 -- 24 . The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon 's pass - oriented offense . Super Bowl pre-game News ( edit ) The Raiders entered the game favored to win in their first Super Bowl in 19 years . They were also the first franchise to appear in the Super Bowl in four different decades ( 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 2000s ; the 1990s was the only decade that they did n't appear in the Super Bowl ) . However , much of the media hype surrounded the Gruden trade prior to the season . This forced league commissioner Paul Tagliabue to issue a statement that he might ban all future trades for coaches involving draft choices because it might compromise the draft . A distraction for the Raiders was that starting center Barret Robbins went missing for most of the week leading up to the Super Bowl , and ended up in a San Diego hospital the night before the game after suffering a manic episode . Backup Adam Treu ( a former Pro Bowl - er ) replaced Robbins . Television and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC with Al Michaels handling the play - by - play duties and color commentator John Madden , who became the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years , having called Super Bowl XXXVI on Fox and then moving to ABC after Pat Summerall retired . The NFC improved to 6 -- 0 on Super Bowls broadcast on ABC . Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters . Chris Berman from Disney - owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events . Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young , Baltimore Ravens head coach Brian Billick , and New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan . The Super Bowl was the first of three major professional sports championship series ABC broadcast in 2003 , as they would also broadcast the Stanley Cup Finals and the NBA Finals . Both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals were hosted by Berman ( who co-hosted the Stanley Cup Finals with John Saunders ) and took place in the state of California . The state of California had representation in both finals series . Gary Thorne , Bill Clement , and John Davidson mentioned all of these when they called the Stanley Cup Finals . Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , a show called `` Santana and Friends '' performed on the field . Carlos Santana was joined by Beyoncé and Michelle Branch and sang truncated versions of `` Oye Como Va '' , `` The Game of Love '' , and `` Foo Foo . '' ABC also aired a pre-game parking lot performance featuring Bonnie Raitt , Goo Goo Dolls and Michael Bublé prior to the Santana and Friends segment . In a nod to what the New England Patriots did the previous year in Super Bowl XXXVI , both teams were introduced as a team , rather than offensive and defensive starters , after highlights of their seasons were simulcast on the video boards in the stadium and on television . This has become a regular tradition starting with this Super Bowl . Celine Dion then sang `` God Bless America '' which is sung for the only time in the Super Bowl , and later the Dixie Chicks sang the national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . F / A-18 Super Hornets of the United States Navy performed a flyover . To honor the 30th anniversary of the 17 -- 0 undefeated , perfect season of the 1972 Miami Dolphins , the following members of that team appeared during the coin toss ceremony : Don Shula , Bob Griese , Larry Csonka , Larry Little , Jim Langer , Nick Buoniconti , Paul Warfield . Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included the `` Terry Tate : Office Linebacker '' Reebok ad and the Budweiser Zebra Referee . ADBOWL ranked FedEx 's `` Castaway '' as the best commercial of the year . Halftime show ( edit ) Shania Twain , No Doubt , and Sting were featured during the halftime show , which was sponsored by AT&T Wireless . Twain sang her hits `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' and `` Up ! '' . No Doubt then sang their hit `` Just a Girl '' with lead singer Gwen Stefani ad - libbing lines like `` I 'm just a girl at the Super Bowl ! '' The show concluded with Sting performing `` Message in a Bottle '' , with Stefani joining in midway through . NBC provided counter-programming against the halftime show , airing a live segment of `` Weekend Update '' from the comedy -- variety show Saturday Night Live featuring Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey . Postgame ceremonies ( edit ) Bon Jovi appeared as part of the post-game ceremonies , performing `` It 's My Life '' prior to the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation and `` Everyday '' afterwards ( most of the latter performance was not shown on ABC because the network cut to commercials ) . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson 's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36 - yard line . However , six plays later , Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down , forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski 's 40 - yard field goal to give them a 3 -- 0 lead . Buccaneers kick returner Aaron Stecker returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to the 29 - yard line , then appeared to fumble the ball . Although the officials initially ruled that the ball was recovered by Oakland 's Eric Johnson , the play was reviewed by instant replay and the fumble was overturned , and thus Tampa Bay retained possession . It showed that both of Stecker 's knees were down and the ball did n't come loose until it hit the ground . Gruden and Stecker appeared upset at having to use a challenge so early in a game , when they both believed Stecker was clearly down . On the first play of the drive , Brad Johnson completed an 11 - yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius . Johnson 's next 2 passes were incomplete , but he then completed a 23 - yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37 - yard line . Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23 - yard gain to the 13 - yard line . However , on the next 3 plays , the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1 - yard run . Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31 - yard field goal to tie the game , 3 -- 3 . Second quarter ( edit ) Later in the half , a 17 - yard punt return by Raiders defensive back Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49 - yard line . Gannon then threw an 8 - yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43 - yard line . However , on third down , Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon 's pass at the 40 - yard line and returned it 9 - yards to near midfield . Then nine plays after the turnover , Gramatica kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6 -- 3 lead . Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders ' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland 's 45 - yard line , making Jackson the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl . However , the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt . Fortunately for Tampa Bay , they got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa , who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11 - yard line with his punt . The Raiders could not move the ball either , losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive . Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler 's punt 25 yards , giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland 's 27 - yard line . Aided with Pittman 's gains of 6 and 19 yards , the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2 - yard run from fullback Mike Alstott , increasing their lead to 13 -- 3 . Then with 3 : 45 left in the half , Tampa Bay drove 77 yards , assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards . Johnson finished the drive with a 5 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20 -- 3 halftime lead . Third quarter ( edit ) Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter . The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half . Next , Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14 - play drive that took 7 : 52 off the clock , and ended with Johnson 's 8 - yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27 -- 3 . Then on the second play of Oakland 's ensuing drive , Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon 's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown , making the score 34 -- 3 . After giving up 34 points , Oakland finally managed to drive 82 yards down the field and score on a 39 - yard touchdown pass from Gannon to wide receiver Jerry Porter . Although he was initially ruled as being out of bounds when he caught the ball , it was determined that Porter had both feet in the end zone . The two - point conversion failed , so the Raiders were still down 34 -- 9 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Raiders ' touchdown seemed to fire up their defense , who forced the Buccaneers to a fourth down on their ensuing possession . Oakland linebacker Tim Johnson then blocked Tupa 's punt , and linebacker Eric Johnson returned the ball 13 yards for a touchdown . Another two - point conversion for Oakland failed , but Tampa Bay 's lead was cut to 34 -- 15 . Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9 - yard line on their ensuing drive , featuring a 24 - yard run by Pittman , but they came up empty after Tupa fumbled the snap on a field goal attempt . A few plays later , Gannon threw a 48 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6 : 06 left in the game , cutting the Raiders deficit to 34 -- 21 . The two - point conversion failed when Jerry Porter caught the ball but landed out of bounds . Though there was contact with a defender , the officials deemed the contact incidental rather than a force - out , and therefore that part of the play was non-reviewable . In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback , the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2 : 44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt . Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29 - yard line , Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown , giving the Buccaneers a 41 -- 21 lead with only 1 : 18 left , and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call of `` The dagger 's in , we 're gon na win the Super Bowl ! '' . A few plays later , with the Raiders now playing for pride , Dwight Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown with only two seconds remaining . Gramatica kicked the extra point , and the Buccaneers were up 48 -- 21 . Raiders defensive tackle Chris Cooper returned Gramatica 's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by Jack Golden , ending the game . The Buccaneers won their first - ever Super Bowl with a 48 - 21 victory . Gannon said after the game that his performance was `` nightmarish '' . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 , Oakland Raiders 21 Total Raiders ( AFC ) 0 6 12 21 Buccaneers ( NFC ) 17 14 14 48 at Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , California Date : January 26 , 2003 Game time : 3 : 26 p.m. PST Game weather : 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , sunny Super Bowl XXXVII Box Score ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP OAK TB 10 : 40 7 14 2 : 55 OAK 40 - yard field goal by Sebastian Janikowski 0 7 : 51 9 58 2 : 49 TB 31 - yard field goal by Martín Gramática 11 : 16 9 26 3 : 53 TB 43 - yard field goal by Martín Gramática 6 6 : 24 27 2 : 02 TB Mike Alstott 2 - yard touchdown run , Martín Gramática kick good 13 0 : 30 10 77 3 : 15 TB Keenan McCardell 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brad Johnson , Martín Gramática kick good 20 5 : 30 14 89 7 : 52 TB Keenan McCardell 8 - yard touchdown reception from B. Johnson , Martín Gramática kick good 27 4 : 47 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith , Martín Gramática kick good 34 2 : 14 8 82 2 : 33 OAK Jerry Porter 39 - yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon , 2 - point pass no good 9 34 14 : 16 -- -- -- OAK Eric Johnson 13 - yard punt block return for a touchdown , 2 - point pass no good 15 34 6 : 06 8 78 2 : 56 OAK Jerry Rice 48 - yard touchdown reception from Rich Gannon , 2 - point pass no good 21 34 1 : 18 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 44 yards for touchdown by Derrick Brooks , Martín Gramática kick good 21 41 0 : 02 -- -- -- TB Interception returned 50 yards for touchdown by Dwight Smith , Martín Gramática kick good 21 48 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 21 48 Statistical overview ( edit ) Tampa Bay dominated Oakland , outgaining them in total yards ( 365 to 269 ) , rushing yards ( 150 to 19 ) , first downs ( 24 to 11 ) , offensive plays ( 76 to 60 ) , and forced turnovers ( 5 to 1 ) . As many sports fans and writers predicted , Gruden 's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor . The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland 's offense were plays that Gruden ( who that week even played the part of `` Rich Gannon '' by playing QB with the scout - team offense ) specifically told them to look out for . Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland had n't changed their audible - calling signals that Gruden himself had installed , thus tipping off plays repeatedly . Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns , with 1 interception , along with 10 rushing yards . Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards . Alstott was the game 's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown , and had 5 receptions for 43 yards . Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was the Buccaneers ' leading receiver with 6 catches for 69 yards . Smith recorded 2 interceptions , 94 return yards , and 2 touchdowns . He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return . Gannon finished the game 24 out of 44 for 272 yards and 2 touchdowns , but was intercepted a Super Bowl record 5 times . Garner was their leading rusher , but with only 10 yards , and caught 7 passes for 51 yards . Rice was the Raiders ' leading receiver of the game with 5 catches for 77 yards and a touchdown . He became the first player to score touchdowns with two different teams in Super Bowls ( Ricky Proehl and Muhsin Muhammad have since joined him ) . Wide receiver Marcus Knight returned 8 kickoffs for 143 yards . Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski joined Gene Upshaw as the only players to appear in Super Bowls in three different decades . Rice played in Super Bowls XXIII , XXIV , and XXIX . Romanowski played in Super Bowls XXIII , XXIV , XXXII , and XXXIII ; the Raiders ' loss prevented Romanowski from joining Charles Haley as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings ( Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV , and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII , XXVIII , and XXX ) . The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four different head coaches . John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II , John Madden ( who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC ) , coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII . The teams combined for the most second half points in a Super Bowl with 46 ( 28 for Tampa Bay and 18 for Oakland ) and the second most total points in a game with 69 , tying Dallas and Buffalo who combined for 69 points in Super Bowl XXVII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVII , Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder TB , Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder Oak , Super Bowl XXXVII Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) Oakland Raiders Tampa Bay Buccaneers First downs 11 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 9 15 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 7 / 16 6 / 15 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 1 Net yards rushing 19 150 Rushing attempts 11 42 Yards per rush 1.7 3.6 Passing -- Completions - attempts 24 / 44 18 / 34 Times sacked - total yards 5 -- 22 0 - 0 Interceptions thrown 5 Net yards passing 250 215 Total net yards 269 365 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 29 1 -- 25 Kickoff returns - total yards 9 -- 149 4 -- 90 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 12 5 -- 172 Punts - average yardage 5 -- 39.0 5 -- 31.0 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Penalties - yards 7 -- 51 5 -- 41 Time of possession 22 : 46 37 : 14 Turnovers 5 Individual leaders ( edit ) Raiders Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Rich Gannon 24 / 44 272 5 48.9 Raiders Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Charlie Garner 7 10 0 1.43 Zack Crockett 6 0 3.00 Rich Gannon 0 1.00 Raiders Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Charlie Garner 7 51 0 9 11 Jerry Rice 5 77 48t 8 Doug Jolley 5 59 0 25 7 Jerry Porter 62 39t 9 Tim Brown 9 0 9 Jon Ritchie 7 0 7 Tyrone Wheatley 7 0 7 Marcus Knight 0 0 0 0 Buccaneers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Brad Johnson 18 / 34 215 79.9 Buccaneers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Michael Pittman 29 124 0 24 4.28 Mike Alstott 10 15 5 1.50 Brad Johnson 10 0 10 10.00 Aaron Stecker 0 1.00 Tom Tupa 0 0 0 0.00 Buccaneers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Keyshawn Johnson 6 69 0 18 11 Mike Alstott 5 43 0 16 8 Joe Jurevicius 78 0 33 Keenan McCardell 13 8t Ken Dilger 12 0 12 Rickey Dudley 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ Oakland Position Position Tampa Bay Offense Tim Brown ‡ WR Keyshawn Johnson Barry Sims LT Roman Oben Frank Middleton LG Kerry Jenkins Adam Treu Jeff Christy Mo Collins RG Cosey Coleman Lincoln Kennedy RT Kenyatta Walker Doug Jolley TE Ken Dilger Jerry Rice ‡ WR Keenan McCardell Rich Gannon QB Brad Johnson Jerry Porter WR FB Mike Alstott Charlie Garner RB Michael Pittman Defense DeLawrence Grant DE LE Greg Spires Sam Adams DT Warren Sapp ‡ John Parrella DT NT Chuck Darby Regan Upshaw DE RE Simeon Rice Bill Romanowski LLB SLB Dwight Smith Napoleon Harris MLB Shelton Quarles Eric Barton RLB WLB Derrick Brooks ‡ Charles Woodson LCB Brian Kelly Tory James RCB Ronde Barber Anthony Dorsett SS John Lynch Rod Woodson ‡ FS Dexter Jackson Postgame riots ( edit ) In Oakland , after the Raiders ' loss , riots broke out on the streets of East Oakland . Twelve cars were set on fire and four hundred police officers had to be sent to the streets . Aftermath ( edit ) The Tampa Tribune published a book by several staff writers called Pewter Power , about the Buccaneers ' winning season . Both teams entered a period of decline after the Super Bowl . Neither made the playoffs the next season as Tampa Bay finished 7 -- 9 and Oakland finished 4 -- 12 . Furthermore , Tampa Bay finished 5 -- 11 in 2004 , becoming the first Super Bowl winning team to follow up with consecutive losing seasons . To date , the Buccaneers have yet to win another postseason game , while the Raiders went 14 seasons without having a winning season and / or qualifying the playoffs , and have also not won a playoff game since . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Bill Carollo # 63 second Super Bowl ( XXXI as side judge ) Umpire : Ed Coukart # 71 second Super Bowl ( originally alternate for XXXII , but entered game when Jim Quirk was injured ) Head Linesman : Dale Williams # 8 third Super Bowl ( XX , XXVI ) Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 first Super Bowl Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 first Super Bowl Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 first Super Bowl Back Judge : Don Carey # 126 first Super Bowl Replay Official : Rex Stuart Video Operator : Mike Wimmer Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` mcubed.net : NFL : Super bowl scores sorted by margin of victory '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martzke , Rudy ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Gruden Bowl keeps fans glued to TVs '' . USA Today . USATODAY.com . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` 2003 Super Bowl to San Francisco ; Cleveland waits for team '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . p. 18 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans to host 2002 Super Bowl '' . Daily News . October 29 , 1998 . p. 8 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` NFL -- Owners Meeting '' . The Orlando Sentinel . May 27 , 1999 . p. 38 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : NHL on ABC : Game 7 of the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals ( television ) . ABC Sports . June 9 , 2003 . Thorne , Clement , and J.D. talked about Berman 's role in hosting both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals on ABC in 2003 and about the role the state of California played during championship series during the Stanley Cup Finals , as Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim hosted the Stanley Cup Finals , and involved the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( now Anaheim Ducks ) taking on the New Jersey Devils . Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers get their first shot at the NFL treasure '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Associated Press . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gannon leads Raiders in rout of Jets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 12 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , John . `` Raiders pass their way to San Diego '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Rick ( January 17 , 2003 ) . `` NFL nixes draft picks for coaches '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil . `` When Barret Robbins disappeared before Super Bowl '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of ABC 's pre - and postgame shows '' . ESPN . January 15 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` In their fashion , Bucs fans laugh '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vivinetto , Gina ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Super Bowl XXXVII : Superstars belt out favorites , or lip synch them '' . St. Petersburg Times . ^ Jump up to : George , Thomas ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Bucs steal the treasure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 48 vs. Oakland Raiders 21 '' . pro-football - reference . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ; Skolnick , Ethan J. ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Treu Gets The Call In Robbins ' Absence '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bucs stop here -- with a Super Bowl title '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2003 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pompei , Dan ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` The best - laid plans : an inside look at how coach Jon Gruden and the Bucs prepared themselves to be Super Bowl champions '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . January 26 , 2003 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Glen ; Asimov , Nanette ; et al. ( January 27 , 2003 ) . `` Raider Rage : Oakland police no match for street mayhem '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . A1 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2003 . Super Bowl XXXVII : NFL Full Game on YouTube Super Bowl official website Play - by - play on USAToday.com 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) http://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed September 28 , 2005 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII champions 7 Martín Gramática 9 Tom Tupa 10 Shaun King 11 Rob Johnson 14 Brad Johnson 19 Keyshawn Johnson 20 Ronde Barber 23 Jermaine Phillips 25 Brian Kelly 26 Dwight Smith 27 Aaron Stecker 30 Darian Barnes 31 Tim Wansley 32 Michael Pittman 34 Dexter Jackson ( MVP ) 35 Corey Ivy 36 Travis Stephens 38 John Howell 40 Mike Alstott 41 Daniel Wilcox 43 Jameel Cook 45 Mike Solwold 47 John Lynch 51 Alshermond Singleton 52 Nate Webster 53 Shelton Quarles 54 Idris Price 55 Derrick Brooks 56 Ryan Nece 58 Jack Golden 59 Justin Smith 60 Cosey Coleman 62 Jeff Christy 64 Dan Goodspeed 65 Russ Hochstein 66 Ryan Benjamin 67 Kenyatta Walker 68 Morris Unutoa 71 Kerry Jenkins 72 Roman Oben 74 Cornell Green 75 Lomas Brown 77 Todd Washington 80 Todd Yoder 81 Charles Lee 81 Marco Battaglia 83 Joe Jurevicius 84 Reggie Barlow 85 Ken Dilger 86 Karl Williams 87 Keenan McCardell 88 Rickey Dudley 89 Casey Crawford 90 Buck Gurley 91 Chuck Darby 92 Anthony McFarland 93 DeVone Claybrooks 94 Greg Spires 95 Ron Warner 96 Ellis Wyms 97 Simeon Rice 98 Corey Smith 99 Warren Sapp -- Onome Ojo -- T.T. Toliver Head coach : Jon Gruden Coaches : Joe Barry Jeremy Bates Richard Bisaccia Michael Christianson Jay Gruden Monte Kiffin Richard Mann Rod Marinelli Raheem Morris Bill Muir Johnny Parker Stan Parrish Mike Tomlin Art Valero Kirby Wilson Tampa Bay Buccaneers Founded in 1976 Based and headquartered in Tampa , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tampa Stadium Raymond James Stadium Culture and lore Hugh Culverhouse Malcolm Glazer Tampa 2 Captain Fear Cheerleaders Snow Bowl A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Miami Dolphins Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1979 1981 1982 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2007 Division championships ( 6 ) 1979 1981 1999 2002 2005 2007 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Hall of Fame members Lee Roy Selmon Steve Young Randall McDaniel Warren Sapp Derrick Brooks Tim Brown Ron Wolf Retired numbers 55 63 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 42 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. 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Independence ( probability theory ) - wikipedia Independence ( probability theory ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Statistics Probability theory Probability axioms Probability space Sample space Elementary event Event Random variable Probability measure Complementary event Joint probability Marginal probability Conditional probability Independence Conditional independence Law of total probability Law of large numbers Bayes ' theorem Boole 's inequality Venn diagram Tree diagram In probability theory , two events are independent , statistically independent , or stochastically independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other . Similarly , two random variables are independent if the realization of one does not affect the probability distribution of the other . The concept of independence extends to dealing with collections of more than two events or random variables , in which case the events are pairwise independent if each pair are independent of each other , and the events are mutually independent if each event is independent of each other combination of events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 For events 1.1. 1 Two events 1.1. 2 More than two events 1.2 For random variables 1.2. 1 Two random variables 1.2. 2 More than two random variables 1.2. 3 Conditional independence 1.3 Independent σ - algebras 2 Properties 2.1 Self - independence 2.2 Expectation and covariance 2.3 Characteristic function 3 Examples 3.1 Rolling dice 3.2 Drawing cards 3.3 Pairwise and mutual independence 3.4 Mutual independence 4 See also 5 References Definition ( edit ) For events ( edit ) Two events ( edit ) Two events A and B are independent ( often written as A ⊥ B ( \ displaystyle A \ perp B ) or A ⊥ ⊥ B ( \ displaystyle A \ perp \ ! \ ! \ ! \ perp B ) ) if their joint probability equals the product of their probabilities : P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap B ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) ) . Why this defines independence is made clear by rewriting with conditional probabilities : P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) ⇔ P ( A ) = P ( A ∩ B ) P ( B ) = P ( A ∣ B ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap B ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) \ Leftrightarrow \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap B ) ) ( \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) ) ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ mid B ) ) . and similarly P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) ⇔ P ( B ) = P ( B ∣ A ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap B ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) \ Leftrightarrow \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( B \ mid A ) ) . Thus , the occurrence of B does not affect the probability of A , and vice versa . Although the derived expressions may seem more intuitive , they are not the preferred definition , as the conditional probabilities may be undefined if P ( A ) or P ( B ) are 0 . Furthermore , the preferred definition makes clear by symmetry that when A is independent of B , B is also independent of A . More than two events ( edit ) A finite set of events ( A i ) i = 1 n ( \ displaystyle \ ( A_ ( i ) \ ) _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) is pairwise independent if every pair of events is independent -- that is , if and only if for all distinct pairs of indices m , k , P ( A m ∩ A k ) = P ( A m ) P ( A k ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A_ ( m ) \ cap A_ ( k ) ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A_ ( m ) ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( A_ ( k ) ) . ) A finite set of events is mutually independent if every event is independent of any intersection of the other events -- that is , if and only if for every k - element subset of ( A i ) i = 1 n ( \ displaystyle \ ( A_ ( i ) \ ) _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) , P ( ⋂ i = 1 k A i ) = ∏ i = 1 k P ( A i ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) \ left ( \ bigcap _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) A_ ( i ) \ right ) = \ prod _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( A_ ( i ) ) . ) This is called the multiplication rule for independent events . Note that it is not a single condition involving only the product of all the probabilities of all single events ( see below for a counterexample ) ; it must hold true for all subsets of events . For more than two events , a mutually independent set of events is ( by definition ) pairwise independent ; but the converse is not necessarily true ( see below for a counterexample ) . For random variables ( edit ) Two random variables ( edit ) Two random variables X and Y are independent if and only if ( iff ) the elements of the π - system generated by them are independent ; that is to say , for every a and b , the events ( X ≤ a ) and ( Y ≤ b ) are independent events ( as defined above ) . That is , X and Y with cumulative distribution functions F X ( x ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( X ) ( x ) ) and F Y ( y ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( Y ) ( y ) ) , and probability densities f X ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X ) ( x ) ) and f Y ( y ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( Y ) ( y ) ) , are independent iff the combined random variable ( X , Y ) has a joint cumulative distribution function F X , Y ( x , y ) = F X ( x ) F Y ( y ) , ( \ displaystyle F_ ( X , Y ) ( x , y ) = F_ ( X ) ( x ) F_ ( Y ) ( y ) , ) or equivalently , if the joint density exists , f X , Y ( x , y ) = f X ( x ) f Y ( y ) . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( X , Y ) ( x , y ) = f_ ( X ) ( x ) f_ ( Y ) ( y ) . ) More than two random variables ( edit ) A set of random variables is pairwise independent if and only if every pair of random variables is independent . Even if the set of random variables is pairwise independent , it is not necessarily mutually independent as defined next . A set of random variables is mutually independent if and only if for any finite subset X 1 , ... , X n ( \ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , X_ ( n ) ) and any finite sequence of numbers a 1 , ... , a n ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , a_ ( n ) ) , the events ( X 1 ≤ a 1 ) , ... , ( X n ≤ a n ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( X_ ( 1 ) \ leq a_ ( 1 ) \ ) , \ ldots , \ ( X_ ( n ) \ leq a_ ( n ) \ ) ) are mutually independent events ( as defined above ) . The measure - theoretically inclined may prefer to substitute events ( X ∈ A ) for events ( X ≤ a ) in the above definition , where A is any Borel set . That definition is exactly equivalent to the one above when the values of the random variables are real numbers . It has the advantage of working also for complex - valued random variables or for random variables taking values in any measurable space ( which includes topological spaces endowed by appropriate σ - algebras ) . Conditional independence ( edit ) Main article : Conditional independence Intuitively , two random variables X and Y are conditionally independent given Z if , once Z is known , the value of Y does not add any additional information about X . For instance , two measurements X and Y of the same underlying quantity Z are not independent , but they are conditionally independent given Z ( unless the errors in the two measurements are somehow connected ) . The formal definition of conditional independence is based on the idea of conditional distributions . If X , Y , and Z are discrete random variables , then we define X and Y to be conditionally independent given Z if P ( X ≤ x , Y ≤ y Z = z ) = P ( X ≤ x Z = z ) ⋅ P ( Y ≤ y Z = z ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( X \ leq x , Y \ leq y \ ; \ ; Z = z ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( X \ leq x \ ; \ ; Z = z ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( P ) ( Y \ leq y \ ; \ ; Z = z ) ) for all x , y and z such that P ( Z = z ) > 0 . On the other hand , if the random variables are continuous and have a joint probability density function p , then X and Y are conditionally independent given Z if p X Y Z ( x , y z ) = p X Z ( x z ) ⋅ p Y Z ( y z ) ( \ displaystyle p_ ( XY Z ) ( x , y z ) = p_ ( X Z ) ( x z ) \ cdot p_ ( Y Z ) ( y z ) ) for all real numbers x , y and z such that p ( z ) > 0 . If discrete X and Y are conditionally independent given Z , then P ( X = x Y = y , Z = z ) = P ( X = x Z = z ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( X = x Y = y , Z = z ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( X = x Z = z ) ) for any x , y and z with P ( Z = z ) > 0 . That is , the conditional distribution for X given Y and Z is the same as that given Z alone . A similar equation holds for the conditional probability density functions in the continuous case . Independence can be seen as a special kind of conditional independence , since probability can be seen as a kind of conditional probability given no events . Independent σ - algebras ( edit ) The definitions above are both generalized by the following definition of independence for σ - algebras . Let ( Ω , Σ , P ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ Omega , \ Sigma , \ mathrm ( P ) ) ) be a probability space and let A ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( A ) ) ) and B ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( B ) ) ) be two sub-σ - algebras of Σ ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma ) . A ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( A ) ) ) and B ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( B ) ) ) are said to be independent if , whenever A ∈ A ( \ displaystyle A \ in ( \ mathcal ( A ) ) ) and B ∈ B ( \ displaystyle B \ in ( \ mathcal ( B ) ) ) , P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap B ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) . ) Likewise , a finite family of σ - algebras ( τ i ) i ∈ I ( \ displaystyle ( \ tau _ ( i ) ) _ ( i \ in I ) ) , where I ( \ displaystyle I ) is an index set , is said to be independent if and only if ∀ ( A i ) i ∈ I ∈ ∏ i ∈ I τ i : P ( ⋂ i ∈ I A i ) = ∏ i ∈ I P ( A i ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall \ left ( A_ ( i ) \ right ) _ ( i \ in I ) \ in \ prod \ nolimits _ ( i \ in I ) \ tau _ ( i ) \ :\ \ mathrm ( P ) \ left ( \ bigcap \ nolimits _ ( i \ in I ) A_ ( i ) \ right ) = \ prod \ nolimits _ ( i \ in I ) \ mathrm ( P ) \ left ( A_ ( i ) \ right ) ) and an infinite family of σ - algebras is said to be independent if all its finite subfamilies are independent . The new definition relates to the previous ones very directly : Two events are independent ( in the old sense ) if and only if the σ - algebras that they generate are independent ( in the new sense ) . The σ - algebra generated by an event E ∈ Σ ( \ displaystyle E \ in \ Sigma ) is , by definition , σ ( ( E ) ) = ( ∅ , E , Ω ∖ E , Ω ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( \ ( E \ ) ) = \ ( \ emptyset , E , \ Omega \ setminus E , \ Omega \ ) . ) Two random variables X and Y defined over Ω are independent ( in the old sense ) if and only if the σ - algebras that they generate are independent ( in the new sense ) . The σ - algebra generated by a random variable X taking values in some measurable space S consists , by definition , of all subsets of Ω of the form X ( U ) , where U is any measurable subset of S . Using this definition , it is easy to show that if X and Y are random variables and Y is constant , then X and Y are independent , since the σ - algebra generated by a constant random variable is the trivial σ - algebra ( ∅ , Ω ) . Probability zero events can not affect independence so independence also holds if Y is only Pr - almost surely constant . Properties ( edit ) Self - independence ( edit ) Note that an event is independent of itself if and only if P ( A ) = P ( A ∩ A ) = P ( A ) ⋅ P ( A ) ⇔ P ( A ) = 0 or 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap A ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ Leftrightarrow \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) = 0 ( \ text ( or ) ) 1 ) . Thus an event is independent of itself if and only if it almost surely occurs or its complement almost surely occurs . Expectation and covariance ( edit ) If X and Y are independent , then the expectation operator E has the property E ( X Y ) = E ( X ) E ( Y ) , ( \ displaystyle E ( XY ) = E ( X ) E ( Y ) , ) and the covariance cov ( X , Y ) is zero , since we have cov ( X , Y ) = E ( X Y ) − E ( X ) E ( Y ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( cov ) ) ( X , Y ) = E ( XY ) - E ( X ) E ( Y ) . ) ( The converse of these , i.e. the proposition that if two random variables have a covariance of 0 they must be independent , is not true . See uncorrelated . ) Characteristic function ( edit ) Two random variables X and Y are independent if and only if the characteristic function of the random vector ( X , Y ) satisfies φ ( X , Y ) ( t , s ) = φ X ( t ) ⋅ φ Y ( s ) . ( \ displaystyle \ varphi _ ( ( X , Y ) ) ( t , s ) = \ varphi _ ( X ) ( t ) \ cdot \ varphi _ ( Y ) ( s ) . ) In particular the characteristic function of their sum is the product of their marginal characteristic functions : φ X + Y ( t ) = φ X ( t ) ⋅ φ Y ( t ) , ( \ displaystyle \ varphi _ ( X + Y ) ( t ) = \ varphi _ ( X ) ( t ) \ cdot \ varphi _ ( Y ) ( t ) , ) though the reverse implication is not true . Random variables that satisfy the latter condition are called subindependent . Examples ( edit ) Rolling dice ( edit ) The event of getting a 6 the first time a die is rolled and the event of getting a 6 the second time are independent . By contrast , the event of getting a 6 the first time a die is rolled and the event that the sum of the numbers seen on the first and second trials is 8 are not independent . Drawing cards ( edit ) If two cards are drawn with replacement from a deck of cards , the event of drawing a red card on the first trial and that of drawing a red card on the second trial are independent . By contrast , if two cards are drawn without replacement from a deck of cards , the event of drawing a red card on the first trial and that of drawing a red card on the second trial are not independent , because a deck that has had a red card removed has proportionately fewer red cards . Pairwise and mutual independence ( edit ) Pairwise independent , but not mutually independent , events . Mutually independent events . Consider the two probability spaces shown . In both cases , P ( A ) = P ( B ) = 1 / 2 and P ( C ) = 1 / 4 . The random variables in the first space are pairwise independent because P ( A B ) = P ( A C ) = 1 / 2 = P ( A ) , P ( B A ) = P ( B C ) = 1 / 2 = P ( B ) , and P ( C A ) = P ( C B ) = 1 / 4 = P ( C ) ; but the three random variables are not mutually independent . The random variables in the second space are both pairwise independent and mutually independent . To illustrate the difference , consider conditioning on two events . In the pairwise independent case , although any one event is independent of each of the other two individually , it is not independent of the intersection of the other two : P ( A B C ) = 4 40 4 40 + 1 40 = 4 5 ≠ P ( A ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A BC ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 40 ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) \ neq \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) ) P ( B A C ) = 4 40 4 40 + 1 40 = 4 5 ≠ P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( B AC ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 40 ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) \ neq \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) ) P ( C A B ) = 4 40 4 40 + 6 40 = 2 5 ≠ P ( C ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( C AB ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 40 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 40 ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) \ neq \ mathrm ( P ) ( C ) ) In the mutually independent case , however , P ( A B C ) = 1 16 1 16 + 1 16 = 1 2 = P ( A ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A BC ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) ) P ( B A C ) = 1 16 1 16 + 1 16 = 1 2 = P ( B ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( B AC ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) ) P ( C A B ) = 1 16 1 16 + 3 16 = 1 4 = P ( C ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( C AB ) = ( \ frac ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 16 ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( C ) ) Mutual independence ( edit ) It is possible to create a three - event example in which P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) P ( C ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( P ) ( A \ cap B \ cap C ) = \ mathrm ( P ) ( A ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( B ) \ mathrm ( P ) ( C ) , ) and yet no two of the three events are pairwise independent ( and hence the set of events are not mutually independent ) . This example shows that mutual independence involves requirements on the products of probabilities of all combinations of events , not just the single events as in this example . See also ( edit ) Copula ( statistics ) Independent and identically distributed random variables Mutually exclusive events Subindependence Linear dependence between random variables Conditional independence Normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent Mean dependence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russell , Stuart ; Norvig , Peter ( 2002 ) . Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach . Prentice Hall . p. 478 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 790395 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Feller , W ( 1971 ) . `` Stochastic Independence '' . An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications . Wiley . Jump up ^ George , Glyn , `` Testing for the independence of three events , '' Mathematical Gazette 88 , November 2004 , 568 . PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_(probability_theory)&oldid=799275720 '' Categories : Experiment ( probability theory ) Independence ( probability theory ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 18 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when are two events said to be independent

if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other

1.1. 2

Bulgaria during World war I. - wikipedia Bulgaria during World war I. Jump to : navigation , search Bulgarian campaigns during World War I , borders including occupied territories A German postcard commemorating the entry of Bulgaria into the war . The Kingdom of Bulgaria participated in World War I on the side of the Central Powers from 14 October 1915 , when the country declared war on Serbia , until 30 September 1918 , when the Armistice of Thessalonica came into effect . In the aftermath of the Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913 , Bulgaria found itself isolated on the international scene , surrounded by hostile neighbors and deprived of the support of the Great Powers . Anti-Bulgarian sentiment grew particularly in France and Russia , whose political circles blamed the country for the dissolution of the Balkan League , an alliance of Balkan states directed against the Ottoman Empire . The failure of Bulgarian foreign policy turned revanchism into a focus of Bulgaria 's external relations . When the First World War started in July 1914 , Bulgaria , still recovering from the negative economic and demographic impact of recent wars , avoided direct involvement in the new conflict by declaring neutrality . Strategic geographic location and a strong military establishment made the country a desired ally for both warring coalitions , but Bulgaria 's regional aspirations were difficult to satisfy because they included territorial claims against four Balkan countries . As the war progressed , the Central Powers of Austria - Hungary and the German Empire found themselves in a better position to fulfil Bulgarian demands and persuaded the country to join their cause in September 1915 . Though the smallest member of the Central Powers in area and in population , Bulgaria made vital contributions to their common war effort . Its entry to the war heralded the defeat of Serbia , thwarted the foreign - policy goals of Romania , and ensured the continuation of the Ottoman war effort by providing a geographical conduit for material assistance from Germany to Istanbul . Though the Balkan theatre of the war saw successful campaigns of rapid movement in 1915 and 1916 , the conflict degraded into a state of attritional trench warfare on both the Northern and the Southern Bulgarian Fronts after most Bulgarian territorial aspirations had been satisfied . This period of the war substantially weakened the Bulgarian economy , created various supply problems and reduced the health and morale of Bulgarian troops on the front lines . Under these circumstances , the Allied armies based in Greece , composed of contingents from many Allied countries , managed to break through on the Macedonian Front during the Vardar Offensive ( September 1918 ) and cause the rapid collapse of a part of the Bulgarian Army . There followed an open military rebellion and the proclamation of a republic by the rebellious troops at Radomir . Bulgaria , forced to seek peace , accepted an armistice with the Allies on 30 September 1918 . For the second time in half a decade , the country found itself in the midst of a national catastrophe . Tsar Ferdinand I assumed responsibility for his country 's foreign - policy and military failures and abdicated in favor of his son Boris III on 3 October 1918 . The Treaty of Neuilly ( 1919 ) marked the formal conclusion of Bulgaria 's participation in World War I. Stipulations of the treaty included the return of all occupied territories , the cession of additional territories and the payment of heavy war reparations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Balkan Wars 1.2 Bulgaria in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars 1.2. 1 Economic situation 1.2. 2 Foreign policy 2 Bulgaria at the beginning of the First World War 2.1 Neutrality 2.2 Foreign diplomatic activity in Bulgaria 3 The End of Neutrality 3.1 `` The Bulgarian Summer '' of 1915 3.2 Bulgaria enters the war 4 The Bulgarian Army 4.1 Organization and state of the army 4.2 Mobilization 5 Bulgaria at war 5.1 Military operations 5.1. 1 Conquest of Serbia 5.1. 2 Establishment and development of the Macedonian Front during 1916 5.1. 3 The Romanian campaign 5.1. 4 1917 -- Stalemate on the Macedonian Front 5.1. 5 1918 -- End of the War 6 The interwar years 7 Images 8 See also 9 In literature 10 Footnotes 11 References Background ( edit ) The Balkan Wars ( edit ) Main articles : First Balkan War and Second Balkan War Territorial changes following the two Balkan Wars . When Bulgaria proclaimed its independence from the Ottoman Empire on 22 September 1908 , its status was promoted to that of a kingdom and Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria assumed the title of tsar . The country was now able to focus on completing its national unification by turning its attention toward the lands populated by Bulgarians that remained under Ottoman control . To achieve its goals , the Bulgarian government , under Prime Minister Ivan Geshov , approached the governments of the other Balkan countries in hopes of creating an alliance directed against the Ottomans . His efforts culminated in a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 to form the Balkan League . By summer of the same year , Ottoman grip on their Balkan provinces deteriorated rapidly in Albania and Macedonia , where open rebellions had erupted . The Allies decided to exploit the vulnerable state of the Ottoman Empire and declared war on it in October 1912 . The opening stages of the First Balkan War began with decisive Allied victories in both Thrace and Macedonia . Within a month , the Ottomans found themselves driven back by the Bulgarians to within 40 kilometers of Constantinople and badly beaten by the Serbians and the Greeks . A short armistice brought no conclusion to the conflict and fighting once again broke out in January 1913 . A major Ottoman counter-offensive was defeated by the Bulgarians , who also seized the fortress of Adrianople in March and finally forced the Ottoman Empire to admit defeat and return to the peace table . While the Bulgarian army was still fighting , a new challenge arose from the north : Romania demanded territorial compensations from Bulgaria in return for its neutrality during the war . A conference , which was held in Saint Petersburg , sought to resolve the dispute by rewarding Romania the town of Silistra , but this decision greatly antagonized both countries and sowed the seeds of further enmity between them . The formal ending of the war was marked by the signing of the Treaty of London of 1913 , which awarded all Ottoman territory to the west of the Midia - Enos line , with the exception of Albania , to the Allies . The treaty failed to make clear provisions for the division of the former Ottoman territories between the victors , which brought about the dissolution of the Balkan League . Geshov foresaw this outcome , which signalled the collapse of his goal of forming a permanent alliance directed against the Ottoman Empire , and resigned from his post as prime minister . He was replaced by the hard - liner Stoyan Danev . The new government was not willing to compromise with Bulgarian claims in Macedonia , and neither were Serbia and Greece , whose interests were frustrated by the creation of an Albanian state . Russia , which was viewed as the patron of the Balkan League , was unable to control the situation and settle the disputes between the allies . The failure of Russian diplomacy , and the Entente Cordiale among Russia , France , and Great Britain that stood behind it , was a victory for Austria - Hungary , which sought to undermine the unity between the Balkan countries . In June , the new Bulgarian government was asked by the Bulgarian General Staff to either take aggressive action or order demobilization within 10 days . The senior Bulgarian commanders were concerned by the new alliance between Serbia and Greece and the growing restlessness in the army , which had been in the field since September 1912 . Danev was preparing to leave for Russia where a new attempt to solve the problem was made by Tsar Ferdinand and General Mihail Savov , who decided to make a demonstration to Serbia , Greece and the Entente by ordering two of the Bulgarian armies to attack and consolidate their positions in Macedonia on 16 June . Mote than a day later , Danev ordered Savov to stop the fighting and the latter obeyed , despite orders for the continuation of the attack given to him by the tsar . The Serbians and Greeks , however , were not willing to let this opportunity pass and declared war on Bulgaria . Perceiving an opportunity to acquire Southern Dobrudja , Romania also invaded Bulgaria . The Romanian forced met with almost no resistance and was soon followed by the Ottoman Empire , which restored its control over Eastern Thrace . A Punch cartoon of the Second Balkan War . The eruption of this Second Balkan War tore a rift in the relations between Bulgaria and Russia and led to the downfall of the Danev government amidst the news of Bulgarian defeats in the field . A new liberal coalition government under Vasil Radoslavov took control and immediately began seeking a diplomatic solution to the crisis , looking primarily towards Germany and Austria - Hungary for help . Direct negotiations with Serbia and Greece proved inconclusive , but following Bulgaria 's offer to cede Southern Dobrudja to Romania , both sides agreed to begin peace talks in Bucharest . At the same time , the Bulgarian army managed to stabilize the Serbian and Greek fronts and even go on the offensive . Bulgarian forces threatened to encircle the Greek army completely , but with the Romanians only a few kilometers from the Bulgarian capital of Sofia and the Ottomans in good position to invade the whole of southeastern Bulgaria , the warring countries concluded an armistice in July 1913 . Following the cessation of hostilities , the peace talks in Bucharest resumed . The Bulgarian delegation found itself in almost complete isolation , with only the partial support of Russia and Austria - Hungary , which forced it to accept the coercive conditions of its opponents and sign the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913 . The treaty required Bulgaria to cede Southern Dobrudja , most of Macedonia ( including the `` uncontested zone '' that had previously been bestowed to it by the 1912 treaty between Bulgaria and Serbia ) and the town of Kavala . The peace treaty with the Ottomans had to be dealt with on a bilateral basis . Initially , the Bulgarian diplomacy maintained the position that the question about the possession of Adrianople and Eastern Thrace was an international matter resolved by the terms of the Treaty of London of 1913 , but this line soon had to be abandoned due to the lack of support by the Great Powers and their unwillingness to pressure the Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of Constantinople of 1913 restored to the Ottomans most of the lands they had re-occupied during the Second Balkan War . During the talks , the Radoslavov government for the first time sought to recover and strengthen the relations with the Ottomans by discussing an alliance directed against Serbia and Greece , but no concrete results were achieved at that point . Bulgaria in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars ( edit ) Vasil Radoslavov ( c. 1915 ) . Prime minister from 1913 to 1918 . The outcome of the Second Balkan War negated almost all of the territorial gains that Bulgaria secured during the First Balkan War . The failed effort to bring all Bulgarians under a single national government led to a massive influx of over 120,000 Bulgarian refugees from Eastern Thrace and the parts of Macedonia that remained under Serbian and Greek rule . The Radoslavov government faced the uneasy task of integrating the new population and the acquired territories that were not ceded back , as well as rebuilding the economy and the military potential of the country . Internal bickering within the People 's Liberal Party ( one of the three governing coalition parties ) and the lack of a majority in parliament forced the dissolution of the legislative body . General elections were called for the pre-war borders of Bulgaria in November 1913 and held for the first time under nationwide proportional representation . The government parties gained only 97 seats as compared to the 107 seats of their opponents , which prompted a new resignation of the government in December . Tsar Ferdinand held consultations with several important politicians , but once again preferred to appoint a government with Radoslavov as prime minister and dissolve the newly elected parliament . When the next elections were held in March 1914 , the population of the new territories was allowed to participate even though many participants had not yet received Bulgarian citizenship . During the campaign , the spokesmen of the opposition parties were practically prevented from campaigning in these lands on the grounds of the alleged threat to their safety . Ottoman officials , however , were allowed to visit the local Muslim populations and urge them to vote for the government . Despite these and other extreme measures , the liberal parties gained 116 seats , as many as their opponents , and their numbers were increased by another 16 following the completion of the verification process . The government was finally able to focus its attention on more pressing internal and external matters . Radoslavov , however , remained handicapped by this fragile majority and was often forced to compromise with his coalition partners , falsify election results or simply neglect parliament . Economic situation ( edit ) Bulgarian participation in the Balkan Wars disrupted the expansion of the Bulgarian economy and proved crippling for public finances , with the financial cost of the war against the Ottoman Empire alone at over 1 , 3 billion francs . Agriculture , which was the leading sector of the economy , was badly affected , and overall production was reduced by about 9 % compared to 1911 . Still , the country avoided a large food crisis . Thousands of peasant workers engaged in agricultural activities became casualties during the wars . The number of available horses , sheep , cattle and livestock was between 20 % and 40 % lower . The single most damaging event was the loss of Southern Dobrudja : it had accounted for 20 % of Bulgarian grain production before the wars and contained the largest and most developed Bulgarian farming communities . This , combined with bad weather , held the harvest of all crops to 79 % of the pre-war level in 1914 . Unlike the agriculture sector , Bulgarian industry was less affected , even though problems occurred due to its complete dependence on foreign imports of machinery and spare parts . Production registered a modest decline and was able to maintain a constant level of capital investment that led to recovery of the sector as early as 1914 . External trade fell drastically in 1913 , with exports reduced by 40 % and imports by 11 % . This led to a soaring trade deficit of over 87 million levs by 1914 . Before the war , grain had been a leading Bulgarian export commodity with the most productive area being Dobrudja . The state took special care for the development of the region ; it built railways to carry grain and other exports to the port of Varna , whose facilities had been developed at great cost . In 1912 , it handled more goods than Salonika . Following the Second Balkan War , these advantages were lost because the port was deprived of its hinterland , and the Romanian border now ran only 15 kilometers away . The new lands gained in the south were mountainous and much poorer . They provided an outlet to the Aegean Sea at the port of Dedeagach , but the railway needed to reach it passed through Ottoman territory . Still , Western Thrace in particular was famed or its production of high quality tobacco , which proved to be a valuable asset . Foreign policy ( edit ) Dealing with the international isolation that had befallen Bulgaria was a major priority of the Radoslavov government . This included re-establishing diplomatic relations with Bulgaria 's neighbors , first with the Ottoman Empire in September 1913 , then with Serbia in December of the same year and Greece in March 1914 . Nevertheless , relations with the Balkan states remained strained due to their fear of Bulgarian revisionism and negative public opinion in Bulgaria of the country 's former allies . A friendly gesture was made when Mihail Madzharov , Dimitar Stanchov and Radko Dimitriev ( who were well known for their pro-Entente attitude ) were appointed ambassadors to London , Paris and Saint Petersburg . This showed that the liberal government was not ready to burn its bridges to the Entente powers . The Central Powers , on the other hand , were not yet willing to step into an open alliance with Bulgaria as this would have alienated the other Balkan countries that Germany and Austria Hungary had interest in , particularly Romania and Greece . The most active Entente power in the Balkans was Russia , which sought to limit Austro - Hungarian influence in the area by creating a new Balkan League that was to include Serbia , Montenegro and possibly Romania and Bulgaria . The latter was not in the center of these plans . Though its participation was viewed as attractive enough , Russian diplomacy spent much more time and effort courting Romania , which achieved little practical results , but stirred negative emotions and further alienated Bulgaria . Hints toward Serbia that it should make at least minor concessions to Bulgaria only met with stubborn resistance supported by Greece . The Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov decided that the only way to influence Bulgaria without harming Russian relations with its neighbors was through financial pressure on the Radoslavov government and its deposition by a pro-Entente government . France and the United Kingdom were willing to let Russia deal with Bulgaria and preferred not to intervene directly . Prime Minister Radoslavov , on the other hand , partially sought the support of Great Britain through the Bulgarian representative in Saint Petersburg , General Dimitriev , who asked the British ambassador to mediate the relationship between Bulgaria and Russia . The individual approached by General Dimitriev , George Buchanan , politely refused any involvement , but hinted to Sazonov that he should not risk curtailing Entente influence in Bulgaria by assuming a hard line toward the country . The most important task that faced the Radoslavov government in its foreign policy following the Treaty of Bucharest was to secure a loan that could provide the funds needed to pay the financial cost of the Balkan Wars , develop the new territories and continue paying a government debt of over 700 million golden leva . The difficult task was entrusted to Foreign Minister Nikola Genadiev and Finance Minister Dimitar Tonchev , who were first dispatched to France , which held a considerable chunk of the Bulgarian public debt and from which Bulgaria had usually obtained loans before the Balkan Wars . The French refused to extend more loans , due to Russian pressure , despite the fact that the Bulgarian representatives were ready to accept certain unfavorable conditions and that French banks were simultaneously granting loans to Serbia , Greece , Romania and the Ottoman Empire . In October 1913 , Tonchev managed to secure a short - term loan of 30 million leva from Austrian banks , but the sum was far from sufficient . In February 1914 , the Bulgarians again turned to France and were met with unacceptable conditions . Tonchev , assisted by the German and Austro - Hungarian representatives in Sofia , Gustav Michahelles and Count Adam Tarnowski von Tarnow , opened negotiations with the German Disconto - Gesellschaft bank in early 1914 . Russia and France were aware of the talks , but initially dismissed the possibility of their successful conclusion . It was only in April , when the Bulgarian and German representatives had reached an understanding on the basic points of the loan , that the Entente realized that through its hard line it had pushed Bulgaria toward a serious commitment to the Central Powers . The Russian ambassador to Sofia urged the Bulgarian parliamentary opposition to resist the Radoslavov government 's intention and personally met with Tsar Ferdinand , whom he promised a French loan in exchange for the removal of Radoslavov . An offer for a loan from the French Banque Perier was also made , but these efforts from the Entente powers came too late and failed to change Bulgarian intentions . In July 1914 , a consortium of German banks led by the Disconto - Gesellschaft granted a 500 million golden leva loan to Bulgaria under harsh conditions . The sum would be received in two installments of 250 million each and had to be repaid within 50 years with an annual interest of 5 % . The Bulgarians were obliged to grant the German consortium the contract for the construction of a new port in Porto Lagos and a railway leading to it ; the Germans were also to take over the running of the state mines in Pernik and Bobov Dol . The government managed to pass the loan through a vote in parliament despite furious opposition . The debate took place among numerous fist fights . The prime minister was seen to wave a revolver above his head . The government claimed the loan had been approved by show of hands . The loan agreement was a heavy defeat for Russian and French diplomacy , whose attention was also diverted by the July Crisis surrounding the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . At this point , it did not yield a firm commitment by Tsar Ferdinand and Bulgaria to the cause of the Central Powers . Bulgaria at the beginning of the First World war ( edit ) On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian - Serb student and member of Young Bosnia , assassinated the heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo , Bosnia . This began a period of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria - Hungary , Germany , Russia , France and Britain called the July Crisis . Wanting to end Serbian interference in Bosnia conclusively , Austria - Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia , a series of ten demands that were intentionally meant to be unacceptable in order to precipitate a war with Serbia . When Serbia acceded to only eight of the ten demands levied against it in the ultimatum , Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914 . Within days , the conflict spread to most of Europe and encompassed all of the major Great Powers . Many other European countries however , including Italy and Romania who had previously been affiliated with one of the major war alliances , preferred to stay neutral . Neutrality ( edit ) Immediately following the outbreak of hostilities , the Bulgarian tsar and prime minister decided to declare a policy of `` strict and loyal '' neutrality , a stance that was popular with both ruling and opposition parties . Radoslavov also realized that the lack of proper diplomatic preparation and support from some of the Great Powers had been a major cause for the Bulgarian defeat in 1913 , and he intended not to repeat the same mistakes . In order to adjust to the new reality of war , the government managed to pass a bill for the declaration of martial law and a bill for an internal loan of 50 million leva for the needs of the army . The news of Bulgarian neutrality was received well in Entente capitals , even if their approach towards the country differed . Initially , these powers thought the war would be short . Bulgaria was not given an important role in their plans , as its diplomatic isolation was viewed as weakness . Romania , with its large population and strategic position on the flank of Austria - Hungary , was reckoned a more attractive ally . This was especially the case in France , whose ambassador in Bucharest was heavily engaged in fighting German and Austrian influence in the country . Great Britain also hoped that a Romanian entry into the war on its side would force Bulgaria and even the Ottoman Empire to at least remain neutral , while Greece might brave itself to support Serbia openly . The mood in Saint Petersburg was far less optimistic , as the Russians were aware that the price tag of Romania 's entry into the war would include Bessarabia and also feared that its intervention would only extend the already huge Eastern Front . The initial reaction of the Central Powers to the declaration of neutrality was similar to that of the Entente . Germany and Austria - Hungary in particular were weighing the possibility of encouraging immediate Bulgarian intervention against Serbia , because the neutrality of Italy and Romania , countries that had been their allies prior to the outbreak of the war , was a major defeat for German and Austrian diplomacy . Radoslavov , who was generally pro-German , engaged in talks with the German and Austro - Hungarian ambassadors as early as July 1914 , but in the end he preferred to reaffirm Bulgaria 's neutrality . On other diplomatic fronts , the prime minister achieved greater results with the signing of a secret treaty between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire on 6 August 1914 . This was a mutual defense pact that would come into effect if either party was attacked by another Balkan power . Both countries pledged not to attack other Balkan countries without consultation with each other . In the absence of such consultation , the parties pledged benevolent neutrality in such a conflict . Bulgaria additionally agreed to notify the Ottoman Empire of any impending military mobilization . The treaty was kept in deep secrecy , and it remained unknown to most other powers ; Germany was made aware of its existence in December 1914 . When the Ottomans entered the war on the side of the Central Powers in October 1914 , Bulgaria reaffirmed its neutrality . Foreign diplomatic activity in Bulgaria ( edit ) The Contested and Uncontested Zone in Vardar Macedonia . German and Austro - Hungarian diplomacy began probing the Bulgarian government 's intentions immediately following the initial declaration of neutrality . Both presented Tsar Ferdinand with a draft of a military agreement between the Central Powers and Bulgaria . The German ambassador Michahelles also initiated negotiations for a military agreement with Prime Minister Radoslavov in August 1914 . These steps did not lead to any concrete commitments by the Bulgarian government , which realized the country was not yet ready for a war . The Austrian defeat in the Battle of Cer in Serbia also undermined the attempts of Austria - Hungary to secure Bulgaria openly on its side . In early September 1914 , Bulgaria was visited by Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg as a personal representative of Kaiser Wilhelm II , but he also failed to sway the firm position of the Bulgarian government . The Entente diplomacy did not sit idly by , either . The Russian government was still trying to build a new Balkan League that would include Serbia , Montenegro and Bulgaria . On 31 July , Sazonov asked the Serbian government to determine what territory it would be willing to give to Bulgaria in exchange for its neutrality or military cooperation , but instead received no reaction from the Serbian prime minister . A few days later , Sazonov suggested that Serbia should cede parts of the uncontested zone to gain Bulgaria for the war with Austria - Hungary and eventually cede the entire zone if the war ended in favor of the Entente . Though the Serbians were not willing to antagonize their Russian patrons , they decided not to yield . Serbian policy on this matter was not led by ethnographic motives , but by a geopolitical theory that held that the dominant position in the Balkan Peninsula would be held by the country that controlled the valleys of the rivers Morava and Vardar . Thus the Serbians preferred to face the Austro - Hungarians on their own in exchange for a benevolent Bulgarian neutrality for which they offered to cede about a quarter of the uncontested zone , but keep total control of the Vardar . This however did not deter Sazonov from ordering Savinsky to offer vague territorial acquisitions to Ferdinand and Radoslavov in exchange for their cooperation . The Russians were also restrained in their activity due to their allies , especially France , which preferred the cooperation of Romania rather than Bulgaria . Fresh diplomatic initiatives from France were expected following the appointment on 26 August 1914 of Théophile Delcassé , a diplomat with extensive experience regarding Balkan matters , as French foreign minister . French diplomacy , like Russian diplomacy , also toyed with the idea of a new Balkan League directed against the Ottoman and believed that Bulgaria could be offered Eastern Thrace up to the Midia - Enos line . Still , its prestige and influence were greatly reduced in Bulgaria , due to France 's behavior during the Balkan Wars . This forced the French to admit the leading role of Russia in all attempts of gaining Bulgarian support and limit themselves with cautious support of Russian proposals . The British government thought it best to avoid any complications in the Balkans . The feeling was that a Balkan alliance of neutral countries was better suited to its interests , which conflicted with Russian ideas of Bulgarian military support in exchange for territorial concessions by it neighbors . Great Britain was thus unwilling to pressure Bulgaria 's neighbors to satisfy Bulgarian territorial demands . In order to further Entente ideas of a Balkan League , the British government dispatched the Liberal MPs Noel and Charles Buxton to meet unofficially with leading Bulgarian statesmen . When they arrived in Bulgaria , the brothers were greeted warmly and first met in September with Tsar Ferdinand , Prime Minister Radoslavov and minister Tonchev , from whom they received firm assurances of Bulgaria 's strict neutrality . After that , they turned their attention to the Bulgarian opposition leaders and met with Aleksandar Stamboliyski , Ivan Geshov , Yanko Sakazov and others . During their stay in the country , the Buxtons found the Bulgarians , even the pro-Entente ones , to be very cautious when it came to aligning the country to Britain . The unofficial character of the visit also made it look like it was a private enterprise rather than one backed by serious British intentions . The brothers however continued their work in Bulgaria and advocated a declaration by the Entente powers promising support for Bulgaria 's claim to the uncontested zone of Macedonia in return for its benevolent neutrality towards Romania and Serbia . Despite having the support of all Allied representatives in Sofia , the Buxtons were unable to impress the British Prime Minister H.H. Asquith , who considered it out of the question to force Serbia to cede land . Shortly after Noel Buxton was shot and seriously wounded by a Turkish assassin while visiting Bucharest , he and his brother were forced to cease their diplomatic activities temporarily . In October 1914 , the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers considerably altered the political and military situation in the Balkans . Radoslavov realized that Bulgaria 's value as a potential ally of either of the warring sides had now increased substantially due to its strategic geographic position and considerable military potential . The new status quo also increased the bargaining power of Germany and Austria - Hungary in the remaining neutral Balkan capitals , but it did not enhance the Entente 's cause in its negotiations with Bulgaria . All the Allies could do was hand a note to Radoslavov promising territorial gains in exchange of strict neutrality and further gains if Bulgaria joined the war against the Austro - Hungarian and Ottoman Empire . The Bulgarian prime minister could not accept such a vague offer in the face of continuous determination by Serbia not to cede lands to Bulgaria . On 9 December , the Allies , who realized their previous mistake , handed a new declaration promising Bulgaria Ottoman Eastern Thrace up to the Midia - Enos line and `` fair '' territorial gains in Macedonia in exchange for its neutrality . Radoslavov again refused to make any commitments and confirmed his intention to keep Bulgaria on the already established course . The end of neutrality ( edit ) As 1914 came to an end , Bulgaria remained on the sidelines of World War I. Popular opinion lacked enthusiasm for entering the conflict and supported the country 's stance of neutrality . At this point , Prime Minister Radoslavov adopted a `` wait and see '' policy while at the same time he successfully probed the abilities of the warring alliances to satisfy Bulgarian territorial ambitions . A final commitment could be made only when one of the sides had gained a decisive military advantage and had firmly guaranteed the fulfillment of Bulgarian national ideals . On the battlefields far from Bulgaria , the war had entered a long period of stalemate with no side appearing to gain the upper hand . On the Western Front in February 1915 , the French failed to break the German lines at the First Battle of Champagne , while further attempts at the Second Battle of Artois during May also came to an unsuccessful conclusion . The Germans had decided to focus their efforts on the Eastern Front , where they had considerable success against the Russians in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in February 1915 , but their gains were largely negated at the Siege of Przemyśl in March . The Germans and Austrians then undertook new counterattacks to restore their positions . Finally , in May 1915 , Italy entered the war on the side of the Entente . Under these circumstances , the military and political value of the neutral Balkan countries increased significantly . The military successes of each warring side were often a major asset in their diplomatic courtship of Bulgaria . Thus when Przemyśl fell and the Anglo - French landed in the Dardanelles , Radoslavov expressed greater interest in negotiations with the Entente . The leading role of Britain in the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 made it a natural driving force behind the revival of Entente attempts to acquire Bulgaria as an ally . The British realized that the key to winning Bulgaria was in Vardar Macedonia , and they suggested to Sazonov that Serbia should be prepared to cede the uncontested zone in exchange for Austrian territory . The Russian foreign minister decided to stand behind this proposition , even though he found it rather vague , as long as it could turn Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire . Serbia however remained adamant and Crown Prince George of Serbia even declared that the country would rather give up Bosnia than hand over Vardar Macedonia to Bulgaria . At the same time , Germany hoped in vain to use the payment of a 150 million installment of the 1914 loan as means of exerting influence on the Bulgarian government , and Radoslavov turned his attention in an unexpected direction by sending Genadiev to Rome . The purpose of this move was unclear to foreign observers and speculations soon arose that Radoslavov was only trying to remove a potent contender for his post . Whatever the reason , Genadiev became convinced that Italy was preparing to throw in its lot with the Entente during his two - month stay in the Italian capital . Radoslavov was not pleased by this news and thought that his coalition partner might undermine the ruling government coalition had he read the report on his foreign visit to the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria . To prevent this , the prime minister made sure that Genadiev would not be able to share his impressions with his colleagues , and most ministers were left completely unaware of his report . The foreign minister 's prediction about Italy entering the war on the side of the Entent became reality in May 1915 , but it also presented an unforeseen complication for the Allied diplomacy as Italy and Serbia both had claims in Dalmatia , which made the latter even more uncompromising when asked to make concession to Bulgaria . On 29 May , not long after Italy 's entry into the war , the Allied representatives in Sofia independently presented an identical note proposing an alliance in exchange for Bulgaria 's immediate attack on the Ottoman Empire . In return , Bulgaria would receive Eastern Thrace to the Enos - Midia line and the uncontested zone in Macedonia . Bulgaria could occupy Thrace at its earliest convenience , and the gains in Macedonia were contingent upon Serbia receiving land in Bosnia and an outlet on the Adriatic coast . The Allies also promised substantial financial assistance and full support in pressuring Greece to cede Kavalla , whereas Romania was to return Southern Dobrudja . In many respects , this proposal represented a turning point in the relationship between the Entente and Bulgaria as it offered for the first time a reward close to satisfying all Bulgarian demands . The Allied proposals however had been coordinated with neither Serbia nor Greece and provoked fierce protests from those countries . Naturally this left the Bulgarians with serious doubts about Allied intentions . Radoslavov 's reply was received only on 15 June and although friendly , it asked for further clarifications and no commitments at all . In addition , the changing military situation also affected Bulgarian opinions as Italy 's entry into the war failed to break Austria - Hungary , the Russians suffered reverses in Galicia and the Allied landings in the Dardanelles proved less successful than expected . The Central Powers were aware of the Allied overtures to Bulgaria and only a few days before the Allied proposal of 29 May came up with an offer of their own . The Austrian and Germans would guarantee both the contested and uncontested zones of Macedonia in exchange for Bulgarian neutrality and if a war with Greece and Romania resulted , then Bulgaria could expect the lands that it had lost in 1913 . Tsar Ferdinand issued a speedy reply , but at this point he too preferred not to commit the country to the war . The Allies struggled to give a unified reply to Radoslavov 's questions as their positions began to diverge . Britain 's foreign minister Edward Grey had doubts about the true Bulgarian intentions and wished to scale down the promises made to Bulgaria . His views , however , were met with disapproval even in his own cabinet ; David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill thought that a high price , mostly at Greek expense , was worth paying . France and Russia feared that Grey 's ideas might push Ferdinand and Radoslavov further away and also disagreed . Unlike their British colleague , both Sazanov and Delcassé were also willing to exert greater pressure on Greece to make appropriate concessions in exchange for future compensations in Asia Minor . The Russians wanted to put a time limit for Bulgarian acceptance , because its military intervention would be most useful before the autumn mud put an end to the heavy fighting on the Eastern Front . As the spring of 1915 passed , the Allies missed the most promising opportunity of winning Bulgaria for their cause . `` The Bulgarian summer '' of 1915 ( edit ) Tsar Ferdinand in a general 's uniform . The summer months of 1915 saw a decisive clash between the diplomacy of the Entente and the Central Powers . Marcel Dunan , a young French historian , reporter for the French press and witness of the critical events , summarized the importance of this period for the entire course of the war by simply naming it the `` Bulgarian Summer '' of 1915 . Bulgaria 's strategic geographic position and strong army now more than ever could provide a decisive advantage to the side that managed to win its support . For the Allies , Bulgaria could provide needed support to Serbia , shore up Russia 's defenses , and effectively neutralize the Ottoman Empire , while it could ensure the defeat of Serbia for the Central Powers , cut off Russia from its allies and open the way to Constantinople , thus securing the continuous Ottoman war effort . Both sides had promised more or less the fulfillment of Bulgaria 's national aspirations , and the only problem facing the Bulgarian prime minister was how to secure maximum gains in exchange for minimum commitments . During this time , many Entente and Central Powers dignitaries were sent to Sofia in an effort to secure Bulgaria 's friendship and support . Allied representatives met with the leaders of the Bulgarian opposition parties and also provided generous financial support for opposition newspapers ; they even attempted to bribe high - ranking government officials . Germany and Austria - Hungary were not willing to remain on the sidelines and dispatched to Bulgaria Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg , the former ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim and Prince Hohenlohe , who openly declared that after the defeat of Serbia , Bulgaria would assume hegemony of the Balkans . What seized Bulgarian interest the most was indeed the balance of military power . The situation on the major European fronts was at that time developing markedly in favor of the Central Powers , and while the Allied operation in Gallipoli turned into a costly stalemate , the Russians were being driven out of Galicia and Poland . Under these circumstances . the Central Powers were hoping to secure Bulgaria at last . Still , it took Entente diplomacy more than a month to give an answer to Radoslavov 's questions and the reply proved far from satisfactory . In reality , it hardly differed from the offer the Allies presented in May . Once again the promises lacked a clear guarantee that Serbia would cede the desired lands and there was not even a mention of Southern Dobrudja . In the eyes of the Bulgarians , this was a manifestation of Entente helplessness in the face of the conflicting ambitions of its smaller Balkan allies . The diplomatic positions of the Central Powers in Sofia were strengthened immensely , forcing the Bulgarian tsar and prime minister to assume a course towards a final alignment of the country to the side of the Central Powers . In August , a Bulgarian military mission led by Colonel Petar Ganchev , a former military attaché in Berlin , was dispatched to Germany to work out the details for a military convention . Almost at the same time , the Minister of War Lieutenant General Ivan Fichev resigned and was replaced as minister by the pro-German Major General Nikola Zhekov . Radoslavov also entered into talks with the Ottoman Empire , trying to gain concessions in exchange for Bulgarian benevolent neutrality . In this situation , Germany , unlike the Allies , was able to persuade its ally at least to consider seriously the notion of ceding some land to gain Bulgarian support . Still , the Ottomans were willing to conclude the deal only after Bulgaria entered into an agreement with the Central Powers . Throughout the month of August , the Allied diplomatic activity grew more incoherent . British and French diplomats began to realize that in the face of the stubborn Serbian and Greek refusals of any immediate concessions that the best they could hope for was to keep Bulgaria neutral . In the face of its diplomatic failure , the Entente even resorted to more unusual means of keeping Bulgaria on the side lines . The Allies and their Bulgarian political sympathizers attempted to buy out the country 's grain harvest and create a food crisis . This affair was revealed to the Bulgarian government , and the perpetrators were arrested . Entente diplomats continued to pressure the Serbian government , finally forcing it to assume a more yielding attitude . On 1 September 1915 , the Serbian prime minister agreed to cede about half of the uncontested zone , but he demanded that Serbia should keep most of the land to the west of the Vardar , including the towns of Prilep , Ohrid and Veles . In return for these territorial concessions , the Allied Powers had to allow Serbia to absorb Croatia and Slovenia and demand Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman Empire . The Serbian offer was unacceptable , and most of its demands were rejected . At the same time , the Entente was unaware that the negotiations between Bulgaria and the Central Powers had reached a critical phase . Bulgaria enters the war ( edit ) Serbian territories guaranteed to Bulgaria with the Treaty of Amity and Alliance On 6 September 1915 , Bulgaria formalized its affiliation with the Central Powers by concluding three separate documents of political and military character . The first document was signed by Prime Minister Radoslavov and the German ambassador Michaheles in Sofia : the Treaty of Amity and Alliance between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the German Empire . It consisted of five articles that were to remain in force for five years . According to the treaty , each of the contracting sides agreed not to enter an alliance or agreement directed against the other . Germany was obliged to protect Bulgarian political independence and territorial integrity against all attack that could result without provocation on the side of the Bulgarian government . In exchange , Bulgaria was obligated to take action against any of its neighboring states if they attacked Germany . Bulgarian reservists at the train station in Sofia , boarding for the front . The second important document was a secret annex to the Treaty of Alliance . It specified the territorial acquisitions that Germany guaranteed to Bulgaria : the whole of Vardar Macedonia , including the so - called contested and uncontested zones , plus the part of Old Serbia to the east of the Morava river . In case Romania or Greece attacked Bulgaria or its allies without provocation , Germany would agree to Bulgarian annexation of the lands lost to these countries by the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913 , and to a rectification of the Bulgarian - Romanian border as delimited by the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 . In addition , Germany and Austria - Hungary guaranteed the Bulgarian government a war loan of 200,000,000 francs and in case the war lasted longer than four months , they guaranteed an additional supplementary loan . The third documented was concluded at the German Eastern military headquarters in Pless by the Chief of the German General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn , the Chief of the Austro - Hungarian General Staff Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf and the delegate of the Bulgarian government , Colonel Peter Ganchev . It was a military convention detailing the plan for the final defeat and conquest of Serbia . Germany and Austria - Hungary were obliged to act against Serbia within thirty days of the signing of the convention , while Bulgaria had to do the same within 35 days of that date . Germany and Austria - Hungary were to field at least six infantry divisions for the attack , and Bulgaria at least four infantry divisions according to their established tables and organization . All these forces were to be placed under the command of Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen , whose task was `` to fight the Serbian Army wherever he finds it and to open and insure as soon as possible a land connection between Hungary and Bulgaria '' . Germany also pledged to assist with whatever war materiel that Bulgaria needed , unless it harmed Germany 's own needs . Bulgaria was to mobilize the four divisions within 15 days of the signing of the convention and furnish at least one more division ( outside of Mackensen 's command and forces ) that was to occupy Vardar Macedonia . Bulgaria also pledged to keep strict neutrality against Greece and Romania for the duration of the war operations against Serbia , as long as the two countries remained neutral themselves . The Ottoman Empire was given the right to adhere to all points of the military convention and Falkenhayn was to open immediate negotiations with its representatives . For its part , Bulgaria agreed to give full passage to all materials and soldiers sent from Germany and Austria - Hungary to the Ottoman Empire as soon as a connection through Serbia , the Danube or Romania had been opened . On the same day , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire concluded a separate agreement that granted Bulgaria the possession of the remaining Ottoman lands west of the river Maritsa , including a 2 - kilometer stretch on its eastern bank that ran along the entire length of the river . This placed the railway to the Aegean port of Dedeagach and some 2,587 square kilometers ( 999 square miles ) under Bulgarian control . The Allies were unaware of the treaty between Bulgaria and Germany and on September 13 made a new attempt to gain Bulgarian support by offering the occupation of the uncontested zone by Allied troops as a guarantee that Bulgaria would receive it after it had attacked the Ottoman Empire . This offer , however , was a sign of desperation and even the British foreign minister considered it inadequate . Radoslavov decided to play along and asked for further clarification . On September 22 , Bulgaria declared general mobilization and Radoslavov stated that country would assume a state of `` armed neutrality '' that its neighbors should not perceive as a threat . This event was indicative of Bulgarian intentions and prompted the Serbians to ask the Entente to support them in a pre-emptive strike on Bulgaria . The Allies were not yet ready to help Serbia in a military way and refused , focusing their efforts instead on finding ways to delay as much as possible the seemingly imminent Bulgarian attack . Sazonov , angered by this `` Bulgarian betrayal , '' insisted that a clear ultimatum should be issued to the Balkan country . The French and the British resisted at first but eventually fell in line with the Russians and on 4 October , the Entente presented an ultimatum demanding all German officers attached to the Bulgarian army be sent back to home within 24 hours . On the previous day , a small Allied force had landed in Salonika . Radoslavov did not reply and on 5 October the Allied representatives asked for their passports and left Sofia . On 14 October , Bulgaria declared war on Serbia and the Bulgarian Army invaded Serbian territory . British Prime Minister H.H. Asquith concluded that `` one of the most important chapters in the history of diplomacy '' had ended . He blamed this heavy Allied diplomatic defeat on Russia and most of all on Serbia and its `` obstinacy and cupidity . '' In military terms , Bulgaria 's involvement also made the position of the Allies in Gallipoli untenable . The Bulgarian Army ( edit ) Organization and state of the Army ( edit ) The demobilization of the Bulgarian Army following the formal end of the Second Balkan War took place under the difficult conditions created by the Ottoman military threat hanging over Southern Bulgaria and the Romanian occupation of Northern Bulgaria . Many of the divisions had to be brought down to their usual peace strength and re-deployed to cover the Ottoman border . It was only after the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople that the army was able to complete the process of its demobilization and assume its peace - time organization . The old nine regular infantry divisions were returned to their garrison areas ; the 10th Aegean Division , that had been formed in the First Balkan War , was settled in the newly acquired territories in the Rhodope Mountains and Western Thrace ; the 11th Infantry Division was reduced to minimal size and reformed into a cadre division used for the training of new recruits . On 8 December the demobilization was completed and the peace - time army now comprised 66,887 men , out of whom 36,976 were in the interior of Bulgaria and 27,813 in the new territories . In peacetime , the Bulgarian Land Forces consisted of three armies , ten infantry divisions , forty infantry regiments , nineteen artillery regiments , eleven cavalry regiments , five battalions of engineers , one railway battalion , one telegraph battalion and one technical battalion . These forces retained the territorial organization established prior to the First Balkan War . The country was divided in three army inspectorates , ten Division districts and forty Regiment districts . During wartime , the staff of each of these administrative units formed the headquarters and staff of a separate army , division and regiment . All male Bulgarian subjects were eligible to serve in the army when they reached the age of 20 . At that age , they were conscripted for a period of two years in the infantry and three years in other branches of the Active ( Standing ) Army . Following this period , a person was enrolled for another 18 years in the infantry or 16 years in other branches of the Active Army Reserve . This Reserve was the heart of the army , as it encompassed the bulk of the available manpower and reached a size of 374,613 men by the end of 1914 . Finally , the men between 40 and 48 years served in the National Militia ( Narodno Opalchenie ) which was divided in two `` Ban 's . '' Initially , the First Ban was composed of men 41 to 44 years old and the Second Ban was composed of men 45 to 48 old . Around 1914 , due to the experience of the Balkan Wars , the men between 45 and 46 years old that belonged to the Second Ban were formed into separate Etappe Troops . By early 1915 , the Bulgarian Army could rely altogether on some 577,625 trained men aged 20 to 48 . A special inquiry also determined that another 231,572 men were eligible for military service but had not received their training . Many of those were called up and received training in 1915 . A Mannlicher M95 magazine rifle . The principal firearm used by the Bulgarian infantry since the end of the 19th century was the Mannlicher magazine rifle , notably the M95 model but also the 1888 and 1890 models . Other rifles in use by the army include the Mosin -- Nagant 1891 model , the Berdan II and a number of Mauser rifles captured from the Ottomans during the First Balkan War . Officers were armed with a variety of pistols and revolvers , including the Parabellum 1908 and Smith & Wesson . Since 1908 , the infantry was also armed with the heavy Maxim machine gun . The Bulgarian cavalry was armed with sabers for close combat and with the Mannlicher M. 1890 carbine . The Balkan Wars had revealed that horse - breeding in Bulgaria was not developed enough to satisfy the wartime requirements of the army , and in order to compensate for the deficiency of strong cavalry and artillery horses by October 1915 , the authorities imported about 300 animals . Available infantry weaponry in September 1915 Weapon system Quantity Ammunition stock Ammunition per single weapon Mannlicher rifles 251,713 150,810,600 600 Mannlicher carbines 9,513 1,781,800 187 Mosin -- Nagant rifles 46,056 42,750,000 928 Berdan rifles 54,912 27,757,340 500 Mauser rifles 12,918 11,188,000 860 Martini - Mauser rifles 3,614 900,000 250 Captured Serbian rifles 995 86,000 86 Krnka rifles 12,800 1,224,000 95 Parabellum 1908 pistols 3,957 273,000 69 Smith & Wesson revolvers 1,112 105,320 94 Maxim machine guns 248 10,667,763 43,000 Sabres 19,000 - - A horse drawn Schneider 75mm cannon . In 1915 , the Bulgarian Army had 428 quick - firing 75 mm field guns . The artillery consisted of various field , mountain and fortress guns , most of it produced by the two world - leading manufacturers Schneider and Krupp . During the Second Balkan War , the Bulgarian army had lost a sizable quantity of its artillery , but by 1915 the country managed to recover its loses and even increase the number of available guns , so that by October 1915 , the artillery park consisted of 1,211 pieces , of which 418 were not quick - firing guns . The ammunition for the artillery was however in short supply , and the lack of any large home - based manufacturing capability left the army with only about 500 shells per gun , enough to satisfy the artillery 's needs for about two months . Bulgaria possessed a small naval force of torpedo gunboats and patrol boats that were restricted to operating only in the coastal areas of the Black Sea and along the river Danube . Following the Second Balkan War , the country acquired an outlet on the Aegean Sea , and in January 1915 the `` Aegean '' Section of the Bulgarian Navy was created by a royal decree . Initially , only 78 soldiers were assigned to the small force and were given a task to observe and defend the coastline by laying naval mines . These activities were centered on the ports of Porto Lagos and Dedeagach , but the true development of the facilities there was hampered by financial difficulties . The Bulgarian air force had gained some experience during the First Balkan War , but its development was halted following the defeat in the Second Balkan War . The airplane and balloon sections were reduced to two companies and made part of a technical battalion that was attached to the army 's engineers . The airplane section , which included 5 functional aircraft and 124 men ( including 8 pilots ) , was stationed on an airfield outside of Sofia . Despite the difficult conditions , the command took measures to improve the material and personnel situation of the air troops by building a special repair workshop and opening a specialized school for the training of pilots , observers and technicians . Bulgaria 's hostile neighbors practically isolated it from the big airplane manufacturers and prevented it from receiving new aircraft . Under these circumstances , an alternative had to be provided by a few Bulgarian air enthusiasts who attempted to build a fully functional Bulgarian airplane . In the summer of 1915 , Assen Jordanoff was the first to succeed in this task by designing and building the first Bulgarian - made airplane , which was latter named Diplane Yordanov - 1 . Still , in September 1915 , the airplane section had only two German - made Albatros B.I , two French - made Blériot IX - 2 and one Blériot IX - bis . They were however joined by three German Fokker - Е80Е - III and their German crew , whose task was to defend Sofia from any attacks . It was only after Bulgaria entered the war that the air force was able to receive new aircraft . 1915 also saw the birth of the anti-aircraft component of the Bulgarian armed forces . The first such specialized formation was a mixed battery of six guns ( 2 quick - firing 75 mm Krupp guns and 4 not quick - firing 87 mm Krupp guns ) , seven machine guns ( five Madsen and two Hotchkiss ) , which was deployed around Sofia . Mobilization ( edit ) Main article : Mobilization of the Bulgarian Army in 1915 Departure of mobilized Bulgarian soldiers . The decree for general mobilization of the Bulgarian Army was issued by the Bulgarian government on 22 September 1915 , but as this happened late in the evening , the orders reached the local authorities only on the next day . Around this time the total surface area of the kingdom was 114,424 square kilometers and its population stood at 4,930,151 people , out of whom 2,484,122 were males . The mobilization was carried out behind the established schedule because the nature of Colonel Ganchev 's mission to Germany was held in great secrecy to the last moment , even from the Bulgarian General Staff , which was left out of the negotiations completely . The whole mobilization period , which lasted for 17 or 18 days , was accompanied with some difficulties of material character due to the insufficient quantities of uniforms , horses and carts . Even though there was no serious manpower shortage , the absence of the enthusiasm demonstrated during the mobilization prior the First Balkan War was visible . By the beginning of October , the total number of mobilized personnel reached 616,680 men , which represented over 12 percent of the population and almost a quarter of the male inhabitants of the country . Instead of the five divisions required by the military convention , Bulgaria mobilized 11 infantry and one cavalry division as well as numerous auxiliary and militia units . Most of these forces were deployed in three field armies , two of which concentrated on the Serbian border and one on the Romanian border . The Bulgarian constitution designated the monarch as commander - in - chief of the Bulgarian armed forces in time of peace and in time war . In practice , however , the Bulgarian tsar could delegate this function in wartime by granting all the powers of the commander - in - chief to a different person . During the First Balkan War , Tsar Ferdinand had remained acting supreme commander , but his lack of military education an experience forced him to rely heavily on his assistant commander - in - chief Lieutenant General Mihail Savov . The commander in chief of the Bulgarian Army Nikola Zhekov . The experience of the Balkan Wars convinced the tsar in 1915 to delegate the title and its powers entirely to a different person . Out of the few appropriate candidates that were available , Ferdinand chose the pro-German Minister of War Major General Nikola Zhekov . The powers of the commander - in - chief were not regulated by law and even from the beginning , this caused some friction with the government . In his new role , General Zhekov exercised direct control over all forces except those that remained in the interior of the country , which were placed under the command of the new Minister of War Major General Kalin Naydenov . At the same time , Major General Konstantin Zhostov succeeded Lieutenant General Kliment Boyadzhiev , who was appointed commander of the 1st Army as Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff . The military convention between Bulgaria and the Central Powers laid down the general plan for its campaign against the Kingdom of Serbia . It severely limited the control of the Bulgarian High Command over the Bulgarian 1st Army , which was designated part of a combined German , Bulgarian and Austro - Hungarian force commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen . He had recently led the German and Austro - Hungarian armies in the highly successful and victorious Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive of the Central Powers against the Russian army on the Eastern Front . His army group was created specifically to wage war against the Serbian army in the pre-1913 borders of the country ( `` Old Serbia '' ) , to defeat it wherever it found it and to open the land route between Hungary and Bulgaria . As commander , Mackensen acted independently and received his directives only from the German High Command . However , the field marshal 's orders to his Bulgarian forces had to be relayed to the commander of the 1st Army by the Bulgarian General Staff , which left room for the latter to intervene when needed . According to the convention , the Bulgarian commander - in - chief retained full and direct control over the Bulgarian 2nd Army and its operations in Vardar Macedonia . Bulgaria at war ( edit ) Military operations ( edit ) Manifesto of the Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I , declaring war against Serbia Conquest of Serbia ( edit ) Main article : Serbian Campaign ( WWI ) The general mobilization of the Bulgarian Army caused great concern in Serbia , but its military leaders were quick to respond by drafting a plan to deter Bulgaria from entering into the war . The build - up of Serbian forces along the Bulgarian border peaked by the first week of October 1915 , when 145 battalions , 25 squadrons and 316 guns were concentrated and prepared for operations against Bulgaria . These forces represented half the entire Serbian Army of 288 battalions , 40 squadrons and 678 guns . The plan relied heavily on the support of the Allies , from whom the Serbians expected to draw another 150,000 men for the defense of Vardar Macedonia . The Serbian government pressed this issue before the governments of the major Entente powers , but was not able to negotiate any commitment on their part . France , Britain and Russia were unable and unwilling to dispatch large numbers of troops , and instead felt that Greece , which had a defensive treaty with Serbia , should act in case of a Bulgarian attack . Allied inactivity allowed the Central Powers to continue their preparations for the offensive undisturbed . By early October , however , the Austro - Hungarians were unable to furnish the required minimum of 6 divisions for the attack , so the Germans had to step in with additional forces . The forces , under the overall command of Field Marshal Mackensen , were deployed in the German 11th Army , with 7 German divisions led by General Max von Gallwitz , and the Austro - Hungarian 3rd Army , with 4 Austro - Hungarian and 3 German divisions led by General Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza . On 6 October 1915 , Mackensen opened the offensive , as scheduled , with a powerful artillery barrage along the Sava -- Danube front and on the next day , the main body of his forces crossed the rivers . According to the convention , Bulgaria was obliged to move against Serbia within five days of the German and Austo - Hungarian attack , but owing to a delay in the concentration of some of the forces needed , the schedule could not be kept . The Serbians were surprised by Bulgarian inactivity and were forced to begin shifting part of their forces from the Bulgarian border to face the Germans and Austro - Hungarians to the north , which eventually allowed their eastern neighbors to finish their preparations undisturbed . The Bulgarians deployed two field armies with a combined strength of almost 300,000 men . The Bulgarian 1st Army had a ration strength of 195,820 men . The 2nd Army , which remained under the direct control of the Bulgarian commander - in - chief , consisted of two infantry and one cavalry division under the command of Lieutenant General Georgi Todorov . The two armies were to operate against Old Serbia and Vardar Macedonia on a front stretching over 300 kilometers . On 14 October , with most of the preparations completed , Bulgaria finally declared war on Serbia and officially entered the First World War . Around this time , the Germans and Austro - Hungarians had penetrated into Serbia on a front that was 140 kilometers in length and 15 kilometers in depth . In order to close the 90 - kilometer gap between the flanks of the German 11th Army and the Bulgarian 1st Army , Mackensen ordered the latter to invade the valley of the river Morava and take Niš and Aleksinac . In accordance with this order , the Bulgarians attacked along the entire front of their 1st Army , quickly driving out the Serbian units and taking control of the border area . A World War I postcard depicting the meeting of Bulgarian and Hungarian troops at Kladovo Following this easy success , the speed of the advance was much reduced due to the bad weather , which turned roads into mud , and a dense fog that sometimes limited visibility to 50 meters . In addition , the stiffening Serbian resistance and the mountainous character of the area caused the flanks of the 1st Army to halt before the fortresses of Pirot and Zaječar that were only 15 kilometers from the border . A breakthrough in the centre of the front forced the Serbians to retreat , and the two towns were occupied on 26 October . Despite its smaller size , the Bulgarian 2nd Army achieved much greater success and completed its first objective as early as 16 October by taking the town of Vranje and severing all railway communications between Serbia and Vardar Macedonia . A small part of the army was then directed in the direction of Niš with the idea of assisting the 1st Army and cutting off the Serbian retreat routes . The remaining units advanced further west , reaching Veles and Kumanovo on 20 October . During the fighting around Veles , other Bulgarian troops located around Krivolak and Strumitsa for the first time met French forces that were finally advancing north in an attempt to aid the Serbians ( See : Battle of Krivolak ) . The appearance of this new threat to the south forced the Bulgarian High Command to prepare the transportation of two more infantry divisions to Macedonia and divide the 2nd Army in two groups : a northern group operating against the Serbians and a southern group operating against the Allies . On 22 October , following a brief confrontation between Serbian and Bulgarian forces , the town of Skopje was taken , and a detachment was sent to occupy the Kacanik pass and block the Serbian retreat . The rapid advance of the Bulgarian 2nd Army created favorable conditions for the encirclement of the entire Serbian Army fighting in Old Serbia . The Bulgarian High Command decided to focus this objective and ordered the forces operating against the Allies to the south to assume defensive positions . Bulgarian military operations during the Serbian Campaign The exploits of the Bulgarian 2nd Army in Macedonia convinced the Serbians that the danger of complete encirclement was high and forced them to begin withdrawing their forces to Kosovo while offering stiff resistance to Army Group Mackensen . On 1 November , Kragujevac fell to the Germans , who began pursuing their opponents down the river Great Morava . Mackensen ordered his forces to `` push the main body of the Serbian Army back and decisively beat it in the interior of Serbia '' . In accordance , the Bulgarian 1st Army continued its advance and captured the Niš , the war - time capital of Serbia , taking around 5,000 prisoners on 5 November . On the same day , the flanks of the German 11th Army and the Bulgarian 1st Army joined in a single line , closing the gap between them . Thus the main objectives of the Bulgarian Morava Offensive were completed , but more importantly , the main objective of the entire campaign was also completed and the land route from Austria - Hungary to Bulgaria was opened permanently . The Serbian Army was now retreating and concentrating on the Kosovo plain , where they hoped to make a stand and buy time either to breakthrough and join the Allies in Macedonia or escape an encirclement . Under these circumstances , the Bulgarian High Command and the headquarters of Army Group Mackensen agreed to pursue the retreating Serbians relentlessly , to cut their possible retreat routes and to undertake a decisive advance towards Pristina . The plan required the Bulgarian 1st Army to attack from the east , the reinforced Northern Operations Group of the Bulgarian 2nd Army from the south , parts of the German 11th army from the north and finally the main forces of the Austro - Hungarian 3rd Army from the northwest . The plan however did not take into account the swollen waters of the river Morava , which slowed down its crossing . As a result of this delay , the Serbians concentrated greater forces against the Bulgarian 2nd Army , which was the main obstacle sitting between them and the Allies , but also the greatest threat to their retreat routes leading to Albania . Thus , when the operation started , the Serbians were not only able to resist the 2nd Army , but also launch a desperate attempt to break through it at Kacanik and reach the Allies . They succeeded in doing so because of the slow advance of the Austro - German and Bulgarian forces from the north and east due to the bad weather , bad roads and overextended supply lines . Mackensen had even pulled back most of the 11th Army , leaving only two divisions in the first line , which greatly reduced the already weak will of the German forces to advance rapidly . Despite this , the exhausted Serbians were not able to break through the northern group of the 2nd Army and retreated . Bulgarian attempts to cut their retreat from the south were thwarted , and when the Bulgarian 1st Army and the German 11th Army took Pristina on 23 November , the Serbian High Command was able to order a general retreat of the entire army to Albania in order to avoid its complete destruction . The pursuit of the retreating opponent was left mostly to Bulgarian and Austro - Hungarian forces and on 29 November , the 3rd `` Balkan '' division took Prizren . Within days , the towns of Debar , Struga , Ohrid were also occupied . Finally , on 4 December , the Bulgarians entered Bitola . This marked the end of the operations against the Serbian Army , which continued its retreat through the Albanian mountains , and lost around 55,000 men in the process . Around 150,000 Serbian troops gathered in different Albanian ports and were evacuated by Allied ships to the island of Korfu . This beaten and demoralized force had lost practically all its equipment and had to be rebuilt from scratch . In November , while the decisive Serbian defeat unfolded , the French attempted to exert pressure on the Bulgarian 2nd Army , but were soon forced to halt their attempts to drive north . The forces of General Maurice Sarrail that consisted of three French and one British division dug in along an 80 - kilometer front from the river Cherna to Lake Doiran . With the fall of Pristina , Generail Sarrail realized that the Allies could no longer help the Serbians and decided to begin pulling back his forces to Salonika . The Bulgarian High Command shifted its focus to the Allies in Macedonia and decided that the time was right to go on the offensive . Several days were lost , however , in scouting , and it was only on 3 December that the 2nd army commenced a general advance . Nonetheless , the French were able to retreat in good order towards Salonika . They were soon followed by the British , who were defeated at the Battle of Kosturino . On 11 December , the Bulgarian divisions reached the Greek border , where they were ordered to halt and warned repeatedly not to cross . By the middle of December , the entire Kingdom of Serbia was occupied by the armies of the Central Powers and the Allies were pushed back to Salonika by the Bulgarians . Within two months of its entry into the war Bulgaria , achieved its main war goal : the conquest of Vardar Macedonia . For the duration of military operations against Serbia and the Entente in 1915 , the Bulgarian Army committed a total of around 424,375 men , while its casualties were held to around 37,000 men . By the end of 1915 , the Central Powers had established firm and unbroken control over a vast territory that stretched from the North Sea to Mesopotamia . They also drew great political and military dividends from the defeat and occupation of Serbia . Bulgaria conquered almost all the territory it desired , Germany gained unrestricted access to the natural resources of Ottoman Asia , the Ottomans received much needed German matériel assistance and Austria - Hungary secured its southern flank and could completely focus its attention on the Russian and Italian fronts . Establishment and development of the Macedonian Front during 1916 ( edit ) Main article : Macedonian Front ( World War I ) The Romanian campaign ( edit ) Main articles : Third Army ( Bulgaria ) and Romania during World War I 1917 -- Stalemate on the Macedonian Front ( edit ) 1918 -- end of the war ( edit ) In September 1918 the French , British , Italians , Serbs and Greeks broke through on the Macedonian Front during the Vardar Offensive and Tsar Ferdinand was forced to sue for peace . Under the terms of the Armistice of Salonica , Bulgarian troops had to evacuate all occupied Greek and Serbian territory ; agree to surrender all of its arms and weapons of war ; and the evacuation of all German and Austrian troops and Allied occupation of strategic points inside Bulgaria . With revolts occurring throughout the country , the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski was released from prison in hopes of quelling the discontent . In order to head off the revolutionaries , he persuaded Ferdinand to abdicate in favour of his son Boris III . The revolutionaries were suppressed and the army disbanded . The interwar years ( edit ) This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article , History_of_Bulgaria_ ( 1878 -- 1946 ) # The interwar years . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( August 2010 ) Under the Treaty of Neuilly , signed in November 1919 , Bulgaria lost its Aegean coastline to Greece and nearly all of its Macedonian territory to the new state of Yugoslavia . It also had to give Dobruja back to the Romanians ( see also Dobruja , Western Outlands , Western Thrace ) . Elections in March 1920 gave the Agrarians a large majority , and Stamboliyski formed Bulgaria 's next government . Stamboliyski faced huge social problems in what was still a poor country inhabited mostly by peasant smallholders . Bulgaria was saddled with huge war reparations to Yugoslavia and Romania , and it had to deal with the problem of Bulgarian refugees who had to leave Yugoslav Macedonia . Nevertheless , Stamboliyski was able to carry through many social reforms , despite opposition from the Tsar , the landlords and the army officers . Another bitter enemy was the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ( VMRO ) , which favoured a war to regain Macedonia for Bulgaria . Faced with this array of enemies , Stamboliyski allied himself with the Bulgarian Communist Party and opened relations with the Soviet Union . In March 1923 Stamboliyski , signed an agreement with Yugoslavia recognising the new border and agreeing to suppress VMRO . This triggered a nationalist reaction , and on June 9 there was a coup that led to the downfall and murder of Stamboliykski . A right - wing government under Aleksandar Tsankov took power , backed by the Tsar , the army and the VMRO , which waged a White Terror against the Agrarians and the Communists . The Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov fled to the Soviet Union . There was savage repression in 1925 following the second of two failed attempts on the Tsar 's life in the bomb attack on Sofia Cathedral ( the first attempt took place in the mountain pass of Arabakonak ) . But in 1926 , the Tsar persuaded Tsankov to resign and a more moderate government under Andrey Lyapchev took office . An amnesty was proclaimed , although the Communists remained banned . The Agrarians reorganised and won elections in 1931 under the leadership of Nikola Mushanov . Just when political stability had been restored , the full effects of the Great Depression hit Bulgaria , and social tensions rose again . In May 1934 there was another coup , the Agrarians were again suppressed , and an authoritarian regime headed by Kimon Georgiev established with the backing of Tsar Boris . In April 1935 , Boris took power himself , ruling through puppet Prime Ministers Georgi Kyoseivanov ( 1935 -- 40 ) and Bogdan Filov ( 1940 -- 43 ) . The Tsar 's regime banned all opposition parties and took Bulgaria into an alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . Although the signing of the Balkan Pact of 1938 restored good relations with Yugoslavia and Greece , the territorial issue continued to simmer . Images ( edit ) The territories ceded to Yugoslavia by Bulgaria according to the Treaty of Neuilly , 1920 . the nationalities in Northern Dobruja at the beginning of the 20th century . The Dobruja after 1878 . Western Thrace within Greece . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War I # Bulgaria Romania in World War I Serbia in World War I Greece during World War I Western Rumelia Eastern Rumelia Macedonia ( region ) In literature ( edit ) The story _̈ Kradetzat na praskovi _̈ ( English : `` The Thief of Peaches '' ) depicts the love story between a Bulgarian colonel 's wife and a Serbian prisoner of war . The First World War is so far best presented in that story by the late Emiliyan Stanev , one of the greatest Bulgarian writers . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 1996 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ ( Erickson 2001 , pp. 20 ) Jump up ^ ( Erickson 2001 , pp. 91 ) Jump up ^ Crampton , pg. 139 Jump up ^ Crampton , pg. 143 Jump up ^ Crampton , pg. 132 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pg. 132 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 43 , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Crampton , pg. 133 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 97 Jump up ^ Crampton , pg. 134 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 111 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 102 ^ Jump up to : Stavrinos pg. 539 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 123 -- 125 Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Michael Robert Marrus . The unwanted : European refugees from the First World War through the Cold War . Temple University Press , 2002 , pg. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Crampton . Bulgaria , Oxford history of modern Europe . Oxford University Press , 2007 , pg. 205 . Jump up ^ Hall , The Balkan Wars ... pp. 138 ^ Jump up to : Bulgarian Economy during the wars 1912 -- 1918 . ^ Jump up to : Lampre , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Панайотов , pg. 355 Jump up ^ Ганчев p. 369 Jump up ^ Crampton . Bulgaria , Oxford history of modern Europe . Oxford University Press , 2007 , pg. 203 . Jump up ^ Илчев , pp. 37 - 38 Jump up ^ Илчев , pp. 37 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hamilton , pp. 401 Jump up ^ Илчев , pp. 44 Jump up ^ Илчев , pp. 45 ^ Jump up to : Crampton , A concise history of Bulgaria pg. 137 ^ Jump up to : Илчев , pp. 46 Jump up ^ Илчев , pp. 52 Jump up ^ Crampton . Bulgaria , Oxford history of modern Europe . Oxford University Press , 2007 , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Crampton . Bulgaria , Oxford history of modern Europe . Oxford University Press , 2007 , pg. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Илчев , pp. 64 ^ Jump up to : ( Erickson 2001 , pp. 31 ) Jump up ^ Lalkov , Балканската политика на Австро - Унгария , 1983 . Sofia pp. 175 Jump up ^ Дерменджиева , pp. 235 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 76 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 79 Jump up ^ Roberts , pg , 222 Jump up ^ Roberts , pg , 223 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 94 Jump up ^ Дерменджиева , pp. 237 Jump up ^ Roberts , pg , 225 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 103 ^ Jump up to : Ганчев , pg , 362 Jump up ^ Hamilton , pp. 398 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 125 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 127 ^ Jump up to : Илчев , pg , 146 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg , 147 ^ Jump up to : Roberts , pg , 230 Jump up ^ Roberts , pg , 231 Jump up ^ Илчев , pp , 185 -- 186 Jump up ^ Dunan . L'été bulgare , notes d'un témoin - juil - let - Octobre 1915 ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ Yokell , pg , 61 Jump up ^ Илчев , pg. 194 ^ Jump up to : Roberts , pg , 233 ^ Jump up to : Илчев , pg. 210 ^ Jump up to : Yokell , pg , 87 ^ Jump up to : Илчев , pg. 205 Jump up ^ Yokell , pg , 82 ^ Jump up to : Yokell , pp 102 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Lutz , pp 745 -- 746 Jump up ^ Bulgarian infantry divisions were significantly larger than their German and Austrian counterparts . Jump up ^ Ганчев , pг , 364 ^ Jump up to : Илчев , pg. 207 Jump up ^ Roberts , pg 237 Jump up ^ Roberts , pg , 238 ^ Jump up to : Крапчански , pp , 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Крапчански , pg , 104 ^ Jump up to : Крапчански , pg 108 Jump up ^ Крапчански , pg 202 Jump up ^ History of the Bulgarian artillery between the wars 1913 -- 1915 Jump up ^ Крапчански , pg 109 ^ Jump up to : Prokopiev , pg , 109 ^ Jump up to : Nedyalkov , pg , 40 ^ Jump up to : Nedyalkov , pg , 41 Jump up ^ Ганчев , p. 370 Jump up ^ Крапчански p. 112 Jump up ^ Нойков p. 48 Jump up ^ Ганчев , pp , 374 -- 375 Jump up ^ Нойков p. 31 Jump up ^ Ганчев , pg 379 Jump up ^ Българската армия в Световната война , vol. II , pg. 14 ; Държавна печатница , София 1938 Jump up ^ Българската армия в Световната война , vol. II ( 1936 ) , pg. 14 Jump up ^ Българската армия в Световната война , vol. II ( 1936 ) , pg. 904 . Jump up ^ Hall . Balkan Breakthrough ... , pp , 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Ганчев , pg , 380 Jump up ^ Ганчев , pg , 388 Jump up ^ Нойков p. 60 Jump up ^ Българската армия в Световната война 1915 -- 1918 , Vol . III ( 1938 ) , pg. 652 Jump up ^ Ганчев , pg 390 Jump up ^ Нойков p. 64 Jump up ^ Нойков pp. 66 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : История первой мировой войны 1914 -- 1918 гг . Jump up ^ Ганчев , pg 401 Jump up ^ Hall . Balkan Breakthrough ... , pg 50 Jump up ^ Българската армия в Световната война 1915 -- 1918 , Vol . III ( 1938 ) , pg. 1146 -- During the campaign the Bulgarians reinforced their forces with three additional infantry divisions , or some 129,061 men . Jump up ^ Георги Бакалов , `` История на Българите : Военна история на българите от древността до наши дни '' , p. 463 References ( edit ) In English : Hall , Richard C. `` Bulgaria in the First World War , '' Historian , ( Summer 2011 ) 73 # 2 pp 300 -- 315 online Gilbert , Martin . The First World War , ( 2008 ) p. 468 Hall , Richard C. `` ' The Enemy is Behind Us ' : The Morale Crisis in the Bulgarian Army during the Summer of 1918 , '' War in History , ( April 2004 ) , 11 # 2 pp 209 -- 219 , Tucker , Spencer ( 1996 ) . The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 2 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . World War I : encyclopedia , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31516 - 9 . R.J. Crampton ( 2005 ) . A concise history of Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61637 - 9 . R.J. Crampton ( 1987 ) . A short history of modern Bulgaria . CUP Archive . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27323 - 7 . Hall , Richard C. ( 2000 ) . The Balkan Wars , 1912 -- 1913 : Prelude to the First World War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22946 - 4 . Stavrinos , Leften ( 2008 ) . The Balkans since 1453 . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 551 - 0 . Lampe , John ( 1986 ) . The Bulgarian economy in the twentieth century . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7099 - 1644 - 4 . Roberts , Keith ( 1994 ) . Politicians , diplomacy , and war in modern British history . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 111 - 8 . Hamilton , Richard ( 2003 ) . Origins of World War One . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81735 - 6 . Matthew , YOKELL ( 2010 ) . SOLD TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER ? AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DIPLOMACY REGARDING BULGARIA 'S ENTRY INTO WORLD WAR I. Richmond University . Lutz . Fall of the German Empire 1914 -- 1918 , Volume I. Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2380 - 0 . Hall , Richard ( 2010 ) . Balkan Breakthrough : The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35452 - 8 . In Bulgarian : В. , Крапчански ( 1961 ) . Кратък обзор на бойния състав , организацията , попълването и мобилизацията на българската армия от 1878 до 1944г . военно издателство , София . Панайотов , Филип ( 1999 ) . България в 20ти век . Алманах . Труд . ISBN 978 - 954 - 528 - 146 - 4 . Ганчев , Атанас . Войнитъ презъ Третото Българско Царство . Родна Мисълъ . Bulgarian Economy during the wars 1912 -- 1918 . Илчев , Иван ( 1990 ) . България и Антантата през Първата световна война . Наука и изкуство . Нойков , Стефан ( 1922 ) . Защо не победихме . Печатница на Армейския военно - издателския фонд , София . РУСИЯ И БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ НЕУТРАЛИТЕТ ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Т . Астарджиева Prokopiev , Anatlii . THE AEGEAN FORMATION OF BULGARIAN NAVY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR , ВИС кн. 1 , С. , 2004 г . Nedyalkov , Dimiter . BULGARIAN AVIATION IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR , ВИС кн. 4 , С. , 2005 г . Министерство на войната -- Щаб на армията . `` Българската армия в Световната война , vol. II . Войната срещу Сърбия през 1915 '' ; Държавна печатница , София 1936 Министерство на войната , Щаб на войската ( 1938 ) . Българската армия в Световната война 1915 -- 1918 , Vol . III . Държавна печатница , София . In Russian Корсун ( 1939 ) . Балканский фронт . Воениздат НКО СССР . А. М . Агеев ; Д. В . Вержховский ; В. И . Виноградов ; В. П . Глухов ; et al. ( 1975 ) . История первой мировой войны 1914 -- 1918 гг . Наука . History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Bulgaria during World War I Prelude South - western front Serbian Campaign , Macedonian Front Romanian front Outcome Others Important persons Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 First Balkan War 1913 Treaty of London Second Balkan War Treaty of Bucharest Treaty of Constantinople Neutrality 1914 Ottoman -- Bulgarian alliance 1915 Negotiations of Bulgaria with the Central Powers and the Entente Bulgarian -- German treaty Secret Bulgarian -- German agreement Military convention between Germany , Austria - Hungary and Bulgaria Bulgarian -- Ottoman convention Mobilization Commanders Bulgaria Nikola Zhekov Kliment Boyadzhiev Dimitar Geshov Georgi Todorov Ivan Lukov Stefan Nerezov Vladimir Vazov Entente : Serbia : Radomir Putnik Živojin Mišić Stepa Stepanović Petar Bojović Pavle Jurišić Šturm ; France : Maurice Sarrail Adolphe Guillaumat Louis Franchet d'Espèrey ; United Kingdom : Bryan Mahon George Milne ; Kingdom of Greece : Panagiotis Danglis Field Armies + Eleventh Army First Army Second Army Fourth Army Battles 1915 Morava Offensive Ovče Pole Offensive Kosovo Offensive ( 1915 ) Battle of Krivolak 1916 First battle of Doiran Battle of Florina ( Lerin ) Struma operation Monastir Offensive 1917 Second battle of Doiran 2nd Crna Bend Second battle of Monastir 1918 Battle of Skra - di - Legen Battle of Dobro Pole Third battle of Doiran Commanders Bulgaria Nikola Zhekov Panteley Kiselov Stefan Toshev Todor Kantardzhiev Ivan Kolev Entente : Romania : Constantin Prezan Alexandru Averescu ; Russia : Andrei Zayonchkovski Vladimir Sakharov Field Armies Third Army Battles 1916 Battle of Turtucaia Battle of Dobrich First Cobadin Flămânda Offensive Second Cobadin Battle of Bucharest Outcome 1918 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Armistice of Focșani Treaty of Bucharest Protocol of Berlin Outcome Armistice of Salonica Vladaya revolt Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Others Bulgarian administration in Kosovo Anti-military propaganda Ferdinand Vasil Radoslavov Aleksandar Malinov Aleksandar Stamboliyski Aleksandar Protogerov August von Mackensen Boris Drangov Vladimir Vazov Georgi Todorov ( general ) Ivan Kolev Kliment Boyadzhiev Dimitar Geshov Ivan Lukov Konstantin Zhostov Krastyu Zlatarev Nikola Zhekov Panteley Kiselov Stefan Toshev Stefan Nerezov Todor Kantardzhiev Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgaria_during_World_War_I&oldid=806800894 '' Categories : Bulgaria in World War I Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 06 : 50 . 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Salton Sea - wikipedia Salton Sea Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Salton Sea ( disambiguation ) . Salton Sea Location Colorado Desert Imperial and Riverside Counties , California , U.S. Coordinates 33 ° 18 ′ N 115 ° 48 ′ W  /  33.3 ° N 115.8 ° W  / 33.3 ; - 115.8 Coordinates : 33 ° 18 ′ N 115 ° 48 ′ W  /  33.3 ° N 115.8 ° W  / 33.3 ; - 115.8 Type Endorheic rift lake Primary inflows Alamo River New River Whitewater River Primary outflows None Catchment area 8,360 square miles ( 21,700 km ) Basin countries United States , Mexico Surface area 343 sq mi ( 889 km ) Max . depth 43 ft ( 13 m ) Water volume 6,000,000 acre ⋅ ft ( 7.4 km ) Surface elevation − 236 ft ( − 71.9 m ) ( below sea level ) Settlements Bombay Beach , Desert Beach , Desert Shores , Salton City , Salton Sea Beach , North Shore References U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Salton Sea Map of the Salton Sea drainage area The Salton Sea is a shallow , saline , endorheic rift lake located directly on the San Andreas Fault , predominantly in California 's Imperial and Coachella valleys . The lake occupies the lowest elevations of the Salton Sink in the Colorado Desert of Imperial and Riverside Counties in Southern California . Its surface is 236.0 ft ( 71.9 m ) below sea level as of January 2018 . The deepest point of the sea is 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) higher than the lowest point of Death Valley . The sea is fed by the New , Whitewater , and Alamo rivers , as well as agricultural runoff , drainage systems , and creeks . Over millions of years , the Colorado River has flowed into the Imperial Valley and deposited soil ( creating fertile farmland ) , building up the terrain and constantly changing the course of the river . For thousands of years , the river has flowed into and out of the valley alternately , creating a freshwater lake , an increasingly saline lake , and a dry desert basin , depending on river flows and the balance between inflow and evaporative loss . The cycle of filling has been about every 400 -- 500 years and has repeated itself many times . The latest natural cycle occurred around 1600 -- 1700 as remembered by Native Americans who talked with the first European settlers . Fish traps still exist at many locations , and the Native Americans evidently moved the traps depending upon the cycle . The most recent inflow of water from the now heavily controlled Colorado River was accidentally created by the engineers of the California Development Company in 1905 . In an effort to increase water flow into the area for farming , irrigation canals were dug from the Colorado River into the valley . The canals suffered silt buildup , so a cut was made in the bank of the Colorado River to further increase the water flow . The resulting outflow overwhelmed the engineered canal , and the river flowed into the Salton Basin for two years , filling the historic dry lake bed and creating the modern sea , before repairs were completed . While it varies in dimensions and area with fluctuations in agricultural runoff and rainfall , the Salton Sea is about 15 miles ( 24 km ) by 35 miles ( 56 km ) . With an estimated surface area of 343 square miles ( 890 km ) or 350 square miles ( 910 km ) , the Salton Sea is the largest lake in California . The average annual inflow is less than 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km ) , which is enough to maintain a maximum depth of 43 feet ( 13 m ) and a total volume of about 6,000,000 acre feet ( 7.4 km ) . However , due to changes in water apportionments agreed upon for the Colorado River under the Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003 , the overall water level of the sea is expected to decrease significantly between 2013 and 2021 . The lake 's salinity , about 56 grams per litre ( 9.0 oz / imp gal ) , is greater than that of the waters of the Pacific Ocean ( 35 g / l ( 5.6 oz / imp gal ) ) , but less than that of the Great Salt Lake ( which ranges from 50 to 270 g / l ( 8.0 to 43.3 oz / imp gal ) ) . Recently , the concentration has been increasing at a rate of about 3 % per year . About 4,000,000 short tons ( 3.6 × 10 kg ) of salt are deposited in the valley each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 History during the 1900s 1.2 Subsequent evolution 2 Ecology 2.1 Fish population 2.2 Avian population 3 Increasing salinity 3.1 Remediation efforts 3.1. 1 Past efforts and proposals for a sea level canal 3.1. 2 State restoration plan 4 Earthquake geology 5 Water temperature 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The area was once part of a vast inland sea that covered a large area of Southern California . Geologists estimate that for three million years , at least through all the years of the Pleistocene glacial age , a large delta was deposited by the Colorado River in the southern region of the Imperial Valley . Eventually , the delta reached the western shore of the Gulf of California , creating a barrier that separated the area of the Salton Sea from the northern reaches of the Gulf . Were it not for this barrier the entire Salton Sink along with the Imperial Valley would be submerged as the Gulf would extend as far north as Indio . Since the exclusion of the ocean , the Salton Basin has over the ages been alternately a freshwater lake , an increasingly saline endorheic lake , and a dry desert basin , depending on river flows and the balance between inflow and evaporative loss . A lake exists only during times it is replenished by the rivers and rainfall , a cycle that has repeated itself many times over hundreds of thousands of years , perhaps cycling every 400 to 500 years . Evidence that the basin was occupied periodically by multiple lakes includes wave - cut shorelines at various elevations preserved on the hillsides of the east and west margins of the present lake , the Salton Sea . These indicate that the basin was occupied intermittently as recently as a few hundred years ago . The last of the Pleistocene lakes to occupy the basin was Lake Cahuilla , also periodically identified on older maps as Lake LeConte or the Blake Sea , after American professor and geologist William Phipps Blake . Throughout the Spanish period of California 's history , the area was referred to as the `` Colorado Desert '' after the Colorado River . In a railroad survey completed in 1855 , it was called `` the Valley of the Ancient Lake '' . On several old maps from the Library of Congress , it has been found labeled `` Cahuilla Valley '' ( after the local Native American tribe ) and `` Cabazon Valley '' ( after a local Native American chief -- Chief Cabazon ) . `` Salt Creek '' first appeared on a map in 1867 and `` Salton Station '' is on a railroad map from 1900 , although this place had been there as a rail stop since the late 1870s . Until the advent of the modern sea , the Salton Sink was the site of a major salt - mining operation . History during the 1900s ( edit ) Original caption : Dry Bed of Colorado River Below Imperial Intake ( ... ) River Diverted Into Imperial Canal In 1900 , the California Development Company began construction of irrigation canals to divert water from the Colorado River into the Salton Sink , a dry lake bed . After construction of these irrigation canals , the Salton Sink became fertile for a time , allowing farmers to plant crops . Within two years , the Imperial Canal became filled with silt from the Colorado River . Engineers tried to alleviate the blockages to no avail . In 1905 , heavy rainfall and snowmelt caused the Colorado River to swell , overrunning a set of headgates for the Alamo Canal . The resulting flood poured down the canal , breached an Imperial Valley dike , and ran down two former dry arroyos : the New River in the west , and the Alamo River in the east , each about 60 mi ( 97 km ) long . Over about two years , these two newly created rivers sporadically carried the entire volume of the Colorado River into the Salton Sink . The Southern Pacific Railroad tried to stop the flooding by dumping earth into the canal 's headgates area , but the effort was not fast enough , and the river eroded deeper and deeper into the dry desert sand of the Imperial Valley . A large waterfall formed as a result and began cutting rapidly upstream along the path of the Alamo Canal that now was occupied by the Colorado . This waterfall was initially 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) high , but grew to 80 feet ( 24 m ) high before the flow through the breach was stopped . Originally , it was feared that the waterfall would recede upstream to the true main path of the Colorado , becoming up to 100 to 300 feet ( 30 to 91 m ) high , at which point it would be practically impossible to fix the problem . Salton Sea As the basin filled , the town of Salton , a Southern Pacific Railroad siding , and Torres - Martinez Native American land were submerged . The sudden influx of water and the lack of any drainage from the basin resulted in the formation of the Salton Sea . The U.S. Navy conducted a preliminary inspection of the Salton Sea in January 1940 , and the Salton Sea Test Base ( SSTB , run by Sandia Labs ) was initially commissioned as the Naval Auxiliary Air Station , Salton Sea , in October 1942 . The SSTB , just to the south - east of Salton City , originally functioned as an operational and training base for seaplanes . Additional activities at the base have included experimental testing of solidfuel plane - launched rockets , jet - assist take - off testing , aeroballistic testing of inert atomic weapon test units at land and marine target areas , training bombing at marine targets , testing of the effects of long - term storage on atomic weapons , testing of the parachute landing systems of the Project Mercury space capsules , parachute training and testing , and military training exercises . The base was abandoned in 1978 . The continuing intermittent flooding of the Imperial Valley from the Colorado River led to the idea of the need for a dam on the Colorado River for flood control . Subsequent evolution ( edit ) A gaseous mud volcano The Salton Sea had some success as a resort area , with Salton City , Salton Sea Beach , and Desert Shores , on the western shore and Desert Beach , North Shore , and Bombay Beach , built on the eastern shore in the 1950s . However , many of the settlements substantially shrank in size , or have been abandoned , mostly due to the increasing salinity and pollution of the lake over the years from agricultural runoff and other sources . Many of the species of fish that lived in the sea have been killed off by the combination of pollutants , salt levels , and algal blooms . Dead fish have been known to wash up in mass quantities on the beaches . The smell of the lake , combined with the stench of the decaying fish , also contributed to the decline of the tourist industry around the Salton Sea . Many people now visit the Salton Sea and the surrounding settlements to explore the abandoned structures . The town of Niland is 1.5 miles ( 3 km ) southeast of the sea , with a population of 1,006 . Evidence of geothermal activity is also visible . Mudpots and mud volcanoes are found on the eastern side of the Salton Sea . A number of geothermal electricity generation plants are located along the southeastern shore of the Salton Sea in Imperial County . The US Geological Survey describes the smell as `` objectionable '' , `` noxious '' , `` unique '' , and `` pervasive '' . Ecology ( edit ) See also : Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge § Wildlife Fish population ( edit ) Due to the high salinity , very few fish species can tolerate living in the Salton Sea . Introduced tilapia are the main fish that can tolerate the high salinity levels and pollution . Other freshwater fish species live in the rivers and canals that feed the Salton Sea , including threadfin shad , carp , red shiner , channel catfish , white catfish , largemouth bass , mosquitofish , sailfin molly , and the vulnerable desert pupfish . Avian population ( edit ) The Salton Sea has been termed a `` crown jewel of avian biodiversity '' by Dr. Milt Friend of the Salton Sea Science Office . Over 400 species have been documented at the Salton Sea . The most diverse and probably the most significant populations of bird life in the continental United States are hosted , rivaled only by Big Bend National Park in Texas . It supports 30 % of the remaining population of the American white pelican . The Salton Sea is also a major resting stop on the Pacific Flyway . On 18 November 2006 , a Ross 's gull , a high Arctic bird , was sighted and photographed there . Increasing salinity ( edit ) Dead fish on the western shore of Salton City The lack of an outflow means the Salton Sea does not have a natural stabilization system ; it is very dynamic . Fluctuations in the water level caused by variations in agricultural runoff , the ancient salt deposits in the lake bed , and the relatively high salinity of the inflow feeding the sea are all causing ever - increasing salinity . The body was initially a freshwater lake , but by the 1960s its rising salinity had begun to jeopardize some of the species in it . With a salinity now exceeding 5.0 % w / v ( saltier than seawater ) , most species of fish can no longer survive there . A freshwater fish notable for its ability to withstand the rising salinity of the Salton Sea , the desert pupfish , can survive salinities ranging from 0.0 % to 7.0 % . Fertilizer runoffs have resulted in eutrophication , with large algal blooms and elevated bacterial levels . By 2014 , large swaths of lake bed were exposed and salt levels drastically increased due to mandated water transfers to metropolitan areas along the coast and other factors , limiting the water inflow . Besides the resulting fish kills , the shrinking lake interrupts the bird migration , causes dust clouds , and impacts local tourism negatively . Remediation efforts ( edit ) Past efforts and proposals for a Sea level canal ( edit ) Map of New River and Alamo River courses Alternatives for `` saving '' the Salton Sea have been evaluated since 1955 . The New River passes from Mexicali , Baja California , to the Imperial Valley , and on to the Salton Sea . Much of the current interest in the sea was sparked in the 1990s by Congressman Sonny Bono . His widow , Mary Bono Mack , elected to fill his seat , has continued to be interested in the Salton Sea , as has Representative Jerry Lewis of Redlands . In 1998 , the Sonny Bono Salton Sea Restoration Project was named for the politician . In the late 1990s , the Salton Sea Authority , a local joint powers agency , and the US Bureau of Reclamation began efforts to evaluate and develop an alternative to save the Salton Sea . A draft Environmental Impact Report / Environmental Impact Statement , which did not specify a preferred alternative , was released for public review in 2000 . Since that time , the Salton Sea Authority has developed a preferred concept that involves the construction of a large dam that would impound water to create a marine sea in the northern and southern parts of the sea and along the western edge . Satellite image of the Salton Sea with surrounding developments Many other concepts have been proposed , including piping water from the sea to a wetland in Mexico , Laguna Salada , as a means of salt export , and one by Aqua Genesis Ltd to bring in seawater from the Gulf of California , desalinate it at the sea using available geothermal heat , and sell the water to pay for the plan . This concept would involve the construction of over 20 miles ( 30 km ) of pipes and tunneling , and , with the increasing demand for water at the coastline , would provide an additional 1,000,000 acre feet ( 1.2 km ) of water to Southern California coastal cities each year . State Restoration plan ( edit ) Abandoned , salt - encrusted structures on the Salton Sea shore at Bombay Beach In 2003 , the Imperial Irrigation District agreed to sell a portion of its allotment from the Colorado River for 45 years to the San Diego County Water Authority . The California State Legislature , by legislation enacted in 2003 and 2004 , directed the Secretary of the California Resources Agency to prepare a restoration plan for the Salton Sea ecosystem , and an accompanying Environmental Impact Report . As part of this effort , the Secretary for Resources has established an advisory committee to provide recommendations to assist in the preparation of the Ecosystem Restoration Plan , including consultation throughout all stages of the alternative selection . The California Department of Water Resources and California Department of Fish and Game are leading the effort to develop a preferred alternative for the restoration of the Salton Sea ecosystem and the protection of wildlife dependent on that ecosystem . On January 24 , 2008 , the California Legislative Analyst 's Office released a report titled `` Restoring the Salton Sea . '' The preferred alternative outlined in the draft plan calls for spending almost $9 billion over 25 years and proposes a smaller but more manageable Salton Sea . The amount of water available for use by humans and wildlife would be reduced by 60 % from 365 mi ( 945 km ) to about 147 mi ( 381 km ) . About 52 mi ( 84 km ) of barrier and perimeter dikes -- constructed most likely out of boulders , gravel , and stone columns -- would be erected , along with earthen berms to corral the water into a horseshoe shape along the northern shoreline of the sea from San Felipe Creek on the west shore to Bombay Beach on the east shore . The central portion of the sea would be allowed to evaporate almost completely and would serve as a brine sink , while the southern portion of the sea would be constructed into a saline habitat complex . Construction on the project would be completed by 2035 . Salt deposits along the eastern shore of the sea The sale of the Imperial water to San Diego County resulted in a reduction in agricultural runoff needed to replenish the sea . During the first 15 years , the irrigation district has been required to put water into the Salton Sea to compensate for the loss of runoff . Since the requirement expires in 2017 , the district sent a letter to the California State Water Resources Control Board in 2014 asking that the board sponsor negotiations to get the state to fulfill its obligation to stop the deterioration of the sea . Pacific Institute , an Oakland - based environmental think tank , was warning that the lack of replenishment water was leading to a `` period of very rapid deterioration . '' The rapidly shrinking sea was a `` looming environmental and public health crisis '' With the increased shrinkage , dust storms would increase and a rotten - egg smell could reach to the coastal cities . In 2018 , California 's Natural Resources Agency received 11 proposals to increase waterflow to the sea in order to reduce dust and dust - borne toxins . Proposal costs ranged from $300 million to several billion dollars . No winner was selected in this phase . Earthquake Geology ( edit ) The Salton Sea and surrounding basin sits over the San Andreas Fault , San Jacinto Fault , Imperial Fault Zone , and a `` stepover fault '' shear zone system . Geologists have determined that previous flooding episodes from the Colorado River have been linked to earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault . Sonar and other instruments were used to map the Salton Sea 's underwater faults during the study . During the period when the basin was filled by Lake Cahuilla , a much larger inland sea , earthquakes higher than magnitude 7 occurred roughly every 180 years , the last one occurring within decades of 1700 . Computer models suggest the normal faults in the area are most vulnerable to deviatoric stress loading by filling in of water . Currently , a risk still exists for an earthquake of magnitude 7 to 8 . Simulations also showed , in the Los Angeles area , shaking and thus damage would be more severe for a San Andreas earthquake that propagated along the fault from the south , rather than from the north . Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region . The effective drainage divide that separates the Salton Sea from the Gulf of California is about 9 m ( 30 ft ) in elevation and is located near Delta , northeastern Baja California State , Mexico , south - southeast of Mexicali . Past sea level rise may partially be responsible for the salinity of the lake , while potential future changes in sea levels could occur . However , other factors such as hydrothermal vents , diffusion of salt from minerals and sediment , including concentrated brine , and evaporites are another contributor to salinity , as is the recent lowering of lake levels raising the salinity , though sedimentary records show the lake surface elevation reached levels 10 -- 12 m above world sea level in the 1500s . Water temperature ( edit ) The temperature of the surface water changes with the seasonally varying air temperature . Winter lows can reach temperatures as low as 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) and summer highs can reach 95 ° F ( 35 ° C ) . Surface water temperature ( Sandy Beach ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 57 ° F 14 ° C 57 ° F 14 ° C 64 ° F 18 ° C 72 ° F 22 ° C 77 ° F 25 ° C 82 ° F 28 ° C 90 ° F 32 ° C 91 ° F 33 ° C 86 ° F 30 ° C 81 ° F 27 ° C 72 ° F 22 ° C 61 ° F 17 ° C In popular culture ( edit ) An abandoned boat stuck in the ground , close to the west coast marina of the Salton Sea Films The documentary Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea ( which premiered at the 2004 Slamdance Film Festival and , with the addition of John Waters as narrator , premiered at the Provincetown International Film Festival in Massachusetts and opened in select theaters on February 24 , 2006 ) , covers the first 100 years of the Salton Sea , along with the environmental issues and offbeat residents of the region . A visit to the Salton Sea inspired filmmaker Curtis Harrington to make his dreamlike short film On the Edge ( 1949 ) , which extensively uses the bubbling mudpots on the edge of the sea . In a 1971 interview , Harrington stated , `` The location I used is entirely covered by water now ; the sea has risen to cover it . '' In the science - fiction monster film The Monster That Challenged the World ( 1957 ) , the title monster ( s ) originate in the Salton Sea ; many of the scenes were shot on location in the area . The New York Times described the film about some residents of the Bombay Beach , California community on the Salton Sea , Bombay Beach ( 2010 ) , by Israeli - born filmmaker Alma Har'el , as a `` surreal documentary '' . The film won first prize in the feature documentary section of the Tribeca Film Festival in 2011 . A six - minute short film , The Accidental Sea ( 2011 ) , filmed and narrated by Ransom Riggs , briefly discusses the history and depicts the desolation since the area 's abandonment . The short documentary , The Useless Sea ( 2016 ) , is a cinematic film focusing on the environmental challenges and the beauty surrounding the Salton Sea . The film , The Salton Sea , is an American crime thriller named after and partially filmed at the Salton Sea . Games In the video - game Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) , a location called Alamo Sea is based on the Salton Sea and the town Sandy Shores is based on Desert Shores . Television The History Channel 's 2006 episode `` Engineering Disasters 18 '' ( # 13 - 04 ) , from the television documentary series Modern Marvels , describes the combined manmade and natural events leading to the creation of the Salton Sea in the early 20th century , its brief popularity as a resort destination midcentury , and its subsequent decline due to high salinity and farm runoff . Impacts to Salton Sea fish and bird populations are addressed and future plans to rescue the sea are described . The episode `` Future Conditional '' ( # 302 ) from the series Journey to Planet Earth ( narrated by Matt Damon ) talks about the plight of the sea , and how , if nothing is done , a repeat of the fate of the Aral Sea will occur . See also ( edit ) Lake Urmia Aral Sea List of lakes in California List of drying lakes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USGS 10254005 Salton Sea NR Westmorland CA '' . waterdata.usgs.gov . Jump up ^ `` Salton Sea , History '' . Jump up ^ `` Restoration of the Salton Sea Final Report December 2007 -- Chapter 1 . Introduction '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Reclamation , Lower Colorado Region . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LA Times : Drought , drawdowns and death of the Salton Sea '' . Jump up ^ San Diego County Water Authority ( 2014 ) . `` Quantification Settlement Agreement '' . San Diego County Water Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ See http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/SaltonSea_2004-2014.xlsx , linked at https://www2.usgs.gov/saltonsea/monitoring.html Jump up ^ Khaled M. Bali ( 5 October 2013 ) . `` Salton Sea and Salinity '' . UC Davis , Cooperative Extension Imperial County . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . The salinity of the Pacific Ocean is approximately 35,000 mg / l ( 1 ppm = 1 mg / l ) . Colorado River water salinity is about 650 -- 700 mg / L. Salton Sea salinity is about 44,000 mg / L , that is approximately 4.4 % salt . The amount of salts that is deposited in the Imperial Valley agricultural land with irrigation water is approximately four million tons of salts annually . Jump up ^ Alles , DL ( 2007 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Geology of the Salton Trough '' ( PDF ) . Biology Department . Western Washington University . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Singer E. `` Ancient Lake Cahuilla -- Geology of the Imperial Valley '' . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Pat Laflin ( 29 July 2003 ) . `` The Salton Sea : California 's Overlooked Treasure '' ( PDF ) . Coachella Valley Historical Society . pp. 21 -- 26 . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carpelan , Lars H. History of the Salton Sea '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Salton Sea -- Its Beginnings . Accessed 2010 - 06 - 14 Jump up ^ `` The Salton Sea : California 's Overlooked Treasure , Chapter 4 '' . Jump up ^ Detailed maps , and a film of the breach ( and subsequent redamming ) are in Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea , a 2006 documentary Jump up ^ Kennan , G ( 1917 ) . The Salton Sea : An Account of Harriman 's Fight With The Colorado River . New York : The MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larkin , EL ( 1907 ) . `` A Thousand Men Against A River : The Engineering Victory Over The Colorado River And The Salton Sea '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XIII : 8606 -- 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Salton Sea Test Base Site Inspection Report -- sect2 - 1 , 1995 '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , DK ; Hudnut , KW ( 2008 ) . `` The Wister Mud Pot Lineament : Southeastward Extension or Abandoned Strand of the San Andreas Fault ? '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 98 ( 4 ) : 1720 -- 29 . Bibcode : 2008BuSSA ... 98.1720 L . doi : 10.1785 / 0120070252 . Jump up ^ https://www2.usgs.gov/saltonsea/saltonWorkshops/eutrofin.pdf Jump up ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service ( 2008 ) . `` Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge : Wildlife List '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Morrison , Patt ( September 17 , 2014 ) `` A persuasive case for saving the Salton Sea , California 's biggest lake '' Los Angeles Times Interview with Tim Krantz Jump up ^ `` ca.audubon.org '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Ross 's Gull -- 2006 '' . www.southwestbirders.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dudek and ICF International ( 2012 ) . Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan ( DRECP ) Baseline Biology Report . ( Draft ) . Prepared for the California Energy Commission . Jump up ^ NASA page : `` Algal bloom in the Salton Sea , California '' . Jump up ^ Rañoa , Raoul ( October 21 , 2014 ) `` ' Drought , drawdowns and death of the Salton Sea '' Los Angeles Times ^ Jump up to : CNN article : `` Salton Sea rescue to be named for Sonny Bono '' . Jump up ^ `` phpinfo ( ) '' . www.saltonsea.ca.gov . Jump up ^ `` US Bureau of Reclamation - Salton Sea Project Office - Salton Sea Brochure - 1999 '' . www.usbr.gov . Jump up ^ sandiegoreader.com ; San Diego Union Times : Ronald Newcomb 's Salton Sea proposal ^ Jump up to : Perry , Tony ( September 3 , 2014 ) `` ' Salton Sea inaction could cause ' catastrophic change , ' report says '' Los Angeles Times ^ Jump up to : California , State of . `` Salton Sea Unit '' . www.water.ca.gov . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Tony ( November 21 , 2014 ) `` ' Looming environmental crisis ' at Salton Sea prompts plea for help '' Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` 10 questions about the 11 proposals to save the Salton Sea '' . Jump up ^ Brothers , Daniel , et al. `` Loading of the San Andreas fault by flood - induced rupture of faults beneath the Salton Sea . '' Nature Geoscience 4.7 ( 2011 ) : 486 -- 492 . Jump up ^ Ross , JE ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Flooding of Ancient Salton Sea Linked to San Andreas Earthquakes '' . Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California at San Diego . Scripps Oceanography News . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Tingle , A. `` Flood Maps '' . Firetree.net . Flood . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Wardlaw , GD ; Valentine DL ( January 2005 ) . `` Evidence for salt diffusion from sediments contributing to increasing salinity in the Salton Sea , California '' ( PDF ) . Hydrobiologia. 533 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 77 -- 85 . doi : 10.1007 / s10750 - 004 - 2395 - 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_3/issue_4/0373.pdf Jump up ^ Harrington , Curtis ( 2013 ) . Nice Guys Do n't Work in Hollywood : The Adventures of an Aesthete in the Movie Business . Drag City . ISBN 978 - 1937112073 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Harrington 's On the Edge '' . youtube.com . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gow , Gordon ( August 1971 ) . `` Up from the Underground : Curtis Harrington '' . Films and Filmmaking. 17 ( 11 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Monster That Challenged the World ( 1957 ) - Filming Locations '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Last Resort Remains an Oasis of Dreams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Bombay Beach '' . IMDb.com . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Accidental Sea '' . ransomriggs.com . August 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Useless Sea '' . la. curbed . February 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Salton Sea '' . IMDb.com . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Rockstar North 's Aaron Garbut on the making of Grand Theft Auto V -- our game of 2013 '' . Edge . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering Disasters 18 DVD '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Damon ( Narrator ) . `` Future Conditional ( Stories of Hope : Palm Springs ) '' . Journey to Planet Earth . PBS . Further reading ( edit ) Goodyear , Dana ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` The dying sea : what will California sacrifice to survive the drought ? '' . Letter from the Imperial Valley . The New Yorker . 91 ( 11 ) : 22 -- 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Greenfield S ( Winter 2006 ) . `` A Lake by Mistake '' . Invention & Technology . 21 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Setmire , James G. , et al. ( 1993 ) . Detailed study of water quality , bottom sediment , and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area , California , 1988 -- 90 ( Water - Resources Investigations Report 93 - 4014 ) . Sacramento , Calif. : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Setmire , James G. , Wolfe , John C. , and Stroud , Richard K. ( 1990 ) . Reconnaissance investigation of water quality , bottom sediment , and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area , California , 1986 -- 87 ( Water - Resources Investigations Report 89 - 4102 ) . Sacramento , Calif. : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Sperry RL ( Winter 1975 ) . `` When the Imperial Valley Fought for its Life '' . Journal of San Diego History . 21 ( 1 ) . GoogleBooks.com : The Salton Sea : An account of Harriman 's fight with the Colorado River deBuys , William and Myers , Joan ( 1999 ) , `` Salt Dreams : Land and Water in Low - down California '' , University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2126 - 7 Metzler , Chris and Springer , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea , Tilapia Film -- history of the Salton Sea , and interviews with residents and naturalists . Stevens , Joseph E. Hoover Dam . University of Oklahoma Press , 1988 . details on the Salton Sea disaster Stringfellow , Kim Greetings from the Salton Sea : Folly and Intervention in the Southern California Landscape , 1905 -- 2005 . Columbia College Chicago Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935195 - 32 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salton Sea . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Salton Sea . Official Salton Sea Authority website U.S. Bureau of Reclamation : Salton Sea Restoration Project Office Salton Sea Action Committee Salton Basin overview Salton Sea Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Plan United States Geological Survey `` The Salton Sea '' -- Photo Essay by Scott London National Geographic photos of the Salton Sea Youtube.com : `` The Accidental Sea '' Saltonseadocumentary.com : Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea -- documentary film . 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Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salton_Sea&oldid=836852484 '' Categories : Salton Sea Endorheic lakes of California Lakes of Imperial County , California Lakes of Riverside County , California Lakes of the Great Basin Saline lakes Shrunken lakes Coachella Valley Imperial Valley Disasters in California Engineering failures Environment of California Environmental disasters in the United States Geography of the Colorado Desert Important Bird Areas of California Natural history of Imperial County , California Tourist attractions in Imperial County , California Lakes of California Lakes of Southern California Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 06 : 30 . 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Defensive three - second violation - Wikipedia Defensive three - second violation Jump to : navigation , search A defensive three - second violation , also known as illegal defense , is a basketball rules infraction in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) introduced in the 2001 -- 2002 season . It is assessed when a member of the defending team spends more than three seconds in the free throw lane ( also known as the 16 - foot lane , or colloquially as `` in the paint '' ) while not actively guarding an opponent . To be considered actively guarding , a defender must be within arm 's length of an opponent and in a guarding position . A three - second count is suspended if : a player is in the act of shooting there is a loss of team control the defender is actively guarding an opponent the defender clears the painted area it is imminent the defender will become legal In addition , a player guarding an opponent with the ball may be in the paint without actively guarding the opponent . The team committing a defensive three - second violation is assessed a team technical foul . The offense receives one free throw and retains possession of the ball . Prior to the 2001 -- 2002 NBA season , any form of zone defense was considered an illegal defense violation and resulted in a warning on the first violation and then a technical foul for any subsequent violations . However , the defensive three - second violation makes it difficult for NBA defenses to play zone , since zone defenses usually position a player in the middle of the key to stop penetration . The Philippine Basketball Association used to follow the illegal defense rule until the 2003 PBA season when it was abolished . The high school game does not use this rule , nor does European basketball . The WNBA started using it in 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NBA Official Rules ( 2009 - 2010 ) Rule 10 , Section VII , B. Retrieved July 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ NBA Official Rules ( 2009 - 2010 ) Rule 10 , Section VII , D. Retrieved July 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ NBA Official Rules ( 2009 - 2010 ) Rule 10 , Section VII , E. Retrieved July 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ NBA Official Rules ( 2009 - 2010 ) Rule 10 , Section VII , Penalty . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` Rule changes have NBA back in the fast lane '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportingcharts.com/dictionary/nba/defensive-three-second-violation.aspx Jump up ^ Cruz , Agnes ( January 24 , 2003 ) . `` PBA get fresh look this season '' . Arab News . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WNBA Announces Rules Changes for 2013 Season '' . WNBA . Retrieved Dec 16 , 2012 . Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defensive_three-second_violation&oldid=803130800 '' Categories : Basketball penalties Basketball stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 17 : 04 . About Wikipedia

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Jack McCoy - wikipedia Jack McCoy Jump to : navigation , search For the politician and labor activist , see Jack E. McCoy . Jack McCoy Law & Order character First appearance `` Second Opinion '' `` Entitled '' ( SVU ) Last appearance `` Rubber Room '' ( Law & Order ) `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( SVU ) Portrayed by Sam Waterston Time on show 1994 -- 2010 , 2018 Seasons 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 Credited appearances 368 episodes ( L&O ) 2 episodes ( HLOTS ) 4 episodes ( SVU ) 2 episodes ( TBJ ) 376 episodes ( total ) Preceded by Ben Stone ( EADA ) Arthur Branch ( DA ) ( L&O ) Succeeded by Michael Cutter ( EADA ) Information Family Rebecca McCoy ( daughter ) John James McCoy is a fictional character in the television drama Law & Order . He was created by Michael S. Chernuchin and portrayed by Sam Waterston from 1994 until the end of the series in 2010 . He is the second - longest tenured character on the show ( 16 seasons ) , after Lt. Anita Van Buren ( 17 seasons ; portrayed by S. Epatha Merkerson ) . He appeared in 368 episodes of Law & Order , four episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , two episodes of Law & Order : Trial by Jury , two episodes of Homicide : Life on the Street , and the made - for - TV movie Exiled . Waterston 's performance as McCoy on the New York - based series was so popular that it resulted in him being declared a `` Living Landmark '' by the New York Landmarks Conservancy , along with fellow longtime series cast member Jerry Orbach ( who portrayed the popular police detective Lennie Briscoe for 12 years ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character overview 2 Personal life 3 Notable conflicts 4 In Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 4.1 As executive assistant district attorney 4.1. 1 Season one 4.1. 2 Season two 4.2 As district attorney 4.2. 1 Season 9 4.2. 2 Season 10 4.2. 3 Season 11 4.2. 4 Season 12 4.2. 5 Season 13 4.2. 6 Season 19 5 Reception 6 District attorney 's office timeline 7 Appearances on other TV shows 8 References Character overview ( edit ) Jack McCoy brings 24 years of experience with him as he is appointed executive assistant district attorney by Adam Schiff ( Steven Hill ) in the season - five premiere episode `` Second Opinion '' . He quickly establishes himself as a more unconventional , ruthless litigator than his predecessor , Ben Stone ( Michael Moriarty ) . He often bends -- and sometimes breaks -- trial rules to get convictions , finds tenuous rationales for charging defendants with crimes when the original charges fail to stick , and charges innocent people to frighten them into testifying against others . McCoy is found in contempt of court 80 times for such behavior , and his tactics occasionally incur negative publicity for the DA 's office . His underlying motivation , however , is not , he maintains , corruption , but a sincere desire to see justice done . To that end , McCoy has gone after defendants accused of perverting the justice system to arrange wrongful convictions with just as much determination as his more mundane cases . Such aggressive actions in the courts have earned him the nickname `` Hang ' em High McCoy '' . He has subsequently developed a reputation with both colleagues and rival attorneys , once being referred to as `` the top of the legal food chain '' by a rival attorney during a trial . Following the 17th season ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , Jack McCoy was appointed interim district attorney , taking over from Arthur Branch ( Fred Thompson ) . McCoy 's appearance on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on the November 13 , 2007 , episode `` Blinded '' , marked his first appearance in the Law & Order universe as district attorney . The replacement for his former position is Michael Cutter ( Linus Roache ) , a prosecutor with a penchant for recklessness not unlike McCoy 's own in his younger days . This occasionally presents political difficulties for the new district attorney . More than once , McCoy berates Cutter for reckless conduct , in the same manner as he was berated by district attorneys when he was executive assistant district attorney . In the season - 19 episode `` Lucky Stiff '' , McCoy begins his election campaign for New York County District Attorney after serving the last season and a half as interim DA . In the season - 19 episode `` Promote This '' , in 1991 his wife Ellen ( whom he was divorcing ) is revealed to have unknowingly employed an undocumented immigrant as a nanny . This causes McCoy political havoc during a murder case where the motive was racism against illegal immigrants of Hispanic descent . In the episode `` Skate or Die '' , the place where his final campaign fundraiser would be held is discovered by the organizers to be owned by a man who served a 20 - year prison sentence for racketeering . Eventually , the final campaign fundraiser is held at a Chinese seafood restaurant with a kosher section . McCoy was hand - picked for the interim DA position by Governor Donald Shalvoy ( Tom Everett Scott ) , and the two initially have a friendly , productive working relationship . By the end of the 18th season , however , McCoy discovers that Shalvoy is involved in a prostitution scandal that is tied to a murder case he is prosecuting . Angered and disappointed , McCoy orders Cutter to start investigating Shalvoy , who retaliates by lending his support to McCoy 's opponent in the election . In the last episode of season 19 , `` The Drowned and the Saved '' , Cutter uncovers evidence that Shalvoy tried to buy a Senate seat for his wife , and threatens him with public disgrace unless he resigns . McCoy 's opponent suddenly has no patron , giving McCoy good prospects for victory . In the opening episode of season 20 , McCoy was revealed to have won the election ; he serves as DA for the remainder of this final season of Law & Order . Personal Life ( edit ) While he is a brilliant legal mind , McCoy has more than a few personal demons . He was abused by his father , an Irish Chicago policeman who had also beat Jack 's mother , and who eventually died of cancer . McCoy says that his determination and unyielding work ethic are a byproduct of having been harshly punished by his father for losing at anything . He also revealed that his father was a racist who once hit him for dating a Polish girl . McCoy disliked his father , calling him a `` son - of - a-bitch '' ; however , he admits he could have easily become like him . While not a nationalist , he cares enough about his heritage to be offended by a lawyer 's insinuation that two murder suspects committed the crime because of their `` Irish temper '' . McCoy has been divorced twice ( one ex-wife having been a former assistant ) and has an adult daughter , Rebecca , with Ellen . One of his ex-wives left him because he worked too many late nights . A gossip columnist writes that McCoy has not seen or spoken to his daughter since 1997 , and McCoy receives an envelope containing pictures of his daughter . He does not open the envelope ; rather , he places it in his bottom left desk drawer , next to a bottle of Jim Beam . In `` Fallout '' , the last scene shows McCoy meeting his daughter at a restaurant . During a conversation with ( fictional ) New York Governor Donald Shalvoy , he mentions Rebecca has taken a job in San Diego , and that she drove up to Los Angeles to meet him there for dinner while he was attending a conference on official business ; the governor uses this to try to smear McCoy , wrongly implying that he used public funds to visit Rebecca . In the season - 20 episode `` Dignity '' , McCoy mentions to EADA Michael Cutter ( Roache ) and ADA Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) that his daughter is either pregnant or a new mother , thus making him soon to be or already a grandfather . He also has a nephew , which indicates that he has at least one sibling . By 2008 , his nephew had a young daughter . McCoy has a reputation for having romantic affairs with his ADAs . Claire Kincaid ( Jill Hennessy ) mentions this when they first meet ; he tells her he has had affairs with only three of his ADAs , but by the end of the episode , she realizes that he has only had three female ADAs before her . In the episode `` Scoundrels '' , McCoy reveals that Sally Bell , a recurring defense attorney played by Edie Falco , had been one of those ADAs . He at one point was revealed to have had a romantic relationship with his frequent courtroom adversary , defense attorney Vanessa Galiano ( Roma Maffia ) . Kincaid initially makes it clear that she is not interested in a romantic relationship , and McCoy agrees to her stipulation . However , throughout the two seasons in which the two characters appear together , they are implied to be having an affair , with the relationship eventually confirmed in the season - 9 episode `` Sideshow '' , long after the Kincaid character had exited the show . Kincaid is killed in a car accident , a source of ongoing pain for McCoy . Defense attorneys have used his sexual history against him . Since Kincaid 's death , McCoy has kept his relationships with assistants professional , albeit friendly . McCoy 's affairs with his ADAs have often had explosive consequences . For instance , his former ADA Diana Hawthorne ( Laila Robins ) , with whom he had a sexual relationship , was found to have suppressed evidence so they could win a case , resulting in an innocent man going to prison . During her trial for intentionally engineering the wrongful convictions , Hawthorne claims that the convictions earned McCoy a promotion he was seeking . Ironically , in the same trial , during which McCoy is forced to admit he was having an affair with Hawthorne , he is being represented by Kincaid , with whom he is presently having an affair . In `` House Counsel '' , McCoy tries to prosecute a mobster for bribing and murdering a juror . The man 's lawyer , Paul Kopell ( Ron Leibman ) , is one of McCoy 's oldest friends , with whom he had a competitive relationship for years , and he proves to be equally aggressive in his approach to his work . As Kopell repeatedly stymies McCoy 's prosecutorial efforts , McCoy takes the position that Kopell is not acting as an independent attorney , but as a participant in organized crime , and eventually prosecutes Kopell for conspiracy in the juror 's murder . He tells Kopell 's wife that the prosecution is not personal , but she angrily replies that McCoy simply wants the final victory over a rival . By the end of the episode , though he has won the case , McCoy is so troubled that he does not even want to share an elevator with Kincaid . While McCoy was not exactly a part of the 1960s counterculture , he did protest against the policies of the Richard Nixon administration , particularly the Vietnam War . In 1972 , he published an article in the New York University Law Review in defense of Catholic priests who had been opposed to the conflict . He does retain some of the wild streak from his youth ; he is a fan of The Clash and he rides a Yamaha motorcycle . He is opposed to the Iraq War . Unlike his predecessor Ben Stone ( Michael Moriarty ) , McCoy embraces the option of the death penalty , claiming it is a suitable punishment for particularly heinous crimes and a useful threat in plea bargaining . This often leads to heated arguments with his more liberal colleagues . In `` Savages '' , when the death penalty has just been restored in New York following the election of Governor George Pataki , Kincaid asks McCoy about the probability of executing an innocent individual . McCoy responds that , with the lengthy prosecution process and opportunities for the defendant to appeal the verdict , the probability of wrongful execution is unlikely . Kincaid asks McCoy if he is able to accept the probability of `` unlikely '' ; his hesitation indicates that he has never considered the possibility . In later seasons , his view towards the death penalty has apparently changed : in season 18 's `` Executioner '' , he is deeply troubled hearing of a gruesomely botched execution in South Carolina , and in season 20 's `` Four Cops Shot '' , he resists efforts by a U.S. attorney to prosecute a suspect in the murder of a police officer under a federal death penalty statute . He has shown mercy on occasion , such as the 1997 episode `` Burned '' in which he prosecutes a boy with bipolar disorder for murdering his sister . The boy 's grandfather ( Robert Vaughn ) , a wealthy CEO ( and good friend of Schiff 's ) who also proved to suffer from the disorder , had attempted to get his grandson to plead guilty and go to jail rather than plead insanity and be committed to a mental institution , fearing that a public revelation of the boy 's illness would provide enough evidence to reveal his own illness and affect his reputation . McCoy leads the effort to prevent an unjust punishment for the boy . Similarly , in season seven 's `` Deadbeat '' , he declines to prosecute a woman who is the sole caregiver for a boy dying of cancer , although he implies that he may do so once the son has died . McCoy was raised Catholic , but does not appear to be in practice , and has not been for some time ; he describes himself as a `` lapsed Catholic '' . McCoy was educated by the Jesuits . On several occasions , religion has been the subject of various cases . In the episode `` Thrill '' , in which two teenaged boys are accused of killing a man just for fun , McCoy finds his case particularly complicated when one of the suspects confesses the crime to his uncle , a priest . When the confession tape is labeled privileged , McCoy ignores the bishop 's request to preserve the sacrament of reconciliation and instead tries to use the tape as evidence . When Detective Rey Curtis ( Benjamin Bratt ) tries to dissuade McCoy from doing so , reminding him that he is a Catholic , McCoy responds , `` Not when I 'm at work . '' When a man is accused of killing a drug dealer who killed the man 's son , a priest confesses to the crime . Though McCoy personally believes that the priest is covering for the man , he prosecutes the priest , instead . At the end of the episode , McCoy says that he lost his faith after the death of a childhood friend . Notable conflicts ( edit ) McCoy 's unconventional and sometimes ruthless professional conduct has put his job in jeopardy more than once throughout the series . Some of the more serious occurrences are : In `` Competence '' ( season five ) , McCoy withholds turning over the statement of a witness to the defense . The statement would have aided the defense 's case by showing strong motive to another individual for the crime , casting a reasonable doubt . Under Brady v. Maryland , the prosecution is required to turn over exculpatory evidence to the defense . McCoy 's reasoning is that he was not going to call the witness at trial and that he is not obliged to `` ... turn over irrelevant and potentially misleading evidence . '' When defense eventually learns of the withheld statement and accuses the DA 's office of misconduct , DA Adam Schiff ( Steven Hill ) is angry about McCoy 's judgment call , and suggests that McCoy is at grave risk of being disbarred . At the resulting hearing , a judge declares that McCoy pushed the envelope , but that the ambiguity of the law did not prove his actions were unethical . In `` Corpus Delicti '' ( season six ) , McCoy tries to prosecute a man , first for insurance fraud involving a wealthy widow show horse owner , and then , when the widow disappears , for her murder . When McCoy is unable to prove her murder without her body , he repeatedly questions the defendant as though the fraud against the widow is a fact , and her murder , therefore , must have been the logical consequence , despite the judge 's repeated instruction not to do so . The judge declares a mistrial because of McCoy 's repeated refusal to follow the instruction . When the widow 's body is found several months later , McCoy reacts as though he will naturally be able to represent his case . When Schiff recalls that McCoy did want more time to find the widow 's body , McCoy responds as though his emotional nature sometimes gets the better of him , but he smiles as though he knows well that `` his emotional nature '' was a stalling tactic to delay the case until the widow 's body was found . In `` Mad Dog '' ( season seven ) , McCoy becomes obsessed with proving that a recently paroled rapist ( Burt Young ) is guilty of the rape and murder of a young woman . McCoy pushes the police perilously close to harassment and considers putting the man under false arrest until Schiff decides to put a stop to it . At the end of the episode , the rapist is killed by his daughter after he attacks one of her friends . McCoy says , `` I 'm sorry it had to happen this way '' . ADA Jamie Ross ( Carey Lowell ) replies , `` Not that sorry '' . In `` Under the Influence '' ( season eight ) , McCoy is prosecuting a drunk driver for killing three pedestrians . McCoy takes an incriminating statement from a flight attendant ( a Colombian citizen ) about how drunk the defendant was and encouraged the airline , at fear for its public image , to assign the flight attendant to an international route , putting her out of reach for the defense to question . McCoy then lies to the defense attorney about following all relevant discovery procedures , and is reinforced by the judge not to turn over the statement to the defense . Ross does not agree that withholding evidence furthers justice and warns McCoy that he faces disbarment . The defense 's case is repeatedly undermined by the judge and McCoy , but eventually McCoy changes his mind and submits the flight attendant 's statement at trial , prompting a plea bargain . The judge initially does not accept the plea bargain and threatens to charge McCoy with professional misconduct , but McCoy threatens to bring the judge before the ethics committee . The judge eventually accepts the plea and no misconduct charges are brought on either party . Dialogue throughout the episode implies that McCoy sees the defendant as a surrogate for the drunk driver who killed ADA Claire Kincaid ( Jill Hennessy ) . In `` Monster '' ( season eight ) , McCoy is brought before the disciplinary committee of the New York Supreme Court , Appellate Division , on misconduct charges stemming from his previous case in `` Under the Influence '' in which he had hidden a material witness from the opposing counsel to support more serious charges against a defendant . Since McCoy had ultimately released the evidence before the case was decided , he is not seriously punished for what he did . In the same episode , he had wrongly prosecuted an innocent man for the sexual assault of a young girl ; during the investigation , the suspect had been coerced by detectives Lennie Briscoe ( Jerry Orbach ) and Rey Curtis ( Benjamin Bratt ) into giving them a false confession . When the real perpetrator is caught , McCoy asks the girl 's doctor to give the defendant 's lawyer false information . The following episode explains that he is exonerated by the ethics committee . In `` DWB '' ( season 9 ) , McCoy , in contradiction of Schiff 's direct order , sues to invalidate a federal plea bargain to force a suspect to deal with the New York DA 's office . McCoy assures Schiff that the federal judgment will eventually be overturned on appeal ; Schiff retorts that , if it is not , `` your letter of resignation will be on my desk '' . In `` Refuge , part II '' ( season 9 ) , McCoy again disobeys a direct order from Schiff by instructing the police to imprison suspected Russian mobsters without charge . Near the end of the episode , a suggestion is made that McCoy is ready to resign over this issue , but Schiff simply says , `` No martyrs '' and allows him to remain in his job . In `` Invaders '' ( season 16 ) , after the brutal murder of ADA Alexandra Borgia ( Annie Parisse ) , McCoy pushes the envelope even further when he arranges to present a sham prosecution to intimidate a corrupt Drug Enforcement Administration agent to turn state 's evidence against Borgia 's murderers . When that trick fails , McCoy , hoping the agent would lead police to the killers , orders him released . While the murderers are arrested and the corrupt agent is killed , the severely unorthodox strategies used in the case lead to McCoy being removed from the case by order of the governor of New York . He is replaced for the duration of the case with an attorney from the New York State Attorney General 's office . In `` The Family Hour '' ( season 17 ) , in which a state senator is on trial for murder , medical examiner Elizabeth Rodgers ( Leslie Hendrix ) cites the wrong book during cross examination and later confesses to McCoy about it . McCoy wishes to disclose the error to the judge , but DA Arthur Branch ( Thompson ) decides the error is not exculpatory , and he orders McCoy to keep quiet . When McCoy refuses to cooperate , ADA Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) gives the trial 's closing summation instead of him . Although Rubirosa wins the case , McCoy submits his letter of resignation in protest . Branch appears to dissuade him from resigning and says he would not be `` in this chair forever . '' Although McCoy insists that he is a prosecutor , and not a politician , McCoy replaces Branch as the DA immediately thereafter . In Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) McCoy has appeared in four episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ; however , he is often referred to in the series , and his actions affect the ADAs working with the Special Victims Unit . As executive assistant district attorney ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) `` Entitled '' ( onscreen ) : McCoy makes his first appearance on the series . McCoy , working with his assistant , Abbie Carmichael ( Angie Harmon ) , assists the Special Victims Unit in solving a cold case , that Briscoe handled years ago with his former partner , Detective Mike Logan ( Chris Noth ) . Season two ( edit ) `` Baby Killer '' ( mention ) : After a murder intertwines with ADA Alexandra Cabot 's ( Stephanie March ) sex - crimes case , Chief Assistant District Attorney Charlie Phillips ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) , Lewin 's second in command , hands the murder case to McCoy . As district attorney ( edit ) Season 9 ( edit ) `` Blinded '' ( onscreen ) : McCoy had been promoted to district attorney . At the end of this episode , he calls ADA Casey Novak ( Diane Neal ) to his office and reprimands her after discovering that she had `` abused the authority '' of his office . He gives her one more chance to stay on the case , threatening that if she does not behave , he will not only fire her , but also have the New York State Bar Association revoke her license to practice law . `` Cold '' ( mention ) : A mistrial is declared in the case Novak was prosecuting . After she violates due process , Novak is informed by Judge Elizabeth Donnelly ( Judith Light ) that McCoy has declined to refile charges against the defendant , and that Novak is being called before the bar . She is later censured for committing a Brady violation -- withholding evidence that was relevant to the defendant 's guilt or innocence . Season 10 ( edit ) `` Lead '' ( mention ) : ADA Kim Greylek ( Michaela McManus ) is called back to the Justice Department in Washington , DC . McCoy lets her leave immediately , and asks Cabot , who was working in the appeals bureau , to temporarily work with the Special Victims Unit . Season 11 ( edit ) `` Unstable '' ( mention ) : McCoy sends Executive ADA Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) to `` clean the house '' in the `` he - said , she - said unit '' due to too many convictions being overturned . However , during the fourth episode of season 11 , Paxton is sent to drug rehabilitation after she appears drunk in court . `` Confidential '' ( mention ) : After SVU detective Elliot Stabler ( Chris Meloni ) believes he has made a mistake in charging an attorney who violated attorney - client privilege , he asks Cabot to drop the charges . However , Cabot states that it is `` too late '' and that `` McCoy certainly wo n't let ( her ) drop the charges '' . While in court , the defense rests , Cabot has no rebuttal , and then the defense moves for a directed verdict of not guilty . Judge Donnelly , a former Bureau Chief ADA , agrees , despite revealing that , `` it 's abhorrent to me , that a district attorney would so blatantly use our system of justice as means to a political end . '' McCoy was initially supposed to appear in the episode . `` Witness '' ( mention ) : Cabot 's material witness in a crime is arrested by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement and is taken to a detention facility in New Jersey due to known terrorist links . The witness is released from the facility after McCoy calls the U.S. Attorney to have her released . `` Torch '' ( onscreen ) : McCoy transfers ADA Jo Marlowe ( Sharon Stone ) to SVU . He enlists her to take up a case of two young girls who were killed in a suspicious fire , because `` when the DA ( McCoy ) sees dead little kids , he thinks special victims . '' McCoy makes his third appearance on SVU , in the squad room , where he pressures Marlowe to take the case to trial . McCoy is brought up again at the end of the episode when Marlowe mentions she needs to give him the bill for the house used in the fire recreation . Season 12 ( edit ) `` Wet '' ( mention ) : ADA Mikka Von ( Paula Patton ) is assigned to the Special Victims Unit , as their new permanent ADA . However , in her first case , she sends the defense attorney on vacation to give the detectives more time to find out who actually committed the murder . Von is told by Captain Don Cragen ( Dann Florek ) , on behalf of McCoy , to pack her bags and move back to Chicago because the `` DA does n't like dirty tricks , '' to which Stabler responds , `` Unless he 's the one that 's doin ' em . '' `` Gray '' ( mention ) : Paxton returns from her rehabilitation , noting that she is on probation and that she needs to prove to McCoy that she has n't lost her `` winning ways '' . `` Reparations '' ( mention ) : Novak returns to the Special Victims Unit after three years , and reveals that McCoy 's office had rehired her , but she is still on probation and if she loses her first case back , she is `` done '' . `` Smoked '' ( mention ) : After an FBI special agent initially refuses to let his `` personal bag man '' co-operate with the Special Victims Unit detectives , ADA Sherri West ( Francie Swift ) pressures him to agree , by threatening to call McCoy and have him speak to the agent 's boss . Season 13 ( edit ) `` Scorched Earth '' ( implied ) : McCoy is out of office by the season - 13 premiere as Cutter , by this time the new Special Victims Unit Bureau Chief ADA , comments to Cabot that `` the new DA wants the charges dropped '' in the case they were trying at the time . Season 19 ( edit ) `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( onscreen ) : McCoy is back in office as DA . When ADA Barba 's interference in a case results in a mercy killing , leading to the entire DA 's office being in jeopardy , McCoy sends Barba to trial for murder . Barba is found not guilty but quits his job as an ADA and is replaced by Chicago Assistant State Attorney ( ASA ) Peter Stone -- who has recently lost his father Benjamin Stone , the former New York Executive ADA who was replaced by McCoy himself in 1994 . Reception ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly television critic Ken Tucker has praised Law & Order 's creator Dick Wolf for putting McCoy at the center of `` some of the best episodes of the immortal series ' 19th season . '' Tucker elaborates how the character , riding `` herd over a couple of stubborn young bucks -- assistant DAs Mike Cutter ( Linus Roache ) and Connie Rubirosa ( Alana de la Garza ) -- McCoy argues , bellows orders , and croaks with outrage when his charges disobey his legal advice . '' District attorney 's office timeline ( edit ) Time period Executive assistant district attorney ( EADA ) Assistant district attorney ( ADA ) District attorney ( DA ) 1994 -- 1996 Jack McCoy Claire Kincaid Adam Schiff 1996 -- 1998 Jamie Ross 1998 -- 2000 Abbie Carmichael 2000 -- 2001 Nora Lewin 2001 -- 2002 Serena Southerlyn 2002 -- 2005 Arthur Branch 2005 -- 2006 Alexandra Borgia 2006 -- 2007 Connie Rubirosa 2008 -- 2010 Michael Cutter Jack McCoy Appearances on other TV shows ( edit ) Homicide : Life on the Street Season 6 Episode 5 : `` Baby , It 's You '' Season 7 Episode 15 : `` Sideshow '' Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 Episode 15 : `` Entitled '' Season 9 Episode 7 : `` Blinded '' Season 11 Episode 21 : `` Torch '' Season 19 Episode 13 : `` The Undiscovered Country '' Law & Order : Trial by Jury Episode 1 : `` The Abominable Showman '' Episode 8 : `` Skeleton '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . New York Landmarks Conservancy . ^ Jump up to : `` Trophy '' . Law & Order . Season 6 . Episode 12 . January 31 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Chosen '' . Law & Order . Season 13 . Episode 11 . January 15 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Drowned and the Saved '' . Law & Order . Season 19 . Episode 22 . June 3 , 2009 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Aftershock '' . Law & Order . Season 6 . Episode 23 . May 22 , 1996 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` In Vino Veritas '' . Law & Order . Season 17 . Episode 17 . November 3 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Wannabe '' . Law & Order . Season 5 . Episode 16 . March 15 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Patient Zero '' . Law & Order . Season 14 . Episode 3 . October 8 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Fame '' . Law & Order . Season 17 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Excalibur '' . Law & Order . Season 18 . Episode 18 . May 21 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Loco Parentis '' . Law & Order . Season 10 . Episode 10 . January 5 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Bottomless '' . Law & Order . Season 18 . Episode 4 . January 16 , 2008 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Opinion '' . Law & Order . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 1994 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Ill - Conceived '' . Law & Order . Season 14 . Episode 10 . December 3 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Missing '' . Law & Order . Season 12 . Episode 14 . February 6 , 2002 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` House Counsel '' . Law & Order . Season 5 . Episode 10 . January 4 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Nullification '' . Law & Order . Season 8 . Episode 5 . November 5 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Access Nation '' . Law & Order . Season 12 . Episode 15 . February 27 , 2002 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Rebels '' . Law & Order . Season 6 . Episode 2 . September 27 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Embedded '' . Law & Order . Season 14 . Episode 8 . November 19 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Burned '' . Law & Order . Season 8 . Episode 9 . December 10 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Deadbeat '' . Law & Order . Season 7 . Episode 7 . November 13 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Good Faith '' . Law & Order . Season 17 . Episode 17 . March 30 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Angel '' . Law & Order . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 29 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Thrill '' . Law & Order . Season 8 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Under God '' . Law & Order . Season 13 . Episode 12 . February 5 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Listing for `` Confidential '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . NBC Universal . February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken . `` TV : Sam Waterston 's bark keeps giving Law & Order its bite '' , Entertainment Weekly 1026 ( December 19 , 2008 ) : 49 . ( hide ) Law & Order Characters Police Sgt . Max Greevey Sgt . Phil Cerreta Lennie Briscoe Joe Fontana Ed Green Cyrus Lupo Mike Logan Rey Curtis Nick Falco Nina Cassady Kevin Bernard Captain Donald Cragen Lieutenant Anita Van Buren District attorneys Benjamin Stone Jack McCoy Michael Cutter Paul Robinette Claire Kincaid Jamie Ross Abbie Carmichael Serena Southerlyn Alexandra Borgia Connie Rubirosa Adam Schiff Nora Lewin Arthur Branch Recurring characters Elizabeth Olivet , Ph. D . Emil Skoda , M.D. Elizabeth Rodgers , M.D. Danielle Melnick Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Prescription for Death '' `` Everybody 's Favorite Bagman '' `` Manhood '' `` Aftershock '' `` Empire '' `` Mother 's Day '' `` Sunday in the Park with Jorge '' `` Public Service Homicide '' `` Burn Card '' `` The Drowned and the Saved '' `` Dignity '' `` Fed '' `` Blackmail '' `` Steel - Eyed Death '' `` Boy on Fire '' `` Rubber Room '' TV film Exiled : A Law & Order Movie See also Episodes Cast Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_McCoy&oldid=838021970 '' Categories : Law & Order characters Fictional lawyers Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Fictional district attorneys Fictional victims of child abuse Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski 日本 語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 14 . 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Your Lie in April - Wikipedia Your Lie in April Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the manga and anime . For the live - action film adaptation , see Your Lie in April ( film ) . Your Lie in April Cover of the first tankōbon volume featuring Kōsei Arima and Kaori Miyazono 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso ) Manga Written by Naoshi Arakawa Published by Kodansha English publisher Kodansha Comics Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine Original run April 6 , 2011 -- February 6 , 2015 Volumes 11 ( List of volumes ) Anime television series Directed by Kyōhei Ishiguro Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Masaru Yokoyama Studio A-1 Pictures Licensed by Madman Entertainment Aniplex of America Anime Limited Original network Fuji TV ( Noitamina ) Original run October 9 , 2014 -- March 19 , 2015 Episodes 22 ( List of episodes ) Light novel Your Lie in April - A Six Person Etude Written by Yui Tokiumi Published by Kodansha English publisher Vertical Published November 17 , 2014 Volumes Manga Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda Written by Naoshi Arakawa Demographic Shōnen Original run February 25 , 2015 -- October 28 , 2015 Volumes Original video animation Moments Directed by Kazuya Iwata Written by Takao Yoshioka Music by Masaru Yokoyama Studio A-1 Pictures Released May 15 , 2015 Runtime 23 minutes Live - action film Your Lie in April ( film ) Anime and Manga portal Your Lie in April , known in Japan as Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso ( 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ) or just simply Kimiuso , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa . The series was serialized in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Magazine from April 2011 to May 2015 . An anime television series adaptation by A-1 Pictures aired from October 2014 to March 2015 on Fuji TV 's Noitamina block . A live - action film adaptation of the same name was released in September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.1. 1 Volume list 3.2 Anime 3.3 Live - action film 3.4 Stage play 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Piano prodigy Kōsei Arima dominated various music competitions and has become famous among child musicians , but also controversial . After the death of his abusive mother , who was also his coldhearted instructor who forced him to play the piano emotionlessly , he had a mental breakdown at the age of eleven while performing at a piano recital which resulted in him no longer being able to hear the sound of his piano even though his hearing was perfectly fine . Kōsei has n't touched in four years ( he was fifteen in the series ) the piano , and views the world in monochrome , without any flair or color , resigning himself to living out his life with his childhood friends , Tsubaki and Watari , until , one day , a girl changes everything . Kaori Miyazono , an audacious , free - spirited , fourteen - year - old violinist whose playing style reflects her manic personality , helps Kōsei return to the music world and shows that it should be free and mold - breaking unlike the structured and rigid style Kōsei was used to , and as she continues to uplift him , he quickly realizes that he loves her , though she already likes Watari . However , while performing together ( Kōsei having been dragged into it by Kaori ) , Kaori suddenly collapses after a moving performance and is hospitalised . At first Kaori says that she is anaemic and just needs some routine testing , but this is revealed to be a lie when flashes of her past reveal her collapsing and bleeding many times before . Finally Kaori is discharged and back to her happy , crazy - self , inviting Kōsei to play at a Gala with her . However , Kaori fails to show up on the day of the Gala , and as her health worsens , and she begins to give up on life . This time , Kōsei is the one who inspires her after playing a duet with Nagi Aiza , the pianist sister of a fellow rival of his named Takeshi Aiza . After shedding tears and listening to it , Kaori opts for a risky surgery that may result in her demise if it fails , just so that she can play with him one more time . During the finals of the Eastern Japan Piano Competition , Kosei starts to play the piano , wishing that it would reach Kaori , but sees Kaori accompanying him during the play , indicating that she had died , since it was her last wish that she wanted to play with Kosei . Kaori eventually dies due to the surgery , but leaves a letter to Kōsei , which is given to him by her parents at her funeral . The letter states that she was in love with Kōsei the whole time , and that her supposed feelings towards Watari were fabricated in order to get closer to Kōsei without emotionally injuring Tsubaki , who also has limerent feelings towards Kōsei . Although at first consumed with grief , Kōsei finds comfort in Tsubaki , who promises not to abandon him . Characters ( edit ) Kōsei Arima ( 有馬 公 生 , Arima Kōsei ) Voiced by : Natsuki Hanae ( Japanese ) ; Max Mittelman ( English ) & Piano performance by : Tomoki Sakata Played by : Kento Yamazaki ( live - action film ) ; Shintarō Anzai ( stage play ) Kōsei is a former child prodigy in playing piano , dubbed the `` Human Metronome '' for his near - inhuman mechanical accuracy , a product of his mother 's overly strict methods of teaching . His ability to play the piano with unparalleled precision led him to win many competitions across Japan and even be invited to play abroad . When his mother died , the resulting psychological trauma caused him to be unable to hear the sound of his piano playing , and he gave up on it . Two years later , he takes up the piano again after being convinced by Kaori Miyazono to become her accompanist . Influenced by her emotional and unrestrained playing style , Kōsei eventually finds himself falling in love with her . He , however , does not confess his feelings due to her liking his best friend , Ryota Watari . It is later revealed in Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda , a side story from Kōsei and Tsubaki 's childhood , that his inspiration for playing so beautifully in his first competition was to cheer up Tsubaki after the passing of her grandmother . Kaori Miyazono ( 宮園 かをり , Miyazono Kawori ) Voiced by : Risa Taneda ( Japanese ) ; Erica Lindbeck ( English ) & Violin performance by : Yūna Shinohara Played by : Suzu Hirose ( live - action film ) ; Arisa Matsunaga ( stage play ) Kaori is Tsubaki 's classmate ; she is a free - spirited violinist who has drawn much criticism from judging panels due to her unwillingness to adhere strictly to the score , but is highly favored by audiences that hear her playing . Kaori first met Kōsei when she asked Tsubaki to set her up with Watari . As their friendship grew , she eventually convinced Kōsei to play the piano again , first as her accompanist and later in a piano competition . It is revealed at the end of the anime , in a letter addressed to Kōsei , that she had asked to be set up with Watari in order to meet Kōsei , knowing that Watari and Tsubaki were good friends of his . Tsubaki Sawabe ( 澤 部 椿 , Sawabe Tsubaki ) Voiced by : Ayane Sakura ( Japanese ) ; Erica Mendez ( English ) Played by : Anna Ishii ( live - action film ) ; Misato Kawauchi ( stage play ) Kōsei 's childhood friend and next - door neighbor , who treats him like a little brother . She is athletic and is part of the softball club at school . Often dismayed at Kōsei 's inability to move on from his mother 's death , she attempts to get him to play the piano again in order to make a clear decision about his future . She first denies her feelings for him but after undergoing several stages of denial , she falls in love with him , which she confesses to him later on . Ryōta Watari ( 渡 亮太 , Watari Ryōta ) Voiced by : Ryōta Ōsaka ( Japanese ) ; Kyle McCarley ( English ) Played by : Taishi Nakagawa ( live - action film ) ; Masanari Wada ( stage play ) Ryōta is Kōsei 's and Tsubaki 's childhood friend , and is the captain of the school 's soccer team . He is extremely popular with girls , and usually adopts a frivolous attitude . However , he does come up with good insights every so often . Kaori was his love interest and when they are together , they are shown to be acting lovey - dovey , which makes Kōsei jealous . Kōsei later tells him about his feelings for Kaori , and he soon accepts this and gives him advice . Takeshi Aiza ( 相 座 武士 , Aiza Takeshi ) Voiced by : Yūki Kaji ( Japanese ) ; Erik Scott Kimerer ( English ) Played by : Shōjirō Yokoi ( stage play ) Takeshi is a pianist of the same age as Kōsei . His aim was always to catch up and surpass Kōsei on the piano since watching him play at a young age . His resolve is so strong to the point that Takeshi would even abandon an invitation for a piano competition in Europe in order to compete with Kōsei . To Takeshi , Kōsei was like his ' hero ' . Emi Igawa ( 井川 絵 見 , Igawa Emi ) Voiced by : Saori Hayami ( Japanese ) ; Erika Harlacher ( English ) Played by : Haruka Yamashita ( stage play ) Emi is a pianist of the same age as Kōsei , who decided to become a pianist after listening to Kōsei play at the age of 5 . She aims to reach Kōsei through her emotional playing style . It is hinted that she has feelings for Kōsei . Nagi Aiza ( 相 座 凪 , Aiza Nagi ) Voiced by : Ai Kayano ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) Nagi is Takeshi 's little sister who pretended to ask for tutelage from Hiroko in order to scout her brother 's rival , Kōsei . She ended up becoming Kōsei 's student . She often says `` Cliche '' ( 陳腐 , Chinpu ) to things that Kōsei tells her . After months of tutelage , she develops a crush on her teacher . Saki Arima ( 有馬 早希 , Arima Saki ) Voiced by : Mamiko Noto ( Japanese ) ; Wendee Lee ( English ) Played by : Rei Dan ( live - action film ) ; Ryōko Tanaka ( stage play ) Saki was Kōsei 's strict mother who demanded that Kōsei practice the score to absolute perfection , and often beat him for small mistakes . While she did not plan to make Kōsei a pianist at first , her realization of Kōsei 's talents and the discovery of her terminal illness made her decide to give Kōsei a strict foundation in piano in order to be able to find his own style and a living as a pianist after she dies . She died before Kōsei 's qualification to what supposedly was his first competition in Europe . She appears in front of Kōsei many times throughout the show . Hiroko Seto ( 瀬戸 紘子 , Seto Hiroko ) Voiced by : Mie Sonozaki ( Japanese ) ; Carrie Keranen ( English ) Played by : Yuka Itaya ( live - action film ) ; Kuniko Kodama ( stage play ) Hiroko is a nationally renowned pianist and Saki 's close friend from college . She was the one who discovered Kōsei 's talents in piano and suggested Saki make him into a pianist despite Saki 's initial disagreement . Blaming herself for Saki 's brutal treatment to Kōsei and his psychological trauma from Saki 's death , she distances herself from Kōsei following Saki 's death . When Kōsei returns to play the piano , she becomes his guardian and mentor . Koharu Seto ( 瀬戸 小春 , Seto Koharu ) Voiced by : Inori Minase ( Japanese ) ; Cristina Vee ( English ) A very small child who smiles very often and is the daughter of Hiroko . She enjoys Kōsei 's piano playing and always wants him to play more and is very attached to him . She usually clings by her mother 's side and is adored by both Kōsei and her mother . Saitō ( 斎藤 , Saitō ) Voiced by : Kazuyuki Okitsu ( Japanese ) ; Robbie Daymond ( English ) Saitō is Tsubaki 's baseball - playing senior and her target of admiration . He confessed to Tsubaki and dated her , but suggested they break up after realizing Tsubaki 's actual feelings for Kōsei , covering it up through saying that he found someone else he loves . Nao Kashiwagi ( 柏木 奈緒 , Kashiwagi Nao ) Voiced by : Shizuka Ishigami ( Japanese ) ; Julie Ann Taylor ( English ) Played by : Haruka Igarashi ( stage play ) Kashiwagi is a good friend of Tsubaki 's who often gives her advice . Kashiwagi succeeded in breaking Tsubaki 's stubbornness to realize and admit her feelings for Kōsei . Near the end it is established that most of the advice she gives Tsubaki comes from her being a fan of BL ( Boys ' love ) manga , not from personal dating experience . Takahiko Arima ( 有馬 隆彦 , Arima Takahiko ) Voiced by : Kenji Hamada Takahiko is Kousei 's father . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) The Your Lie in April manga series is written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa , and began serialization on April 6 , 2011 in Kodansha 's Monthly Shōnen Magazine . The first tankōbon was published by Kodansha on September 16 , 2011 , and the final volume was released in two editions , a regular edition and a limited edition , with the limited edition bundled with an OVA , and was released on May 15 , 2015 . The series is licensed in English in North America by Kodansha Comics , and the first volume was published on April 21 , 2015 . A spin - off manga titled Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso : Coda was bundled with the release of the Blu - ray release of the anime series . It was later published in tankōbon format on August 17 , 2016 . Volume list ( edit ) No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN September 16 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371301 - 5 April 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236171 - 4 `` Monotone '' ( モノトーン , Monotōn ) `` The Love of a Violinist '' ( ヴァイオリニスト の 愛 , Vaiorinisuto no Ai ) `` Black Cat '' ( 黒 猫 , Kuroneko ) `` Colorful '' ( カラフル , Karafuru ) January 17 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371317 - 6 June 23 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236172 - 1 `` A Dark Ocean '' ( 暗い 海 , Kurai Umi ) `` From Behind '' ( 後ろ姿 , Ushirosugata ) `` Cloudy Skies '' ( 曇天 模様 , Donten Moyō ) `` The Water 's Surface '' ( 水面 , Minamo ) May 17 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371327 - 5 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236173 - 8 `` The Cassette Recording and the Moon '' ( ラジカセ と 月 , Rajikase to Tsuki ) `` The Way Home '' ( 帰り道 , Kaerimichi ) `` The Shadow Whispers '' ( カゲ ささやく , Kage Sasayaku ) `` Mirage '' ( 蜃気楼 , Shinkirō ) September 14 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371345 - 9 October 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236174 - 5 `` Surge '' ( うねる , Uneru ) `` Red and Yellow '' ( 赤 と 黄色 , Aka to Kiiro ) `` Resonance '' ( 共鳴 , Kyōmei ) `` Listen , Mama ! '' ( ねえ 、 ママ きい て よ , Nē , Mama Kī Te Yo ) 5 January 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371359 - 6 December 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236175 - 2 `` Falling '' ( 墜ちる , Ochiru ) `` The Scenery When I 'm with You '' ( 君 と いた 景色 , Kimi Toita Keshiki ) `` Along the Railroad Track '' ( 線路 沿い の 道 , Senro - zoi no Michi ) `` Under the Bridge '' ( 橋 の 下 , Hashi no Shita ) 6 May 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371375 - 6 March 29 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236176 - 9 `` Candied Apple '' ( りんご 飴 , Ringo Ame ) `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' ( トゥインク ル リトル スタ , Tuinkuru Ritoru Sta ) `` Spurred to Action '' ( つき 動かす , Tsuki Ugokasu ) `` Rays of Light '' ( 射す 光 , Sasu Hikari ) 7 September 17 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371387 - 9 April 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236177 - 6 `` Connection '' ( つながる , Tsunagaru ) `` A Chain '' ( 連鎖 , Rensa ) `` Superimposed Outlines '' ( 車 なる 輪郭 , Kurumanaru Rinkaku ) `` Footprints '' ( 足跡 , Ashiato ) 8 January 17 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371405 - 0 July 5 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236178 - 3 `` Liar '' ( うそつき , Usotsuki ) `` Intruder '' ( 闖入 者 , Chinyūsha ) `` You 'll Do '' ( 君 で いい や , Kimi de ī ya ) `` Two of a Kind '' ( 似 た 者 同士 , Nitamono Dōshi ) 9 May 16 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371418 - 0 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236179 - 0 `` Twilight '' ( トワイライト , Towairaito ) `` Those Who Gaze into the Abyss '' ( 深淵 を のぞく 者 , Shin'en o Nozoku Mono ) `` Hearts Intertwining '' ( 心 重ねる , Kokoro Kasaneru ) `` Punch '' ( パンチ , Panchi ) 10 October 17 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371435 - 7 November 1 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236180 - 6 `` A Promise '' ( 約束 , Yakusoku ) `` Goodbye , Hero '' ( さよなら ヒーロー , Sayonara Hīrō ) `` Caught in the Rain '' ( 雨 やどり , Amayadori ) `` Hand in Hand '' ( 手 と 手 , Te to Te ) 11 May 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 371467 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358752 - 4 ( limited edition ) December 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63 - 236312 - 1 `` Snow '' ( 雪 , Yuki ) `` Again '' ( アゲイン , Agein ) `` Ballade '' ( バラード , Barādo ) `` Spring Breeze '' ( 春風 , Harukaze ) Anime ( edit ) See also : List of Your Lie in April episodes A-1 Pictures has aired the anime production of Your Lie in April . It premiered on October 10 , 2014 in Japan and ended on March 20 , 2015 . The first opening theme song is `` Hikaru Nara '' ( 光る なら , lit . If You Will Shine ) by Goose house and the first ending theme song is `` Kirameki '' ( キラメキ , lit . Sparkle ) by wacci . The second opening song is `` Nanairo Symphony '' ( 七色 シンフォニー , Nanairo Shinfonī , lit . `` Seven Colored Symphony '' ) by Coalamode and the second ending theme is `` Orange '' ( オレンジ , Orenji ) by 7 ! ! ( Seven Oops ) . The original soundtracks are composed by Masaru Yokoyama . In North America , Aniplex of America licensed the series within the region , who simulcasted the series on Crunchyroll , Aniplex Channel , Hulu and Viewster . In Australia and New Zealand , the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment , who streamed the series on AnimeLab . The series is licensed in the United Kingdom and Ireland by Anime Limited . The series was later made available on Netflix with the English dub , as well as English subtitles . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Your Lie in April ( film ) On August 24 , 2015 , the domain ' kimiuso-movie.jp ' was registered under Toho , a Japanese film production and distribution company , which made fans believe that a movie adaptation was in the works . Speculations were confirmed in September 2015 when the main cast was announced for the live - action adaptation of the series : Kento Yamazaki as Kōsei Arima , Suzu Hirose as Kaori Miyazono , E-girls ' Anna Ishii as Tsubaki Sawabe , and Taishi Nakagawa as Ryōta Watari . While the original story depicts the characters in their junior high year , it is announced that they will be in their second - year of high school in the film . The adaptation , slated to be released in Japan in September 2016 , will be written by Strawberry Night 's live - action scriptwriter Yukari Tatsui , and directed by Paradise Kiss 's live - action director Takehiko Shinjō . Stage play ( edit ) In the May issue of Monthly Shōnen Magazine , it was announced that a stage play adaptation of the manga was green - lit , and set to run on August the same year . The stage play was announced to be held at the AiiA 2.5 Theater Tokyo from August 24 , 2017 to September 3 , 2017 , and at the Umeda Arts Theater in Osaka from September 7 , 2017 to September 10 , 2017 . The stage play is directed by Naohiro Ise , and written by Kaori Miura . It was also revealed that the play would have live musical performances , with Yuta Matsumura performing the piano , and Shuko Kobayashi performing the violin . The main cast was announced , and stars : Shintarō Anzai as Kōsei Arima , Arisa Matsunaga as Kaori Miyazono , Misato Kawauchi as Tsubaki Sawabe , Masanari Wada as Ryōta Watari , Haruka Yamashita as Emi Igawa , and Shōjirō Yokoi as Takeshi Aiza . Additional cast was later announced , with : Takako Nakamura as Yuriko Ochiai , Shun Mikami as Akira Takayanagi , Haruka Igarashi as Nao Kashiwagi , Kuniko Kodama as Hiroko Seto , and Ryōko Tanaka as Saki Arima . Reception ( edit ) The manga won the award for Best Shōnen Manga at the 37th Kodansha Manga Awards . It was nominated for the 5th Manga Taishō . The anime adaptation was the winner of the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper 's 2016 Sugoi Japan Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kodansha Comics has licensed Your Lie in April ! '' . KODANSHA COMICS . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical to Release Your Lie in April Light Novel in July '' . Anime News Network . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shōsetsu Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso - 6 - nin no Etude '' 小説 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 6 人 の エチュード . Kodansha . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Manga Gets Noitamina Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - Action Your Lie in April Film Opens in September '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 1 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 1 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 11 ) < 完 > ( Your Lie in April ( 11 ) < Final > ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DVD 付き 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 11 ) 限定 版 < 完 > ( DVD Bundle Your Lie in April ( 11 ) Limited Edition < Final > ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 1 : A Life in Monotone '' . Kodansha Comics . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 Coda '' ( Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Coda ) . Kodansha . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 2 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 2 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 3 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 3 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 4 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 4 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 5 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 5 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 6 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 6 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 7 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 7 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 8 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 8 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 9 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 9 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 四 月 は 君 の 嘘 ( 10 ) ( Your Lie in April ( 10 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goose House to Perform Opening , Cover Songs for Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso Anime '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coala Mode , 7 ! ! Perform Theme Songs For Your Lie in April Anime 's 2nd Half '' . Anime News Network . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex of America Acquires Your lie in April for this Fall Season '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April '' . Aniplex Channel . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Entertainment Acquires Trinity Seven and Your Lie in April '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Limited Acquires Your Lie in April '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Your Lie in April ' Anime Gets Full Bilingual Netflix Run '' . The Fandom Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Domain ' kimiuso-movie.jp ' Registered Under Toho 's Name '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kento Yamazaki , Suzu Hirose to Star in Live - Action Your Lie in April Film '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naoshi Arakawa 's Your Lie in April Manga Gets Stage Play in August '' . Anime News Network . April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Cast of the `` Your Lie in April '' Stage Play `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Kara ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Your Lie in April '' Stage Play Reveals New Cast and Promo Images `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Land , Ore Monogatari ! ! Win 37th Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hiromu Arakawa 's Silver Spoon Wins 5th Manga Taisho Award '' . Anime News Network . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Your Lie in April , One - Punch Man Top Sugoi Japan Awards 2016 Results '' . Anime News Network . 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ 部門 TOP5 '' . Sugoi - Japan ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Your Lie in April at Kodansha Anime official website Your Lie in April ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Kodansha Manga Award -- Shōnen 1970s Black Jack and The Three - Eyed One by Ozamu Tezuka ( 1977 ) Football Hawk by Noboru Kawasaki ( 1978 ) Tonda Couple by Kimio Yanagisawa ( 1979 ) 1980s Susano Oh by Gō Nagai ( 1980 ) Sanshirō of 1 , 2 by Makoto Kobayashi ( 1981 ) Gakuto Retsuden by Motoka Murakami ( 1982 ) The Kabocha Wine by Mitsuru Miura ( 1983 ) Bats & Terry by Yasuichi Ōshima ( 1984 ) Bari Bari Densetsu by Shuichi Shigeno ( 1985 ) Kōtarō Makaritōru ! by Tatsuya Hiruta ( 1986 ) Ironfist Chinmi by Takeshi Maekawa ( 1987 ) Mister Ajikko by Daisuke Terasawa ( 1988 ) Meimon ! Daisan Yakyūbu by Toshiyuki Mutsu ( 1989 ) 1990s Shura no Mon by Masatoshi Kawahara ( 1990 ) Hajime no Ippo by George Morikawa ( 1991 ) Kaze Hikaru : Koshien by Sanbachi Kawa and Tarō Nami ( 1992 ) 3 × 3 Eyes by Yuzo Takada ( 1993 ) Aoki Densetsu Shoot ! by Tsukasa Ōshima ( 1994 ) The Kindaichi Case Files by Yōsaburō Kanari and Fumiya Sato ( 1995 ) Shōta no Sushi by Daisuke Terasawa ( 1996 ) Ryūrōden by Yoshito Yamahara ( 1997 ) Great Teacher Onizuka by Tooru Fujisawa ( 1998 ) Chamaleon by Toshiyuki Mutsu ( 1999 ) 2000s Legendary Gambler Tetsuya by Fūmei Sai and Yasushi Hoshino ( 2000 ) Love Hina by Ken Amatsu ( 2001 ) Cromartie High School by Eiji Nonaka and Beck by Harold Sakuishi ( 2002 ) Kunimitsu no Matsuri , by Yūma Andō and Masashi Asaki ( 2003 ) Shana Ō Yoshitsune by Hirofumi Sawada ( 2004 ) Capeta by Masahito Soda ( 2005 ) Air Gear by Oh ! great ( 2006 ) Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei by Kōji Kumeta and Dear Boys : Act 2 by Hiroki Yagami ( 2007 ) Saikyō ! Toritsu Aoizaka Kōkō Yakyūbu by Motoyuki Tanaka ( 2008 ) Q.E.D. by Motohiro Katou and Fairy Tail by Hiro Mashima ( 2009 ) 2010s Ace of Diamond by Yuji Terajima ( 2010 ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama ( 2011 ) Mashiro no Oto by Marimo Ragawa ( 2012 ) Your Lie in April by Naoshi Arakawa ( 2013 ) Baby Steps by Hikaru Katsuki ( 2014 ) The Seven Deadly Sins by Nakaba Suzuki and Yowamushi Pedal by Wataru Watanabe ( 2015 ) Days by Tsuyoshi Yasuda ( 2016 ) Altair : A Record of Battles by Kotono Katō ( 2017 ) noitaminA 2005 -- 2009 Honey and Clover Paradise Kiss Ayakashi : Samurai Horror Tales Jyu - Oh - Sei Honey and Clover II Hataraki Man Nodame Cantabile Mononoke Moyasimon : Tales of Agriculture Hakaba Kitarō Library War Antique Bakery Nodame Cantabile : Paris Chapter Genji Monogatari Sennenki Eden of the East Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 Kūchū Buranko 2010 -- 2014 Nodame Cantabile : Finale House of Five Leaves The Tatami Galaxy Moyasimon : Tales of Agriculture ( live - action ) Shiki Princess Jellyfish Fractale Wandering Son ( C ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day Bunny Drop No. 6 Un-Go Guilty Crown Thermae Romae Black Rock Shooter Kids on the Slope Tsuritama Moyashimon Returns Natsuyuki Rendezvous Psycho - Pass Robotics ; Notes Katanagatari Silver Spoon Galilei Donna Samurai Flamenco Silver Spoon 2 Ping Pong Nanana 's Buried Treasure Terror in Resonance Psycho - Pass 2 Your Lie in April 2015 -- present Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Punch Line Rampo Kitan : Game of Laplace Subete ga F ni Naru Erased Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress Battery The Great Passage Scum 's Wish Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat Dive ! ! Inuyashiki After the Rain Wotakoi : Love is Hard for Otaku Banana Fish Films Eden of the East Compilation : Air Communication ( 2009 ) Eden of the East : The King of Eden ( 2009 ) Eden of the East : Paradise Lost ( 2010 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Library War : The Wings of Revolution ( 2012 ) Anohana the Movie : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2013 ) Psycho - Pass : The Movie ( 2015 ) Typhoon Noruda ( 2015 ) The Anthem of the Heart ( 2015 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Harmony ( 2015 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Genocidal Organ ( 2017 ) The Night Is Short , Walk on Girl ( 2017 ) Lu Over the Wall ( 2017 ) Penguin Highway ( 2018 ) Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress : Unato Decisive Battle ( 2018 ) Psycho - Pass : Sinners of the System ( 2019 ) Category Works by A-1 Pictures Television series 2006 -- 2010 Zenmai Zamurai ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Robby & Kerobby ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Big Windup ! ( 2007 ) Persona : Trinity Soul ( 2008 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode ( 2008 ) Black Butler ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Kannagi : Crazy Shrine Maidens ( 2008 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode 2 ( 2009 ) Valkyria Chronicles ( 2009 ) Fairy Tail ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Sound of the Sky ( 2010 ) Ōkiku Furikabutte ~ Natsu no Taikai - hen ~ ( 2010 ) Working ! ! ( 2010 ) Night Raid 1931 ( 2010 ) Black Butler II ( 2010 ) Occult Academy ( 2010 ) Togainu no Chi ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2015 Fractale ( 2011 ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2011 ) Blue Exorcist ( 2011 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love 1000 % ( 2011 ) The Idolmaster ( 2011 ) Working ' ! ! ( 2011 ) Space Brothers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Tsuritama ( 2012 ) Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) From the New World ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chōsoku Henkei Gyrozetter ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Oreshura ( 2013 ) Vividred Operation ( 2013 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love 2000 % ( 2013 ) Ore no Imōto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai. 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Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by The Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Season 3 While the third season of Stranger Things has been greenlit , no official release date has been given , though it is expected in either late 2018 or early 2019 . Levy said that they are looking at a shorter season of eight or nine episodes , depending on how they develop the story and are not bound by a specific number . They expect the third season to be less about Will ; Levy said , `` We 're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row . He 'll be dealing with stuff , but he wo n't be at rock bottom ... We 're ( going to be ) dealing with forces of evil that are new . '' Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as The Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited The Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and The Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Later that month , David Harbour said that the Duffers were still writing episodes for the season , and did not expect the season would release until 2019 . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , The Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , The Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , The Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with The Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to The Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , The Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 69 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 109 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 69 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like The Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 109 reviews , and an average rating of 7.83 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and The Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , The Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Bram Stoker Award for Best Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , The Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Pending Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Pending Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Pending Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Pending Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Pending Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including The Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radloff , Jessica ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Is Further Along Than You Think '' . Glamour . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar+ . August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VO5 NME Awards 2017 - full winners ' list '' . NME . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guild of Music Supervisors Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . filmmusiccritics.org . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 : Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca , Rubin ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` SAG Awards ' Stunt Ensemble Nominees Include Fallen ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Press Releases '' . socawards.com . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of nominees for the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Reveal Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . local706.org . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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Yo Gabba Gabba ! - Wikipedia Yo Gabba Gabba ! Jump to : navigation , search Yo Gabba Gabba ! Yo Gabba Gabba ! title card Genre Educational Created by Christian Jacobs Scott Schultz Developed by Kay Wilson Stallings Directed by Christian Jacobs Scott Schultz Matt Fackrell Matt Chapman Presented by Lance Robertson Voices of Adam Delbert Christian Jacobs Amos `` Mossi '' Watene Erin Pearce Emma Jacobs - Briggs Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 66 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Polis Jon Berrett Producer ( s ) Justin Lyon Ritamarie Peruggi Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) The Magic Store W ! ldbrain Entertainment Nickelodeon Productions Distributor DHX Media Release Original network Nickelodeon Nick Jr . Original release August 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 20 ) -- November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) External links Website Yo Gabba Gabba ! is an American live action / puppet educational children 's television show starring five costumed toys come to life and their friend DJ Lance Rock . The series premiered on Nick Jr . August 20 , 2007 and ended on November 12 , 2015 . There is a single topic in each episode , e.g. `` Adventure '' , `` Friends '' , and `` Dance '' , through songs and short storylines in the half - hour program . Additionally , the show teaches children life and social skills , such as sharing and trying new foods . It also encourages viewers to move along with and dance with the characters in the program . The show is noted for its indie - culture guest stars and bands , and for drawing visual inspiration from 8 - bit video games and H.R. Pufnstuf , among other television shows . Created by Christian Jacobs ( lead singer of the Aquabats ) and Scott Schultz , the show is written to appeal to children and their parents . The television program has spawned a touring live stage show , various toys and branded clothing . Trademarks relating to Yo Gabba Gabba ! and its characters are held by GabbaCaDabra , LLC. in partnership with The Magic Store and WildBrain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Production 4 Episode structure 5 The Stars 6 Regular segments 7 Episodes 8 Video releases 9 Soundtrack releases 10 Stage shows 11 Mobile streaming 12 Critical reception 13 In other media 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) Hosted by a character named DJ Lance Rock , the series featured a mix of live - action segments featuring cartoonish costumed characters -- Muno ( the red cyclops ) , Foofa ( the pink flower bubble ) , Brobee ( a little hairy green monster ) , Toodee ( the blue cat - dragon ) and Plex ( the magic yellow robot ) -- and many short animated sketches and musical numbers . Popular artists who have appeared on the show include Mos Def , Bootsy Collins , Ladytron , The Killers , Enon , The Clientele , Jimmy Eat World , Solange Knowles , Taking Back Sunday , Datarock , The Aquabats , Devo , Anne Heche , Joy Zipper , Of Montreal , Chromeo , My Chemical Romance , Weezer , Hot Hot Heat , The Faint , The Roots , Paul Williams , Mates of State , MGMT , Jack Black , Tony Hawk , Elijah Wood , Peter Bjorn and John , Trunk Boiz , The Shins , The Aggrolites , The Flaming Lips , Mýa , Biz Markie , Blitzen Trapper , The Ting Tings , Money Mark , Mariachi El Bronx , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , Erykah Badu , and Lil Wayne . Other non-musical celebrity guests to have appeared include Jason Bateman , Andy Samberg , Sarah Silverman , Laila Ali , Bill Hader , and Anthony Bourdain . Among the varied animation sequences during the show was Super Martian Robot Girl , designed by indie cartoonists Evan Dorkin and Sarah Dyer . The toy models of the characters that appeared at the beginning and end of each show were made by Kidrobot . History ( edit ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! was developed by two Southern California fathers , Christian Jacobs and Scott Schultz , who first started working together as teenagers , producing and directing skateboarding videos . Their goal was to design a kids ' show that was entertaining while featuring real artists and real performers . Both had no previous experience writing for television , let alone children 's broadcasting or education . In developing the show they took inspiration from a number of sources including Sesame Street , The Electric Company , Pee - wee 's Playhouse , as well as Sid and Marty Krofft puppet shows Banana Splits and H.R. Pufnstuf . In 1999 , after becoming parents , Jacobs and Schultz started playing around with ideas for children 's television and produced a pilot independently financed by small loans from friends and family . Yo Gabba Gabba ! did not get much attention until it started circulating on the Internet . Jared Hess , the director of Napoleon Dynamite and Nacho Libre , saw the pilot online and recommended it to Brown Johnson , the executive vice president and executive creative director of Nickelodeon Preschool . Yo Gabba Gabba ! premiered on Nickelodeon on August 20 , 2007 . Production ( edit ) The show was produced by The Magic Store and Wild Brain . Yo Gabba Gabba ! airs on the Nick Jr. cable network in the United States and the Nick Jr. networks in the United Kingdom & Ireland , Italy , France and Australia as well as Treehouse TV network in Canada , Disney Junior in Latin America and RTE2 on RTÉjr in Ireland . The series premiered August 20 , 2007 on Nickelodeon as part of its Nick Jr. block , and began broadcasting in reruns from February 23 , 2008 to November 2016 on the Nick Jr . TV channel . The show was not renewed for a fifth season . Episode structure ( edit ) All episodes follow a similar format . In the opening scene , DJ Lance Rock is shown walking on a plain white background while holding a gray radio with colorful buttons . He then gets to a table scenery that involves four different colored lands and a gray cloth underneath it . He then places down the radio , and then he shouts `` YOOOO Gabba Gabba ! '' and opens the radio , and inside it are 5 toy figures : Toodee , Muno , Foofa , Plex , and Brobee . He places down the figures one - by - one , and then they become alive . The episode features four main segments ( it was shortened to three after the first season ) that are connected to each other as a plot . They involve DJ Lance and the gabbas doing an activity . After each main segment , a short clip is shown that shows a kid dancing around . The kid says his or her name , followed by `` I like to dance ! '' . Between the main segments , there is another segment called `` The Super Music Friends Show '' , which features a performance by a band about the episode 's topic . Other small segments include `` Mark 's Magic Pictures '' and `` Biz 's Beat of the Day '' . Near the end of each episode , DJ Lance and the gabbas do a mix - like song about what had occurred during the main segments . After it is finished , DJ Lance shouts `` YOOOO Gabba Gabba ! '' once again , and then Brobee , Muno , Toodee , Foofa , and Plex turn back into toys . One - by - one , DJ Lance puts them back in the radio , closes the radio , and then walks off carrying it . The credits then roll . The stars ( edit ) DJ Lance Rock -- ( Portrayed by Lance Robertson U.S. , voice dubbed by Ortis Deley in the UK ) A DJ who is the narrator and friend of the other characters and the series ' host . Muno -- ( Voiced by Adam Deibert U.S. , Bob Golding UK ) A friendly red cyclops boy . He 's the tallest , is somewhat clumsy and has a close bond with Foofa ( though she also bonds with Brobee in the same way ) . He is also the band 's guitarist . In the episodes `` Family '' , `` Circus '' , and `` Baby '' , his family makes an appearance . During Super Bowl XLIV , he appeared in a commercial for the Kia Sorento . His realm resembles the moon , another planet , or a desert and he has a pet horse . He has three stomachs as seen in the X-ray in the Season 1 episode `` Halloween '' ( # 13 ) . However another X-ray in the Season 1 episode `` Imagine '' ( # 20 ) shows him with one stomach , a normal heart and lungs . His catchphrase is `` Razzle Dazzle '' . Foofa -- ( Voiced by Emma Jacobs - Briggs U.S. , Teresa Gallagher UK ) A female flower bubble character who 's `` pink and happy . '' She likes flowers , rainbows and unicorns . Her instrument is the tambourine . Her realm is a spring or summer meadow . Brobee -- ( Voiced by Amos Watene U.S. , Simon Feilder UK ) A small , green monster boy and the baby of the gabbas . He is the drummer for the Gabba band . He is the one of the characters whose facial expression changes depending on the situation ; his normal face turning into a frown , and vice versa . He is often subjected to trying new foods . His realm is a vast autumn forest . It is mentioned that he is four years old . Toodee -- ( Voiced by Erin Pearce U.S. , Jonell Elliot UK ) A blue arctic female cat - dragon who loves to have fun . She has a close bond with Plex and is the bassist for the Gabba band . She resides in a winter arctic realm , with icicles . Plex -- ( Voiced by Christian Jacobs U.S. , Simon Feilder UK ) A magic yellow robot boy and the oldest of the gabbas and he is Toodee 's love instest . He is portrayed as being smart and as the leader of Gabba Land . Plex usually teaches lessons to his friends and is a father figure to the gang . He can also use his special ray to bring things into existence . His instrument is the keytar . He has no realm in particular , though he seems to have a `` docking station '' between Foofa and Brobee 's realms . In `` Gabbaland Begins '' , Plex is the last in DJ Lance 's original creations after he goes through Muno , Foofa , Brobee , and Toodee , although , Brobee is supposedly a four - year - old in the series . Gooble - ( Voiced by Joel Fox U.S. ) A ghost who is always so sad and crying . He resides in a haunted house located in a non-gabba land - place named `` Gooble Land '' . Regular segments ( edit ) Jingles , each episode has animated music videos featuring music by a guest musician and animation by guest artists , designers , and animators . They often happen after the first segment in an episode . ( One episode does not have the segment . ) Mark 's Magic Pictures , featuring Mark Mothersbaugh , drawing simple pictures that often come alive at the end of the segment . Biz 's Beat of the Day , starring Biz Markie , demonstrating new beatboxing beats . The Super Music Friends Show , featuring musical guests and introduced by John Reis as `` The Music Swami '' and Matt Chapman as the announcer . Dancey Dance Time , featuring celebrity guests performing dance moves with the characters . It is rarely used after season one . Numbers , live action music video similar to the jingles , usually with counting up numbers or back . Cool Tricks , in which a child or adult demonstrates a special talent ( e.g. , gymnastics , breakdancing , playing a theremin , cup stacking or another cool trick . ) Storytime , where a child narrates a story ( e.g. , Goon Fishin ' , Goodnight Moon or another story . ) Super Martian Robot Girl , featuring a helpful comic book - style superhero who saves the day , but only solves extremely contrived misunderstandings of ignorant citizens , instead of battling crime . Learn with Plex , a solo segment in which Plex teaches basic daily skills like brushing your teeth , making lemonade , putting on pajamas , etc. ( three times by saying `` it 's fun to '' do whatever he is teaching ) in chants , using four repeated steps . ( Season 1 only ) Play Pretend with Muno , in which Muno encourages viewers to pretend along with him , as he imagines himself as various creatures and objects . ( Season 1 only ) Listen with Toodee , in which Toodee listens to sounds and encourages the viewer to help her identify them . ( Season 1 only ) Color with Brobee , in which the viewer guesses what color Brobee is thinking of by the examples he gives . ( Season 1 only ) Play Games with Foofa , in which Foofa solves simple puzzles , such as mazes and matching games , and encourages the viewer to help her find the solution . ( Season 1 only ) DJ Lance Dance , in which DJ Lance Rock teaches the viewers a different dance . Funny Faces , in which DJ Lance Rock encourages viewers to make funny faces . Knock - Knock Joke of the Day , a segment where Jack McBrayer and Paul Scheer tell knock - knock jokes . This segment first appeared in season two . Look Back At Today , each episode ends with a music video recap of that episode , featuring special effects , and a remix of every song featured in that episode . ( Season 2 onward has DJ Lance remembering the things he and the gang did in that episode before the music video starts . ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Yo Gabba Gabba ! episodes Season Episodes Originally aired ( U.S. dates ) First aired Last aired Pilots 2006 ( 2006 ) 20 August 20 , 2007 May 23 , 2008 20 September 22 , 2008 October 16 , 2011 13 March 8 , 2010 September 18 , 2011 13 December 11 , 2011 November 12 , 2015 Video releases ( edit ) DVD Collections Title Released Episodes The Dancey Dance Bunch 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 `` Friends '' , `` Eat '' , `` Dance '' , `` Happy '' New Friends 000000002009 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2009 `` New Friends '' , `` Share '' , `` Find '' , `` Greetings '' Halloween ! 000000002009 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2009 `` Halloween '' , `` Scary '' , `` Fun '' , `` Careful '' Meet My Family 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 `` Family '' , `` Games '' , `` Together '' , `` Imagine '' Birthday Boogie 000000002010 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2010 `` Birthday '' , `` Dress Up '' , `` Talent '' , `` Ride '' Clubhouse 000000002010 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2010 `` Clubhouse '' , `` Adventure '' , `` Summer '' , `` Animals '' Superhero 000000002010 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2010 `` Superhero '' , `` Train '' , `` Adventure '' , `` Bugs '' Doctor 000000002011 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2011 `` Doctor '' , `` Teeth '' , `` Clean '' , `` Car '' Circus 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 `` Circus '' , `` Treasure Hunt '' , `` Flying '' , `` Fun '' Party in a Box 000000002011 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 2011 Three disc set of The Dancey Dance Bunch , Birthday Boogie , Clubhouse in a slipcase . Music Makes Me Move 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 `` Band '' , `` Move '' , `` Differences '' , `` Train '' Merry Christmas ! 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 `` Christmas '' , `` A Very Awesome Christmas '' , `` Fairytale '' , `` Boat '' Yo Gabba Gabba ! Live ! : There 's A Party In My City ! 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2012 Live show in Los Angeles with bonus features Super Spies 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 `` Super Spies '' , `` Mystery '' , `` Space '' , `` Big '' Soundtrack releases ( edit ) Four albums have been released featuring songs from the show performed by the cast and the `` Super Music Friends Show '' segment . Music is ... Awesome ! ( 2009 ) Music is ... Awesome ! Volume 2 ( 2010 ) Music is ... Awesome ! Volume 3 ( 2011 ) Music is ... Awesome ! Volume 4 ( 2012 ) Hey ! ( 2017 ) Fantastic Voyages ( 2017 ) ABC for Kids released a CD in 2010 titled Yo Gabba Gabba ! Party In My Tummy . Stage shows ( edit ) The world premiere live concert tour of Yo Gabba Gabba ! took place in Australia in May 2009 . DJ Lance Rock , Muno , Foofa , Brobee , Toodee and Plex performed in Wollongong , Melbourne , Brisbane and Sydney with an indie house - band and secret special guests at each show . Additional tours in the United States and other countries have been performed throughout 2013 . Shows have been toured including three presented by Kia Motors and a special Christmas one presented by Citi , Just Dance Kids & Toys for Tots . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! : There 's a Party in My City ! '' ( 2010 - 2011 ) `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 2 : It 's Time to Dance ! '' ( 2011 ) `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 3 : Get the Sillies Out ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 4 : A Very Awesome YGG Holiday Show ! '' ( 2014 ) `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 5 : Music Is Awesome '' ( 2015 ) Nick Jr . Australia released a tour in 2009 called Yo Gabba Gabba : LIVE on Stage ! Mobile streaming ( edit ) On March 8 , 2017 , the first season ( 20 episodes ) of the show were made available for streaming on the Noggin video subscription service . The remaining three seasons ( 46 episodes ) will be launched soon . Critical reception ( edit ) On April 30 , 2008 the television show received a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design / Styling . The show has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy in both 2008 and 2009 for Best Costume Design . Time magazine 's James Poniewozik , who said the show `` will convince you someone slipped something into your Fruity Pebbles '' named Yo Gabba Gabba ! one of the Top 10 new TV series of 2007 , ranking it at # 8 . In November 2008 , the Yo Gabba Gabba ! production team won a BAFTA Children 's Award , International . The show has also become popular among some college - age young adults because of the artists often featured . Due to the show 's popularity amongst both adults and children , they performed at Coachella 2010 as special guests . Their live touring show also won a Creative Content Award at the 2010 Billboard Touring Awards . The Television Critics Association Awards have nominated Yo Gabba Gabba ! for Outstanding Achievement in Children 's / Youth Programing . The years include 2008 - 2012 . Yo Gabba Gabba ! won for the year 2009 and 2010 . In February 2013 , Yo Gabba Gabba ! won two Kidscreen Awards for `` Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series 2013 '' and `` Best Music 2013 '' In other Media ( edit ) In 2009 , the cast was featured in their own float in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . Muno was featured in a commercial for the Kia Sorento that aired during the 2010 Super Bowl and a subsequent Kia commercials in 2011 , also the character Brobee appeared in a 2011 advertisement for Wonderful Pistachios . The cast appeared in the Big Time Rush episodes `` Big Time Audition '' , `` Big Time Halloween '' and `` Big Time Cameos . '' Yo Gabba Gabba ! appeared in True Jackson VP in the episode `` Trapped in Paris . '' Garry Lyon , of The Footy Show , an Australian Football League panel show , performed an interpretive cycle ( Yo Gabba Gazza ! ) based on the Yo Gabba Gabba ! dancing style after losing a humorous bet . The choice of the Yo Gabba Gabba ! dance was based on a number of physical similarities to Brobee , including Bushy Eyebrows and Excessive Androgenic Hair . In the Mad episode `` So You Think You Can Train Your Dragon How to Dance / Yo Gagga Gagga ! , '' Lady Gaga hosts Yo Gagga Gagga ! featuring her dolls -- Taylor Swift , T - Pain , Miley Cyrus , and Triple H -- and the cast is seen watching a monster movie at the end . In 2011 , the cast appeared in the Raising Hope episode `` Sabrina Has Money . '' The title of the Futurama episode `` Yo Leela Leela '' parodies this , as does the show in the episode , known as `` Rumbledy Hump '' . On June 9 , 2012 , The Fresh Beat Band 's 14th episode `` Yo ! Fresh Beats Go Gabba Gabba ! '' ( a crossover episode ) the `` Gabba Gang '' gets beamed into the episode by way of a malfunctioned Plex has with robotic hiccups which was caused by Gearmo : a gear who always causes trouble . Insane Clown Posse recorded a cover of the song Hold Still for the 2012 album Smothered , Covered & Chunked . The South Park episode `` Taming Strange '' features Foofa becoming a spoof of Miley Cyrus after Kyle 's adopted younger brother , Ike , attends a `` Yo Gabba Gabba Live ! '' performance and `` tames Foofa 's strange '' in front of everyone seeing the show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` DHX Media acquires Wildbrain '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OMDC Success Story : DHX Media '' . Ontario Media Development Corporation . Jump up ^ Garofoli , Joe : `` Preschooler TV goes hip with ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' '' , San Francisco Chronicle , 17 August 2007 Jump up ^ evandorkin : The Last Round - Up ( Pre-TCAF ) Archived January 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Christian Jacobs & Scott Schultz : Co-Creators , Yo Gabba Gabba ! '' ( PDF ) . Wild Brain . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill . `` ' Yo Gabba Gabba ! ' is monstrous fun for kids , adults '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Frauenfelder , Mark ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` New kids ' show : Yo Gabba Gabba '' . Boing Boing . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Charm the Children , Tickle the Parents '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! Episode Guide 2010 Season 3 -- School , Episode 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Alicia . `` Yo Gabba Gabba Party In A Box DVD Set Review '' . The Mama Report . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Robin . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! : Circus ~ DVD Review '' . MomFoodie at Blommi.com . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lott , Rod . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! : Party in a Box ! '' . Oklahoma Gazette . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! gets ' Awesome ' on new tour '' . usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces 35th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations Archived June 28 , 2013 , at WebCite '' , April 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James : `` Top 10 New TV Series '' , Time , 2007 Jump up ^ BAFTA Children 's Awards Winners `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . `` , BAFTA , 2008 Jump up ^ Friedman , Emily `` Nickelodeon Cartoon Draws Unusual Fans '' , ABC News , May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Glazer , Joshua . `` Coachella Backstage With Yo Gabba Gabba '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason . `` U2 , Gaga , Metallica , Swift Win Big at Billboard Touring Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' ( 2007 ) - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Goldman Getzler , Wendy ( 6 February 2013 ) . `` And the 2013 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mannino , Brynn . `` ' Yo Gabba Gabba ! ' Makes Its First Float Through Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . Woman 's Day . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official sites Official website ( Flash - enabled browser required ) Channels Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr . Italy Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr . ( UK ) Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr . 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who are the characters in yo gabba gabba

DJ Lance Rock

the characters in the program.

Mayflower - wikipedia Mayflower Jump to : navigation , search For other ships , see Mayflower ( ship ) . For other uses , see Mayflower ( disambiguation ) . Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall ( 1882 ) Name : Mayflower Owner : Christopher Jones ( 1⁄4 of the ship ) Maiden voyage : Before 1609 Out of service : 1622 -- 1624 Fate : most likely taken apart by Rotherhithe shipbreaker c. 1624 . General characteristics Class and type : Dutch cargo fluyt Tonnage : 180 tons + Length : c. 80 -- 90 ft ( 24 -- 27.5 m ) on deck , 100 -- 110 ft ( 30 -- 33.5 m ) overall . Decks : Around 4 Capacity : Unknown , but carried c. 135 people during the historical voyage to what they would call Plymouth Colony The Mayflower was an English ship that famously transported the first English Puritans , known today as the Pilgrims , from Plymouth , England to the New World in 1620 . There were 102 passengers , and the crew is estimated to have been about 30 , but the exact number is unknown . This voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history , with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment . The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a rudimentary form of democracy , with each member contributing to the welfare of the community . There was a second ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth , Massachusetts voyage several times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mayflower structure and layout 1.1 General layout 1.1. 1 Main deck 1.1. 2 Gun deck 1.1. 3 Gun deck armament 1.1. 4 Cargo hold 2 Early history 3 Voyage 3.1 Speedwell and Mayflower 3.2 Mayflower sets sail 3.3 Arrival in America 3.4 First winter 4 Passengers 5 Mayflower officers , crew , and others 5.1 Crew members per various sources 5.2 Officers and crew 5.3 Known Mayflower seamen 5.4 Unidentified passenger 6 Later history 7 Second Mayflower 8 Place in history 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Mayflower structure and layout The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square - rigged and beak - bowed with high , castle - like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship 's crew and the main deck from the elements -- designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century . Her stern carried a 30 - foot high , square aft - castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic 's prevailing westerlies , especially in the fall and winter of 1620 , and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result . The Mayflower 's return trip to London in April -- May 1621 took less than half that time , with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage . No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly , since this was many years before such measurements were standardized . She probably measured about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft . She was about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) at her widest point , with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet ( 3.6 m ) below the waterline . William Bradford estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons . Surviving records from that time indicate that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold . The casks were great barrels holding hundreds of gallons of claret wine each . This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe , due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types . And with its armament , the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations . By 1620 , the Mayflower was aging , nearing the end of the usual 15 - year working life of an English merchant ship in that era . General layout The general layout of the ship was as follows : Three masts : mizzen ( aft ) , main ( midship ) , and fore , and also a spritsail in the bow area . Three primary levels : main deck , gun deck , and cargo hold . Main deck Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones , measuring about ten by seven feet ( 3 m × 2.1 m ) . Forward of that was the steerage room , which housed a whipstaff ( tiller extension ) for sailing control ; not a wheel , as in later ships . Also here was the ship 's compass and probably also berths for the ship 's officers . Forward of the steerage room was the capstan , a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables . Far forward on the main deck , just aft of the bow , was the forecastle space where the ship 's cook prepared meals for the crew ; it may also have been where the ship 's sailors slept . The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones , on the ship 's highest level above the stern on the aft castle . The poop house was on this deck , which may have been for passengers ' use either for sleeping or cargo . On normal merchant ships , this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master 's mates . Gun deck The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage , in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet ( 15.2 m × 7.6 m ) with a five - foot ( 1.5 m ) overhead ( ceiling ) . But it was also a dangerous place in conflict , as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy . The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck , to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship 's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship . The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers , small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship . Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass , equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage , which was used to raise and lower the ship 's main anchor . There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck . To get up to the main deck , passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder . There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower , and ship 's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard . Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot , affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea . Gun deck armament The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass , weighed about 1,200 pounds ( 545 kg ) , and could shoot a 3.5 pound ( 1.6 kg ) cannonball almost a mile ( 1,600 m ) . The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds ( 360 kg ) , and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds ( 90 kg ) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball ( 85 -- 140 g ) . She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck : seven cannons for long range purposes , and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls . Later at New Plymouth , Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders , and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board . Cargo hold Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies . Other items included most of their clothing and bedding . The hold also stored the passengers ' personal weapons and military equipment -- armor , muskets , gunpowder , and shot , as well as swords and bandoliers . It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need , as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World . It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board , including Isaac Allerton , William Mullins , and possibly others ; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold . Early history It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built , but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex , England . She was designated as `` of Harwich '' in the Port Books of 1609 -- 11 , although later known as `` of London '' . Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570 . Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims ' voyage , sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London . In addition , he had also transported hats , hemp , Spanish salt , hops , and vinegar to Norway , and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area . She had traveled to Mediterranean ports , being then owned by Christopher Nichols , Robert Child , Thomas Short , and Christopher Jones , the ship 's master . In 1620 , Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship , and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage . Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage , due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers , and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself . There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) , and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found . One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims . This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588 , during the time of the Spanish Armada , a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships . However , there are no records of Vassall 's Mayflower after 1594 . The identity of Captain Jones 's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port , her tonnage ( est. 180 -- 200 tons ) , and the master 's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships . Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London . The ship lost an anchor on her return , due to bad weather , and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings . Litigation resulted , and this was still proceeding in 1612 . Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being `` of Harwich '' , and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich ( in the county of Essex ) . Records of Jones 's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613 , once in July and again in October and November . Records of 1616 again state that Jones 's ship was on the Thames , carrying a cargo of wine , which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France , Spain , Portugal , the Canaries , or some other wine - producing land . After 1616 , there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones 's Mayflower until 1624 . This is unusual for a ship trading to London , as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time . And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers ' voyage of 1620 , although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England . Or some of the records of the period may have been lost . Voyage Speedwell and Mayflower Mayflower arrived in the `` Cape Cod fishhook '' , 11 November 1620 ( satellite photo , 1997 ) Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river . The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water . The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell . Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans , members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England . The two ships set sail for America around August 5 , but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after , and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs . They made a new start after the repairs , and they were more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) beyond Land 's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak . It was now early September , and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers . This was a dire event , as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America . Both ships returned to Plymouth , where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland . The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America , and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards . Mayflower carried 102 passengers plus a crew of 25 to 30 officers and men , bringing the total to approximately 130 . According to William Bradford , Speedwell was refitted and `` made many voyages ... to the great profit of her owners . '' Bradford later implied that the Speedwell 's master used `` cunning and deceit '' to abort the voyage , possibly by causing leaks in the ship and motivated by a fear of starving to death in America . Mayflower sets sail For more details on acquisition of the ship and the planning of the voyage , see Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) . In early September , western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing . The Mayflower 's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton , and they became lower still by delays of more than a month . The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time , and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing , lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship . But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6 , 1620 with what Bradford called `` a prosperous wind '' . Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives . It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons , including cannon , shot , and gunpowder , as well as some live animals , including dogs , sheep , goats , and poultry . Horses and cattle came later . The ship also carried two boats : a long boat and a `` shallop '' , a 21 - foot boat powered by oars or sails . She also carried 12 artillery pieces ( eight minions and four sakers ) , as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces , as well as the natives . The Mayflower Memorial in Southampton The passage was a miserable one , with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship 's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured . The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays , shortages of food , and other shortages , and they were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship 's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam . This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew , which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes . It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further , making the ship seaworthy enough . The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route , such as a compass for navigation , as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour ( knots ) . Time was measured with the ancient method of an hourglass . Arrival in America On November 9 , 1620 , they sighted present - day Cape Cod . They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia , where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers . However , strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook , well north of the intended area , where they anchored on November 11 . The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod , in what is now Provincetown Harbor , in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks . On Monday , November 27 , an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt . Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site . As master of the Mayflower , Jones was not required to assist in the search , but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition . There were 34 persons in the open shallop : 24 passengers and 10 sailors . They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter , the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home . They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered , ill - clad in below - freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen . Bradford wrote , `` Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here '' on that expedition . The settlers explored the snow - covered area and discovered an empty native village , now known as Corn Hill in Truro . The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds , some of which stored corn , while others were burial sites . The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves , sparking friction with the locals . Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham , and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went . He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620 . However , the only contemporary account of events , William Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , records only that the pilgrims took `` some '' of the corn , to show to others back at the boat , leaving the rest . They later took what they needed from another store of grain , but paid the natives back in six months , and there was no resulting conflict . Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors ; the corn and beans they brought away , purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as , about some six months afterward they did , to their good content . First winter During the winter , the passengers remained on board the Mayflower , suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of scurvy , pneumonia , and tuberculosis . When it ended , only 53 passengers remained -- just over half ; half of the crew died , as well . In the spring , they built huts ashore , and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21 , 1621 . The settlers decided to mount `` our great ordnances '' on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621 , due to the fear of attack by the natives . Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the `` great guns '' -- about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet ( 1.2 to 2.4 m ) in length and weighed almost half a ton . The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches ( 8.9 cm ) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards ( 1.5 km ) . This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well - defended fortress . Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site . But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims , and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor `` till he saw his men began to recover . '' The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620 -- 21 , then set sail for England on April 5 , 1621 , her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore . As with the Pilgrims , her sailors had been decimated by disease . Jones had lost his boatswain , his gunner , three quartermasters , the cook , and more than a dozen sailors . The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England . The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home , and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6 , 1621 , less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America . '' Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5 , 1622 , at about age 52 . For the next two years , the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe , not far from Jones ' grave at St. Mary 's church . By 1624 , she was no longer useful as a ship ; her subsequent fate is unknown , but she was probably broken up about that time . Passengers For more details on the passenger list , see List of passengers on the Mayflower . Some families traveled together , while some men came alone , leaving families in England and Leiden . Two wives on board were pregnant ; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea , and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor . He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area . One child died during the voyage , and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony . According to the Mayflower passenger list , just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals . Others were hired hands , servants , or farmers recruited by London merchants , all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia . Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants . The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618 . Until relatively recently , the children were thought to be orphans , foundlings , or involuntary child labor . At that time , children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies . Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council . For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate . Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World , but Richard lived to be approximately 81 , dying in Salem , probably in 1695 or 1696 . The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low - ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck , which was 75 by 20 feet large ( 23 m × 6 m ) at most . The cabins were thin - walled and extremely cramped , and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft ( 7.6 m × 4.5 m ) at its largest . Below decks , any person over five feet ( 150 cm ) tall would be unable to stand up straight . The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed . Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men 's Morris . Meals on board were cooked by the firebox , which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built . This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship . Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time . Upon arrival in America , the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure . Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters , several passengers developed scurvy , a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown , and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted , since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten . Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums , teeth falling out , and stinking breath . Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals . This was known to be safer than water , which often came from polluted sources causing diseases . All food and drink was stored in barrels known as `` hogsheads '' . The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage . Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits , stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches , shirts , jerkins , doublets , neckcloths , hats and caps , hose , stockings , belts , piece goods , and haberdasherie . At his death , his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing , and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous . No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey , but there were pigs , goats , and poultry . Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds . Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff , and John Goodman brought along his spaniel . Mayflower officers , crew , and others According to author Charles Banks , the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain , four mates , four quartermasters , surgeon , carpenter , cooper , cooks , boatswains , gunners , and about 36 men before the mast , making a total of about 50 . The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620 -- 1621 , and about half of them died during that time . The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower , which sailed for London on April 5 , 1621 . Crew members per various sources Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers , making a total of 50 . Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown . Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30 . Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men , but the exact number is unknown . Officers and crew Captain : Christopher Jones . About age 50 , of Harwich , a seaport in Essex , England , which was also the port of his ship Mayflower . He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business , often carrying wine to England , but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic . By June 1620 , he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London , Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman . Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones . Masters Mate : John Clark ( Clarke ) , Pilot . By age 45 in 1620 , Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era . His piloting career began in England about 1609 . In early 1611 , he was pilot of a 300 - ton ship on his first New World voyage , with a three - ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia . Two other ships were in that convoy , and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown , going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis . While in Jamestown , Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores . During that time , he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish ; he was taken to Havana and held for two years , then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years . In 1616 , he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England . In 1618 , he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon . Shortly after his return to England , he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620 . Masters Mate : Robert Coppin , Pilot . Coppin had prior New World experience ; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England . He was an early investor in the Virginia Company , being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609 . He was possibly from Harwich in Essex , the hometown of Captain Jones . Masters Mate : Andrew Williamson Masters Mate : John Parker Surgeon : Doctor Giles Heale . The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford , but his identity was well established . He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter . He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field , London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber - Surgeons in the previous year . On February 21 , 1621 , he was a witness to the death - bed will of William Mullins . He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621 , where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653 . Cooper : John Alden . Alden was a 21 - year - old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones . He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters . He was responsible for maintaining the ship 's barrels , known as hogsheads , which were critical to the passengers ' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea ; tending them was a job which required a crew member 's attention . Bradford noted that Alden was `` left to his own liking to go or stay '' in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England . He decided to remain . Quartermaster : ( names unknown ) , 4 men . These men were in charge of maintaining the ship 's cargo hold , as well as the crew 's hours for standing watch . Some of the `` before the mast '' crewmen may also have been in this section . These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons . The names of the quartermasters are unknown , but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter . Cook : ( name unknown ) . He was responsible for preparing the crew 's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room , which was typically located in the ship 's forecastle ( front end ) . The unnamed cook died the first winter . Master Gunner : ( name unknown ) . He was in charge of the ship 's guns , ammunition , and powder . Some of those `` before the mast '' were likely in his charge . He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6 , 1620 , and was `` sick unto death and so remained all that day , and the next night '' . He died later that winter . Boatswain : ( name unknown ) . He was the person in charge of the ship 's rigging and sails , the anchors , and the ship 's longboat . The majority of the crew members `` before the mast '' were most likely under his supervision , working the sails and rigging . The operation of the ship 's shallop was also probably under his control , a light open boat with oars or sails ( see seaman Thomas English ) . William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain : `` the boatswain ... was a proud young man , who would often curse and scoff at the passengers , but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him . '' But despite such assistance , the unnamed boatswain died the first winter . Carpenter : ( name unknown ) . He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well - caulked and the masts were in good order . He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman . He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks . His name is unknown , but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship . Swabber : ( various crewmen ) . This was the lowliest position on the ship , responsible for cleaning ( swabbing ) the decks . The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship 's beakhead ( extreme front end ) , which was also the crew 's toilet . Known Mayflower seamen John Allerton : A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year , then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America . He signed the Mayflower Compact . He was a seaman on ship 's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6 , 1620 , and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621 . ____ Ely : A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year , which he did . He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621 . Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely ( or Ellis ) , both of whom are documented in Leiden , Holland . Thomas English : A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop ( see Boatswain ) and to be part of the company . He signed the Mayflower Compact . He was a seaman on the ship 's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6 , 1620 , and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621 . He appeared in Leiden records as `` Thomas England '' . William Trevore ( Trevor ) : A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year . One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience . He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading . He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621 . In 1623 , Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World . He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650 . Unidentified passenger `` Master '' Leaver : Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called `` Master '' Leaver . He was named in Mourt 's Relation , London 1622 , under a date of January 12 , 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing - roof thatch . It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown . The title of `` Master '' indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company . He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower . No more is known of him ; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower 's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter . Later history Three of Mayflower 's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4 , 1624 , two years after Captain Jones ' death in 1622 ; one of these applicants was Jones ' widow Mrs. Josian ( Joan ) Jones . This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master . The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe , home and burial place of Captain Jones , where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London . The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship 's gear on board at that time , as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms . The ship may have been laid up since Jones ' death and allowed to get out of repair , as that is what the appraisal indicates . The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty - eight pounds , eight shillings , and fourpence . What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue . Charles Edward Banks , an English historian of the Pilgrim ship , claims that the ship was finally broken up , with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire . Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn , located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire . In 1624 , Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship , believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower , bought from a shipbreaker 's yard in Rotherhithe . The well - preserved structure was a tourist attraction , receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America , but it is now privately owned and not open to the public . Second Mayflower Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers , many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage . This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers . This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August . This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 ( as part of the Winthrop Fleet ) , 1633 , 1634 , and 1639 . It attempted the trip again in 1641 , departing London in October of that year under master John Cole , with 140 passengers bound for Virginia . It never arrived . On October 18 , 1642 , a deposition was made in England regarding the loss . Place in history Edward Winslow 's home , now the Mayflower House Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts ( 1754 ) The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States . The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford , who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony . The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020 . The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich , England . See also Biography portal Billericay , where the Pilgrim Fathers met prior to the voyage Leigh - on - Sea , where the Mayflower was outfitted Pilgrims ( Plymouth Colony ) Puritan migration to New England ( 1620 -- 40 ) Plymouth Adventure ( directed by Clarence Brown , 1952 ) Mayflower : The Pilgrims ' Adventure ( 1979 ) Mayflower II , a replica of the Mayflower in Plymouth , Massachusetts Speedwell ( 1577 ship ) References Jump up ^ Folsom , George . et al. Historical Magazine : and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities , History , and Biography of America . ( C.B. Richardson , 1867 ) page 277 ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Brown , ' To Celebrate the 300th Anniversary of America 's Origin ' , The Journal of Education `` , Vol. 92 , No. 6 ( Trustees of Boston University , August 1920 ) , p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Nick Bunker , Making Haste from Babylon : The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History ( New York : Knopf 2010 ) , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cross-Section '' . MayflowerHistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` MayflowerHistory.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 ( orig . pub : 1929 , reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 ( orig . pub : 1929 reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Mayflower '' . HISTORY.com . ^ Jump up to : Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 ( orig . pub : 1929 reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ R.G. Marsden , `` The Mayflower '' , English Historical Review ( 19 October 1904 ) , p. 675 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 , orig . pub 1929 , reprint 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co. , p. 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , Godfrey . A Great and Godly Adventure . Public Affairs : New York , 2006 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) p. 413 Jump up ^ Bjoern Moritz , The Pilgrim - Fathers ' Voyage with the Mayflower ( ShipsOnStamps 2003 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ William Bradford . History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford , the second Governor of Plymouth ( Boston . 1856 Not in copyright ) p. 448 Jump up ^ George Ernest Bowman , The Mayflower Compact and its signers , ( Boston : Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants , 1920 ) . Photocopies of the 1622 , 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Philbrick , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Winslow , Edward ; William Bradford ( 1622 ) . A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation Settled at Plimoth in New England . London , England : John Bellamie . pp. 8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ William Bradford , William T. Davis ( ed ) , Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , 1606 -- 1646 , ( Scribners 1908 ) p. 25 ( the only written account of the voyage ) Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ John Harris , Saga Of The Pilgrims ( historical analysis ) , ( Globe Newspaper Co. , 1983 ) , webpages ( no links between ) : UCcom - saga1 and UCcom - saga11 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community and War , ( Penguin Books 2006 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris , PhD. , The Mayflower Descendant ( July 1994 ) vol. 44 no . 2 p. 111 Jump up ^ R.C. Johnson , The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia , 1618 -- 1622 , in H.S. Reinmuth ( Ed . ) , Early Stuart Studies : Essays in Honor of David Harris Willson , Minneapolis , 1970 . Jump up ^ The Mayflower Descendant ( July 2 , 1994 ) vol. 44 no . 2 pp. 110 , 111 Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris , The Mayflower Descendants vol 43 ( July 1993 ) , vol. 44 ( July 1994 ) . Jump up ^ David Lindsay , Mayflower Bastard : A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims ( St. Martins Press , New York , 2002 ) Introduction ^ Jump up to : Caffrey , Kate . The Mayflower . New York : Stein and Day , 1974 ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War , ( Viking 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English ancestry and homes of the Pilgrim Fathers who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 , ( Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company , 2006 ) , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and `` Little James '' in 1623 , ( orig . pub : 1929 reprint : 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co . ) , pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( New York : Viking , 2006 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Nick Bunker , Making Haste from Babylon : The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History ( New York : Knopf 2010 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 25 , 28 , 31 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) p. 19 Jump up ^ Nick Bunker , Making Haste from Babylon : The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History ( New York : Knopf 2010 ) , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( New York : Viking , 2006 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 7 -- 8 , 19 Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 34 , 46 . Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 7 , 19 . 27 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ In the tradition of the sea , each Monday a crew member was appointed the `` liar '' or swabber assistant . This person was the first person caught telling a lie the previous week , and the crew would harass him around the main mast with calls of `` liar , liar . '' ( Johnson , p. 35 ) Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 , 14 . Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) pp. 21 , 234 Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) pp. 21 , 289 Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) p. 289 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) p. 90 Jump up ^ Johnson 2006 , pp. 240 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton . Plymouth Colony : Its History and People , 1620 -- 1691 , ( Ancestry Publishing , Salt Lake City , UT , 1986 ) pp. 21 , 364 Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the `` Mayflower '' in 1620 , the `` Fortune '' in 1621 , and the `` Anne '' and the `` Little James '' in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ R.G. Marsden , The Mayflower English Historical Review ( 19 October 1904 ) , p. 677 Jump up ^ Kate Caffrey , The Mayflower Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ; Reissue edition ( October 18 , 2014 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Pierson , RichardE. ; Pierson , Jennifer ( 1997 ) . Pierson Millennium . Bowie , Maryland : Heritage Books , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 0742 - 2 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Ship Build '' . Harwich Mayflower Project . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Further reading Bradford , William ( 1908 ) . Davis , William T. , ed . Bradford 's History of Plymouth Plantation , 1606 -- 1646 . Scribners . ( the only written account of the voyage ) Marble , Annie Russell ( 1920 ) . The Women Who Came in the Mayflower . Boston : Pilgrim Press R.G. Marsden , `` The ' Mayflower , ' '' English Historical Review 19 ( October 1904 ) : 669 -- 80 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2006 ) . Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03760 - 5 . Usher , Roland G ( 1984 ) . The Pilgrims and their History . Williamstown , Massachusetts : Corner House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87928 - 082 - 4 . ( originally published in 1918 ) Johnson , Caleb H. ( 2006 ) . The Mayflower and Her Passengers . Indiana : Xlibris . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayflower . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mayflower . Mayflower and Plymouth History Mayflower 400 Women of the Mayflower and Plymouth Colony by Mary Soule Googins , read before the Medford Historical Society , December 19 , 1921 Pilgrim Hall Museum of Plymouth , Massachusetts General Society of Mayflower Descendants The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames , Project Gutenberg edition . The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames , Internet Archive edition . Exact arrival site of the Mayflower on Satellite Map and NOAA Chart on BlooSee The Mayflower II Contemporary photos of Plymouth 's Barbican and the Mayflower Steps Pilgrims Point , Plymouth ( UK ) A photo of the modern - day Mayflower Steps Arch and Pilgrims Point `` Mayflower , The '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . ( hide ) Mayflower passengers and related topics General Mayflower List of Mayflower passengers Captain Christopher Jones Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 The More family Cole 's Hill Mayflower Compact signatories Pilgrims Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation Mourt 's Relation Separatists Priscilla ( Mullins ) Alden Isaac Allerton Mary Allerton William Bradford Dorothy Bradford Love Brewster William Brewster Peter Browne William Butten John Carver ( Plymouth Colony governor ) James Chilton Mary Chilton Francis Cooke Humility Cooper John Crackston Edward Doty Moses Fletcher Edward Fuller Samuel Fuller John Howland Degory Priest Thomas Rogers Henry Samson George Soule Edward Tilley John Tilley Thomas Tinker John Turner William White Resolved White Peregrine White Edward Winslow Other passengers John Alden John Billington Francis Eaton Constance Hopkins Elizabeth Hopkins Oceanus Hopkins Stephen Hopkins Christopher Martin Elinor More Jasper More Mary More Richard More William Mullins Myles Standish Richard Warren Native American associates Squanto Samoset Hobbamock Massasoit Corbitant Related Speedwell Fortune passengers The Anne and Little James passengers Plymouth Rock The Mayflower Society Mayflower House Museum Pilgrim Hall Museum Mayflower II Harwich Mayflower Project National Monument to the Forefathers Pilgrim Monument Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayflower&oldid=821884511 '' Categories : English emigration Exploration ships of England Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts History of the Thirteen Colonies History of Plymouth County , Massachusetts Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Ships of England Mayflower Age of Sail individual ships Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from January 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 04 : 53 . 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who was the captain of the mayflower when it took the pilgrims to the new world

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NCAA men 's national Collegiate volleyball championship - wikipedia NCAA men 's national Collegiate volleyball championship Jump to : navigation , search NCAA Men 's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship Sport College indoor volleyball Founded 1970 No. of teams 6 ( as of 2014 ) Country United States Most recent champion ( s ) Ohio State 2 ( 3 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPNU Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Men 's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship was , before 2012 , the only tournament that determined the NCAA championship of American college men 's volleyball . It remains the NCAA 's top - level men 's volleyball championship , following the 2012 establishment of a Division III championship . In the past , schools from the Pacific Coast region have dominated this sport , in particular UCLA with coach Al Scates leading the program to 19 NCAA titles ( more than any other coach ) . However , in recent years midwest teams have made their presence know in men 's volleyball , winning 5 of the last 10 national championships . Ohio State leads the midwest in national championships , with 3 total national championships including the last two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competition structure 2 Division I participation 3 Champions 3.1 Team titles 4 Past tournaments 4.1 2011 4.2 2012 4.3 2013 4.4 2014 4.5 2015 4.6 2016 5 See also 6 Notes Competition structure ( edit ) Main article : List of NCAA men 's volleyball schools Before the 2011 -- 12 school year ( 2012 championship ) , men 's volleyball did not have an official divisional structure ; even now , that structure is truncated . The National Collegiate Championship remains as the NCAA 's top - level championship , but Division III members now have their own championship , officially known as the NCAA Division III Men 's Volleyball Championship . With the introduction of an official Division III championship , schools in that division are no longer eligible for the National Collegiate Championship . The last exception was Rutgers -- Newark , whose men 's volleyball program had been a grandfathered scholarship program , and could compete for the National Collegiate Championship through 2014 . Rutgers -- Newark completed a transition to Division III men 's volleyball at the end of that season , and joined the D - III Continental Volleyball Conference effective with the 2015 season . There are three general regions for men 's volleyball : `` West '' , `` Midwest '' , and `` East '' . The three major conferences that currently represent these regions are the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) , Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ( MIVA ) , and Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ( EIVA ) . After the creation of the D - III national championship , the only other conference whose members are eligible to compete for the National Collegiate Championship is Conference Carolinas , a Division II league . Members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , a separate athletics governing body whose members are primarily smaller institutions , regularly play matches against NCAA teams . Because of the historic lack of an official divisional structure in men 's volleyball , all three major conferences have members that normally compete in Division II . Before the creation of the Division III national championship , the EIVA had several Division III members , but all of those schools now compete in D - III men 's volleyball . Through the 2013 tournament , each of the three major conferences ( MPSF , MIVA and EIVA ) received an automatic bid to the Final Four , with one additional at - large bid . The remaining bid was an at - large bid that could be awarded to any team in Division I or II ( including Rutgers -- Newark ) . Generally , the best team not receiving an automatic bid ( usually from one of the three major conferences ) received the at - large bid . Beginning with the 2014 championship , the field expanded to six teams , with the two new teams being the champion of Conference Carolinas and one extra at - large entry . The new format features two quarterfinal matches involving the four lowest - seeded teams in the field , with the winners joining the two top seeds in the semifinals . Originally , the quarterfinals were to be played at campus sites , with the Final Four at a separate predetermined site , but it was decided instead to have the entire championship tournament at one site . Division I participation ( edit ) The Pennsylvania State University Nittany Lions men 's volleyball team are honored in June 2008 at the White House for United States President George W. Bush for the side 's winning the 2008 national championship . The number of Division I schools sponsoring men 's volleyball has fluctuated between 20 and 24 teams since 1986 . None of the traditional D-I conferences sponsor volleyball . Two of the three major conferences , the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ( EIVA ) and Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association ( MIVA ) , are volleyball - specific conferences . The third major conference is the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( MPSF ) , a multi-sport conference of schools whose primary conferences do not sponsor its ten sports . In addition to the 22 D-I schools , 24 Division II schools are competing in D-I volleyball in the current 2017 men 's volleyball season : Charleston ( WV ) competes in the EIVA . Lindenwood , Lewis , McKendree , and Quincy compete in the MIVA . California Baptist and UC San Diego compete in the MPSF . The 2017 season is the last for UC San Diego in the MPSF , as it will leave to join the new men 's volleyball league to be established by the Big West Conference in 2017 -- 18 . Conference Carolinas , the first all - sports conference in either Division I or II to sponsor men 's volleyball , has 10 competing teams . The 2017 season is the last for Pfeiffer in Conference Carolinas and Division II ; it is transitioning to Division III and will join the D - III USA South Athletic Conference starting in 2017 -- 18 . Should Pfeiffer continue to sponsor men 's volleyball , it must do so as a D - III member because that division has its own national championship . Seven schools compete as men 's volleyball independents . Three of these are campuses of the University of Puerto Rico . The other four are Alderson Broaddus , which began play in 2016 ; established D - II program Coker ; Concordia -- Irvine , transitioning from the NAIA to D - II ; and Lincoln Memorial , which started play in the 2017 season . Concordia -- Irvine will join the MPSF in 2017 -- 18 . Queens ( NC ) will add men 's volleyball for the 2018 season . Division II does not have a separate national championship , and neither Division I nor II has a sufficient number of teams to sponsor a national championship without the other . Following the 2017 season , the MPSF men 's volleyball league will lose half of its 12 members when the Big West Conference adds the sport . The five full Big West members that field men 's volleyball teams will be joined by UC San Diego , which has been announced as a future full member of the Big West . At the same time , the MPSF will add Concordia -- Irvine from the independent ranks and Grand Canyon from the MIVA . Champions ( edit ) NCAA Men 's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship Year Site ( Host ) Host Arena Final Third Place Final / Other participants Winner Score Runner - up Third Place Score Fourth Place 1970 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 24 -- 1 ) 3 -- 0 Long Beach State UC Santa Barbara 2 -- 0 Ball State 1971 Details UCLA ( 29 -- 1 ) 3 -- 2 UC Santa Barbara Ball State 2 -- 0 Springfield 1972 Details Muncie , Indiana ( Ball State ) Irving Gymnasium UCLA ( 27 -- 7 ) 3 -- 2 San Diego State Ball State 2 -- 0 UC Santa Barbara 1973 Details San Diego ( San Diego State ) Peterson Gym San Diego State ( 21 -- 5 ) 3 -- 1 Long Beach State Ball State 2 -- 0 Army Details Santa Barbara , California ( UCSB ) Robertson Gymnasium UCLA ( 30 -- 5 ) 3 -- 2 UC Santa Barbara Ball State 2 -- 1 Springfield Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 27 -- 8 ) 3 -- 1 UC Santa Barbara Ohio State 2 -- 0 Yale 1976 Details Muncie , Indiana ( Ball State ) Irving Gymnasium UCLA ( 15 -- 2 ) 3 -- 0 Pepperdine Ohio State 2 -- 0 Springfield 1977 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion USC ( 18 -- 1 ) 3 -- 1 Ohio State Pepperdine 2 -- 0 Rutgers -- Newark 1978 Details Columbus , Ohio ( Ohio State ) St. John Arena Pepperdine ( 21 -- 4 ) 3 -- 2 UCLA Ohio State 2 -- 0 Rutgers -- Newark 1979 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 30 -- 0 ) 3 -- 1 USC Rutgers -- Newark 3 -- 2 Ball State 1980 Details Muncie , Indiana ( Ball State ) Irving Gymnasium USC ( 22 -- 6 ) 3 -- 1 UCLA Ohio State 3 -- 0 Rutgers -- Newark 1981 Details Santa Barbara , California ( UCSB ) UCSB Events Center UCLA ( 32 -- 3 ) 3 -- 2 USC Penn State 3 -- 1 Ohio State 1982 Details University Park , Pennsylvania ( Penn State ) Rec Hall UCLA ( 29 -- 0 ) 3 -- 0 Penn State USC 2 -- 1 Ohio State Details Columbus , Ohio ( Ohio State ) St. John Arena UCLA ( 27 -- 4 ) 3 -- 0 Pepperdine Ohio State 3 -- 1 Penn State 1984 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 38 -- 0 ) 3 -- 1 Pepperdine George Mason 3 -- 0 Ball State 1985 Details Pepperdine ( 25 -- 2 ) 3 -- 2 USC George Mason 3 -- 0 Ball State 1986 Details University Park , Pennsylvania ( Penn State ) Rec Hall Pepperdine ( 22 -- 7 ) 3 -- 2 USC Penn State 3 -- 0 Ohio State Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 28 -- 3 ) 3 -- 0 USC Penn State 3 -- 0 Ohio State 1988 Details Fort Wayne , Indiana ( IPFW ) ACWMC USC ( 34 -- 4 ) 3 -- 2 UC Santa Barbara Ball State 3 -- 1 George Mason 1989 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 29 -- 5 ) 3 -- 1 Stanford Penn State 3 -- 0 Ball State 1990 Details Fairfax , Virginia ( George Mason ) Patriot Center USC ( 26 -- 7 ) 3 -- 1 Long Beach State Ball State 3 -- 1 Rutgers -- Newark 1991 Details Honolulu , HI ( Hawaii ) Neal S. Blaisdell Center Long Beach State ( 31 -- 4 ) 3 -- 1 USC IPFW 3 -- 1 Penn State 1992 Details Muncie , Indiana ( Ball State ) John E. Worthen Arena Pepperdine ( 24 -- 4 ) 3 -- 0 Stanford Penn State 3 -- 0 IPFW 1993 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 24 -- 3 ) 3 -- 0 Cal State Northridge Penn State 3 -- 2 Ohio State 1994 Details Fort Wayne , Indiana ( IPFW ) ACWMC Penn State ( 26 -- 3 ) 3 -- 2 UCLA Ball State 3 -- 0 IPFW 1995 Details Springfield , Massachusetts ( Springfield ) Springfield Civic Center UCLA ( 31 -- 1 ) 3 -- 0 Penn State Ball State 3 -- 1 Hawaii Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UCLA ( 26 -- 5 ) 3 -- 2 Hawaii Lewis and Penn State 1997 Details Columbus , Ohio ( Ohio State ) St. John Arena Stanford ( 27 -- 4 ) 3 -- 2 UCLA Ball State and Penn State 1998 Details Honolulu , HI ( Hawaii ) Stan Sheriff Center UCLA ( 28 -- 4 ) 3 -- 0 Pepperdine Lewis and Princeton 1999 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion BYU ( 30 -- 1 ) 3 -- 0 Long Beach State IPFW and Penn State 2000 Details Fort Wayne , Indiana ( IPFW ) ACWMC UCLA ( 29 -- 5 ) 3 -- 0 Ohio State Penn State and Pepperdine 2001 Details Long Beach , California ( Long Beach State ) The Pyramid BYU ( 23 -- 4 ) 3 -- 0 UCLA Ohio State and Penn State 2002 Details University Park , Pennsylvania ( Penn State ) Rec Hall Hawaii ( 24 -- 8 ) † 3 -- 1 Pepperdine Ball State and Penn State 2003 Details Long Beach , California ( Long Beach State ) The Pyramid Lewis ( 29 -- 6 ) † 3 -- 2 BYU Penn State and Pepperdine Details Honolulu , HI ( Hawaii ) Stan Sheriff Center BYU ( 29 -- 4 ) 3 -- 2 Long Beach State Lewis and Penn State 2005 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion Pepperdine ( 25 -- 2 ) 3 -- 2 UCLA Ohio State and Penn State 2006 Details University Park , Pennsylvania ( Penn State ) Rec Hall UCLA ( 26 -- 12 ) 3 -- 0 Penn State UC Irvine and IPFW 2007 Details Columbus , Ohio ( Ohio State ) St. John Arena UC Irvine ( 29 -- 5 ) 3 -- 1 IPFW Penn State and Pepperdine 2008 Details Irvine , California ( UC Irvine ) Bren Events Center Penn State ( 30 -- 1 ) 3 -- 1 Pepperdine Long Beach State and Ohio State 2009 Details Provo , Utah ( BYU ) Smith Fieldhouse UC Irvine ( 27 -- 5 ) 3 -- 2 USC ( 21 -- 11 ) Ohio State and Penn State Details Stanford , California ( Stanford ) Maples Pavilion Stanford ( 24 -- 6 ) 3 -- 0 Penn State ( 24 -- 8 ) Cal State Northridge and Ohio State 2011 Details University Park , Pennsylvania ( Penn State ) Rec Hall Ohio State ( 26 -- 6 ) 3 -- 2 UC Santa Barbara ( 18 -- 15 ) Penn State and USC 2012 Details Los Angeles ( USC ) Galen Center UC Irvine ( 26 -- 5 ) 3 -- 0 USC ( 24 -- 6 ) Lewis and Penn State 2013 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion UC Irvine ( 25 -- 7 ) 3 -- 0 BYU ( 26 -- 5 ) Loyola Chicago and Penn State 2014 Details Chicago ( Loyola Chicago ) Gentile Arena Loyola Chicago ( 29 - 1 ) 3 - 1 Stanford ( 24 - 9 ) 3rd -- BYU and Penn State 5th -- Lewis and Erskine 2015 Details Stanford , California ( Stanford ) Maples Pavilion Loyola Chicago ( 28 - 2 ) 3 - 2 Lewis ( 27 - 4 ) 3rd -- UC Irvine and Penn State 5th -- Hawaii and Pfeiffer 2016 Details University Park , Pennsylvania ( Penn State ) Rec Hall Ohio State ( 31 - 2 ) 3 - 0 BYU ( 27 - 4 ) 3rd -- UCLA and Long Beach State 5th -- Erskine and George Mason 2017 Details Columbus , Ohio ( Ohio State ) St. John Arena Ohio State ( 32 -- 2 ) 3 - 0 BYU ( 26 - 5 ) 3rd -- Hawaii and Long Beach State 5th -- Barton and Penn State 2018 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion 2019 Details Long Beach , California ( Long Beach State ) The Pyramid 2020 Details Fairfax , Virginia ( George Mason ) EagleBank Arena 2021 Details Columbus , Ohio ( Ohio State ) Covelli Arena 2022 Details Los Angeles ( UCLA ) Pauley Pavilion † Vacated due to NCAA violations Team titles ( edit ) UCLA Pepperdine USC UC Irvine BYU Penn State Stanford Loyola Ohio State ⇙ Hawaii Lewis Long Beach State San Diego State Schools with national championships -- 19 championships , -- 5 championships , -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship School # Year won UCLA 19 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1989 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2006 Pepperdine 5 1978 , 1985 , 1986 , 1992 , 2005 Southern California 1977 , 1980 , 1988 , 1990 UC Irvine 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2013 Ohio State 2011 , 2016 , 2017 BYU 1999 , 2001 , 2004 Penn State 1994 , 2008 Stanford 1997 , 2010 Loyola Chicago 2014 , 2015 Vacated 2002 , 2003 Long Beach State 1991 San Diego State 1973 Past tournaments ( edit ) Historically , California - based universities have dominated the men 's volleyball national championship ; Loyola Chicago , Penn State , Ohio State and BYU are the only non-California universities to have won the National Collegiate championship ; Hawaii and Lewis also won the championship tournament , but had their victories vacated due to NCAA rules violations . Only seven non-California universities have participated in the National Collegiate championship match ( Loyola , BYU , Penn State , Ohio State , IPFW , Hawaii , and Lewis ) , although other universities such as Princeton and Ball State have participated in the final four . Only three finals have involved two non-California schools : the 2003 final , when Lewis defeated BYU but had its win vacated ; the 2015 final , in which Loyola defeated Lewis ; and the 2016 final , when Ohio State defeated BYU . UCLA , Southern California , Penn State , Stanford , and Long Beach State are the only schools in Division I to have won an NCAA national championship in both men and women 's volleyball . ( But for Hawaii 's vacated 2002 title , it would have matched this feat with 3 NCAA and 1 AIAW women 's national championships . ) In addition , Stanford ( 1996 -- 97 ) and Penn State ( 2007 -- 08 ) are the only universities whose men and women 's volleyball programs won the national championship in the same academic year . The 2016 championship tournament took place from May 3 -- 7 at Rec Hall on the campus of Penn State . 2011 ( edit ) May 5 , 2011 -- UC Santa Barbara def . Southern California , 29 - 27 , 24 - 26 , 25 - 15 , 25 - 18 ; Ohio State def . Penn St. , 25 - 18 , 24 - 26 , 25 - 22 , 25 - 23 May 7 , 2011 -- Ohio State def . UC Santa Barbara , 20 - 25 , 25 - 20 , 25 - 19 , 22 - 25 , 15 - 9 Semi-Finals Thursday , May 5 , 2011 Rec Hall , University Park , Pennsylvania Championship Saturday , May 7 , 2011 Rec Hall , University Park , Pennsylvania Southern California ( 1 ) 27 26 15 18 UC Santa Barbara ( 3 ) 29 24 25 25 UC Santa Barbara ( 2 ) 25 20 19 25 9 Ohio State ( 3 ) 20 25 25 22 15 Penn State ( 1 ) 18 26 22 23 Ohio State ( 3 ) 25 24 25 25 2012 ( edit ) April 29 , 2012 -- Selections May 3 , 2012 -- Semifinals ( 6 p.m. / 8 p.m. PT ) at Galen Center , Los Angeles , California : # 1 seed UC Irvine defeated # 4 seed Penn State 3 - 1 ( 18 - 25 , 25 - 18 , 25 - 15 , 25 - 19 ) ; # 2 seed Southern California defeated # 3 seed Lewis 3 - 1 ( 25 - 18 , 25 - 12 , 18 - 25 , 27 - 25 ) May 5 , 2012 -- Championship ( 7 p.m. PT ) at Galen Center , Los Angeles , California : UC Irvine defeated Southern California 3 - 0 ( 25 - 22 , 34 - 32 , 26 - 24 ) ; 9,612 attended ( record ) Semi-Finals Thursday , May 3 , 2012 Galen Center , Los Angeles , CA Championship Saturday , May 5 , 2012 Galen Center , Los Angeles , CA UC Irvine ( 3 ) 18 25 25 25 Penn State ( 1 ) 25 18 15 19 UC Irvine ( 3 ) 25 34 26 Southern California ( 0 ) 22 32 24 Southern California ( 3 ) 25 25 18 27 Lewis ( 1 ) 18 12 25 25 2013 ( edit ) April 28 , 2013 -- Selections May 2 , 2013 -- Semifinals ( 6 p.m. / 8 p.m. PT ) at Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , NCAA.com : No. 2 - seed UC Irvine defeated No. 3 - seed Loyola - Chicago 3 -- 0 ; No. 1 - seed BYU defeated No. 4 - seed Penn State 3 -- 0 May 4 , 2013 -- National Championship ( 6 p.m. PT ) at Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles , ESPNU : UC Irvine defeated BYU 3 - 0 ( 25 - 23 , 25 - 22 , 26 - 24 ) May 4 , 2013 -- Game Notes : UC Irvine head coach David Kniffin became just the second coach in NCAA men 's volleyball history to win a national title in his first season ; 6,295 attended the title game May 4 , 2013 -- All - Tournament Team : Connor Hughes , who had 11 kills in the title game for UC Irvine ( Most Outstanding Player ) ; Chris Austin , UC Irvine ; Michael Brinkley , UC Irvine Collin Mehring , UC Irvine ; Kevin Tillie , UC Irvine ; Ben Patch , BYU ; Taylor Sander , BYU Semi-Finals Thursday , May 2 , 2013 Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles Championship Saturday , May 4 , 2013 Pauley Pavilion , Los Angeles Brigham Young ( 3 ) 25 25 25 Penn State ( 0 ) 21 16 22 Brigham Young ( 0 ) 23 22 24 UC Irvine ( 3 ) 25 25 26 UC Irvine ( 3 ) 26 25 29 Loyola University Chicago ( 0 ) 24 18 27 2014 ( edit ) The semifinals and finals 2014 tournament were held in the Gentile Arena in Chicago on the campus of Loyola University Chicago . Two quarterfinal `` play - in '' matches were held at the Gentile Arena two days prior to the national semifinals , as the 2014 tournament expanded to six teams for the first time ever . A second at - large was added to the field , and the champions of the newly - eligible Conference Carolinas men 's volleyball division got an automatic qualification . The six teams were seeded according to the same methods used to seed the teams in previous tournaments , with the top two seeds receiving byes into the Final Four , and the third seed facing the sixth seed and the fourth seed facing the fifth seed in the quarterfinals . Apr. 29 : Quarterfinals ( # 3 vs. # 6 seed ; # 4 vs. # 5 seed ) May 1 : Semifinals ( # 1 vs. # 4 - # 5 winner ; # 2 vs. # 3 - # 6 winner ) May 3 : NCAA Championship Quarterfinals Tuesday , April 29 , 2014 Gentile Arena , Chicago Semifinals Thursday , May 1 , 2014 Gentile Arena , Chicago Championship Saturday , May 3 , 2014 Gentile Arena , Chicago Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 3 ) 25 22 25 18 15 Lewis ( 1 ) 25 25 23 19 5 Penn State ( 2 ) 20 25 21 25 11 5 Penn State ( 3 ) 27 19 25 25 Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 3 ) 25 19 25 25 Stanford ( 1 ) 17 25 19 15 BYU ( 2 ) 18 25 25 27 12 Stanford ( 3 ) 25 25 25 Stanford ( 3 ) 25 21 22 29 15 6 Erskine ( 0 ) 14 16 16 2015 ( edit ) The semifinals and finals of the 2015 tournament were held in the Maples Pavilion on the campus of Stanford University . Two quarterfinal `` play - in '' matches were held at the Maples Pavilion two days prior to the national semifinals . The six teams were seeded according to the same methods used to seed the four teams in previous tournaments ; the top two seeds received byes into the Final Four , while the third seed faced the sixth seed and the fourth seed faced the fifth seed in the quarterfinals . May 5 : Quarterfinals ( # 3 vs. # 6 seed ; # 4 vs. # 5 seed ) May 7 : Semifinals ( # 1 vs. # 4 - # 5 winner ; # 2 vs. # 3 - # 6 winner ) May 9 : NCAA Championship Quarterfinals Tuesday , May 5 , 2015 Maples Pavilion , Stanford , California Semifinals Thursday , May 7 , 2015 Maples Pavilion , Stanford , California Championship Saturday , May 9 , 2015 Maples Pavilion , Stanford , California Lewis ( 3 ) 25 22 25 25 Hawaii ( 1 ) 22 20 25 25 5 Penn State ( 1 ) 20 25 16 20 5 Penn State ( 3 ) 25 25 17 27 Lewis ( 2 ) 25 23 15 27 21 Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 3 ) 21 25 25 25 23 UC Irvine ( 0 ) 22 19 17 Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 3 ) 25 33 25 Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 3 ) 25 25 25 6 Pfeiffer ( 0 ) 20 31 15 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NCAA Men 's National Collegiate Volleyball Tournament See also ( edit ) NCAA Division III Men 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship List of NCAA men 's volleyball schools Pre-NCAA Intercollegiate Volleyball Champions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Athletic Business , Gender Equity -- Boys ' and Mens ' Volleyball Participation Continues to Lag , April 2009 Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_volleyball_champs_records/2012/d1/2012d1mvbchamp.pdf Jump up ^ UC Irvine defeats BYU in three sets to claim consecutive national title , NCAA.com , May 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Loyola repeats as men 's NCAA volleyball national champions , Chicago Tribune , May 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ NCAA Tourney to have 2 play - in matches starting in 2014 , Off the Block , October 23 , 2013 NCAA Men 's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship Tournaments 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Men%27s_National_Collegiate_Volleyball_Championship&oldid=814264967 '' Categories : NCAA Men 's Volleyball Championship National volleyball leagues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Thanksgiving dinner - wikipedia Thanksgiving dinner Jump to : navigation , search ( Almost Traditional ) Thanksgiving Dinner The centerpiece of contemporary Thanksgiving in the United States and Canada is a large meal , generally centered on a large roasted turkey . It is served with a variety of side dishes which vary from traditional dishes such as mashed potatoes , stuffing , and cranberry sauce , to ones that reflect regional or cultural heritage . The majority of the dishes in the traditional American version of Thanksgiving dinner are made from foods native to the New World , as according to tradition the Pilgrims received these foods , or learned how to grow them , from the Native Americans . Thanksgiving dinner is the largest eating event in the United States ; people eat more on Thanksgiving than on any other day of the year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical menus 2 Turkey 3 Alternatives to turkey 4 Side dishes 5 Beverages 6 See also 7 References Historical menus ( edit ) 1943 Thanksgiving Day dinner menu from USS Wake Island ( CVE - 65 ) According to what traditionally is known as `` The First Thanksgiving , '' the 1621 feast between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag at Plymouth Colony contained waterfowl , venison , ham , lobster , clams , berries , fruit , pumpkin , and squash . William Bradford noted that , `` besides waterfowl , there was great store of wild turkeys , of which they took many . '' Many of the foods that were included in the first feast ( except , notably , the seafood ) have since gone on to become staples of the modern Thanksgiving dinner . Early feasts of the Order of Good Cheer , a French Canadian predecessor to the modern Thanksgiving , featured a potluck dinner with freshly - hunted fowl , game , and fish , hunted and shared by both French Canadians and local natives . The use of the turkey in the US for Thanksgiving precedes Lincoln 's nationalization of the holiday in 1863 . Alexander Hamilton proclaimed that no `` Citizen of the United States should refrain from turkey on Thanksgiving Day , '' and Benjamin Franklin had high regard for the wild turkey as an American icon , but turkey was uncommon as Thanksgiving fare until after 1800 . By 1857 , turkey had become part of the traditional dinner in New England . A Thanksgiving Day dinner served to the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935 included : pickles , green olives , celery , roast turkey , oyster stew , cranberry sauce , giblet gravy , dressing , creamed asparagus tips , snowflake potatoes , baked carrots , hot rolls , fruit salad , mince meat pie , fruit cake , candies , grapes , apples , clams , fish , and many other food harvests . French drip coffee , cigars and cigarettes . The White House Cook Book , 1887 , by Mrs. F.L. Gillette , et al. , had the following menu : oysters on half shell , cream of chicken soup , fried smelts , sauce tartare , roast turkey , cranberry sauce , mashed potatoes , baked squash , boiled onions , parsnip fritters , olives , chicken salad , venison pastry , pumpkin pie , mince pie , Charlotte russe , almond ice cream , lemon jelly , hickory nut cake , cheese , fruits and coffee . Sugar , among other food commodities , was rationed from 1942 to 1946 . In 1947 , as part of a voluntary rationing campaign , the Harry Truman Administration attempted to promote `` Poultryless Thursdays , '' discouraging Americans from eating poultry or egg products on Thursdays . Because Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday , this meant that turkey and pumpkin pie , two Thanksgiving staples , were forbidden , not only for that holiday , but for Christmas and New Year 's Day as well , since those holidays landed on Thursday in 1947 . ( Pumpkin pie was forbidden because it contained eggs . ) The National Poultry and Egg Board furiously lobbied the President to cease promoting the plan ; it culminated in a truce at the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation shortly before Thanksgiving . Turkey was no longer forbidden , but Eggless Thursdays remained for the rest of the year , meaning no pumpkin pie was served at the White House dinner that year . Turkey ( edit ) Oven roasted turkey Turkey is the most common main dish of a Thanksgiving dinner , to the point where Thanksgiving is sometimes colloquially called `` Turkey Day . '' In 2006 , American turkey growers were expected to raise 270 million turkeys , to be processed into five billion pounds of turkey meat valued at almost $8 billion , with one third of all turkey consumption occurring in the Thanksgiving - Christmas season , and a per capita consumption of almost 18 pounds ( 8.2 kg ) . The Broad Breasted White turkey is particularly bred for Thanksgiving dinner and similar large feasts ; its large size ( specimens can grow to over 40 pounds ) and meat content make it ideal for such situations , although the breed must be artificially bred and suffers from health problems due to its size . Most Thanksgiving turkeys are stuffed with a bread - based mixture and roasted . Sage is the traditional herb added to the stuffing , along with chopped celery , carrots , and onions . Other ingredients , such as chopped chestnuts or other tree nuts , crumbled sausage or bacon , cranberries , raisins , or apples , may be added to stuffing . If this mixture is prepared outside the bird , it may be known as dressing . Deep - fried turkey is rising in popularity due to its shorter preparation time , but carries safety risks . The consumption of turkey on Thanksgiving is so ingrained in American culture that each year since 1947 , the National Turkey Federation has presented a live turkey to the President of the United States prior to each Thanksgiving . These turkeys were initially slaughtered and eaten for the President 's Thanksgiving dinner ; since 1989 , the presented turkeys have typically been given a mock pardon to great fanfare and sent to a park to live out the rest of their usually short natural lives . Alternatives to turkey ( edit ) Non-traditional foods other than turkey are sometimes served as the main dish for a Thanksgiving dinner . Ham is often served alongside turkey in many non-traditional households . Goose and duck , foods which were traditional European centerpieces of Christmas dinners before being displaced , are now sometimes served in place of the Thanksgiving turkey . Sometimes , fowl native to the region where the meal is taking place is used ; for example , an article in Texas Monthly magazine suggested quail as the main dish for a Texan Thanksgiving feast . John Madden , who appeared on television for the NFL Thanksgiving Day game from 1981 to 2001 , frequently advocated his fondness for the turducken , deboned turkey , duck and chicken nested inside each other then cooked . In a few areas of the West Coast of the United States , Dungeness crab is common as an alternate main dish , as crab season starts in early November . Similarly , Thanksgiving falls within deer hunting season in the Northeastern United States , which encourages the use of venison as a centerpiece . Vegetarians or vegans may have a tofu , wheat gluten or lentil - based substitute ; or stuffed squash . In Alaskan villages , whale meat is sometimes eaten. Irish immigrants have been known to have prime rib of beef as their centerpiece since beef in Ireland was once a rarity ; families would save up money for this dish to signify newfound prosperity and hope . In the United States , a globalist approach to Thanksgiving has become common with the impact of immigration . Basic `` Thanksgiving '' ingredients , or the intent of the holiday , can be transformed to a variety of dishes by using flavors , techniques , and traditions from their own cuisines . Others celebrate the holiday with a variety of dishes particularly when there is a crowd to be fed , guest 's tastes vary and considering the financial means available . Side dishes ( edit ) A Thanksgiving meal in New England Green bean casserole Many offerings are typically served alongside the main dish -- so many that , because of the amount of food , the Thanksgiving meal is sometimes served midday or early afternoon to make time for all the eating , and preparation may begin at dawn or on days prior . Copious leftovers are also common following the meal properly . Traditional Thanksgiving foods are sometimes specific to the day of riced potatoes , and although some of the foods might be seen at any semi-formal meal in the United States , the meal often has something of a ritual or traditional quality . Many Americans would say it is `` incomplete '' without cranberry sauce , stuffing or dressing , mashed potatoes and gravy , and brussels sprouts . Other commonly served dishes include winter squash and sweet potatoes , the latter often prepared with sweeteners such as brown sugar , molasses , or marshmallows . Fresh , canned , or frozen corn is popular and green beans are frequently served ; in particular , green bean casserole , a product invented in 1955 by the Campbell Soup Company to promote use of its cream of mushroom soup , has become a Thanksgiving standard . A fresh salad may be included , especially on the West Coast . Bread rolls or biscuits and cornbread , especially in the South and parts of New England , are served . For dessert , various pies are usually served , particularly pumpkin pie , though apple pie , mincemeat pie , sweet potato pie , and pecan pie are often served as well . There are also regional differences as to the stuffing or dressing traditionally served with the turkey . The traditional version has bread cubes , sage , onion and celery . Southerners generally make their dressing from cornbread , while those in other parts of the country make stuffing from white , wheat or rye bread as the base . One or several of the following may be added to the dressing / stuffing : oysters , apples , chestnuts , raisins , and sausages or the turkey 's giblets . Other dishes reflect the region or cultural background of those who have come together for the meal . For example , Sauerkraut ( among those in the Mid-Atlantic ; especially Baltimore ) is sometimes served . Many African Americans and Southerners serve baked macaroni and cheese and collard greens , along with chitterlings and sweet potato pie , while some Italian - Americans often have lasagne on the table and Ashkenazi Jews may serve noodle kugel , a sweet dessert pudding . Other Jewish families may consume foods commonly associated with Hanukkah , such as latkes or a sufganiyah ; the two holidays are usually in close proximity and on extremely rare occasions overlap . It is not unheard of for Mexican Americans to serve their turkey with mole and roasted corn . In Puerto Rico , the Thanksgiving meal is completed with arroz con gandules ( rice with pigeon peas ) or arroz con maiz ( rice with corn ) , pasteles ( root tamales ) stuffed with turkey , pumpkin - coconut crème caramel , corn bread with longaniza , potato salad , roasted white sweet potatoes and Spanish sparkling hard cider . Turkey in Puerto Rico is stuffed with mofongo . Cuban - Americans traditionally serve the turkey alongside a small roasted pork and include white rice and black beans or kidney beans . Vegetarians or vegans have been known to serve alternative entree centerpieces such as a large vegetable pie or a stuffed and baked pumpkin or tofu substitutes . Many Midwesterners ( such as Minnesotans ) of Norwegian or Scandinavian descent set the table with lefse . Beverages ( edit ) The beverages at Thanksgiving can vary as much as the side dishes , often depending on who is present at the table and their tastes . Spirits or cocktails sometimes may be served before the main meal . On the dinner table , unfermented apple cider ( still or sparkling ) or wine are often served . Pitchers of sweet tea can often be found on Southern tables . Beaujolais nouveau is sometimes served , and the beverage has been marketed as a Thanksgiving drink since the producers of the wine ( which is made available only for a short window each year ) set the annual release date to be one week before Thanksgiving beginning in 1985 . See also ( edit ) List of dining events References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thanksgiving dinner . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) , `` History of Thanksgiving '' , History , A + E Networks , archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 , retrieved November 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sifton , Sam ( November 15 , 2016 ) , `` The American Thanksgiving '' , New York Times , retrieved November 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Dickson , James G. ( 1992 ) . The Wild Turkey : Biology and Management . National Wild Turkey Federation . Harrisburg , PA : Stackpole Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1859 - 2 . Jump up ^ Corwin , Tom ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl party food need not send diets crashing '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Augusta , Georgia . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Of Plymouth Plantation 1620 -- 1647 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Lund , Nicholas ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Did Benjamin Franklin Really Say the National Symbol Should Be the Turkey ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Karen ( 2001 ) . More Than a Meal : The Turkey in History , Myth , Ritual , and Reality . New York : Lantern Books . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930051 - 88 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kathy M. ( 2001 ) . Gold Medal CCC Company 1538 : A Documentary . Paducah , KY : Turner Pub. Co. p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 642 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Project Gutenberg eBook of The White House Cookbook , by Mrs. F.L. Gillette & Hugo Ziemann '' . Gutenberg.org. 2004 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ FOOD : Decontrolled . Time ( June 23 , 1947 ) . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Humes , Michele ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Way We Ate : The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie '' . Diner 's Journal . The New York Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Mike ( July 17 , 2006 ) . `` Regional Farm Bill field hearing : Cape Girardeau , MO '' . U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture , Nutrition & Forestry . Jump up ^ Hart , Jay ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Boom ! Catching up with John Madden to talk all things ... turducken Shutdown Corner -- Yahoo Sports Canada '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ D'Oro , Rachel ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Alaskan Thanksgiving Feast : Whale Meat '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Gillian ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` The Globalist 's Thanksgiving '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wang , Frances Kai - Hwa ( November 22 , 2009 ) . `` Creating our own multicultural Thanksgiving traditions '' . AnnArbor.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bo ( November 19 , 2007 ) . `` The Day the Lees discovered Thanksgiving '' . 8Asians.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Scee , Timothy ( October 4 , 2013 ) . Hanukkah Falls on Thanksgiving for the First Time Since 19th Century . Newzjunky.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Cuisine of the United States Historical Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies Thanksgiving dinner Regional List of regional dishes of the United States Allentown , Pennsylvania Appalachia California Cincinnati Kentucky Hawaii Mid-Atlantic Midwestern Chicago New England New Jersey New Mexico New Orleans New York City Omaha Pacific Northwest Philadelphia Puerto Rico Southern St. Louis Cajun Creole Lowcountry Texas Barbecue in Texas Tex - Mex Floribbean Southwest Western Ethnic American Chinese Greek American Soul food Native American Pennsylvania Dutch Asian Indian American Italian American Tlingit List articles American foods American breads American cheeses American desserts American regional and fusion cuisines American sandwiches Foods of the Southern United States Soul foods and dishes Miscellaneous Barbecue Christmas food Fast food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thanksgiving_dinner&oldid=832688262 '' Categories : American cuisine Canadian cuisine Thanksgiving Thanksgiving food Dinner Dining events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 13 : 02 . 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name a food you might eat on thanksgiving

turkey

Thanksgiving dinner

List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes Jump to : navigation , search For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . As of April 24 , 2018 , 88 episodes of The Flash have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 23 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects . While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab . `` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process . Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation . 7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself . Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber . Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards . Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd . 13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers . He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before . 16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb . Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora . To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time . He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married . Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation . As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs . 26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers . Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda . Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure . 31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself . Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay . 34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches . While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes . 37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S. arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom . 40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer . Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 . 43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself . With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant . After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist . There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers . Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave . Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry . Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters . When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl of Earth - 38 . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device . The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder . Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R. can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas . He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again . All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives . Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love . Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R. has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy . Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27. 13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs . Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gyspy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27. 13418 1.88 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA 1.90 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBD 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBA TBD 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBA TBD 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' TBA TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 , 2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : The women of the Arrowverse on strong female characters and , of course , # AvaLance '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 420 ) Therefore She Is '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 421 ) `` Harry and the Harrisons '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` Think Fast '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May Sweeps Preview and Finale Spoilers - The Flash '' . TVLine. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The - Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash - Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=838448447 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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April 24, 2018

Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( ​ CH O ​ ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions ( mainly three vital reaction steps : ( I ) Hill and Bendall 's Z - scheme of cyclic and non-cyclic reactions , ( II ) Mitchell 's chemi - osmosis for ATP synthesis and ( III ) Dolai 's S - state diagrams in water - splitting ) , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP . The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space . An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water . Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction ( Dolai 's S - state diagrams ) . Ref . Dolai , U ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis `` . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 - 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch . The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation . Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open . CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . This fact allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers . Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response . Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks . Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center . Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier . Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax . He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory . Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light . Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin in 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells . This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis . Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Metabolism portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Radiosynthesis Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . PMID 16997562 . 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Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Crop Sci. 5 : 517 - 521 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1986. Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 . Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . PMID 10361294 . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . External links Find more aboutPhotosynthesisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . 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what is the first basic process in the light reaction of photosynthesis

one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron

absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments

Southend pier - wikipedia Southend pier Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 33 '' N 0 ° 43 ′ 03 '' E  /  51.525731 ° N 0.717461 ° E  / 51.525731 ; 0.717461 Southend Pier Southend pier in 2007 Type Pleasure , RNLI lifeboat station Carries Pedestrians , shuttle train , lifeboat crews / supplies Spans Thames Estuary Locale Essex , UK Maintained by Southend Council Design James Brunlees Construction Hardwood decking on iron piles Owner Southend Council Total length 2,158 metres ( 7,080 ft ) Opening date 1830 ( Iron pier , 1889 ) Coordinates TQ884849 ( shoreside ) TQ897830 ( pier head ) Southend Southend Pier is a major landmark in Southend - on - Sea . Extending 1.34 miles ( 2.16 km ) into the Thames Estuary , it is the longest pleasure pier in the world . Sir John Betjeman once said that `` the Pier is Southend , Southend is the Pier '' . The pier is a Grade II listed building . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Wooden pier 1.3 Iron pier 1.4 HMS Leigh 1.5 Post-war history 1.6 21st century 1.6. 1 2005 fire 1.6. 2 Cultural centre in the Pier Pavilion 2 Railway 3 Lifeboat station 4 In fiction 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) In the early 19th century , Southend was growing as a seaside holiday resort . At the time , it was thought that spending time by the sea was good for one 's health , and since it was close to the capital , many Londoners would come to Southend for this reason . However the coast at Southend consists of large mudflats , so the sea is never very deep even at full tide -- between 13 and 20 feet ( 4 and 6 m ) -- and recedes over one mile ( 1.6 km ) from the beach at low tide . Large boats were unable to stop at Southend near to the beach and no boats at all were able to stop at low tide . This meant that many potential visitors would go past Southend and on to Margate , or other resorts where docking facilities were better . To counter this trend local dignitaries pushed for a pier to be built . This would allow boats to reach Southend at all tides . The campaign was led by former Lord Mayor of the City of London Sir William Heygate , 1st Baronet , a resident of Southend . Wooden pier ( edit ) On 14 May 1829 the first Pier Act received the Royal Assent . On 25 July the Lord Mayor of London Sir William Thompson laid the foundation stone of the first section of the pier . By June 1830 a 600 - foot ( 180 m ) wooden pier was opened , based on oak piles . However this was still too short to be usable at low tide , so by 1833 it had been extended to three times its length and by 1848 was the longest pier in Europe at 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) . It was sold by the original owners for £ 17,000 in 1846 after getting into financial difficulties . By the 1850 's the London , Tilbury and Southend Railway had reached Southend , and with it a great influx of visitors from east London . The many visitors took their toll on the wooden pier and in 1873 it was sold to the Southend Local Board ( the local government in place at the time ) . In 1887 the board decided to replace the pier with a new iron pier . Part of the wooden structure of the old pier was used in the construction of a new mayoral chair in 1892 . Iron pier ( edit ) Pier Pavilion in 1923 . Destroyed by fire in 1959 , it was replaced in 1962 by a bowling alley . This was destroyed by a fire in 1995 . The area is now open decking . The pier was designed by James Brunlees , who had built the first iron pier at Southport , Lancashire , in 1860 . Work began in early 1887 and the new pier was opened to the public that summer , though it was n't completed until 1889 at a cost of almost £ 70,000 . It was an immediate success , so much so that demand outstripped the capabilities of the pier and a further extension was proposed . This extension was completed in November 1897 and formally opened the following January . An upper deck was added to the pierhead in 1907 , and the pier was further extended in 1927 . The construction work was undertaken by Peter Lind & Company that still trades today . The work was carried out to accommodate larger steamboats . It was formally opened on 8 July 1929 by Prince George , Duke of Kent . This new part of the pier was on the east side and was named the Prince George Extension ; it was 326 feet ( 99 m ) long and cost £ 58,000 . The work of doubling the electric railway , completed in 1931 , cost £ 35,000 . On 27 June 1931 the Pier was the scene of a tragic accident . Ernest Turner fell from and was run over by one of the electric trams on the railway and was killed instantly . Turner , who was 38 , was one of a party of over 500 workers and family members on the annual works outing from Ansell 's brewery in Birmingham , where he worked as a brewer 's drayman . The party had arrived at the pier having travelled down the River Thames from Tower Pier in London where it had arrived earlier that day . At the inquest , which was held two days later , the jury returned a verdict of accidental death . The Pier 's centenary was celebrated on 23 July 1935 when Lord Richie of Dundee , chairman of the Port of London Authority unveiled a bronze plaque on the pier head . ( Rather than 1930 , as this date reflects the date when the Admiralty began to include Southend Pier on their navigation charts . ) HMS Leigh ( edit ) During the Second World War Southend Pier was taken over by the Royal Navy and was renamed HMS Leigh with surrounding areas being renamed HMS Westcliff . It was closed to the public on 9 September 1939 . Its purpose in the war was twofold . Firstly it served as a mustering point for convoys . Over the course of the war 3,367 convoys , comprising 84,297 vessels departed from HMS Westcliff . Secondly , it was Naval Control for the Thames Estuary . Notable in its career was the accidental sinking of the Liberty ship SS Richard Montgomery which , still containing several thousand tons of explosives , is visible from the North Kent coast and Southend beach at low tide , and continues to pose a threat to navigation and the surrounding area to this day . Post-war history ( edit ) Southend seafront from Southend Pier , 2005 In 1945 the pier reopened for visitors . Visitor numbers exceeded pre-war levels , peaking at 5.75 million in 1949 -- 50 . In the 1950s more attractions on the pier opened including the Dolphin Café , Sun Deck Theatre , the Solarium Café and a Hall of Mirrors . However , the success was not to last . In 1959 a fire destroyed the pavilion located at the shore end of the pier . Over 500 people were trapped on the other side of the fire and had to be rescued by boat . The pavilion was replaced by a ten - pin bowling alley in 1962 , however , by then British holidaymakers were turning to package holidays abroad . The use of the pier slowly began to decline and with it the structure began to deteriorate . In 1971 , after a child was injured on the pier , a survey was undertaken and over the course of the next decade repairs had to be made including much of the replacement of the pier walkway . Burnt section in 1983 In 1976 a fire destroyed much of the pier head . The massive blaze was battled by fire fighters working on the pier and from boats , and even using a crop - spraying light aircraft . The following year the bowling alley was damaged in another fire , and a year after that , the railway was deemed unsafe and had to be closed . In 1980 the council announced that the pier was to close . Protests led the council to allow the pier to remain open until a solution could be found . This happened in 1983 when the Historic Buildings Committee gave a grant to allow repairs to be made . The work commenced in 1984 and was completed eighteen months later , when Princess Anne named the two new pier trains ( commissioned to replace trains scrapped in 1982 ) after Sir John Betjeman and Sir William Heygate . The total cost of the repair including new buildings and pier trains was £ 1.3 million . temporary bridge , railway station and collapsed section in 1987 However , on 20 June in that year , the MV Kingsabbey crashed into the pier , severing the new pier head from the rest of the pier , destroying the boathouse used by the lifeboat service and causing major structural damage due to the destruction of iron piles and supporting girders . This left a 70 - foot ( 21 m ) gap in the pier . While this was temporarily bridged to restore access , full repairs were not completed until 1989 . On 7 June 1995 the bowling alley burnt down . Fortunately the pier museum and railway station were not severely damaged and access to the pier was reinstated three weeks later , with all of the debris cleared in time for the summer of 1996 . During the summer of 1999 , the famous former pirate radio station Radio Caroline moored their radio ship Ross Revenge at the end of the pier for about a month and conducted a 28 - day legal broadcast under a Restricted Service Licence to the Southend - on - Sea and southeast Essex area . Whilst the ship was there , though , workmen working on the electrics at the pierhead end accidentally cut through electric cables , leaving the entire pierhead end without power . The Radio Caroline staff came to the rescue by hooking the electricity cabling up to the spare generator aboard their ship , enabling the cafe , shops and amusement arcade to run normally for a few days until the supply from the shore could be restored . 21st century ( edit ) The new shoreward end of Southend Pier In recent years Southend Council has invested in the pier to restore it as a visitor attraction . Funding for this has been coordinated by the `` S - SHAPE '' ( Southend Seafront , High Street and Pier Enhancements ) project with funding coming from European Objective 2 funding and national Government regeneration schemes . The pier head was extensively redeveloped in 2000 creating a new sun deck and , in partnership with the RNLI , a new lifeboat station was built . The new station is constructed in glass to give a strikingly modern style . It also houses the Southend Pier Museum and a gift shop relating to the history of the RNLI and lifeboats . The museum features exhibits about the pier 's history , including a restored working pier signal box , a tram and train carriages , photos , period costumes , and a small collection of working old penny slot machines . In 2003 the shoreward end of the pier was redeveloped in a similar style to the pier head . The pier bridge was raised to enable taller vehicles to pass under it ( a recurring problem had been double - decker buses getting stuck under the bridge ) and a visitor centre / tourist information centre was built . This connected with the new Cliff Lift and redevelopment of Pier Hill that was constructed the following year . 2005 fire ( edit ) On 9 October 2005 a fire severely damaged much of the Old Pier Head including the railway station , pub , shell shop , snack bar and ice cream shop . Much of the wooden planking was destroyed , but the main iron structure was largely undamaged . Heat from the fire was so intense that the Pier Railway tracks buckled and trains could now only run to about 49 feet ( 15 m ) short of the old station . The fire was thought to have started in the pub at around 10 : 45 pm , but due to the location and the damage ( several buildings collapsed into the water ) the cause has never been formally determined , although it was treated as an accident . No one was injured , but firefighters encountered difficulties extinguishing the blaze as pumps installed on the pier were rendered ineffective by the low tide . The Southend lifeboat was deployed to transport the first firefighters to the scene . The pier reopened to the public on 1 December 2005 , and in 2007 was voted Pier of the Year . The pierhead station was destroyed in the blaze , so a replacement with two platforms was constructed to take the pier trains as close as possible to the area where the blaze took place . Access to the pierhead , RNLI gift shop and boathouse is available by walking past the temporary toilets . The paddle steamers PS Waverley and PS Kingswear Castle can again call at the pierhead , and autumn 2006 saw the tall ship Khersones visit again . Shortly after the fire , pieces of charred pier planking turned up for sale on eBay with the proceeds apparently going to the RNLI . Cultural centre in the pier Pavilion ( edit ) Southend Pier Royal Pavilion On 15 September 2009 Southend Borough Council announced the winner of a design contest for a new pier head -- a Sweden - based architecture firm , White , with London - based structural engineers Price & Myers . The winning Culture Centre design was carried out by Sprunt Architects in the UK with Quantity Surveying and Employers Agent services delivered by Sweett group . Kier Group was the contractor responsible for the construction of the Pier Pavilion which is used in part as a Cultural Centre . The company 's winning entry was a design called Sculpted by Wind and Wave and was chosen from 73 international and local entries . The contest was run by the Landscape Institute for the Council . On 17 May 2012 , the structure for a new Pier Pavilion was lowered onto the pier and on 21 July it opened to the public . Now completed , it is used as a theatre and for art exhibitions , holding up to 185 people . Panorama view of the pier head , 2016 Railway ( edit ) Repainted train Sir William Heygate , approaching the shore terminus on 23 October 2006 Main article : Southend Pier Railway The pier railway runs the length of Southend Pier , providing public passenger transport from the shore to the pier head . It operates every day on which the pier is open , providing a quarter or half - hourly service . The original wooden pier built in 1830 employed a horse tramway to convey goods and visitors to the pier head . In 1890 , with the construction of the iron pier , Cromptons installed an electric tramway . By 1891 the line ran the then full length of the pier and carriages were in use . The system expanded , until eventually , by 1930 , four trains , each made up of seven carriages , were running on a double track . In 1949 the rolling stock was replaced with four new trains . In 1978 the electric railway closed , due to deterioration and the cost of repairs . It was reopened on 2 May 1986 using two new diesel trains on a simplified single track with a passing loop . Pier Head station was temporarily resited due to the fire in late 2005 , until a new , modern structure was opened on the original site in September 2009 . Lifeboat station ( edit ) Main article : Southend - on - Sea lifeboat station One of the Southend - on - Sea lifeboat station 's two boathouses is located at the pierhead of Southend Pier . It houses an Atlantic 75 class lifeboat and a smaller D class lifeboat , both of which are launched by davit into the deep water adjoining the pier . The boathouse is a modern structure which incorporates crew accommodation and offices , an RNLI shop , and a viewing gallery from which visitors can view the lifeboats . It is topped by a sun deck to which the public has access . Lifeboat crews use an electric buggy , complete with sirens and blue flashing lights , to access this boathouse along the pier from the shore . A lifeboat has been stationed on the pier since 1879 . Initially lifeboats were launched using davits , much as they are today . However , in 1935 a new lifeboat house was erected at the pier head that provided a slipway for launching the lifeboat . This lasted until 1986 , when the collision of the MV Kingsabbey with the pier destroyed the boathouse . A temporary boathouse was used until 2002 , when the current boathouse opened . The current boathouse was constructed by Dean & Dyball Construction Limited with the Project Architect being Bondesign Associates . In fiction ( edit ) Southend Pier featured in the end credits of the British television series Minder . The sequence showed unscrupulous businessman Arthur Daley and his bodyguard ( or `` minder '' ) walking down the pier . When they reach the end Arthur realises that he has left his lighter at the far end and they proceed to walk the return journey . The comic implication is that he is too mean to pay for the train ride . The pier is mentioned in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ; after Ford and Arthur are thrown off a Vogon construction ship and are picked up by the starship Heart of Gold , Arthur remarks that it looks as though they 're standing `` on the seafront at Southend '' ; however , in the 1981 BBC TV adaptation neither the set used for the pier nor the view of the buildings on the shore looks anything like Southend . The pier is also central to the novel Vulgar Things by author Lee Rourke , a symbol of the vast , flat beauty of the Thames Delta . The pier features in The Bill Series 18 Episode 1 , `` Loaded '' . PC Des Taviner and PC Reg Hollis drive to Southend to visit Reg 's girlfriend , for Reg to propose to her . Scenes of both the Southend - on - Sea foreshore and the Southend Pier are seen . In the early 1970s , Kelvin Hughes ran marine radar training courses in a small room at the end of the pier . Students were billeted at various bed and breakfasts locally . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Southend Pier '' . Southend - on - Sea Borough Council . 16 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why it 's not time for the end of the pier show '' . The Times . 31 October 2005 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of listed buildings '' . Southend - on - Sea Borough Council . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.southendtimeline.com/spierhist.htm Jump up ^ Matthews , P. ( 1995 ) . The New Guinness Book of Records 1996 . Guinness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 018 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Pier to cost millions to restore '' . BBC News . 10 October 2005 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pier gloom for town 's next season '' . BBC News . 17 October 2005 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Foote Wood , Chris ( 2008 ) . Walking over the waves : quintessential British seaside piers . Dunbeath , Caithness : Whittles Publishing . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1904445 - 67 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Southend Pier case study '' ( PDF ) . Sprunt . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mark ( 22 September 2009 ) . `` Southend Pier -- Pier Head Design Competition '' ( DOC ) . Southend - on - Sea Borough Council . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Damian ( 16 September 2009 ) . `` Southend Pier Head design contest winner unveiled '' . World Landscape Architect . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southend Pier gets a new £ 3m Cultural Centre '' . Southend Council . 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hackwell , Stephen ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Work under way on Southend Pier 's new cultural centre '' . Southend Echo . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Hours , Ticket Prices and Pier Train Information '' . Southend - on - Sea Borough Council . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transport Miscellany article on the Southend Pier Railway '' . Greywall Productions . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Waite , Richard ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` Southend Pier restoration and new train station by Saville Jones Architects '' . Architect 's Journal . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southend Lifeboat -- About Us -- Our Station '' . Royal National Lifeboat Institution . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southend Pier . southendpiermuseum.co.uk -- Southend Pier Museum southendpier.co.uk -- Southend Pier and Foreshore citytransport.info/S-Piera.htm -- Internal and external photographs of the 1949 electric trains . Southend Pier -- southend.gov.uk ( hide ) Piers in the United Kingdom England Blackpool ( Central ) Blackpool ( North ) Blackpool ( South ) Boscombe Bournemouth Brighton ( Palace ) Brighton ( West ) Clacton Cleethorpes Clevdon Cromer Deal Eastbourne Felixstowe Gravesend Great Yarmouth Hastings Herne Bay Hythe Lowestoft Paignton Portsmouth ( Clarence ) Portsmouth ( South Parade ) Saltburn - by - the - Sea Skegness Southampton Southend Southport Southwold St Anne 's - on - the - Sea Swanage Teignmouth Western - super-Mare ( Birnbeck ) Western - super-Mare ( Grand ) Weymouth Worthing Wales Aberystwyth Bangor Beaumaris Colwyn Bay Llandudno Penarth Swansea Off - shore Ryde Sandown St Julian 's Yarmouth Former piers England Brighton ( Royal Suspension Chain ) Fleetwood Lytham Scotland Portobello Trinity Off - shore Ryde ( Seaview Chain ) National Piers Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southend_Pier&oldid=837075792 '' Categories : Grade II listed buildings in Essex Piers in Essex Buildings and structures in Southend - on - Sea Coastal Essex Burned buildings and structures in the United Kingdom Museums in Essex Amusement museums in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2011 EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 32 . 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The Miller 's Daughter ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia The Miller 's Daughter ( Once Upon a Time ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Miller 's Daughter '' Once Upon a Time episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 16 Directed by Ralph Hemecker Written by Jane Espenson Original air date March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Joaquim de Almeida as King Xavier Barbara Hershey as Cora / The Queen of Hearts Rose McGowan as young Cora Michael Raymond - James as Baelfire / Neal Cassidy Zak Santiago as Prince Henry Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Queen Is Dead '' Next → `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' Once Upon a Time ( season 2 ) List of Once Upon a Time episodes `` The Miller 's Daughter '' is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy / drama television series Once Upon a Time , and the show 's 38th episode overall . It aired on March 10 , 2013 . It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker . This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold , while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Opening Sequence 1.2 In the Characters ' Past 1.3 In Storybrooke 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Opening sequence ( edit ) A spinning wheel is featured in the forest . In the characters ' past ( edit ) A young Cora ( Rose McGowan ) admonishes her father , a drunkard miller , and delivers flour to the palace in his stead . Princess Eva , a young woman , trips Cora , causing her to spill the flour . King Xavier ( Joaquim de Almeida ) refuses to pay for the flour and orders Cora to beg forgiveness on her knees . That night , Cora sneaks into a masked ball held for King Xavier 's son Prince Henry ( Zak Santiago ) . She criticizes the event as an opportunity for the king to sell his son to a wealthy bride , and is overheard by Henry . The prince invites her to dance , but they are interrupted by the king , who recognizes Cora . He tells her that he is superior to her , despite his kingdom 's financial woes , and that she has nothing to offer him . Cora boasts that she can turn straw to gold , but will deny the king this gift because of his insults . King Xavier presents her to the ball with her claim . Cora claims she needs time to prepare , so he has her locked in a tower full of straw to spin into gold by morning ; she can marry Henry if she succeeds , but will be put to death if she fails . As Cora considers jumping from the tower window , Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) appears . He demonstrates that he can spin straw into gold , and offers to do so in exchange for her first - born child ; he reveals that `` she is very important '' in the future he has seen . Cora asks Rumplestiltskin to teach her how to spin gold herself ; to which he agrees and she signs his contract . Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought , and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man 's boots in front of his son . As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her , the straw changes to gold in her hands . Cora presents the gold to the King and accepts Henry 's resultant marriage proposal . The day before her wedding , Cora questions her plans ; she is unlikely to become queen as Henry is fifth in line to the throne , while Rumplestiltskin , with whom she has been having an affair , offers her love . They agree to amend the contract so Cora owes Rumplestiltskin his child . He also agrees to teach her how to take a heart , so that she can kill King Xavier . That night , she confronts the king . He reveals that he knows of her relationship with Rumplestiltskin ; telling her that `` love is weakness , '' he lays out her choice between love and power . Cora returns to her room carrying a heart in a box . Later , she meets Rumplestilskin and informs him that she did not take the king 's heart , and that she is going to marry the prince instead of running away with Rumplestiltskin . The heart she removed was her own , to prevent it from being an obstacle . Rumplestiltskin tries to invoke their contract , but she points out that he only has a claim on his own child , which she will never bear . Some time later , Princess Cora presents her and Henry 's daughter to the court and names her Regina , `` for one day , she will be queen . '' Everyone bows to Cora . In Storybrooke ( edit ) Rumplestiltskin 's name is fading from the Dark One 's dagger , signifying that Gold is dying . Since Gold 's death would cause the Dark One 's powers to cease to exist , Cora decides her only option is to kill Gold with the dagger and become the Dark One herself . Regina questions Cora 's motives , as Henry would never forgive them if Cora openly murders Emma Swan 's family . Cora insists she is protecting their family . Neal ( Michael Raymond - James ) and Henry ( Jared S. Gilmore ) pilot the Jolly Roger into Storybrooke , while Emma ( Jennifer Morrison ) promises to save Mr. Gold from the poison Hook inflicted on him , as he is now family . Mary Margaret ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) and David ( Josh Dallas ) meet them at the dock . Mary Margaret still intends to kill Cora , despite David 's insistence that she could n't live with herself if she did that . Ruby takes Henry to safety , while the others go to Gold 's shop . There , Gold instructs Emma on creating a magical barrier with invisible chalk , and she and Neal bicker while she does so . Gold leads Mary Margaret to find that he has the magical candle that Cora had given her years earlier , which can save a life by causing another person 's death . He asks her to use it to save him , and she agrees once she realizes she can use the candle to kill Cora . With Gold 's guidance , Emma taps into her emotions to cast the protection spell . Cora and Regina arrive at the shop and overcome the protection spell . While David , Neal , and Emma stand against them , Mary Margaret sneaks away to Regina 's mausoleum and uses the candle to curse Cora 's heart . Regina follows after Cora senses that someone is there . Emma and Neal retreat to the back room , where she casts a new protection spell . Believing he will die , Gold asks to call Belle ( Emilie de Ravin ) . Although Belle still does n't remember Gold , she is moved when he tells her he loves her , and that she is a hero for loving a monster like him . He says that she inspires him to be his best self . Neal is surprised to hear such heartfelt words from his father , who then also apologizes to him . Neal affirms that he is still angry , but he tearfully embraces Gold . Regina discovers Mary Margaret at the mausoleum . Mary Margaret gives Regina Cora 's heart , explaining that all of their problems are caused by Cora 's inability to love Regina or anyone else without her heart inside her . David later finds Mary Margaret there in a state of shock over her own actions . As Gold nears death , Cora breaks through Emma 's spell and magically sends Emma and Neal away . Gold asks Cora if she ever loved him . She admits that she did , and that was why she had to remove her heart ; he had become her weakness . Cora is about to kill him with the dagger when Regina restores her heart . Cora experiences a joyous moment of love for her daughter before succumbing to the poison of which Gold has been cured . She dies in Regina 's arms , acknowledging with her last words that a loving relationship with her would have fulfilled her life in a way that power could n't . Gold reclaims the dagger . Mary Margaret rushes in to stop Regina , who accuses her : `` You did this . '' Production ( edit ) `` The Miller 's Daughter '' was written by consulting producer Jane Espenson , while being directed V alum Ralph Hemecker . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Ratings and viewership were slightly up from the previous episode . The Miller 's Daughter had an 18 - 49 rating of 2.3 / 6 and was seen by 7.64 million viewers . Reviews ( edit ) The episode received excellent reviews from critics . Praise went to Espenson 's script , the new take on the tale of Rumpelstiltskin , and the performances of Carlyle , Hershey , and especially McGowan , who many reviewers felt should have been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series but was n't . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave this episode an `` A - '' and wrote , `` There are a lot of very talented writers working on Once Upon A Time , but this show 's limitations prevent them from reaching their full potential . Jane Espenson did great work on Buffy The Vampire Slayer and Battlestar Galactica , but her episodes of this series have been largely lackluster . That is , until ' The Miller 's Daughter , ' which is easily one of the strongest episodes OUAT has ever had . Exploring Cora 's past and shutting the door on her present - day exploits , this episode is full of significant plot developments and emotional character moments , with a very strong connection between the fairyback and Storybrooke scenes . '' He also praised the performance from Rose McGowan calling her `` inspired casting as young Cora , and not just because of how much she looks like Barbara Hershey . She has an icy demeanor that is perfect for the youthful version of this season 's Big Bad , hiding her potential power behind a suit of armor that protects from the cruel nobility she delivers flour to . When she 's tripped by a princess and forced to bow and apologize , she 's filled with the rage that is essential for making magic happen . She sneaks into a ball that is intended to find the prince a wife , but the king sees through her disguise and threatens her until she says that she can spin straw into gold . She 's locked in the tower , setting the stage for Rumplestiltskin to appear and give Cora a taste of the power that will drive her over the edge . '' Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated this episode 9.5 out of 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : The Miller 's Daughter Season 2 Episode 16 Recap - ABC.com '' . 2013 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Celebrity Apprentice ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Red Widow ' Adjusted Down Retrieved March 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time `` The Miller 's Daughter '' S2 / E16 Retrieved March 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/03/11/once-upon-a-time-the-millers-daughter-review External links ( edit ) `` The Miller 's Daughter '' on IMDb `` The Miller 's Daughter '' at TV.com ( hide ) Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths `` `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miller%27s_Daughter_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=806672059 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes Once Upon a Time ( season 2 ) episodes Screenplays by Jane Espenson Fictional millers Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Robert Griffin III - wikipedia Robert Griffin III Jump to : navigation , search `` RG3 '' redirects here . For other uses , see RG3 ( disambiguation ) . Robert Griffin III Griffin in 2016 Free agent Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1990 - 02 - 12 ) February 12 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Okinawa , Japan Height : 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight : 218 lb ( 99 kg ) Career information High school : Copperas Cove ( TX ) College : Baylor NFL Draft : 2012 / Round : 1 / Pick : 2 Career history Washington Redskins ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2016 ) Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2012 ) NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year ( 2012 ) PFWA All - Rookie Team ( 2012 ) Heisman Trophy ( 2011 ) Davey O'Brien Award ( 2011 ) Manning Award ( 2011 ) AP Player of the Year ( 2011 ) Sporting News Player of the Year ( 2011 ) Consensus All - American ( 2011 ) First - team All - Big 12 ( 2011 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 17 , 2016 TD -- Int : 42 -- 26 Passing yards : 8,983 Passer rating : 88.4 Rushing yards : 1,670 Rushing touchdowns : 10 Player stats at NFL.com Robert Lee Griffin III ( born February 12 , 1990 ) , nicknamed RG3 or RGIII , is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Baylor , where he won the 2011 Heisman Trophy . He was drafted by the Washington Redskins second overall in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft . Griffin had a successful rookie season with the Redskins , setting records for the highest passer rating and highest touchdown to interception ratio by a rookie quarterback , and leading the Redskins to the top of their division and their first playoff appearance in five seasons . He won the 2012 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year award and although unable to participate due to a knee injury he suffered late in the season , was named to enter the 2013 Pro Bowl . However , Griffin was less successful during his subsequent tenure with the Redskins , and his performance was plagued by injuries and poor performance . After suffering a concussion during the 2015 preseason , Griffin was replaced by Kirk Cousins who played the rest of the season . He was released by the team following the end of the season , and signed with the Cleveland Browns shortly after . His tenure with the Browns was also plagued with injuries , and he was subsequently released after one season with the team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years and background 1.1 High school career 1.2 Track 1.3 College recruitment 2 College career 2.1 2008 season 2.2 2009 season 2.3 2010 season 2.4 2011 season 2.5 Statistics 2.6 College awards and honors 2.7 School records 3 Professional career 3.1 Washington Redskins 3.1. 1 2012 season 3.1. 2 2013 season 3.1. 3 2014 season 3.1. 4 2015 season 3.2 Cleveland Browns 3.3 Career statistics 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Early years and background Griffin was born in Okinawa , Japan , where his parents , Robert Jr. and Jacqueline , both U.S. Army sergeants , were stationed . The family later lived at Fort Lewis near Tacoma , Washington , and then moved to New Orleans , Louisiana . They finally settled in Copperas Cove , Texas in 1997 after retiring from the military . Griffin 's paternal grandfather , Robert Griffin Sr. , was a foreman for a New Orleans construction company . He suffered from glaucoma for several years , and died in 1984 at age 43 from a brain aneurysm . Financial hardship caused the family to move to the Desire Projects neighborhood . Griffin 's father was a basketball player at Kennedy High School and enlisted in the Army before he graduated . He met his wife Jacqueline ( née Ross ) while stationed in Fort Carson , Colorado . High school career Griffin attended Copperas Cove High School , where he was a three - sport star in basketball , football , and track for the Bulldawgs . He started at quarterback for two seasons . During his junior season , he passed for 2,001 yards and 25 touchdowns with 2 interceptions , while compiling 876 rushing yards for 8 touchdowns . He received first - team All - District 16 - 4A honors after the season . As a senior , he recorded 1,285 rushing yards , posting 24 touchdowns , and passed for 1,356 yards for 16 touchdowns with 7 interceptions . In his senior season Copperas Cove finished with a record of 13 -- 2 , but lost in the championship game of the 2007 Class 4A Division I state playoffs . Over the two seasons , he rushed for a total of 2,161 yards and 32 touchdowns while passing for 3,357 yards and 41 touchdowns with 9 interceptions . Track In track , Griffin broke state records for the 110 - meter and 300 - meter hurdles . He ran the 110 - meter hurdles in 13.55 seconds and the 300 - meter hurdles in 35.33 seconds . The 300 hurdles time was 1 / 100th of a second short of tying the national high school record at the time . He was also a gold medalist in the 110 - and 400 - meter hurdles on the AAU track and field circuit . In 2007 , as a junior , he was rated the No. 1 high school 400 - meter intermediate hurdler in the country , and was tied at No. 1 for the 110 - meter sprint hurdler in the nation . His personal best in the 110 - meter hurdles , 13.46 sec , ranked fifth in the world among junior athletes in 2007 ( behind Noga , Brathwaite , Dutch , and Zhukov ) , while his best 2007 time in the 400 - meter hurdles , 49.56 sec -- his personal best until 2008 -- led all juniors worldwide for that year . Also as a junior , Griffin received the Gatorade Texas Boys Track and Field Athlete of the Year award , and was named to USA Today ′ s 2007 All - USA Track and Field team . His personal best in the 400 - meter hurdles was achieved on May 18 , 2008 , with a time of 49.22 seconds . Personal bests Event Time ( seconds ) Venue Date 110 - meter hurdles 13.46 Knoxville , Tennessee August 2 , 2007 300 - meter hurdles 35.33 Copperas Cove , Texas April 18 , 2005 400 - meter hurdles 49.22 Boulder , Colorado May 18 , 2008 College recruitment Rivals.com , a college football recruiting service , ranked Griffin the fourth - best dual - threat quarterback in the nation and the 42nd - best player in Texas in the high school prospect class of 2008 . During the college recruiting period , Griffin was pursued by Stanford , Tennessee , Kansas , Nebraska , Houston , Tulsa , Illinois , Washington State , and Oregon . Griffin initially committed to play for Houston under head coach Art Briles . When Briles left Houston to take the head coaching position at Baylor , Griffin switched his commitment and eventually signed a letter of intent to play for Baylor , in part because the university also had a top track and field program . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40 Commit date Robert Griffin QB Copperas Cove , Texas Copperas Cove HS 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 4.4 Dec 3 , 2007 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A ESPN grade : 77 Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 12 ( QB ) Rivals : 4 ( Dual - threat QB ) ESPN : 40 ( QB ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` Baylor Football Commitments '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . `` 2008 Baylor Football Commits '' . Scout.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . `` ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . `` 2008 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . College career Griffin graduated from high school a semester early , after serving as class president and ranking seventh in his class . He began attending Baylor University during the spring 2008 semester when he was 17 years old . As a member of Baylor 's track and field team , Griffin finished in first place in the 400 - meter hurdles at both the Big 12 Conference Championship and the NCAA Midwest Regional Championship meets ; he also broke the NCAA Midwest Regional 400 - meter hurdles record . He placed third in the NCAA meet and also participated in the U.S. Olympic Trials , in which he advanced to the semifinals . Griffin graduated in three years with a bachelor 's degree in political science and a 3.67 GPA , while appearing on the dean 's list twice . During his final year of college sports eligibility , he was studying for a master 's degree in communications . 2008 season See also : 2008 Baylor Bears football team As a true freshman playing for the Bears , Griffin earned Big 12 Conference Offensive Freshman of the Year honors . Griffin started 11 of 12 games his freshman season . In the upset 41 -- 21 victory over the Texas A&M Aggies , he recorded 13 of 23 passes for 241 yards , 2 touchdowns , no interceptions , and no sacks . Griffin garnered Big 12 Freshman of the Year honors from the league 's coaches ( who are not allowed to vote for their own players ) as well as the media . The team finished the season with a 4 -- 8 record ( 2 -- 6 Big 12 ) . 2009 season Griffin III at 2009 Meet the Bears scrimmage . See also : 2009 Baylor Bears football team Griffin sat out for the remainder of the 2009 season after sustaining an isolated tear to his ACL in the first half of the third game , his third start of his sophomore year . The Bears picked up a 68 -- 13 victory over Northwestern State . Baylor finished the season with a 4 -- 8 record ( 1 -- 7 Big 12 ) . 2010 season See also : 2010 Baylor Bears football team Griffin was granted redshirt status so he entered the 2010 season as a sophomore . According to the bylaws , players who are injured after playing less than 30 percent of the season may be eligible ( Griffin was injured during the third game of the 2009 season , with 25 percent of the season completed ) . Baylor finished the season with a 7 -- 6 record ( 4 -- 4 Big 12 ) . 2011 season See also : 2011 Baylor Bears football team Coming into the 2011 season , the Baylor Bears were not expected to do well , being picked 6th in the Big 12 preseason poll . The Bears opened the season against 15th - ranked TCU . The Bears took a 47 -- 23 lead into the 4th quarter , and were able to fight off a comeback after the Horned Frogs gained the lead 48 -- 47 briefly , only for Baylor to kick the game - winning field goal and win 50 -- 48 . They pulled off the upset in large part due to Griffin 's performance ; he passed for 359 yards , with 5 touchdowns and a 77.8 % completion percentage . On the game - winning drive , Griffin also caught a key pass . Following the win , Baylor entered the AP Poll rankings for only the third time in the previous 15 seasons , at 20th , and Griffin was considered by many to be a Heisman Trophy candidate . After a bye week , Baylor shut out Stephen F. Austin State University 48 -- 0 , and Griffin went 20 of 22 ( 90.9 % ) for 247 yards and 3 touchdowns and ran for 78 yards . In week 4 , Griffin ushered Baylor to their third win , beating Rice University 56 -- 31 ; Griffin completed 29 of 33 passes ( 87.9 % ) for 338 yards with 51 yards rushing and a touchdown . In week five against Kansas State , Griffin almost brought the Bears to their fourth win , going 23 out of 31 ( 74.2 % ) for 346 yards and 5 touchdowns with only 1 interception , but they lost 36 -- 35 to the Wildcats . In week six against Iowa State , Griffin took Baylor to Iowa for their fourth win , completing 22 out of 30 ( 73.3 % ) for 212 yards , 1 touchdown , and no interceptions . He won the Heisman Trophy , becoming the first player from Baylor to win it . Griffin also led Baylor to a 10 -- 3 record , including a 67 -- 56 win over the Washington Huskies in the Alamo Bowl . With a combined 123 points , it stands as the highest - scoring regulation bowl game in NCAA history . Due to the Alamo Bowl , Griffin became the first player since Tim Tebow in 2007 to win the Heisman and not appear in the National Championship ( # 1 LSU faced # 2 Alabama ) . Griffin , who graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science with a 3.67 grade point average in December 2010 , began pursuing a Master 's in communications in 2011 . On January 11 , 2012 , Griffin officially announced his intention to enter the 2012 NFL Draft . Statistics Season Passing Rushing Receiving Total Offense Cmp Att Yds Pct TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg Lng TD Rec Yds Avg Yds 2011 291 402 4,293 72.4 % 37 6 189.5 161 699 3.9 49 10 15 15 4,952 304 454 3,501 67 % 22 8 144.2 149 635 4.3 71 8 9 9 4,145 2009 ( 3 games * * ) 45 69 481 65.2 % 0 142.9 27 77 2.9 17 0 0 0 558 2008 ( 12 games ) 160 267 2,091 59.9 % 15 142.0 173 843 4.9 63 13 0 0 2,934 Total 776 1,159 10,071 66.1 % 78 17 155.35 510 2,199 4.3 71 32 24 8.0 12,294 * * Griffin sat out for the remainder of the 2009 season after sustaining an isolated tear to his ACL in the first half of the third game and his third start of his sophomore year . In 2009 , Griffin had 1 punt for 59 Yards . In 2011 , Griffin had 3 punts for a total of 99 yards , the longest was 39 yards . College awards and honors 2011 Heisman Trophy winner 2011 Associated Press College Football Player of the Year winner 2011 Davey O'Brien Award winner 2011 Manning Award winner 2011 Consensus All - American 2011 First Team Academic All - Big 12 2011 Finalist for Walter Campbell Player of the Year 2011 Finalist for Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award 2011 Finalist for Wuerffel Trophy 2011 Semifinalist for Maxwell Award 2010 First Team Academic All - Big 12 2010 Semifinalist for Maxwell Award 2010 Semifinalist for Walter Campbell Player of the Year 2010 Baylor 's Kyle Woods Inspirational Leader 2008 Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year ( as selected by the league 's coaches and the media ) 2008 Big 12 Offensive Player of the Week ( received honor for the week of September 7 -- 14 , 2008 ; Griffin led the Bears to a 45 -- 17 victory over Washington State on September 12 , breaking various school records in the process ) 2008 Sporting News and Rivals.com freshman first team All - American 2008 Big 12 gold medalist ( 400 m hurdles ) 2008 Track & Field All - American ( 400 m hurdles ) 2008 Baylor Offensive MVP School records Griffin set or tied 8 single - game , 26 single - season , and 20 career Baylor records . 2008 Rushing yards by a freshman : 843 2008 Rushing yards by a QB : 843 2008 Rushing yards ( Game ) : 217 2008 Rushing yards Per attempt ( Game ) : 19.7 vs. Washington State , ( 11 for 217 yards ; also a conference record ) 2008 Rushing TDs ( Season ) : 13 ( tied ) 2008 Rushing TDs by a QB ( Season ) : 13 2011 Most passing yards ( Season ) : 4,293 2011 Most touchdown passes ( Season ) : 37 2011 Highest passing efficiency rating ( Season ) : 189.5 2011 Highest completion percentage ( Season ) : 72.4 2011 Most total offense ( Season ) : 4,992 Most passing yards ( Career ) : 10,366 Most touchdown passes ( Career ) : 78 Highest passing efficiency rating ( Career ) : 158.9 Highest completion percentage ( Career ) : 67.1 Most total offense ( Career ) : 12,620 Rushing TDs by a QB ( Career ) : 23 100 - yard Rushing games by QB ( Season ) : 4 100 - yard Rushing games by QB ( Career ) : 5 Professional career Griffin ( center ) posing with two marines at the 2012 NFL draft . Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ( 1.89 m ) 223 lb ( 101 kg ) 32 ⁄ in ( 0.82 m ) 9 ⁄ in ( 0.24 m ) 4.41 s 39 in ( 0.99 m ) 10 ft 0 in ( 3.05 m ) 24 All values from the NFL Combine Griffin was not perceived as a first - round draft pick prior to his junior season . By midseason , however , he had drawn the attention of NFL scouts and analysts , and some started projecting he would be an early first round selection . Towards the end of his junior season , Griffin had established himself as the No. 2 quarterback prospect for the 2012 NFL Draft , behind the unanimous first pick projection Andrew Luck . Griffin was widely projected to be the No. 2 pick of the draft , but the St. Louis Rams -- the team originally holding the pick -- had already selected Sam Bradford to be their long - term starting quarterback with the No. 1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft . Wanting to stick with Bradford , the Rams decided to deal the pick prior to the draft , with the Cleveland Browns and Washington Redskins perceived as the most interested bidders . After a brief bidding process , the Redskins acquired the pick by giving the Rams four high - value draft picks over three years : their first - round picks in 2012 ( No. 6 overall ) , 2013 ( No. 22 overall ) , and 2014 ( No. 2 overall ) , as well as their second - round pick ( No. 39 overall ) in 2012 . Washington Redskins 2012 season Griffin during Redskins training camp in 2012 As expected , the Redskins selected Griffin at No. 2 , making him the second Baylor Bear to be drafted that high in four years ( after Jason Smith in 2009 ) , but the first Baylor quarterback to be chosen second overall since Adrian Burk in 1950 . Griffin wore number 10 for the Redskins , with `` Griffin III '' on the back of his jersey . This made him the first player in the history of the `` Big Four '' professional sports leagues ( NFL , MLB , NHL , and NBA ) to have a Roman numeral on the back of his jersey , as the NFL changed the rule in 2012 to allow players to include generational titles in their names . Griffin previously had `` Griffin III '' on the back of his jersey while in college , which was actually necessary in order to distinguish him from the other Robert Griffin on the Baylor team . On July 18 , 2012 , the Redskins officially signed him to a four - year , $21.1 million contract with a $13.8 million signing bonus . On September 9 , 2012 , Griffin officially became the NFL 's first starting quarterback who was born in the 1990s . In his official debut as a starting quarterback in the NFL , Griffin opened the Redskins ' season by completing 19 of 26 passes for 320 yards and 2 touchdowns while adding 10 carries for 42 rushing yards in a 40 -- 32 victory over the New Orleans Saints . He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance -- the first time in NFL history that a rookie quarterback has been given that honor for his debut game . Griffin 's debut performance was further rewarded after he was named NFL Rookie of the Week , and he was given that honor once again after the Redskins ' win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 4 . On October 4 , he was named September 's NFL Offensive Rookie of the Month . The next week against the Atlanta Falcons , he left the game late in the third quarter after suffering a mild concussion after receiving a blow to the head by Sean Weatherspoon . He was cleared to play in the next game against the Minnesota Vikings , where he had another impressive performance that included a 76 - yard rushing touchdown . The Redskins ended their home - game losing streak and Griffin was named NFL Rookie of the Week for a third time . On November 14 during the Redskins ' bye week , the team voted Griffin an offensive co-captain . Following the Redskins ' 31 -- 6 victory against the Philadelphia Eagles , he was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for a second time . Griffin 's performance -- passing for 200 yards with 4 touchdowns , rushing for an additional 84 yards , and finishing with a perfect 158.3 passer rating -- made him the first rookie in NFL history to pass for 200 yards , pass for 4 touchdowns and rush for more than 75 yards in a single game . Along with that achievement , his performance against the Eagles made him the youngest player in NFL history , at 22 years and 284 days old , to achieve a perfect passer rating in a game . This record stood until 2015 , when Tennessee Titans quarterback Marcus Mariota threw for a perfect passer rating at 21 years and 318 days old in his debut . In the Week 14 game against the Baltimore Ravens on December 9 , the Redskins would suffer another injury scare when defensive end Haloti Ngata hit Griffin directly at his right knee , twisting it in the process . On the final drive of the fourth quarter , Griffin was tackled after rushing for 13 yards and hopped on one leg for several plays before leaving the game . Backup quarterback Kirk Cousins would come in the game and lead the Redskins to a 31 -- 28 , overtime victory . The next day it was confirmed that Griffin had sustained a Grade 1 LCL sprain . It was decided that Griffin would sit out the next game against the Cleveland Browns to give him more time to heal and avoid the chance of further injuries . He returned the next game and led the Redskins to another victory over the Eagles in Week 16 . The knee injury emerged as a controversy on January 6 , the day the Redskins faced the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC wild card game , when USA Today reported that -- contrary to a previous statement made by Head Coach Mike Shanahan -- Dr. James Andrews had not cleared Griffin to return for the post-injury plays in the December 9 game . Griffin then re-injured his knee in the wild card loss to the Seahawks . Griffin underwent surgery on January 9 and both his LCL and ACL were repaired . For the season , Griffin set records for highest passer rating by a rookie quarterback ( 102.4 ) and highest touchdown to interception ratio ( 4 : 1 ) ( Both since broken by Dak Prescott ) . Aside from the week 15 game against the Cleveland Browns where he did not play , Griffin played a vital role in helping the Redskins finish the regular season on a 7 - game winning streak after starting the season 3 -- 6 , leading the team to its first playoff appearance since the 2007 season . On December 26 , Griffin was named to enter the 2013 Pro Bowl in recognition of his successful rookie season . Due to injuries on his ACL and LCL ligaments in his right knee , he was negated from the Pro Bowl roster and replaced by Drew Brees . Griffin also won the 2012 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year award . 2013 season Griffin on a read - option run during a game against the Eagles in 2013 After some controversy over whether Griffin would be ready for the season opener ( he did not play a single preseason game ) , he debuted in the loss to Philadelphia Eagles . Griffin failed to replicate his 2012 success during the first half of the 2013 season and remained statistically below expectations until Washington 's Week 7 game against the Chicago Bears . Leading the Redskins to a 45 -- 41 victory , Griffin recorded 298 passing yards and two touchdowns , including a 45 - yard touchdown pass to Aldrick Robinson . The Redskins ' 27 -- 6 loss against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 12 was the first game in Griffin 's collegiate and professional career where he failed to score a single offensive touchdown . On December 11 , head coach Mike Shanahan announced that Griffin would be inactive for last three games of the season and that Kirk Cousins would finish the season as the starter . He claimed that it was done in order to eliminate risk of further injury to Griffin . 2014 season Griffin in 2014 with the Washington Redskins On September 14 , 2014 , in Week 2 , against the Jacksonville Jaguars , Griffin was carted off the field after suffering a dislocated left ankle . X-rays and MRIs revealed no fractures in the ankle . On October 29 , it was reported that Griffin was set to return against the Minnesota Vikings in week 9 . The Redskins then dropped their next three games , falling to the Vikings , Buccaneers , and 49ers . On November 25 , it was reported that Griffin would be benched for Colt McCoy , heading into Sunday 's game against the Indianapolis Colts . After McCoy went down with a neck injury against the New York Giants , Griffin came in and looked impressive in a loss to the Giants , throwing for 236 yards and 1 touchdown passing . Griffin was named the starter for the rest of the year when the Redskins put Colt McCoy on injured reserve . Griffin responded to that with a winning performance in a 27 -- 24 victory over the Eagles . He threw for 220 yards and had one interception . In the final game of the year against the Cowboys , Griffin showed strides of his rookie year . He threw for a season - high 336 yards and had 2 touchdowns ( one passing , one rushing ) in a 44 -- 17 loss . Griffin was 2 -- 5 as a starter in 2014 and the Redskins finished 4 -- 12 and last place in their division . 2015 season During Week 2 of preseason in a win over the Detroit Lions , Griffin fumbled the ball and recovered it but had a defensive lineman fall on top of him . Griffin suffered a concussion in the process and was questionable for the next game against the Ravens . Griffin was medically cleared for the game by a physician , but a few days later the same physician declared Griffin not ready for the game , thus giving backup Kirk Cousins the start . After the win over the Ravens , Cousins was named the starter for the regular season opener and onward . On September 13 , 2015 , it was reported that Griffin was practicing as a safety with the scout team . He ended up third on the quarterback depth chart , behind Cousins and Colt McCoy , and remained inactive for the entire regular season . On March 7 , 2016 , Griffin was released by the Redskins . Cleveland Browns Griffin in 2016 On March 24 , 2016 , Griffin signed a two - year , $15 million contract with the Cleveland Browns . On August 8 , 2016 , Browns head coach Hue Jackson named Griffin the team 's starting quarterback for the 2016 season . Griffin was placed on injured reserve on September 12 , after suffering a shoulder injury in the Browns ' season opening loss to the Philadelphia Eagles . He was activated off injured reserve on December 9 , 2016 , prior to Week 14 against the Bengals . Griffin played in five games , all starts , in 2016 , completing 87 - of - 147 passes for 886 yards and 2 touchdowns with 3 interceptions . He also rushed for 190 yards and two touchdowns . On March 10 , 2017 , Griffin was released by the Browns . Career statistics Regular season Season Team Games Passing Sacks Rushing Fumbles GP GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Sck SckY Att Yds Avg TD Fum Lost 2012 WAS 15 15 258 393 65.6 3,200 8.1 20 5 102.4 30 217 120 815 6.8 7 12 2013 WAS 13 13 274 456 60.1 3,203 7.0 16 12 82.2 38 274 86 489 5.7 0 11 2014 WAS 9 7 147 214 68.6 1,694 7.9 6 86.9 33 227 38 176 4.6 9 2016 CLE 5 5 87 147 59.2 886 6.0 72.5 22 138 31 190 6.1 Total 42 40 766 1,210 63.3 8,983 7.4 42 26 88.4 123 856 275 1,670 6.1 10 36 11 Playoffs Season Team Games Passing Sacks Rushing Fumbles GP GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Sck SckY Att Yds Avg TD Fum Lost 2012 WAS 10 19 52.6 84 4.42 77.5 16 5 21 4.2 0 Total 10 19 52.6 84 4.42 77.5 16 5 21 4.2 0 Personal life Griffin began dating fellow Baylor student Rebecca Liddicoat in 2009 , and the two were married on July 6 , 2013 . Rebecca gave birth to Griffin 's first child , Reese Ann Griffin , on May 21 , 2015 . On August 16 , 2016 , it was reported that Griffin and his wife were separated and in the process of filing for divorce . As of August 2016 , Griffin and Estonian heptathlete Grete Šadeiko became romantically linked . They were engaged on May 13 , 2017 . On Sunday , July 2 , 2017 , Griffin announced via Instagram the birth of their daughter , Gloria Griffin . Griffin grew up a fan of the Denver Broncos and Mike Shanahan , whom he played under for his first two seasons with the Redskins . Griffin is a Protestant Christian , and has said his relationship with God is his `` most important influence . '' Before the start of his rookie season with the Redskins , Griffin had signed a number of endorsement deals from companies such as Adidas , Castrol Motor Oil , EA Sports , EvoShield , Gatorade , Nissan , and Subway . According to ESPN 's Dollars blog , Griffin had `` earned more than any other rookie in NFL history before throwing his first regular - season pass , '' largely as a result of endorsements . References ^ Jump up to : `` The Mag : The legacy of RG3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III : Poised to handle the pressure '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL draft : Robert Griffin III and family ties from New Orleans are poised to celebrate '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Griffin -- Baylor Bears bio '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 110 m Hurdles ( 99.0 cm ) -- men -- junior -- outdoor -- 2007 -- iaaf.org '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 400 Metres Hurdles -- men -- junior -- outdoor -- 2007 -- iaaf.org '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Boys All - USA Track and Field team '' . USA Today . 25 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 Metres Hurdles -- men -- junior -- outdoor -- 2008 -- iaaf.org '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin '' . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Roundup : Bearing down , Buffalo stampede and more '' . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Sally ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Robert Griffin III : His military appreciation will play well in the NFL and would benefit the Redskins '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Academic All - Americans RG3 & Luck Among Heisman Finalists -- Baylor Bears Official Athletic Site '' . BaylorBears.com. 2011 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Baylor QB presents tough challenge for Aggie defense -- Aggie Sports : Archives , by Robert Cessna Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin # 10 QB '' . Jump up ^ `` Baylor QB Griffin Out for Season '' . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NCAA operating bylaws '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Announces Media Preseason Football Poll '' . Big 12 official website . Jump up ^ `` Baylor Bears AP Poll History '' . sports-reference.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Week 2 College Football Rankings '' . Espn.com . Jump up ^ `` Espn Heisman watch '' . Espn.com . Jump up ^ `` No. 19 Baylor beats SFA 48 - 0 in shortened game -- College Football -- Rivals.com '' . Rivals.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin carries No. 17 Baylor past Rice 56 - 31 -- College Football -- Rivals.com '' . Rivals.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin -- Academics '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. House Resolution Honors Heisman Winner Robert Griffin III -- KWTX.com '' . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heisman winner Griffin leaves Baylor to enter NFL draft '' . CNN . January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 All - Big 12 Football Awards Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Morning News ' All - Big 12 Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Baylor 's Robert Griffin top offensive newcomer on AP all - Big 12 team '' . Jump up ^ `` 2008 TRIBUNE - HERALD ALL - BIG 12 FOOTBALL TEAM : It 's all about offense '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin , Charbonnet and Wolfert Named Big 12 Football Players of the Week '' . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News ' college football All - Freshman Team '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com 2008 Freshman All - America Teams '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III '' . Baylor Athletics . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Griffin , Charbonnet and Wolfert Named Big 12 Football Players of the Week '' . Big 12 Conference . 2008 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Combine profile for Robert Griffin III '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Combine workout : Robert Griffin III -- NFL.com Video '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Prisco , Pete ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Flash forward : Top 32 picks for the 2012 NFL Draft '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ Pauline , Tony ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Stanford 's Luck headlines early look at top 2012 draft prospects '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Reuter , Chad ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` 2012 mock draft : First look with Luck and Heels '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ Pauline , Tony ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Andrew Luck , Trent Richardson high in midseason NFL draft rankings '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ Schrager , Peter ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Midseason 2012 NFL Mock Draft '' . FoxSports.com . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NFL Mock Draft : Post-BCS Championship Game version '' . CNN . January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Luck tops pre-Super Bowl NFL mock draft '' . CNN . January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire No. 2 overall pick from St. Louis Rams '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 23 . `` In order to execute each of our club 's plans for free agency and the upcoming draft , we have agreed to a trade between our two teams for the 2nd pick in the 2012 draft . We will submit this trade to the NFL for approval , '' Redskins general manager Bruce Allen and Rams general manager Les Snead said in a combined statement Saturday morning . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III headed to NFL '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III 's historic Roman conquest '' . ESPN . 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Quarterback Robert Griffin III signs four - year , $21 million contract with Redskins '' . WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Graziano , Dan ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Here 's a whole bunch of stuff about RG3 '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` RGIII delivers on hype , and more , in starry debut win over Saints '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III The NFC Offensive Player Of Week '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ `` As Offensive Player of the Week , Griffin Provides a First '' . New York Times . September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III Wins Two More NFL Week 1 Awards '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III Wins NFL Rookie Of The Week '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III The NFL Offensive Rookie Of Month '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Robert Griffin III had mild concussion in Redskins ' loss '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Redskins Seize First Home Win : 38 -- 26 '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III Rookie Of The Week Nominee '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Brian , Tinsman ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III Among 2012 Team - Elected Captains '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Second Award For Griffin III Is An NFL First '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Griffin III Nominated For Top NFL Honors '' . Redskins.com . Jump up ^ Les Carpenter ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Hobbled Redskins rookie Robert Griffin III may not be invincible after all -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Kirk Cousins rallies Redskins after Robert Griffin III knee injury '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Shanahan : Robert Griffin III has ' mild LCL ' sprain '' . WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( December 15 , 2012 ) . `` RG3 will not start for Washington Redskins on Sunday '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Klemko , Robert ( January 6 , 2013 ) . `` Dr. James Andrews says he never cleared Robert Griffin III to go back into game after injury '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( January 6 , 2013 ) . `` Griffin Injured as Redskins Fall to Seahawks '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III 's surgery is over '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark . `` Robert Griffin III , Trent Williams , Lorenzo Alexander selected to NFC Pro Bowl team '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees replacing injured RG3 on NFC 's Pro Bowl roster '' . National Football League . 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` GRIFFIN BEATS OUT LUCK , WILSON '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Griffin III : No Finger - Pointing In Locker Room '' . Redskins.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Redskins - Bears Monday Stats Pack '' . Redskins.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Czarda , Stephen ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Robinson Takes The Top Off Bears Defense '' . Redskins.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Jim ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Questions mount for RG3 , Redskins after loss to 49ers '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark & Jones , Mike ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Robert Griffin III shut down for rest of season ; Washington Redskins will start Kirk Cousins on Sunday '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` Redskins lose Robert Griffin III , DeSean Jackson to injuries '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Comcast Sports Net ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Report : RG3 set to return for Vikings game '' . Comcast Sports Net Washington . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RG3 benched : Redskins to start Colt McCoy vs. Indy '' . sports.yahoo.com . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : RG3 ran scout team at Redskins practice ... as a safety '' . Yahoo Sports . 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam . `` Cowboys , Eagles among possible landing spots for Robert Griffin III in 2016 , '' SB Nation ( Dec 20 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins release quarterback Robert Griffin III '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Redskins release Robert Griffin III , ending dramatic rise - and - fall tenure '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Browns Giving Robert Griffin III a Fresh Start '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hue Jackson : Robert Griffin III a ' tremendous talent ' '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Browns name Robert Griffin III starting QB '' . nfl.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Zac ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Browns place RG3 on injured reserve '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Browns activate QB Robert Griffin III '' . ClevelandBrowns.com . December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III '' . nfl.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Cleveland Browns to release Robert Griffin III '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` UNFORG3TTABLE '' . Baylor Magazine . 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kogod , Sarah ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` RGIII and Rebecca Liddicoat wedding is July 6 , according to registry '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Payne , Marissa ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` Robert Griffin III debuts new daughter on Twitter , along with her own hashtag '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Cabot , Mary Kay ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Browns ' Robert Griffin III in the process of filing for divorce '' . Cleveland.com . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` LOOK : RG3 shows off his new girlfriend at Browns practice in Tampa '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hailey , Peter ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Robert Griffin III and Grete Sadeiko are engaged , expecting child together '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Robert Griffin III Welcomes Daughter Gloria '' . People . Jump up ^ Polus , Sarah ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` It 's a baby girl for Robert Griffin III and fiancee Grete Sadeiko '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` RG3 ready for big homecoming vs. Dallas Cowboys '' . NFL . Jump up ^ Menzie , Nicola ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` GQ Cover Story Plays on Religion , But Skims Over RG3 's ' Private ' Faith ? '' . Christian Post . Jump up ^ `` Robert Griffin III : ' My Relationship With God is My Most Important Influence ' '' . Black Christian News . 14 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` RG3 surpasses Luck in early endorsements '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Griffin III . Cleveland Browns profile Washington Redskins profile Baylor football profile Baylor track profile Robert Griffin III at the Heisman Trophy official website Robert Griffin III profile at IAAF Robert Griffin III -- teams Baylor Bears starting quarterbacks Jack Price ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Adrian Burk ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Larry Isbell ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Cotton Davidson ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Billy Hooper ( 1954 ) Bobby Jones ( 1955 ) Doyle Traylor ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Buddy Humphrey ( 1958 ) Ron Stanley ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Bobby Ply ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Don Trull ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Terry Southall ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Kenny Stockdale ( 1965 ) Alvin Flynn ( 1967 ) Steve Stuart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Si Southall ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Neal Jeffrey ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Mark Jackson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Steve Smith ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Mike Brannan ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Jay Jeffrey ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Cody Carlson ( 1983 -- 1986 ) Tom Muecke ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Brad Goebel ( 1987 -- 1989 ) J.J. Joe ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Jeff Watson ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Jermaine Alfred ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Greg Cicero ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Guy Tomcheck ( 2000 ) Kerry Dixon ( 2000 ) Josh Zachry ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Aaron Karas ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Shawn Bell ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Dane King ( 2004 ) Terrance Parks ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Blake Szymanski ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Michael Machen ( 2007 ) Kirby Freeman ( 2008 ) Robert Griffin ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Nick Florence ( 2009 , 2012 ) Bryce Petty ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Seth Russell ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Jarrett Stidham ( 2015 ) Chris Johnson ( 2015 ) Zach Smith ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Anu Solomon ( 2017 ) Charlie Brewer ( 2017 ) Boston / Washington Redskins first - round draft picks R. Smith Baugh Farkas Hale Boell Evashevski Sanders Jenkins Micka Hardy Rossi Gilmer Tew Goode G. Thomas Heath Isbell Scarbath Meilinger Guglielmi Vereb Bosseler Allard Lucas Snead Rutgens E. Davis Richter C. Taylor Gogolak R. McDonald J. Smith Monk May D. Green B. Wilson D. Howard T. Carter Shuler Westbrook A. Johnson Lang Bailey Arrington Samuels Gardner Ramsey S. Taylor C. Rogers Campbell Landry Orakpo Williams Kerrigan Griffin III Scherff Doctson Allen Washington Redskins 2012 NFL Draft selections Robert Griffin III Josh LeRibeus Kirk Cousins Keenan Robinson Adam Gettis Alfred Morris Tom Compton Richard Crawford Jordan Bernstine Draft years 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1950 AAFC 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins starting quarterbacks Hank Hughes ( 1932 ) Jim Musick ( 1933 ) Steve Hokuf ( 1934 ) Pug Rentner ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Bill Shepherd ( 1935 ) Eddie Britt ( 1936 ) Ed Smith ( 1936 ) Sammy Baugh ( 1937 -- 1952 ) Bill Hartman ( 1938 ) Frank Filchock ( 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 ) Jim German ( 1939 ) Roy Zimmerman ( 1942 ) George Cafego ( 1943 ) Jim Youel ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Jack Jacobs ( 1946 ) Tommy Mont ( 1948 ) Harry Gilmer ( 1949 -- 1951 ) Eddie LeBaron ( 1952 -- 1953 , 1955 -- 1959 ) Jack Scarbath ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Al Dorow ( 1954 -- 1956 ) Ralph Guglielmi ( 1955 , 1958 -- 1960 ) Eagle Day ( 1960 ) Norm Snead ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Sonny Jurgensen ( 1964 -- 1974 ) Dick Shiner ( 1965 ) Jim Ninowski ( 1968 ) Billy Kilmer ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Randy Johnson ( 1975 ) Joe Theismann ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Mike Kruczek ( 1980 ) Jay Schroeder ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Ed Rubbert ( 1987 ) Doug Williams ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Mark Rypien ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Stan Humphries ( 1990 ) Jeff Rutledge ( 1990 ) Rich Gannon ( 1993 ) Cary Conklin ( 1993 ) Heath Shuler ( 1994 -- 1995 ) John Friesz ( 1994 ) Gus Frerotte ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Jeff Hostetler ( 1997 ) Trent Green ( 1998 ) Brad Johnson ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Jeff George ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Tony Banks ( 2001 ) Shane Matthews ( 2002 ) Patrick Ramsey ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Danny Wuerffel ( 2002 ) Tim Hasselbeck ( 2003 ) Mark Brunell ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Jason Campbell ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Todd Collins ( 2007 ) Donovan McNabb ( 2010 ) Rex Grossman ( 2010 -- 2011 ) John Beck ( 2011 ) Robert Griffin III ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Kirk Cousins ( 2012 -- present ) Colt McCoy ( 2014 ) Cleveland Browns starting quarterbacks Cliff Lewis ( 1946 -- 1947 , 1949 ) Otto Graham ( 1946 -- 1955 ) George Ratterman ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Babe Parilli ( 1956 ) Tommy O'Connell ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Milt Plum ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Len Dawson ( 1961 ) Jim Ninowski ( 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 ) Frank Ryan ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Gary Lane ( 1967 ) Bill Nelsen ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Mike Phipps ( 1970 -- 1976 ) Don Gault ( 1970 ) Brian Sipe ( 1974 -- 1983 ) Will Cureton ( 1975 ) Dave Mays ( 1977 ) Terry Luck ( 1977 ) Paul McDonald ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Gary Danielson ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Bernie Kosar ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Jeff Christensen ( 1987 ) Mike Pagel ( 1988 , 1990 ) Don Strock ( 1988 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1992 ) Todd Philcox ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Mark Rypien ( 1994 ) Eric Zeier ( 1995 ) Ty Detmer ( 1999 ) Tim Couch ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Doug Pederson ( 2000 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2000 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2004 ) Luke McCown ( 2004 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2005 ) Charlie Frye ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Derek Anderson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Brady Quinn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Ken Dorsey ( 2008 ) Bruce Gradkowski ( 2008 ) Jake Delhomme ( 2010 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Colt McCoy ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Brandon Weeden ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Thad Lewis ( 2012 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jason Campbell ( 2013 ) Johnny Manziel ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Connor Shaw ( 2014 ) Josh McCown ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Austin Davis ( 2015 ) Robert Griffin III ( 2016 ) Cody Kessler ( 2016 ) DeShone Kizer ( 2017 -- present ) Kevin Hogan ( 2017 ) Robert Griffin III -- awards and honors Heisman Trophy winners 1935 : Berwanger 1936 : Kelley 1937 : Frank 1938 : O'Brien 1939 : Kinnick 1940 : Harmon 1941 : B. Smith 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 : Bertelli 1944 : Horvath 1945 : Blanchard 1946 : G. Davis 1947 : Lujack 1948 : D. Walker 1949 : Hart 1950 : Janowicz 1951 : Kazmaier 1952 : Vessels 1953 : Lattner 1954 : Ameche 1955 : Cassady 1956 : Hornung 1957 : Crow 1958 : Dawkins 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Bellino 1961 : E. Davis 1962 : Baker 1963 : Staubach 1964 : Huarte 1965 : Garrett 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Beban 1968 : Simpson 1969 : Owens 1970 : Plunkett 1971 : Sullivan 1972 : Rodgers 1973 : Cappelletti 1974 : Griffin 1975 : Griffin 1976 : Dorsett 1977 : Campbell 1978 : Sims 1979 : C. White 1980 : Rogers 1981 : Allen 1982 : H. Walker 1983 : Rozier 1984 : Flutie 1985 : B. Jackson 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : Brown 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Ware 1990 : Detmer 1991 : Howard 1992 : Torretta 1993 : Ward 1994 : Salaam 1995 : George 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Crouch 2002 : Palmer 2003 : J. White 2004 : Leinart 2005 : vacated * 2006 : T. Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Bradford 2009 : Ingram Jr . 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Henry 2016 : L. Jackson 2017 : Mayfield * Note : The 2005 Heisman Trophy was originally awarded to Reggie Bush , but Bush forfeited the award in 2010 . The Heisman Trust subsequently decided to leave the 2005 award vacated . Davey O'Brien Award winners 1981 : McMahon 1982 : Blackledge 1983 : S. Young 1984 : Flutie 1985 : Long 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : McPherson 1988 : Aikman 1989 : Ware 1990 : Detmer 1991 : Detmer 1992 : Torretta 1993 : Ward 1994 : Collins 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Manning 1998 : Bishop 1999 : Hamilton 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Crouch 2002 : Banks 2003 : White 2004 : White 2005 : V. Young 2006 : Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Bradford 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Watson 2016 : Watson 2017 : Mayfield Manning Award winners 2004 : Leinart 2005 : Young 2006 : Russell 2007 : Ryan 2008 : Tebow 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Watson 2016 : Watson Associated Press College Football Player of the Year winners 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Heupel 2001 : Grossman 2002 : Banks 2003 : White 2004 : Leinart 2005 : Bush 2006 : Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Bradford 2009 : Suh 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : McCaffrey 2016 : Jackson 2017 : Mayfield Sporting News College Football Player of the Year winners 1942 : Sinkwich 1943 : Bertelli 1944 : Horvath 1945 : Blanchard 1946 : G. Davis 1947 : Lujack 1948 : D. Walker 1949 : Hart 1950 : Janowicz 1951 : Kazmaier 1952 : Vessels 1953 : Lattner 1954 : Cassady 1955 : Cassady 1956 : McDonald 1957 : Crow 1958 : Cannon 1959 : Cannon 1960 : Bellino 1961 : Ferguson 1962 : Baker 1963 : Staubach 1964 : Butkus 1965 : Anderson & Grabowski 1966 : Spurrier 1967 : Beban 1968 : Simpson 1969 : Owens 1970 : Plunkett 1971 : Sullivan & Marinaro 1972 : B. Jones 1973 : Hicks 1974 : Griffin 1975 : Griffin 1976 : Dorsett 1977 : Campbell 1978 : Sims 1979 : C. White 1980 : Green 1981 : Allen 1982 : H. Walker 1983 : Rozier 1984 : Flutie 1985 : B. Jackson 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : Brown 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Hagen 1990 : Ismail 1991 : Howard 1992 : M. Jones 1993 : Ward 1994 : Salaam 1995 : Frazier 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Weinke 2001 : Crouch 2002 : Palmer 2003 : J. White 2004 : A. Smith 2005 : Bush 2006 : T. Smith 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Harrell , Bradford & McCoy 2009 : Ingram Jr . 2010 : Newton 2011 : Griffin III 2012 : Manziel 2013 : Winston 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Mayfield 2016 : L. Jackson 2017 : Mayfield 2011 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Offense QB Robert Griffin III RB Trent Richardson RB Montee Ball WR Justin Blackmon WR Ryan Broyles WR Robert Woods OT Barrett Jones OT Levy Adcock OT Nate Potter G David DeCastro G Kevin Zeitler C David Molk TE Dwayne Allen Defense DE Whitney Mercilus DE Melvin Ingram DT Jerel Worthy DT Devon Still LB Jarvis Jones LB Dont'a Hightower LB Luke Kuechly CB Morris Claiborne CB Tyrann Mathieu S Mark Barron Special teams P Shawn Powell PK Randy Bullock AP Joe Adams Big 12 Player of the Year winners Offensive 1996 Davis 1997 Ri . Williams 1998 Ri . Williams 1999 Applewhite 2000 Heupel 2001 Crouch 2002 C. Brown 2003 White 2004 White 2005 Young 2006 Taylor 2007 Daniel 2008 Bradford 2009 McCoy 2010 Blackmon 2011 Griffin 2012 C. Klein 2013 Petty 2014 Boykin 2015 Mayfield 2016 Westbrook 2017 Mayfield Defensive 1996 Wistrom 1997 Wistrom 1998 Nguyen 1999 Simoneau 2000 Hampton and Calmus 2001 Ro . Williams 2002 Newman 2003 Lehman 2004 Johnson 2005 Reid and Slay 2006 R. Alexander and Ross 2007 Dizon and Lofton 2008 Orakpo 2009 Suh 2010 Amukamara 2011 A. Klein and F. Alexander 2012 A. Brown 2013 Jeffcoat and Verrett 2014 Dawson 2015 Billings and Ogbah 2016 Willis 2017 Okoronkwo and Jefferson Special Teams 2005 Crosby 2006 Sepulveda 2007 Herford 2008 Bryant 2009 Banks 2010 Bailey 2011 Sharp 2012 Sharp and Austin 2013 Lockett 2014 Lockett 2015 Burns 2016 Dickson 2017 Dickson 2012 NFL draft first - round selections Andrew Luck Robert Griffin III Trent Richardson Matt Kalil Justin Blackmon Morris Claiborne Mark Barron Ryan Tannehill Luke Kuechly Stephon Gilmore Dontari Poe Fletcher Cox Michael Floyd Michael Brockers Bruce Irvin Quinton Coples Dre Kirkpatrick Melvin Ingram Shea McClellin Kendall Wright Chandler Jones Brandon Weeden Riley Reiff David DeCastro Dont'a Hightower Whitney Mercilus Kevin Zeitler Nick Perry Harrison Smith A.J. Jenkins Doug Martin David Wilson Associated Press NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award winners 1967 : Farr 1968 : McCullouch 1969 : Hill 1970 : Shaw 1971 : Brockington 1972 : Harris 1973 : Foreman 1974 : Woods 1975 : M. Thomas 1976 : White 1977 : Dorsett 1978 : Campbell 1979 : O. Anderson 1980 : Sims 1981 : Rogers 1982 : Allen 1983 : Dickerson 1984 : Lipps 1985 : Brown 1986 : Mayes 1987 : Stradford 1988 : Stephens 1989 : Sanders 1990 : Smith 1991 : Russell 1992 : Pickens 1993 : Bettis 1994 : Faulk 1995 : Martin 1996 : George 1997 : Dunn 1998 : Moss 1999 : James 2000 : M. Anderson 2001 : A. Thomas 2002 : Portis 2003 : Boldin 2004 : Roethlisberger 2005 : Williams 2006 : Young 2007 : Peterson 2008 : Ryan 2009 : Harvin 2010 : Bradford 2011 : Newton 2012 : Griffin III 2013 : Lacy 2014 : Beckham , Jr . 2015 : Gurley 2016 : Prescott NFL quarterbacks with a perfect passer rating game Ray Mallouf Sammy Baugh Len Dawson Y.A. 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List of the Archers characters - wikipedia List of the Archers characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of many of the characters from the long - running British radio soap The Archers . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Archer family tree 2 The Archer family 3 The Grundy family 4 The Aldridge family 5 The Pargetter family 6 The Tucker family 7 The Carter family 8 Other Ambridge residents 8.1 Matt Crawford 8.2 Reverend Alan Franks 8.3 Usha Franks 8.4 Amy Franks 8.5 Bert Fry 8.6 Jazzer McCreary 8.7 Kirsty Miller 8.8 Fallon Rogers 8.9 Kathy Perks 8.10 Lynda Snell 8.11 Robert Snell 8.12 Caroline Sterling 8.13 Oliver Sterling 8.14 Rob Titchener 8.15 Carol Tregorran 9 Recurring characters 10 Former principal characters 10.1 Archer family and relations 10.2 Other major characters 10.3 Friends and lovers 10.4 Recurring villagers 10.5 Villains and rogues 11 Silent characters 12 Animals 13 References 14 External links The Archer family tree ( edit ) ( show ) Archer family tree ( Brookfield Farm ) ( 1 ) Grace Phil ( 2 ) Jill ( 1 ) Mark Hebden Shula Hebden Lloyd ( 2 ) Alistair Lloyd Kenton Jolene David Ruth Nigel Pargetter Elizabeth Pargetter Daniel Hebden Lloyd Meriel Pip Lily Josh Freddie Ben ( show ) Archer family tree ( Bridge Farm ) ( 1 ) Jack Peggy ( 2 ) Jack Woolley Jennifer Aldridge Brian Aldridge Lilian Bellamy Tony Pat Adam Macy Kate John `` Rich '' Debbie Alice Helen Henry John `` Jack '' Tom The Archer family ( edit ) Jill Archer née Patterson ( born 3 October 1930 ) ( Patricia Greene ) is the widow of Phil Archer and matriarch of the family . She was his second wife , and with him had four children : twins Shula and Kenton , and David and Elizabeth . She is busily involved in village life and supports her children by taking on child - minding duties . Jill is an active member of the Women 's Institute , opened up a holiday cottage business , and is teaching her grandson , Josh , how to keep bees . Jill has a less traditional outlook on life than her late husband , who had been a Justice of the Peace , reflected in her opposition to both fox hunting and private education . Following a burglary at Glebe Cottage she was asked by David and Ruth to return to Brookfield which subsequently became permanent . Christine Barford née Archer , formerly Johnson ( born 21 December 1931 ) ( Lesley Saweard , formerly played by Pamela Mant and briefly Joyce Gibbs ) , is the younger sister of Phil . A skilled horsewoman , she ran the local riding stables for many years . In the early 1950s she was a close friend of Grace Fairbrother who later married her brother Phil . Christine married Paul Johnson ; it was discovered she was infertile , and they adopted a son , Peter . In the mid-1970s Paul deserted the family and he was later killed in a helicopter crash in Germany . In 1979 Christine married George Barford , a gamekeeper , which was seen as a class transgression , even though her uncle , Tom Forrest was also a gamekeeper , and colleague of her future husband . Her marriage to George lasted over 25 years and was happy , but latterly they experienced difficult times as their house burned down due to an arson attack by Clive Horrobin . George died peacefully whilst they were waiting for the house to be re-built . Christine currently shares a house with Peggy Woolley . Peggy Woolley , née Perkins , formerly Archer ( born Margaret Perkins , 13 November 1924 ) ( June Spencer , briefly played by Thelma Rogers ) is the widow of Jack Archer , Phil 's elder brother and Jack Woolley . When married to Jack Archer , they managed ( and later owned ) the Bull . After many years of close friendship , Peggy married Jack Woolley . Peggy has two daughters , Jennifer and Lillian , and a son , Tony , by her first husband . She is indulgent of her grandchildren and has provided several of them with significant financial support . She is a natural conservative . Jennifer Aldridge , ( née Archer , formerly Travers - Macy ) ( born Jennifer Elizabeth Archer , 1945 ) ( Angela Piper ) is the older daughter of Peggy Archer ( and step - daughter of Jack Woolley ) . She is married to Brian Aldridge . She was formerly married to Roger Travers - Macy ( hence her elder son is Adam Macy ) . Lilian Bellamy , née Archer ( born 8 July 1947 ) ( Sunny Ormonde , formerly played by Elizabeth Marlowe ) is the twice - widowed , gin - soaked , chain - smoking second daughter of Peggy Archer ( and step - daughter of Jack Woolley ) . After acquiring her second husband Ralph Bellamy in 1971 , she left Ambridge to live with him in tax exile in the Channel Islands ; she has by him a grown - up son James ( rarely encountered except when he needs money ) . Bellamy senior died in 1980 , but Lilian unaccountably returned to Ambridge in 2003 and took up with Matt Crawford ( then a married man ) ; her exploits cause much gnashing of teeth from her respectable sister Jennifer Aldridge . Lilian was elected to the parish council in January 2006 . Lilian took dancing lessons from Mike Tucker after she discovered that Crawford 's ex-wife was a much better dancer than she . In 2008 she and Crawford were briefly separated , and Lilian was an unwelcome guest at The Bull , but with the connivance of Sid and Jolene they were reunited . Crawford has since served a prison term for fraud . Their relationship was further tested when his long - lost brother Paul Morgan sought out , befriended , and ultimately fell in love with Lilian . After Matt 's release the couple grew closer and ran property investment start - up Amside Holdings together -- until Matt deserted her to live with another woman in Costa Rica . Since then she has formed a relationship with Justin Elliott , a wealthy businessman . Tony Archer ( born Anthony William Daniel Archer , 16 February 1951 ) ( David Troughton , formerly played by Colin Skipp ) is the youngest child and only son of Peggy Archer ( and step - son of Jack Woolley ) . In his younger days he romanced a string of girlfriends and led a laddish life before settling down to marry Pat , with whom he now runs a fully organic establishment at Bridge Farm . Despite owning an MG sports car , bought with a windfall from his mother , he is generally considered to be a rather dull man . His brother - in - law Brian Aldridge enjoys winding him up over farming matters , and dinner parties involving the two couples usually end in tears . Pat and Tony had three children , John , Helen and Tom . John was killed in a tractor accident . Helen had a baby boy , Henry Ian Archer , through AI , a decision of which Tony initially disapproved . Tom runs a sausage business and makes pork ready meals under the Tom Archer brand . Tony suffered a heart attack in late February 2012 , and a serious farmyard accident in autumn 2014 . Having recovered from both , he now takes more of a back seat in the family business . Pat Archer née Lewis ( born Patricia Lewis , 10 January 1952 ) ( Patricia Gallimore ) Tony 's wife since 1974 is of Welsh descent . Much taken with studying feminism in the mid-1980s she came close to having an affair with her lecturer , Roger , just before Bridge Farm entered the process of becoming organic . Affected by severe depression at the time of John 's death , she discovered at the end of 2011 that he had fathered a child . Filled with remorse , Pat had strongly disapproved of Sharon , John 's girlfriend , and this discovery turned into an obsession which caused problems for her family . She also had problems with her daughter Helen 's new boyfriend Rob in 2014 , especially given the affair and the break - down of a marriage within which they were brought together . Although she came to accept him after Helen made a drastic move and left her family home and moved in with Rob in February , she had questioned whether Rob had played a part in Helen quitting her long - running job at the Ambridge Organics store . Her deceased son John 's teenage son Johnny has taken up residence at Bridge Farm . ( See also Former principal characters . ) Shula Hebden Lloyd , née Archer , previously Hebden ( born Shula Mary Archer , 8 August 1958 ) ( Judy Bennett ) is the elder daughter of Phil and Jill and twin sister of Kenton . Her first husband , Mark Hebden , a solicitor , was killed in a road accident in 1994 that also involved her best friend Caroline Bone ( now Sterling ) . Shula and Mark 's son Daniel was born after the death of his father as a result of IVF treatment after a long struggle with infertility . Some years after Mark 's death , Shula had an affair with the village doctor ( who was himself living with Shula 's hitherto good friend Usha Gupta ) , thus two - timing her boyfriend Alistair ( the local vet ) whom she subsequently married . This was in the context of Shula 's devout Christianity and membership of the local Parish Council . She owns and runs the riding stables which formerly belonged to Christine Barford , her aunt . She used to have great fun with her best friend , Caroline , but recently Caroline has become engrossed in her husband Oliver Sterling and their business activities . Since her marriage to Alistair , Shula has lost her lightheartedness and become rather dour , self - centred and even , at times , sanctimonious , as evidenced by her attitude to the marriage of the vicar , to whom Shula had been ' right - hand woman ' for the parish , to Usha Gupta , a Hindu . Coping with the childhood arthritis of her son , Daniel , has not helped , and nor has her husband 's gambling addiction , which nearly destroyed their marriage before he finally admitted to owing huge sums to Matt Crawford and others . The couple resolved to stay together ; they remortgaged the business to pay off the debts and Alistair started attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings . Daniel was expected to go to university to read Law and follow on in his father 's footsteps , but surprised and upset his mother by joining the army . Recently commissioned to the Royal Tank Regiment after graduating from Sandhurst she seems to have accepted his choice of career . Alistair Lloyd ( born 1962 ) ( Michael Lumsden ) , Shula 's husband , is a vet . His father Professor Jim Lloyd ( John Rowe ) stayed with them at Christmas and New Year 2007 - 8 while his broken leg healed . A committed atheist he riled Shula , and antagonised his son , but indulged Daniel and contrived to get along with everyone else , except for Phil who saw through him . Alistair mentored Ryan at Gamblers Anonymous . Jim later relocated , bought his own property in Ambridge and went into a business partnership with Kenton . Kenton Archer ( born Kenton Edward Archer , 8 August 1958 ) ( Richard Attlee , formerly played by Graeme Kirk ) is portrayed as the wastrel of the Archer family . Having turned his back on the family farm to join the Merchant Navy , Kenton tried his hand at a number of ventures , including selling antiques and running a wine bar . He disappeared to Australia and New Zealand for several years and was married ( originally to gain a visa , though they subsequently fell in love ) , had a daughter ( Meriel ) , and divorced before returning home . Kenton 's former partner , Kathy Perks , is the ex-wife of Sid Perks , the late landlord of The Bull . His current wife is Sid 's widow , Jolene whom he married in Autumn 2013 at Lower Loxley . Together they run the Bull . Jolene Archer , formerly Perks ( Buffy Davis ) , widow of Sid Perks , whose third wife she was , and landlady of the Bull . When younger she was a stalwart of the Borsetshire Country and Western scene , and object of Eddie Grundy 's affections , much to Clarrie 's distress . She formed a relationship with Kenton Archer , and they were married in 2013 . David Archer ( born David Thomas Archer , 18 September 1959 ) ( Timothy Bentinck , formerly played by Nigel Carrivick ) is the second son of Phil and Jill and , as the only child of the four to show any interest in , or aptitude for , farming , has assumed responsibility for Brookfield Farm . Over recent years he has become increasingly caring , for example driving up to Northumberland to bring his widowed mother - in - law to stay , and renting a piece of land to Joe Grundy to allow him to keep the barn he had erected without planning permission . Brookfield has suffered in recent years from bovine TB , but David is enthusiastic about his herd of Herefords . His cowman 's heavy - handed advice ( which he and Ruth reluctantly accepted ) that they should dispense with the services of Shula 's husband as vet for their dairy herd in favour of a specialist caused a serious family rift , and was followed by his near - affair with Sophie Barlow . Recently , he bought an old tractor , dubbed Rufus , which he has restored . Ruth Archer , née Pritchard ( born 16 June 1968 ) ( Felicity Finch ) is the wife of David Archer . Unusually the character comes from a real rather than fictional place , Prudhoe in Northumberland . She came to Ambridge as a Harper Adams student looking for agricultural work experience in 1987 , and promptly met David , who was keen to settle down : the couple married within two years . They have three children : Philippa ( Pip ) , Josh and Ben . Ruth survived breast cancer which struck in 2000 , undergoing a mastectomy operation . Ruth 's utterance `` Oh noooooo '' , spoken in her Northumberland accent , was frequently parodied on the BBC Radio Four comedy programme Dead Ringers . In an unpopular and heavily criticised plotline Ruth teetered on the brink of an affair with farm employee Sam Batton in the autumn of 2006 . Many listeners viewed Ruth 's behaviour during this storyline to be entirely out of character , and therefore unbelievable . Others thought her immature self - centred shilly - shallying was entirely in character , and it was the largely off - air rehabilitation of the marriage and the family 's ' blind eye ' that was unbelievable . She has since undergone breast reconstruction surgery to restore listeners ' empathy with her ( not entirely successfully ) , and coped rather better than David with the sudden transformation of priggish daughter Pip into a very stroppy seventeen - year - old with a much older boyfriend , Jude , who eventually dropped her . More recently , Ruth has suffered a miscarriage and championed a potential move from Brookfield to Prudhoe should `` Route B '' be constructed , breaking the farm in two . Although David went along with this at first , he had doubts and confessed he could never leave Ambridge . Elizabeth Pargetter , née Archer ( born Elizabeth Ann Archer , 21 April 1967 ) ( Alison Dowling ) . The youngest child of Phil and Jill Archer , Elizabeth is the widowed lady of Lower Loxley . Following her marriage to Nigel Pargetter , she took to her role like a duck to water and her quick mind and sound business sense ensure that the Hall runs like a well - oiled machine . Her practical side was the perfect grounding for her eccentric and slightly scatty husband , who died in a fall on 2 January 2011 . As the family rallied round , devastated Elizabeth drew her precious twins close to her . After David admitted to her that it had been he who had convinced her husband to go on the roof in the first - place , Elizabeth exploded in a violent rage , and swore she would never forgive him . After 18 months David was being targeted by the Horrobins and Elizabeth realised the feud had gone on for too long and family relations returned to normal . Helen Titchener , née Archer ( born 16 April 1979 ) ( Louiza Patikas , formerly played by Frances Graham and Bonnie Engstrom ) , Tony and Pat Archer 's daughter , makes a cheese called `` Borsetshire Blue '' in the farm dairy and runs the organic farm shop , Ambridge Organics , in Borchester . After the suicide of her gamekeeper partner Greg Turner in 2004 , she suffered from anorexia nervosa , but recovered after a time at a specialist clinic . In 2006 she dated a journalist who quickly rejected her ; this subsequently threatened a return to her earlier problems . On New Year 's Day 2007 , whilst driving drunk , she knocked down Mike Tucker but Tom , a passenger in the car , took the blame . The shock of this event made her re-evaluate her life and she has since helped develop a new type of cheese with Oliver Sterling . After another failed relationship she decided that she wanted a child more than she wanted a partner , and became pregnant by artificial insemination -- a decision which caused friction within the family , particularly alienating Tony . Father and daughter were reconciled , however , after the birth of her son Henry Ian Archer , who was delivered by emergency caesarean section the day after New Years Day 2011 , Helen having been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia . In 2013 she was attracted to the recently arrived dairy unit manager , Rob Titchener . Intimacy ensued , although Rob was still married to Jess , who remained in Hampshire caring for her sick father . Helen and Henry moved in with Rob in early 2014 , and Helen and Rob married in summer 2015 . During 2015 , the increasing indications that she had entered into a controlling , emotionally abusive relationship , became a major plot line . In April 2016 , after meeting secretly with Jess , Helen stabbed Rob after he refused to let her and Henry leave . Subsequently , she was arrested and charged with attempted murder . In an hour - long special broadcast on Sunday 11 September 2016 , she was ultimately acquitted after the jury decided that she had acted in self - defence . Tom Archer ( born Thomas Archer , 25 February 1981 ) ( William Troughton ; previously Tom Graham ) is the younger son of Tony and Pat . He took over his elder brother 's pig herd after John was killed in a tractor accident , going on to produce organic sausages . Tom and his then girlfriend Kirsty faced criminal charges in 1999 for the destruction of a field of genetically modified crops on Brian Aldridge 's land , but neither was convicted . Tom is highly ambitious for his sausage - making business , but his contract with a supermarket chain nearly bankrupted him , despite his disastrous affair with their buyer , Tamsin . Tom was engaged to Brenda Tucker between May 2009 and April 2013 . Tom was forced to throw in his lot with Brian Aldridge , husband of his aunt Jennifer , becoming a junior partner in the business . In the process , the sausage business lost its organic status , which created further tension between the families . In February 2006 he started dating Brenda Tucker , having provided support to her when her mother died suddenly two months earlier . Later the same year , Tom expanded his business and set up a new independent business , Gourmet Grills , essentially a burger van albeit specialising in high - quality meat products . When Helen ran over Mike Tucker , Tom took the blame and unaware that it had been Helen driving , Mike turned against him , opposing his relationship with Brenda . Mike subsequently discovered the truth , Helen paid for the driving course that Tom was sentenced to attend , and Tom and Brenda moved into one of the holiday cottages at Home Farm . After Will Grundy bought No. 1 The Green , Tom and Brenda rented the house from Will . After a brief split from Brenda , they got back together and got engaged on 29 May 2009 . In April 2013 Brenda decided to end the engagement and the couple separated . Tom later got back together with Kirsty , with whom he got engaged at Christmas 2013 , the ring being in the last Christmas cracker , but after a crisis of confidence , Tom broke up with Kirsty in the vestry moments before their planned wedding . Subsequently , Tom sold his business and moved to Canada . He returned to Ambridge as soon as he heard about his father 's accident . Pip Archer ( born Philippa Rose Archer , 17 February 1993 ) ( Daisy Badger ; previously Helen Monks ) was christened Philippa in homage to David 's father and Rose after Ruth 's aunt : the eldest Brookfield child is known in the family as Pip , and at college as Phiz . She inherited some of grandfather Phil 's interest in music , learning to play the piano and singing solos at carol concerts . Pip has a clear interest in farming , and also caring for the environment . Pip split from her first boyfriend called Jonathan , a boy she met at her YFC ( Young Farmers Club ) and began an affair with a much older man , a mature student at Borchester College called Jude Simpson . Her parents did not approve . Jude eventually left the country without her after leading Pip to believe that they were going on a round the world backpacking trip together . After a work placement in Yorkshire she became more focused on her future and the future of the farm . She finished her degree in the summer of 2015 and accepted a post with an international agri - business with which she could gain experience of farming around the world . But during the initial orientation , she changed her mind and decided to return home to Ambridge and work with her parents at Brookfield . The Grundy family ( edit ) ( show ) Grundy family tree Joe Susan Eddie Clarrie William Emma Ed George Keira The Grundys were minor characters until the early 1980s , when they were developed to be a working - class foil to the Archer family . Joe Grundy ( born 18 September 1921 ) ( Edward Kelsey , formerly played by Reg Johnstone and Haydn Jones ) is the oldest of this well - established local family and often provides comic relief . Joe maintained for many years that the Archer dynasty had robbed them of their estate . After years attempting to keep the family farm afloat , they were made bankrupt in 2000 - an opportunity for the mainly urban audience to witness the personal and family tragedy of farm sales -- and were forced to move to a sink estate in Borchester . Joe took this especially hard and in one of the most harrowing episodes ever broadcast , bludgeoned his beloved ferrets to death with a hammer . The family moved back to Ambridge shortly thereafter . Lately he has begun to assist Oliver Sterling in the management of a new dairy herd at Grange Farm and has celebrated his ninetieth birthday . Following the death of Bob Pullen in 2012 , Joe became Ambridge 's oldest living resident . Eddie Grundy ( born 15 March 1951 ) ( Trevor Harrison ) is Joe 's son and Clarrie 's husband . During their marriage he was unrequitedly enamoured of Jolene Rogers ( later Perks , now Archer ) , his partner in a country and western double act . Eddie 's hopes of a career in music appear to have been permanently dashed . He has a history of involving himself in numerous dubious money - making schemes and at one point stood trial for unwittingly selling condemned meat . He mainly makes his living by raising turkeys for Christmas , laying patios and selling novelty garden gnomes . He makes cider and kept a pig called Barbarella . Joe has participated in some of Eddie 's money - making schemes ; at other times he scolds his son : legality never dictates his response . Clarrie Grundy née Larkin ( born 12 May 1954 ) ( Heather Bell , part created by Bell and also formerly played by Fiona Mathieson and Rosalind Adams ) is Eddie Grundy 's long - suffering wife , having married him in 1982 . She became involved with him after her late father Jethro employed him to remove the range in their home . Clarrie spends much of her time sorting out problems created by her husband , sons and father - in - law . She works at the dairy at Bridge Farm , where Pat Archer is a good friend , and formerly worked behind the bar at the Bull . In 2011 she was responsible for an outbreak of E-Coli at Bridge Farm . William Grundy ( born 9 February 1983 ) ( Philip Molloy ) is the elder son of Eddie and Clarrie . He is gamekeeper for Borchester Land ; his boss is Brian Aldridge . In August 2004 , he married Emma Carter and they had a son , George , but she harboured a dark secret . Whilst Will was engaged to Emma , she enjoyed two one - night stands with his brother Ed , including one on her hen night , leading her to believe that Ed was George 's father . Eventually she left Will for Ed , taking George with her , although George was later shown by DNA paternity testing to be Will 's child . Will 's existing rivalry with Ed became even more intense : to Clarrie 's despair , the brothers engaged in physical tussles and bitter arguments over Emma and George . In 2008 he was left £ 120,000 by a relative , and bought the Carters ' former home from Matt Crawford , a property his friend Roy Tucker had been interested in . Will and Ed 's rivalry culminated in a fight in which Will nearly killed Ed , and Will moved temporarily to another gamekeeping job in Gloucestershire . Christmas 2008 saw Will reunite with ex-girlfriend Nic , whom he originally split from when he saw her hit George . After returning to Ambridge in February 2009 , Will pushed for Nic and her 2 children ( Jake ( 4 ) and Mia ( 2 ) ) , to move back in with him : they did , and in 2010 Nic started occasional bar work at The Bull , a career move which traditionally leads to expanded roles . January 1 , 2012 saw Will & Nic get married at the local Grey Gables Hotel followed by a honeymoon in Cap Verde which on their return led to the renaming of their cottage to Greenwood . Will 's dog is called Meg . Ed Grundy ( born 28 September 1984 ) ( Barry Farrimond ) is the younger son of Eddie and Clarrie . Ed took up his father 's interest in music and aspired to be in a band . A farm labourer , Ed secured a job in France and planned to move there secretly with Emma and George , but they were thwarted in November 2005 by Will . In May 2006 , Ed vanished after Emma left the caravan and moved into her parents ' home , saying it was for the sake of her baby 's health . He remained missing , despite a police investigation into his disappearance , until July 2006 when he was admitted to hospital after being beaten up while sleeping rough in Borchester . Whilst living as a vagrant , he had become addicted to alcohol and crack cocaine . Ed had a history of drug use and petty crime including joyriding . On returning to the village , Ed at first sought refuge with mentor and past employer , Oliver Sterling , who did his best to help him face his demons and abandon his vices . With the additional help of family support and counselling Ed has made major steps towards recovery , demonstrated by his increased dedication to Oliver Sterling 's dairy farm . In April 2011 their daughter , Keira Susan , was born . In late 2012 , financial troubles reflecting earlier reductions in milk prices forced the couple to move back in with Emma 's parents . Emma Grundy , née Carter ( Emerald O'Hanrahan , formerly played by Felicity Jones ) is the daughter of Susan and Neil Carter , who were horrified when their daughter announced she was marrying into the Grundy family . When Will discovered her infidelity with his brother , she moved with Ed and baby George to a caravan outside her parents ' home . A parental testing showed that despite Emma 's certainty to the contrary , George was Will 's son . She returned to live with her parents in 2006 , but moved out to live at a cottage on Brookfield Farm with Ed and Georgie as a family together . New daughter Keira was born in 2011 and following financial problems , they returned to live with Emma 's parents in 2012 . The Aldridge family ( edit ) ( show ) Aldridge family tree Jennifer Brian Ian Craig Adam Macy Debbie Kate Lucas Madikane Alice Rúairi Phoebe Nolly Sipho Brian Aldridge ( born 20 November 1943 ) ( Charles Collingwood ) , considered by some to be the villain of the serial , is sometimes seen as one of the most interesting and subtle characters . Married to Jack and Peggy Archer 's daughter Jennifer , he is primarily a farmer , but has interests in a number of businesses , including Borchester Land. and a former partnership in Tom Archer 's sausage business . Brian has had several extramarital affairs during his marriage to Jennifer , including at least one with ( the then ) Caroline Bone ( 1985 ) and more recently with the Irish - born translator Siobhán Hathaway ( Caroline Lennon ) , which produced his only son , Rúairi . He has an uncomfortable relationship with his stepson , Adam , which has been the source of some friction with his wife . Jennifer Aldridge , née Archer ( born 7 January 1945 ) ( Angela Piper ) is the elder daughter of Peggy Woolley by her first husband , Jack Archer . In early years her character was the hippie of the Archer family , her first child , Adam , being -- sensationally at the time -- the illegitimate result of a fling with a cowman , Paddy Redmond . She married a travelling businessman , Roger Travers - Macy , in the late 1960s and had a daughter , Debbie . She then divorced him and married Brian Aldridge . With Brian she had two daughters , Kate and Alice . Jennifer has endured Brian 's series of affairs over the years , partly by having one affair with her ex-husband , though Brian has long suspected John Tregorran as having rivalled him for Jennifer 's affections at one time . Jennifer 's current main source of worry is the behaviour of her gin - soaked , chain - smoking sister Lilian , who has moved back into the village . This concern has been shared with her brother Tony , whom Jennifer is usually keen to put down . Adam Macy ( born 22 June 1967 ) ( Andrew Wincott ) is the first child of Jennifer Aldridge , his father being former Brookfield farmhand Paddy Redmond ( only confirmed by Jennifer herself in 2015 . ) Adam was adopted by Roger Travers - Macy , Jennifer 's first husband . Adam lived abroad for many years , mainly in Kenya , helping breed goats , but came back to the family farm when a major relationship broke up . After a year or so , he fell in love with Ian Craig , the chef at Grey Gables . Ian and Adam 's liaison has elicited little moral outrage or criticism in the village , with the exception of Sid Perks , the late landlord of the pub , and Adam 's grandmother Peggy Woolley , who was distinctly uncomfortable with the relationship . Adam and Ian considered embarking on parenthood ; Ian had plans to artificially inseminate his old friend , Madds , and share responsibility for the child they hoped to produce , but Madds then fell in love with another man and changed her mind . The producers of The Archers maintain this was a very popular plot nationwide . Ian proposed to Adam and the pair entered a civil partnership on 14 December 2006 . In mid-2012 , Adam suffered a blow to the head while attempting to stop a robbery , but has since recovered . Debbie Aldridge , formerly Gerrard , née Travers - Macy ( born 24 December 1970 ) ( Tamsin Greig ) is the daughter of Jennifer and Roger Travers - Macy , but chooses to use the surname of her stepfather Brian . After a spell at the University of Exeter she returned home to get away from a relationship with Canadian lecturer Simon Gerrard ( Garrick Hagon ) ; years later Debbie got involved with Simon again and in spite of Brian 's forebodings they were married . However , Debbie subsequently discovered that Simon was being unfaithful , and they divorced . When Adam returned from Africa , a bout of sibling rivalry erupted : to a certain extent , this remains ongoing , although there are indications that Adam and Debbie are reaching an understanding . Debbie is currently based in Hungary , where she runs the estate owned by a consortium to which Brian belongs ( this gives the actress , Tamsin Greig , who has moved on to other projects , the ability to appear in the show from time to time ) . She occasionally visits home ; and the installation of a new webcam also allows Debbie to talk and appear to everyone via computer . Debbie returned to Ambridge again in 2011 with a proposal , now being implemented , to build and run a super intensive dairy farm . Kate Madikane , née Aldridge ( born 30 September 1977 ) ( Perdita Avery , formerly played by Kellie Bright and Susie Riddell ) , is the elder daughter of Brian and Jennifer . Kate inherited her mother 's hippie tendencies , but her narcissistic personality was unique to her . She gave birth to her daughter Phoebe in a tipi at the Glastonbury Festival . Roy Tucker is the father , with whom Phoebe lives in Ambridge . Kate emigrated to Johannesburg , South Africa where she married Lucas Madikane ( Connie M'Gadzah ) . She had another daughter , Noluthando ( `` Nolly '' ) and , born July 2007 , a son , Sipho ( Xhosa for ' gift ' ) . In 2015 , she returned to Ambridge , supposedly to enrol in another course at Felpersham University , but Phoebe subsequently discovered that Lucas , upon learning that Kate had been having yet another affair , had ended their marriage and thrown her out . N.B. Previous voice actor Susie Riddell returned to the show in 2011 , this time playing Tracey Horrobin . Alice Carter , née Aldridge ( born 29 September 1988 ) ( Hollie Chapman ) , the younger daughter of Brian and Jennifer , studied engineering at Southampton University . Her best friend is the vicar 's daughter , Amy Franks . She likes horses and has a horse , Spearmint . She is friends with both Adam and Debbie . In considering joining the RAF , who ultimately rejected her application , she came into conflict with Amy 's pacifist views . In 2010 she married Chris Carter ( below ) , the farrier son of Neil and Susan . She recently graduated from Felpersham University with a master 's degree and works as an aeronautical engineer . Phoebe Aldridge ( Lucy Morris ) was born 28 June 1998 in a tipi in the former Tipi Field at Glastonbury Festival , and lived with her father Roy Tucker and his wife Hayley until their relationship broke up in 2014 . She lived with Brian and Jennifer until she became exasperated with her mother Kate 's thoughtlessness during her A-levels and moved back in with Roy . Rúairi Donovan ( born 14 November 2002 ) is the son of Brian Aldridge and Siobhán Hathaway . His persistent Irish accent -- despite his having been born and raised during his earliest years in Germany and , after only the briefest of stays with his Irish grandmother , educated for several years since then in England -- has been criticised in the BBC 's Feedback programme as implausible , since young children rapidly adapt their accent to their surroundings . The Pargetter family ( edit ) ( show ) Pargetter family tree Julia Nigel Elizabeth Lily Freddie Elizabeth Pargetter , née Archer ( Alison Dowling ) is Phil and Jill 's youngest daughter and , along with Kenton , at first rejected village life , attempting a career in publicity in London . She returned to Ambridge but endured a disastrous relationship with local businessman Cameron Fraser ( which led to Elizabeth having an abortion ) before finally marrying Nigel Pargetter after a relationship some years before . Elizabeth and Nigel developed their stately home , Lower Loxley , as a conference venue . Elizabeth , born with a heart defect , became pregnant and had twins , Lily and Freddie , but the strain of the pregnancy on her heart meant that she soon afterwards had to undergo a heart valve replacement operation . Elizabeth is highly critical of the way David manages the Brookfield estate , and is very concerned to ensure that her family receives its due portion of the estate . Elizabeth 's mother - in - law Julia lived in the family pile until her demise in 2005 . She was highly critical of Elizabeth , who was married to her son Nigel until his death from a fall in January 2011 . Lily Rosalind and Frederick Hugo `` Freddie '' Pargetter ( Katie Redford and Toby Laurence , formerly played by Georgie Feller and Jack Firth ) are Elizabeth and Nigel 's twins . They were both born on 12 December 1999 via Caesarean section because of Elizabeth 's heart condition . Freddie had to stay in a special care unit for several days as he was underweight . Before his death , Nigel wanted his children to attend exams for the Felpersham Cathedral School . The Tucker family ( edit ) ( show ) Tucker family tree ( 1 ) Betty Mike ( 2 ) Vicky Roy Hayley Brenda Bethany Phoebe Tucker Abigail Tucker Mike Tucker ( born 1 December 1949 ) ( Terry Molloy ) lost an eye in a farming accident , for which Brian Aldridge was found responsible . He was regarded as one of the most humourless characters in the village , even before the death of his beloved wife Betty in December 2005 . Mike was unsuccessful as a farmer , having gone bankrupt in 1985 , and now runs a milk round in Ambridge . He also undertakes occasional tree - surgery work . On New Year 's Day 2007 , he was run over by Helen Archer , but rescued by Robert Snell . When Tom took the blame , Tucker forbade him from continuing a relationship with Brenda , his daughter . However , after finding out that Helen was driving he became more sympathetic and apologised to Tom . His plan to split Willow Farm in two , so that Roy and Hayley can have a separate home , was initially resisted by Brenda . Mike later married Vicky , a fellow ballroom dancer , who gave birth to their daughter Bethany in January 2013 . Roy Tucker ( born 2 February 1978 ) ( Ian Pepperell ) was formerly part of a teenage gang which perpetrated a series of racist attacks on Usha Gupta ; he gave them her address . Realising the error of his ways , he went on to gain a degree in business studies at Felpersham University . He worked at Grey Gables , and was promoted to deputy manager . After Nigel Pargetter 's death , he began working at Lower Loxley , initially just to assist Elizabeth . However , he was eventually offered a permanent job there . He had an on / off relationship with Kate Aldridge , which resulted in their daughter Phoebe being born in 1998 , but then married Hayley . Roy , Hayley and Phoebe lived with Mike Tucker at Willow Farm . Attempts to find an affordable home for his family met with failure until Mike split Willow Farm in two . Roy had an affair with Elizabeth in 2014 which , though brief , led to the end of his marriage . Hayley Tucker , née Jordan ( born 1 May 1977 ) ( Lorraine Coady , formerly played by Lucy Davis ) comes from Birmingham and first appeared as John Archer 's girlfriend . Initially her urban background led to her being unprepared for rural life . Hayley and John split up ( partly due to John 's involvement with Sharon Richards ) shortly before his death in a tractor accident in 1998 . Hayley took over the running of John 's pig business after John 's death , but eventually his brother Tom took an interest and she handed it back to the Archers . In 2001 she married John 's best mate Roy Tucker and became stepmother to Phoebe ; she found Kate Aldridge 's visits from South Africa to Ambridge uncomfortable . Hayley worked at Lower Loxley as nanny to Freddie and Lily Pargetter , and then as a rather amorphous children 's visitor specialist . Despite Betty 's sudden death , Hayley remained unhappy at living with her father - in - law and wished that she and Roy had a home of their own . After an ' informational ' storyline of difficulty in conceiving , Hayley gave birth to a baby daughter , Abigail ( Abbie ) on 7 March 2008 . The birth was somewhat ( the chronology as aired is contradictory ) premature and Abbie was expected to remain in hospital until her original due date , although medical practice is ' until 2.5 kilos ' . Hayley left Roy in 2014 after discovering the nature of his relationship with Elizabeth Pargetter . Brenda Tucker ( born 21 January 1981 ) ( Amy Shindler ) has had some controversial short - term relationships , with Debbie 's husband , with Lilian 's then ( much younger ) lover and with Lilian 's son . For several years she worked at Radio Borsetshire , until leaving home in 2005 to pursue a media studies degree . She returned home when her mother died suddenly in December 2005 . Feeling unable to return to university , leaving her father so soon after Betty 's death , she decided to transfer to Felpersham University , planning to return to her studies in September 2006 . She started dating Tom Archer following a Valentine kiss after they grew closer in the weeks after her mother 's death . After graduating in 2009 she was unable to gain permanent employment apart from a PR job in Leicester , necessitating a daily commute which frustrated Tom . She gave up the effort after a few weeks and joined Amside -- Matt and Lilian 's new property company . After feeling increasingly badly - treated by Lilian and Matt , she left Amside without notice . She ended her relationship with Tom , saying that she did not want to marry and bear children . She moved to London . The Carter family ( edit ) ( show ) Carter family tree Neil Susan Will Grundy Emma Grundy Christopher Alice Aldridge George Neil Carter ( born 22 May 1957 ) ( Brian Hewlett ) is another business failure . Susan wanted him to be a white collar worker but he decided that he was a pigman at heart . He used to be Tom 's partner in a piggery . The family lived in a caravan , after selling their house , until he finished a self - build house on his own land . He dislikes all Grundys but especially Ed , who , until his disappearance , lived in the caravan with Emma and George . Susan Carter , née Horrobin ( born 10 October 1963 ) ( Charlotte Martin ) , the village gossip , briefly became the most notorious Archers character ever when her imprisonment at Christmas 1993 for shielding her armed - robber brother Clive Horrobin led to the launch of the `` Free the Ambridge One '' campaign . Questions were asked in the House of Commons of then Home Secretary Michael Howard . Her aspirational tendencies took a hammering when daughter Emma married into the Grundy family in 2004 , but in 2006 she was approved by the Royal Mail for the position of sub-postmistress despite her criminal record . She had previously worked for several years at the village shop and post office , and as Tom Archer 's assistant in his sausage - making business . Clive Horrobin returned to the village to visit their dying mother in October 2011 . Christopher Carter ( born 22 June 1988 ) ( Wilf Scolding , formerly played by Will Sanderson - Thwaite ) is the younger offspring of the Carter family . His mother had some difficulty bonding with him when he was born with a cleft lip . Now a farrier by occupation , a few years ago he had a brief relationship with Venetia , the daughter of a prominent Borsetshire family . His mother rather desperately encouraged this , to Neil 's disapproval , but the couple soon found themselves incompatible , and Christopher finished the liaison . He began seeing Alice to the barely concealed delight of his social climbing mother and the scarcely concealed horror of Alice 's mother , Jennifer Aldridge . The couple married unexpectedly in Las Vegas during a 2010 summer holiday . Other Ambridge residents ( edit ) Matt Crawford ( edit ) Matt Crawford ( born 7 August 1947 ) ( Kim Durham ) is the latest in a long line of new arrivals in Ambridge who throw their weight around and become more or less hated by all , thus preventing the scripts from becoming intolerably saccharine ( some such as Jack Woolley eventually become tamed and absorbed into the cosy culture ; others such as Cameron Fraser are in due course expelled ) . He was for some years the chairman of Borchester Land , a property development company , one of whose directors is Brian Aldridge . An outsider by birth , Matt often appears to work himself into positions of power , such as the parish council , but many villagers are suspicious of his motives . For example , when local vet Alistair owed him a gambling debt , Matt said that he would reduce the amount he owed in exchange for the administration of performance - enhancing drugs to one of his racehorses . Alistair refused , and Crawford increased the pressure , forcing Alistair and Shula to take out a mortgage on the stables , which they already owned . Borchester Land estate manager Graham Ryder ( Malcolm McKee ) was often seen as his puppet and many suspected that Matt directed his unsuccessful parish council election campaign in 2003 . In 2005 , Matt divorced his wife Yvette and has since moved in at Nightingale Farm with his new partner Lilian Bellamy ( née Archer , daughter of Peggy Woolley ) . In this late romance she calls him `` Tiger '' and he calls her `` Pussy - cat '' . In early 2008 , Crawford and Lilian were briefly separated when she suspected him of having an affair with a Borchester Land board member Annabelle Scrivener ( Julia Hills ) ; in reality Scrivener rebuffed him . The following year Crawford was indicted for fraud , having made a business guarantee he knew was false . Having been persuaded to co-operate with the authorities ( in contrast with his less scrupulous colleague Stephen `` Chalkie '' Chalkman ) , on practically the eve of the trial he fled in panic to Costa Rica , planning to live there as a fugitive . However , Lilian 's unhappiness in prospective exile persuaded him to return , and he served an 18 - month prison sentence . Upon his release on probation he created a new property development company , created with Lilian as director to circumvent his disqualification . However , she took a more active role than he expected . Matt and Lilian 's relationship ultimately came to an end in early 2015 , when Lilian arrived home from a holiday to discover that he had emptied out all of their joint holdings , ransacked their house of valuables and fled to Costa Rica . In April 2017 , Matt made a surprise re-appearance , claiming to have returned to Ambridge in order to repay his debt to Lillian . Reverend Alan Franks ( edit ) The motor - bike riding Alan Franks ( John Telfer ) , the latest in a series of interestingly eccentric village vicars , was appointed to Ambridge and neighbouring parishes in 2003 , moving from Nottingham where he had previously worked as an accountant and a non-stipendiary minister . He was widowed before moving to Ambridge and is the father of Amy , currently studying midwifery in Manchester . In late 2005 , his blossoming relationship with Usha Gupta , a Hindu , caused some unease to some of his parishioners , including Shula Hebden Lloyd . In March 2008 , Alan and Usha became engaged , to the opposition of his former mother - in - law Mabel ( Mona Hammond ) and Usha 's Aunt Satya , and her parents . They married in summer 2008 and Usha 's family have warmed to the idea and attended the wedding , though Mabel did not . Usha Franks ( edit ) Usha Franks née Gupta ( born 17 June 1962 ) formerly played by Souad Faress and by Sudha Bhuchar works as a solicitor in Felpersham and is one of very few ethnic minority characters in the series . On moving into the village , Usha was the subject of a harassment campaign by a racist gang which included Roy Tucker . To offer support and protection the local GP , Richard Locke ( William Gaminara ) , then her lover , moved into her house , Blossom Hill Cottage , shortly afterwards . When she discovered that he had slept with her best friend Shula Hebden ( on an occasion when Shula was vulnerable and he took advantage of his position as family doctor ) she ended the relationship and threw him out , also ending her friendship with Shula . More recently , some local parishioners made complaints to the bishop when Alan , the vicar , began a relationship with Usha ( who is Hindu ) . These two threads are linked by Shula 's possible involvement in this disapproval and her resignation as churchwarden . Usha was also regularly on the receiving end of ' helpful ' advice about her unmarried status by her Aunty Satya ( Jamila Massey ) , an occasional visitor to Ambridge from Usha 's home town of Wolverhampton who attempted to match - make for her on numerous occasions , with cousins from home . The character of Usha is said to be based on Kamlesh Bahl , former Vice President of the Law Society . Amy Franks ( edit ) Amy Franks ( born 1989 ) ( Vinette Robinson formerly played by Natalia Cappuccini ) is the vicar 's spirited daughter who is a friend to Alice Carter . Catherine , her late mother , was of African - Caribbean descent . Amy qualified as a midwife in Manchester and now works at Borchester General Hospital . She was responsible for spotting the signs of pre-eclampsia in the pregnant Helen Archer and probably saving the life of mother and unborn son , Henry . She was recently in a relationship with Carl , a man who seemed too good to be true . He was , having concealed his marriage from her , and only wanting a fling . Usha , her step mother , discovered Carl 's marriage but failed to warn Amy about him , which caused a serious rift between them , and to a lesser degree , her father . After finally realising the degree to which Carl had abused her trust things seem to be improving at home . Bert Fry ( edit ) Bert Fry ( Eric Allan , formerly played by Roger Hume ) ( born 7 June 1936 ) husband of Freda Fry ( deceased , formerly a silent character ) , was employed for many years as a farmhand by David and Ruth until his recent retirement although he still does some casual work . The couple continue to live in a farm cottage . His portrayal is close to a stereotypical `` yokel '' , like Jethro Larkin and Zebedee Tring before him . He composes poetry and has won several ploughing contests . Jazzer McCreary ( edit ) Jack `` Jazzer '' McCreary ( born 1984 ) ( Ryan Kelly ) , pigman ( working for Tom Archer ) and milkman ( working for Mike Tucker ) . Jazzer started out as a general ne'er do well , engaging in burglary and drug abuse , before settling down a little and holding down two jobs . While still a heavy drinker , with a profound dislike of either healthy food or housework , he has evolved into the village lothario , seducing several women on his milk round . Despite this he holds a torch for Fallon Rogers , who normally insists that they should remain friends . Occasionally Jazzer manages to surprise everyone with a sensitive side , such as when he wowed the audience of Ambridge 's Got Talent with his heartfelt rendition of a Scottish folk song ( Roses of Prince Charlie ) . Kirsty Miller ( edit ) Kirsty Miller ( Annabelle Dowler ) , worked at Ambridge Organics and the Jaxx Bar . Kirsty was in a relationship with Tom Archer , before he broke up with her for someone else . She then dated Sam Batton , who chose to end the relationship because he was in love with Ruth Archer . In 2013 , Kirsty and Tom got back together and became engaged . He jilted her at the altar . Kirsty was good friends with Tom 's sister , Helen , but they fell out when Kirsty discovered that Helen had known before the wedding day Tom had doubts . She ultimately returned to Ambridge several months later , got a job at Grey Gables and moved in with Roy Tucker , while also making amends with Helen and the rest of the family . After doing so , she immediately picked up that something was off about Helen , and was the only person to spot the signs that he was abusing her emotionally . Eventually , after convincing Helen to meet with Jess , Rob 's ex-wife , she was horrified when Helen decided to confront Rob about his behaviour , a confrontation that led to Helen stabbing him . After having a one - night stand with Tom shortly after the trial , Kirsty became pregnant with his son , and despite her initial reservations , decided to keep the baby . However , a couple of weeks later , her pregnancy ended tragically when she miscarried . After initially repressing her grief , Kirsty eventually agreed to take compassionate leave and grieved properly . Unfortunately , his handling of both the pregnancy and the miscarriage ultimately proved to be the final nail in the coffin of her friendship with Tom . Fallon Rogers ( edit ) Fallon Rogers ( born 19 June 1985 ) ( Joanna van Kampen ) , Jolene 's daughter from her first marriage ( to Wayne Tucson ) . Fallon is the lead singer of local rock band , Little White Lies when not running the Upstairs@the Bull music venue and working as a barmaid . Fallon seems to be perennially unlucky in love , either falling for men who are n't interested or having the wrong men fall for her . Fallon 's long term relationship with PC Harrison Burns has provided stability and she is now becoming more of a fixture in village life . Fallon 's drive to modernise village life has caused friction with older characters such as Linda Snell who resigned from the 2016 fête committee after an argument with Fallon and with Shula Hebden Lloyd who felt pushed out of catering the village cricket teas when Fallon took over following Harrison 's appointment as captain . Fallon runs the Bridge farm café with Emma Grundy and had disagreements with Rob Tichener over the use of vintage furniture and crockery . Kathy Perks ( edit ) Kathy Perks ( born 30 January 1953 ) ( Hedli Niklaus ) , formerly married to Sid , now lives at April Cottage with her son Jamie . She was the catering manager at the local golf club and organises occasional film nights at the village hall . Kenton Archer started dating her , intermittently living with her , but they quarrelled when he brought his three - year - old daughter , Meriel , to Ambridge and expected Kathy to look after her . Miserable and alone , Kathy befriended Lower Loxley chef , Owen King ( a.k.a. Gareth Taylor , Alex Wallace and latterly Marcus Dixon ) , but he raped her just before Christmas 2004 . It took Kathy some time to trust a man again , and Kenton showed uncharacteristic patience in enabling her to rebuild her self - confidence . She finally reported her trauma to the Police in September 2007 , after being informed that King had attacked another woman . He was convicted in April 2008 . She has reacted to the sudden death in New Zealand of Sid , her ex-husband , as if she were the grieving widow , rather than his wife of eight years Jolene , being of little help to their teenage son and undermining her relationship with Kenton , who can do nothing right . After finding that Kenton had had a one - night stand with a customer of his bar , she threw him out . Lynda Snell ( edit ) Lynda Snell ( born 29 May 1947 ) ( Carole Boyd ) lives at Ambridge Hall with her husband Robert Snell . They moved to Ambridge from Sunningdale in 1986 and she is resented as an outsider , a do - gooder and incomer . She is a keen gardener , and is often involved in disputes with her neighbour Joe Grundy . In 2003 she acquired two llamas , Wolfgang and Constanza ( named after Mozart and his wife ) which have been known to roam around the village . In May 2007 Constanza gave birth to a cria which Lynda named Salieri , reassuring one acquaintance that the legend of Salieri murdering Mozart is a myth . She attempts to produce a play every Christmas ( an Archers in - joke ) , and often drives villagers to distraction in her attempts to fill parts . In 2004 - 05 Lynda ran a campaign to renovate the former Cat & Fiddle pub . Despite recruiting the help of Griff Rhys Jones , the scheme failed and the building became ( or may have become ) flats . In January 2006 Lynda was elected to the parish council alongside Lilian Bellamy . According to a BBC survey , she is the most annoying character on the show , although this will be regarded as praise by the production team , as she is intended to be . Robert Snell ( edit ) Robert Snell ( born 5 April 1943 ) ( Dr Graham Blockey ) was employed as a computer expert . He has found work in this area hard to obtain recently and has capitalised on his DIY skills to set up a small business doing general building work . Caroline Sterling ( edit ) Caroline Sterling , née Bone , formerly Pemberton ( born 3 April 1955 ; died 2017 ) ( Sara Coward ) moved to the village in 1977 , aged 22 , when she was hired by Sid as barmaid in the Bull . Her career took off when in 1979 Jack Woolley offered her a job at Grey Gables and she eventually became manager . Upon Jack 's retirement , she and partner Oliver Sterling managed to raise funds to buy the hotel and she became the proprietor . On her arrival she soon attracted the attention of many of the male villagers -- she once had an affair with Brian Aldridge , and was romantically linked with former village doctor , Matthew Thorogood , and businessman and one - time estate owner Cameron Fraser ( who disappeared with £ 60,000 of her savings ) , and she was engaged to non-stipendiary minister and vet Robin Stokes . In 1995 she married the new owner of the estate , Guy Pemberton ( Hugh Dickson ) . After only seven months of marriage he suffered a fatal heart attack and left her the Dower House and a majority share in the Bull ( which she sold to Lilian Bellamy , in order to raise funds to buy Grey Gables ) . When Oliver Sterling moved to the village she began an affair with him and they eventually moved into Grange Farm together . They were married in June 2006 . Sara Coward died on 13 February 2017 . In the episode on 11 July 2017 , it was revealed that Caroline had died suddenly but peacefully at the Sterlings ' second home in Italy . Oliver Sterling ( edit ) Oliver Sterling ( Michael Cochrane ) was married , between 2006 and her death in 2017 , to Caroline . He arrived in Ambridge as a gentleman farmer and huntsman who bought Grange Farm from the estate . Initially he employed Ed Grundy to manage his dairy herd . In March 2008 he had problems with the herd being infected by Bovine TB . He subsequently sold the enterprise to Ed and `` retired properly '' . He has created new cheeses with Helen Archer . Rob Titchener ( edit ) Rob Titchener ( Timothy Watson ) moved to Ambridge in January 2013 to manage Borchester Land 's intensive dairy enterprise . That same July , Helen Archer began an affair with Rob despite knowing he was married . Only 3 months later and despite passionate pleas from Helen , he ends it to `` make a go of things '' with Jess Titchener , his current wife . Jess moved in on Halloween but left Ambridge in December after a disastrous cocktail party and went back to Hampshire , leaving Rob . Helen resumed her affair with Rob on New Year 's Day 2014 . They have since been secretly engaged and Rob has become increasingly controlling over Helen , much to her mother Pat 's dismay . Jess had a baby which she claimed is Rob 's until he consented to a DNA test which proved otherwise , and they were soon divorced . Rob and Helen married secretly on the Isle of Wight in August 2015 . It was then that Rob revealed himself to be manipulative , emotionally abusive . After raping her on their wedding night , he spent the next several months isolating Helen from her family and friends , employing gaslighting methods to convince her that she was the one who was being problematic , and even made plans to send Henry to boarding school without Helen 's knowledge or consent , with the assistance of his mother , Ursula ( herself a victim of coercive control with Rob 's father , Bruce ) . In April 2016 , after the secret intervention of her friend , Kirsty Miller , Helen met secretly with Jess , who revealed the true nature of her marriage with Rob , before stabbing Rob in a moment of clarity as he refused to let her and Henry leave the house . Rob barely survived the encounter . Subsequently , Rob and his mother , Ursula , tricked Pat and Tony into handing Henry over to them , forcing them into a lengthy legal battle over his custody . After a long and intense trial , during which the truth of Rob 's abusive nature was exposed publicly , as well as the revelation that he had raped Helen , she was acquitted on both counts of attempted murder and Grievous Bodily Harm . Subsequently , Rob found himself becoming a pariah in the village ; with Usha evicting him from the house he rented from her , Oliver banning him from the local hunt , local shops refusing his custom , and villagers openly expressing their distaste for him . It was also revealed shortly afterwards that the previous year , while still manager of the mega dairy , Rob had blocked a nearby culvert to prevent a build - up of rainwater from flooding the dairy , and was therefore responsible for the massive flood that had engulfed Ambridge and nearly causing the death of his superior . After this information was brought to the attention of Rob 's new boss , Justin Elliott , he was sacked . After an attempt to kidnap his son from Helen failed , Rob disappeared , and was last reported boarding a flight to Minneapolis , Minnesota , where he had previously worked . Carol Tregorran ( edit ) Carol Tregorran née Grey ( Eleanor Bron , formerly played by Anne Cullen ( born 1926 ) ) first appeared in 1954 . She was a successful businesswoman and married John Tregorran . She departed in 1980 , but returned to Ambridge in 2014 , following her husband 's death . During 2016 her daughter , the Birmingham barrister Anna Tregorran , represented Helen Archer in Helen 's trial for attempted murder . Recurring characters ( edit ) Clive Horrobin ( born 9 November 1972 ) ( Alex Jones ) is the brother of Susan Carter ; he has spent much of his life in prison , but , to the consternation of many , is an occasional visitor to Ambridge . He conducted an armed siege at the village shop in 1993 , in 1997 assaulted gamekeeper George Barford knocking him unconscious and set fire to the Barford 's home gutting the building in 2004 . In October 2011 , he returned to the village to visit his ailing mother . In late 2012 , Clive was sent back to prison after breaking the terms of his licence and entering Ambridge to confront his sister , Tracy , and his brother 's wife , Donna . Satya Khanna ( Auntie Satya ; Jamila Massey ) An occasional visitation upon long - suffering niece Usha Gupta . Forever trying to give Usha unwanted relationship advice or a welcome shoulder to cry on , and architect of numerous failed matchmaking ruses . Thanks to Usha 's parents ' disapproval toward their daughter 's lifestyle , Satya provides the main link with her family . No mean cook , Satya often arrives bearing food parcels for her culinarily inept niece . Iftikar Shah ( Pal Aron ) is a maths teacher , who runs Cricket coaching sessions for Ambridge residents . Believed to be 29 years old and born in Stechford , Birmingham . Former principal characters ( edit ) Over the years some of the original cast members have died , left the show or retired and their characters have had to be replaced or killed off by the scriptwriters . Archer family and relations ( edit ) Daniel `` Dan '' Archer ( Harry Oakes , Monte Crick , Edgar Harrison and Frank Middlemass ) , son of the elder John Archer , was the first owner of Brookfield when the family bought it from Squire Lawson - Hope . He was patriarch of the Archer family . The character survived the deaths of the first three actors before finally being killed off in 1986 . Elizabeth witnessed his fatal attempt to rescue a sheep in difficulty , despite her pleading with him not to . Doris Evelyn Rebecca Archer ( Gwen Berryman ) , née Forrest , Dan 's wife and mother of Phil Archer and his siblings . Her death was discovered by Shula in 1980 , when she and Christine were visiting Glebe Cottage . Doris was a stalwart of village life , and provided a listening ear to an ever - growing Archer family from the 1950s to 1980 . She was originally a kitchen maid at Manor House , the ancestral home of the Lawson - Hope family ; and she became lady 's maid to Letty Lawson - Hope . Jack Archer ( Denis Folwell ) ( John Archer ) , son of Dan , elder brother of Phil and Christine , first husband of Peggy , née Perkins , later Woolley , father of Jennifer , Lillian and Tony : died 1972 of liver failure . Jack and Peggy managed ( and later owned ) the Bull , and Jack had suffered increasingly from alcoholism and excessive gambling . Phil Archer ( Norman Painting ) younger son of Dan , and long - time patriarch of the Archer family and a leading resident of the village . Phil Archer died on 12 February 2010 . Grace Archer ( Monica Grey and Ysanne Churchman ) was Phil Archer 's first wife and the first major character to be killed off . The episode featuring her death was first broadcast on 22 September 1955 . The previous night , which happened to be the night that ITV ( now ITV1 ) , the UK 's first commercial television channel was launched , she received fatal injuries , trying to rescue her horse , Midnight , from a fire . This was seen as a ploy to keep loyal viewers and listeners away from the new station . Her catchphrase was `` one fried egg or two , Phil ? '' Aunt Laura ( Gwenda Wilson and Betty McDowall ) , New Zealander widow of Dan 's younger ( of 2 ) brothers Frank ; she fulfilled a similar dramatic role to Lynda Snell who now lives in Aunt Laura 's former home , Ambridge Hall . In 1985 , Aunt Laura fell in a ditch and listeners were treated to her forlorn cries while owls hooted overhead . She was found alive and spent a week in hospital being treated for pneumonia , but died of heart failure soon after being discharged on St Valentine 's Day , while her friend Freddy Danby read to her from Moby - Dick . Tom Forrest ( George Hart and Bob Arnold ) was Doris Archer 's brother and a gamekeeper . He was a major character for many years and used to introduce the omnibus edition on Sunday mornings . In 1957 , he was charged with manslaughter after shooting poacher Bob Larkin . He was cleared after being on trial . Mark Charles Timothy Hebden ( Richard Derrington ) , first husband of Shula Archer . Died in a road accident . Julia Pargetter - Carmichael , mother of Nigel Pargetter ( she also had a daughter called Camilla who was n't seen ) ; mother in - law of Elizabeth Archer ( whom she disliked at first , because she wanted Nigel to marry into the wealthy Aldridge family , but grew to love Elizabeth later on after the birth of her beloved grandchildren , Freddie and Lily ) and sometime entertainer , died from a stroke in 2005 , shortly after the actress who played her , Mary Wimbush , died , also from a stroke , aged 81 . Nigel Gerald Pargetter ( 8 June 1959 - January 2011 ) ( played by Graham Seed , formerly by Nigel Caliburn who is now known as Nigel Carrington ) was the eccentric pseudo-aristocratic owner of Lower Loxley Hall , a mansion on the outskirts of Ambridge . Making his debut in 1983 , he was once considered to be somewhat dim and irresponsible , wearing a gorilla suit at a hunt ball in 1983 , inadvertently joy riding with Shula Archer in 1984 and driving an ice - cream van as ' Mr Snowy ' in 1986 . Initially , Nigel was romantically linked with Shula ( or `` Shulie '' as he called her ) , but in 1984 he became involved with Elizabeth Archer , finding her totally unlike Shula : she tricked him into helping her abscond from school in September 1984 . On the death of his father a few years later , he strove to save his ancestral home , and involved Elizabeth , now also more mature , as his marketing manager . He saved the hall for his family . Married to Elizabeth for some years and the father of twins Lily and Freddie ( born 12 December 1999 ) , he was convicted of drink - driving in 2003 . Nigel ( who also had a never - seen sister , Camilla who was married to a man named James ) had only intermittent help from his beloved mother , Julia ; more often she was a source of anxiety and friction ( due to her dislike of Elizabeth , which , happily ceased once Freddie and Lily were born ) , but she died suddenly in November 2005 . Nigel developed a number of vague resemblances to Prince Charles . He became concerned about the environment and tried to become `` green '' . He also took an interest in his family history , particularly in his late Uncle Rupert . Nigel died after falling from the roof of Lower Loxley Hall while attempting , after an evening party , to take down a New Year 's banner in icy conditions . The accident occurred as part of The Archers 60th anniversary broadcast on 2 January 2011 . Nigel 's demise was satirised in Radio 4 's News Quiz Christmas Pantomime in December of that year . Other major characters ( edit ) Marjorie Antrobus ( Margot Boyd ) was from a colonial background in Kenya ; she was the widow of Teddy . She gave a talk to the Ambridge Women 's Institute in 1984 , and moved into Nightingale Farm in 1985 . A breeder of Afghan hounds , Marjorie let out her flat at Nightingale Farm to Ruth and later to Roy and Hayley . She was an occasionally bossy , but well - meaning do - gooder in the village . After moving to The Laurels retirement home , she was a silent character for several years before her death was finally mentioned on 13 August 2008 . ( Margot Boyd died on 20 May 2008 . ) Walter Gabriel ( Robert Mawdesley and Chris Gittins ) , originally a smallholder , was a friend of the Archers and provided comic relief in the years before the Grundy family were given greater prominence . Walter continually tried to romance Mrs. Perkins , Peggy 's mother , whom he referred to as `` Mrs. P '' . Walter Gabriel 's phrase `` Me old pal , me old beauty '' remains one of the most enduringly remembered phrases associated with The Archers , even among non-listeners ; in his later years he was also known for the exclamation `` Nobody cares about poor old Walter Gabriel ! '' Another recurring saying of his was `` I know when I ai n't a-wanted '' . Nelson Gabriel ( Jack May ) , Walter 's son , was for many years the most disreputable character in the village . He had a shady history . He was charged with the Borchester mail - van robbery in 1967 , but was eventually acquitted . After spells in London and Spain , he opened a wine bar in Borchester in 1980 and later an antique shop ( with Kenton Archer ) . Finally he suddenly disappeared to South America , where he died in strange circumstances . He had an illegitimate daughter , Rosemary Tarrant , who when she found and introduced herself to him revealed she had become a policewoman . Sid Perks ( Alan Devereux ) was landlord of The Bull , Ambridge 's village pub . He first came to Ambridge from Birmingham where he had been sent to borstal for breaking and entering , which made obtaining his publican 's licence difficult . He was devastated when his much - loved wife , Polly ( `` Poll doll '' ) was killed in a car crash . His subsequent marriage to Kathy ended in divorce , but his third marriage , to his affair partner , country singer Jolene , was happier . He displayed vitriolic homophobia towards Sean Myerson , a professional rival , when the latter captained the village cricket team , and again when Adam Macy began a relationship with Ian Craig , the Grey Gables chef . In early 2006 , Sid and Jolene were concerned that the decision of Caroline Pemberton to sell her controlling interest in The Bull would threaten the pub 's future , but were relieved when Lilian bought her share . Sid died of a heart attack on 8 June 2010 , while on holiday in New Zealand , visiting Lucy , his daughter by his first marriage . John Tregorran ( Roger Hume , Basil Jones , Simon Lack and Philip Morant ) originally arrived in Ambridge in a gypsy caravan . Thoughtful and provocative , Tregorran was such a popular and charismatic character that listeners at Archers public events still ask about him -- and about Carol Grey , whom he eventually married . Tregorran was the author with Jennifer Aldridge of Ambridge : an English village through the ages ( really written by William Smethurst ) ; London : Borchester Press in association with Methuen by arrangement with the British Broadcasting Corporation , 1982 . Tregorran died in July 2014 and was buried in Ambridge . His widow returned for the funeral and decided to move back to the village . Betty Tucker ( Pamela Craig ) wife of Mike , mother of Roy and Brenda . Betty was a popular villager who supported the family even when Mike was violent and depressed . Betty managed the village shop and kept hens and gossiped . An attractive woman , she distinguished herself by successfully resisting the advances of erstwhile village Lothario , Brian Aldridge . Betty died suddenly before Christmas 2005 . She was written out of the series when the actress who played her retired and emigrated to New Zealand . Jack Woolley ( 19 July 1919 - 2 January 2014 ) ( Arnold Peters , formerly played by Philip Garston - Jones ) was a self - made man originally from Stirchley in Birmingham who owned the village shop . He also once owned local country - house hotel Grey Gables ( now owned by its long - time manager Caroline Sterling and her husband Oliver ) , the café ( managed by Fallon Rogers ) and the Borchester Echo ( a local newspaper ) . He was married to Peggy Woolley until his death ( see below ) . Jack suffered increasingly from Alzheimer 's disease and received treatment for it , which led Peggy to take more responsibility for the day - to - day operations of his businesses . In 2005 Peggy tried to persuade her husband to agree to his affairs being governed by power of attorney . At the same time , Jack Woolley 's adopted daughter Hazel ( various actresses , on this occasion Annette Badland ) came over from the United States , after some years of absence . Using the cover of an Internet business and an imaginary step family , she failed in an attempt to con Jack and Peggy and gain control of the Grey Gables hotel and leisure complex . As his condition deteriorated , and after much sensitively presented soul searching on the part of Peggy , Jack was moved into residential care at The Laurels in 2009 , and then suffered a stroke . Jack became a ' silent character ' in 2011 . He died on 2 January 2014 . Heather Pritchard ( Margaret Jackman , formerly played by Joyce Gibbs ) Ruth Archer 's widowed mother who lived in Prudhoe , Northumberland . She returned to Ambridge in 2008 to look after the family when Ruth had her breast reconstruction surgery and was also in contact with Professor Jim Lloyd , Alistair 's father . She also returned in 2010 for Phil Archer 's funeral , and in 2014 after Ruth 's miscarriage . Following a succession of strokes , Heather died en route while moving down to Ambridge on 28 September 2015 , after reluctantly leaving her Prudhoe home . Friends and lovers ( edit ) Sophie Barlow ( Moir Leslie ) a fashion designer who was once engaged to David and once involved much of Ambridge in her fashion shows . A few years later , the same actress played the vicar , Janet Fisher , but after Fisher had in turn been written out , Barlow herself reappeared in August 2006 . She flirted with David and made a play to have an affair with him , having been resistant to intimacy before . When the reality of her flirting dawned on the naïf David he backed away and Barlow returned to London . David 's wife Ruth had meanwhile in exasperation at David 's apparent affair fallen in love with the farm 's contractor Sam . Colonel Freddy Danby ( Norman Shelley and Ballard Berkeley ) lodged with Laura Archer at Ambridge Hall . A widower , he always wanted to marry her , but it was not to be . When she died , her property was left to a New Zealand relative , and the colonel was cut out . He eventually left the village to live with an old Army friend in Bristol . Siobhan Donovan ( formerly Hathaway , Caroline Lennon ) moved into Honeysuckle Cottage in 1999 with her husband , new local doctor Tim Hathaway . Their marriage came under strain when Siobhan miscarried a much - wanted baby and Tim became close to Ambridge 's vicar Janet Fisher . It collapsed completely after Tim discovered Siobhan 's affair with Brian Aldridge . On 14 November 2002 , Siobhan gave birth to Brian 's child Ruairí , but she moved to Germany after Brian refused to leave Jennifer . Siobhan made occasional appearances in The Archers when Brian made clandestine visits to Germany to see his son , while supposedly on business trips to Hungary . Siobhan 's revelation in 2007 that she had terminal cancer , and her request to Brian to care for Ruairí after her death , brought another crisis to the relationship of Brian and Jennifer , who eventually agreed to Brian 's request for them to raise Ruairí together . She died from cancer on 31 May 2007 . and Ruairí came to Ambridge to live with his father , although much of his care falls , not without a struggle , on his father 's wife , Jennifer . The circumstances of Ruairí 's arrival briefly engulfed the village in gossip and , for some , scandal . Carl ( Nicholas Bailey ) is Amy Franks 's ex-boyfriend . When Amy asked Carl about moving into together , he broke up with her . Amy later learnt that Carl was married , and a rift developed between her and Usha after it emerged that Usha had already known this . Eventually , Amy attempted to get Carl back , but he cruelly brushed her off . Recurring villagers ( edit ) Janet Fisher ( Moir Leslie ) , the former vicar of Ambridge and surrounding villages , was a close friend of Shula Archer . Ambridge was one of the first parishes to have a female incumbent . Janet 's time as vicar led the conservative Peggy Woolley to attend services at All Saints ' in Borchester until she left the parish . When Janet left , Peggy returned to St. Stephen 's . While Janet was vicar , Peggy complimented her on the tasteful way she handled services , but she still attended services in Borchester . Jethro Larkin ( George Hart ) , Stereotypical yokel . His tenure came to end in 1987 when helping David fell a tree using a chainsaw . So two Larkin family members , Jethro and Bob , have met their end at the hands of members of the Archer family ( see under Tom Forrest ) . Father of Clarrie . Ned Larkin ( Bill Payne ) Ned was a farmhand at Brookfield , and a friend of Walter Gabriel . Zebedee Tring ( Graham Rigby ) was a roadman and friend of Jethro Larkin 's dad , Ned . In 2013 , a wealthy American descendant of his made contact with the Vicarage enquiring about his ancestor Zebedee , and subsequently made a large donation towards the repair of the village organ . Annette Turner ( born September 1990 ) ( Anne - Marie Piazza ) Teenage daughter of the late Greg Turner . Has been living in France with her mother Michelle and sister Sonia but after family upheavals returned to England to seek out Helen Archer . In February 2010 she suddenly disappeared from the series to stay with a grandmother in Sheffield . It was her pregnancy ( by Helen 's boyfriend Leon , though this was never revealed to Helen ) and subsequent termination , that precipitated Helen 's decision , at thirty , to have a baby by donor insemination . Martha Woodford ( Mollie Harris ) Shopkeeper . Sean Myerson ( Gareth Armstrong ) Landlord of the former pub The Cat and Fiddle . Villains and rogues ( edit ) Tim Beecham ( Tim Brierley and David Parfitt ) , an old friend of Nigel Pargetter . Once well known for persistently failing his law exams . Nigel and Shula found themselves in court in 1984 for taking a car they erroneously believed to be Beecham 's . Now a silent and seldom mentioned character . In April 2017 , he attended Elizabeth Pargetter 's 50th birthday party , but was n't heard to speak . Cameron Fraser ( Delaval Astley ) came to Ambridge in 1990 when he bought the Berrow Estate from Lilian Bellamy . He became quite the local villain during his relatively brief tenure : Mike Tucker lost an eye in an accident , Caroline Bone ( now Sterling ) and Marjorie Antrobus were swindled out of a sizeable portion of their savings , and a pregnant Elizabeth Archer was abandoned at a motor service station as he fled overseas to escape arrest . He had also attempted to rape Shula Archer . Simon Pemberton ( Peter Wingfield ) , Guy Pemberton 's caddish son , inherited the estate after his father 's death . Pemberton unsuccessfully attempted to end the Grundy 's tenancy of Grange Farm following their farm fire in 1996 . He had a brief relationship with Shula after Mark 's death , but hit her after she confronted him with evidence that he was involved with another woman . Subsequently , he came close to having a relationship with Debbie Aldridge , but Pemberton assaulted her after she confessed that she could not love him . Pemberton then quickly left Ambridge after denying responsibility for his actions to Brian . Silent characters ( edit ) The Archers is famous for its silent characters , who often play important roles in the narrative despite not being played by actors . They are numerous , and most only `` appear '' once or twice . Some of the better known are : Baggy , and Fat Paul -- disreputable friends of Eddie Grundy . Snatch Foster was formerly also a friend of Eddie Grundy , but ended up in prison for selling condemned meat to him . Bailey , or Baillie -- spelling uncertain , Ian 's second in command in the Grey Gables kitchen . His or her gender was not specified for some considerable time , but definitely referred to as ' he ' by Oliver Stirling in the Xmas Eve episode . Barry , barman at The Bull , given to popping crisp packets during slow shifts , and sporting a ' manbun ' among other remarkable fashion statements . Bob Pullen -- nonagenarian resident of Manorfield Close . His weak bladder was a regular source of amusement to speaking characters . Mr. Pullen died in late 2012 . Derek Fletcher -- `` incomer '' ( only been in Ambridge since 1979 ) who lives on the Glebelands housing development . A former chair of the parish council , he is known for his ' NIMBY ' views and collection of garden gnomes . In a standing joke , he is often described as excessively talkative ( which is ironic , given his status as a silent character ) . Edgar Titcombe -- head gardener at Lower Loxley , who is married to the widowed Mrs. Pugsley . Noted for always wearing a battered hat . Known universally as simply ' Titcombe ' . Eileen Titcombe ( formerly Pugsley ) -- housekeeper at Lower Loxley . Known for many years as just ' Mrs Pugsley ' , until her marriage to Titcombe . Freda Fry -- wife of Bert Fry . Her cooking at The Bull was widely admired . Until she gave her notice in January 2007 , she worked as a cleaner at Brookfield . She died of pneumonia in the wake of the `` Great Ambridge Flood '' of 2015 . Jean Harvey -- appeared in the 2015 Christmas production of Calendar Girls broadcast on Sunday December 27 , 2015 at 7.15 pm ( played by Siân Phillips but was never heard on the Archers programme itself ) . Jean Paul -- French chef in the Grey Gables kitchen during Jack Woolley 's ownership , known for his volatile temper and flamboyant style . Pacifying Jean Paul was a major part of Caroline 's job . Peter -- Partner of Sean Myerson who was the landlord of the Cat and Fiddle pub . Jessica -- buxom falconer at Lower Loxley . Was known to have attracted Nigel Pargetter 's eye . ( John ) Higgs -- Jack Woolley 's chauffeur and handyman at Grey Gables . Often thought by Grey Gables staff to be rather sinister . Mandy Beesborough -- Brian missed his daughter Alice 's birth because he was at the races with her . She has daughters including India , whom Oliver and Caroline 's foster child Carly described as having `` an arse the size of a continent '' . Neville Booth ( bellringer ) and his nephew Nathan ( clear skies enthusiast and parish council candidate ) . Pru Forrest -- Tom Forrest 's wife . Originally Pru Harris , barmaid of the Bull . The part was originally played by Mary Dalley but fell silent during the 1970s . Norman Painting , writing as Bruno Milna , revived the character for the 10,000 th episode in 1989 , when Judi Dench took the role , speaking to Terry Wogan in 1989 to reopen the village shop after refurbishment . Sabrina and Richard Thwaite -- Residents of the salubrious Grange Spinney . Richard , a commuting accountant , rarely gets a mention beyond his involvement in the cricket team . Sabrina 's somewhat extreme competitive streak , especially ( though by no means exclusively ) when it comes to sporting activities , gets her featured at least twice a month . Often discussed in male only company due to her ' physical attributes ' . In December 2010 , Sabrina was heard when she played the part of the cat in the village pantomime Dick Whittington - however , she was only heard to make cat noises and did n't have any lines . Shane -- did the cooking at Nelson 's winebar in the 1980s . He was famed for his legendary quiche . Trudy Porter -- silent for 34 years , until 4 April 2006 , when listener Christine Hunt played her in a charity special , after her husband paid £ 17,000 to Children in Need . Tilly and Molly Button -- Sisters of indeterminate age ( Molly , the older of the two , is hinted to be in her mid teenage years ) , who in recent times seem to have supplanted the Horrobins as the village malefactors . However , their misdeeds tend toward relatively harmless mischief - making , rather than criminal activity ( although on one occasion , they committed criminal damage by vandalizing Rob Titchener 's car ) . Molly Button has a degree of terpsichorean talent and is often mentioned in the context of village performances . Animals ( edit ) Numerous animals have been repeatedly referred to during The Archers ' run -- usually played by the special effects department as necessary : Bartleby Joe Grundy 's pony pulls his trap around the area . Likes carrots and getting his oats . Bill and Ben Two kittens given by Joe to Peggy . Bill has died , and Ben was run over by Brian Aldridge . Captain Jack Woolley 's Staffordshire Bull Terrier dog was a frequent nuisance to guests and staff at Grey Gables , and was regularly indulged by his owner . Captain died suddenly while Jack was on his honeymoon with Peggy . Clint a turkey destined for the Christmas table in 1989 until given a reprieve by a young William Grundy . Constanza , Wolfgang ( died ) and Salieri Lynda Snell 's beloved llamas . Casper Freddy Pargetter 's pony . Comet Helen Archer 's pony , which almost died of colic Eccles the peacock at the Bull . Hilda Ogden Donated to Peggy by her hairdresser ; the `` cat from hell '' ( 1 ) Jip murdered by Will Grundy Lone Ranger Freda Fry 's stray cat who died in 2007 from a bite feared to have been from an escaped snake . This led to stories of The Worm of Ambridge , a legendary monster , resurfacing -- thanks to Joe Grundy 's fertile imagination . Otto a bull who attacked and seriously injured Tony Archer in 2014 . Ruby mischievous birthday present from Matt to Lilian . Sammy Peggy Woolley 's cat was always finding himself in scrapes and being indulged by his owner until he spent the last of his nine lives . Spearmint Alice Carter ( née Aldridge ) 's pony . Scruff Lynda Snell 's dog . Missing after the Ambridge flood of 2015 but found alive and well at Christmas in 2015 by Lynda . Died peacefully on Lynda 's Resurgam stone on 31 July 2016 . Timus a Corgi , present from Walter and Bill Sawyer to Phil after Grace 's death . ( 2 ) Topper Nigel Pargetter 's horse , after Nigel 's death sold to Shula . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Picture Post Photographer Pictures '' . Getty Images . 1953 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Blogs - The Archers - David Troughton is the new Tony Archer '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 25 February 1998 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 7 May 2006 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Gillian Reynolds `` The Archers '' , Daily Telegraph , 20 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` 7 May 2004 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` 31 December 2006 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Davies , Keri ( 27 November 2014 ) . `` William Troughton takes over as Tom Archer '' . BBC Radio 4 . BBC . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 29 May 2009 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Pip Archer '' . BBC Radio 4 . BBC . November 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heather Bell returns to Radio 4 's The Archers to reprise role of Clarrie Grundy '' , BBC Media Centre , 9 January 2013 Jump up ^ Davies , Keri . `` Borchester Land '' . BBC Blogs The Archers . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Archers - Jennifer Aldridge '' . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 3 March 2003 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 17 September 2006 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 22 November 2002 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Archers - Ruairi Donovan - BBC Radio 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ruairi Donovan '' . BBC Radio 4 . BBC . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lily Pargetter '' . BBC Radio Four . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Pargetter '' . BBC Radio Four . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 16 December 2005 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ( 2000 - 08 - 27 ) . `` ' I was on the brink , ' says former Law Society chief '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` My Last Supper with Annabelle Dowler '' . Liverpool Echo. 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Tucson '' , BBC Radio 4 Jump up ^ `` Sara Coward obituary '' . Daily Telegraph . 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Coward , The Archers ' Caroline Sterling , dies at 69 '' . 13 February 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Dowell , Ben ( 25 July 2014 ) . `` Beatles ' song inspiration Eleanor Bron joins the cast of The Archers '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Horrobin '' Archived October 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Archers , BBC Radio 4 , 4 October 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Archers - 11 / 05 / 2012 '' . Radio Times . BBC Magazines . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Archers : An everyday story of topical folk '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 November 2005 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Archers star Wimbush dies at 81 '' . BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Carrington CV '' . Spotlight . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Synopsis - 2 January 2011 '' . BBC Radio 4 . BBC . 2 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - Archers ' Mrs Antrobus dies at 94 '' . Jump up ^ `` 18 March 2001 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Peters , Archers actor , dies '' , BBC News , 13 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` 28 August 2006 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 16 March 1999 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 14 November 2002 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 25 May 2007 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 31 May 2007 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Bailey '' . BBC Radio 4 . BBC . April 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Blogs - The Archers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs - Castaway : Mollie Harris '' . BBC . 14 October 1983 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17 April 1997 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` 18 April 1997 '' . The Archers . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Troth , Phillip ; Catriona Troth ( 1997 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Simon Pemberton : Plot Summary , March -- April 1997 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 26 May 1989 '' . The Archers . Episode 10,000 . BBC Radio 4 . External links ( edit ) Characters at ( BBC Radio 4 Online ) Cast list The Archers Family Tree Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Archers_characters&oldid=819512125 '' Categories : The Archers characters Lists of radio characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 44 . 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who owns the dower house in the archers

Caroline Sterling

David and Elizabeth

All the world 's a stage - wikipedia All the world 's a stage Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Shakespeare monologue . For the live album by Rush , see All the World 's a Stage ( album ) . For the television episode , see All the World 's a Stage ( Ugly Betty ) . The line `` all the world 's a stage ( ... ) '' from Shakespeare 's First Folio Richard Kindersley 's sculpture The Seven Ages Of Man in London `` All the world 's a stage '' is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare 's As You Like It , spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII . The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play , and catalogues the seven stages of a man 's life , sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man : infant , schoolboy , lover , soldier , justice , Pantalone and old age , facing imminent death . It is one of Shakespeare 's most frequently quoted passages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Origins 2.1 World as a stage 2.2 Ages of man 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Text ( edit ) All the world 's a stage , And all the men and women merely players ; They have their exits and their entrances , And one man in his time plays many parts , His acts being seven ages . At first , the infant , Mewling and puking in the nurse 's arms . Then the whining schoolboy , with his satchel And shining morning face , creeping like snail Unwillingly to school . And then the lover , Sighing like furnace , with a woeful ballad Made to his mistress ' eyebrow . Then a soldier , Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard , Jealous in honour , sudden and quick in quarrel , Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon 's mouth . And then the justice , In fair round belly with good capon lined , With eyes severe and beard of formal cut , Full of wise saws and modern instances ; And so he plays his part . The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered pantaloon , With spectacles on nose and pouch on side ; His youthful hose , well saved , a world too wide For his shrunk shank , and his big manly voice , Turning again toward childish treble , pipes And whistles in his sound . Last scene of all , That ends this strange eventful history , Is second childishness and mere oblivion , Sans teeth , sans eyes , sans taste , sans everything . Origins ( edit ) The Seven Ages of Man by William Mulready , 1838 , illustrating the speech World as a stage ( edit ) The comparison of the world to a stage and people to actors long predated Shakespeare . Richard Edwardes 's play Damon and Pythias , written in the year Shakespeare was born , contains the lines , `` Pythagoras said that this world was like a stage / Whereon many play their parts ; the lookers - on , the sage '' . When it was founded in 1599 Shakespeare 's own theatre , The Globe , may have used the motto Totus mundus agit histrionem ( All the world plays the actor ) , the Latin text of which is derived from a 12th - century treatise . Ultimately the words derive from quod fere totus mundus exercet histrionem ( because almost the whole world are actors ) attributed to Petronius , a phrase which had wide circulation in England at the time . In his own earlier work , The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare also had one of his main characters , Antonio , comparing the world to a stage : I hold the world but as the world , Gratiano ; A stage where every man must play a part , And mine a sad one . -- Act I , Scene I In his work The Praise of Folly , first printed in 1511 , Renaissance humanist Erasmus asks , `` For what else is the life of man but a kind of play in which men in various costumes perform until the director motions them off the stage . '' Ages of man ( edit ) Likewise the division of human life into a series of ages was a commonplace of art and literature , which Shakespeare would have expected his audiences to recognize . The number of ages varied : three and four being the most common among ancient writers such as Aristotle . The concept of seven ages derives from mediaeval philosophy , which constructed groups of seven , as in the seven deadly sins , for theological reasons . The seven ages model dates from the 12th century . King Henry V had a tapestry illustrating the seven ages of man . According to T.W. Baldwin , Shakespeare 's version of the concept of the ages of man is based primarily upon Palingenius ' book Zodiacus Vitae , a school text he would have studied at the Stratford Grammar School , which also enumerates stages of human life . He also takes elements from Ovid and other sources known to him . See also ( edit ) The Seven Ages of Man ( painting series ) Ages of Man Riddle of the Sphinx Six Ages of the World Solomon Grundy Mere Oblivion ( short film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William Shakespeare ( 1623 ) . Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies , Histories , & Tragedies : Published According to the True Originall Copies . London : Printed by Isaac Iaggard , and Ed ( ward ) Blount . p. 194 . OCLC 606515358 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare 's Seven Ages of Man . By William Shakespeare . Van Voorst , 1848 . ( Also , L. Booth and S. Ayling , 1864 Version . ) Jump up ^ Joseph Quincy Adams , Chief Pre-Shakespearean Dramas : A Selection of Plays Illustrating the History of the English Drama from Its Origin down to Shakespeare , Houghton Mifflin Company , Boston ; New York , 1924 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Marjorie B. Garber ( 2008 ) . Profiling Shakespeare . Routledge . p. 292 . Jump up ^ John Masters ( 1956 ) . The Essential Erasmus . The New American Library . p. 119 . Jump up ^ J.A. Burrow ( 1986 ) . The Ages of Man : A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ PROME , 1423 October , item 31 , entries 757 -- 797 , quoted in Ian Mortimer , 1415 -- Henry V 's Year of Glory , p. 45 , footnote 2 . Jump up ^ Thomas Whitfield Baldwin ( 1944 ) . William Shakspere 's Small Latine and Lesse Greeke. 1 . Urbana , Ill. : University of Illinois Press . pp. 652 -- 673 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of all the world 's a stage at Wiktionary William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1978 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) 2006 Related `` All the world 's a stage '' William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum ( late 13th century ) Il Pecorone ( late 14th century ) by Giovanni Fiorentino The Jew of Malta ( 1590 ) by Christopher Marlowe On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock ( 1941 ) 1961 1969 1980 ( TV ) One Man Band ( unfinished ) Adaptations Le marchand de Venise ( 1935 , opera ) Shylock ( 1987 , musical ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1982 , opera ) Derivative works Serenade to Music ( 1938 ) Shylock ( 1996 ) Yasser ( 2001 ) The Maori Merchant of Venice ( 2002 ) Related `` All that glitters is not gold '' `` All the world 's a stage '' `` Between you and I '' Quibble Letter and spirit of the law `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` The quality of mercy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_world%27s_a_stage&oldid=836528606 '' Categories : Human development Monologues Shakespearean phrases Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 09 : 52 . 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where does the seven ages of man come from

from William Shakespeare's As You Like It

The seven ages of man

That Ai n't No Way to Go - Wikipedia That Ai n't No Way to Go Jump to : navigation , search `` That Ai n't No Way To Go '' Single by Brooks & Dunn from the album Hard Workin ' Man B - side `` I Ca n't Put Out This Fire '' Released March 28 , 1994 Format CD Single , 7 '' Recorded 1992 -- 1993 Genre Country Length 3 : 37 Label Arista 12669 Songwriter ( s ) Kix Brooks Don Cook Ronnie Dunn Producer ( s ) Don Cook Scott Hendricks Brooks & Dunn singles chronology `` Rock My World ( Little Country Girl ) '' ( 1993 ) `` That Ai n't No Way To Go '' ( 1994 ) `` She 's Not the Cheatin ' Kind '' ( 1994 ) `` Rock My World ( Little Country Girl ) '' ( 1993 ) `` That Ai n't No Way To Go '' ( 1994 ) `` She 's Not the Cheatin ' Kind '' ( 1994 ) `` That Ai n't No Way To Go '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn . It was released in March 1994 the fifth and final single from their album Hard Workin ' Man . The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart . It was written by Kix Brooks , Ronnie Dunn and Don Cook . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Chart performance 2.1 Charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Piers Plowden and premiered in April 1994 . Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 55 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated April 9 , 1994 . It charted for 20 weeks on that chart , and reached Number One on the chart dated June 11 , 1994 , holding the top spot for one week , and becoming the duo 's sixth Number One single . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 59 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 11 Preceded by `` Do n't Take the Girl '' by Tim McGraw Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single June 11 , 1994 Succeeded by `` Wink '' by Neal McCoy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2506 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 20 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks & Dunn Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . December 12 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1994 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Brooks & Dunn singles Brand New Man `` Brand New Man '' `` My Next Broken Heart '' `` Neon Moon '' `` Boot Scootin ' Boogie '' `` Lost and Found '' Hard Workin ' Man `` Hard Workin ' Man '' `` We 'll Burn That Bridge '' `` She Used to Be Mine '' `` Rock My World ( Little Country Girl ) '' `` That Ai n't No Way to Go '' Waitin ' on Sundown `` She 's Not the Cheatin ' Kind '' `` I 'll Never Forgive My Heart '' `` Little Miss Honky Tonk '' `` You 're Gonna Miss Me When I 'm Gone '' `` Whiskey Under the Bridge '' Borderline `` My Maria '' `` I Am That Man '' `` Mama Do n't Get Dressed Up for Nothing '' `` A Man This Lonely '' `` Why Would I Say Goodbye '' The Greatest Hits Collection `` Honky Tonk Truth '' `` He 's Got You '' If You See Her `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` How Long Gone '' `` Husbands and Wives '' `` I Ca n't Get Over You '' `` South of Santa Fe '' Tight Rope `` Missing You '' `` Beer Thirty '' `` You 'll Always Be Loved by Me '' Steers & Stripes `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' `` Only in America '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` My Heart Is Lost to You '' `` Every River '' Red Dirt Road `` Red Dirt Road '' `` You Ca n't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl '' `` That 's What She Gets for Loving Me '' The Greatest Hits Collection II `` That 's What It 's All About '' `` It 's Getting Better All the Time '' Hillbilly Deluxe `` Play Something Country '' `` Believe '' `` Building Bridges '' ( with Sheryl Crow and Vince Gill ) `` Hillbilly Deluxe '' Cowboy Town `` Proud of the House We Built '' `` God Must Be Busy '' `` Put a Girl in It '' `` Cowgirls Do n't Cry '' ( with Reba McEntire ) # 1s ... and Then Some `` Indian Summer '' `` Honky Tonk Stomp '' ( with Billy Gibbons ) See also Discography This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Ain%27t_No_Way_to_Go&oldid=725891807 '' Categories : 1994 singles 1993 songs Brooks & Dunn songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Ronnie Dunn Songs written by Kix Brooks Songs written by Don Cook Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks Song recordings produced by Don Cook Arista Nashville singles 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2016 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings that aint no way to go

American country music duo Brooks & Dunn

Kix Brooks

2017 -- 18 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball ACC Tournament champions ACC Regular Season champions NIT Season Tip - Off champions NCAA Tournament , First Round Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Ranking Coaches No. 5 AP No. 1 2017 -- 18 record 31 -- 3 ( 17 -- 1 ACC ) Head coach Tony Bennett ( 9th season ) Associate head coach Ron Sanchez ( 9th season ) Assistant coach Jason Williford ( 9th season ) Assistant coach Brad Soderberg ( 3rd season ) Offensive scheme Princeton , Motion Base defense Pack - Line Captain Devon Hall Captain Isaiah Wilkins Captain Jack Salt Home arena John Paul Jones Arena Seasons ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → 2017 -- 18 ACC men 's basketball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT No. 1 Virginia † 17 -- . 944 31 -- . 912 No. 9 Duke 13 -- 5 . 722 29 -- 8 . 784 No. 22 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 7 . 611 22 -- 10 . 688 No. 20 Clemson 11 -- 7 . 611 25 -- 10 . 714 NC State 11 -- 7 . 611 21 -- 12 . 636 No. 10 North Carolina 11 -- 7 . 611 26 -- 11 . 703 Virginia Tech 10 -- 8 . 556 21 -- 12 . 636 Florida State 9 -- 9 . 500 23 -- 12 . 657 Louisville 9 -- 9 . 500 22 -- 14 . 611 Notre Dame 8 -- 10 . 444 21 -- 15 . 583 Syracuse 8 -- 10 . 444 23 -- 14 . 622 Boston College 7 -- 11 . 389 19 -- 16 . 543 Georgia Tech 6 -- 12 . 333 13 -- 19 . 406 Wake Forest -- 14 . 222 11 -- 20 . 355 Pittsburgh 0 -- 18 . 000 8 -- 24 . 250 † 2018 ACC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2017 -- 18 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team was led by head coach Tony Bennett in his ninth year , and played their home games at John Paul Jones Arena in Charlottesville , Virginia as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference . In a rebuilding year with low expectations , the Cavaliers began unranked but ascended all the way to the No. 1 ranking in the AP Poll for the first time since December 1982 . The team then held on to that ranking through the end of the regular season and became the first ACC team to win 17 conference games . The Cavaliers won the ACC Tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75 -- 58 , Clemson 64 -- 58 , and North Carolina 71 -- 63 in the championship game . In the process the team broke the school 's single - season win record , which had twice been tied by Bennett - led teams in the past five years . ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter broke his wrist in the ACC Tournament victory , and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began . The injury led the New York Daily News to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen . UVA entered as the No. 1 overall seed , placed in the South regional , but suffered a historic upset in the first round to UMBC and became the first No. 1 seed to lose to a No. 16 seed since the field expanded to 64 teams in 1985 . The first round losses by No. 1 seed Virginia and No. 4 seed Arizona , and second round losses by No. 2 seed Cincinnati and No. 3 seed Tennessee , led to the South Region becoming the first ever to not advance any of its top four seeds to the Sweet Sixteen . Nevertheless , for taking an unranked team to finish four games above pre-season AP No. 1 ranked Duke and winning the ACC Tournament over North Carolina , Bennett was awarded his third Henry Iba Award for the nation 's top coach of the season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Previous season 2 Offseason 2.1 Departures 2.2 Incoming transfers 2.3 2017 recruiting class 2.4 2018 recruiting class 3 Roster 3.1 Depth chart 4 Schedule and results 5 Rankings 6 References 7 Notes Previous season ( edit ) The Cavaliers finished the 2016 -- 17 season 23 -- 11 , and 11 -- 7 in ACC play to tie Duke for fifth place . They defeated Pittsburgh in the second round of the ACC Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Notre Dame . The Wahoos received an at - large bid to the NCAA Tournament as the No. 5 seed in the East region . There they defeated No. 12 UNC Wilmington in the First Round before losing in the Second Round to No. 4 Florida . Offseason ( edit ) Departures ( edit ) Name Number Pos . Height Weight Year Hometown Reason for departure Marial Shayok 6'5 '' 196 Junior Ottawa , ON Transferred to Iowa State Jeff Jones 24 6'6 '' 213 Senior Charlottesville , VA Walk - on ; graduated Jarred Reuter 31 6'7 '' 243 Sophomore Marion , MA Transferred to George Mason London Perrantes 32 6'2 '' 197 Senior Los Angeles , CA Graduated Darius Thompson 51 6'4 '' 196 RS Junior Murfreesboro , TN Graduate transferred to Western Kentucky Incoming transfers ( edit ) Name Number Pos . Height Weight Year Hometown Previous School Nigel Johnson 23 6'1 '' 190 RS Senior Ashburn , VA Transferred from Rutgers . Will be eligible to play immediately since Johnson graduated from Rutgers . 2017 recruiting class ( edit ) US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Marco Anthony # 44 SG San Antonio , TX Holmes High School 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) Jul 18 , 2016 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : ESPN : ESPN grade : 79 Francesco Badocchi SF Milan , Italy Bishop Miege ( KS ) 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Apr 30 , 2017 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : ESPN : N / A ESPN grade : NR Overall recruiting rankings : Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` 2017 Virginia Commits '' . Scout.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` 2016 Player Commits '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` 2017 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . 2018 recruiting class ( edit ) ( show ) US college sports recruiting information for 2018 recruits Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Kody Stattmann SG Cairns , Queensland , Austalia St. Augustine 's College 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) N / A Aug 28 , 2017 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : ESPN : N / A ESPN grade : NR Kihei Clark PG Woodland Hills , CA Taft High School 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) N / A Oct 2 , 2017 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : N / A 247Sports : ESPN : N / A ESPN grade : NR Overall recruiting rankings : Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` 2018 Virginia Commits '' . Scout.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` 2016 Player Commits '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` 2018 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . `` Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Roster ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball team Players Coaches Pos . # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown 1.5 ! G 0 Hall , Devon Devon Hall ( C ) 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 4.5 ! RS Sr Cape Henry Collegiate School Virginia Beach , Virginia 3.5 ! F Badocchi , Francesco Francesco Badocchi 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1.0 ! Fr Bishop Miege HS Milan , Italy 1.5 ! G Bartley , Justice Justice Bartley 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 3.0 ! Jr Montrose Christian School Lilburn , Georgia 1.5 ! G 5 Guy , Kyle Kyle Guy 74 ! 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 2.0 ! So Lawrence Central HS Indianapolis , Indiana 1.5 ! G 10 Gross Jr. , Trevon Trevon Gross Jr . 75 ! 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) 3.0 ! Jr St. Benedict 's Prep School Jackson , New Jersey 1.5 ! G 11 Jerome , Ty Ty Jerome 77 ! 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 2.0 ! So Iona Preparatory School New Rochelle , New York 3.5 ! F 12 Hunter , DeAndre DeAndre Hunter 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 222 lb ( 101 kg ) 1.5 ! RS Fr Friends ' Central School Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 3.5 ! F 21 Wilkins , Isaiah Isaiah Wilkins ( C ) 79 ! 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 227 lb ( 103 kg ) 4.0 ! Sr Greater Atlanta Christian Atlanta , Georgia 1.5 ! G 23 Johnson , Nigel Nigel Johnson 73 ! 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 182 lb ( 83 kg ) 4.5 ! RS Sr Riverdale Baptist School Rutgers Ashburn , Virginia 1.5 ! G 24 Anthony , Marco Marco Anthony 76 ! 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 1.0 ! Fr Holmes HS San Antonio , Texas 3.5 ! F 25 Diakite , Mamadi Mamadi Diakite 81 ! 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 228 lb ( 103 kg ) 2.5 ! RS So Blue Ridge School Conakry , Guinea 3.5 ! F 30 Huff , Jay Jay Huff 85 ! 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1.5 ! RS Fr Voyager Academy Durham , North Carolina 5.0 ! C 33 Salt , Jack Jack Salt ( C ) 82 ! 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 3.5 ! RS Jr Westlake Boys HS Auckland , New Zealand 3.5 ! F 45 Katstra , Austin Austin Katstra ( W ) 78 ! 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 214 lb ( 97 kg ) 1.0 ! Fr Albemarle HS Charlottesville , Virginia Head coach Tony Bennett ( Green Bay ) Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Sanchez ( SUNY - Oneonta ) Jason Williford ( Virginia ) Brad Soderberg ( UW -- Stevens Point ) Strength and conditioning coach ( es ) Mike Curtis ( Virginia ) Athletic trainer ( s ) Ethan Saliba ( Kansas ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( S ) Suspended ( I ) Ineligible ( W ) Walk - on Injured Current redshirt Roster Depth chart ( edit ) Pos . Starting 5 Bench 1 Bench 2 F / C Jack Salt Mamadi Diakite Isaiah Wilkins Jay Huff G / F Devon Hall DeAndre Hunter Austin Katstra Kyle Guy Marco Anthony Justice Bartley PG Ty Jerome Nigel Johnson Trevon Gross , Jr . Schedule and results ( edit ) Date time , TV Rank Opponent Result Record High points High rebounds High assists Site ( attendance ) city , state Non-Conference Regular Season Nov 10 , 2017 * 7 : 00 pm , ACCN Extra UNC Greensboro W 60 -- 48 1 -- 0 16 -- Guy 8 -- Wilkins 3 -- Guy John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,855 ) Charlottesville , VA Nov 13 , 2017 * 7 : 00 pm , ACCN Extra Austin Peay NIT Season Tip - Off Campus - Site Game W 93 -- 49 2 -- 0 19 -- Hall 8 -- Wilkins 4 -- Anthony John Paul Jones Arena ( 12,995 ) Charlottesville , VA Nov 17 , 2017 * 4 : 00 pm , CBSSN at VCU W 76 -- 67 3 -- 0 29 -- Guy 8 -- Wilkins 7 -- Jerome Siegel Center ( 7,637 ) Richmond , VA Nov 19 , 2017 * 1 : 00 pm , RSN Monmouth NIT Season Tip - Off Campus - Site Game W 73 -- 53 4 -- 0 23 -- Hunter 8 -- Hunter 3 -- Tied John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,472 ) Charlottesville , VA Nov 23 , 2017 * 4 : 00 pm , ESPNU vs. Vanderbilt NIT Season Tip - Off Semifinals W 68 -- 42 5 -- 0 18 -- Guy 5 -- Diakite 4 -- 3 Tied Barclays Center Brooklyn , NY Nov 24 , 2017 * 7 : 30 pm , ESPNU vs. Rhode Island NIT Season Tip - Off Championship W 70 -- 55 6 -- 0 19 -- Wilkins 8 -- Salt 3 -- Tied Barclays Center Brooklyn , NY Nov 27 , 2017 * 9 : 00 pm , ESPN2 No. 18 Wisconsin ACC -- Big Ten Challenge W 49 -- 37 7 -- 0 17 -- Guy 10 -- Wilkins 2 -- Tied John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,911 ) Charlottesville , VA Dec 2 , 2017 * 12 : 00 pm , ACCN Extra No. 18 Lehigh W 75 -- 54 8 -- 0 21 -- Guy 6 -- Wilkins 8 -- Johnson John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,594 ) Charlottesville , VA Dec 5 , 2017 * 7 : 00 pm , ESPNU No. 15 at No. 18 West Virginia L 61 -- 68 8 -- 1 19 -- Hall 5 -- Wilkins 6 -- Hall WVU Coliseum ( 12,816 ) Morgantown , WV Dec 16 , 2017 * 2 : 00 pm , ACCN Extra No. 16 Davidson W 80 -- 60 9 -- 1 22 -- Johnson 8 -- Wilkins 5 -- Hall John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,910 ) Charlottesville , VA Dec 19 , 2017 * 7 : 00 pm , ACCN Extra No. 13 Savannah State W 78 -- 47 10 -- 1 17 -- Jerome 7 -- Wilkins 5 -- Johnson John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,597 ) Charlottesville , VA Dec 22 , 2017 * 7 : 00 pm , ACCN Extra No. 13 Hampton W 82 -- 48 11 -- 1 15 -- Guy 9 -- Wilkins 4 -- Johnson John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,328 ) Charlottesville , VA ACC Regular Season Dec 30 , 2017 2 : 00 pm , RSN No. 9 Boston College W 59 -- 58 12 -- 1 ( 1 -- 0 ) 31 -- Jerome 14 -- Wilkins 3 -- Hall John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,538 ) Charlottesville , VA Jan 3 , 2018 9 : 00 pm , ACCN No. 8 at Virginia Tech Commonwealth Clash W 78 -- 52 13 -- 1 ( 2 -- 0 ) 14 -- Hunter 7 -- Tied 5 -- Jerome Cassell Coliseum ( 5,945 ) Blacksburg , VA Jan 6 , 2018 1 : 00 pm , ESPN No. 8 No. 12 North Carolina W 61 -- 49 14 -- 1 ( 3 -- 0 ) 16 -- Hall 7 -- Hunter 7 -- Hall John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,401 ) Charlottesville , VA Jan 9 , 2018 8 : 00 pm , ACCN No. 3 Syracuse W 68 -- 61 15 -- 1 ( 4 -- 0 ) 22 -- Guy 9 -- Wilkins 8 -- Hall John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,625 ) Charlottesville , VA Jan 14 , 2018 6 : 00 pm , ESPNU No. 3 NC State W 68 -- 51 16 -- 1 ( 5 -- 0 ) 25 -- Hall 6 -- Wilkins 6 -- Jerome John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,317 ) Charlottesville , VA Jan 18 , 2018 8 : 00 pm , ACCN No. 2 at Georgia Tech W 64 -- 48 17 -- 1 ( 6 -- 0 ) 17 -- Hunter 7 -- Hunter 5 -- Jerome McCamish Pavilion ( 8,600 ) Atlanta , GA Jan 21 , 2018 6 : 00 pm , ESPNU No. 2 at Wake Forest W 59 -- 49 18 -- 1 ( 7 -- 0 ) 17 -- Guy 7 -- Hall 4 -- Guy LJVM Coliseum ( 10,014 ) Winston - Salem , NC Jan 23 , 2018 7 : 00 pm , RSN No. 2 No. 18 Clemson W 61 -- 36 19 -- 1 ( 8 -- 0 ) 14 -- Hall 5 -- Tied 3 -- Jerome John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,149 ) Charlottesville , VA Jan 27 , 2018 2 : 00 pm , CBS No. 2 at No. 4 Duke W 65 -- 63 20 -- 1 ( 9 -- 0 ) 17 -- Guy 8 -- Hall 7 -- Jerome Cameron Indoor Stadium ( 9,314 ) Durham , NC Jan 31 , 2018 7 : 00 pm , ESPN2 No. 2 Louisville W 74 -- 64 21 -- 1 ( 10 -- 0 ) 22 -- Guy 10 -- Wilkins 9 -- Jerome John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,310 ) Charlottesville , VA Feb 3 , 2018 4 : 00 pm , ACCN No. 2 at Syracuse W 59 -- 44 22 -- 1 ( 11 -- 0 ) 15 -- Hunter 6 -- Wilkins 6 -- Jerome Carrier Dome ( 27,083 ) Syracuse , NY Feb 7 , 2018 7 : 00 pm , RSN No. 2 at Florida State W 59 -- 55 23 -- 1 ( 12 -- 0 ) 17 -- Hall 6 -- Diakite 3 -- Hall Donald L. Tucker Civic Center ( 10,657 ) Tallahassee , FL Feb 10 , 2018 6 : 15 pm , ESPN No. 2 Virginia Tech Commonwealth Clash / College Gameday L 60 -- 61 23 -- 2 ( 12 -- 1 ) 16 -- Hall 8 -- Jerome 4 -- Jerome John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,593 ) Charlottesville , VA Feb 13 , 2018 9 : 00 pm , ESPN No. 1 at Miami ( FL ) W 59 -- 50 24 -- 2 ( 13 -- 1 ) 22 -- Hunter 7 -- Salt 7 -- Jerome Watsco Center ( 7,333 ) Coral Gables , FL Feb 21 , 2018 7 : 00 pm , ESPN2 No. 1 Georgia Tech W 65 -- 54 25 -- 2 ( 14 -- 1 ) 18 -- Jerome 6 -- Salt 5 -- Jerome John Paul Jones Arena ( 13,873 ) Charlottesville , VA Feb 24 , 2018 4 : 00 pm , ESPNU No. 1 at Pittsburgh W 66 -- 37 26 -- 2 ( 15 -- 1 ) 14 -- Hunter 10 -- Hunter 4 -- Hall Peterson Events Center ( 6,534 ) Pittsburgh , PA Mar 1 , 2018 8 : 00 pm , ACCN No. 1 at Louisville W 67 -- 66 27 -- 2 ( 16 -- 1 ) 21 -- Jerome 9 -- Hall 4 -- Hall KFC Yum ! Center ( 19,413 ) Louisville , KY Mar 3 , 2018 4 : 00 pm , ACCN No. 1 Notre Dame W 62 -- 57 28 -- 2 ( 17 -- 1 ) 17 -- Hall 6 -- Tied 6 -- Hall John Paul Jones Arena ( 14,205 ) Charlottesville , VA ACC Tournament Mar 8 , 2018 12 : 00 pm , ESPN / ACCN ( 1 ) No. 1 vs. ( 9 ) Louisville Quarterfinals W 75 -- 58 29 -- 2 19 -- Guy 7 -- Guy 5 -- Hall Barclays Center ( 17,732 ) Brooklyn , NY Mar 9 , 2018 7 : 00 pm , ESPN / ACCN ( 1 ) No. 1 vs. ( 4 ) No. 19 Clemson Semifinals W 64 -- 58 30 -- 2 15 -- Guy 8 -- Salt 10 -- Jerome Barclays Center ( 18,157 ) Brooklyn , NY Mar 10 , 2018 8 : 30 pm , ESPN / ACCN ( 1 ) No. 1 vs. ( 6 ) No. 12 North Carolina Championship game W 71 -- 63 31 -- 2 16 -- Guy 6 -- Jerome 6 -- Jerome Barclays Center ( 18,157 ) Brooklyn , NY NCAA Tournament Mar 16 , 2018 * 9 : 20 pm , TNT ( 1 S ) No. 1 vs. ( 16 S ) UMBC First Round L 54 -- 74 31 -- 3 15 -- Tied 5 -- Wilkins 2 -- Jerome Spectrum Center ( 17,943 ) Charlotte , NC * Non-conference game . Rankings from AP Poll . ( # ) Tournament seedings in parentheses . S = South region . All times are in Eastern Time . Rankings ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball rankings Ranking movements Legend : █ █ Increase in ranking . █ █ Decrease in ranking . NR = Not ranked . RV = Received votes . ( ) = First place votes . Week Poll Pre 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Final AP RV RV RV 18 15 16 13 9 8 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 17 ) 2 ( 16 ) 1 ( 42 ) 1 ( 48 ) 1 ( 65 ) 1 ( 65 ) Not released Coaches RV RV ^ 25 15 12 16 14 9 8 2 ( 8 ) 2 ( 8 ) 3 ( 5 ) 2 ( 3 ) 1 ( 17 ) 1 ( 32 ) 1 ( 32 ) 5 * AP does not release post-NCAA tournament rankings . Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll at the same time the AP did . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Casadonte , Lane ; Robertson , Sean ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Virginia ranked # 1 in new AP college basketball poll '' . Richmond , VA : WTVR - TV . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Virginia 's De'Andre Hunter Will Miss NCAA Tournament Due to Broken Wrist '' . www.si.com . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ian ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` De'Andre Hunter , Virginia sixth man , out of NCAA Tournament with broken wrist '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , David M. ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC does the unthinkable , becoming the first 16 seed to beat a No. 1 seed '' . www.espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Marc ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Virginia Loses in a Way No One Will Ever Forget '' . www.nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leonard Hamilton : Upsets Almost Like a Revolution , accessed March 19 , 2018 Jump up ^ Forgrave , Reid ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC loss will define Virginia 's Tony Bennett , but no one 's better equipped to handle it '' . www.cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 v. Monmouth , Charlottesville , Va . ( John Paul Jones Arena ) '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cavaliers also became the first team in the AP Poll era , dating to the 1948 -- 49 season , to rise to # 1 despite losing a game in the prior week ( at home in overtime to Virginia Tech ) . Virginia 's rise was aided by the previous # 1 and # 3 teams , respectively Villanova and Purdue , also losing at home . Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball Venues Memorial Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 1965 ) University Hall ( 1965 -- 2006 ) John Paul Jones Arena ( 2006 -- present ) Rivalries Virginia Tech Culture & lore CavMan `` The Cavalier Song '' `` The Good Old Song '' Chaminade upset UMBC upset People Head coaches Notable players Seasons 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_Virginia_Cavaliers_men % 27s_basketball_team&oldid = 837285965 '' Categories : Virginia Cavaliers men 's basketball seasons 2017 -- 18 Atlantic Coast Conference men 's basketball season 2018 in sports in Virginia 2017 in sports in Virginia 2018 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship participants Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 21 : 43 . 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List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,694.74 423,967 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . 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State of the Union - wikipedia State of the Union This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` States of the Union '' redirects here . For other uses , see State of the Union ( disambiguation ) . For the most recent State of the Union address , see 2018 State of the Union Address . The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony ( edit ) The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . History ( edit ) George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended . For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation . Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . Delivery of the speech ( edit ) A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations ( edit ) Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called . The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics ( edit ) Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . Since 2003 , each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor . President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree . For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response ( edit ) Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance ( edit ) Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions ( edit ) Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor . For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Rating Networks 1 / 30 / 2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.9 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , ESTRELLA , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , PBS 2 / 28 / 2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , UNIVISION , PBS , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , NBC UNIVERSO 1 / 12 / 2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , NBC , NBC UNIVERSO , UNIVISION * * 1 / 20 / 2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUNDOFOX , NBC , UNIVISION * * 1 / 28 / 2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS , ABC , NBC , FOX , AZTECA , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , CNN , MSNBC , CNBC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , GALAVISION , MUN2 , UNIVISION * * 2 / 12 / 2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX , ABC , CBS , NBC , PBS , AZTECA , UNIVISION , MFX , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , CURRENT , CENTRIC , GALAVISION 1 / 24 / 2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , TF , UNIVISION , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUN2 1 / 25 / 2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , CENTRIC , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , BET , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 28 / 2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO * * , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , AZTECA AMERICA , TELFUTURA 2 / 02 / 2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 George W. Bush 39.793 28.201 27.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN Notes The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses , but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given . * * Tape delayed See also ( edit ) List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State of the Union Address US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The truth behind the ' designated survivor , ' the president of the post-apocalypse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joint session 2017 : The history of the `` designated survivor '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz , Erik ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency '' . State of the Union videos and transcripts at C - SPAN ( since 1945 ) State of the Union ( Visualizations , Statistical Analysis , and Searchable texts ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2002 ) ( in downloadable electronic file formats ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2006 ) ( HTML format ) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2009 ) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) from January 28 , 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube ( 1 : 01 : 02 ) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents ( hide ) State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=836214476 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Joe 's Garage ( song ) - wikipedia Joe 's Garage ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Joe 's Garage '' Single by Frank Zappa from the album Joe 's Garage Act I Released March 3 , 1979 Format 7 - inch record Recorded 1979 Length 6 : 10 ( album version ) 4 : 08 ( single version ) Label CBS Records Songwriter ( s ) Frank Zappa Producer ( s ) Frank Zappa Frank Zappa singles chronology `` Bobby Brown ( Goes Down ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Joe 's Garage '' ( 1979 ) `` Stick It Out '' ( 1979 ) `` Bobby Brown ( Goes Down ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Joe 's Garage '' ( 1979 ) `` Stick It Out '' ( 1979 ) `` Joe 's Garage '' is a single on Frank Zappa 's 1979 album Joe 's Garage Act I. After the introductory track , `` The Central Scrutinizer '' , this song begins the story of Joe 's Garage . Although it only charted in Norway and Sweden ( where it was a top 20 hit in both countries ) , it was one of Zappa 's songs which had the most airplay on American FM radio , at the time still album - centered . The song was played in concert from 1980 to 1988 along with the song `` Why Does it Hurt When I Pee ? '' in all tours of Zappa 's after the single 's release . The single version of the song lacks many of the special effects that the album version contains . The single version of `` Joe 's Garage '' was put onto Zappa 's best - of Strictly Commercial . Contents ( hide ) 1 The story 2 Overture 3 Themes 4 Differences live 5 Track list 6 Charts 7 References The story ( edit ) The song introduces the main character Joe and another band member , Larry Fanoga . It explains that Joe , Larry , and their friends were in a band together in Joe 's garage and would play the same simple , repetitive three - chord song . This was a mocking commentary on many garage and punk bands of the era . They started to play this one song in a go go bar and eventually their repetitive music became well enough known where they were offered a record deal , but when the promised `` good times '' never materialized , the band abruptly broke up . The song then flashes back to the band playing a distorted parody of their song in the garage at a loud and annoying volume , much to the chagrin of Joe 's parents and a complaining neighbor . As the years go past , glam rock , disco and new wave each successively become popular , the band 's song comes back into style and it is implied they reunite , when the same complaining neighbor calls the police on them . Then it 's explained that this is `` Joe 's first confrontation with the law , '' implying that later in the story he would have more trouble with the police . The officer lets him off easy and tells him to `` stick closer to church oriented social activities '' , another commentary about how adults of the era felt religion was a good cleanser of the evil sins of rock . This line delivered by The Central Scrutinizer also introduces the next song on the album `` Catholic Girls . '' Overture ( edit ) The song foreshadows musical styles to be later used in the album such as sleigh bells more prominent in `` Why Does it Hurt When I Pee ? '' an odd - sounding guitar line used in `` He Used to Cut the Grass '' , and the line `` It makes its own sauce if you add water '' is later stated in the song `` Crew Slut . '' These foreshadowings make the song more of an overture to the album . Themes ( edit ) The underlying themes of the song as well as most of the album was based upon Zappa 's hatred for censorship , corporate abuse , and untalented bands becoming famous . The song was more commercial sounding than most of the other tracks on the album because it was intended to be a single as well as the main song on the album . Differences live ( edit ) When played live , the song tended to be played at a faster tempo as well as having inside jokes inserted into it . Track list ( edit ) 7 '' single ( CBS 7950 ) A. `` Joe 's Garage '' -- 4 : 07 B. `` Catholic Girls '' -- 4 : 00 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Couture , François . `` Joe 's Garage -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Zappa -- Joe 's Garage Lyrics '' . MetroLyrics . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Courrier , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Dangerous Kitchen : The Subversive World of Zappa . ECW Press . p. 333 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ; Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2001 ) . All Music Guide : The Definitive Guide to Popular Music ( 4th ed . ) . Backbeat Books . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8793 - 0627 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kelly Fisher ( 2007 ) . The Words and Music of Frank Zappa . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6005 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Frank Zappa -- Joe 's Garage '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Frank Zappa -- Joe 's Garage '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ( hide ) Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention Singles `` How Could I Be Such a Fool ? '' `` Trouble Comin ' Every Day '' `` Who Are the Brain Police ? '' `` Big Leg Emma '' `` Son of Suzy Creamcheese '' `` Lonely Little Girl '' `` Motherly Love '' `` Deseri '' `` Anyway the Wind Blows '' `` WPLJ '' `` My Guitar '' `` Peaches en Regalia '' `` Tell Me You Love Me '' `` Tears Began to Fall '' `` Magic Fingers '' `` What Will This Evening Bring Me This Morning '' `` Cletus Awreetus - Awrightus '' `` I 'm the Slime '' `` Cosmik Debris '' `` Do n't Eat the Yellow Snow '' `` Du Bist Mein Sofa '' `` Find Her Finer '' `` Disco Boy '' `` Dancin ' Fool '' `` Bobby Brown '' `` Joe 's Garage '' `` Stick It Out '' `` I Do n't Wanna Get Drafted '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Harder Than Your Husband '' `` You Are What You Is '' `` Goblin Girl '' `` Valley Girl '' `` The Man From Utopia Meets Mary Lou '' `` Cocaine Decisions '' `` Baby Take Your Teeth Out '' `` In France '' `` The Girl in the Magnesium Dress '' `` Sexual Harassment in the Workplace '' `` Zomby Woof '' `` Stairway to Heaven '' Other compositions `` Absolutely Free '' `` Advance Romance '' `` The Adventures of Greggery Peccary '' `` America Drinks & Goes Home '' `` Are You Hung Up ? '' `` Billy the Mountain '' `` The Black Page '' `` Brown Shoes Do n't Make It '' `` Camarillo Brillo '' `` Cheepnis '' `` Duodenum '' `` Father O'Blivion `` Help , I 'm a Rock '' `` I Have Been in You '' `` Inca Roads '' `` Jewish Princess '' `` Let 's Make the Water Turn Black '' `` A Little Green Rosetta '' `` Memories of El Monte '' `` Montana '' `` Muffin Man '' `` Nanook Rubs It '' `` Plastic People '' `` The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet '' `` Rollo '' `` Sleep Dirt '' `` St. Alfonzo 's Pancake Breakfast '' `` Take Your Clothes Off When You Dance '' `` A Token of My Extreme '' `` The Torture Never Stops '' `` What 's the Ugliest Part of Your Body ? '' `` Who Needs the Peace Corps ? '' `` Willie the Pimp '' `` Wind Up Workin ' in a Gas Station '' Filmography 200 Motels Baby Snakes The Dub Room Special Video from Hell Does Humor Belong in Music ? The True Story of Frank Zappa 's 200 Motels The Amazing Mr. Bickford Uncle Meat The Torture Never Stops A Token Of His Extreme Roxy The Movie Eat That Question : Frank Zappa in His Own Words Relatives Gail Zappa Moon Zappa Dweezil Zappa Ahmet Zappa Diva Zappa Influence In popular culture Zappa Plays Zappa Pachygnatha zappa Phialella zappai Zappa confluentus 3834 Zappafrank Frankly a Cappella King Kong : Jean - Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa Zappa 's Universe Related articles Discography Musicians Captain Beefheart Wild Man Fischer Bobby Jameson The Real Frank Zappa Book Zappa Records Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe%27s_Garage_(song)&oldid=831439817 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1979 songs CBS Records singles Frank Zappa songs Songs written by Frank Zappa Song recordings produced by Frank Zappa Songs about music Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings why does it hurt when i pee

Frank Zappa

Frank Zappa

Cannes Film Festival - wikipedia Cannes Film Festival Jump to : navigation , search Cannes Film Festival Location Cannes , France Founded 20 September 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 09 - 20 ) ( as International Film Festival ) Awards Palme d'Or , Grand Prix Website www.festival-cannes.com Cannes seen from Le Suquet The Cannes Festival ( / kæn / ; French : Festival de Cannes ) , named until 2002 as the International Film Festival ( Festival international du film ) and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival , is an annual film festival held in Cannes , France , which previews new films of all genres , including documentaries , from all around the world . Founded in 1946 , the invitation - only festival is held annually ( usually in May ) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès . On 1 July 2014 , co-founder and former head of French pay - TV operator Canal+ , Pierre Lescure , took over as President of the Festival , while Thierry Fremaux became the General Delegate . The board of directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the Festival . The 2017 Cannes Film Festival , its 70th anniversary , took place between 17 and 29 May 2017 . The jury president was Pedro Almodóvar , and The Square , directed by Ruben Östlund , won the Palme d'Or . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The early years 1.2 1950s and 1960s 1.3 1970s and 1980s 1.4 1990s to the present 2 Programmes 3 Authorities of the Festival 4 Juries 5 Awards 6 Impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Media 11 External links History ( edit ) The early Years ( edit ) The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1932 when Jean Zay , the French Minister of National Education , on the proposal of historian Philippe Erlanger and with the support of the British and Americans , set up an international cinematographic festival . Its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with the Venice Film Festival , which at the time was shocking the democratic world by its fascist bias . The first festival was planned for 1939 , Cannes was selected as the location for it , but the funding and organization were too slow and finally the beginning of World War II put an end to this plan . On 20 September 1946 , twenty - one countries presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival , which took place at the former Casino of Cannes . In 1947 , amid serious problems of efficiency , the festival was held as the `` Festival du film de Cannes '' , where films from sixteen countries were presented . The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems . In 1949 , the Palais des Festivals was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of La Croisette , although its inaugural roof , while still unfinished , blew off during a storm . In 1951 , the festival was moved to spring to avoid a direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn . 1950s and 1960s ( edit ) During the early 1950s , the festival attracted a lot of tourism and press attention , with showbiz scandals and high - profile personalities ' love affairs . At the same time , the artistic aspect of the festival started developing . Because of controversies over the selection of films , the Critics ' Prize was created for the recognition of original films and daring filmmakers . In 1954 , the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time . In 1955 , the Palme d'Or was created , replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year . In 1957 , Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection . In 1959 , the Marché du Film ( Film Market ) was founded , giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry . Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce . Still , in the 1950s , some outstanding films , like Night and Fog in 1956 and Hiroshima , My Love in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns . Jean Cocteau , three times president of the jury in those years , is quoted to have said : `` The Cannes Festival should be a no man 's land in which politics has no place . It should be a simple meeting between friends . '' In 1962 , the International Critics ' Week was born , created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival . Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world , not succumbing to commercial tendencies . In 1965 , an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death , and he was named Honorary President for life . That year Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the jury , while the next year Sofia Loren became president . The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May . Some directors , such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman , had withdrawn their films from the competition . On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France , and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française . The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President , and they founded the Film Directors ' Society ( SRF ) that same year . In 1969 the SRF , led by Pierre - Henri Deleau created the Directors ' Fortnight ( Quinzaine des Réalisateurs ) , a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world , distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) During the 1970s , important changes occurred in the Festival . In 1972 , Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President , and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate . He introduced important changes in the selection of the participating films , welcoming new techniques , and relieving the selection from diplomatic pressures , with films like MASH , and later Chronicle of the Years of Fire marking this turn . In some cases , these changes helped directors like Tarkovski overcome problems of censorship in their own country . Also , until that time , the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the festival . Yet , in 1972 , Bessy created a committee to select French films , and another for foreign films . In 1978 , Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate , introducing the Caméra d'Or award , for the best first film of any of the main events , and the Un Certain Regard section , for the non-competitive categories . Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days , thus reducing the number of selected films ; also , until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics , and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry . In 1983 , a new , much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival , while the Directors ' Fortnight remained in the old building . The new building was nicknamed `` The Bunker '' , provoking a lot of criticism , especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems occurred . In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival . In his term , the Festival started including films from more countries , like Philippines , China , Cuba , Australia , India , New Zealand and Argentina . In 1987 , for the first time of the Festival , a red carpet was placed at the entrance of the Palais . In 1989 , during the first Cinéma & liberté forum , hundred directors from many countries signed a declaration `` against all forms of censorship still existing in the world '' . Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore . 1990s to the present ( edit ) American actress Kim Novak ( 2013 ) In 1998 , Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection : la Cinéfondation , aiming to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities . The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence , where young directors could refine their writing and screenplays , and in 2005 L'Atelier , which helps twenty directors per year with the funding of their films . Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary President in 2000 , and in 2002 , the Festival officially adopted the name Festival de Cannes . During the 2000s , the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film world , especially the digital techniques . In 2004 the restored historical films of the Festival were presented as Cannes Classics , which included documentaries . In 2007 Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate . In 2009 he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires , as La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes , and in 2010 he created the Cannes Court Métrage for the Short Film competition . Festival Director Thierry Fremaux is known to have ' banned ' selfies on the Red Carpet of the world 's largest Film Festival back in 2015 . In 2017 , along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival , the issue of changing the rules on theatrical screening caused controversy . The enforcement of theatrical screening in 2018 resulted in Netflix being banned . Programmes ( edit ) The Cannes Film Festival is organised in various sections : The Official Selection -- The main event of the festival . In Competition -- The twenty films competing for the Palme d'Or . They are projected in the Théâtre Lumière . Un Certain Regard -- Twenty films selected from cultures near and far ; original and different works . They are projected at the Salle Debussy . Out of Competition -- These films are also projected in the Théâtre Lumière but do not compete for the main prize . Special Screenings -- The selection committee chooses for these films an environment specially adapted to their particular identity . Cinéfondation -- About fifteen shorts and medium - length motion pictures from film schools over the world are presented at the Salle Buñuel . Short Films -- The shorts competing for the Short Film Palme d'Or are presented at Buñuel and Debussy theatres . There are approximately 10 films in this competition . Cannes Classics -- It celebrates the heritage of film , aiming to highlight works of the past , presented with brand new or restored prints . Cinéma de la Plage -- Screening of Cannes Classics and Out of Competition films for the mass public on Macé beach , preceded by a programme dedicated to film music . Parallel Sections -- These are non-competitive programmes dedicated to discovering other aspects of cinema . International Critics ' Week -- From 1962 , it focuses on discovering new talents and showcases first and second feature films by directors from all over the world . Directors ' Fortnight -- From 1969 , it cast its lot with the avant - garde , even as it created a breeding ground where the Cannes Festival would regularly find its prestigious auteurs . Tous les Cinémas du Monde -- It showcases the vitality and diversity of cinema across the world . Each day , one country is invited to present a range of features and shorts in celebration of its unique culture , identity and recent film works . Caméra d'Or -- It rewards the best first film of the Festival , choosing among the debutants ' works among the Official Selection , the Directors ' Fortnight and the International Critics ' Week selections . Other Sections -- Produced by outside organisations during the Cannes Festival . ACID ( Association for Independent Cinema and its Distribution ) Events Marché du Film -- The busiest movie market in the world . Masterclasses -- Given in public by world - renowned filmmakers . Tributes -- Honors internationally renowned artists with the presentation of the Festival Trophee following the screening of one of their films . Producers Network -- An opportunity to make international co-productions . Exhibitions -- Each year , an artist , a body of work or a cinematographic theme becomes the focus of an exhibition that diversifies or illustrates the event 's programme . 60th Anniversary -- Events organised in 2007 dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Festival . Authorities of the Festival ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year President General Delegate Gen. Secretary 1949 -- -- Jean Touzet 1952 Robert Favre Le Bret 1972 Robert Favre Le Bret Maurice Bessy 1978 Gilles Jacob 1984 Pierre Viot 1985 Michel P. Bonnet 1991 François Erlenbach 2001 Gilles Jacob General Director Véronique Cayla Artistic Delegate Thierry Frémaux 2005 Catherine Démier 2007 Thierry Frémaux 2014 Pierre Lescure 2017 The President of the Festival , who represents the Festival in front of its financial partners , the public authorities and the media , is elected by the board of directors of the Festival , officially named the `` French Association of the Film Festival '' . The Board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema , as well as of public authorities which subsidize the event . The President has a renewable 3 - year mandate and appoints the members of his team , including the General Delegate , with the approval of the board of directors . Sometimes a President , after his last term , becomes the Honorary President of the Festival . The General Delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events . When Gilles Jacob passed from General Delegate to the position of the President , in 2001 , two new positions were created to take over his former post , the General Director to oversee the smooth running of the event , and the Artistic Director , responsible for the selection of films . However , in 2007 , the Artistic Director Thierry Fremaux , became again the General Delegate of the Festival . The general secretary is responsible for the reception of works and other practical matters . Juries ( edit ) Main article : List of Cannes Film Festival juries ( Feature films ) Prior to the beginning of each event , the Festival 's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award . Jurors are chosen from a wide range of international artists , based on their body of work and respect from their peers . The appointment of the President of the Jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and submitted to the Festival 's board of directors for validation . Feature Films -- An international jury composed of a President and various film or art personalities , who determine the prizes for the feature films in Competition . Cinéfondation and Short Films -- Composed of a President and four film personalities . It awards the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the three best films of the Cinéfondation . Un Certain Regard -- Composed of a President , journalists , students in cinema , and industry professionals . It awards the Un Certain Regard Prize for best film and can , moreover , honour two other films . Caméra d'Or -- Composed of a President , as well as film directors , technicians , and French and international critics . They award the best film in any category . The jury meets annually at the historic Villa Domergue to select the winners . Awards ( edit ) Palme d'Or awarded to Apocalypse Now at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival In 2013 , Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux became the first and only cast members to receive the Palme d'Or for Blue Is the Warmest Colour in an `` unprecedented move '' , alongside the director Abdellatif Kechiche . The most prestigious award given at Cannes is the Palme d'Or ( `` Golden Palm '' ) for the best film . Competition Palme d'Or -- Golden Palm Grand Prix -- Grand Prize of the Festival Prix du Jury -- Jury Prize Palme d'Or du court métrage -- Best Short Film Prix d'interprétation féminine -- Best Actress Prix d'interprétation masculine -- Best Actor Prix de la mise en scène -- Best Director Prix du scénario -- Best Screenplay Other Sections Prix Un Certain Regard -- Young talent , innovative and audacious works Cinéfondation prizes -- Student films Caméra d'Or -- Best first feature film Given by Independent Entities Prix de la FIPRESCI -- International Federation of Film Critics Prize Directors ' Fortnight Prizes Prix Vulcain -- Awarded to a technical artist by the CST International Critics ' Week Prizes Prize of the Ecumenical Jury François Chalais Prize L'Œil d'or -- Best documentary film Trophée Chopard Palm Dog , for best canine performance . Queer Palm , for LGBT - related films . Impact ( edit ) The festival has become an important showcase for European films . Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue in European Cinema : An Introduction ( ISBN 0333752104 ) , that Cannes `` became ... extremely important for critical and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the basis of their artistic quality '' ( page 20 ) . Forbes and Street also point out that , along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival , Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular country 's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that European cinema is `` art '' cinema . Additionally , given massive media exposure , the non-public festival is attended by many movie stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe . See also ( edit ) France portal Film portal Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival Directors ' Fortnight International Critics ' Week List of Cannes Film Festival jury presidents List of Cannes Film Festival juries ( Feature films ) Marché du Film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Presentation of the Palais '' . palaisdesfestivals.com . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes Film Festival Names Pierre Lescure President '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre Lescure elected President of the Festival de Cannes '' . Festival de Cannes . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes 2017 : Ruben Östlund 's The Square wins the Palme d'Or '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Cannes Film Festival '' . history.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1938 -- 1951 : The birth of the Festival '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Cannes Film Festival '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Female Trailblazers of Cannes / 2 . Dolores del Río '' . harpersbazaar.com . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes -- Festival History '' . festival-cannes.fr . Archived from the original on 14 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 1959 : Celebrities , politics and the film world '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 -- 1968 : The growing legitimacy of cinema and a world of new horizons '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Cannes Festival '' . cannes-fest.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fortnight in action '' . quinzaine-realisateurs.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Directors ' Fortnight '' . Directors ' Fortnight website . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 -- 1977 : A Festival that moves with the times '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 -- Tout le monde il est beau , tout le monde il est gentil '' . cannes-fest.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- Cannes , Le Retour '' . Cannes-fest.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- Le Festival blessé '' . Cannes-fest.com archive . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 1986 : A wind of change '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Festival / The 80s : The Modern Era '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation '' . Cinéfondation . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 1996 : The first Palme d'Or for a woman director '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 - today : The Festival enters a new century '' . fresques.ina.fr . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I am so Pathetic : I Took a Selfie at the Red Carpet ' at the Cannes Film Festival = Ikon London Magazine '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Defends Strategy at Cannes : ' The Culture Is Changing ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Allyson ( 26 March 2018 ) . `` Cannes Film Festival bans Netflix films from competition . Also , no more selfies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes -- Official Site '' . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre Lescure officiellement à la tête du Festival de Cannes '' . LeMond.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Le président du Festival de Cannes est élu par le conseil d'administration de l'Association française du Festival international du film . Cette instance compte vingt - huit membres et repose sur un subtil équilibre entre le monde du cinéma et les pouvoirs publics , qui subventionnent l'événement . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Juries '' . festival-cannes.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Juries '' . festival-cannes.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patrimoine : Villa Domergue '' . Site officiel de la Ville de Cannes . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar pooch picks Up Cannes prize '' . BBC News . 22 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender activist Pascale Ourbih on Cannes gay prize jury '' . On Top Magazine . 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Forbes , Jill ; Street , Sarah ( 2001 ) . European Cinema : An Introduction . London : Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 333 - 75210 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Coyle , Jake ( 10 May 2017 ) . `` Outcry over Netflix films prompts Cannes to change rules '' . CBC / Radio - Canada . Ford , Rebecca ; Roxborough , Scott ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Why Awards Hopefuls Are Losing Confidence in Cannes Debuts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Mumford , Gwilym ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Concrete flowerpots and drone killers : Cannes opens with beefed - up security '' . The Guardian . Books Bart , Peter ; The Editors of Variety ( 1997 ) . Cannes : Fifty Years of Sun , Sex & Celluloid : Behind the Scenes at the World 's Most Famous Film Festival . Miramax Books . ISBN 978 - 0786882953 . Beauchamp , Cari ; Behar , Henri ( 1992 ) . Hollywood on the Riviera : The Inside Story of the Cannes Film Festival . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 978 - 0688110079 . Craig , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . Cannes : A Festival Virgin 's Guide ( 6 ed . ) . Cinemagine Media Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0954173760 . Jungen , Christian ( 2015 ) . Hollywood in Canne $ : The History of a Love - Hate Relationship ( Film Culture in Transition ) . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 9089645661 . Media ( edit ) Footage from the 1946 Cannes Film Festival Retrospective footage of the Festival presented by INA in 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cannes Film Festival . Cannes Film Festival official website ( in English ) Cannes Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database The History of the Festival at the official website Festival de Cannes at the official website of tourism in France 2017 ( in French ) Radio France Internationale coverage of the Cannes Film Festival 2017 ( in English ) Cannes Film Festival unofficial blog Cannes -- A Festival Virgin 's Guide -- Detailed festival history and information for attendees Cannes Film Festival : A Potted History Cannes Film Festival at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Cannes Film Festival Awards Palme d'Or Grand Prix Best Director Award Best Actor Award Best Actress Award Best Screenplay Award Jury Prize Short Film Palme d'Or Un Certain Regard Cinéfondation Caméra d'Or Awards given by independent entities Prix de la FIPRESCI François Chalais Prize Trophée Chopard Vulcan Award L'Œil d'or France 4 Visionary Award Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Palm Dog Award Queer Palm Cannes Soundtrack Award By year 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 Directors ' Fortnight International Critics ' Week Marché du Film List of jury presidents List of jury members Palme d'Or winning films Union Pacific ( 1939 ) Torment ( Hets ) ( 1946 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1946 ) The Red Meadows ( 1946 ) Brief Encounter ( 1946 ) María Candelaria ( 1946 ) Neecha Nagar ( 1946 ) The Turning Point ( 1946 ) La Symphonie pastorale ( 1946 ) The Last Chance ( 1946 ) Men Without Wings ( 1946 ) Rome , Open City ( 1946 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Miss Julie ( 1951 ) Miracle in Milan ( 1951 ) The Tragedy of Othello : The Moor of Venice ( 1951 ) Two Cents Worth of Hope ( 1952 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1953 ) Gate of Hell ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) The Silent World ( 1956 ) Friendly Persuasion ( 1957 ) The Cranes Are Flying ( 1958 ) Black Orpheus ( 1959 ) La Dolce Vita ( 1960 ) The Long Absence ( 1961 ) Viridiana ( 1961 ) O Pagador de Promessas ( 1962 ) The Leopard ( 1963 ) The Umbrellas of Cherbourg ( 1964 ) The Knack ... and How to Get It ( 1965 ) A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) The Birds , the Bees and the Italians ( 1966 ) Blowup ( 1967 ) if ... ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) The Go - Between ( 1971 ) The Working Class Goes to Heaven ( 1972 ) The Mattei Affair ( 1972 ) The Hireling ( 1973 ) Scarecrow ( 1973 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) Chronicle of the Years of Fire ( 1975 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) Padre Padrone ( 1977 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) The Tin Drum ( 1979 ) All That Jazz ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Man of Iron ( 1981 ) Missing ( 1982 ) Yol ( 1982 ) The Ballad of Narayama ( 1983 ) Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) When Father Was Away on Business ( 1985 ) The Mission ( 1986 ) Under the Sun of Satan ( 1987 ) Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) Barton Fink ( 1991 ) The Best Intentions ( 1992 ) Farewell My Concubine ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) Underground ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Taste of Cherry ( 1997 ) The Eel ( 1997 ) Eternity and a Day ( 1998 ) Rosetta ( 1999 ) Dancer in the Dark ( 2000 ) The Son 's Room ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) Elephant ( 2003 ) Fahrenheit 9 / 11 ( 2004 ) The Child ( 2005 ) The Wind That Shakes the Barley ( 2006 ) 4 Months , 3 Weeks and 2 Days ( 2007 ) The Class ( 2008 ) The White Ribbon ( 2009 ) Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives ( 2010 ) The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( 2013 ) Winter Sleep ( 2014 ) Dheepan ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) The Square ( 2017 ) Short Film Palme d'Or Winners 1950s White Mane -- Albert Lamorisse ( 1953 ) Blinkity Blank -- Norman McLaren ( 1955 ) The Red Balloon -- Albert Lamorisse ( 1956 ) Courte Histoire -- Ion Popescu - Gopo ( 1957 ) N.Y. , N.Y. -- Francis Thompson ( 1959 ) Zmiana warty -- Halina Bielinska and Wlodzimierz Haupe ( 1959 ) 1960s La Petite cuillère -- Carlos Vilardebo ( 1961 ) La Rivière du hibou -- Robert Enrico ( 1961 ) À fleur d'eau -- Alexander J. Seiler and Rob Gnant ( 1963 ) Le Haricot -- Edmond Séchan ( 1963 ) Nyitany -- János Vadász ( 1965 ) Skaterdater -- Noel Black ( 1966 ) Sky Over Holland -- John Fernhout ( 1967 ) Cîntecele Renasterii -- Mirel Iliesiu ( 1969 ) 1970s Magic Machines -- Bob Curtis ( 1970 ) Le Fusil à lunette -- Jean Chapot ( 1972 ) Balablok -- Bretislav Pojar ( 1973 ) Ostrov -- Fedor Khitrouk , Edouard Nazarov and Vladimir Zouïkov ( 1974 ) Lautrec -- Geoff Dunbar ( 1975 ) Metamorphosis -- Barry Greenwald ( 1976 ) The Struggle -- Marcell Jankovics ( 1977 ) Rowing Across the Atlantic -- Jean - François Laguionie ( 1978 ) Harpya -- Raoul Servais ( 1979 ) 1980s Seaside Woman -- Oscar Grillo ( 1980 ) Moto perpetuo -- Béla Vajda ( 1981 ) Merlin ou le cours de l'or -- Arthur Joffé ( 1982 ) Je sais que j'ai tort mais demandez à mes copains ils disent la même chose -- Pierre Levy ( 1983 ) Le Cheval de fer -- Gérald Frydman and Pierre Levie ( 1984 ) Chiri -- David Takaichvili ( 1984 ) Jenitba -- Slav Bakalov and Rumen Petkov ( 1985 ) An Exercise in Discipline - Peel -- Jane Campion ( 1986 ) Palisade -- Laurie McInnes ( 1987 ) Vykrutasy -- Garry Bardin ( 1988 ) 50 ans -- Gilles Carle ( 1989 ) 1990s The Lunch Date -- Adam Davidson ( 1990 ) Z podniesionymi rekami -- Mitko Panov ( 1991 ) Omnibus -- Sam Karmann ( 1992 ) Coffee and Cigarettes : Somewhere in California -- Jim Jarmusch ( 1993 ) El héroe -- Carlos Carrera ( 1994 ) Gagarin -- Alexij Kharitidi ( 1995 ) Szél -- Marcell Iványi ( 1996 ) ... Is It the Design on the Wrapper ? -- Tessa Sheridan ( 1997 ) L'Interview -- Xavier Giannoli ( 1998 ) When the Day Breaks -- Wendy Tilby and Amanda Forbis ( 1999 ) 2000s Anino -- Raymond Red ( 2000 ) Bean Cake -- David Greenspan ( 2001 ) Esö után -- Péter Mészáros ( 2002 ) Cracker Bag -- Glendyn Ivin ( 2003 ) Trafic -- Catalin Mitulescu ( 2004 ) Podorozhni -- Igor Strembitsky ( 2005 ) Sniffer -- Bobbie Peers ( 2006 ) Ver Llover -- Elisa Miller ( 2007 ) Megatron -- Marian Crisan ( 2008 ) Arena -- João Salaviza ( 2009 ) 2010s Barking Island -- Serge Avédikian ( 2010 ) Cross -- Maryna Vroda ( 2011 ) Sessiz - Be Deng -- Rezan Yeşilbaş ( 2012 ) Safe -- Byoung - gon Moon ( 2013 ) Leidi -- Simón Mesa Soto ( 2014 ) Waves ' 98 -- Ely Dagher ( 2015 ) A Gentle Night - Qiu Yang ( 2017 ) Cannes Film Festival jury presidents 1946 -- 1975 Georges Huisman ( 1946 ) Georges Huisman ( 1947 ) Georges Huisman ( 1949 ) André Maurois ( 1951 ) Maurice Genevoix ( 1952 ) Jean Cocteau ( 1953 ) Jean Cocteau ( 1954 ) Marcel Pagnol ( 1955 ) Maurice Lehmann ( 1956 ) André Maurois ( 1957 ) Marcel Achard ( 1958 ) Marcel Achard ( 1959 ) Georges Simenon ( 1960 ) Jean Giono ( 1961 ) Tetsurō Furukaki ( 1962 ) Armand Salacrou ( 1963 ) Fritz Lang ( 1964 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1965 ) Sophia Loren ( 1966 ) Alessandro Blasetti ( 1967 ) André Chamson ( 1968 ) Luchino Visconti ( 1969 ) Miguel Ángel Asturias ( 1970 ) Michèle Morgan ( 1971 ) Joseph Losey ( 1972 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1973 ) René Clair ( 1974 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1975 ) 1975 -- 2000 Tennessee Williams ( 1976 ) Roberto Rossellini ( 1977 ) Alan J. Pakula ( 1978 ) Françoise Sagan ( 1979 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1980 ) Jacques Deray ( 1981 ) Giorgio Strehler ( 1982 ) William Styron ( 1983 ) Dirk Bogarde ( 1984 ) Miloš Forman ( 1985 ) Sydney Pollack ( 1986 ) Yves Montand ( 1987 ) Ettore Scola ( 1988 ) Wim Wenders ( 1989 ) Bernardo Bertolucci ( 1990 ) Roman Polanski ( 1991 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1992 ) Louis Malle ( 1993 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1994 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1995 ) Francis Ford Coppola ( 1996 ) Isabelle Adjani ( 1997 ) Martin Scorsese ( 1998 ) David Cronenberg ( 1999 ) Luc Besson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Liv Ullmann ( 2001 ) David Lynch ( 2002 ) Patrice Chéreau ( 2003 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2004 ) Emir Kusturica ( 2005 ) Wong Kar - wai ( 2006 ) Stephen Frears ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2009 ) Tim Burton ( 2010 ) Robert De Niro ( 2011 ) Nanni Moretti ( 2012 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2013 ) Jane Campion ( 2014 ) Joel and Ethan Coen ( 2015 ) George Miller ( 2016 ) Pedro Almodóvar ( 2017 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2018 ) FIAPF - accredited film festivals Feature ( Competitive ) Berlin Cairo Cannes Goa Karlovy Vary Locarno Mar del Plata Moscow Montreal San Sebastián Shanghai Tallinn ( PÖFF ) Tokyo Venice Warsaw Feature ( Competitive Specialised ) Antalya Brussels Busan Cartagena Cluj Napoca ( TIFF ) Courmayeur Gijón Istanbul Jeonju Kolkata Kyiv Namur Sarajevo Sitges Stockholm Sydney Trivandrum Turin Valencia ( Jove ) Feature ( Non-competitive ) Toronto Vienna Documentary and Short Bilbao Krakow Oberhausen St. Petersburg Tampere VIAF : 149760515 LCCN : n82052860 GND : 4196849 - 9 SUDOC : 028867378 NDL : 01024765 Coordinates : 43 ° 33 ′ 03.10 '' N 7 ° 01 ′ 02.10 '' E  /  43.5508611 ° N 7.0172500 ° E  / 43.5508611 ; 7.0172500 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannes_Film_Festival&oldid=837463923 '' Categories : Cannes Film Festival 1939 establishments in France Film festivals established in 1939 Film festivals in France May events Recurring events established in 1939 Tourist attractions in Alpes - Maritimes Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from December 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 00 : 20 . 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when does the cannes film festival take place

usually in May

between 17 and 29 May 2017

I Write Sins Not Tragedies - wikipedia I Write Sins Not Tragedies Jump to : navigation , search `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Single by Panic ! at the Disco from the album A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Released February 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 27 ) Format CD 7 '' Recorded August 2005 Genre Pop punk emo baroque pop pop rock alternative rock Length 3 : 06 Label Fueled by Ramen Decaydance Songwriter ( s ) Ryan Ross Brendon Urie Spencer Smith Producer ( s ) Matt Squire Panic ! at the Disco singles chronology `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' ( 2005 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( 2006 ) `` But It 's Better If You Do '' ( 2006 ) `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' ( 2005 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( 2006 ) `` But It 's Better If You Do '' ( 2006 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' is a song by American rock band Panic ! at the Disco , and is the second single from their debut studio album , A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out ( 2005 ) . It was released on April 27 , 2006 on both CD and 7 '' vinyl . The pizzicato cello motif that the song is built upon was played by session musician Heather Stebbins . The song reached No. 7 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 . This was the band 's only top forty hit until the release of `` Hallelujah '' in 2015 . While the song failed to hit the top 10 on the Alternative Songs chart peaking at No. 12 which was lower than their prior single , `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' which peaked at No. 5 , the song 's success on the Hot 100 and Mainstream Top 40 ( at No. 2 ) charts was what made the song one of the biggest modern rock hits of 2006 and is still one of the band 's most played songs on alternative radio stations to this day . In the UK , the song was released on February 27 , 2006 as a limited edition single with a free sticker . Because the sticker was included with the CD single , the song was not eligible for the UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company rules state that stickers are not allowed in single releases . Later , in September 2006 , due to the popularity of the track and following further single releases there of `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' and `` But It 's Better If You Do '' , going top 40 there , the single was re-released on October 30 , 2006 . Despite receiving significant radio airplay upon its re-release , the single only reached No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart . Many U.S. radio stations , in response to the language found in the song , wanted an edited version . The lyrics `` The poor groom 's bride is a whore '' and `` Have n't you people ever heard of closing a goddamn door ? '' were changed by replacing `` whore '' with a `` shhh '' sound and removing `` god '' in `` goddamn '' . Some stations -- generally modern rock stations -- still play the original version . The song was covered by Fall Out Boy , fellow Decaydance band , for their live album , * * * * : Live in Phoenix . ( Fall Out Boy commonly uses the song 's chorus as a lead - in to `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' in concert . ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' was ranked No. 3 in Billboard 's Best 2000 's Video poll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Title ( edit ) The title of the song refers to Douglas Coupland 's novel Shampoo Planet , wherein the main character , Tyler Johnson , says : `` I am writing a list of tragic character flaws on my dollar bills with a felt pen . I am thinking of the people in my universe and distilling for each of these people the one flaw in their character that will be their downfall -- the flaw that will be their undoing . What I write are not sins ; I write tragedies . '' Music video ( edit ) Brendon Urie and Daniel Isaac in the music video . `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' is Panic ! at the Disco 's first single to have a music video . ( `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' was the first single , but no video was filmed . ) The video for the song takes place at a strange , circus - themed wedding played by the Lucent Dossier Vaudeville Cirque . The video starts as the bride , played by Jessie Preston , and groom , Daniel Isaac McGuffey , are about to be married . Her family dress and behave formally , but are revealed later to have fallen asleep and have eyes painted on their eyelids . His family are lower - class entertainers and carnival folk , and interrupt the wedding . The ringmaster , played by vocalist Brendon Urie , acts as narrator and disrupts the events . After an argument between the two families , the bride runs out and is followed by one of her guests . The ringmaster drags the groom outside by his tie , where his fiancée is kissing the guest who followed her out of the church . The groom straightens up , looking shocked , and Urie and the groom bow to the camera . The ringmaster is revealed to be the groom 's alter ego . The music video by director Shane Drake won the award for Video of the Year during the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards . This marked the first occasion since the 1989 VMAs that the winner of Video of the Year did not win anything else . The video was also ranked No. 7 on VH1 's list of the Top 100 Videos of 2006 . The video was shot in December 2005 . According to vocalist Brendon Urie , he and guitarist Ryan Ross suffered from the flu while filming the video clip . In August 2011 , the video won Best VMA Winning Video of All Time , in a worldwide poll on MTV 's website . Track listing ( edit ) UK 7 '' poster bag ( February 2006 ) A. `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' UK CD single ( February 2006 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' ( demo version ) WMI CD single ( May 2006 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' -- 3 : 10 `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' ( demo version ) -- 3 : 57 `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' ( Tommie Sunshine Brooklyn Fire Remix ) -- 5 : 04 Panic ! at the Disco -- `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 30 - second sample from Panic ! at the Disco `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' , from the album A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out . Problems playing this file ? See media help . UK CD single ( October 2006 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` Karma Police '' ( Live in Denver ) UK 7 '' gatefold sleeve ( October 2006 ) A. `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' B . `` But It 's Better If You Do '' ( Live from Glasgow ) UK 7 '' picture disc ( October 2006 ) A. `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' B. `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( Live in Denver ) Enhanced CD single ( October 2006 ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` Nails for Breakfast , Tacks for Snacks '' ( demo version ) `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' ( Tommie Sunshine Brooklyn Fire Remix ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( video ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 66 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 29 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) 50 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 247 US Billboard Hot 100 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 Ringtone United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tamsyn Wilce . `` Track by track : Panic ! At The Disco -- Too Weird To Live , Too Rare To Die '' . gigwise.com . Jump up ^ Rose , Ethan . `` Best Early 2000s Pop Punk Songs '' . Rant Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! At the Disco 's ' This Is Gospel ' review : Unstoppable '' . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton , Elleah ( 2016 ) . `` Panic ! at the disco I write sins not tragedies analysis '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crane , Matt ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Vinyl Theatre cover Panic ! At The Disco 's `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( exclusive ) `` . Alternative press . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ name = theodysseyonline > Wiener , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` 10 Facts About Panic ! At The Disco '' . theodysseyonline . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ name = Songfacts > `` I WRITE SINS NOT TRAGEDIES by PANIC ! AT THE DISCO '' . Songfacts . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies by Panic ! At the Disco '' . secondhandsongs . Jump up ^ name = theodysseyonline > Wiener , Robert ( 2016 ) . `` 10 Facts About Panic ! At The Disco '' . theodysseyonline . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ name = Songfacts > `` I WRITE SINS NOT TRAGEDIES by PANIC ! AT THE DISCO '' . Songfacts . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ video documenting the making of the music video on YouTube Jump up ^ Watch the latest Music Video by Shakira from Oral Fixation , Vol. 2 See Hips Do n't Lie ( featuring Wyclef Jean ) Online VH1.com Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco - Interview 2006 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ John Mitchell ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Poll : Best VMA - Winning Video Of The Year Of All Time '' . MTV . Retrieved Feb 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Panic ! at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Panic ! at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Panic ! at the Disco Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Panic ! at the Disco '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Panic ! at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 44 , 2006 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Panic ! at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006 '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2006 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2006 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Panic at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Write Sins Not Tragedies in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Panic ! at the Disco -- I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Pray for the Wicked Live albums ... Live in Chicago All My Friends We 're Glorious Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' Other songs `` New Perspective '' `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Pray for the Wicked Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year ( 2000s ) 2000 Eminem -- `` The Real Slim Shady '' Christina Aguilera , Lil ' Kim , Mýa and P ! nk -- `` Lady Marmalade '' 2002 Eminem -- `` Without Me '' 2003 Missy Elliott -- `` Work It '' OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' 2005 Green Day -- `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' 2006 Panic ! at the Disco -- `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' 2007 Rihanna ( featuring Jay - Z ) -- `` Umbrella '' 2008 Britney Spears -- `` Piece of Me '' 2009 Beyoncé -- `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Complete list ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Write_Sins_Not_Tragedies&oldid=833591860 '' Categories : 2006 singles Panic ! at the Disco songs MTV Video of the Year Award 2005 songs Songs written by Ryan Ross Music videos directed by Shane Drake Songs about marriage Songs written by Spencer Smith ( musician ) Songs written by Brendon Urie Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 14 : 04 . 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"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"

I Write Sins Not Tragedies

Coronation Street - wikipedia Coronation Street Jump to : navigation , search Coronation Street Current title card , in use since May 2010 Genre Soap opera Created by Tony Warren Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Eric Spear Opening theme `` Coronation Street theme '' Ending theme `` Coronation Street theme '' Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 9,436 Production Producer ( s ) Various ( currently Kate Oates ) Location ( s ) Granada Studios , Manchester ( 1960 -- 2013 ) MediaCity , Trafford Wharf , Manchester ( 2014 -- present ) Camera setup Videotape ; Multiple - camera Running time 30 minutes 23 -- 25 minutes ( excluding advertisements , with occasional 60 minute episodes ) Production company ( s ) Granada Television ( 1960 -- 2006 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 2009 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- present ) Release Original network ITV Picture format 405 - line Black - and - white ( 4 : 3 SDTV , 1960 -- 1969 ) 576i ( 4 : 3 SDTV , 1969 -- 2001 ) 576i ( 16 : 9 SDTV , 2002 -- 2010 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV , 2010 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1960 -- 1990 ) Stereo ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Dolby Surround ( 2010 -- present ) Original release 9 December 1960 ( 1960 - 12 - 09 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Pardon the Expression Turn Out the Lights The Brothers McGregor Albion Market The Road to Coronation Street The Corrie Years ( 2010 ) External links Website Coronation Street ( also known as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on inner - city Salford , its terraced houses , café , corner shop , newsagents , building yard , taxicab office , salon , restaurant , textile factory and the Rovers Return pub . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in 1902 and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII . The show airs six times a week : Monday , Wednesday and Friday 7 : 30 - 8 pm and 8 : 30 - 9 pm . Since 2017 , ten sequential classic episodes of the programme from 1986 onwards air each week on ITV3 . The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for 13 pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most - watched programme on British television , and is a significant part of British culture . The show has been one of the most lucrative programmes on British commercial television , underpinning the success of Granada Television and ITV . Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest - running television soap opera and was listed in Guinness World Records . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's 60th anniversary . Influenced by the conventions of the kitchen sink drama , Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down - to - earth , working - class community , combined with light - hearted humour and strong characters . The show currently averages 8 million viewers per episode on ITV . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 1.6 2010s 2 Characters 3 Storylines 4 Production 4.1 Broadcast format 4.2 Production staff 4.3 Theme music 4.4 Viewing figures 4.5 Sets 5 Broadcast 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 International 6 Merchandise 6.1 Discography 7 Spin - offs 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Crossovers 7.1. 2 Documentaries 7.1. 3 International adaptation 7.2 Films 7.3 Online 7.4 Stage 8 In popular culture 9 Sponsorship 9.1 Show sponsors 10 Awards and nominations 11 Producers 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Print references 15 Video and DVD references 16 External links History ( edit ) 1960s ( edit ) The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm , and was not initially a critical success ; Daily Mirror columnist Ken Irwin claimed the series would only last three weeks . Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes , and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run . Despite the criticism , viewers were immediately drawn into the serial , won over by Coronation Street 's ordinary characters . The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect ; affectionate local terms like `` eh , chuck ? '' , `` nowt '' ( / naʊt / , from nought , meaning nothing ) , and `` by ' eck ! '' became widely heard on British television for the first time . Ken Barlow in the first episode of Coronation Street , 1960 Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow ( William Roache ) , who had won a place at university , and thus found his working - class background - as well as his parents , Frank and Ida ( Frank Pemberton and Noel Dyson ) - something of an embarrassment . The character was one of the few to have experienced life outside of Coronation Street . In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation , and the decline of similar communities . In an episode from 1961 , Barlow declares : `` You ca n't go on just thinking about your own street these days . We 're living with people on the other side of the world . There 's more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends . '' Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast , which makes him the longest - serving actor in Coronation Street , and in British and global soap history . At the centre of many early stories , there was Ena Sharples ( Violet Carson ) , caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall , and her friends : timid Minnie Caldwell ( Margot Bryant ) , and bespectacled Martha Longhurst ( Lynne Carol ) . The trio were likened to the Greek chorus , and the three witches in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , as they would sit in the snug bar of the Rovers Return , passing judgement over family , neighbours and frequently each other . Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner ( Patricia Phoenix ) , whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals . Elsie resented Ena 's interference and gossip , which most of the time had little basis in reality . In April 1961 , Jed Stone ( Kenneth Cope ) made his first appearance and returned the following year in 1962 . He left in 1963 , but returned three years later in 1966 . He left again and then returned 42 years later in 2008 . In March 1961 , Coronation Street reached No. 1 in the television ratings and remained there for the rest of the year . Earlier in 1961 , a Television Audience Measurement ( TAM ) showed that 75 % of available viewers ( 15 million ) tuned into Corrie , and by 1964 the programme had over 20 million regular viewers , with ratings peaking on 2 December 1964 , at 21.36 million viewers . Storylines throughout the decade included a mystery poison - pen letter received by Elsie Tanner , the 1962 marriage of Ken Barlow and Valerie Tatlock ( Anne Reid ) , the death of Martha Longhurst in 1964 , the birth of the Barlow twins in 1965 , Elsie Tanner 's wedding to Steve Tanner ( Paul Maxwell ) and a train crashing from the viaduct ( both in 1967 ) , Steve Tanner 's murder in 1968 , and a coach crash in 1969 . In spite of rising popularity with viewers , Coronation Street was criticised by some for its outdated portrayal of the urban working class , and its representation of a community that was a nostalgic fantasy . After the first episode in 1960 , the Daily Mirror printed : `` The programme is doomed from the outset ... For there is little reality in this new serial , which apparently , we have to suffer twice a week . '' By 1967 , critics were suggesting that the programme no longer reflected life in 1960s Britain , but reflected how life was in the 1950s . Granada hurried to update the programme , with the hope of introducing more issue - driven stories , including Lucille Hewitt ( Jennifer Moss ) becoming addicted to drugs , Jerry Booth ( Graham Haberfield ) being in a storyline about homosexuality , Emily Nugent ( Eileen Derbyshire ) having an out of wedlock child , and introducing a black family , but all of these ideas were dropped for fear of upsetting viewers . 1970s ( edit ) The show 's production team was tested when many core cast members left the programme in the early 1970s . When Arthur Leslie died suddenly in 1970 , his character , Rovers ' landlord Jack Walker , died with him . Anne Reid quit as Valerie Barlow , and was killed off in 1971 , electrocuting herself with a faulty hairdryer . Ratings reached a low of eight million in February 1973 , Pat Phoenix quit as Elsie Tanner , Violet Carson ( Ena Sharples ) was written out for most of the year due to illness , and Doris Speed ( Annie Walker ) took two months ' leave due to bereavement . The audience of ITV 's other flagship soap opera Crossroads increased markedly at this time , as its established cast , such as Meg Richardson ( Noele Gordon ) , grew in popularity . These sudden departures forced the writing team to quickly develop characters who had previously stood in the background . The roles of Bet Lynch ( Julie Goodyear ) , Deirdre Hunt ( Anne Kirkbride ) , Rita Littlewood ( Barbara Knox ) , Mavis Riley ( Thelma Barlow ) and Ivy Tyldesley ( Lynne Perrie ) were built up between 1972 and 1973 ( with Perrie 's character being renamed to the better = known `` Tilsley '' ) , and characters such as Gail Potter ( Helen Worth ) , Blanche Hunt ( Patricia Cutts , Maggie Jones ) , and Vera Duckworth ( Elizabeth Dawn ) first appearing in 1974 . These characters would remain at the centre of the programme for many years . Comic storylines had been popular in the series in the 1960s , but had become sparse during the early 1970s . These were re-introduced by new producer Bill Podmore who joined the series in 1976 . He had worked on Granada comedy productions prior to his appointment . Stan ( Bernard Youens ) and Hilda Ogden ( Jean Alexander ) were often at the centre of overtly funny storylines , with other comic characters including Eddie Yeats ( Geoffrey Hughes ) , Fred Gee ( Fred Feast ) , and Jack Duckworth ( William Tarmey ) all making their first appearances during the decade . In 1976 , Pat Phoenix returned to her role as Elsie Tanner and , after a spate of ill health , Violet Carson returned on a more regular basis as Ena . Coronation Street 's stalwart cast slotted back into the programme alongside the newcomers , examining new relationships between characters of different ages and backgrounds : Eddie Yeats became the Ogdens ' lodger , Gail Potter and Suzie Birchall ( Cheryl Murray ) moved in with Elsie , Mike Baldwin ( Johnny Briggs ) arrived in 1976 as the tough factory boss , and Annie Walker reigned at the Rovers with her trio of staff Bet Lynch , Fred Gee and Betty Turpin ( Betty Driver ) . Storylines throughout the decade included a warehouse fire in 1975 , the birth of Tracy Langton in 1977 , the murder of Ernest Bishop ( Stephen Hancock ) in 1978 , a lorry crashing into the Rovers Return in 1979 , and the marriage of Brian Tilsley ( Christopher Quinten ) and Gail Potter ( also in 1979 ) . For eleven weeks , between August and October 1979 , industrial action forced Coronation Street and the entire ITV network ( apart from the Channel Islands ) off the air . When ITV did return , its first evening schedule included a special `` catch - up '' edition of Coronation Street . This included storylines which would have taken place during the strike , and they were explained in the form of a narrative chat between Bet Lynch and popular character Len Fairclough ( Peter Adamson ) . For several weeks the channel had very few fresh episodes to show , and episodes of the game show 3 - 2 - 1 were screened in its place . Coronation Street returned to ITV screens with a regular scheduled time closer to the end of 1979 . Coronation Street had little competition within its prime time slot , and certain critics suggested that the programme had grown complacent , moving away from socially viable storylines and again presenting a dated view of working class life . 1980s ( edit ) Between 1980 and 1989 , Coronation Street underwent some of the biggest changes since its launch . By May 1984 , William Roache ( Ken Barlow ) stood as the only original cast member , after the departures of Violet Carson ( Ena Sharples ) in 1980 , Doris Sped ( Annie Walker ) in 1983 , and both Pat Phoenix ( Elsie Tanner ) and Jack Howarth ( Albert Tatlock ) in 1984 ) . In 1983 , antihero Len Fairclough ( Peter Adamson ) , one of the show 's central male characters since 1961 , was killed off , and in 1984 , Stan Ogden ( Bernard Youens ) died . While the press predicted the end of Corrie , H.V. Kershaw declared that `` There are no stars in Coronation Street . '' Writers drew on the show 's many archetypes , with established characters stepping into the roles left by the original cast . Phyllis Pearce ( Jill Summers ) was hailed as the new Ena Sharples in 1982 , the Duckworths moved into No. 9 in 1983 and slipped into the role once held by the Ogdens , while Percy Sugden ( Bill Waddington ) appeared in 1983 and took over the grumpy war veteran role from Albert Tatlock . The question of who would take over the Rovers Return after Annie Walker 's 1983 exit was answered in 1985 when Bet Lynch ( who also mirrored the vulnerability and strength of Elsie Tanner ) was installed as landlady . In 1983 , Shirley Armitage ( Lisa Lewis ) became the first major black character in her role as machinist at Baldwin 's Casuals . Ken Barlow married Deirdre Langton ( Anne Kirkbride ) on 27 July 1981 . The episode was watched by over 24 million viewers -- more ITV viewers than the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana two days later . In the 1980s relationships were cemented between established characters : Alf Roberts ( Bryan Mosley ) married Audrey Potter ( Sue Nicholls ) in 1985 , and Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) married Sally Seddon ( Sally Whittaker ) in 1986 . Bet Lynch married Alec Gilroy ( Roy Barraclough ) in 1987 , and the marriages of Ivy Tilsley and Don Brennan ( Geoffrey Hinsliff ) , and of Derek Wilton ( Peter Baldwin ) and Mavis Riley took place in 1988 . In 1982 , the arrival of Channel 4 , and its edgy new soap opera Brookside , was one of the biggest changes for Coronation Street . Unlike Coronation Street , which had a very nostalgic view of working - class life , Brookside brought together working and middle - class families in a more contemporary environment . The dialogue often included expletives and the stories were more hard - hitting , and of the current Zeitgeist . Whereas stories at this time in Coronation Street were largely about family affairs , Brookside concentrated on social affairs such as industrial action , unemployment , and the black market . The BBC also introduced a new prime time soap opera , EastEnders in 1985 . Like Brookside , EastEnders had a more gritty premise than Coronation Street , although unlike Brookside it tended to steer clear of blue language and politicised stories . While ratings for Coronation Street remained consistent throughout the decade , EastEnders regularly obtained higher viewing figures due to its omnibus episodes shown at weekends . With prime time competition , Corrie was again seen as being old fashioned , with the introduction of the ' normal ' Clayton family in 1985 being a failure with viewers . Between 1988 and 1989 , many aspects of the show were modernised by new producer David Liddiment . A new exterior set had been built in 1982 , and in 1989 it was redeveloped to include new houses and shops . Production techniques were also changed with a new studio being built , and the inclusion of more location filming , which had moved the show from being shot on film to videotape in 1988 . Due to new pressures , an introduction of the third weekly episode aired on 20 October 1989 , to broadcast each Friday at 7 : 30 pm . The 1980s featured some of the most prominent storylines in the programme 's history , such as Deirdre Barlow 's affair with Mike Baldwin ( Johnny Briggs ) in 1983 , the first soap storyline to receive widespread media attention . The feud between Ken Barlow and Mike Baldwin would continue for many years , with Mike even marrying Ken 's daughter , Susan ( Wendy Jane Walker ) . In 1986 , there was a fire at the Rovers Return , which attracted an audience of just under 27 million , and between 1986 and 1989 , the story of Rita Fairclough 's ( Barbara Knox ) psychological abuse at the hands of Alan Bradley ( Mark Eden ) , and then his subsequent death under the wheels of a Blackpool tram , was played out . The episode of Alan 's death under the tram gave Coronation Street its highest ratings ever at 26.9 million , and it is the ninth-most watched UK broadcast of all time . Other stories included : the birth of Nicky Tilsley ( Warren Jackson ) in 1980 , Elsie Tanner 's departure and Stan Ogden 's funeral in 1984 , the birth of Sarah - Louise Tilsley ( Lynsay King ) in 1987 , and Brian Tilsley 's murder in 1989 . New characters were introduced , such as Terry Duckworth ( Nigel Pivaro ) , Curly Watts ( Kevin Kennedy ) , Martin Platt ( Sean Wilson ) , Reg Holdsworth ( Ken Morley ) , and the McDonald family ; one of whom , Simon Gregson , started on the show as Steve McDonald a week after his 15th birthday , and has been on the show ever since . 1990s ( edit ) In spite of updated sets and production changes , Coronation Street still received criticism . In 1992 , chairman of the Broadcasting Standards Council , Lord Rees - Mogg , criticised the low representation of ethnic minorities , and the programme 's portrayal of the cosy familiarity of a bygone era . Some newspapers ran headlines such as `` Coronation Street shuts out blacks '' ( The Times ) , and `` ' Put colour in t'Street '' ( Daily Mirror ) . Patrick Stoddart of The Times wrote : `` The millions who watch Coronation Street -- and who will continue to do so despite Lord Rees - Mogg -- know real life when they see it ... in the most confident and accomplished soap opera television has ever seen '' . Black and Asian characters had appeared , but it was not until 1999 that the show featured its first regular non-white family , the Desai family . New characters Des ( Philip Middlemiss ) and Steph Barnes ( Amelia Bullmore ) moved into one of the new houses in 1990 , being dubbed by the media as Yuppies . Raquel Wolstenhulme ( Sarah Lancashire ) first appeared in 1991 and went on to become one of the most popular characters . The McDonald family were developed and the fiery relationships between Liz ( Beverly Callard ) , Jim ( Charles Lawson ) , Steve ( Simon Gregson ) and Andy ( Nicholas Cochrane ) interested viewers . Other newcomers were Maud Grimes ( Elizabeth Bradley ) , Roy Cropper ( David Neilson ) , Gary and Judy Mallett ( Ian Mercer and Gaynor Faye ) , as well as Fred Elliot ( John Savident ) and Ashley Peacock ( Steven Arnold ) . The amount of slapstick and physical humour in storylines increased during the 1990s , with comical characters such as Reg Holdsworth and his water bed . In the early 1990s storylines included the death of newborn Katie McDonald in 1992 , Mike Baldwin 's ( Johnny Briggs ) wedding to Alma Sedgewick ( Amanda Barrie ) in 1992 , Tommy Duckworth being sold by his father Terry ( Nigel Pivaro ) in 1993 , Deirdre Barlow 's ( Anne Kirkbride ) marriage to Moroccan Samir Rachid ( Al Nedjari ) , and the rise of Tanya Pooley ( Eva Pope ) between 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , Julie Goodyear ( Bet Lynch ) left the show . She made brief return appearances in 1999 , 2002 and 2003 . In 1997 , Brian Park took over as producer , with the idea of promoting young characters as opposed to the older cast . On his first day , he cut the characters of Derek Wilton ( Peter Baldwin ) , Don Brennan ( Geoffrey Hinsliff ) , Percy Sugden ( Bill Waddington ) , Bill Webster ( Peter Armitage ) , Billy Williams ( Frank Mills ( British actor ) Frank Mills ) ) and Maureen Holdsworth ( Sherrie Hewson ) . Thelma Barlow , who played Derek 's wife Mavis , was angered by the firing of her co-star and resigned . The production team lost some of its key writers when Barry Hill , Adele Rose and Julian Roach all resigned as well . In line with Park 's suggestion , younger characters were introduced : Nick Tilsley was recast , played by Adam Rickitt , single mother Zoe Tattersall ( Joanne Froggatt ) first appeared , and the Battersbys moved into No. 5 . Storylines focussed on tackling ' issues ' , such as drug dealers , eco-warriors , religious cults , and a transsexual woman . Park quit in 1998 , after deciding that he had done what he intended to do ; he maintained that his biggest achievement was the introduction of Hayley Patterson ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) , the first transsexual character in a British soap . Some viewers were alienated by the new Coronation Street , and sections of the media voiced their disapproval . Having received criticism of being too out of touch , Corrie now struggled to emulate the more modern Brookside and EastEnders . In the Daily Mirror , Victor Lewis - Smith wrote : `` Apparently it does n't matter that this is a first - class soap opera , superbly scripted and flawlessly performed by a seasoned repertory company . '' One of Coronation Street 's best known storylines took place in March / April 1998 , with Deirdre Rachid ( Anne Kirkbride ) being wrongfully imprisoned after a relationship with con - man Jon Lindsay ( Owen Aaronovitch ) . The episode in which Deirdre was sent to prison had an audience of 19 million viewers , and ' Free the Weatherfield One ' campaigns sprung up in a media frenzy . Then Prime Minister Tony Blair even passed comment on Deirdre 's sentencing in Parliament . Deirdre was freed after three weeks , with Granada stating that they had always intended for her to be released , in spite of the media interest . 2000s ( edit ) On 8 December 2000 , the show celebrated its fortieth year by broadcasting a live , hour - long episode . The Prince of Wales appeared as himself in an ITV News bulletin report . Earlier in the year , 13 - year - old Sarah - Louise Platt ( Tina O'Brien ) had become pregnant and given birth to a baby girl , Bethany , on 4 June . The episode where Gail was told of her daughter 's pregnancy was watched by 15 million viewers . In September 2000 , Mike Baldwin married Linda Sykes but shortly afterwards , his drunken son Mark confessed he and Linda had been having an affair behind his dad 's back . The episode attracted an audience of 16.8 million and in the 2000 British Soap Awards won Best Storyline . From 1999 to 2001 , issue - led storylines were introduced such as Toyah Battersby 's ( Georgia Taylor ) rape , Roy and Hayley Cropper ( David Neilson and Julie Hesmondhalgh ) abducting their foster child , Sarah Platt 's Internet chat room abduction and Alma Halliwell 's ( Amanda Barrie ) death from cervical cancer . Such storylines were unpopular with viewers and ratings dropped and in October 2001 , Macnaught was abruptly moved to another Granada department and Carolyn Reynolds took over . Corrie continued to struggle in the ratings , with EastEnders introducing some of its strongest stories . In 2002 , Kieran Roberts was appointed as producer and aimed to re-introduce `` gentle storylines and humour '' , after deciding that the Street should not try to compete with other soaps . In 2002 , Gail Platt ( Helen Worth ) married Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , a financial advisor , who would go on to leave Duggie Ferguson ( John Bowe ) to die , murder his ex-wife Patricia ( Annabelle Apsion ) , attempt to murder his mother - in - law Audrey Roberts ( Sue Nicholls ) , murder Maxine Peacock ( Claire Casey ) and attempt to murder Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) . After confessing to the murder of Maxine and his ex-wife , Hillman attempted to kill Gail , her children Sarah and David ( Jack P. Shepherd ) , and her granddaughter Bethany , by driving them into a canal . The storyline received wide press attention , and viewing figures peaked at 19.4 million , with Hillman dubbed a `` serial killer '' by the media . Todd Grimshaw ( Bruno Langley ) became Corrie 's first regular homosexual character . In 2003 another gay male character was introduced , Sean Tully ( Antony Cotton ) . The character of Karen McDonald ( Suranne Jones ) was developed , with her fiery marriage to Steve and warring with Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) . In 2004 , Coronation Street retconned the Baldwin family when Mike 's nephew Danny Baldwin ( Bradley Walsh ) and his wife Frankie ( Debra Stephenson ) moved to the area from Essex , with their two sons Jamie ( Rupert Hill ) and Warren ( Danny Young ) . Until this time , Mike Baldwin had been portrayed as an only child , with his father ( also called Frankie and portrayed by Sam Kydd ) appearing in the programme between 1980 and 1982 confirming the fact . The bigamy of Peter Barlow ( Chris Gascoyne ) and his addiction to alcohol , later in the decade , Maya Sharma 's ( Sasha Behar ) revenge on former lover Dev Alahan ( Jimmi Harkishin ) , Charlie Stubbs 's ( Bill Ward ) psychological abuse of Shelley Unwin ( Sally Lindsay ) , and the deaths of Mike Baldwin ( Johnny Briggs ) , Vera Duckworth ( Elizabeth Dawn ) and Fred Elliott ( John Savident ) . In 2007 , Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) murdered Charlie Stubbs and claiming it was self - defence ; the audience during this storyline peaked at 13.3 million . At the 2007 British Soap Awards , it won Best Storyline , and Ford was voted Best Actress for her portrayal . Other storylines included Leanne Battersby ( Jane Danson ) becoming a prostitute and the show 's first bisexual love triangle ( between Michelle Connor ( Kym Marsh ) , Sonny Dhillon ( Pal Aron ) , and Sean Tully ( Antony Cotton ) ) . The Connor family were central to many storylines during 2007 -- the accidental death of a Polish worker at Underworld due to overworking , Michelle 's discovery that her brothers Paul ( Sean Gallagher ) and Liam ( Rob James - Collier ) were the cause of her husband 's death , Paul 's use of an escort service , his kidnapping of Leanne and his subsequent death . In July 2007 , after 34 years in the role of Vera Duckworth , Elizabeth Dawn left the show due to ill health . After conversation between Dawn and producers Kieran Roberts and Steve Frost , the decision was made to kill Vera off . In January 2008 , shortly before plans to retire to Blackpool , Vera 's husband Jack ( William Tarmey ) found that she had died in her armchair . Tina O'Brien revealed in the British press on 4 April 2007 that she would be leaving Coronation Street . Sarah - Louise , who was involved in some of the decade 's most controversial stories , left in December 2007 with her daughter , Bethany Platt ( who had been in an ecstasy storyline earlier that year , in which she discovered her uncle David 's stash of the drug he was looking after for a friend in one of her dolls , and ended up in hospital after she ate them ) . In 2008 , Michelle learning that Ryan ( Ben Thompson ) was not her biological son , having been accidentally swapped at birth with Alex Neeson ( Dario Coates ) . Carla Connor ( Alison King ) turned to Liam for comfort and developed feelings for him . In spite of knowing about her feelings , Liam married Maria Sutherland ( Samia Longchambon ) . Maria and Liam 's baby son was stillborn in April , and during an estrangement from Maria upon the death of their baby , Liam had a one - night stand with Carla , a story which helped pave the way for his departure . Gail Platt 's ( Helen Worth ) son David ( Jack P. Shepherd ) pushed her down the stairs . Enraged that Gail refused to press charges , David vandalised the Street and was sent to a young offenders ' facility for several months . In May 2008 , Gail finally met Ted Page ( Michael Byrne ) , the father she had never known and in 2009 , Gail 's boyfriend Joe McIntyre ( Reece Dinsdale ) became addicted to painkillers , which came to a head when he broke into the medical centre . In August 2008 , Jed Stone ( Kenneth Cope ) returned after 42 years . Liam Connor and his ex-sister - in - law Carla gave into their feelings for each other and began an affair . Carla 's fiancée Tony Gordon ( Gray O'Brien ) discovered the affair and had Liam killed in a hit - and - run in October . Carla struggled to come to terms with Liam 's death , but decided she still loved Tony and married him on 3 December , in an episode attracting 10.3 million viewers . In April 2009 it was revealed that Eileen Grimshaw 's ( Sue Cleaver ) father , Colin ( Edward de Souza ) - he son of Elsie Tanner 's ( Pat Phoenix ) cousin Arnley - had slept with Eileen 's old classmate , Paula Carp ( Sharon Duce ) while she was still at school , and that Paula 's daughter Julie ( Katy Cavanagh ) was in fact also Colin 's daughter . In May , Norris Cole ( Malcolm Hebden ) received a blast from the past with the reappearance of his estranged brother Ramsay Clegg ( Andrew Sachs ) who wanted a reconciliation . Peter Barlow 's battle against alcoholism , Ken Barlow 's affair with actress Martha Fraser ( Stephanie Beacham ) after his dog Eccles fell in the canal , Maria giving birth to Liam 's son and her subsequent relationship with Liam 's killer Tony , Steve McDonald 's ( Simon Gregson ) marriage to Becky Granger ( Katherine Kelly ) and Kevin Webster 's ( Michael Le Vell ) affair with Molly Dobbs ( Vicky Binns ) . On Christmas Day 2009 , Sally Webster ( Sally Dynevor ) told husband Kevin that she had breast cancer , just as he was about to leave her for lover Molly . 2010s ( edit ) The show began broadcasting in high - definition in May 2010 , and on 17 September that year , Coronation Street entered Guinness World Records as the world 's longest - running television soap opera after the American soap opera As the World Turns concluded . William Roache was listed as the world 's longest - running soap actor . The aftermath of the tram crash Coronation Street 's 50th anniversary week was celebrated with seven episodes , plus a special one - hour live episode , broadcast from 6 -- 10 December . The episodes averaged 14 million viewers , a 52.1 % share of the audience . The anniversary was also publicised with ITV specials and news broadcasts . In the storyline , Nick Tilsley and Leanne Battersby 's bar -- The Joinery -- exploded during Peter Barlow 's stag party . As a result , the viaduct was destroyed , sending a Metrolink tram careering onto the street , destroying D&S Alahan 's Corner Shop and The Kabin . Two characters , Ashley Peacock and Molly Dobbs , along with an unknown taxi driver , were killed as a result of the disaster . Rita Sullivan survived , despite being trapped under the rubble of her destroyed shop . Fiz Stape prematurely gave birth to a baby girl , Hope , after her husband , John , struck his stalker Charlotte Hoyle with a hammer to silence her . He later attempted to turn off Charlotte 's life support machine , having gained access to her bedside by allowing her parents to believe he was her fiancé ; they later made the decision themselves . Peter Barlow , believing himself on his deathbed , married Leanne Battersby in an impromptu ceremony , shortly before going into cardiac arrest , although he later rallied and made a slow recovery . The episode of EastEnders broadcast on the same day as Coronation Street 's 50th anniversary episode included a tribute , with the character Dot Branning saying that she never missed Coronation Street . In May 2011 , Dennis Tanner returned after 43 years off screen . Beverley Callard and Vicky Entwistle who play Liz McDonald and Janice Battersby , respectively , quit the street . On 15 October 2011 , Betty Driver , who had played Betty Williams since 1969 , died of pneumonia , aged 91 . In 2011 , the major storyline of John Stape and his murder spree came to an end in May after he jumped off a hospital roof but left before he could be arrested . He returned in October before Fiz Stape was imprisoned for the murders . Following a car crash , John revealed the details about the murders and how Fiz was not involved . He later died from his injuries on 28 October . In December 2011 , the popular Sophie & Sian lesbian relationship storyline came to an end when Sian left Weatherfield after jilting Sophie at their wedding , and later discovering that Sophie had shared a kiss with Dev Alahan 's daughter Amber whilst she was away on holiday . In March 2013 , Karl Munro starts a fire in the cellar of the Rovers Return killing Sunita Alahan and a female firefighter . This episode attracted over 10 million viewers . Although he gets away with it at first , the truth eventually comes out and Karl is arrested and sentenced to prison later on in the year . In 2014 Kal Nazir 's family , the street 's first Muslim family , was introduced . Burglar Michael Rodwell played by comedian Les Dennis , was introduced through a restorative justice storyline with Gail McIntyre . Three of the show 's best - loved characters made their final appearances in 2014 : Hayley Cropper , Tina McIntyre and Deirdre Barlow . Hayley was diagnosed with a terminal cancer of the pancreas after a check - up in 2013 . Hayley decided to end her life before she succumbs to her illness much to the despair of her husband Roy Cropper . Roy reluctantly agreed to his wife 's demands and Hayley drank a concoction of mashed up pills and died in bed of an overdose with her husband lying beside her . Tina McIntyre embarked on an affair with Peter Barlow after they shared a passionate kiss during Peter and Carla Connor 's wedding reception , but is later killed by Carla 's brother Rob Donovan after he discovers the affair . Peter is arrested and jailed for the murder , but is released from prison once the real identity of the killer is uncovered . His name cleared , Peter decides to depart seeing as how there is nothing keeping him in Weatherfield other than son Simon . Peter leaves in November . Because of the stress of the trial , Peter 's stepmother Deirdre decided to go away to stay with her friend . Deirdre 's portrayer Anne Kirkbride died in January 2015 , so the character was written out of the show , with her character dying off screen in July 2015 . In January 2015 , while driving the men and women of Underworld to an up class hotel , Steve loses control of their minibus when he is distracted by reckless drivers , and ends up crashing . The vehicle is hanging over the edge of a cliff , and leaving the passengers ' lives hanging in the balance . Steve regains consciousness first and abandons the wreckage . While everyone emerges alive from the crash , young Sinead Tinker is left paralysed , potentially for life , and Steve 's depression takes a turn for the worse . In May 2015 , Tracy seeks revenge on Carla and inadvertently starts a massive fire in the Victoria Court flats . A barely conscious Carla is rescued by Leanne . Leanne went back inside to rescue Amy , followed by Kal . The residents are horrified when they find a gas canister on fire . Amy and Leanne make it out safely but Kal is killed after the balcony of the flat explodes . A stray piece from the flaming debris then causes a second explosion at the nearby builders ' yard , ignited by a batch of flammable chemicals . This blast hits Maddie as she walks past the yard , and she later dies from her injuries . Carla becomes addicted to a gambling habit and is a mess . She takes Tracy to a cliff and tries to commit suicide but Tracy confesses . As the factory is in tatters , Johnny Connor and son Aidan Connor and sister Kate Connor come to bail her out . On the morning of 1 March 2016 , Coronation Street creator , Tony Warren , died , aged 79 , after a `` short illness '' as confirmed by Coronation Street 's Twitter account . Tributes were paid by cast members , past and present . In October 2016 , David Platt attempted to get revenge on his wife Kylie 's killer Clayton Hibbs by crashing his car into the prison van that killer Clayton was in . In a bid to protect him from himself , Gail and Nick lock him in the cellar of the Bistro . However he fakes his own death and manages to escape his makeshift prison cell . He runs to the garage , ( where his car is being repaired ) and drives off in it much to his family 's horror . However , while driving the car , he sees his daughter Lily in the road and swerves the car and flips over in it . Gary Windass attempted to save Lily but they both ended up trapped under it . When the two are pulled out , the car suddenly catches fire and left Anna Windass with severely injured legs after catching fire due to it spreading . In March 2017 , Ken Barlow is pushed down the stairs by an unknown assailant in a storyline dubbed Who Attacked Ken ? . The main suspects were Ken 's children Peter , Tracy and Daniel Osbourne , his grandchildren Amy and Adam Barlow , local builder and soap villain Pat Phelan and Daniel 's girlfriend Sinead Tinker . The attacker was revealed in May 2017 to be Daniel . Daniel was offered a place at Oxford University . However , Sinead falls pregnant with his child and he decides to stay in Weatherfield to look after them . When Ken learns of this , he persuades Sinead to get an abortion . When Sinead reveals to Daniel about the abortion , he breaks up with Sinead and attacks Ken that night . Daniel is not arrested as Ken tells the police that he tripped and no one pushed him . Characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of Coronation Street characters , List of past Coronation Street characters , and List of Coronation Street actors Cast of Coronation Street , 1960 Since 1960 , Coronation Street has featured many characters whose popularity with viewers and critics has differed greatly . The original cast was created by Tony Warren , with the characters of Ena Sharples ( Violet Carson ) , Elsie Tanner ( Pat Phoenix ) and Annie Walker ( Doris Speed ) as central figures . These three women remained with the show for 20 years or more , and became archetypes of British soap opera , often being emulated by other serials . Ena was the street 's busybody , battleaxe and self - proclaimed moral voice . Elsie was the tart with a heart , who was constantly hurt by men in the search for true love . Annie Walker , landlady of the Rovers Return Inn , had delusions of grandeur and saw herself as better than other residents of Coronation Street . Coronation Street became known for the portrayal of strong female characters , including original cast characters like Ena , Annie and Elsie , and Hilda Ogden ( Jean Alexander ) , who first appeared in 1964 ; who became household names during the 1960s . Warren 's programme was largely matriarchal , which some commentators put down to the female - dominant environment in which he grew up . Consequently , the show has a long tradition of psychologically abused husbands , most famously Stan Ogden ( Bernard Youens ) and Jack Duckworth ( Bill Tarmey ) , husbands of Hilda and Vera Duckworth ( Liz Dawn ) , respectively . Cast at the 50th Anniversary of Coronation Street , 2010 Ken Barlow ( William Roache ) entered the storyline as a young radical , reflecting the youth of 1960s Britain , where figures like the Beatles , the Rolling Stones and the model Twiggy were to reshape the concept of youthful rebellion . Though the rest of the original Barlow family were killed off before the end of the 1970s , Ken , who for 27 years was the only character from the first episode remaining , has remained the constant link throughout the entire series . In 2011 , Dennis Tanner ( Philip Lowrie ) , another character from the first episode , returned to Coronation Street after a 43 - year absence . Since 1984 , Ken Barlow has been the show 's only remaining original character . Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) had appeared in the series since late January 1961 , when the show was just weeks old , and was the show 's longest - serving female character before she departed in January 2015 . Stan and Hilda Ogden were introduced in 1964 , with Hilda becoming one of the most famous British soap opera characters of all time . In a 1982 poll , she was voted fourth most recognisable woman in Britain , after Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , Queen Elizabeth II and Diana , Princess of Wales . Hilda 's best - known attributes were her pinny , hair curlers , and the `` muriel '' in her living room with three `` flying '' duck ornaments . Hilda Ogden 's final episode on Christmas Day 1987 , remains the highest - rated episode of Coronation Street ever , with nearly 27 million viewers . Stan Ogden had been killed off in 1984 following the death of actor Bernard Youens after a long illness which had restricted his appearances towards the end . Bet Lynch ( Julie Goodyear ) first appeared in 1966 , before becoming a regular in 1970 , and went on to become one of the most famous Corrie characters . Bet stood as the central character of the show from 1985 until departing in 1995 , often being dubbed as `` Queen of the Street '' by the media , and indeed herself . The character briefly returned in June 2002 . Coronation Street and its characters often rely heavily on archetypes , with the characterisation of some of its current and recent cast based loosely on past characters . Phyllis Pearce ( Jill Summers ) , Blanche Hunt ( Maggie Jones ) and Sylvia Goodwin ( Stephanie Cole ) embodied the role of the acid - tongued busybody originally held by Ena , Sally Webster ( Sally Dynevor ) has grown snobbish , like Annie , and a number of the programme 's female characters , such as Carla Connor ( Alison King ) , mirror the vulnerability of Elsie and Bet . Other recurring archetypes include the war veteran such as Albert Tatlock ( Jack Howarth ) , Percy Sugden ( Bill Waddington ) and Gary Windass ( Mikey North ) , the bumbling retail manager like Leonard Swindley ( Arthur Lowe ) , Reg Holdsworth ( Ken Morley ) , Norris Cole ( Malcolm Hebden ) , quick - tempered , tough tradesmen like Len Fairclough ( Peter Adamson ) , Jim McDonald ( Charles Lawson ) , Tommy Harris ( Thomas Craig ) and Owen Armstrong ( Ian Puleston - Davies ) , and the perennial losers such as Stan and Hilda , Jack and Vera , Les Battersby ( Bruce Jones ) , Beth Tinker ( Lisa George ) and Kirk Sutherland ( Andrew Whyment ) . Villains like Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) , Alan Bradley ( Mark Eden ) , Jenny Bradley ( Sally Ann Matthews ) , Rob Donovan ( Marc Baylis ) , Frank Foster ( Andrew Lancel ) , Tony Gordon ( Gray O'Brien ) , Caz Hammond ( Rhea Bailey ) , Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , Greg Kelly ( Stephen Billington ) , Will Chatterton ( Leon Ockenden ) , Nathan Curtis ( Christopher Harper ) , Callum Logan ( Sean Ward ) , Karl Munro ( John Michie ) , Pat Phelan ( Connor McIntyre ) , David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) , Maya Sharma ( Sasha Behar ) , Kirsty Soames ( Natalie Gumede ) and John Stape ( Graeme Hawley ) are also common character types . The show 's former archivist and scriptwriter Daran Little disagreed with the characterisation of the show as a collection of stereotypes . `` Rather , remember that Elsie , Ena and others . were the first of their kind ever seen on British television . If later characters are stereotypes , it 's because they are from the same original mould . It is the hundreds of programmes that have followed which have copied Coronation Street . '' Storylines ( edit ) Main article : Storylines of Coronation Street Over the show 's history , Coronation Street has highlighted a wide range of different social issues , including rape , cancer , HIV , incest , hoarding , stillbirth , murder , arson , hit - and - run , miscarriage , adultery , euthanasia , homosexuality , depression , epilepsy , osteoporosis , childhood cancer , domestic violence , post traumatic stress disorder , teenage pregnancy , gambling addiction , widowers moving onto other relationships , ehlers -- danlos syndrome , brain aneurysm , drink driving , bipolar disorder , multiple sclerosis , alzheimer 's disease , families terrorised by thugs , financial problems , parental abuse , identity theft , bereavement , terminal illness , post-natal depression , abortion , perjury , adoption , premature birth , fostering , surrogacy , prostitution , sexual exploitation , child grooming and revenge porn . Production ( edit ) Broadcast format ( edit ) Between 9 December 1960 and 3 March 1961 , Coronation Street was broadcast twice weekly , on Wednesday and Friday . During this period , the Friday episode was broadcast live , with the Wednesday episode being pre-recorded 15 minutes later . When the programme went fully networked on 6 March 1961 , broadcast days changed to Monday and Wednesday . The last regular episode to be shown live was broadcast on 3 February 1961 . The series was transmitted in black and white for the majority of the 1960s . Preparations were made to film episode 923 , to be transmitted Wednesday 29 October 1969 , in colour . This instalment featured the street 's residents on a coach trip to the Lake District . In the end , suitable colour film stock for the cameras could not be found and the footage was shot in black and white . The following episode , transmitted Monday 3 November , was videotaped in colour but featured black and white film inserts and title sequence . Like BBC1 , the ITV network was officially broadcast in black and white at this point ( though programmes were actually broadcast in colour as early as July that year for colour transmission testing and adjustment ) so the episode was seen by most in black and white . Daran Little , for many years the official programme archivist , claims that the first episode to be transmitted in colour was episode 930 shown on 24 November 1969 . The ITV network , like BBC1 , began full colour transmissions on 15 November 1969 and it is therefore possible that the first transmitted colour episode is number 928 shown on 17 November . In October 1970 a technicians ' dispute turned into a work - to - rule when sound staff were denied a pay rise given to camera staff the year before for working with colour recording equipment . The terms of the work - to - rule were that staff refused to work with the new equipment ( though the old black and white equipment had been disposed of by then ) and therefore programmes were recorded and transmitted in black and white , including Coronation Street The dispute was resolved in early 1971 and the last black and white episode was broadcast on 8 February 1971 . Episode 5191 , originally broadcast on 7 January 2002 , was the first to be broadcast in 16 : 9 widescreen format . Coronation Street was the last British soap to make the switch to 16 : 9 ( Take the High Road remained in 4 : 3 until it finished in 2003 ) . From 22 March 2010 , Coronation Street was produced in 1080 / 50i for transmission on HDTV platforms on ITV HD . The first transmission in this format was episode 7351 on 31 May 2010 with a new set of titles and re-recorded theme tune . On 26 May 2010 ITV previewed the new HD titles on the Coronation Street website . Due to copyright reasons only viewers residing in the UK could see them on the ITV site . Production staff ( edit ) Coronation Street 's creator , Tony Warren , wrote the first 13 episodes of the programme in 1960 , and continued to write for the programme intermittently until 1976 . He had retained links with Coronation Street up to his death in 2016 , often advising on storylines . Harry Kershaw was the script editor for Coronation Street when the programme began in 1960 , working alongside Tony Warren . Kershaw was also a script writer for the programme and the show 's producer between 1962 and 1971 . He remains the only person , along with John Finch , to have held the three posts of script editor , writer and producer . Kershaw continued to write for the programme until his retirement in January 1988 . Adele Rose was the longest - serving Coronation Street writer , completing 455 scripts between 1961 and 1998 . She also created Byker Grove . Bill Podmore was the show 's longest serving producer . By the time he stepped down in 1988 he had completed 13 years at the production helm . Nicknamed the `` godfather '' by the tabloid press , he was renowned for his tough , uncompromising style and was feared by both crew and cast alike . He is probably most famous for sacking Peter Adamson , the show 's Len Fairclough , in 1983 . Kieran Roberts currently , as of 2016 , executively produces the show , with former Emmerdale producer Stuart Blackburn as the series producer . Blackburn was cut from his job in September 2015 , with the then - series producer of Emmerdale , Kate Oates , replacing him . Michael Apted , best known for the Up ! series of documentaries was a director on the programme in the early 1960s . This period of his career marked the first of his many collaborations with writer Jack Rosenthal . Rosenthal , noted for such television plays as Bar Mitzvah Boy , began his career on the show , writing over 150 episodes between 1961 and 1969 . Paul Abbott was a story editor on the programme in the 1980s and began writing episodes in 1989 , but left in 1993 to produce Cracker , for which he later wrote , before creating his own dramas such as Touching Evil and Shameless . Russell T Davies was briefly a storyliner on the programme in the mid-1990s , also writing the script for the direct - to - video special `` Viva Las Vegas ! '' He , too , has become a noted writer of his own high - profile television drama programmes , including Queer as Folk and the 2005 revival of Doctor Who . Jimmy McGovern also wrote some episodes . Theme music ( edit ) The show 's theme music , a cornet piece , accompanied by a brass band plus clarinet and double bass , reminiscent of northern band music , was written by Eric Spear . The identity of the trumpeter was not public knowledge until 1994 , when jazz musician and journalist Ron Simmonds revealed that it was the Surrey musician Ronnie Hunt . He added , `` an attempt was made in later years to re-record that solo , using Stan Roderick , but it sounded too good , and they reverted to the old one . '' In 2004 , the Manchester Evening News published a contradictory story that a young musician from Wilmslow called David Browning played the trumpet on both the original recording of the theme in 1960 and a re-recording in 1964 , for a one - off payment of £ 36 . In June 2009 , the Mail on Sunday resolved the matter . Browning conceded that Hunt recorded the original in 1960 , but believed that his own re-recording in 1964 or 1972 had been used since that date . ITV then confirmed to the Mail that a second version had been recorded in the 1970s , but was only used for a very short while before reverting to Hunt 's 1960 recording . In the 1980s the same version was converted to stereo . Ronnie Hunt said he was paid £ 6 , and found the experience frustrating as Eric Spear insisted on many takes before obtaining the sound that he wanted . After taking a break in a local pub , Hunt achieved the desired mournful sound by playing very close to the microphone . A new , completely re-recorded version of the theme tune replaced the original when the series started broadcasting in HD on 31 May 2010 . It accompanied a new montage - style credits sequence featuring images of Manchester and Weatherfield . A reggae version of the theme tune was recorded by The I - Royals and released by Media Marvels and WEA in 1983 . On 31 March 2017 , it was revealed on the YouTube channel of Corrie that some of the soap 's cast would sing a specially - written lyric , of which will be added to the new theme song that will be played , as of the first episode of the evening of Monday , 3 April 2017 , but it turned out it was just a joke . Viewing figures ( edit ) Most episodes in the 1960s , 70s , and 80s rated with over 20 million viewers and during the 1990s and early 2000s 14 -- 16 million per episode would be typical . Like most terrestrial television in the UK , a decline in viewership has taken place and the show posts an average audience of just under 9 million per episode as of 2013 , remaining one of the highest rated programmes in the UK . The programme rates as one of the most watched programmes on UK television for every day it is aired . Viewership peaked on Christmas Day 1987 when an average of 28.5 million viewers tuned in to see Hilda Ogden leave the street to start a new life as a housekeeper for long term friend Dr Lowther ( although there is some confusion as to whether or not this was actually the highest rating episode due to a special omnibus repeat of that week 's episodes being combined with the original airing ) . Since EastEnders began airing in 1985 on the BBC , the two programmes have constantly battled it out for first place in the ratings . Sets ( edit ) Main article : Coronation Street sets Rosamund Street viaduct as seen in 2002 opening credits of Coronation Street Shot of the former Coronation Street exterior set at Granada Studios . The set is close to Manchester city centre , hence the high rise buildings , which are not part of the programme . The regular exterior buildings shown in Coronation Street include a row of terrace houses , several townhouses , and communal areas including a newsagents ( The Kabin ) , a café ( Roy 's Rolls ) , a general grocery shop ( D&S Alahan 's ) , a factory ( Underworld ) and Rovers Return Inn public house . The Rovers Return Inn is the main meeting place for the show 's characters . Between 1960 and 1968 street scenes were filmed before a set constructed in a studio , with the house fronts reduced in scale to 3 / 4 and constructed from wood . In 1968 Granada built an outside set not all that different from the interior version previously used , with the wooden façades from the studio simply being erected on the new site . These were replaced with brick façades , and back yards were added in the 1970s . In 1982 a permanent full - street set was built in the Granada backlot , an area between Quay Street and Liverpool Road in Manchester . The set was constructed from reclaimed Salford brick . The set was updated in 1989 with the construction of a new factory , two shop units and three modern town houses on the south side of the street . Between 1989 and 1999 the Granada Studios Tour allowed members of the public to visit the set . The exterior set was extended and updated in 1999 . This update added to the Rosamund Street and Victoria Street façades , and added a viaduct on Rosamund Street . Most interior scenes are shot in the adjoining purpose - built studio . In 2008 , Victoria Court , an apartment building full of luxury flats , was started on Victoria Street . In 2014 , production moved to a new site at Trafford Wharf , a former dock area about two miles to the east , part of the MediaCityUK complex . The Trafford Wharf backlot is built upon a former truck stop site next to the Imperial War Museum North . It took two years from start to finish to recreate the iconic Street . The houses were built to almost full scale after previously being three - quarter size . On 5 April 2014 , the staff began to allow booked public visits to the old Quay Street set . An advert , with a voiceover from Victoria Wood , appeared on TV to advertise the tour . The tour was discontinued in December 2015 . On 12 March 2018 the extension of the Victoria Street set was officially unveiled . The new set features a garden , featuring a memorial bench paying tribute to the 22 victims of the Manchester Arena bombing , including Coronation Street super fan Martyn Hett . The prescient includes a Greater Manchester Police station called Weatherfield Police station . As part of a product placement deal between three companies and ITV Studios , new additions include a Tram stop station which is named Weatherfield North with Transport for Greater Manchester Metrolink branding , and shop front facades of Costa Coffee and the Weatherfield branded Co-op Food store interior scenes have been screened and exterior scenes at the new set first aired on 20 April 2018 . On 20 April 2018 , ITV announced that they have successfully been granted with official approval of planning permission to allow booked public visits to the MediaCityUK Trafford Wharf set . Tours will commence on weekends from 26 May 2018 onwards . Broadcast ( edit ) United kingdom ( edit ) For 57 years , Coronation Street has remained at the centre of ITV 's prime time schedule . The programme is shown in the UK in six episodes , over three evenings a week on ITV . From Friday 9 December 1960 until Friday 3 March 1961 , the programme was shown in two episodes broadcast Wednesday and Friday at 7 pm . Schedules were changed and from Monday 6 March 1961 until Wednesday 11 October 1989 , the programme was shown in two episodes broadcast Monday and Wednesday at 7 : 30 pm . The third weekly episode was introduced on Friday 20 October 1989 , broadcast at 7 : 30 pm . From 1996 , an extra episode was broadcast at 7 : 30 pm on Sunday nights . Aside from Granada , the programme originally appeared on the following stations of the ITV network : Anglia Television , Associated - Rediffusion , Television Wales and the West , Scottish Television , Southern Television and Ulster Television . From episode 14 on Wednesday 25 January 1961 , Tyne Tees Television broadcast the programme . That left ATV in the Midlands as the only ITV station not carrying the show . When they decided to broadcast the programme , national transmission was changed from Wednesday and Friday at 7 pm to Monday and Wednesday at 7 : 30 pm and the programme became fully networked under this new arrangement from episode 25 on Monday 6 March 1961 . As the ITV network grew over the next few years , the programme was transmitted by these new stations on these dates onward : Westward Television from episode 40 on 29 April 1961 , Border Television from episode 76 on 1 September 1961 , Grampian Television from episode 84 on 30 September 1961 , Channel Television from episode 180 on 1 September 1962 and Teledu Cymru ( north and west Wales ) from episode 184 on 14 September 1962 . At this point , the ITV network became complete and the programme was broadcast almost continuously across the country at 7 : 30 pm on Monday and Wednesday for the next twenty - seven years . From episode 2981 on Friday 20 October 1989 at 7 : 30 pm , a third weekly episode was introduced and this increased to four episodes a week from episode 4096 on Sunday 24 November 1996 , again at 7 : 30 pm . The second Monday episode was introduced in 2002 and was broadcast at 7 : 30 pm to usher in the return of Bet Lynch . The Monday 8 : 30 pm episode was used intermittently during the popular Richard Hillman story line but has become fully scheduled since episode 5568 on Monday 25 August 2003 . Additional episodes have been broadcast during the weekly schedule of ITV at certain times , notably in 2004 when , between 22 and 26 November , eight episodes were shown . Older episodes had been broadcast by satellite and cable channel Granada Plus from launch in 1996 . The first episodes shown were from episode 1588 ( originally transmitted on Monday 5 April 1976 ) onwards . Originally listed and promoted as Classic Coronation Street , the `` classic '' was dropped in early 2002 , at which stage the episodes were from late 1989 . By the time of the channel 's closure in 2004 , the repeats had reached January 1994 . In addition to this , `` specials '' were broadcast on Saturday afternoons in the early years of the channel with several episodes based on a particular theme or character ( s ) were shown . The latest episode shown in these specials was from 1991 . In addition , on 27 and 28 December 2003 , several Christmas Day editions of the show were broadcast . From 23 July 2009 Coronation Street started to be broadcast in five instalments a week , at 7 : 30 and 8 : 30 pm on Mondays and Fridays , and at 8 : 30 pm on Thursdays . The Thursday episode replaced the former Wednesday show . Occasional late night episodes of Coronation Street begin at 10 pm , due to the watershed . Repeat episodes , omnibus broadcasts and specials have been shown on ITV and ITV2 . In January 2008 the omnibus returned to the main ITV channel where it was aired on Saturday mornings / afternoons depending on the schedule and times . In May 2008 it moved to Sunday mornings until August 2008 when it returned to Saturdays . In January 2009 it moved back to Sunday mornings usually broadcasting at around 9.25 am until December 2010 . In January 2011 the omnibus moved to Saturday mornings on ITV at 9.25 am . During the Rugby World Cup , which took place in New Zealand , matches had to be broadcast on a Saturday morning , so the omnibus moved to Saturday lunchtimes / afternoons during September and October 2011 . However , as of 22 October 2011 the omnibus moved back to Saturday mornings at 9.25 am on ITV . From January 2012 the omnibus was no longer broadcast on ITV after four years , however it remains on ITV2 . On 30 June 2011 it was confirmed that Coronation Street would return to its traditional 7 : 30 pm timeslot on a Wednesday evening in September 2012 . A sixth weekly episode aired on Wednesdays at 8 : 30pm from 20 September 2017 . ITV also confirmed on this date that ITV3 would air afternoon timeslot sequential reruns of Classic Coronation Street . Two classic episodes were retransmitted between Mondays to Fridays at 2 : 45 pm until 3 : 45 pm from 2 October 2017 . The first episodes shown were from episode 2587 ( originally transmitted on Wednesday 15 January 1986 ) onwards . International ( edit ) Coronation Street is shown in various countries worldwide . The programme was first aired in Australia in 1963 on TCN - 9 Sydney , GTV - 9 Melbourne and NWS - 9 Adelaide , and by 1966 Coronation Street was more popular in Australia than in the UK . The show eventually left free - to - air television in Australia in the 1970s . It briefly returned to the Nine Network in a daytime slot during 1994 -- 1995 . In 2005 STW - 9 Perth began to show episodes before the 6 pm news to improve the lead in to Nine News Perth , but this did not work and the show was cancelled a few months later . In 1996 Pay - TV began and Arena began screening the series in one - hour instalments on Saturdays and Sundays at 6 : 30 pm EST . The series was later moved to Pay - TV channel UKTV where it is still shown . In 2015 Coronation Street is shown on weeknights at 6 : 50 pm EST . Episodes on UKTV are around four weeks behind the UK . Seven broadcast old episodes daily on 7Two until September 2014 . As of November 2017 , episodes are one week behind of the UK . In Canada , Coronation Street is broadcast on CBC Television . Until 2011 , episodes were shown in Canada approximately 10 months after they aired in Britain ; however , beginning in the fall of 2011 , the CBC began showing two episodes every weekday , in order to catch up with the ITV showings , at 6 : 30 pm and 7 pm local time Monday - Friday , with an omnibus on Sundays at 7.30 am . By May 2014 , the CBC was only two weeks behind Britain , so the show was reduced to a single showing weeknights at 6 : 30 pm local time . The show debuted on Toronto 's CBLT in July 1966 . The 2002 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recognises the 1,144 episodes sold to the now - defunct CBC - owned Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , TV station CBKST by Granada TV on 31 May 1971 to be the largest number of TV shows ever purchased in one transaction . The show traditionally aired on weekday afternoons in Canada , with a Sunday morning omnibus . In 2004 , CBC moved the weekday airings from their daytime slot to prime time . In light of austerity measures imposed on the CBC in 2012 , which includes further cutbacks on non-Canadian programming , one of the foreign shows to remain on the CBC schedule is Coronation Street , according to the CBC 's director of content planning Christine Wilson , who commented : `` Unofficially I can tell you Coronation Street is coming back . If it did n't come back , something would happen on Parliament Hill . '' Kirstine Stewart , the head of the CBC 's English - language division , once remarked : `` Coronation Street fans are the most loyal , except maybe for curling viewers , of all CBC viewers . '' In late September 2014 , CBC aired extra episodes to become only one week behind the UK in airing of new episodes . In the Republic of Ireland , Coronation Street is simulcast on TV3 . The show is TV3 's most watched programme with an average of 365,000 people watching each night . The broadcaster relies on a live feed of the soap from the ITV network in London . If there was a breaking newsflash ( e.g. about a Royal baby being born ) on the UK channel , Coronation Street could not be broadcast . An omnibus is also shown on weekends . The show was first aired in 1978 , beginning with episodes from 1976 . Ireland eventually caught up with the current UK episodes in 1983 . Until 1992 it was broadcast on RTÉ2 and from 1992 to 2001 it was broadcast on RTÉ One . In 2001 Granada TV bought 45 percent of TV3 , which resulted in TV3 broadcasting series from 2001 to 2014 . In 2006 ITV sold its share of the channel but TV3 . TV3 continue to buy the soap until the end of 2014 when it moved to UTV Ireland . Coronation Street has broadcast on each of the main Irish networks , except for the Irish Language Network TG4 . From December 2016 , Coronation Street returned to TV3 following Virgin Media acquired UTV Ireland . In South Africa , Coronation Street episodes are broadcast three days after UK air date on ITV Choice . In New Zealand , Coronation Street has been shown locally since 1964 , first on NZBC television until 1975 , and then on TV One , which broadcasts it in a 4 - episode / 2 - hour block on Fridays from 7 : 30 pm . Since September 2014 , TV One has added a 2 - episode / 1 - hour block on Saturday from 8 : 30 pm . Because TV One has never upgraded to showing the equivalent of five episodes per week , New Zealand continues to fall further and further behind with episodes , and is 23 months behind Britain ( as of 28 March 2014 ) . During the weekday nights of the week ending 11 April 2014 and previous weeks , Coronation Street was the least watched programme on TV One in the 7 : 30 pm slot by a considerable margin in comparison to other weeknights , The serial aired on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 7 : 30 pm until October 2011 , when the show moved to a 5 : 30 pm half - hour slot every weekday . The move proved unpopular with fans , and the series was quickly moved into its present prime - time slot within weeks . Episodes 7883 , 7884 , 7885 and 7886 were screened on 16 May 2014 . These were originally aired in the UK between 4 and 11 June 2012 . In the United States , Coronation Street is available by broadcast or cable only in northern markets where CBC coverage from Canada overlaps the border or is available on local cable systems . It was broadcast on CBC 's US cable channel , Trio until the CBC sold its stake in the channel to Universal , before it was shut down in 2006 . Beginning in 2009 , episodes were available in the United States through Amazon.com 's on - demand service , one month behind their original UK airdates . The final series of shows available from Amazon appears to be from November 2012 , as no new episodes have been uploaded . On 15 January 2013 , online distributor Hulu began airing episodes of the show , posting a new episode daily , two weeks after their original airdates . For a time , Hulu 's website stated : `` New episodes of Coronation Street will be unavailable as of April 7th , 2016 '' , with the same being said for British soap Hollyoaks , but Hulu is once again showing new episodes of Coronation Street as of April 2017 , two weeks behind the UK airdate . The BBC / ITV service Britbox shows new episodes on the same day as the UK airing . Coronation Street was also shown on USA Network for an unknown period starting in 1982 . HM Forces and their families stationed overseas can watch Coronation Street on ITV , carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service , which is also available to civilians in the Falkland Islands . It used to be shown on BFBS1 . Satellite channel ITV Choice shows the programme in Asia , Middle East , Cyprus , and Malta . In the United Arab Emirates , episodes of Coronation Street are broadcast one month after their UK showing . Merchandise ( edit ) Several classic episodes were released on VHS video in the 1980s and 1990s in different sets , while a number of specially recorded feature - length episodes were released exclusively to video ( see Coronation Street VHS and DVD releases ) . The Street , a magazine dedicated to the show , was launched in 1989 . Edited by Bill Hill , the magazine contained a summary of recent storylines , interviews , articles about classic episodes , and stories that occurred from before 1960 . The format was initially A5 size , expanding to A4 from the seventh issue . The magazine folded after issue 23 in 1993 when the publisher 's contract with Granada Studios Tour expired and Granada wanted to produce their own magazine . During the time when the studio tour was operating , a huge amount of branded merchandise was available from an on - site shop -- everything from soap , to tea - towels , to model houses . These items gradually became scarce as the tours complex was wound down . Although there were large numbers produced , these items are becoming collectable by fans . On 25 June 2010 a video game of the show was released on Nintendo DS . Players take the role of a detective as they work through a brand new storyline and befriend the various characters from the street , including Ken , Norris , Maria and Blanche . Discography ( edit ) In 1995 , to commemorate the programme 's 35th anniversary , a CD called The Coronation Street Album was released , featuring cover versions of modern songs and standards by contemporary cast members . An album featuring songs sung by some of the cast was released for the show 's 50th anniversary . The singers include William Roache , Betty Driver , Kevin Kennedy and Katherine Kelly . The album is titled Rogues , Angels , Heroes & Fools . Spin - offs ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Granada launched one spin - off in 1965 , Pardon the Expression , following the story of clothing store manager Leonard Swindley ( Arthur Lowe ) after he left Weatherfield . Swindley 's management experience was tested when he was appointed assistant manager at a fictional department store , Dobson and Hawks . Granada produced two series of the spin - off , which ended in 1966 . In 1967 , Arthur Lowe returned as Leonard Swindley in Turn Out the Lights , a short - lived sequel to Pardon the Expression . It ran for just one series of six episodes before it was cancelled . In 1985 , a sister series , Albion Market was launched . It ran for one year , with 100 episodes produced . Crossovers ( edit ) In 2010 , several actors from the show appeared on The Jeremy Kyle Show as their soap characters : David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) , Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ) and Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) . In the fictional , semi-improvised scenario , David accused Nick ( his brother ) and Tina ( his ex-girlfriend ) of sleeping together . Coronation Street and rival soap opera EastEnders had a crossover for Children in Need in November 2010 called `` East Street '' . EastEnders stars that visited Weatherfield include Laurie Brett as Jane Beale , Charlie G. Hawkins as Darren Miller , Kylie Babbington as Jodie Gold , Nina Wadia as Zainab Masood and John Partridge as Christian Clarke . On 21 December 2012 , Coronation Street produced a Text Santa special entitled A Christmas Corrie which featured Norris Cole in the style of Scrooge , being visited by the ghosts of dead characters . The ghosts were Mike Baldwin , Maxine Peacock , Derek Wilton and Vera Duckworth . Other special guests include Torvill and Dean , Lorraine Kelly and Sheila Reid . The episode concluded with Norris learning the error of his ways and dancing on the cobbles . The original plan for this feature was to have included Jack Duckworth , along with Vera , but actor Bill Tarmey died before filming commenced . In the end a recording of his voice was played . Documentaries ( edit ) Coronation Street : Family Album was several documentaries about various families living on the street . `` Farewell ... '' was several documentaries featuring the best moments of a single character who had recently left the series -- most notably , Farewell Blanche ( Hunt ) , Farewell Jack ( Duckworth ) , Farewell Mike ( Baldwin ) , Farewell Vera ( Duckworth ) , Farewell Janice ( Battersby ) , Farewell Liz ( McDonald ) , Farewell Becky ( McDonald ) , and Farewell Tina ( McIntyre ) . Most of these were broadcast on the same day as the character 's final scenes in the series . Stars on the Street was aired around Christmas 2009 . It featured actors from the soap talking about the famous guest stars who had appeared in the series including people who were in it before they were famous . In December 2010 , ITV made a few special programmes to mark the 50th anniversary . Coronation Street Uncovered : Live , hosted by Stephen Mulhern was shown after the episode with the tram crash was aired on ITV 2 . On 7 and 9 December a countdown on the greatest Corrie moments , Coronation Street : 50 Years , 50 Moments , the viewers voted `` The Barlows at Alcoholics Anonymous '' as the greatest moment . On 10 December Paul O'Grady hosted a quiz show , Coronation Street : The Big 50 with three teams from the soap and a celebrity team answering questions about Coronation Street and other soaps . Also , Come Dine with Me and Celebrity Juice aired Coronation Street specials in the anniversary week . International adaptation ( edit ) The German TV series Lindenstraße took Coronation Street as the model . Lindenstraße started in 1985 . Films ( edit ) Over the years Coronation Street has released several straight - to - video films . Unlike other soaps which often used straight - to - video films to cover more contentious plot lines that may not be allowed by the broadcaster , Coronation Street has largely used these films to reset their characters in other locations . In 1995 , Coronation Street : The Cruise also known as Coronation Street : The Feature Length Special was released on VHS to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the show . ITV heavily promoted the programme as a direct - to - video exclusive but broadcast a brief version of it on 24 March 1996 . The Independent Television Commission investigated the broadcast , as viewers complained that ITV misled them . In 1997 , following the controversial cruise spin - off , Coronation Street : Viva Las Vegas ! was released on VHS , featuring Jack Duckworth , Vera Duckworth , Fiona Middleton and Maxine Peacock on a trip to Las Vegas . In 1999 , six special episodes of Coronation Street were produced , following the story of Steve McDonald , Vicky McDonald , Vikram Desai , Bet Gilroy and Reg Holdsworth in Brighton . This video was titled Coronation Street : Open All Hours and released on VHS . In 2008 , ITV announced filming was to get underway for a new special DVD episode , Coronation Street : Out of Africa , following the Battersby - Brown family , which included the temporary return of Cilla Battersby - Brown . In 2009 , another DVD special , Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday , was released . The feature - length comedy drama followed Roy , Hayley and Becky as they travelled to Romania for the wedding of a face from their past . The BBC commissioned a one - off drama called The Road to Coronation Street , about how the series first came into being . Jessie Wallace plays Pat Phoenix ( Elsie Tanner ) with Lynda Baron as Violet Carson ( Ena Sharples ) , Celia Imrie as Doris Speed ( Annie Walker ) and James Roache as his own father William Roache ( Ken Barlow ) . It was broadcast on 16 September 2010 on BBC Four . On 1 November 2010 , Coronation Street : A Knight 's Tale was released . Reg Holdsworth and Curly Watts returned in the film . Mary tries to take Norris to an apparently haunted castle where she hoped to seduce him . Rosie gets a job there and she takes Jason with her . Brian Capron also guest starred as an assumed relative of Richard Hillman . He rises out of a lake with a comedic `` wink to the audience '' after Hillman drowned in 2003 . Online ( edit ) On 21 December 2008 , a web - based miniseries ran on ITV.com ; called Corrie Confidential ; the first episode featured the characters Rosie and Sophie Webster in Underworld . ITV.com launched a small spin - off drama series called ' Gary 's Army Diaries ' which revolves around Gary Windass 's experiences in Afghanistan and the loss of his best friend , Quinny . Due to their popularity , the three five - minute episodes were recut into a single 30 - minute episode , which was broadcast on ITV2 . William Roache and Anne Kirkbride starred as Ken and Deirdre in a series of ten three - minute internet ' webisodes ' . The first episode of the series titled , Ken and Deirdre 's Bedtime Stories was activated on Valentine 's Day 2011 . In 2011 , an internet based spin - off starring Helen Flanagan as Rosie Webster followed her on her quest to be a supermodel . On 3 February 2014 , another web - based miniseries ran on ITV.com ; called Streetcar Stories . It showed what Steve and Lloyd get up to during the late nights in their Streetcar cab office . The first episode shows Steve and Lloyd making a cup of tea with `` The Stripper '' playing in the background , referencing Morecambe and Wise 's Breakfast Sketch . The second episode involves the pair having a biscuit dunking competition . Stage ( edit ) Main article : Corrie ! In August 2010 , many Coronation Street characters were brought to the stage in Jonathan Harvey 's comedy play Corrie ! . The play was commissioned to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the TV series and was presented at The Lowry in Salford , England by ITV Studios and Phil McIntyre Entertainments . Featuring a cast of six actors who alternate roles of favourite characters including Ena Sharples , Hilda Ogden , Hayley and Roy , Richard Hillman , Jack Duckworth , Bet Lynch , Steve , Karen and Becky , the play weaves together some of the most memorable moments from the TV show . It toured UK theatres between February 2011 and July 2011 with guest star narrators including Roy Barraclough , Ken Morley and Gaynor Faye . In popular culture ( edit ) The British rock band Queen produced a single `` I Want to Break Free '' in 1984 which reached number 3 position in UK charts and which is largely known for its music video for which all the band members dressed in women 's clothes , which parodied the characters and is considered as a homage to the show . The video depicts Mercury as a housewife , loosely based on Bet Lynch , who wants to `` break free '' from his life . Although Lynch was a blonde in the soap opera , Mercury thought he would look too silly as a blonde and chose a dark wig . May plays another , more relaxed housewife based on Hilda Ogden . Sponsorship ( edit ) Cadbury was the first sponsor of Coronation Street beginning in July 1996 . The original sponsorship had a chocolate - like version of the street ( which can be seen in place at the Cadbury World museum in Bournville , Birmingham ) with chocolate characters resembling some of the actual Coronation Street characters . In the summer of 2006 , Cadbury Trebor Bassetts had to recall over one million chocolate bars , due to suspected salmonella contamination , and Coronation Street stopped the sponsorship for several months . In late 2006 , Cadbury did not renew their contract , but agreed to sponsor the show until Coronation Street found a new sponsor . In July 2007 , an ITV press release announced that Harveys was the new sponsor of Coronation Street on the ITV Network . Harveys ' sponsorship began on 30 September 2007 . In the Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday film , Roy and Hayley Cropper are filmed in front of a Harveys store . In Coronation Street : A Knights Tale , a Harveys truck can be seen driving past Mary Taylor 's motor - home to further promote the brand . On 11 April 2012 , it was announced that Harveys had decided not to renew their contract and ceased sponsorship in December 2012 . Compare The Market were named as the new sponsor . In November 2011 a Nationwide Building Society ATM in Dev and Sunita Alahan 's shop became the first use of paid - for product placement in a UK primetime show . Hyundai are the current sponsor since January 2015 in the Republic of Ireland , aired on TV3 HD . Show sponsors ( edit ) 1996 -- 2007 : Cadbury 2007 -- 2012 : Harveys Furniture 2012 -- present : Comparethemarket.com Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Coronation Street Coronation Street is the second most award - winning British soap opera in the UK , behind rival soap EastEnders . Producers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See List of Coronation Street producers The first producer was Stuart Latham , from December 1960 to July 1961 . In the 1960s and 1970s , most producers did stints of about one year . Longer - running producers included Eric Prytherch ( May 1972 -- April 1974 ) ; Bill Podmore ( September 1977 -- July 1982 ) ; Carolyn Reynolds ( 1991 -- 1993 ) ; and Sue Pritchard ( 1993 -- 1996 ) . From 2008 until Summer 2010 the soap was produced by Kim Crowther , who was replaced by Phil Collinson ( producer of Doctor Who from 2005 to 2009 ) . Collinson left the job in 2013 , with Stuart Blackburn replacing him . Kate Oates was announced as Blackburn 's successor in September 2015 . See also ( edit ) Coronation Street timeline List of births , marriages , and deaths in Coronation Street List of longest - serving soap opera actors List of Coronation Street characters List of past Coronation Street characters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Judith . `` Coronation Street '' . Museum TV . Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' writer defends Salford references -- Coronation Street News -- Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street to air six times a week from next year '' . Jump up ^ `` TV review : The Road to Coronation Street '' . The Guardian . 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kudos extends Coronation Street The Tour contract '' . Event Magazine . Mail on Sunday . Retrieved 20 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street recognised as longest running soap '' . 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Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beverley Callard to leave Coronation Street '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Janice Battersby actress Vicky Entwistle quits Street '' . BBC News . 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Christine . Women and Soap Opera , Polity Press , London , 1991 . ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 0568 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hadcroft , Will . `` Daran Little interview '' . Corrie.net . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Barker , Dennis ( 7 November 2005 ) . `` Obituary : Leslie Duxbury '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the Street The Amazing Life of Julie Goodyear '' . Alken MRS . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1998 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ Kershaw . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 58 . Jump up ^ Richard Marson . `` Inside Updown -- the story of `` Upstairs Downstairs '' . Kaleidoscope publishing 2001 . p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' to join ITV1 HD '' . Digital Spy. 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street 's top ten writers '' . Corrie.net . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` HV Kershaw '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Adele Rose '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Podmore , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Rosenthal '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Abbott '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell T Davies '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Russell T Davies '' . The Gallifrey Archives . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Jones , Judith . `` Coronation street '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . 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Jump up ^ MacDonald , Marianne ( 27 March 1996 ) . `` Cadbury sponsors ' Coronation Street ' Sweet TV deal for chocolate - maker Britain 's top soap Street ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 14 November 2006 ) . `` Cadbury ends 10 - year Corrie sponsorship '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Harveys announced as new Corrie sponsor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` ' Coronation Street ' to get new sponsor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 17 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Coronation Street cashpoint to mark first product placement in UK primetime show '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Print references ( edit ) Randall , Tim ( 2010 ) . Fifty Years of Coronation Street . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1846 - 9 . Egan , Sean ( 2010 ) . 50 Years of Coronation Street : The ( Very ) Unofficial Story . London : JR Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906779 - 80 - 1 . Collier , Katherine ( 2008 ) ( 2003 ) . Coronation Street : The Epic Novel . Updated by Glenda Young . London : Carlton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 05097 - 3 . Hanson , David ; Kingston , Jo ( 1999 ) . Coronation St. : Access All Areas . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99722 - 3 . Kershaw , H.V. ( 1981 ) . The Street Where I Live . London : Granada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 246 - 11734 - 2 . Little , Daran ( 1995 ) . The Coronation Street Story . London : Boxtree . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85283 - 464 - 7 . Little , Daran ( 1998 ) . The Women of Coronation Street . London : Boxtree . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2443 - 5 . Little , Daran ( 2000 ) . 40 Years of Coronation Street . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99806 - 0 . Little , Daran ( 2002 ) . Who 's Who on Coronation Street . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99994 - 4 . Podmore , Bill ; Reece , Peter ( 1990 ) . Coronation Street : The Inside Story . London : Macdonald . ISBN 978 - 0 - 356 - 17971 - 1 . Tinker , Jack ( 1987 ) . Coronation Street : A fully illustrated record of television 's most popular serial . London : Treasure Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86273 - 240 - 0 . Video and DVD references ( edit ) This Is Coronation Street , Dir : John Black ( DVD ) Acorn Media Publishing , 2003 Coronation Street : Secrets , Dir : John Black ( DVD ) Morningstar Entertainment , 2004 Coronation Street : Early Days , ( Video ) Granada Media Group , 2001 Coronation Street : The Jubilee Years , ( Video ) Granada Media Group , 1985 Coronation Street : The Magic of , ( Video ) Granada Media Group , 1985 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coronation Street Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Coronation Street '' dated 2007 - 03 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Coraline ( film ) - wikipedia Coraline ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Coraline Theatrical release poster Directed by Henry Selick Produced by Henry Selick Claire Jennings Bill Mechanic Mary Sandell Screenplay by Henry Selick Based on Coraline by Neil Gaiman Starring Dakota Fanning Robert Bailey Jr . Teri Hatcher Jennifer Saunders Dawn French John Hodgman Ian McShane Music by Bruno Coulais Cinematography Pete Kozachik Edited by Christopher Murrie Production company Laika Pandemonium Distributed by Focus Features Release date February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) ( PIFF ) February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $124.6 million Coraline is a 2009 American 3D stop - motion dark fantasy horror film based on Neil Gaiman 's 2002 novel of the same name . It was the first feature film produced by Laika and was distributed by Focus Features . The film depicts an adventurous girl finding an idealized parallel world behind a secret door in her new home , unaware that the alternate world contains a dark and sinister secret . Written and directed by Henry Selick , the film was made with Gaiman 's approval and co-operation . The titular character 's name came from a typo in `` Caroline '' . According to Gaiman , `` I had typed the name Caroline , and it came out wrong . I looked at the word Coraline , and knew it was someone 's name . I wanted to know what happened to her . '' The film was released in United States theaters on February 6 , 2009 , after a world premiere at the Portland International Film Festival , and received positive reviews from critics . The film made $16.85 million during opening weekend , ranking third at the box office . At the end of its box office run , the film had grossed over $124 million worldwide . Coraline won Annie Awards for best music , character design , production design and received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for Best Animated Feature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Soundtrack list 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.2 Other media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.3. 1 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot Coraline Jones and her parents move from Pontiac , Michigan , to their new home in Ashland , Oregon , the dilapidated Pink Palace Apartments . Her eccentric new neighbors include Mr. Bobinsky , Miss Spink and Miss Forcible , and Wyborne `` Wybie '' Lovat , the grandson of the landlady . Wybie gives Coraline a button - eyed ragdoll that resembles her . The doll then lures her to a small door in the living room , which is bricked up and can only be unlocked by a button key . That night , a mouse guides her through the door , where the bricks have been replaced by a corridor to the Other World , inhabited by button - eyed doppelgängers of people from her world . Coraline meets her Other Mother and Other Father , who are warmer and more attentive than her real parents . After dinner , she goes to sleep in her Other Bedroom , but awakes in her real bedroom . Despite cryptic warnings from her neighbors , Coraline visits the Other World three times , where she meets the Other Mr. Bobinsky , the Other Miss Spink and Miss Forcible , and the Other Wybie , who has been rendered mute . The cat is the same cat as in the real world , but is able to speak in the Other World . The Other Mother invites Coraline to stay forever , but says a pair of buttons will have to be sewn over her eyes . Horrified , Coraline attempts to flee , but the Other Mother has blocked all the exits to the real world . The cat appears and reveals to her the sinister truth about the Other World and the Other Mother . The Other Mother suddenly grows tall and grotesque and imprisons her behind a mirror . There , Coraline meets the ghosts of previous victims , including the long - lost twin sister of Wybie 's grandmother . They tell her that the Other Mother , whom they refer to as the Beldam , created and sent button - eyed rag dolls that resembled them in order to spy on their lives . With the promise of a better life , she lured them into the Other World , where she sewed buttons over their eyes and consumed their lives . To free their souls , their real eyes need to be found . Coraline promises to help . Coraline is suddenly rescued from the mirror by the Other Wybie . He helps her escape back to the real world , but Coraline discovers that her parents are missing . She eventually deduces that they have been kidnapped by the Beldam . The cat advises Coraline to propose a `` game '' : if Coraline can not find her parents and the ghosts ' eyes , she will let buttons be sewn over her eyes , but if she can , they will all be set free . The Beldam reluctantly agrees . One by one , Coraline finds the ghosts ' eyes in the Other World , now turned nightmarish , from its deranged inhabitants . As she does , the Other Pink Palace Apartments ' surroundings gradually disintegrate until only the living room is left . Inside , Coraline sees the Beldam in her arachnoid form . Warned that the Beldam will never let them go , she tricks her into unlocking the door . While the Beldam is distracted , Coraline finds her parents trapped in a snow globe , grabs it , and throws the cat at the Beldam 's face . The struggling cat rips her button eyes out . Coraline escapes into the corridor and slams and locks the door shut on the Beldam 's hand , severing it . Her parents reappear in the real world , with no memory of what happened . That night , the ghosts warn her to get rid of the button key to prevent the Beldam from accessing the real world . As Coraline prepares to drop it down the well , the severed hand attacks her and tries to drag her back to the Other World . Wybie smashes it with a rock , then throws the pieces and the key into the well and seals it shut . The next day , Coraline and her parents , who have finally finished their work , host a garden party for the neighbors . Coraline also prepares to tell Mrs. Lovat the truth about her twin sister . Cast Dakota Fanning as Coraline Jones , a curious 11 - year - old girl with dark blue hair . Robert Bailey Jr. as Wyborne `` Wybie '' Lovat , the geeky , nervous 11 - year - old grandson of Coraline 's landlady . Wybie is a character introduced for the film adaptation so that the viewer `` would n't have a girl walking around , occasionally talking to herself '' . Teri Hatcher as Mel Jones , Coraline 's mother , and the Beldam / Other Mother , the ruler of the Other World . Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French as April Spink and Miriam Forcible respectively , a pair of retired burlesque actresses . John Hodgman as Charlie Jones , Coraline 's father and the Other Father . John Linnell as Other Father 's singing voice . Ian McShane as Sergei Alexander Bobinsky , a former Chernobyl liquidator and one of Coraline 's neighbors who owns a jumping mice circus . His nickname is `` Mr B . '' Keith David as the Cat , a sarcastic , mysterious , nameless black cat from Coraline 's world who appears and disappears at will and has the ability to speak in the Other World . Caroline Crawford as Mrs. Lovat , Wybie 's grandmother and the owner of the Pink Palace Apartments . Production `` Coraline ( was ) a huge risk . But these days in animation , the safest bet is to take a risk . '' -- Henry Selick Director Henry Selick met author Neil Gaiman just as he was finishing the novel Coraline , and given that Gaiman was a fan of Selick 's The Nightmare Before Christmas , he invited him to a possible adaptation of the film . As Selick thought a direct adaptation would lead to `` maybe a 47 - minute movie '' , his screenplay had some expansions , such as the creation of Wybie . When looking for a design away from the style seen in most animation , Selick discovered the work of Japanese illustrator Tadahiro Uesugi and invited him to become the concept artist . One of Uesugi 's biggest influences was on the color palette , which was muted in reality and more colorful in the Other World . Uesugi declared that `` at the beginning , it was supposed to be a small project over a few weeks to simply create characters ; however , I ended up working on the project for over a year , eventually designing sets and backgrounds , on top of drawing the basic images for the story to be built upon . '' Coraline was staged in a 140,000 - square - foot ( 13,000 m ) warehouse in Hillsboro , Oregon . The stage was divided into 50 lots , which played host to nearly 150 sets . Among the sets were three miniature Victorian mansions , a 42 - foot ( 12.8 m ) apple orchard , and a model of Ashland , Oregon , including tiny details such as banners for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival . More than 28 animators worked at a time on rehearsing or shooting scenes , producing 90 -- 100 seconds of finished animation each week . To add the stereoscopy for the 3D release , the animators shot each frame from two slightly apart camera positions . Every object on screen was made for the film . The crew used three 3D printing systems from Objet in the development and production of the film . Thousands of high - quality 3D models , ranging from facial expressions to doorknobs , were printed in 3D using the Polyjet matrix systems , which enable the fast transformation of CAD ( computer - aided design ) drawings into high - quality 3D models . The puppets had separate parts for the upper and lower parts of the head that could be exchanged for different facial expressions . The characters of Coraline could potentially exhibit over 208,000 facial expressions . Computer artists composited separatedly - shot elements together , or added elements of their own which had to look handcrafted instead of computer - generated -- for instance , the flames were done with traditional animation and painted digitally , and the fog was dry ice . At its peak , the film involved the efforts of 450 people , including from 30 to 35 animators and digital designers in the Digital Design Group ( DDG ) directed by Dan Casey and more than 250 technicians and designers . One crew member , Althea Crome , was hired specifically to knit miniature sweaters and other clothing for the puppet characters , sometimes using knitting needles as thin as human hair . The clothes would also simulate wear using paint and a file . Several students from The Art Institute of Portland were also involved in making the film . The soundtrack for Coraline features songs composed by French composer Bruno Coulais with one , `` Other Father Song '' , by They Might Be Giants . The Other Father 's singing voice is provided by John Linnell , one of the singers from the band . They wrote 10 songs for the film ; when a melancholy tone was decided , all but one were cut . Coulais ' score was performed by the Hungarian Symphony Orchestra and features choral pieces sung by the Children 's Choir of Nice in a nonsense language . Selick mentions that the main soloist , `` a young girl you hear singing in several parts of the film '' is coincidentally named Coraline . Coraline won Coulais the 2009 Annie Award for best score for an animated feature . Soundtrack Soundtrack list `` Sirens of the Sea '' -- Performed by Michele Mariana `` Other Father Song '' -- Written and Performed by John Linnell `` Nellie Jean '' -- Performed by Kent Melton `` Dreaming '' -- Performed by Bruno Coulais , The Children 's Choir of Nice , and Teri Hatcher Release Home media The film was released in the United States on DVD and Blu - ray on July 21 , 2009 , by Universal Studios Home Entertainment . A 3 - D version comes with four sets of 3 - D glasses -- specifically the green - magenta anaglyph image . Coraline was released in the United Kingdom on DVD and Blu - ray on October 12 , 2009 . A 3 - D version of the film was also released on a 2 - Disc Collector 's Edition . The DVD opened to first week sales of 1,036,845 and over $19 million in revenue . Total sales stand at over 2.6 million units and over $45 million in revenue . A two - disc Blu - ray 3D set which includes a stereoscopic 3D on the first disc and an anaglyph 3D image was released in 2011 . Other media The website for Coraline involves an interactive exploration game where the player can scroll through Coraline 's world . It won the 2009 Webby Award for `` Best Use of Animation or Motion Graphics '' , both by the people and the Webby organization . It was also nominated for the Webby `` Movie and Film '' category . On June 16 , 2008 , D3 Publisher announced the release of a video game based on the film . It was developed by Papaya Studio for the Wii and PlayStation 2 and by Art Co. for Nintendo DS . It was released on January 27 , 2009 , close to the film 's theatrical release . The soundtrack was released digitally February 3 , 2009 , by E1 Music , and in stores on February 24 , 2009 . Reception Box office According to Paul Dergarabedian , a film business analyst with Media by Numbers , for the film to succeed it needed a box office comparable to Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , which grossed $16 million its opening weekend and ended up making more than $192 million worldwide ; prior to the film 's release , Dergarabedian thought Laika `` should be really pleased '' if it made close to $10 million on its opening weekend . In its US opening weekend , the film made $16.85 million , ranking third at the box office . It made $15 million on its second weekend , bringing its U.S. total up to $35.6 million , $25.5 million of which coming from 3D presentations . As of November 2009 , the film had grossed $75,286,229 in the United States and Canada and $49,310,169 in other territories , making a total of $124,596,398 worldwide . Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 90 % based on 262 reviews , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With its vivid stop - motion animation combined with Neil Gaiman 's imaginative story , Coraline is a film that 's both visually stunning and wondrously entertaining . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . David Edelstein said the film is `` a bona fide fairy tale '' that needed a `` touch less entrancement and a touch more ... story '' . A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the film `` exquisitely realized '' with a `` slower pace and a more contemplative tone than the novel . It is certainly exciting , but rather than race through ever noisier set pieces toward a hectic climax in the manner of so much animation aimed at kids , Coraline lingers in an atmosphere that is creepy , wonderfully strange and full of feeling . '' Accolades Awards and nominations Awards Award Recipient ( s ) Outcome Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Henry Selick Nominated American Film Institute Awards Best 10 Movies Won Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Best Directing in a Feature Production Henry Selick Nominated Best Voice Acting in a Feature Production Dawn French Nominated Best Music in an Animated Feature Production Bruno Coulais Won Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Travis Knight Nominated Best Character Design in a Feature Production Shane Prigmore ; Shannon Tindle Won Best Production Design in a Feature Production Christopher Appelhans ; Tadahiro Uesugi Won Best Storyboarding in a Feature Production Chris Butler Nominated Annecy International Animated Film Festival Best Feature -- Tied Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated BAFTA Children 's Award Best Feature Film Won Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Lifetime Achievement Henry Selick Won Career Achievement ( sound designer / re-recording mixer ) Randy Thom Won EDA ( Alliance of Women Film Journalists ) Award Best Animated Female ( ( the character of ) Coraline ) Won Best Animated Film Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects , Foley , Music , Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Film Nominated People 's Choice Awards Best Animated 3D Movie of 2009 Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Producer of the Year in Animated Motion Picture Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards Best Animated Feature Won St. Louis Film Critics Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Claire Jennings , Henry Selick Nominated Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Coraline -- Lead Animators Travis Knight and Trey Thomas Nominated Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture John Allan Armstrong , Richard Kent Burton , Craig Dowsett Nominated Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture Deborah Cook , Matthew DeLeu , Paul Mack , Martin Meunier Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Nominated See also 2000s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film in the United States portal United States portal List of ghost films References Jump up ^ Hudetz , Mary ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Made in Oregon : animated ' Coraline ' '' . KVAL . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coraline rated PG by the BBFC '' . BBFC . January 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Run Time 100m 19s ^ Jump up to : `` Coraline '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , Annaliza ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Gaiman Calls Coraline the Strangest Stop - Motion Film Ever '' . Wired.com . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Anne Margaret . `` '' Coraline , by Neil Gaiman : The First Decade `` '' . The Blog . Huffington Post Books . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Anne - Margaret . `` '' Coraline , by Neil Gaiman : The Fir `` . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' Coraline ' premiere offers Portland some Hollywood glitter '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DiOrio , Carl ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Moviegoers into ' Into You ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wojczuk , Montana ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Coraline Hits the Screen , Stage and Page '' . Paste Magazine . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 ... Seeing a real 11 - year old girl in peril , ... Jump up ^ Ulaby , Neda ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Henry Selick , Keeping Stop - Motion Moving Ahead '' . NPR . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . The title character , aged 11 , ... ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of Coraline '' , Coraline DVD ^ Jump up to : McNichol , Tom ( February 2009 ) . `` Hollywood Knights '' . Portland Monthly . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tadahiro Uesugi Talks ' Coraline ' Design '' . Animation World . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mesh , Aaron ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Suspended Animation '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Backstage view ( 19th of 21 backlot production photos ) '' . David Strick 's Hollywood Backlot . Los Angeles Times . August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Backstage view of the facility in which Coraline 's stop - motion animation is filmed in Portland , Oregon . The Coraline stage is divided into approximately 50 units separated by black curtains . Each unit contains a different set that is in the process of being dressed , lit , rigged or shot . Jump up ^ J. McLean , Thomas ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` On the Set with ' Coraline ' : Where the Motion Does n't Stop '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Objet Geometries ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Objet Geometries ' 3 - D Printers Play Starring Role in New Animated Film Coraline '' . PR Newswire UK . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Capone ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Capone Talks with Coraline Director and Wizard Master Henry Selick '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Coraline -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual Webby Awards Nominees & Winners '' . The Webby Awards . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Remo , Chris ( June 16 , 2008 ) . `` D3 Announces Coraline And Shaun The Sheep Adaptations '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Holdovers Live Under Killer Friday Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coraline ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coraline Reviews '' . Metacritic . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` What You See Is What You Get '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Cornered in a Parallel World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coraline ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coraline Official website Coraline on IMDb Coraline at The Big Cartoon DataBase Coraline at AllMovie Coraline at Rotten Tomatoes Coraline at Metacritic Coraline at Box Office Mojo Laika Feature films Coraline ( 2009 ) ParaNorman ( 2012 ) The Boxtrolls ( 2014 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Short films Moongirl ( 2005 ) People Phil Knight Travis Knight Henry Selick Associated productions Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) King of California ( 2007 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas ( 2011 ) See also Will Vinton Films directed by Henry Selick The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Moongirl ( 2005 ) Coraline ( 2009 ) The Shadow King ( TBA ) Neil Gaiman bibliography Novels Good Omens Neverwhere Stardust The Sandman : The Dream Hunters American Gods Coraline Anansi Boys InterWorld Odd and the Frost Giants The Graveyard Book The Silver Dream The Ocean at the End of the Lane Eternity 's Wheel Short story collections Angels and Visitations Smoke and Mirrors Fragile Things M Is for Magic A Little Gold Book of Ghastly Stuff Picture books The Day I Swapped My Dad for Two Goldfish The Wolves in the Walls Blueberry Girl Crazy Hair Short fiction `` Murder Mysteries '' `` We Can Get Them for You Wholesale '' `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' `` How to Talk to Girls at Parties '' `` A Study in Emerald '' `` I , Cthulhu '' Comic books and graphic novels Violent Cases Black Orchid The Sandman Signal to Noise Marvelman The Books of Magic The Last Temptation Angela Death : The High Cost of Living The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch Sandman Midnight Theatre Lady Justice Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man Death : The Time of Your Life Midnight Days Only the End of the World Again `` Green Lantern / Superman : Legend of the Green Flame '' Harlequin Valentine The Sandman : Endless Nights Marvel 1602 Creatures of the Night Eternals `` Batman : Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' Screenplays and film adaptations Neverwhere Babylon 5 `` Day of the Dead '' A Short Film About John Bolton MirrorMask Stardust Beowulf Coraline Statuesque Doctor Who `` The Doctor 's Wife '' `` Nightmare in Silver '' Lucifer ( TV series ) American Gods ( TV series ) How to Talk to Girls at Parties Good Omens ( TV series ) Miscellaneous Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion The Sandman : Book of Dreams A Walking Tour of the Shambles Two Plays for Voices Neverwhere ( radio play ) 8in8 ( lyrics ) Where 's Neil When You Need Him ? InterWorld series Neil Gaiman : Dream Dangerously VIAF : 212922684 GND : 7672933 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coraline_(film)&oldid=837959397 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2009 animated films 2009 horror films 2000s fantasy films 2000s ghost films 2000s 3D films American animated films American animated horror films American films American children 's animated fantasy films American ghost films American 3D films Stop - motion animated films Dark fantasy films Horror drama films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Oregon Films shot in Oregon Films based on British novels Films based on horror novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Neil Gaiman Laika animated films Focus Features animated films Focus Features films Films directed by Henry Selick Films based on short fiction 2000s American animated films Parallel universes in fiction Animated films based on novels Children 's horror films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 01 : 55 . 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List of active United Kingdom military aircraft - wikipedia List of active United Kingdom military aircraft Jump to : navigation , search For RAF aircraft no longer in service , see List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force . For aircraft expected to enter service with the RAF in the future , see Future of the Royal Air Force . Tri-service badge of the United Kingdom 's armed forces . This is a list of military aircraft currently in service with the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Royal Air Force 1.1 RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight 2 Fleet Air Arm 2.1 Royal Navy Historic Flight 3 Army Air Corps 4 Defence Helicopter Flying School 5 UK Military Flying Training System 6 Empire Test Pilots ' School 7 Ministry of Defence 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Royal Air Force ( edit ) Main article : Royal Air Force Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes Agusta A109SP GrandNew Italy Rotorcraft Transport 2016 Used for transportation of senior military commanders or government ministers Airbus A400M Atlas Spain Propeller Transport 2014 18 18 Four on order Airbus Voyager Spain Jet Tanker / Transport 2011 14 14 Beechcraft King Air USA Propeller Trainer 7 7 To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below Beechcraft Shadow USA Propeller ISTAR 2009 5 6 Bell Griffin HAR2 Canada Rotorcraft Utility 2003 Used for SAR duties in Akrotiri Cyprus Boeing Chinook USA Rotorcraft Transport 1980 60 66 Boeing C ‐ 17A Globemaster III USA Jet Transport 8 8 Boeing E ‐ 3D Sentry USA Jet AEW&C 1990 6 7 Boeing RC ‐ 135W Rivet Joint USA Jet SIGINT 2013 British Aerospace 146 UK Jet Transport 1995 6 British Aerospace Hawk T1 UK Jet Trainer 1976 35 175 Used in the aggressor role by 100 squadron and the Red Arrows British Aerospace Hawk T2 UK Jet Trainer 2009 28 28 Used as an advanced fast jet lead - in trainer Eurofighter Typhoon UK Jet Multi-role 2007 125 147 Of the 22 two seat trainer aircraft the 16 Tranche 1 's are to be scrapped under the RTP ( reduce to produce ) requirement which started in late 2016 General Atomics MQ - 9 Reaper USA UAV ISR / attack 2007 10 10 Grob G115E Tutor Germany Propeller Basic Trainer 1999 90 91 To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below Grob Vigilant Germany Glider Trainer 1991 15 15 Grob Viking Germany Glider Trainer 1990 73 73 Lockheed C ‐ 130J Hercules USA Propeller Transport 2000 20 25 Shorter C5 variant being withdrawn as part of SDSR 2015 to leave 14 of the C4 variant Lockheed Martin F ‐ 35B Lightning II USA Jet Multi-role 2013 15 15 Joint operated with Fleet Air Arm . Panavia Tornado GR4 UK Jet Attack 1979 30 138 OSD Q1 2019 Raytheon Sentinel Canada / USA Jet ISTAR 2008 5 Short Tucano UK Propeller Trainer 78 130 To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below Westland Puma HC2 UK Rotorcraft Transport 1971 23 24 RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes Avro Lancaster ( PA474 ) UK Propeller Bomber 1942 1 B.I De Havilland Canada Chipmunk UK Propeller Trainer 1946 753 1 T. 10 Douglas Dakota USA Propeller Transport 1942 1 C. 3 Hawker Hurricane UK Propeller Fighter 1937 2 Mk IIc Supermarine Spitfire UK Propeller Fighter 1938 7 1 Mk IIa , 1 Mk Vb , 1 LF. IXe , 1 LF. XVIe , 2 PR. XIX Fleet Air Arm ( edit ) Main article : Fleet Air Arm Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat UK Rotorcraft Attack 2014 28 28 EH Industries EH101 Merlin UK Rotorcraft Transport 2000 55 71 Westland Sea King ASaC7 UK Rotorcraft AEW 1979 8 8 OSD Q3 2018 Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin II France Rotorcraft Utility 1999 Used as transport of instructors as part of FOST training British Aerospace Hawk T1 UK Jet Trainer 14 14 Used in the aggressor role by 736 squadron Beechcraft Avenger USA Propeller Trainer 2011 To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below Grob G115E Tutor Germany Propeller Basic Trainer 2002 5 5 To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below Lockheed Martin F ‐ 35B Lightning II USA Jet Multi-role 2013 - - To be Jointly operated with Royal Air Force Royal Navy Historic Flight ( edit ) Main article : Royal Navy Historic Flight Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes de Havilland Chipmunk UK Propeller Trainer 1946 1 T10 Fairey Swordfish UK Propeller Torpedo - bomber 1936 2 Mk. I / II Hawker Sea Fury UK Propeller Fighter - bomber 1945 1 FB11 Hawker Sea Hawk UK Jet Fighter - bomber 1953 1 FGA6 Army Air Corps ( edit ) Main article : Army Air Corps ( United Kingdom ) Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes AgustaWestland Apache UK Rotorcraft Attack 50 67 AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat UK Rotorcraft Attack 2014 34 34 Bell 212 Canada Rotorcraft Attack 1995 5 5 Used by No. 7 Flight and No. 25 Flight AAC in Brunei and Kenya in support of TTB and BATUK Britten - Norman Defender UK Propeller Patrol 2003 9 9 Britten - Norman Islander UK Propeller Patrol 1997 6 6 Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin II France Rotorcraft SAS 2009 5 5 Thales Watchkeeper WK450 UK UAV ISR 2014 50 50 Westland Gazelle UK Rotorcraft Patrol 34 34 OSD 2025 Defence Helicopter Flying School ( edit ) Main article : Defence Helicopter Flying School Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes Bell Griffin Canada Rotorcraft Trainer 1997 11 11 Out of service Eurocopter AS350 Squirrel France Rotorcraft Trainer 1997 34 34 Out of service UK military flying training System ( edit ) The contractors providing the new UK Military Flying Training System will eventually operate 38 fixed wing aircraft and 32 helicopters on the military register , but the aircraft are initially civilian - registered . Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes Grob G120TP Germany Propeller Basic Trainer 2018 19 23 ISD expected early 2019 Beechcraft T - 6 Texan II USA Propeller Trainer 2018 10 ISD expected early 2019 Embraer Phenom 100 Brazil Jet Trainer 2018 5 5 ISD expected mid 2018 H135 Juno Germany Rotorcraft Trainer 2018 29 29 ISD 1 April 2018 H145 Jupiter Germany Rotorcraft Trainer 2018 ISD 1 April 2018 Empire Test Pilots ' School ( edit ) Main article : Empire Test Pilots ' School Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service No . Notes Agusta AW109 Italy Rotorcraft Utility Avro RJ UK Jet Transport British Aerospace Hawk UK Jet Trainer / experimental Short Tucano UK Propeller Trainer Ministry of Defence ( edit ) As well as the military services a number of defence contractors operate military aircraft on behalf of the Ministry of Defence . Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes Agusta AW109 Italy Rotorcraft Utility QinetiQ Boscombe Down . Eurofighter Typhoon UK Jet Multi-role BAE Systems , Warton . Hawker Hunter UK Jet Fighter Hawker Hunter Aviation . Lockheed Martin F ‐ 35B Lightning II USA Jet Multi-role 2013 Lockheed Martin , United States . Panavia Tornado UK Jet Attack BAE Systems , Warton . Westland Sea King UK Rotorcraft Utility QinetiQ Boscombe Down . See also ( edit ) British Armed Forces List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force Future of the Royal Air Force References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo GrandNew A109SP - Royal Air Force '' . raf-beta-public.org . Jump up ^ `` British RAF opens new £ 70m hangar for Atlas aircraft - Airforce Technology '' . 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyager family is complete at RAF Brize Norton '' . Royal Air Force . 14 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK armed forces equipment and formations 2017 '' . Ministry of Defence . HM Government . 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Typhoon Fleet by Block `` Articles `` Fast Air Photography '' . www.fast-air.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` RAF to scrap twin - seat Typhoons - Jane 's 360 '' . www.janes.com . Jump up ^ `` Scrapped : Eurofighter Typhoon ZJ815 Sent for RTP - Urban Ghosts '' . 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ 28 Tutors have been sold to the Finnish Air Force as of 2018 `` Five More ex-UK Grob Tutors Delivered to Finnish Air Force '' . Royal Air Force . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Delivering Carrier Strike . National Audit Office . 10 March 2017 . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78604 - 110 - 4 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Written question HL867 : Lord Campbell of Pittenweem 17 - 07 - 2017 '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ http://www.janes.com/article/79519/raf-sentinel-r1-hunting-is-again Jump up ^ `` Navy Hawks get new boss - Royal Navy '' . www.royalnavy.mod.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK Gazelle helicopters to have lives extended until 2025 - The Gazelle Squadron '' . www.gazellesquadron.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Affinity completes UK military 's Phenom trainer fleet '' . 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` £ 1.1 billion investment by MOD in future military flying training - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` First T - 6C Texan trainers arrive at RAF Valley - Aviation Wales '' . 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PICTURES : Juno and Jupiter helicopters arrive at RAF Shawbury '' . 29 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Empire Test Pilots ' School - Our Fleet and Facilities Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , etps.qinetiq.com External links ( edit ) United Kingdom Defence Statistics - 2014 ( gov.uk ) United Kingdom Defence Statistics - 2013 ( dasa.mod.uk ) Lists of aircraft ( hide ) By name pre-1914 0 - Ah Ai - Am An - Az B - Be Bf - Bo Br - Bz C - Ca Cd - Cn Co-Cz La - Lh Li - Lz Q U V X Y Z Gliders List of human - powered aircraft List of unmanned aerial vehicles Civil aircraft By characteristic Type Aerobatic Bush planes Electric aircraft Flying wings Gliders Human - powered Prone - pilot Rocket - powered Seaplanes and amphibious aircraft STOL Supersonic Trimotors Triplanes Unmanned VTOL Fuselage Double - deck Narrow - body Wide - body Weight Size Maximum takeoff weight Light aircraft very light jets Large aircraft Manufacturer Airbus Antonov Boeing Bombardier Douglas / McDonnell Douglas Embraer Ilyushin Tupolev Engine number Trijets Trimotors Twinjets Range Jet airliners Regional airliners Use Light transport Racers Regional airliner regional jet Research Early flying machines Experimental X-planes Rotor - powered Rotorcraft utility Tiltrotors Executive Private Business jets Light - sport aircraft Roadable aircraft ( hide ) Other lists By date and usage By tail number Most - produced ( hide ) Military aircraft Role AEW Attack Bomber Torpedo Carrier - based Fighter Maritime patrol Submarine - borne Tanker Nation Afghanistan Albania Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belize Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Malaysia Morocco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Romania Russia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Era WWI Entente WWI Central Powers Interwar World War II World War II jets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft&oldid=838013898 '' Categories : British military aircraft Lists of military aircraft United Kingdom military - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 12 : 00 . 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Destiny 's Child - wikipedia Destiny 's Child Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the group . For the group 's eponymous album , see Destiny 's Child ( album ) . Destiny 's Child Destiny 's Child performing during the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana on February 3 , 2013 . From left to right : Kelly Rowland , Beyoncé Knowles , Michelle Williams Background information Also known as Girl 's Tyme Origin Houston , Texas , U.S. Genres R&B Years active 1997 ( 1997 ) -- 2006 ( 2006 ) Labels Elektra Columbia Music World Website destinyschild.com Past members Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Destiny 's Child was an American girl group whose final and best - known line - up comprised Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , and Michelle Williams . Formed in 1997 in Houston , Texas , Destiny 's Child members began their musical career as Girl 's Tyme , formed in 1990 , comprising Knowles , Rowland , LaTavia Roberson , and LeToya Luckett among others . After years of limited success , the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny 's Child . Destiny 's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best - selling second album , The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) , which contained the number - one singles `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' and `` Say My Name '' . Despite critical and commercial success , the group was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil , as Roberson and Luckett attempted to split from the group 's manager Mathew Knowles , citing favoritism of Knowles and Rowland . In early 2000 , both Roberson and Luckett were replaced with Williams and Farrah Franklin ; however , Franklin quit after five months , leaving the group as a trio . Their third album , Survivor ( 2001 ) , which contains themes the public interpreted as a channel to the group 's experience , contains the worldwide hits `` Independent Women '' , `` Survivor '' and `` Bootylicious '' . In 2002 , they announced a hiatus and re-united two years later for the release of their fourth and final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) . Destiny 's Child has sold more than sixty million records worldwide to date . Billboard magazine ranks the group as one of the greatest musical trios of all time , the ninth most successful artist / band of the 2000s , placed the group 68th in its All - Time Hot 100 Artists list in 2008 and in December 2016 , the magazine ranked them as the 90th most successful dance club artist of all - time . The group was nominated for 14 Grammy Awards , winning twice for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and once for Best R&B Song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1990 -- 97 : Early beginnings and Girl 's Tyme 1.2 1998 -- 2000 : Breakthrough and lineup changes 1.3 2001 -- 2003 : Survivor , subsequent releases , hiatus and side projects 1.4 2004 -- 2006 : Destiny Fulfilled and # 1 's 2 Disbandment and aftermath 3 Artistry 3.1 Musical style and themes 3.2 Public image 4 Legacy 5 Member timeline 6 Discography 7 Tours 8 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History 1990 -- 97 : early beginnings and Girl 's Tyme In 1990 , Beyoncé Knowles met rapper LaTavia Roberson while auditioning for a girl group . Based in Houston , Texas , they were joined to a group that performed rapping and dancing . Kelly Rowland , who relocated to Knowles ' house because of family issues , joined them in 1992 . Originally named Girl 's Tyme , they were eventually cut down to six members including Támar Davis and sisters Nikki and Nina Taylor . With Knowles and Rowland , Girl 's Tyme attracted nationwide attention : west - coast R&B producer Arne Frager flew to Houston to see them . He brought them to his studio , The Plant Recording Studios , in Northern California , with focus on Knowles ' vocals because Frager thought she had personality and the ability to sing . With efforts to sign Girl 's Tyme to a major record deal , Frager 's strategy was to debut the group in Star Search , the biggest talent show on national TV at the time . However , they lost the competition because , according to Knowles , their choice of song was wrong ; they were actually rapping instead of singing . Because of the group 's defeat , Knowles ' father , Mathew , voluntarily dedicated his time to manage them . Mathew Knowles decided to cut the original lineup to four , with the removal of Davis and the Taylor sisters and the inclusion of LeToya Luckett in 1993 . Aside from spending time at their church in Houston , Girl 's Tyme practiced in their backyards and at Headliners Salon , owned by Knowles ' mother , Tina . The group would test routines in the salon , when it was on Montrose Boulevard in Houston , and sometimes would collect tips from the customers . Their try out would be critiqued by the people inside . During their school days , Girl 's Tyme performed at local gigs . When summer came , Mathew Knowles established a `` boot camp '' to train them in dance and vocal lessons . After rigorous training , they began performing as opening acts for established R&B groups of that time such as SWV , Dru Hill and Immature . Tina Knowles designed the group 's attire for their performances . Over the course of the early years in their career , Girl 's Tyme changed their name to Something Fresh , Cliché , the Dolls , and to Destiny . The group signed with Elektra Records with the name Destiny , but were dropped several months later before they could release an album . The pursuit of a record deal affected the Knowles family : in 1995 , Mathew Knowles resigned from his job as a medical - equipment salesman , a move that reduced Knowles ' family 's income by half , and her parents briefly separated due to the pressure . In 1996 , they changed their name to Destiny 's Child , which was taken from a passage in the Book of Isaiah . Mathew Knowles helped in negotiating a record deal with Columbia Records , which signed the group that same year . Prior to signing with Columbia , the group had recorded several tracks in Oakland , California produced by D'wayne Wiggins of Tony ! Toni ! Toné ! , including `` Killing Time '' , which upon the label 's recognition that Destiny 's Child had a `` unique quality '' , was included in the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black . 1998 -- 2000 : breakthrough and lineup changes Wyclef Jean remixed the song `` No , No , No '' , which became Destiny 's Child 's first successful single . Destiny 's Child released their self - titled debut album in the United States on February 17 , 1998 , featuring productions by Tim & Bob , Rob Fusari , Jermaine Dupri , Wyclef Jean , Dwayne Wiggins and Corey Rooney . Destiny 's Child peaked at number sixty - seven on the Billboard 200 and number fourteen on the Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . It managed to sell over one million copies in the United States , earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The remix version to the album 's lead single , `` No , No , No '' , reached number one on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks and number three on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow - up single , `` With Me Part 1 '' failed to reproduce the success of `` No , No , No '' . Meanwhile , the group featured on a song from the soundtrack album of the romantic drama Why Do Fools Fall in Love and `` Get on the Bus '' had a limited release in Europe and other markets . In 1998 , Destiny 's Child garnered three Soul Train Lady of Soul awards including Best New Artist for `` No , No , No '' . Knowles considered their debut successful but not huge , claiming as a neo soul record it was too mature for the group at the time . After the success of their debut album , Destiny 's Child re-entered the studio quickly , bringing in a new lineup of producers , including Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs and Rodney Jerkins . Coming up with The Writing 's on the Wall , they released it on July 27 , 1999 and it eventually became their breakthrough album . The Writing 's on the Wall peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and number two on R&B chart in early 2000 . `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' was released in 1999 as the album 's lead single and reached the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their first US number - one single . The Writing 's on the Wall has been credited as Destiny 's Child 's breakthrough album , spurring their career and introducing them to a wider audience . The main key to the group 's breakthrough was the album 's third single , `` Say My Name '' , which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks . The successful release of the singles bolstered the album 's sales , eventually selling over eight million copies in the United States , gaining eight - time platinum certification by the RIAA . The Writing 's on the Wall sold more than 11 million copies worldwide and was one of the top - selling albums of 2000 . Michelle Williams joined the group as a replacement for Luckett and Roberson . In December 1999 , Luckett and Roberson attempted to split with their manager , claiming that he kept a disproportionate share of the group 's profits and unfairly favored Knowles and Rowland . While they never intended to leave the group , when the video for `` Say My Name '' surfaced in February 2000 , Roberson and Luckett found out that two new members were joining Knowles and Rowland . Prior to the video premiere , Knowles announced on TRL that original members Luckett and Roberson had left the group . They were replaced by Michelle Williams , a former backup singer to Monica , and Farrah Franklin , an aspiring singer - actress . Shortly after her stint with Monica , Williams was introduced to Destiny 's Child by choreographer Braden Larson aka `` Peanut Orlando '' , and was flown to Houston where she stayed with the Knowles family . In March 2000 , Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and their former bandmates for breach of partnership and fiduciary duties . Following the suit , both sides were disparaging towards each other in the media . Five months after joining , Franklin left the group . The remaining members claimed that this was due to missed promotional appearances and concerts . According to Williams , Franklin could not handle stress . Franklin , however , disclosed that she left because of the negativity surrounding the strife and her inability to assert any control in the decision making . Her departure was seen as less controversial . Williams , on the other hand , disclosed that her inclusion in the group resulted in her `` battling insecurity '' : `` I was comparing myself to the other members , and the pressure was on me . '' Towards the end of 2000 , Roberson and Luckett dropped the portion of their lawsuit aimed at Rowland and Knowles in exchange for a settlement , though they continued the action against their manager . As part of the agreement , both sides were prohibited from speaking about each other publicly . Roberson and Luckett formed another girl group named Anjel but also left it due to issues with the record company . Although band members were affected by the turmoil , Destiny 's Child 's success continued . The following years of their career were seen as the group 's most successful stretch , becoming a pop culture phenomenon . `` Say My Name '' became their second number - one and biggest single to date . The fourth single from The Writing 's on the Wall , `` Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' '' , also became a top - ten hit . During this time , Destiny 's Child began performing as an opening act at the concerts of pop singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera . With Williams in the new lineup , Destiny 's Child released a theme song for the soundtrack to the film version of Charlie 's Angels . Released as a single in October 2000 , `` Independent Women Part 1 '' spent eleven consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 from November 2000 to January 2001 , the longest - running number - one single of Destiny 's Child 's career and of that year in the United States . The successful release of the single boosted the sales of the soundtrack album to Charlie 's Angels to 1.5 million by 2001 . In 2000 , Destiny 's Child won Soul Train 's Sammy Davis Jr . Entertainer of the Year award . 2001 -- 2003 : Survivor , subsequent releases , hiatus and side projects At the 2001 Billboard Music Awards , Destiny 's Child won several accolades , including Artist of the Year and Duo / Group of the Year , and again won Artist of the Year among five awards they snagged in 2001 . In September 2000 , the group took home two at the sixth annual Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards , including R&B / Soul Album of the Year , Group for The Writing 's on the Wall . Destiny 's Child recorded their third album , Survivor , from mid-2000 until early 2001 . In the production process , Knowles assumed more control in co-producing and co-writing almost the entire album . Survivor hit record stores in the spring of 2001 and entered the Billboard 200 at number one , selling over 663,000 copies in its first week sales . The first three singles , `` Independent Women Part I '' , `` Survivor '' and `` Bootylicious '' reached the top three in the United States and were also successful in other countries ; the first two were consecutive number - one singles in the United Kingdom . The album was certified four - time platinum in the United States and double platinum in Australia . It sold 6 million copies as of July 27 , 2001 . In the wake of the September 11 attacks , Destiny 's Child canceled a European tour and performed in a concert benefit for the survivors . In October 2001 , the group released a holiday album , 8 Days of Christmas , which contained updated versions of several Christmas songs . The album managed to reach number thirty - four on the Billboard 200 . In February 2001 , Destiny 's Child won two Grammy awards for `` Say My Name '' : Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R&B Song . They also earned an American Music Award for Favorite Soul / R&B Band / Duo . Also in 2001 , Destiny 's Child sang backup vocals for Solange Knowles , who was the lead , on the theme song to the animated Disney Channel series The Proud Family . In March 2002 , a remix compilation titled This Is the Remix was released to win fans over before a new studio album would be released . The remix album reached number 29 in the United States . The lead single `` Survivor '' was by some interpreted as a response to the strife between the band members , although Knowles claimed it was not directed at anybody . Seeing it as a breach of the agreement that barred each party from public disparagement , Roberson and Luckett once again filed a lawsuit against Destiny 's Child and Sony Music , shortly following the release of This Is the Remix . In June 2002 , remaining cases were settled in court . Beyoncé Knowles ' sister , Solange , who had recorded songs and performed with Destiny 's Child , was reported to join the group when they reunite , but this was later confirmed as only a test of the public 's reaction . In late 2000 , Destiny 's Child announced their plan to embark on individual side projects , including releases of solo albums , an idea by their manager . In 2002 , Williams released her solo album , Heart to Yours , a contemporary gospel collection . The album reached number one on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart . In the same date Heart to Yours hit stores , Destiny 's Child released their official autobiography , Soul Survivors . Rowland collaborated with hip hop artist Nelly on `` Dilemma '' , which became a worldwide hit and earned Rowland a Grammy ; she became the first member of Destiny 's Child to have achieved a US number - one single . In the same year , Knowles co-starred with Mike Myers in the box - office hit Austin Powers in Goldmember . She recorded her first solo single , `` Work It Out '' , for the film 's soundtrack . To capitalize on the success of `` Dilemma '' , Rowland 's solo debut album Simply Deep was brought forward from its early 2003 release to September 2002 . Rowland 's career took off internationally when Simply Deep hit number one on the UK Albums Chart . In the same year , she made her feature film debut in the horror film Freddy vs. Jason . Meanwhile , Knowles made her second film , The Fighting Temptations , and appeared as featured vocalist on her then - boyfriend Jay - Z 's single `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' , which paved the way for the release of her debut solo album . As an upshot from the success of `` Dilemma '' , Knowles ' debut album , Dangerously in Love , was postponed many times until June 2003 . Knowles was considered the most successful among the three solo releases . Dangerously in Love debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 317,000 copies . It yielded the number - one hits `` Crazy in Love '' , and `` Baby Boy '' ; and the top - five singles `` Me , Myself and I '' and `` Naughty Girl '' . The album was certified 4x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It remains as Knowles ' best - selling album to date , with sales of 5 million copies in the United States , as of June 2016 . Worldwide , the album has sold more than eleven million copies . Knowles ' solo debut was well received by critics , earning five Grammy awards in one night for Dangerously in Love , tying the likes of Norah Jones , Lauryn Hill , and Alicia Keys for most Grammys received in one night by a female artist . In November 2003 , Williams appeared as Aida on Broadway . In January 2004 , she released her second gospel album , Do You Know . D'wayne Wiggins , who had produced their first recordings as Destiny 's Child , filed suit in 2002 against his former counsel ( Bloom , Hergott , Diemer & Cook LLP ) seeking $15 million in damages for lessening his contractual agreement with the group without his consent , effectively nullifying his original contract that offered Sony Music / Columbia Destiny 's Child 's exclusive recording services for an initial seven years , in exchange for `` certain royalties '' , instead of royalties only from the first three albums . The case was settled for an undisclosed amount . In June 2003 , Mathew Knowles announced that Destiny 's Child would expand back to a quartet , revealing Knowles ' younger sister , Solange , as the latest addition to the group . Destiny 's Child had previously recorded songs with Solange and shared the stage when she temporarily replaced Rowland after she broke her toes while performing . Their manager , however , said the idea was used to test reactions from the public . In August 2003 , Knowles herself confirmed that her sister would not be joining in the group , and instead promoted Solange 's debut album , Solo Star , released in January 2003 . 2004 -- 2006 : Destiny Fulfilled and # 1 's Three years after the hiatus , members of Destiny 's Child reunited to record their fourth and final studio album , Destiny Fulfilled . The album introduces the trio to a harder , `` urban '' sound , and songs featured are conceptually interrelated . Destiny Fulfilled saw equality in the trio : each member contributed to writing on the majority songs , as well as becoming executive producers aside from their manager . Released on November 15 , 2004 , Destiny Fulfilled failed to top Survivor ; the album reached number two the following week , selling 497,000 copies in its first week , compared to 663,000 for the previous album . Certified three - time platinum in the United States , it was still one of the best - selling albums of 2005 , selling over eight million copies worldwide ; it pushed the group back into the position of the best - selling female group and American group of the year . Four singles were released from the album : the lead `` Lose My Breath '' , `` Soldier '' , `` Cater 2 U '' and `` Girl '' ; the first two reached number three in the United States . `` Soldier '' `` Cater 2 U '' were certified platinum by the RIAA in 2006 . The final line - up of Destiny 's Child performing during their 2005 Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It concert tour . To promote the album , Destiny 's Child embarked on their worldwide concert tour , Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It Tour . On June 11 , 2005 , while at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona , Spain , the group announced before 16,000 people their official breakup . Destiny 's Child claimed , however , that naming it Destiny Fulfilled was not a coincidence of sort . Right in the making of the album , they planned to part ways after their fourteen - year career as a group to facilitate their continued pursuit in individual aspirations . Knowles stated that their destinies were already fulfilled . The group exclusively sent a letter to MTV about the decision : We have been working together as Destiny 's Child since we were 9 , and touring together since we were 14 . After a lot of discussion and some deep soul searching , we realized that our current tour has given us the opportunity to leave Destiny 's Child on a high note , united in our friendship and filled with an overwhelming gratitude for our music , our fans , and each other . After all these wonderful years working together , we realized that now is the time to pursue our personal goals and solo efforts in earnest ... No matter what happens , we will always love each other as friends and sisters and will always support each other as artists . We want to thank all of our fans for their incredible love and support and hope to see you all again as we continue fulfilling our destinies . -- Destiny 's Child , MTV Destiny 's Child released their greatest hits album , # 1 's , on October 25 , 2005 . The compilation includes their number - one hits including `` Independent Woman Part 1 '' , `` Say My Name '' and `` Bootylicious '' . Three new tracks were recorded for the compilation including `` Stand Up for Love '' , which was recorded for the theme song to the World Children 's Day , and `` Check on It '' , a song Knowles recorded for The Pink Panther 's soundtrack . Record producer David Foster , his daughter Amy Foster - Gillies and Knowles wrote `` Stand Up for Love '' as the anthem to the World Children 's Day , an annual worldwide event to raise awareness and funds for children causes . Over the past three years , more than $50 million have been raised to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities and other children 's organizations . Destiny 's Child lent their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 program . # 1 's was also released as a DualDisc , featuring the same track listing , seven videos of selected songs and a trailer of the concert DVD Destiny 's Child : Live in Atlanta . The DVD was filmed during the Atlanta visit of the Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin ' It tour , and was released on March 28 , 2006 . It has been certified platinum by the RIAA , denoting shipments of over one million units . The title of the compilation fueled a ripple as it contained number - one singles , although not exclusively . While the liner notes of the compilation does not present any information regarding commercial performances of the songs featured , writer Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine suggested that the name could only be `` a marketing angle '' . Despite this , journalist Chris Harris of MTV said that it `` lives up to its name '' . Disbandment and aftermath Destiny 's Child reunited for a farewell performance at the 2006 NBA All - Star Game on February 19 , 2006 in Houston , Texas ; however , Knowles commented , `` It 's the last album , but it 's not the last show . '' Their final televised performance was at the Fashion Rocks benefit concert in New York a few days later . On March 28 , 2006 , Destiny 's Child was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame , the 2,035 th recipient of the coveted recognition . At the 2006 BET Awards , Destiny 's Child won Best Group , a category they also earned in 2005 and 2001 . After their formal disbandment , all members resumed their solo careers and have each experienced different levels of success . Since then , Knowles , Rowland and Williams have continued to collaborate on each other 's solo projects through song features , music video appearances , and live performances . Both Rowland and Williams , along with Knowles ' sister Solange , appeared in Knowles ' music video for her single `` Get Me Bodied '' ( 2007 ) . On June 26 , 2007 , the group made a mini-reunion at the 2007 BET Awards , where Knowles performed `` Get Me Bodied '' with Williams and Solange as her back - up dancers . After her performance , Knowles introduced Rowland who performed her single `` Like This '' ( 2007 ) with Eve . On the September 2 , 2007 Los Angeles stop of The Beyoncé Experience tour , Knowles sang a snippet of `` Survivor '' with Rowland and Williams , and the latter two rendered a `` Happy Birthday '' song to Knowles . The performance was featured in Knowles ' tour DVD , The Beyoncé Experience Live . In 2008 , Knowles recorded a cover of Billy Joel 's `` Honesty '' for Destiny 's Child 's compilation album Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol. 1 : Love Destiny , which was released only in Japan to celebrate the group 's tenth anniversary . Rowland made a cameo appearance in Knowles ' music video for her single `` Party '' ( 2011 ) , and the group 's third compilation album , Playlist : The Very Best of Destiny 's Child , was released in 2012 to mark the fifteenth anniversary since their formation . The fourth compilation album , Love Songs , was released on January 29 , 2013 , and included the newly recorded song `` Nuclear '' , produced by Pharrell Williams . `` Nuclear '' marked the first original music from Destiny 's Child in eight years . The following month , Rowland and Williams appeared as special guests for Knowles ' Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , where they performed `` Bootylicious '' , `` Independent Women '' and Knowles ' own song `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' . A video album titled Destiny 's Child Video Anthology was released in May 2013 and featured sixteen of the group 's music videos . Knowles and Williams were then featured on Rowland 's song `` You Changed '' from her fourth solo album Talk a Good Game ( 2013 ) . Later that year , Rowland and Williams made cameo appearances in the music videos for Knowles ' songs `` Superpower '' and `` Grown Woman '' , which were both included on her self - titled fifth solo visual album . Williams released the single `` Say Yes '' in June 2014 , featuring Knowles and Rowland . They performed `` Say Yes '' together during the 2015 Stellar Awards , and the live version of the song was mastered for iTunes in April 2015 . On November 7 , 2016 , the group reunited in a video to try the Mannequin Challenge , which was posted on Rowland 's official Instagram account . The group reunited for Beyoncé 's headline performance at Coachella in April 2018 . Artistry Musical Style and themes Destiny 's Child recorded R&B songs with styles that encompasses urban , contemporary , and dance - pop . In the group 's original line - up , Knowles was the lead vocalist , Rowland was the second lead vocalist , Luckett was on soprano , and Roberson was on alto . Knowles remained as the lead vocalist in the group 's final line - up as a trio , however , Rowland and Williams also took turns in singing lead for the majority of their songs . Destiny 's Child cited R&B singer Janet Jackson as one of their influences . Ann Powers of The New York Times described Destiny 's Child music as `` fresh and emotional ... these ladies have the best mixes , the savviest samples and especially the most happening beats . '' In the same publication , Jon Pareles noted that the sound that defines Destiny 's Child , aside from Knowles ' voice , `` is the way its melodies jump in and out of double - time . Above brittle , syncopated rhythm tracks , quickly articulated verses alternate with smoother choruses . '' The group usually harmonize their vocals in their songs , especially on the ballads . In most instances of their songs , each member sings one verse and chimes in at the chorus . In their third album Survivor ( 2001 ) , each member sings lead in the majority of the songs . Knowles said , `` ... everybody is a part of the music ... Everybody is singing lead on every song , and it 's so great -- because now Destiny 's Child is at the point vocally and mentally that it should be at . '' Knowles , however , completely led songs like `` Brown Eyes '' and `` Dangerously in Love '' . The group explored their lyrics to man - to - woman relationship , sisterhood and female empowerment anthems . Survivor contains themes interpreted by the public as a reference to the group 's internal conflict . The title track , `` Survivor '' , which set the theme used throughout the album , features the lyrics `` I 'm not gon na blast you on the radio ... I 'm not gon na lie on you or your family ... I 'm not gon na hate you in the magazine '' caused Roberson and Luckett to file a lawsuit against the group ; the lyrics were perceived to be a violation over their agreement following a settlement in court . In an interview , Knowles commented : `` The lyrics to the single ' Survivor ' are Destiny 's Child 's story , because we 've been through a lot , ... We went through our drama with the members ... Any complications we 've had in our 10 - year period of time have made us closer and tighter and better . '' In another song called `` Fancy '' , which contains the lyrics `` You always tried to compete with me , girl ... find your own identity '' , was interpreted by critic David Browne , in his review of the album for Entertainment Weekly magazine , as a response to the lawsuit . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic summarized Survivor as `` a determined , bullheaded record , intent on proving Destiny 's Child has artistic merit largely because the group survived internal strife ... It 's a record that tries to be a bold statement of purpose , but winds up feeling forced and artificial . '' Despite the album 's receiving critical praise , Knowles ' close involvement has occasionally generated criticism . Knowles wrote and co-produced the bulk of Survivor . Browne suggested that her help made Survivor a `` premature , but inevitable , growing pains album '' . In the majority of the songs on their final studio album Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) , the verses are divided into three sections , with Knowles singing first , followed by Rowland , then Williams ; the three harmonize together during the choruses . Public image Diana Ross ( pictured ) , lead singer of The Supremes , whom Beyoncé Knowles was compared to . Destiny 's Child were compared to The Supremes , a 1960s American female singing group , with Knowles being compared to Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross ; Knowles , however , has dismissed the notion . Coincidentally , Knowles starred in the film adaptation of the 1981 Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Deena Jones , the front woman of the Dreams , a female singing group based on the Supremes . With Knowles ' wide role assumed in the production of Survivor , Gil Kaufman of MTV noted that `` it became clear that Beyoncé was emerging as DC 's unequivocal musical leader and public face '' . Her dominance to the creative input in the album made the album `` very much her work '' . For Lola Ogunnaike of The New York Times , `` It 's been a long - held belief in the music industry that Destiny 's Child was little more than a launching pad for Beyoncé Knowles ' inevitable solo career . '' In the wake of Knowles ' debut solo album Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , rumors spread about a possible split of Destiny 's Child after each member had experienced solo success and had ongoing projects . Comparisons were drawn to Justin Timberlake , who did not return to band NSYNC after his breakthrough debut solo album , Justified . Rowland responded to such rumors , announcing they were back in the studio together . The group claimed that the reunion was destined to happen and that their affinity to each other kept them cohesive . Margeaux Watson , arts editor at Suede magazine , suggested that Knowles `` does not want to appear disloyal to her former partners , '' and called her decision to return to the group `` a charitable one '' . Knowles ' mother , Tina , wrote a 2002 - published book , titled Destiny 's Style : Bootylicious Fashion , Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny 's Child , an account of how fashion influenced Destiny 's Child 's success . Legacy Destiny 's Child 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Destiny 's Child have been referred to as R&B icons , and have sold more than 60 million records worldwide . Following the disbandment of Destiny 's Child , MTV 's James Montgomery noted that `` they have left a fairly sizable legacy behind '' as `` one of the best - selling female pop vocal groups in history . '' Billboard observed that Destiny 's Child were `` defined by a combination of feisty female empowerment anthems , killer dance moves and an eviable fashion sense , '' while Essence noted that they `` set trends with their harmonious music and cutting - edge style . '' In 2015 , Daisy Jones of Dazed Digital published an article on how the group made a significant impact in R&B music , writing `` Without a hint of rose tint , Destiny 's Child legitimately transformed the sound of R&B forever ... their distinct influence can be found peppered all over today 's pop landscape , from Tinashe to Ariana Grande . '' Nicole Marrow of The Cut magazine believed that R&B music in the 1990s and early 2000s `` was virtually redefined by the success of powerhouse performers like TLC and Destiny 's Child , who preached a powerful litany of embracing womanhood and celebrating individuality . '' Hugh McIntyre of Forbes wrote that before The Pussycat Dolls and Danity Kane burst onto the music scene in the mid-2000s , Destiny 's Child were `` the reigning queens '' of the girl group genre . Destiny 's Child 's final line - up as a trio has been widely noted as the group 's most recognizable and successful line - up . Billboard recognized them as one of the greatest musical trios of all time ; they were also ranked as the third most successful girl group of all time on the Billboard charts , behind TLC and The Supremes . The group 's single `` Independent Women '' ( 2000 ) ranked second on Billboard 's list of the `` Top 40 Biggest Girl Group Songs of All Time on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . `` Independent Women '' was also acknowledged by the Guinness World Records as the longest - running number - one song on the Hot 100 by a girl group . The term `` Bootylicious '' ( a combination of the words booty and delicious ) became popularized by Destiny 's Child 's single of the same and was later added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006 . The term was also used to describe Beyoncé during the 2000s decade due to her curvacious figure . VH1 included `` Bootylicious '' on their `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 00s '' list in 2011 , and Destiny 's Child on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list the following year . Additionally , `` Independent Women '' was ranked as one of NME 's `` 100 Best Songs of the 00s '' . Destiny 's Child was honored at the 2005 World Music Awards with the World 's Best Selling Female Group of All Time Award , which included a 17 - minute tribute performance by Patti LaBelle , Usher , Babyface , Rihanna , Amerie and Teairra Mari . In 2006 , the group was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Destiny 's Child has been credited as a musical influence or inspiration by several artists including Rihanna , Meghan Trainor , Fifth Harmony , Little Mix , Girls Aloud , Haim , Jess Glynne , Katy B , and RichGirl . Ciara was inspired to pursue a career in music after seeing Destiny 's Child perform on television . Ariana Grande cited Destiny 's Child as one of her vocal inspirations , saying that listening to the group 's music is how she discovered her range and `` learned about harmonies and runs and ad - libs . '' Meghan Trainor stated that her single `` No '' ( 2016 ) was inspired by the late 1990s and early 2000s sounds of Destiny 's Child , NSYNC , and Britney Spears . Fifth Harmony cited Destiny 's Child as their biggest inspiration , and even paid tribute to the group by performing a medley of `` Say My Name '' , `` Independent Women '' , `` Bootylicious '' and `` Survivor '' on the television show Greatest Hits . Fifth Harmony also incorporated elements of the intro from `` Bootylicious '' for the intro to their own song `` Brave , Honest , Beautiful '' ( 2015 ) . Member timeline Discography Main article : Destiny 's Child discography Destiny 's Child ( 1998 ) The Writing 's on the Wall ( 1999 ) Survivor ( 2001 ) 8 Days of Christmas ( 2001 ) Destiny Fulfilled ( 2004 ) Tours Headlining 1999 European Tour ( 1999 ) 2002 World Tour ( 2002 ) Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It ( 2005 -- 06 ) Co-headlining Total Request Live Tour ( with 3LW , Dream , Jessica Simpson , City High , Eve and Nelly with the St. Lunatics ) ( 2001 ) Opening act SWV World Tour ( opened for SWV ) ( 1996 ) Evolution Tour ( opened for Boyz II Men ) ( 1998 ) FanMail Tour ( opened for TLC ) ( 1999 ) Introducing IMx Tour ( opened for IMx ) ( 2000 ) Christina Aguilera in Concert ( opened for Christina Aguilera ) ( 2000 ) ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour ( opened for Britney Spears ) ( 2000 ) Awards and nominations Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Destiny 's Child has won three awards from fourteen nominations . Year Nominee / work Award Result 2000 `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated `` Independent Women '' Best Song Written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated `` Say My Name '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best R&B Song Won Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Won 2002 `` Survivor '' Won Survivor Best R&B Album Nominated 2005 `` Lose My Breath '' Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Nominated 2006 `` Cater 2 U '' Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated `` Soldier '' ( feat . T.I. and Lil Wayne ) Best Rap / Sung Collaboration Nominated Destiny Fulfilled Best Contemporary R&B Album Nominated See also Book : Destiny 's Child List of best - selling girl groups Houston portal Biography portal R&B and Soul Music portal References Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child 's Long Road To Fame ( The Song Is n't Called ' Survivor ' For Nothing ) '' . MTV . June 13 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Olivia ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé and Destiny 's Child to Release Original Track for First Time in Eight Years '' . time.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Greatest Trios of All Time '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s . Artists of the Decade '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . p. 1 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Artists '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . 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Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Destiny 's Child Biography and Sales '' . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé & Fans to Celebrate Superstar 's 25th Birthday With Eagerly Awaited New Solo Album , ' B'Day , ' Coming in September '' . Prnewswire.co.uk . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( February 8 , 2004 ) . `` Much Grammy ' Love ' for Beyoncé , OutKast '' . People . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo Music -- Exclusive New Music and Music Videos '' . New.music.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( June 27 , 2003 ) . `` Codependent Women '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( June 26 , 2003 ) . `` Destiny 's Child May Get A New Member Next Year '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Corey , Moss ( August 25 , 2003 ) . `` Destiny 's Child To Remain A Trio , Says Beyoncé '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Corey . `` Destiny 's Child : Reunited And It Feels So Good ( Part 1 ) '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey . `` Destiny 's Child : Reunited And It Feels So Good ( Part 2 ) '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Destinys Fulfilled ( Media notes ) . Sony Music BMG Entertainment . 2004 . Jump up ^ Whitmire , Margo ( November 24 , 2004 ) . `` Eminem Thankful To Remain No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Announce Split '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Talk Split : ' It 's Not The End ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Corey ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Look Back With # 1 's Before Going Their Separate Ways '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child Releases New Anthem for World Children 's Day at McD 's '' . McDonalds . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 1 , 2005 ) . `` Ask Billboard '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Destiny 's Child 's # 1 's Hits -- You Guessed It -- # 1 '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Tracey ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Reunite for NBA '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MTV News staff ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` For The Record : Quick News On Kanye West , Destiny 's Child , Metallica , Kelly Clarkson , Paris Hilton & More '' . MTV News . ^ Jump up to : `` Destiny 's Child Gets Star on Walk of Fame '' . FOX News . Associated Press . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BET Awards Style : 28 Past Winner Portraits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , Nick ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Destiny 's Child : Where Are They Now ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( March 2 , 2007 ) . `` Hudson , Beyonce , T.I. Among BET Winners '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crosley , Hillary ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Billboard Bits : Beyonce , Bob Marley , Bragg / Brad '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mathew Knowles and Music World Present , Vol. 1 : Love Destiny '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mathew Knowles and Music World Present , Vol. 1 : Love Destiny '' . Amazon.com . Amazon Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Pull into Trailer Park to Shoot ' Party ' Video '' . Rap - Up . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Party ' Video : Why We 're Dying For An Invite '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child 's Playlist Compiles Signature Hits and Deep Album Tracks on First Release in Seven Years '' ( Press release ) . Destiny 's Child 's Official Website ( Music World Entertainment / Columbia Records / Legacy Recordings ) . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love Songs '' . Destiny 's Child . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Ayeesha ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Destiny 's Child new album artwork revealed by Beyonce '' . The Sun . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child reunite at Beyoncé Super Bowl half - time show '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Destiny 's Child Video Anthology To Be Released June 4th '' . Destiny 's Child Official Website . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Rowland previews new Destiny 's Child song ' You 've Changed ' -- Music News '' . Digital Spy . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lansky , Sam ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce Reunites With Kelly Rowland & Michelle Williams In ' Superpower ' Video : Watch '' . Idolator . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Gaby ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Grown Woman ' Music Video : Look By Look '' . MTV . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Reunites for Michelle Williams Solo Track & Music Video : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say Yes ( Stellar Awards 2015 ) ( Live ) ( feat . Beyoncé & Kelly Rowland ) -- Single '' . iTunes. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen ; Pearl , Diana . `` Destiny 's Child , Adele and More Celebs Freeze for the Mannequin Challenge '' . people.com . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé to reunite with Destiny 's Child at Coachella '' . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Destiny 's Child : Biography '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Midgarden , Cory ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Did Beyonce Really Throw Shade at Kelly Rowland ? We Asked LeToya Luckett '' . MTV . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Witherspoon , Chris ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` LaTavia Roberson Defends Kelly Rowland : ' She was always the second lead singer of Destiny 's Child ' '' . The Grio . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eliscu , Jenny ( October 25 , 2004 ) . `` Destiny 's Child : Destiny Fulfilled '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( January 11 , 2001 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Inspired By Janet Jackson '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 1 , 2005 ) . `` Pop Review ; Empowerment , Allure And a Runway 's Flair '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basham , David ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` ' Bootylicious ' Destiny 's Child Sample Stevie Nicks , More on Survivor '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( May 7 , 2001 ) . `` Survivor ( 2008 ) : Destiny 's Child '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Survivor : Destiny 's Child '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ogunnaike , Lola ( November 14 , 2004 ) . `` Beyoncé 's Second Date With Destiny 's Child '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Tanya ( September 23 , 2002 ) . `` Will ' NSYNC Or Destiny 's Child Ever Record Another Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Back in the Studio , So ' Shut Up ! ' Kelly Rowland Says '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Book Excerpt : Destiny 's Style '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Lucia ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Le Icone Hip Hop e R'n'B degli anni ' 90 '' . Vogue Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` How Beyonce Came to Run the World '' . Time . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` From Destiny 's Child to music queenmaker : Kelly Rowland has a new handpicked girl group '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( September 6 , 2010 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Reunion Rumors Quashed by Beyonce 's Dad '' . MTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melton , Nicole Mane ; Sangweni , Yolanda ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Greatest Girl Groups of All Time '' . Essence . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daisy ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` How Destiny 's Child changed R&B forever '' . Dazed Digital . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marrow , Nicole ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` In Defense of ... Girl Groups '' . Cut magazine . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Where Have All the Girl Groups Gone in Music ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Behan , Conor ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Why you should care about the Destiny 's Child reunion '' . The Daily Edge . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 10 Girl Groups of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Biggest Girl Group Songs of All Time on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Mimi ( October 2002 ) . `` The Metamorphosis '' . Vibe . Vol. 10 . Google Books . p. 118 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Beyoncé and Destiny 's Child Enter the Dictionary With Bootylicious '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlett , Liam ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Bootylicious Beyoncé '' . 60 Minutes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Amy ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Bootylicious ' Beyoncé says it 's ' sexier ' to stay out of the gym '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` U2 , Rihanna , Amy Winehouse , Foo Fighters fill out VH1 's ' 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 00s ' : An EW Exclusive ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Women in Music ( Complete List ) '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 00s : 90 - 81 '' . NME . p. 2 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delta a shoe - in '' . The Age . September 2 , 2005 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Insane # TBT Moments From Destiny 's Child 's 2005 WMA Tribute '' . MTV . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Rihanna '' . Vogue Italia . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Croteau , Lauren ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Destiny 's Child Influenced Rihanna '' . Crushable.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Meghan Trainor talks new album Thank You , Grammys backlash and working with her mum -- Interview '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Rachaell ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` Fifth Harmony Pays Homage to Destiny 's Child with a Performance of Their Hits '' . Essence.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Mix 's Aspirations , Musical Influences & Collaboration Wish List '' . WBMP ( FM ) . March 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Influences for Girls Aloud '' . MTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dekel - Daks , Tal ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Ten Things About ... Destiny 's Child '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Haim are crushing on Aaliyah , Destiny 's Child '' . MTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smyth , David ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Mobo shortlisted singer Jess Glynne on being pop 's brightest newcomer '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Katy B was brought up on Destiny 's Child '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RichGirl : Money in the Bank '' . Rap - Up . April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMahon , James ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Flashback Friday : Ciara '' . Wonderland magazine . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grande Dame '' . V magazine . February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Meghan Trainor on Being Inspired by Britney Spears and * NSYNC , Her Hilarious Relationship Dealbreakers '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Fifth Harmony 's Full Destiny 's Child Medley Is Here , And It 's Flawless '' . MTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Are Fifth Harmony Really ' Like Mariah ' ? We Did the Math '' . MTV . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 48th Annual Grammy Awards - 2006 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . External links Find more aboutDestiny 's Childat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Destiny 's Child discography at Discogs Destiny 's Child at AllMusic Destiny 's Child on IMDb ( hide ) Destiny 's Child Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Studio albums Destiny 's Child The Writing 's on the Wall Survivor 8 Days of Christmas Destiny Fulfilled Compilation albums This Is the Remix # 1 's Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol. 1 : Love Destiny Playlist : The Very Best of Destiny 's Child Love Songs Extended plays Love : Destiny Singles `` No , No , No '' `` With Me '' `` Get on the Bus '' `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' `` Bug a Boo '' `` Say My Name '' `` Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' '' `` Independent Women '' `` Survivor '' `` Bootylicious '' `` Emotion '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` 8 Days of Christmas '' `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' `` Lose My Breath '' `` Soldier '' `` Girl '' `` Cater 2 U '' `` Stand Up for Love '' Featured singles `` Just Be Straight with Me '' `` Thug Love '' `` What 's Going On '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' Live and video releases The Platinum 's on the Wall Destiny 's Child World Tour Live in Atlanta Destiny 's Child Video Anthology Concert tours Total Request Live Tour Destiny Fulfilled ... and Lovin ' It Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Mathew Knowles Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Book Navigation templates for individual members Beyoncé Awards and nominations Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Dangerously in Love B'Day I Am ... Sasha Fierce Beyoncé Lemonade EPs True Star : A Private Performance Irreemplazable Above and Beyoncé : Dance Mixes Heat 4 : The Remix More Only Compilations Speak My Mind Beyoncé : Platinum Edition Live and video releases Live at Wembley B'Day Anthology Video Album The Beyoncé Experience Live Above and Beyoncé : Video Collection I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas I Am ... World Tour Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 Live in Atlantic City Live Concert tours Dangerously in Love Tour The Verizon Ladies First Tour The Beyoncé Experience I Am ... World Tour The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour On the Run Tour The Formation World Tour On the Run II Tour Concert residencies I Am ... Yours 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live Television Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Life Is But a Dream On the Run Tour : Beyoncé and Jay - Z Super Bowl 50 halftime show Lemonade Beyoncé 2018 Coachella performance Retail House of Deréon Heat Heat Rush Pulse Rise Tidal Ivy Park Related soundtracks Dreamgirls soundtrack Cadillac Records soundtrack Related topics Parkwood Entertainment Destiny 's Child Jay - Z ( husband ) Mathew Knowles ( father ) Tina Knowles ( mother ) Solange Knowles ( sister ) Frank Gatson Jr . Ashley Everett Bibi McGill True Star `` Kanyegate '' Let 's Move ! Flash Workout Scaptia beyonceae EveryBODYisflawless Book Portal Kelly Rowland Discography Videography Tours Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Simply Deep Ms. Kelly Here I Am Talk a Good Game Extended plays Ms. Kelly : Diva Deluxe Singles `` Dilemma '' `` Stole '' `` Ca n't Nobody '' `` Train on a Track '' `` Like This '' `` Ghetto '' `` Work '' `` Daylight '' `` Everywhere You Go '' `` Commander '' `` Rose Colored Glasses '' `` Grown Woman '' `` Forever and a Day '' `` Motivation '' `` Lay It on Me '' `` Down for Whatever '' `` Ice '' `` Kisses Down Low '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Featured singles `` Separated '' `` Une femme en prison '' `` Here We Go '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` Breathe Gentle '' `` When Love Takes Over '' `` Invincible '' `` Gone '' `` What a Feeling '' `` Favor '' `` Boo Thang '' `` Summer Dreaming 2012 '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Representin '' `` Mama Told Me '' `` Neva End '' `` Without Me '' `` One Life '' `` Love & Sex , Pt. 2 '' `` Say Yes '' Video albums BET Presents Kelly Rowland Concert tours Simply Deeper Tour Ms. Kelly Tour Lights Out Tour Related articles Destiny 's Child Michelle Williams Discography Studio albums Heart to Yours Do You Know Unexpected Journey to Freedom Singles `` Heard a Word '' `` Sun Will Shine Again '' `` Do You Know '' `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` We Break the Dawn '' `` The Greatest '' `` Hello Heartbreak '' `` If We Had Your Eyes '' `` Fire '' `` Say Yes '' `` Believe in Me '' Featured singles `` Waiting on You '' Theater Aida The Color Purple Chicago Fela ! Related topics Destiny 's Child LeToya Luckett Studio albums LeToya Lady Love Back 2 Life Singles `` All Eyes on Me '' `` Torn '' `` She Do n't '' `` Obvious '' `` Not Anymore '' `` She Ai n't Got ... '' `` Regret '' `` Good to Me '' `` Do n't Make Me Wait '' `` Back 2 Life '' `` Used To '' `` Weekend '' `` Grey '' Featured singles `` Almost Made Ya '' `` I Miss You '' `` When I Had the Chance '' Related articles Discography Destiny 's Child VIAF : 150301399 LCCN : no00017286 ISNI : 0000 0001 2348 6849 GND : 5554955 - X SUDOC : 078974615 BNF : cb140120410 ( data ) MusicBrainz : a796b92e - c137 - 4895 - 9c89 - 10f900617a4f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destiny%27s_Child&oldid=836709149 '' Categories : African - American girl groups American pop girl groups American contemporary R&B musical groups Brit Award winners Feminist musicians Gold Star Records artists Grammy Award winners Musical groups disestablished in 2006 Musical groups established in 1997 Musical groups from Houston American musical trios Vocal trios World Music Awards winners Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 11 : 58 . 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what happened to the fourth member of destinys child

Franklin quit after five months, leaving the group as a trio

was plagued by internal conflict and legal turmoil

German verbs - wikipedia German verbs Jump to : navigation , search German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particles This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German verbs may be classified as either weak , with a dental consonant inflection , or strong , showing a vowel gradation ( ablaut ) . Both of these are regular systems . Most verbs of both types are regular , though various subgroups and anomalies do arise . The only completely irregular verb in the language is sein ( to be ) . although , textbooks for learners often class all strong verbs as irregular . There are more than 200 strong and irregular verbs , but there is a gradual tendency for strong verbs to become weak . As German is a Germanic language , the German verb can be understood historically as a development of the Germanic verb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simple infinitives 2 German prefixes 2.1 Inseparable prefixes 2.2 Separable prefixes 3 Complex infinitives 3.1 Components and word order 3.1. 1 Predicative nouns and predicative adjectives 3.1. 2 Adverbs 3.2 Compound infinitives 3.2. 1 Passive infinitive 3.2. 2 Perfect infinitives 3.2. 3 Future infinitives 3.2. 4 Infinitives with modal verbs 3.2. 5 Accusativus cum infinitivo 3.3 The Infinitive with zu 4 Conjugation 4.1 Auxiliary verbs 4.2 Modal verbs 4.3 Dative verbs 4.4 Reflexive verbs 4.5 Imperative conjugation 5 Verbal nouns and verbal adjectives 5.1 Past participle 5.2 Present participle 5.3 Future participle or gerundive 5.4 Agent nouns 5.5 Gerund 6 Tenses 7 Colloquial contractions between verb and personal pronoun 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External links Simple infinitives ( edit ) The infinitive consists of the root and the suffix - en . With verbs whose roots end in el or er , the e of the infinitive suffix is dropped . laufen ( `` to run '' ) lächeln ( `` to smile '' ) meistern ( `` to master '' ) German prefixes ( edit ) This is a general view of the most important German prefixes . The example is `` legen '' ( to lay ) Prefix Verb Literally Translation ab - legen to lay down to lay down to abandon something . an - legen to lay by / at to attach something . to dock auf - legen to lay up to apply aus - legen to lay out to lay something out be - legen to lay something on something . to overlay bei - legen to lay at / by to add dar - legen to lay there to point something out ein - legen to lay in to inlay ent - legen dis - lay faraway , outlying NOTE : entlegen is an adjective and not a verb . er - legen to achieve - lay to kill / to conclude successfully ge - legen to be laid seated , situated , opportune NOTE : gelegen is an adjective and not a verb . hin - legen to lay there to put down nach - legen to lay after to put some more of something on nieder - legen to lay down to put down an object / to lay down an office / to lie down also : to go to sleep über - legen to lay over to think about something . um - legen to lay around / over again to allocate , also : to kill unter - legen to lay under to put under ver - legen -- to be shy ( adjective ) / to lose ( verb ) to edit ( books , newspaper ) vor - legen to lay previous to something . to bring something . before so . weg - legen to lay away to put away wider - legen to lay against to disprove zer - legen to lay something . in pieces to dismantle zu - legen to lay to something . to put on / to buy something new zusammen - legen to lay together to pool something . Inseparable prefixes ( edit ) There are some verbs which have a permanent prefix at their beginning . These prefixes are never stressed . The most common permanent prefixes found in German are ver - , ge - , be - , er - , ent - ( or emp - ) , and zer - . brauchen , `` to need '' -- verbrauchen , `` to consume '' or `` to use up '' raten , `` to advise '' , `` to guess '' -- verraten , `` to betray '' fallen , `` to fall '' -- gefallen `` to be pleasing '' hören , `` to hear '' -- gehören zu `` to belong to '' brennen , `` to burn '' ( intransitive ) -- verbrennen , `` to burn '' ( transitive ) , to burn completely beginnen , `` to begin '' ( no form without the prefix ) The meaning of the permanent prefixes does not have a real system ; the alteration in meaning can be subtle or drastic . The prefixes ver - , be - and ge - have several different meanings , although ge - is uncommon and often the root verb is no longer in existence . be - often makes a transitive verb from an intransitive verb . Verbs with er - tend to relate to creative processes , verbs with ent - usually describe processes of removing ( as well as emp - , an approximate equivalent to ent - except usually used for root verbs beginning with an f ) , and zer - is used for destructive actions . Ver - often describes some kind of extreme or excess of the root verb , although not in any systematic way : ' sprechen ' , for example means to ' speak ' , but ' versprechen ' , ' to promise ' as in ' to give ones word ' and ' fallen ' , meaning ' to fall ' but ' verfallen ' , ' to decay ' or ' to be ruined ' . Separable prefixes ( edit ) Many verbs have a separable prefix that changes the meaning of the root verb , but that does not always remain attached to the root verb . When attached , these prefixes are always stressed . German sentence structure normally places verbs in second position or final position . For separable prefix verbs , the prefix always appears in final position . If a particular sentence 's structure places the entire verb in final position then the prefix and root verb appear together . If a sentence places the verb in second position then only the root verb will appear in second position . The separated prefix remains at the end of the sentence . anfangen ( `` to start '' ) Root verb in second position : Ich fange mit der Arbeit an . ( `` I start work . '' ) Root verb in final position : Morgens trinke ich Schokolade , weil ich dann mit der Arbeit anfange . ( `` In the mornings I drink hot chocolate , because afterwards I begin work . '' ) Rarely a separable prefix may actually be two ( or more ) words : wiedergutmachen ( `` to rectify , make up '' , literally `` to make good again '' ) Root verb in second position : Sie machte das Unrecht wieder gut . ( `` She rectified the injustice . '' ) Root verb in final position : Ich hoffe , dass du es bei ihm wiedergutmachst . ( `` I hope that you 're making it up to him . '' ) A small number of verbs have a prefix that is separable in some uses and inseparable in others . umfahren ( `` to drive into ( something ) '' ) -- ( stress on um ) Ich fahre das Verkehrszeichen um . `` I drive into the traffic sign , knocking it over ( um ) in the process . '' ( `` to drive around '' ) -- ( stress on fahr ) Ich umfahre das Verkehrszeichen . `` I drive around the traffic sign . '' If one of the two meanings is figurative , the inseparable version stands for this figurative meaning : übersetzen Literal ( `` to ferry '' ) -- ( stress on über ) Ich setze morgen auf die Insel über `` I 'll ferry over to the island tomorrow . '' Figurative ( `` to translate '' ) -- ( stress on setzen ) Ich übersetze die Geschichte morgen . `` I 'll translate the story tomorrow . '' Complex infinitives ( edit ) Components and word order ( edit ) Complex infinitives can be built , consisting of more than the original infinitive . They include objects , predicative nouns and adverbial information . These are packed before the original infinitive , if used isolated . ( elliptical ) If one wants to express that they suddenly see a bird ( not an airplane ) ; NOT einen Vogel am Himmel plötzlich sehen ( `` suddenly see a bird in the sky , '' as opposed to seeing it slowly -- `` plötzlich '' is stressed ) BUT plötzlich einen Vogel am Himmel sehen ( `` suddenly see a bird in the sky , '' as opposed to seeing a plane -- `` Vogel '' is stressed ) Both sentences are correct but they have different focus . Pronoun objects are usually mentioned before nominal phrase objects ; dative nominal objects before accusative nominal objects ; and accusative pronoun objects before dative pronouns . Order may change upon emphasis on the object , the first being more important . This can be viewed as a table : Usual object order Type Order Case Pronoun Accusative Pronoun Dative Nominal Dative Nominal Accusative normal Ich gebe meinem Vater das Geld ( `` I give my father the money '' ) Ich gebe es ihm ( `` I give it to him '' ) Ich gebe ihm das Geld ( `` I give him the money '' ) Ich gebe es meinem Vater ( `` I give it to my father '' ) unusual Ich gebe das Geld meinem Vater ( `` I give the money to my father '' ) Ich gebe das Geld ihm ( `` I give the money to him '' ) very strange ( but still correct ) Ich gebe ihm es ( `` I give him it '' ) Ich gebe meinem Vater es ( `` I give my father it '' ) Native adverbs , like nicht , leider or gerne , are placed before the innermost verb ( see Compound infinitives ) . Predicative nouns and predicative adjectives ( edit ) A predicative adjective can be the positive , comparative or superlative stem of an adjective , therefore it has the same form as the adverb . One might also use positional phrases or pronominal adverbs . rot sein ( `` be red '' ) bekannt werden ( `` become well - known '' ) im Rathaus sein ( `` be in the town hall '' ) A predicative noun is a nominal phrase in the nominative case . Ein Arzt sein ( `` be a doctor '' ) Note that , if the subject is singular , the predicative noun must not be plural . Der Schwarm ist eine Plage ( singular / singular ) ( `` the swarm is a pest '' ) Die Bienen sind Insekten ( plural / plural ) ( `` the bees are insects '' ) Die Bienen sind der Schwarm ( plural / singular ) ( `` the bees are the swarm '' ) * Der Schwarm ist die Bienen ( singular / plural ) but instead Der Schwarm ist ein Haufen Bienen ( `` the swarm is a load of bees '' ) or Die Bienen sind der Schwarm ( `` the bees are the swarm '' ) ( inversion ) 3rd person pronouns are handled like any nominal phrase when used in a predicative way . 1st person or 2nd person pronouns are never used as predicative pronouns . Normally , one makes an inversion when using a definite pronoun as predicativum . Der bin ich . ( * Ich bin der . ) ( `` I 'm the one '' ) Der bist du . ( * Du bist der . ) ( `` You 're the one '' ) Der ist es . ( * Es ist der . ) ( `` He 's the one '' ) Adverbs ( edit ) One can use any kind of adverbial phrase or native adverb mentioned above . But beware of modal verbs , they change the meaning and phrase of the sentence . Compound infinitives ( edit ) Compound infinitives can be constructed by the usage of modal verbs or auxiliary verbs . One places a new infinitive behind the main infinitive . Then this outer infinitive will be conjugated instead of the old inner infinitive . Sometimes one must turn the old infinitive into a passive participle . Passive infinitive ( edit ) There are two types of passive forms : static passive and dynamic passive . They differ by their auxiliary words . The static passive uses sein , the dynamic passive is formed with werden ( which has a slightly different conjugation from its siblings ) . In both cases , the old infinitive is turned into its passive participle form . sehen -- gesehen sein -- gesehen werden ( `` see -- be seen '' ) plötzlich am Himmel gesehen sein / werden ( `` suddenly be seen in the sky '' ) Note that a complex infinitive can not be turned into passive form , with an accusative object , for obvious reasons . This restriction does not hold for dative objects . mir den Schlüssel geben ( `` to give me the key '' ) NOT mir den Schlüssel gegeben werden mir gegeben werden ( `` have been given to me '' ) The only exceptions are verbs with two accusative objects . In older forms of German , one of these accusative objects was a dative object . This dative object is removed , whereas the real accusative object stays . Die Schüler die Vokabeln abfragen ( `` test the students on their vocab '' ) NOT Die Schüler abgefragt werden Die Vokabeln abgefragt werden ( `` the vocab be tested '' ) Perfect infinitives ( edit ) The perfect infinitive is constructed by turning the old infinitive into the passive participle form and attaching the auxiliary verbs haben or sein after the verb . sehen -- gesehen haben ( transitive ) ( `` see '' -- `` saw / have seen '' ) einen Vogel sehen -- einen Vogel gesehen haben ( transitive ) ( `` see a bird -- '' `` saw / have seen a bird '' ) laufen -- gelaufen sein ( intransitive ) ( `` walk -- walked / have walked '' ) einen schnellen Schritt laufen -- einen schnellen Schritt gelaufen sein / haben ( `` walk at a fast pace '' -- `` walked / have walked at a fast pace '' ) Note that the perfect infinitive of an intransitive verb is created the same way as the static passive infinitive of a transitive verb . One can also build perfect infinitives of passive infinitives , both static and dynamic . Since the passive is intransitive , having no accusative object , one must use the auxiliary sein : sehen ( `` to see '' ) gesehen worden sein ( `` to have been seen '' ) gesehen geworden sein ( `` to have been being seen '' ) sein is used as an auxiliary verb , when the verb is : intransitive , indicates a movement from one place to another , or describes the alteration of a state haben is used , when actually any other case , but could be described more specifically The use of haben and sein may depend on a sentence 's meaning . I have driven the car ( Ich habe das Auto gefahren . ) is transitive and takes haben , but I have driven to Germany ( Ich bin nach Deutschland gefahren . ) is intransitive and takes sein because of the position change , even though the verb , fahren , is identical . Future infinitives ( edit ) The future infinitive is more theoretical , because this infinite is only used in finite form . One keeps the old infinitive and appends the verb werden , which in the present tense means ' to become ' . nach Italien fahren -- nach Italien fahren werden ( `` to drive to Italy '' -- `` to be about to drive to Italy '' ) The future infinitive can also be built by a perfect infinitive , which is used in the future perfect . den Baum gefällt haben -- den Baum gefällt haben werden ( `` to have felled the tree '' -- `` to be about to have felled the tree '' ) Infinitives with modal verbs ( edit ) Modal verbs are verbs that modify other verbs , and as such , are never found alone . Examples may include the following : `` may '' , `` must '' , `` should '' , `` want '' , or `` can '' . Such verbs are utilized by placing the modal infinitive behind the old ( passive or perfect ) infinitive , without changing any other word . Some modal verbs in German are : können , dürfen , müssen , brauchen , wollen , mögen , lassen . dorthin fahren können ( `` to be able to drive there '' ) nach Rom fahren lassen ( `` let someone drive to Rome '' ) A common misunderstanding among English - speakers learning German is caused by a divergence in meaning between English must and German müssen . Ich muss : `` I must '' Ich muss nicht : `` I do n't have to '' . Accusativus cum infinitivo ( edit ) Similar to Latin , there is an accusative and infinitive ( ACI ) construction possible . To construct it , one places a certain infinitive behind the last infinitive , then adds an accusative object before the inner complex infinitive . This can be done in two ways : Simple ACI Subject -- Verb -- Object -- Infinitive : `` Ich sehe dich stolzieren '' I see you strutting Complex ACI Subject -- Verb -- Object -- Compound infinitive : `` Ich lasse dich ein Haus bauen '' I let you build a house The infinitive with zu ( edit ) The infinitive with zu has nothing to do with the gerundive , although it is created in a similar way . One simply puts the word zu before the infinitive , perhaps before the permanent prefix , but after the separable prefix . zu lesen ( `` to read '' ) Ich lerne zu lesen ( `` I learn to read '' ) zu verlassen ( `` to leave '' ) Ich habe beschlossen , dich zu verlassen ( `` I 've decided to leave you '' ) wegzuwerfen ( `` to throw away '' ) Ich habe beschlossen , das Buch wegzuwerfen ( `` I 've decided to throw away the book '' ) The infinitive with zu extended with um expresses purpose ( in order to ... ) . The subject of the main clause and the verb in the infinitive must be identical . Ich habe ein Meer überquert , um dich zu treffen -- `` I have crossed an ocean to meet you . '' Conjugation ( edit ) Main article : German conjugation There are three persons , two numbers and four moods ( indicative , conditional , imperative and subjunctive ) to consider in conjugation . There are six tenses in German : the present and past are conjugated , and there are four compound tenses . There are two categories of verbs in German : weak and strong . Some grammars use the term mixed verbs to refer to weak verbs with irregularities . For a historical perspective on German verbs , see Germanic weak verb and Germanic strong verb . Below , the weak verb kaufen ' to buy ' and the strong verb singen `` to sing '' are conjugated . Weak verbs Strong verbs Present Past Present Past ich kaufe kaufte singe sang du kaufst kauftest singst sangst er kauft kaufte singt sang wir / sie kaufen kauften singen sangen ihr kauft kauftet singt sangt Common conditional endings in present and past tense : - e , - est , - e , - en , - et , - en sein `` to be '' is irregular in the conditional mood Present conditional : sei , seist , sei , seien , sei ( e ) t , Past conditional : wäre , wärst , wäre , wären , wär ( e ) t , The ( e ) s are inserted when the stem of the verb ends in : - chn - d , - dn , - fn , - gn , - t , - tm The second person singular ending is - t for verbs whose stems end in : - s , - ß , - x , - z Examples beten `` to pray '' : weak transitive verb Past Participle : gebetet Present : bete , betest , betet , beten , betet , Past : betete , betetest , betete , beteten , betetet , bitten `` to ask for , to beg '' : strong transitive verb Past Participle : gebeten Present : bitte , bittest , bittet , bitten , bittet , Past : bat , bat ( e ) st , bat , baten , batet , Some strong verbs change their stem vowel in the second and third person singular of the indicative mood of the present tense . lesen `` to read '' : strong transitive verb Past Participle : gelesen Present : lese , liest , liest , lesen , lest , Past : las , las ( es ) t , las , lasen , las ( e ) t , Auxiliary verbs ( edit ) werden `` to become '' ( strong ) Present Past ich werde wurde du wirst wurdest er wird wurde wir / sie werden wurden ihr werdet wurdet Past participle : geworden haben `` to have '' ( mixed ) Compare the archaic English conjugation : Present Past Present Past ich habe hatte have had du hast hattest thou hast hadst er hat hatte he hath had wir / sie haben hatten we / they have had ihr habt hattet ye have had Past participle : gehabt sein `` to be '' ( strong ) Present Past ich bin war du bist warst er ist war wir / sie sind waren ihr seid wart Past participle : gewesen Modal verbs ( edit ) dürfen `` to be allowed ; may '' können `` to be able ; can ; to be possible '' mögen `` to like '' müssen `` to be required ; must '' sollen `` to be supposed to ; should '' wollen `` to want ( with resolve ) '' Modal verbs are inflected irregularly . In the present tense , they use the preterite endings of the strong verbs . In the past tense , they use the preterite endings of the weak verbs . In addition , most modal verbs have a change of vowel in the singular . müssen sollen wollen mögen können dürfen Present Past Present Past Present Past Present Past Present Past Present Past ich muss muß musste mußte soll sollte will wollte mag mochte kann konnte darf durfte du musst mußt musstest mußtest sollst solltest willst wolltest magst mochtest kannst konntest darfst durftest er muss muß musste mußte soll sollte will wollte mag mochte kann konnte darf durfte wir / sie müssen mussten mußten sollen sollten wollen wollten mögen mochten können konnten dürfen durften ihr müsst müßt musstet mußtet sollt solltet wollt wolltet mögt mochtet könnt konntet dürft durftet When a modal verb is in use , the main verb is moved to the end of the sentence . For example : Ich kann das Auto fahren . ( `` I can drive the car . '' ) Ich soll die Karten kaufen . ( `` I 'm supposed to buy the cards . '' ) Er muss der Mutter danken . ( `` He must thank the mother . '' ) Note : danken is a dative verb which is why die Mutter becomes der Mutter . For further information , please read the section about dative verbs . Dative verbs ( edit ) Many verbs can have an indirect object in addition to a direct object ( for example geben `` give '' ) , but some verbs have only an indirect object . These verbs are called `` dative verbs '' because indirect objects are in the dative case . Most dative verbs do not change the object . E.g. , when you hit ( schlagen ) or wound ( verletzen ) someone , they get a bruise or wound , but when you thank , answer , help , or follow someone , they remain unchanged . There are however exceptions ( including even wehtun `` hurt '' ) , and there are verbs that are dative verbs in only some senses ( e.g. the most common sense `` happen '' of the very common verb passieren ) . Dative verbs include the following most common ones : antworten danken folgen gefallen gehören glauben gratulieren helfen leidtun passen passieren ( in the sense of `` happen '' ) vertrauen verzeihen wehtun zuhören Reflexive verbs ( edit ) Some verbs require the use of a reflexive pronoun . These verbs are known as reflexive verbs . In English , these are often slightly modified versions of non-reflexive verbs , such as `` to sit oneself down '' . Imperative conjugation ( edit ) There is an imperative for second person singular and second person plural , as well as for third person singular and third person plural , as well as for first person plural and second person formal . The endings for second person singular informal are : - ( e ) , - el or - le , and - er ( e ) . The endings for second person plural informal are : - ( e ) t , - elt , and - ert . Fahren ( wir / Sie ) ! -- Fahr ( e ) ! -- Fahrt ! The imperative of first person plural and second person formal is identical to the infinitive . This subtopic is strongly related to the construction of German sentences . Verbal nouns and verbal adjectives ( edit ) This section details the construction of verbal nouns and verbal adjectives from the main infinitive . The processes are the same both for simple and complex infinitives . For complex infinitives , adverbial phrases and object phrases are ignored , they do not affect this process ; except something else is mentioned . Past participle ( edit ) There are some irregularities when creating the past participle form . Weak verbs form their past participles with ge - plus the third person singular form of the verb . fragen ( er fragt ) → gefragt passen ( es passt ) → gepasst antworten ( er antwortet ) → geantwortet hören ( er hört ) → gehört fühlen ( er fühlt ) → gefühlt Verbs with non-initial stress ( practically always the result of an unstressed inseparable prefix , or foreign words ending in stressed - ieren or - eien ) do not have ge - added to the verb . verführen ( er verführt ) → verführt miauen ( er miaut ) → miaut probieren ( er probiert ) → probiert prophezeien ( er prophezeit ) → prophezeit For irregular verbs , the infinitive ending - en remains . gelaufen gegeben gegangen geworfen The separable prefix remains in place . weggetragen umverteilt NOTE Ich habe den Baum umgefahren ( I drove over -- crashed into -- the tree ) NOTE Ich habe den Baum umfahren ( I drove around the tree ) The past participles of modal and auxiliary verbs have the same form as their infinitives . But if these verbs are used alone , without an infinitive , they have a regular participle . Ich habe den Chef besuchen dürfen ( Chef = boss ) ( I was allowed to see the boss ) Ich habe zum Chef gedurft ( unusual ) ( I was allowed in to the boss ) Present participle ( edit ) To create the basic form of a present participle , you attach the suffix - d to the infinitive of the verb . laufen -- laufend ( `` walk '' -- `` walking '' ) töpfern -- töpfernd ( `` make pottery '' -- `` making pottery '' ) lächeln -- lächelnd ( `` smile '' -- `` smiling '' ) verraten -- verratend ( `` betray '' -- `` betraying '' ) aufbauen -- aufbauend ( `` establish '' -- `` establishing '' ) Future participle or gerundive ( edit ) A gerundive - like construction is fairly complicated to use . The basic form is created by putting the word zu before the infinitive . This is also the adverb . zu suchen ( `` to be looked for '' ) Der Schlüssel ist zu suchen ( `` the key needs to be looked for '' ) zu verzeichnen ( `` to be recorded '' ) Ein Trend ist zu verzeichnen ( `` A trend is to be recorded '' ) The adjective is more complicated . Instead of the infinitive , one uses the present participle , and then declines it corresponding to gender , number , case and article of the nominal phrase . ( Compare the German declension of adjectives . ) Der zu suchende Schlüssel ( `` the key to be looked for '' ) Ein zu lüftendes Geheimnis ( `` a secret to be revealed '' ) Agent nouns ( edit ) Agent nouns ( e.g. photographer from photograph in English ) are constructed by taking the infinitive , removing the ending and replacing it by - er , - ler or - er ( er ) . If the person is a woman , the endings have an extra - in on them . Note that in the explicitly feminine form a second syllable er is omitted , if the infinitive ends on ern or eren . infinitive : fahren `` to drive '' agent noun , masculine : der Fahrer `` the ( male ) driver '' agent noun , feminine : die Fahrerin `` the female driver '' infinitive : tischlern `` to join ( carpentry ) '' agent noun , masculine : der Tischler `` the ( male ) joiner '' agent noun , feminine : die Tischlerin `` the female joiner '' infinitive : verweigern `` to refuse '' agent noun , masculine : der Verweigerer `` the ( male ) refuser '' agent noun , feminine : die Verweiger ( er ) in `` the female refuser '' This form is hard to build for complex infinitives , therefore it is unusual : infinitive : weggehen `` to go away '' does not usually become der Weggeher or die Weggeherin , but instead Derjenige , der weggeht ( `` the one going away '' ) or even infinitive : schnell zum Flughafen fahren um die Maschine noch zu erwischen ( `` to quickly drive to the airport to just catch the flight '' ) does not usually become : Der Schnell - zum - Flughafen - um - die - Maschine - noch - zu - erwischen - Fahrer ( `` the quickly - driving - to - the - airport - to - catch - the - flight - driver '' ) On the other hand , this form is often used in fun or mocking expressions , because the imputed behaviour that is content of the mocking can be merged into a single word . Examples are : Toiletten - Tief - Taucher ( `` toilet deep diver '' , which is an alliteration in German ) , or Mutterficker ( `` motherfucker '' ) . A whole range of these expressions aim at supposedly weak or conformist behaviour , such as Ampel - bei - Rot - Stehenbleiber ( `` traffic - lights - on - red - stopper '' ) , Warmduscher ( `` warm - showerer '' ) , Unterhosen - Wechsler ( `` underpants changer '' ) , or Schattenparker ( `` in the shadow parker '' ) . Especially among children there are several fixed terms of this type , like Spielverderber ( `` game spoiler '' ) . Note : The suffix - er is also used to form instrument nouns , e.g. Salzstreuer and Bohrer also denote instruments . Gerund ( edit ) The normal gerund noun is generally the same word as the infinitive . The gerund does not have a plural ( normally -- but if so , the form would be unchanged ) , and its gender is neuter . arbeiten -- das Arbeiten ( `` to work '' -- `` working '' ) NOTE die Arbeiten is not the plural of the gerund Arbeiten , it is the plural of the feminine noun die Arbeit . Example for the plural `` Das Verlegen '' kann verschiedene Bedeutungen haben : Das Verlegen einer Sache ( die man dann nicht mehr findet ) ; das Verlegen eines Veranstaltungsortes ; das Verlegen einer Zeitung ; etc ... Diese verschiedenen `` Verlegen '' sind ein gutes Beispiel für den Plural des Gerunds . `` ' Das Verlegen ' can have different meanings : The misplacing of a thing ( which you wo n't find then anymore ) ; the moving of an event location ; the editing of a newspaper ; etc . These different ' Verlegen ' form a good example of the gerund 's plural . '' There is another kind of gerund that ( sometimes ) implies disapproval of the action . The grammatically dependent implication ( i.e. independent of context , speech and syntax ) of disapproval for this type of gerund is rather weak , though present . It must be supported either by context or speech . On the other hand , any positive implication from the context or speech will free the gerund from any disapproval . The ending of this form is - erei ( - lerei or - ( er ) ei ) . Its plural is built with - en , and its gender is feminine . arbeiten -- die Arbeiterei ( `` to work '' -- `` this silly working '' ) laufen -- die Lauferei ( `` to run '' -- `` this silly running '' ) streiten -- die Streiterei ( en ) ( `` to argue '' -- `` this / these silly argument ( s ) '' ) schlemmen -- die Schlemmerei ( en ) ( `` to feast '' -- `` the feasting ( s ) '' ) malen -- die Malerei ( en ) ( `` to draw '' -- `` this / these silly drawing ( s ) '' ) The above form means a loose , vague abstractum of the verb 's meaning . It is also often used to designate a whole trade , discipline or industry , or a single business / enterprise : die Meierei -- ( once ) `` a milk - processing enterprise '' malen -- die Malerei ( `` to draw '' -- `` the drawing '' ( as an artwork ) , `` the discipline of drawing '' ) In this form the plural is used just as with any other noun . Cf. also Metzgerei , Fleischerei ( butcher 's establishment ) , Malerei ( a business of professional painters ( of rooms and buildings ) ) which do not spring from verbs . Similar to the form presented above , one may place the prefix ge - ( after the separable prefix ) , if the verb does n't have a permanent prefix , and then attach the ending - e ( - el , - er ) . Most times , this noun indicates slightly more disapproval than the other one ( depending in the same way on context , speech etc . ) . Its gender is neuter . fahren -- das Gefahre ( `` to drive '' -- `` silly driving '' ) laufen -- das Gelaufe ( `` running '' -- `` silly running '' ) A plural form does not exist . To indicate the reference to all instances the pronoun / numeral all can be added , as in the following example : Mother to child : Hör mit dem Geschaukel auf ! ( `` Stop that rocking . '' ) Child rocks in a different manner Mother : Hör mit allem Geschaukel auf ! ( `` Stop all rockings . '' ) However , a more formal reference to all instances would be `` Hör mit jeder Form von Geschaukel auf ! '' ( `` Stop any form of rocking . '' ) instead . So this use of all is merely encountered in colloquial conversations . If this form of gerund is used to express disapproval , it is typically augmented by the prefix herum - or ( short form ) rum - to make it sound / look even more disapproving . For example : Das stundenlange Herumgefahre im Bus geht mir total auf die Nerven . ( `` The silly driving around for hours in the bus is totally getting on my nerves . '' ) These forms are hard to build for complex infinitives ; therefore they are unusual . When they occur , all object phrases and adverbial phrases are put before the gerund noun : von Allen gesehen werden -- Das Von - Allen - gesehen - Werden ( `` to be seen by everyone '' -- `` being seen by everyone '' ) Tenses ( edit ) Although there are six tenses in German , only two are simple ; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions . The tenses are quite similar to English constructions . Conjugation includes three persons , two numbers ( singular and plural ) , three moods ( indicative , imperative and subjunctive ) , and two simple tenses ( present and preterite ) . The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German ( and relatively infrequent in written German as well ) ; the subjunctive of the past is more common , at least for some frequent verbs ( ich wäre , ich hätte , ich käme etc . ) . The latter is used like a conditional mood in German ( English : I would ) . English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information . There are no progressive tenses in standard German . Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean `` The girl goes to school '' as well as `` The girl is going to school '' . One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context . In spoken German , there do exist progressive tenses , formed with the verb sein ( `` to be '' ) + am ( `` at the '' ) + verbal noun . For example : Ich bin am Essen . -- I am eating ; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren . -- I 'm fixing the car . However , these forms are rarely used in written and not used in formal spoken German ( and are never obligatory in the colloquial either ) . A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ( `` to be '' ) + present participle , and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense ( for present and past ) . For example : Ich bin / war essend . -- I am / was eating ; Ich bin / war das Auto reparierend . -- I am / was fixing the car . In contrast to the former one , this progressive tense is a formal correct part of standard German , but , however , very uncommon in spoken as well as in written , in colloquial as well as in formal German -- thus very uncommon . If used , it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural , except for specific usual cases . This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect . As is shown in the following , German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses . More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances , but the two most common tenses ( present tense and perfect tense ) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous . Present ( Präsens ) -- It is the present - conjugated form of the infinitive . It is the most important tense in German . The Present tense is mainly used for simple present , present progressive , as well as for future . It is also used for historical past . Example : Ich kaufe das Auto . ( `` I buy the car '' ) Preterite ( Imperfekt , Präteritum ) -- It is the past - conjugated form of the infinitive . This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech , except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially ( such as ich war , ich hatte , ich kam ) . It is also used for past progressive . Otherwise the perfect is much preferred in the colloquial . Example : Ich kaufte das Auto . ( `` I bought the car '' ) Perfect ( Perfekt ) -- It is the present - conjugated form of the perfect infinitive . This tense has ( widely ) the same meaning as the preterite , and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German . An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German . For example , `` I have lived in Germany for three years now . '' → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland . ( Literally : `` I live now for three years in Germany . '' ) Example : Ich habe das Auto gekauft . ( `` I ( have ) bought the car '' ) Pluperfect / past perfect ( Plusquamperfekt ) -- It is the past - conjugated form of the perfect infinitive . It can be thought of as the perfect form of the Preterite , used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past . If the context is unambiguous , the perfect or preterite may be used instead ( as in English ) . Example : Ich hatte das Auto gekauft . ( `` I had bought the car '' ) Future ( Futur I ) -- It is the present - conjugated form of the future infinitive . It generally describes the future , but also expresses an assumption for the present . In contrast to English , the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context . For example , `` In ten years I 'll be old '' → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt . ( Literally : `` In ten years am I old . '' ) This is particularly common in colloquial German , but also correct in writing . Example : Ich werde das Auto kaufen . ( `` I will buy the car '' ) Future perfect ( Futur II ) -- It is the present - conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive . It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future ( past of the future ) , but the simple perfect , or even present , is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context . More commonly , the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past : Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben . ( `` He will ( probably ) have had an accident . '' ) Example : Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben . ( `` I 'll have bought the car '' ) Colloquial contractions between verb and personal pronoun ( edit ) Although not part of the standard language , nearly all varieties of colloquial German feature contracted forms in which a verb and a following ( unstressed ) personal pronoun become one word . This is frequent in the 2nd person singular , where the verb ending - st and the pronoun du ( `` you '' ) are contracted into - ste ( - stə ) . bist du → biste ( `` are you '' ) hast du → haste ( `` have you '' ) glaubst du → glaubste ( `` believe you '' / `` do you believe '' ) These forms are not uncommonly seen also in informal writing . Regionally , there may be different outcomes of the contraction . In western Germany , - t - might be lost as well , resulting in bisse , hasse and the like . In Upper German regions , the phenomenon often goes so far as to delete the pronoun completely , which gives rise to the Austro - Bavarian bist , hast and the Alemannic bisch , hasch . Similar contractions exist for the formal 2nd person and the 3rd person plural ( which both use the pronoun sie / Sie ) . können sie → könnse ( `` can you / they '' ) haben sie → hamse ( `` have you / they '' ) schauen sie → schaunse ( `` look you / they '' ) Again , shortened forms such as könn ( en ) s , hams are used in the South . They are often spelt können 's , ham 's or können S ' , ham S ' in informal writing . In Upper and Central German regions ( but only sporadically in originally Lower German areas ) , there are also contracted forms for the 1st person plural . These usually end in - mer ( - mɐ ) . The reason for this is that the Upper and Central German dialects have traditionally used mir instead of wir ( `` we '' ) . This form mir is itself due to an old contraction of the Middle High German verb ending - em and the following pronoun wir ( e.g. loufem wir → loufe ‿ mir ) sind wir → simmer ( `` are we '' ) haben wir → hammer ( `` have we '' ) glauben wir → glaub ( e ) mer ( `` believe we '' / `` do we believe '' ) In parts of northern Germany , less distinct contractions such as sindwer , hamwer occur instead of the southern / central simmer , hammer . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ and by a not incommon pupil mistake , Futur I , though that is universally judged incorrect . Jump up ^ Note : the pronoun is not here deleted but attached to the verb with whose final sound it is identical . This is not by a surprise : the very ending - st stems from the attachment of the pronoun du to the old verb ending - s . For example , Old High German biris du became biristu and was then re-interpreted as birist du . ( The same occurred in English with the old pronoun thou . ) Western German dialects and accents , however , still use the original simple - s . For example , du bist is often pronounced du bis in the West . Bibliography ( edit ) Stern , Guy ; and Bleiler , Everett F. Essential German Grammar , Dover Publ. , 1961 . External links ( edit ) For a list of words relating to German verbs , see the German verbs category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Verb Conjugation Trainer by Wie Geht 's German German verb conjugation German verb conjugation before and after the 1996 spelling reform German verb conjugation 25 frequently used German verbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_verbs&oldid=831574142 '' Categories : German grammar Verbs by language Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 07 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many strong verbs are there in german

more than 200

more than 200

Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree - wikipedia Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree Jump to : navigation , search `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' Single by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando from the album Tuneweaving B - side `` I Ca n't Believe How Much I Love You '' Released 19 February 1973 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1973 Genre Pop Length 3 : 20 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Irwin Levine , L. Russell Brown Producer ( s ) Hank Medress , Dave Appell Dawn featuring Tony Orlando singles chronology `` You 're a Lady '' ( 1972 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( 1973 ) `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're a Lady '' ( 1972 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( 1973 ) `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' ( 1973 ) `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' is a song by Tony Orlando and Dawn . It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell , with Motown / Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins , Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals . It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973 . The single reached the top 10 in ten countries , in eight of which it topped the charts . It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973 , number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973 . It was the top - selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK . In 2008 , Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Origins of the song 3 Chart and sales performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 In popular culture 6 Association with the People Power Revolution 7 Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests 8 See also 9 References Synopsis ( edit ) The song is told from the point of view of someone who has `` done his time '' but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home . He writes to his love , asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the `` ole oak tree '' in front of the house ( which the bus will pass by ) if she wants him to return to her life ; if he does not see such a ribbon , he will remain on the bus ( taking that to mean he is unwelcome ) and understand her reasons ( `` put the blame on me '' ) . He asks the bus driver to check , fearful of not seeing anything . To his amazement , the entire bus cheers the response -- there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree , a sign he is very much welcome . Origins of the song ( edit ) This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town . I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine . The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war -- who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia ... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy ... -- L. Russell Brown The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th - century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry . The song `` ' Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon '' , which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon , is a reference to this . The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one , either in the military or in jail , would be welcomed home on their return . In October 1971 , newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called `` Going Home '' . In it , he told a variant of the story , in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick , Georgia . Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition . In June 1972 , nine months later , Reader 's Digest reprinted `` Going Home '' . Also in June 1972 , ABC - TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con . According to L. Russell Brown , he read Hamill 's story in the Reader 's Digest , and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it . Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon ' Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . At the time , the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military . Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement . Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before `` Going Home '' had been written . Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr , but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as `` ridiculous '' . Chart and sales performance ( edit ) In April 1973 , the recording by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 ( chart date 21 April 1973 ) in the US , and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks . `` Tie A Yellow Ribbon '' sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks . It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973 . It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia , and has sold 1 million copies in the UK . In New Zealand , the song spent 10 weeks at number one . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada RPM Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia Canada New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio , as a cover version by Johnny Carver . Carver 's rendition - simply titled `` Yellow Ribbon '' - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973 . Carver 's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Musically similar , the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive `` damn '' ( in the lyric , `` Now the whole damn bus is cheering '' ) with `` darn '' . Bing Crosby recorded the song on 8 June 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records . Also in 1973 , Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never ( Columbia KC 32377 ) . Also in 1973 , Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language : `` Appendi un nastro giallo '' . The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original , the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus , the Italian singer watches it from a tram . Perry Como - included in his album And I Love You So ( 1973 ) . Dean Martin - included in his album You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me ( 1973 ) . In Chile , Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version , which was number one on the national radio for the 11 September 1973 . Lou Sino covered the song which appeared on his Now album ( 1973 ) . It was also the B side of his single , `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' released on Bengal 112873 . Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974 hitting number 12 . Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I 've Missed ( 1974 ) Max Bygraves included in his album Singalong with Max ( 1975 ) . The song was covered by Lawrence Welk , whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s ; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk 's Most Requested TV Favorites ( Champagne Style ) . The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976 . Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 ( 2001 ) . In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country . In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song had renewed popularity in 1981 , in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis . Later in 1973 , Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song , `` The Answer ( Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree ? ) '' . Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks , peaking at number 31 . In 1977 , the song was sung by Andy Kaufman playing his character Tony Clifton on HBO . The song appeared in the 1982 movie An Officer and a Gentleman , played by a band at the Navy Ball . The song was performed by David Alan Grier over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) . In 1999 S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7 . It was featured in the second episode . Association with the People Power revolution ( edit ) In the Philippines , the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino , Jr. to the country in 1983 , during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival . However , Aquino was assassinated upon arrival , sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos ' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino 's widow Corazon Aquino as president . Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino 's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010 . Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests ( edit ) During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site ( tied to street railings ) and on social media . Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song . See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 1973 ( Ireland ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles from the 1970s ( UK ) Preceded by `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' by Vicki Lawrence Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Tony Orlando and Dawn version ) 21 April 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Dirty Old Man '' by George Hamilton IV RPM Country Tracks number one single ( Johnny Carver version ) 16 June 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` You Always Come Back ( To Hurting Me ) '' by Johnny Rodriguez Preceded by `` Get Down '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single 21 April 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` See My Baby Jive '' by Wizzard References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald E. Parson , `` How the Yellow Ribbon Became a National Folk Symbol '' , available at Library of Congress , originally printed in the Folklife Center News ( Volume XIII , # 3 , 1991 , pp. 9 - 11 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The L. Russell Brown Interview '' . Classicbands.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1973 Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Dawn -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DAWN FEAT . TONY ORLANDO -- Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 29 December 1973 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM Country Tracks for June 16 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Nabors - The Twelfth Of Never ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Discogs Lou Sino -- Now Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Welk - Lawrence Welk 's Most Requested TV Favorites ( Champagne Style ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic yellow ribbon -- why it keeps waving '' . Asian Journal . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jasmine ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Protests : The Symbols and Songs Explained '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizie ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Hong Kong Protests : A Guide to Yellow Ribbons , Blue Ribbons and All the Other Colours '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for June 9 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for June 23 , 1973 '' . RPM . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Tony Orlando and Dawn Tony Orlando Telma Hopkins Joyce Vincent Wilson Albums Candida Dawn 's New Ragtime Follies Singles `` Candida '' `` Knock Three Times '' `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' `` Say , Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose '' `` He Do n't Love You ( Like I Love You ) '' Book : Tony Orlando and Dawn Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree&oldid=836553725 '' Categories : 1973 singles Tony Orlando songs Johnny Carver songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by L. Russell Brown Songs written by Irwin Levine Bell Records singles Songs about buses Songs about prison Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austrian Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 13 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who sings tie a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree

Tony Orlando and Dawn

Tony Orlando and Dawn

Patience is a virtue - wikipedia Patience is a virtue Jump to : navigation , search This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Patience is a virtue . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Patience Wikisource has original text related to this article : Summa Theologiae by Thomas Aquinas -- Question 136 : Of Patience Patience is a virtue is a proverbial phrase referring to one of the seven heavenly virtues typically said to date back to `` Psychomachia , '' an epic poem written in the fifth century . In popular culture , `` Patience is a Virtue '' can refer to : a 1991 single by Lois Reeves , part of the Motorcity Records singles discography a bonus track on some versions of the 2007 album Release the Stars by Rufus Wainwright a 2010 mixtape from Romeo Miller 's discography Rachel Weisz 's character Evelyn `` Evie '' Carnahan O'Connell said the phrase in The Mummy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patience_is_a_virtue&oldid=796853892 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Proverbs Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 12 : 57 . About Wikipedia

where does patience is a virtue come from

"Psychomachia," an epic poem written in the fifth century.

wikipedia

List of European countries by population - wikipedia List of European countries by population Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European population by country ( top 8 ) . Russia ( 17.15 % ) Germany ( 9.87 % ) Turkey ( 9.50 % ) France ( 7.79 % ) United Kingdom ( 7.75 % ) Italy ( 7.21 % ) Spain ( 5.53 % ) Ukraine ( 5.10 % ) Other ( 30.1 % ) List of European countries by population present the list of countries , territories and dependencies located in Europe . Transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Table ( edit ) Transcontinental countries largely located in Asia . Countries located wholly or predominantly in Asia , but which can be considered European countries . Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) July 1 , 2015 projection % of pop . Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Source Regional grouping Russia 144,031,000 17.15 0.20 294,285 368 146,839,993 January 1 , 2017 ( 1 ) EAEU Germany 81,459,000 9.87 1.20 600,000 90 82,800,000 December 30 , 2016 Official estimate EU Turkey 79,817,849 9.50 1.34 1,035,000 52 77,695,904 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate France 66,991,000 7.97 0.39 261,022 177 66,991,000 March 1 , 2017 ( 2 ) EU United Kingdom 65,110,276 7.75 0.75 484,000 92 64,596,800 December 30 , 2016 Official estimate EU 6 Italy 60,589,445 7.21 0.49 298,000 141 60,788,845 January 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate EU 7 Spain 46,423,064 5.53 - 0.06 - 28,000 - 46,449,565 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EU 8 Ukraine 42,850,000 5.10 - 0.32 - 136,000 - 42,726,067 March 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 9 Poland 38,494,000 4.58 0.05 20,000 1,334 38,484,000 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EU 10 Romania 19,822,000 2.36 - 0.41 - 81,000 - 19,942,642 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate EU 11 Netherlands 17,003,777 2.02 0.37 62,000 189 17,104,600 January 25 , 2018 Official population clock EU 12 Belgium 11,455,474 1.34 0.52 58,000 134 11,370,968 August 1 , 2017 Monthly official estimate EU 13 Greece 11,183,716 1.28 0.16 - 12,000 - 10,816,286 May 24 , 2011 Final 2011 census result EU 14 Czech Republic 10,535,000 1.25 - 0.06 - 6,000 - 10,588,063 July 30 , 2017 Official estimate EU 15 Portugal 10,311,000 1.23 - 0.56 - 58,000 - 10,309,573 December 31 , 2016 Official estimate EU 16 Sweden 9,858,794 1.17 1.03 100,000 68 10,081,396 August 31 , 2017 Official estimate EU 17 Hungary 9,835,000 1.17 - 0.28 - 28,000 - 9,849,000 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EU 18 Azerbaijan 9,651,000 1.15 1.23 117,000 57 9,810,000 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 19 Belarus 9,481,000 1.13 0.00 0 - 9,481,100 April 1 , 2015 Official estimate EAEU 20 Austria 8,608,000 1.02 0.67 57,000 104 8,794,267 July 1 , 2018 Official estimate EU 21 Switzerland 8,265,000 0.98 0.87 71,000 80 8,211,700 September 30 , 2014 Official estimate EFTA 22 Bulgaria 7,185,000 0.86 - 0.57 - 41,000 - 7,245,677 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate EU 23 Serbia 7,103,000 0.85 - 0.41 - 29,000 - 7,146,759 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 24 Denmark 5,673,000 0.68 0.48 27,000 145 5,659,715 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EU 25 Finland 5,475,000 0.65 0.11 6,000 632 5,473,465 March 31 , 2015 Monthly official estimate EU 26 Slovakia 5,426,000 0.65 0.13 7,000 537 5,415,949 September 30 , 2014 Official estimate EU 27 Norway 5,194,000 0.62 1.11 57,000 63 5,165,802 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EFTA 28 Ireland 4,630,000 0.55 0.35 16,000 200 4,761,865 April 2016 Preliminary 2016 census result EU 29 Croatia 4,230,000 0.50 - 0.31 - 13,000 - 4,267,558 July 1 , 2012 Official estimate EU 30 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,750,000 0.45 - 0.64 - 24,000 - 3,791,622 October 1 , 2013 Preliminary 2013 census result 31 Georgia 3,707,000 0.44 - 1.23 - 46,000 - 3,729,500 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 32 Moldova 3,564,000 0.42 0.48 17,000 145 3,555,200 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 33 Armenia 3,010,000 0.36 - 0.03 - 1,000 - 3,010,600 December 31 , 2014 Monthly official estimate EAEU 34 Lithuania 2,906,000 0.35 - 0.85 - 25,000 - 2,912,566 April 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate EU 35 Albania 2,887,000 0.34 - 0.41 - 12,000 - 2,893,005 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 36 Macedonia 2,071,000 0.25 0.15 3,000 478 2,069,172 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 37 Slovenia 2,065,000 0.25 0.15 3,000 477 2,062,731 October 1 , 2014 Official estimate EU 38 Latvia 1,979,000 0.24 - 0.90 - 18,000 - 1,983,300 April 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate EU Kosovo 1,867,000 0.22 1.08 20,000 64 1,815,606 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 39 Estonia 1,315,000 0.16 0.46 6,000 152 1,315,635 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate EU 40 Cyprus 876,000 0.10 0.46 4,000 151 865,900 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate EU 41 Montenegro 620,000 0.07 0.00 0 - 620,029 April 1 , 2011 2011 census result 42 Luxembourg 570,000 0.07 2.52 14,000 28 562,958 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EU 43 Malta 425,000 0.05 0.47 2,000 147 417,432 November 20 , 2011 2011 census result EU 44 Iceland 331,000 0.04 1.22 4,000 57 329,100 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate EFTA Jersey ( UK ) 103,000 0.01 0.98 1,000 71 97,857 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result Isle of Man ( UK ) 89,000 0.01 1.14 1,000 61 84,497 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 45 Andorra 78,000 0.01 1.30 1,000 54 76,949 2014 Official estimate Guernsey ( UK ) 66,000 0.01 1.54 1,000 45 65,150 March 31 , 2014 Official estimate Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 49,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 48,693 February 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 46 Liechtenstein 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 37,370 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate EFTA 47 Monaco 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 36,950 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate Gibraltar ( UK ) 34,000 0.00 3.03 1,000 23 30,001 2012 Official estimate EU 48 San Marino 33,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 32,798 February 28 , 2015 Monthly official estimate Åland Islands ( Finland ) 29,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 28,666 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate EU Svalbard ( Norway ) 3,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 2,575 July 1 , 2014 Official estimate EFTA 49 Vatican City 451 0.00 0.00 0 - 0 2012 Official estimate Total 840,023,805 100.00 0.33 2,746,307 210 See also ( edit ) List of countries by population List of African countries by population List of countries in the Americas by population List of Arab countries by population List of Asian countries by population List of Caribbean island countries by population List of Eurasian countries by population List of European Union member states by population List of Latin American countries by population List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population List of Middle East countries by population List of North American countries by population List of Oceania countries by population List of South American countries by population List of countries by past and future population List of countries by past population ( United Nations ) List of countries by population in 2000 List of countries by population in 2010 List of population concern organizations List of European countries List of European countries by population growth rate Largest urban areas of the European Union ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continents / subcontinents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental regions Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding Overseas Territories and Collectivities : French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Land , Clipperton Island , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only for widely recognised and non-dependent territories Jump up ^ Calculated , when available , from the latest national censuses or most recent official estimates ( many of which are cited in their respective column ) , using the exponential formula shown on the List of countries by past and future population article . This is done to normalize the different populations to a unique date , so that they are really comparable . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula : projection / projection x100 - 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation : projection * annual_growth / 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula : LN ( 2 ) / LN ( growth / 100 + 1 ) , which produces exactly the same result as LOG ( 2 ) / LOG ( growth / 100 + 1 ) . Jump up ^ The mid-2015 demographic projection excludes the disputed territory of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol ( the so - called Crimean Federal District ) , although the Russian official estimate includes both of them . Jump up ^ Figures refer not only to the population of European or Metropolitan France , but also include the overseas departments ( in French Départements d'outre - mer , DOM ) Jump up ^ Note from source : `` Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city Sevastopol '' . Jump up ^ Enclave claimed by Spain . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_countries_by_population&oldid=821290972 '' Categories : Countries in Europe Demographics of Europe Lists of countries by continent , by population Lists of countries in Europe Lists of countries by population Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from January 2016 All accuracy disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Ελληνικά Հայերեն ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی Português Русский Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which country has the smallest population in europe

Vatican City

Russia ( 17.15 %

Attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Attack on Pearl Harbor Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ N 157 ° 57 ′ W  /  21.367 ° N 157.950 ° W  / 21.367 ; - 157.950 Attack on Pearl Harbor Part of the Asia and the Pacific Theater of World War II Photograph of Battleship Row taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack . The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on USS West Virginia . Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen : one over USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard . Date December 7 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 12 - 07 ) Location Primarily Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , U.S. Result Major Japanese tactical victory ; precipitated the entrance of the United States into World War II See consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor Belligerents United States Japan Commanders and leaders ADM Husband E. Kimmel LTG Walter Short VADM Chūichi Nagumo ADM Isoroku Yamamoto CDR Mitsuo Fuchida Strength 8 battleships 8 cruisers 30 destroyers 4 submarines 3 USCG Cutters 47 other ships ≈ 390 aircraft Mobile Unit : 6 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 9 destroyers 8 tankers 23 fleet submarines 5 midget submarines 414 aircraft Casualties and losses 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 2 other ships sunk 3 cruisers damaged 3 destroyers damaged 3 other ships damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 159 aircraft damaged 2,335 killed 1,143 wounded 4 midget submarines sunk 1 midget submarine grounded 29 aircraft destroyed 64 killed 1 sailor captured Civilian casualties 68 killed 35 wounded 3 aircraft shot down Hawaiian Islands Campaign Pearl Harbor Niihau 1st Midway Johnston and Palmyra 2nd Midway 3rd Midway Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , on the morning of December 7 , 1941 . The attack , also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor , led to the United States ' entry into World War II . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions that were planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. - held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18 : 18 GMT ) . The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but the USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , and one minelayer . One hundred eighty - eight U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) , were not attacked . Japanese losses were light : 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost , and 64 servicemen killed . One Japanese sailor , Kazuo Sakamaki , was captured . The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters . The following day , December 8 , the United States declared war on Japan , and several days later , on December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy . Domestic support for non-interventionism , which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940 , disappeared . There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan , but the lack of any formal warning , particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing , led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7 , 1941 , `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning , the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to conflict 1.1 Diplomatic background 1.2 Military planning 1.3 Objectives 2 Approach and attack 2.1 Submarines 2.2 Japanese declaration of war 2.3 First wave composition 2.4 Second wave composition 2.5 American casualties and damage 2.6 Japanese losses 2.7 Possible third wave 3 Ships lost or damaged 3.1 Battleships 3.2 Ex-battleship ( target / AA training ship ) 3.3 Cruisers 3.4 Destroyers 3.5 Auxiliaries 4 Salvage 5 Aftermath 5.1 Niihau Incident 5.2 Strategic implications 5.3 Retrospective debate on American intelligence 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background to conflict Main article : Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Diplomatic background War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of ( and developed contingency plans for ) since the 1920s , though tensions did not begin to grow seriously until Japan 's 1931 invasion of Manchuria . Over the next decade , Japan continued to expand into China , leading to all - out war between those countries in 1937 . Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland ; the `` Southern Operation '' was designed to assist these efforts . Pearl Harbor on October 30 , 1941 , looking southwest From December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay , the Allison incident , and the Nanking Massacre ( the International Military Tribunal of the Far East concluded that more than 200,000 Chinese non-combatants were killed in indiscriminate massacres , though other estimates have ranged from 40,000 to more than 300,000 ) swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan . Fearing Japanese expansion , the United States , the United Kingdom , and France provided loan assistance for war supply contracts to China . In 1940 , Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China . The United States halted shipments of airplanes , parts , machine tools , and aviation gasoline to Japan , which was perceived by Japan as an unfriendly act . The U.S. did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time in part because prevailing sentiment in Washington was that such an action would be an extreme step that Japan would likely consider a provocation , given Japanese dependence on U.S. oil . Early in 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from its previous base in San Diego and ordered a military buildup in the Philippines in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East . Because the Japanese high command was ( mistakenly ) certain that any attack on the UK 's Southeast Asian colonies , including Singapore , would bring the U.S. into war , a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to avoid U.S. naval interference . An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners . The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40,000 - man elite force . This was opposed by Douglas MacArthur , who felt that he would need a force ten times that size , and was never implemented . By 1941 , U.S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart , commander of the Asiatic Fleet . The U.S. ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941 , following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the Fall of France , in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption . This in turn caused the Japanese to proceed with plans to take the Dutch East Indies , an oil - rich territory . On August 17 , Roosevelt warned Japan that the U.S. was prepared to take steps against Japan if it attacked `` neighboring countries '' . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of Southeast Asia . Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina when peace was made with the Nationalist government , adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and not to discriminate in trade provided all other countries reciprocated . Washington rejected these proposals . Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt , but Roosevelt insisted on coming to an agreement before any meeting . The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting , warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific . His recommendation was not acted upon . The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military refused to agree to the withdrawal of all troops from China . Japan 's final proposal , on November 20 , offered to withdraw their forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia provided that the U.S. , the UK , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counter-proposal of November 26 ( November 27 in Japan ) ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . However the day before the Hull Note was delivered , on November 26 in Japan , the main Japanese attack fleet left port for Pearl Harbor . Military planning Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the `` Southern Resource Area '' ( the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally ) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , then commanding Japan 's Combined Fleet . He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters , including a threat to resign his command . Full - scale planning was underway by early spring 1941 , primarily by Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka , with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto 's Deputy Chief of Staff , Captain Kameto Kuroshima . The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively . Over the next several months , pilots were trained , equipment was adapted , and intelligence was collected . Despite these preparations , Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5 , after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter . Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1 , after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the `` Hull Note '' would `` destroy the fruits of the China incident , endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea . '' By late 1941 , many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent . A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52 % of Americans expected war with Japan , 27 % did not , and 21 % had no opinion . While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions , U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target ; instead , they expected the Philippines would be attacked first . This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes , as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south . They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time . Objectives The Japanese attack had several major aims . First , it intended to destroy important American fleet units , thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference . Second , it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson - Walsh Act erased any chance of victory . Third , to deliver a blow to America 's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific , battleships were chosen as the main targets , since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time . Finally , it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests , and would seek a compromise peace with Japan . Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages : the targeted ships would be in very shallow water , so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them ; and most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor . A further important disadvantage -- this of timing , and known to the Japanese -- was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's aircraft carriers ( Enterprise , Lexington , and Saratoga ) . IJN top command was so imbued with Admiral Mahan 's `` decisive battle '' doctrine -- especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships -- that , despite these concerns , Yamamoto decided to press ahead . Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor , especially the navy yard , oil tank farms , and submarine base , were ignored , since -- by their thinking -- the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt . Approach and attack See also : Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor Route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back An Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter on the aircraft carrier Akagi On November 26 , 1941 , a Japanese task force ( the Striking Force ) of six aircraft carriers -- Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , Shōkaku , and Zuikaku -- departed Hittokapu Bay on Kasatka ( now Iterup ) Island in the Kurile Islands , en route to a position northwest of Hawaii , intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor : 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol ( CAP ) , including nine fighters from the first wave . The first wave was to be the primary attack , while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second , with battleships as the third target . The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships , mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water . The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets ( battleships and aircraft carriers ) or , if these were not present , any other high value ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) . First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets . Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers , especially in the first wave . When the fighters ' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat . Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed , especially over U.S. airfields . Before the attack commenced , two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers Chikuma and Tone were sent to scout over Oahu and Maui and report on U.S. fleet composition and location . Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the U.S. , and were not necessary . U.S. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor was already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa . A report of the absence of the U.S. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the fleet submarine I - 72 . Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force ( the Kidō Butai ) and Niihau , to detect any counterattack . Submarines Fleet submarines I - 16 , I - 18 , I - 20 , I - 22 , and I - 24 each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu . The five I - boats left Kure Naval District on November 25 , 1941 . On December 6 , they came to within 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their midget subs at about 01 : 00 on December 7 . At 03 : 42 Hawaiian Time , the minesweeper Condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer Ward . The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor . However , Ward sank another midget submarine at 06 : 37 in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater . A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08 : 43 . A third midget submarine , Ha - 19 , grounded twice , once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu , where it was captured on December 8 . Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by Hawaii National Guard Corporal David Akui , becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war . A fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes . Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 : 41 on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor . In 1992 , 2000 , and 2001 , Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory 's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor . The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U.S. equipment was dumped after the war , including vehicles and landing craft . Both of its torpedoes were missing . This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at 10 : 04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor , and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at 08 : 21 . Japanese declaration of war See also : Japanese war crimes The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan , but this was not Admiral Yamamoto 's intention . He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end . However , the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5000 - word notification ( commonly called the `` 14 - Part Message '' ) in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule ; in the event , it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began . ( In fact , U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it . ) The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war . While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment , it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations . A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan 's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 , but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack . For decades , conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington . In 1999 , however , Takeo Iguchi , a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo , discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how , and indeed whether , to notify Washington of Japan 's intention to break off negotiations and start a war , including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying , `` ( O ) ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success . '' Of this , Iguchi said , `` The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war , or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed . '' In any event , even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 - Part Message before the beginning of the attack , it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war . The final two paragraphs of the message read : Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese - American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost . The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it can not but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations . First wave composition The Japanese attacked in two waves . The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical miles ( 252 km ) , but was misidentified as USAAF bombers arriving from the American mainland Top : A. Ford Island NAS B. Hickam Field C. Bellows Field D. Wheeler Field E. Kaneohe NAS F. Ewa MCAS R - 1 . Opana Radar Station R - 2 . Kawailoa RS R - 3 . Kaaawa RS G. Haleiwa H. Kahuku I. Wahiawa J. Kaneohe K. Honolulu 0 . B - 17s from mainland 1 . First strike group 1 - 1 . Level bombers 1 -- 2 . Torpedo bombers 1 -- 3 . Dive bombers 2 . Second strike group 2 - 1 . Level bombers 2 - 1F . Fighters 2 - 2 . Dive bombers Bottom : A. Wake Island B. Midway Islands C. Johnston Island D. Hawaii D - 1 . Oahu 1 . USS Lexington 2 . USS Enterprise 3 . First Air Fleet < 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) 22 -- 23 feet ( 6.7 -- 7.0 m ) 29 feet ( 8.8 m ) 30 -- 32 feet ( 9.1 -- 9.8 m ) 33 -- 34 feet ( 10.1 -- 10.4 m ) 34 -- 35 feet ( 10.4 -- 10.7 m ) 36 -- 37 feet ( 11.0 -- 11.3 m ) 38 -- 39 feet ( 11.6 -- 11.9 m ) 40 -- 41 feet ( 12.2 -- 12.5 m ) 42 -- 48 feet ( 12.8 -- 14.6 m ) > 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) City Army base Navy base Attacked targets : 1 : USS California 2 : USS Maryland 3 : USS Oklahoma 4 : USS Tennessee 5 : USS West Virginia 6 : USS Arizona 7 : USS Nevada 8 : USS Pennsylvania 9 : Ford Island NAS 10 : Hickam field Ignored infrastructure targets : A : Oil storage tanks B : CINCPAC headquarters building C : Submarine base D: Navy Yard The first attack wave of 183 planes was launched north of Oahu , led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida . Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties . It included : 1st Group ( targets : battleships and aircraft carriers ) 49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs , organized in four sections ( 1 failed to launch ) 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections 2nd Group -- ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field ) 51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs ( 3 failed to launch ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 43 Mitsubishi A6M `` Zero '' fighters for air control and strafing ( 2 failed to launch ) As the first wave approached Oahu , it was detected by the U.S. Army SCR - 270 radar at Opana Point near the island 's northern tip . This post had been in training mode for months , but was not yet operational . The operators , Privates George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard , reported a target . But Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler , a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center , presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six B - 17 bombers from California . The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close ( only a few degrees difference ) to the bombers , and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar , they neglected to tell Tyler of its size . Tyler , for security reasons , could not tell the operators of the six B - 17s that were due ( even though it was widely known ) . As the first wave planes approached Oahu , they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft . At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning . Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing . Nevertheless , it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly . The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor , though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor . The air portion of the attack began at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 3 : 18 a.m. December 8 Japanese Standard Time , as kept by ships of the Kido Butai ) , with the attack on Kaneohe . A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reached Oahu . Slow , vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave , exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present ( the battleships ) , while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oahu , starting with Hickam Field , the largest , and Wheeler Field , the main U.S. Army Air Forces fighter base . The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces ' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island , and Ford Island . The only aerial opposition came from a handful of P - 36 Hawks , P - 40 Warhawks , and some SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the carrier Enterprise . A destroyed Vindicator at Ewa field , the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor In the first wave attack , about eight of the forty - nine 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets . At least two of those bombs broke up on impact , another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck , and one was a dud . Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships , and four torpedoes hit other ships . Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of alarms , bombs exploding , and gunfire , prompting bleary - eyed men to dress as they ran to General Quarters stations . ( The famous message , `` Air raid Pearl Harbor . This is not drill . '' , was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two , the first senior Hawaiian command to respond . ) The defenders were very unprepared . Ammunition lockers were locked , aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage , guns unmanned ( none of the Navy 's 5 `` / 38s , only a quarter of its machine guns , and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action ) . Despite this low alert status , many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack . Ensign Joe Taussig Jr. , aboard Nevada , commanded the ship 's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded , but continued to be on post . Lt. Commander F.J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain 's absence and got her under way until the ship was grounded at 9 : 10 a.m. One of the destroyers , Aylwin , got underway with only four officers aboard , all ensigns , none with more than a year 's sea duty ; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard . Captain Mervyn Bennion , commanding West Virginia , led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit Tennessee , moored alongside . Second wave composition The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes : 54 B5Ns , 81 D3As , and 36 A6Ms , commanded by Lieutenant - Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki . Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties . This wave and its targets comprised : 1st Group -- 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) and 132 lb ( 60 kg ) general - purpose bombs 27 B5Ns -- aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe , Ford Island , and Barbers Point 27 B5Ns -- hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field 2nd Group ( targets : aircraft carriers and cruisers ) 78 D3As armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs , in four sections ( 3 aborted ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 35 A6Ms for defense and strafing ( 1 aborted ) The second wave was divided into three groups . One was tasked to attack Kāne ʻohe , the rest Pearl Harbor proper . The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions . American casualties and damage Ninety minutes after it began , the attack was over . Two thousand and eight sailors were killed , and 710 others wounded ; 218 soldiers and airmen ( who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947 ) were killed and 364 wounded ; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded ; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded . In total , 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded . Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground , including five battleships . All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants , given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred . USS Arizona during the attack USS Nevada , on fire and down at the bow , attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached Of the American fatalities , nearly half were due to the explosion of Arizona 's forward magazine after it was hit by a modified 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) shell . Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships , Nevada attempted to exit the harbor . She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb ( 113 kg ) bombs , which started further fires . She was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance . USS West Virginia was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes . The crew might have kept her afloat , but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps . Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her , and probably made the situation look worse than it was . The disarmed target ship Utah was holed twice by torpedoes . West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes , the seventh tearing away her rudder . Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes , the last two above her belt armor , which caused her to capsize . Maryland was hit by two of the converted 16 '' shells , but neither caused serious damage . Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships ( the largest vessels present ) , they did not ignore other targets . The light cruiser Helena was torpedoed , and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer Oglala . Two destroyers in dry dock , Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers . The leaking fuel caught fire ; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise , and both were burned out . Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes . The light cruiser Raleigh was holed by a torpedo . The light cruiser Honolulu was damaged , but remained in service . The repair vessel Vestal , moored alongside Arizona , was heavily damaged and beached . The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged . The destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine . This message denotes the first U.S. ship , St. Louis to clear Pearl Harbor . ( National Archives and Records Administration ) ( Note that this is in answer to question `` Is channel clear ? '' and faint writing at bottom concerning the answer being held until St. Louis had successfully cleared . ) Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii , 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged , 155 of them on the ground . Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base . Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack : 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders , 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmussen , 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor , 2nd Lt. George S. Welch , 2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown , and 2nd Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr . Sterling was shot down by Lt. Fujita over Kaneohe Bay and is listed as Body Not Recovered ( not Missing In Action ) . Lt. John L. Dains was killed by friendly fire returning from a victory over Kaawa . Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii , 24 were destroyed , and six others damaged beyond repair . ( The three on patrol returned undamaged . ) Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that , including five from an inbound flight from Enterprise . Japanese attacks on barracks killed additional personnel . At the time of the attack , nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor . Of these , three were shot down . Japanese losses Fifty - five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack , and one was captured . Of Japan 's 414 available planes , 29 were lost during the battle ( nine in the first attack wave , 20 in the second ) , with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground . Possible third wave Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor 's fuel and torpedo storage , maintenance , and dry dock facilities as possible . Genda , who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack , believed that without an invasion three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible . The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike . Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships . If they had been wiped out , `` serious ( American ) operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year '' ; according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet , `` it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' Nagumo , however , decided to withdraw for several reasons : American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike , and two thirds of Japan 's losses were incurred during the second wave . Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike , he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet 's strength to wipe out the remaining targets ( which included the facilities ) while suffering higher aircraft losses . The location of the American carriers remained unknown . In addition , the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land - based bombers . Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers . A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time , and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night . At the time , only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques , so this was a substantial risk . The task force 's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer , since he was at the very limit of logistical support . To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel , perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home . He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission -- the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet -- and did not wish to risk further losses . Moreover , it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy . At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning , Yamamoto supported Nagumo 's withdrawal without launching a third wave . In retrospect , sparing the vital dockyards , maintenance shops , and the oil tank farm meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific . Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo 's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike . Ships lost or damaged Seventeen ships were damaged or lost in the attack , of which fourteen were repaired and returned to service . Battleships Arizona ( RADM Kidd 's flagship of Battleship Division One ) : hit by four armor - piercing bombs , exploded ; total loss . 1,177 dead . Oklahoma : hit by five torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 429 dead . West Virginia : hit by two bombs , seven torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service July 1944 . 106 dead . California : hit by two bombs , two torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service January 1944 . 100 dead . Nevada : hit by six bombs , one torpedo , beached ; returned to service October 1942 . 60 dead . Pennsylvania ( ADM Kimmel 's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet ) : in drydock with Cassin and Downes , hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin ; remained in service . 9 dead . Tennessee : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 5 dead . Maryland : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 4 dead ( including floatplane pilot shot down ) . Ex-battleship ( target / aa training ship ) Utah : hit by two torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 64 dead . Cruisers Helena : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service January 1942 . 20 dead . Raleigh : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service February 1942 . Honolulu : Near miss , light damage ; remained in service . Destroyers Cassin : in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania , hit by one bomb , burned ; returned to service February 1944 . Downes : in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania , caught fire from Cassin , burned ; returned to service November 1943 . Shaw : hit by three bombs ; returned to service June 1942 . Auxiliaries Oglala ( minelayer ) : Damaged by torpedo hit on Helena , capsized ; returned to service ( as engine - repair ship ) February 1944 . Vestal ( repair ship ) : hit by two bombs , blast and fire from Arizona , beached ; returned to service by August 1942 . Curtiss ( seaplane tender ) : hit by one bomb , one crashed Japanese aircraft ; returned to service January 1942 . 19 dead . Sotoyomo ( harbor tug ) : damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw ; sunk ; returned to service August 1942 . Salvage Captain Homer N. Wallin ( center ) supervises salvage operations aboard USS California , early 1942 After a systematic search for survivors , formal salvage operations began . Captain Homer N. Wallin , Material Officer for Commander , Battle Force , U.S. Pacific Fleet , was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations . `` Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer . '' Around Pearl Harbor , divers from the Navy ( shore and tenders ) , the Naval Shipyard , and civilian contractors ( Pacific Bridge and others ) began work on the ships that could be refloated . They patched holes , cleared debris , and pumped water out of ships . Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships . Within six months , five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair . Intensive salvage operations continued for another year , a total of some 20,000 man - hours under water . Oklahoma , while successfully raised , was never repaired , and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947 . Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage , though much of their armament and equipment was removed and put to use aboard other vessels . Today , the two hulks remain where they were sunk , with Arizona becoming a war memorial . Aftermath Main article : Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing declaration of war against Imperial Japan on December 8 , 1941 In the wake of the attack , 15 Medals of Honor , 51 Navy Crosses , 53 Silver Stars , four Navy and Marine Corps Medals , one Distinguished Flying Cross , four Distinguished Service Crosses , one Distinguished Service Medal , and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor . Additionally , a special military award , the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal , was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack . The day after the attack , Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress , calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan . Congress obliged his request less than an hour later . On December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it . Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day . The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did , partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong , and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . Pennsylvania , behind the wreckage of Downes and Cassin The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater . Further losses compounded the alarming setback . Japan attacked the Philippines hours later ( because of the time difference , it was December 8 in the Philippines ) . Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya , causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked '' . Remember December 7th ! propaganda issued in 1942 Throughout the war , Pearl Harbor was frequently used in American propaganda . One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath ( notably the Niihau incident ) was that Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby Japanese - American internment camps . Within hours of the attack , hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high - security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Eventually , more than 110,000 Japanese Americans , nearly all who lived on the West Coast , were forced into interior camps , but in Hawaii , where the 150,000 - plus Japanese Americans composed over one - third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned . The attack also had international consequences . The Canadian province of British Columbia , bordering the Pacific Ocean , had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their Japanese Canadian descendants . Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack , leading to a reaction from the Government of Canada . On February 24 , 1942 , Order - in - Council P.C. no . 1486 was passed under the War Measures Act allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia , as well as the prohibiting from them returning to the province . On 4 March , regulations under the Act were adopted to evacuate Japanese - Canadians . As a result , 12,000 were interned in interior camps , 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the prairies at sugar beet farms . Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi 's aircraft shown ten days after it crashed Niihau incident Main article : Niihau incident The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers . The island of Niihau , only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor , was designated as the rescue point . The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler , so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau . The aircraft was further damaged on landing . Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians , who , aware of the tension between the United States and Japan , took the pilot 's maps and other documents . The island 's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor . Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese - American residents in an attempt to recover the documents . During the ensuing struggles , Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded ; one collaborator committed suicide , and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison . The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many , and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted . Strategic implications Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying , `` We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war . '' To a similar effect , see Isoroku Yamamoto 's alleged `` sleeping giant '' quote . While the attack accomplished its intended objective , it turned out to be largely unnecessary . Unbeknownst to Yamamoto , who conceived the original plan , the U.S. Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon ' charging ' across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war ( in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange ) . The U.S. instead adopted `` Plan Dog '' in 1940 , which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia , while the U.S. concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany . Fortunately for the United States , the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack ; otherwise the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more ( given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service , their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment , and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles ( their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944 ) . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened . The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor 's navy repair yards , oil tank farms , submarine base , and old headquarters building . All of these targets were omitted from Genda 's list , yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific . The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy 's operations , such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway . It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy 's heavy ships and brought Japan 's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials : by the end of 1942 , import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been , `` to a disastrous ten million tons '' , while oil import `` was almost completely stopped '' . Lastly , the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force 's success . Retrospective debate on American intelligence Main article : Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory Ever since the Japanese attack , there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware , and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics . Military officers including Gen. Billy Mitchell had pointed out the vulnerability of Pearl to air attack . At least two naval war games , one in 1932 and another in 1936 , proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack . Admiral James Richardson was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt 's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor . The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings has contributed to conspiracy theories . Several writers , including journalist Robert Stinnett and former United States Rear Admiral Robert Alfred Theobald , have argued that various parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the U.S. into war via the so - called `` back door '' . However , this conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians . In popular culture Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture See also Battle of Taranto Operation K Air warfare of World War II Attack on Howland Island List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor Nagai Kita Edwin T. Layton National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day Pearl Harbor Survivors Association Winds Code References Informational notes Jump up ^ USCGC Taney ( WHEC - 37 ) , USCGC Reliance ( WSC - 150 ) , USCGC Tiger ( WSC - 152 ) . Jump up ^ Utah and Oglala Jump up ^ Unless otherwise stated , all vessels listed were salvageable . ^ Jump up to : In 1941 , Hawaii was a half - hour different from the majority of other time zones . See UTC − 10 : 30 . Jump up ^ USS Utah ( AG - 16 , formerly BB - 31 ) ; Utah was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier Enterprise which , returning with a task force , had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7 ; delayed by weather , the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day . Jump up ^ After it was announced in September iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited , Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8 , 1940 warning this might be considered an `` unfriendly act '' . Jump up ^ This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference ; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistant naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7 , 1941 . '' Jump up ^ `` A torpedo bomber needed a long , level flight , and when released , its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull . Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet . But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier - based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto . They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal , so they would dive to only 35 feet , and they added a breakaway `` nosecone '' of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water . '' Jump up ^ She was located by a University of Hawaii research submersible on August 28 , 2002 in 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) of water , 6 nmi ( 11 km ) outside the harbor . Jump up ^ While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as Kyūgunshin ( `` The Nine War Heroes '' ) , the news of Sakamaki 's capture , which had been publicized in U.S. news broadcasts , was kept secret . Even after the war , however , he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life . Jump up ^ The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Planning and Execution . First wave : 189 planes , 50 Kates w / bombs , 40 Kates with torpedoes , 54 Vals , 45 Zekes Second wave : 171 planes , 54 Kates w / bombs , 81 Vals , 36 Zekes . The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours , with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks . Jump up ^ In the twenty - five sorties flown , USAF Historical Study No. 85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed : 1st Lt Lewis M. Sanders ( P - 36 ) and 2nd Lts Philip M Rasmussen ( P - 36 ) , Gordon H. Sterling Jr . ( P - 36 , killed in action ) , Harry W. Brown ( P - 36 ) , Kenneth M. Taylor ( P - 40 , 2 ) , and George S. Welch ( P - 40 , 4 ) . Three of the P - 36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval anti-aircraft fire . Jump up ^ Odd though it may sound , `` not '' is correct , in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice . This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate . Jump up ^ The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning , including the first of the attack by Tautog , and Dorie Miller 's Navy Cross-worthy effort . Miller was an African - American cook aboard West Virginia who took over an unattended anti-aircraft gun on which he had no training . He was the first African - American sailor to be awarded the Navy Cross . Jump up ^ The wreck has become a memorial to those lost that day , most of whom remain within the ship . She continues to leak small amounts of fuel oil , over 70 years after the attack . Jump up ^ USAAF pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons , 15th Pursuit Group , claim to have destroyed 10 . Jump up ^ In the event , loss of these might have been a net benefit to the U.S. Blair , passim . Jump up ^ Wallin had been assigned to go to Massawa in East Africa . The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships , which prevented British use of the port . Commander Edward Ellsberg was sent instead . Jump up ^ The pact had one of its objectives limiting U.S. intervention in conflicts involving the three nations . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1970 ) History of the Second World War London : Weidenfeld Nicolson . p. 206 Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germsny New York : Simon and Shuster . p. 873 Keegan , John ( 1990 ) The Second World War New York : Viking . p. 130 . ISBN 0670823597 Jump up ^ In less than eleven months , most of Japan 's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles . Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced . Jump up ^ Gordon Prange specifically addresses some revisionist works , including Charles A. Beard . President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941 ; William Henry Chamberlin , America 's Second Crusade ; John T. Flynn , The Roosevelt Myth ; George Morgenstern , Pearl Harbor ; Frederic R. Sanborn , Design for War ; Robert Alfred Theobald , The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ; Harry E. Barnes , ed. , Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace and The Court Historians versus Revisionism ; Husband E. Kimmel , Admiral Kimmel 's Story . '' Citations Jump up ^ `` The Long Blue Line : The attack on Pearl Harbor -- '' a date that will live in infamy `` '' . coastguard.dodlive.mil . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . These units included high - endurance cutter Taney and patrol cutters Tiger and Reliance Jump up ^ `` U.S. COAST GUARD UNITS IN HAWAII '' ( PDF ) . media.defense.gov . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . USCGC Tiger ( WSC - 152 ) ; Commanding Officer : CWO William J. Mazzoni , USCG ; 125 - foot cutter Jump up ^ `` Active Class , U.S. Coast Guard Cutters '' . pwencycl.kgbudge.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor , 0800 7 December 1941 U.S. Navy Historical Center '' . History.navy.mil . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CinCP report of damage to ships in Pearl Harbor from ibiblio.org/hyperwar . Jump up ^ `` Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack , 7 December 1941 '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2009 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Casualty List '' . USSWestVirginia.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conn 2000 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Morison 2001 , pp. 101 , 120 , 250 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Goldstein , Donald , & Dillon , Katherine . The Pearl Harbor Papers ( Brassey 's , 2000 ) , p. 17ff ; Google Books entry on Prange et al . Jump up ^ For the Japanese designator of Oahu . Wilford , Timothy . `` Decoding Pearl Harbor '' , in The Northern Mariner , XII , # 1 ( January 2002 ) , p. 32fn81 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru , `` Hawaii Operation '' . United States Naval Institute , Proceedings , 81 ( December 1955 ) , pp. 1315 -- 1331 Jump up ^ Gill , G. Hermon ( 1957 ) . Royal Australian Navy 1939 -- 1942 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 2 -- Navy . 1 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . p. 485 . LCCN 58037940 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. December 7 , 1941 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Thomas 2007 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Facts '' . About . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States declares war '' . Abilene Reporter - News . December 8 , 1941 . p. 1 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) . `` How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braumoeller , Bear F. ( 2010 ) `` The Myth of American Isolationism . '' Foreign Policy Analysis 6 : 349 -- 371 . ^ Jump up to : Yuma Totani ( April 1 , 2009 ) . The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II . Harvard University Asia Center . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen C. McCaffrey ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Understanding International Law . AuthorHouse . pp. 210 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Barnhart 1987 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 96 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Toland , Japan 's War . Jump up ^ Harper , Tim ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Japan 's gigantic second world war gamble '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 Jump up ^ William Chalek ( 2002 ) , `` 8 . War Plan Orange '' , Guest of the Emperor , iUniverse , pp. 45 -- 52 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 23996 - 2 Jump up ^ Edward S. Miller ( 2007 ) , War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 , Naval Institute Press , pp. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 500 - 4 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 ; Coox , Kobun . Jump up ^ Chapter IV The Showdown With Japan August -- December 1941 Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare , 1941 -- 1942 Jump up ^ Chapter IV : The Fatal Turn Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Review of the Diplomatic Conversations REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK ( 1946 ) ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4532 - 3842 - 5 . 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Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 79932 - 0 p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Hoyt 2000 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Hoyt 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Stephen , Martin ; Grove , Eric ( Ed ) ( 1988 ) , Sea Battles in Close - up : World War 2 , Volume 1 , Shepperton , Surrey : Ian Allan , pp. 34 -- 38 , ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1596 - 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Prange 1988 ^ Jump up to : Gailey 1997 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Courtney , Will Sabel ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` These 13 U.S. Navy Ships Rose from the Dead After Pearl Harbor '' . The Drive . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept page 49 Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer . Pearl Harbor : Why , How Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal . Naval History Division , 1968 Jump up ^ Commander Edward Ellsberg , O.B.E. Under the Red Sea Sun Dodd , Mead , and Co. , 1946 . Jump up ^ Raymer , E.C. Descent Into Darkness . Presidio Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Post-attack ship salvage 1942 -- 1944 '' . Geocities . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. At War , The Last Stage '' . Time . December 15 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ; Martin Gilbert ( 2001 ) , `` December 1941 '' , The Churchill War Papers : The Ever - Widening War , Volume 3 : 1941 , London , New York : W.W. Norton , pp. 1593 -- 1594 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01959 - 4 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ `` World War II Internment in Hawai'i '' . Education through Cultural & Historical Organizations . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , E. ( 1995 ) . A Fence Away from Freedom : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Pearl Harbor Oahu website , retrieved on November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniels , R. ( 1972 ) . Concentration camps USA : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Office of the State Historian -- people '' . Jump up ^ Regulations made 4 March 1942 Jump up ^ War Measures Act Conference ( 1977 : McMaster University ) . ( 1978 ) . The Japanese Canadian experience : the October crisis ( proceedings ) . Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves : London , Ontario : P. Anas Pub . pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Douglas Shinsato , Translator / Publisher of For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 2011 , pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Haufler , Herve . Codebreaker 's Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II ( New York : NAL , 2003 ) , quoted p. 127 . Jump up ^ Hakim 1995 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , War Plan Orange Jump up ^ `` Attack on Pearl Harbor Nihon Kaigun '' . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7 , 1941 , sneak attack '' . The Kalona News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , pp. 360 , 816 Jump up ^ Rehearsals for Pearl Harbor Jump up ^ Wallin , Vice Admiral , Homer N. ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' . Hyperwar . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherinve V. Dillon ( 1991 ) . Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140159097 . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 1995 ) . Combined Fleet Decoded : The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 161 -- 177 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 431 - 8 . Jump up ^ Budiansky , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Battle of Wits : The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0743217347 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard W. `` New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1991 ) . At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor . New York : Penguin Books . p. 867 . ISBN 9780140157345 . Bibliography Books Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) , Japan prepares for total war : the search for economic security , 1919 -- 1941 , Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1915 - 7 Bix , Herbert P. ( 2000 ) , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , Diane Pub Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 5780 - 9 Borch , Frederic L. ; Martinez , Daniel ( 2005 ) , Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : the final report revealed , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 090 - 0 Conn , Stetson ; Fairchild , Byron ; Engelman , Rose C. ( 2000 ) , `` 7 -- The Attack on Pearl Harbor '' , Guarding the United States and Its Outposts , Washington D.C. : Center of Military History United States Army Gailey , Harry A. ( 1997 ) , War in the Pacific : From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay , Presidio , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 616 - 1 Gilbert , Martin ( 2009 ) , The Second World War , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2676 - 8 Goldstein , Donald M. ( 2000 ) , Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. , eds. , The Pearl Harbor papers : inside the Japanese plans , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 222 - 3 Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) , A History of US : Book 9 : War , Peace , and All that Jazz , Oxford University Press , U.S. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509514 - 2 Hixson , Walter L. ( 2003 ) , The American Experience in World War II : The United States and the road to war in Europe , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94029 - 0 Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2000 ) , Pearl Harbor , G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9303 - 5 Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The rising sun in the Pacific , 1931 -- April 1942 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06973 - 0 Ofstie , Ralph , A. , RADM USN , Naval Analysis Division , United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) ( 1946 ) , The Campaigns of the Pacific War , United States Government Printing Office Peattie , Mark R. ; Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) , Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 Peattie , Mark R. ( 2001 ) , Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X Parillo , Mark ( 2006 ) , `` The United States in the Pacific '' , in Higham , Robin ; Harris , Stephen , Why Air Forces Fail : the Anatomy of Defeat , The University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2374 - 5 Prange , Gordon William ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1988 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050682 - 4 . Smith , Carl ( 1999 ) , Pearl Harbor 1941 : The Day of Infamy ; Osprey Campaign Series # 62 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 798 - 8 Stille , Mark E. ( 2011 ) , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! : Pearl Harbor 1941 ; Osprey Raid Series # 26 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 509 - 0 Thomas , Evan ( 2007 ) , Sea of Thunder : Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5222 - 5 Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The barrier and the javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific strategies , February to June 1942 , Naval Institute Press Zimm , Alan D. ( 2011 ) , Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions , Havertown , Pennsylvania : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 010 - 7 U.S. government documents `` Document text '' , U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor , United States National Archives , Modern Military Branch , 1942 , archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 , retrieved December 25 , 2007 `` Document text '' , Peace and War , United States Foreign Policy 1931 -- 1941 , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1943 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 `` Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack '' , Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1946 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 Magazine articles Rodgaard , John ; Peter Hsu ; Carroll Lucas & Captain Andrew Biach ( December 1999 ) , `` Pearl Harbor -- Attack from Below '' , Naval History , United States Naval Institute , 13 ( 6 ) , archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 ( requires subscription ) Wetzler , Peter ( 1998 ) , Hirohito and war : imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1925 - 5 Online sources Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7 , 1941 , NavSource Naval History , 2003 , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 USS Shaw , destroyerhistory.org , archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 , retrieved January 5 , 2017 Homer N. Wallin , `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' , Hyperwar , ibiblio.org , retrieved October 10 , 2011 Further reading Edwin T. Layton , Roger Pineau , and John Costello ( 1985 ) , And I Was There : Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets , New York : Morrow . Layton , Kimmel 's Combat Intelligence Officer , says that Douglas MacArthur was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of Purple intelligence . George Edward Morgenstern . Pearl Harbor : The Story of the Secret War . ( The Devin - Adair Company , 1947 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 299 - 05736 - 4 . Conspiracy theory . James Dorsey . `` Literary Tropes , Rhetorical Looping , and the Nine Gods of War : ' Fascist Proclivities ' Made Real , '' in The Culture of Japanese Fascism , ed. by Alan Tansman ( Durham & London : Duke UP , 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 431 . A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor . McCollum memo A 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan , which might lead to war ( declassified in 1994 ) . Gordon W. Prange , At Dawn We Slept ( McGraw - Hill , 1981 ) , Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History ( McGraw - Hill , 1986 ) , and December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor ( McGraw - Hill , 1988 ) . This monumental trilogy , written with collaborators Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , is considered the authoritative work on the subject . Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : An Illustrated History ( NavPublishing , 2004 ) . Using maps , photos , unique illustrations , and an animated CD , this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II . Walter Lord , Day of Infamy ( Henry Holt , 1957 ) is a very readable , and entirely anecdotal , re-telling of the day 's events . W.J. Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II ( Naval Institute , 1979 ) contains some important material , such as Holmes ' argument that , had the U.S. Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea , it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster . Michael V. Gannon , Pearl Harbor Betrayed ( Henry Holt , 2001 ) is a recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack . Frederick D. Parker , Pearl Harbor Revisited : United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924 -- 1941 ( Center for Cryptologic History , 1994 ) contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan 's communications prior to Pearl . Henry C. Clausen and Bruce Lee , Pearl Harbor : Final Judgment , ( HarperCollins , 2001 ) , an account of the secret `` Clausen Inquiry '' undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson . Robert A. Theobald , Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1954 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 5503 - 0 ISBN 0 - 317 - 65928 - 6 Foreword by Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey , Jr . Albert C. Wedemeyer , Wedemeyer Reports ! ( Henry Holt Co , 1958 ) ISBN 0 - 89275 - 011 - 1 ISBN 0 - 8159 - 7216 - 4 Hamilton Fish III , Tragic Deception : FDR and America 's Involvement in World War II ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 6917 - 1 John Toland , Infamy : Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath ( Berkley Reissue edition , 1986 ISBN 0 - 425 - 09040 - X ) . Mary Ellen Condon - Rall , `` The U.S. Army Medical Department and the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( The Journal of Medical History , January 1989 ) . PMID 11617401 . This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack , and the post-attack response by medical personnel . Robert Stinnett , Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor ( Free Press , 1999 ) A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0129 - 9 Edward L. Beach , Jr. , Scapegoats : A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor ISBN 1 - 55750 - 059 - 2 Andrew Krepinevich . `` Lighting the Path Ahead : Field Exercises and Transformation ( 186 KB ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ) contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack , as well as reference citations . Roberta Wohlstetter , Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision , ( Stanford University Press : 1962 ) . The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor . Her introduction and analysis of the concept of `` noise '' persists in understanding intelligence failures . Roberta Wohlstetter , `` Cuba and Pearl Harbor : Hindsight and Foresight . '' Foreign Affairs 43.4 ( 1965 ) : 691 - 707 . online John Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover - Ups . Robinson , 1999 ( revised 2004 ) . Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures , and broader overview of what causes them . Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe , `` For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( eXperience : 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 Horn , Steve ( 2005 ) . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 388 - 8 . Seki , Eiji. ( 2006 ) . Mrs. Ferguson 's Tea - Set , Japan and the Second World War : The Global Consequences Following Germany 's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 . London : Global Oriental . ISBN 1 - 905246 - 28 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 905246 - 28 - 1 ( cloth ) Published by BRILL / Global Oriental , 2006 . Previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . Daniel Madsen , Resurrection - Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor . U.S. Naval Institute Press . 2003 . Highly readable and thoroughly researched account of the aftermath of the attack and the salvage efforts from December 8 , 1941 through early 1944 . Takeo , Iguchi , Demystifying Pearl Harbor : A New Perspective From Japan , I - House Press , 2010 , ASIN : B003RJ1AZA . Haynok , Robert J. ( 2009 ) . How the Japanese Did It . Naval History Magazine . 23 . United States Naval Institute . Melber , Takuma , Pearl Harbor . Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA . C.H. Beck , München 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 69818 - 7 . A concise introduction with a good focus oo what came before the attack and on the Japanese perspective . Moorhead , John J. 1942 `` Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor '' , The Journal of the American Medical Association . An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Attack on Pearl Harbor '' dated 2006 - 01 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl Harbor attack . Library resources about Attack on Pearl Harbor Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Navy History Heritage Command Official Overview History.com Account With Video About Education Account `` Remembering Pearl Harbor : The USS Arizona Memorial '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Hawaii War Records Depository , Archives & Manuscripts Department , University of Hawaii at Manoa Library 7 December 1941 , The Air Force Story The `` Magic '' Background ( PDFs or readable online ) The Congressional investigation Accounts Guarding The United States And Its Outposts , in Guarding the United States and Its Outposts Official U.S. Army history of Pearl Harbor by the United States Army Center of Military History War comes to Hawaii Honolulu Star - Bulletin , Monday , September 13 , 1999 Media Video of first Newsreel from December 23 , 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor Bombing of Pearl Harbour -- 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 1 , Nippon News , No. 82 . in the official website of NHK . Attack on Pearl Harbor 2 , Nippon News , No. 84 . in the official website of NHK . Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7 , 1941 Historical documents WW2DB : U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor Second World War -- USA Declaration of War on Japan . 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why did the attack on pearl harbor take place

as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions that were planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States

- 157.950

Rocky Road ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Rocky Road ( Once Upon a Time ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Rocky Road '' Once Upon a Time episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 3 Directed by Morgan Beggs Written by David H. Goodman & Jerome Schwartz Production code 403 Original air date October 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Scott Michael Foster as Kristoff Bjorgman Georgina Haig as Elsa Elizabeth Mitchell as The Snow Queen Tyler Jacob Moore as Hans Beverly Elliott as Granny Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Archie Hopper Sean Maguire as Robin Hood Lee Arenberg as Grumpy / Leroy Raphael Alejandro as Roland Christie Laing as Marian Nil Hognestad as Franz Charles Raaul Singh as General Marcus Rosner as Jurgen Mark Goldman as Sven ( voice ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` White Out '' Next → `` The Apprentice '' Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) List of Once Upon a Time episodes `` Rocky Road '' is the third episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time , which aired on October 12 , 2014 . In this episode Elsa is framed , while flashbacks show Elsa meeting her aunt , The Snow Queen . This episode marks the introduction of Michael Socha as Will Scarlet to the main cast , who recently featured in the spin - off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Opening sequence 1.2 Event chronology 1.3 In the Characters ' Past 1.4 In Storybrooke 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Opening sequence ( edit ) The Snow Queen 's ice cream shop , `` Any Given Sundae '' , is shown in the forest . Event chronology ( edit ) The Arendelle events take place after `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' . The Storybrooke events take place after `` White Out '' . In the characters ' past ( edit ) In the wake of her sister Anna heading off towards Misthaven , a concerned Elsa ( Georgina Haig ) is now panicking over her sister 's mission , even as Kristoff ( Scott Michael Foster ) tells her that her kingdom needs her more than Anna does right now . Elsa then receives news that Prince Hans ( Tyler Jacob Moore ) is leading an army straight to Arendelle , so she has to stay and prevent him from attempting to take control of the kingdom once again . While spying on the former regent and his 12 brothers , Kristoff discovers that Hans has brought with him a sketch of an urn that once it is in use , will be able to trap people . Kristoff , fearing that he will use the urn on Elsa so he can take over Arendelle , returns to warn Elsa , who decides to follow Kristoff along after he volunteers to go after Hans before he carries out his plot . Hours later , and after making a trek towards a cave , Elsa and Kristoff discover the urn that was kept hidden . When Elsa discovers an unfamiliar language encrypted on the item , it leads to confusion between her and Kristoff over whether to destroy it or not , only to be caught off guard by Hans and his brothers , who then takes a sword to Kristoff and demand that Elsa drop the urn or he 'll kill him . After Elsa gives in , she hands over the urn to Hans , thens warns Kristoff to search for Anna . Hans then opens the urn to trap Elsa , only to discover that a person is already inside : The Snow Queen . After she is unleashed , The Snow Queen , upset over Hans calling Elsa a monster , freezes him and his brothers flee the cave . The Snow Queen then returns to the palace to get to know Elsa , and reveals to her that she is her aunt after she looks at a portrait of Elsa 's parents . She also tells Elsa about finding others like them who may have met the same fate as her . In Storybrooke ( edit ) Elsa has literally frozen Storybrooke , and hopes to find her sister , Anna ( Elizabeth Lail ) . She accompanies Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) to try to break down the wall of ice she created around Storybrooke , but her powers are n't strong enough to melt the barrier . The two , along with Hook , pay Gold a visit and to find out if he has known Anna based on the necklace Elsa found in his pawn shop . Belle uses the fake dagger to `` command '' Gold to tell the truth but it fails , as he knows nothing about Elsa or Anna , and wishes them the best of luck finding her . At the same time , Robin Hood ( Sean Maguire ) , Marian , and Roland visit `` Any Given Sundae , '' where the Snow Queen ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) serves them ice cream , but unknown to them she casts a spell on the ice cream cone that she gave Marian . Afterwards , the family joins the other residents at the Mayor 's office , as Mary Margaret ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) , who is still trying to balance both maternal and mayoral duties , is holding the first annual `` Mayor 's Fireside Chat , '' where she assures the citizens that they are no longer afraid of Regina 's influence , but it appears that they want Mary Margaret to do something about the town 's snowy fiasco . Mary Margaret then tells the residents about Elsa 's presence in Storybrooke and is trying to reassure everyone that she is not dangerous , only to have Marian beginning to start feeling as if something was glossing over her and she passes out . Elsa 's presence has also resulted in her becoming a prime suspect , and with her heart slowly freezing , a cure must be found before Marian 's heart completely freezes and kills her . The Storybrooke residents blame Elsa , who is being framed by the Snow Queen for the icy cold mayhem . With the entire town ready to go after their newest addition , Emma ( who starts to question her abilities as `` The Savior '' ) and Hook decide to hide Elsa at the sheriff 's office while she and David search for the real suspect . Later on , Emma and David ( Josh Dallas ) arrive to Robin Hood 's campsite in the forest , and as Emma draws her gun and orders whoever is inside the tent to come out , she encounters former Merry Man Will Scarlet ( Michael Socha ) and she demands to know who he is , but as he about to escape David catches him . Will tells the two that he does n't know anything about the ice wall around Storybrooke , but reveals that he went into the ice cream parlor while the electricity was out , and saw that despite the blackout , the products in the back were still frozen . When they arrive at the shop , however , they find the kitchen area in deep freezing temperatures , but Will sneaks off and take the money from the register . Meanwhile , Hook decides to take Elsa to Gold 's Pawn Shop instead , where he tells his former archenemy that he knows about the Dagger of Kris that Gold still has in his possession , and promises to keep it a secret , but only on the condition that they find out where they can locate the real suspect , and hopefully , find Anna . Using a piece of Marian 's hair strands , Gold casts a spell to serve as a tracer to origin of the freezing spell cast on it . Elsa and Hook are able to trace it back to the Snow Queen in the forest , but as Hook tries to contact Emma with a cellphone , and later by person , the Snow Queen traps Hook 's legs in ice , and when she tries to kill Hook with sharp icicles , she tells Elsa that she neutralized her powers , to keep her from interfering . Then , she discovers that Elsa has lost her memories . She tells Elsa that the Rock Trolls wiped her memory , while trying to convince her that it was Anna who had placed her in the urn . As the Snow Queen prepares to use an ice attack on Hook , Emma arrives just in time to use her powers , allowing the Snow Queen to get away upon getting distracted by helping David free Hook before the large icicles could fall on him . Emma was surprised that the Snow Queen knew Emma 's name , but Elsa suspects that the Snow Queen might be lying about her remembering their past experience and about her past with Emma , although Emma assures Elsa they 'll find out together . Later that night , the Snow Queen is approached by Gold , who asks if Emma remembers her . As it turns out , Gold tells her that Emma will remember her eventually , but when he asked if she needs his help , the Snow Queen declined , and stated that when she 's ready to make a deal , she 'll come to him . Gold says that he eagerly awaits that moment and walks away . As Emma tries to remember her past encounter with the Snow Queen , Hook confronts her , and explains that after losing Neal , Graham and Walsh , she did not want to lose Hook either . They then share a kiss together . While all this is going on , Regina and Henry team up to attempt to find out the identity of who the fairytale book author is . Before they can do that , Robin arrives to tell Regina about Marian 's frozen state . As Regina is quick to suspect Elsa , as she believes that darker magic is behind this but Elsa denies it to Regina . They believe a true love kiss will wake Marian up , but after Robin kisses her , nothing happens . David and Henry surmise that the cold is creating a barrier , preventing the kiss from working , like when Frederick was turned into gold . Later on that evening , Robin confesses that he knows why the kiss did not work , although he kissed Marian , he 's still in love with Regina . Regina then tells Henry to bring her a box and pulls her heart out before her body freezes , indicating it is alive and promises Robin that she will find a cure for his wife . Production ( edit ) This episode is named after the ice cream flavor that the Snow Queen gives to Marian that puts her under a frozen spell . This episode marks the introduction of Michael Socha as Will Scarlet / the Knave of Hearts to the main cast , who previously starred in the spin - off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . On April 1 , 2014 , it was reported that Michael Socha was in talks to reprise his role as Will Scarlet / Knave of Hearts as a series regular in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time . On April 20 , 2014 , it was confirmed that Michael Socha will become a regular for Season 4 of the parent series . Cultural references ( edit ) The episode title is a reference to the Rocky Road ice cream . Elsa talks about making a living snow man with the Snow Queen , which is a reference to Olaf from Frozen. * When Mary Margaret is trying to get Neal loaded into her car & worried about spending so much time with him . Dr. Hopper tells her to `` let it go '' referring to her concern about making up for the time she lost with Emma . Emma calls the Snow Queen `` Dairy Queen '' , a reference to the ice cream franchise of the same name . Operation Mongoose is the name of a United States Government mission to overthrow Fidel Castro and return Democracy to Cuba . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) This outing posted a 2.7 / 7 among 18 - 49s with 7.92 million viewers tuning in , a 18 % drop from the previous episode . In Canada , it delivered 1.963 million viewers , making it the night 's second most - watched program . Reviews ( edit ) The episode was met with good reviews , most of it directed towards the performances from Elizebeth Mitchell and Jennifer Morrison . In a review from Entertainment Weekly , Hilary Busis mentioned several good points about this episode , including this one : `` And so Once continues to play its favorite game : Families Are Complicated , Y'all ! A new baddie who 's secretly related to one of our heroes is hardly uncharted territory , but at least Mitchell 's presence is livening up the Frozen arc . And while I 'm still not sure that Once has done enough to justify devoting this much time to characters from a movie that was released less than a year ago , season 4 's third episode did at least have a little more time to spare for the folks who have been around since the pre - '' Let It Go '' days . ( Though we still do n't know what the deal is with that damn Fantasia hat . ) '' Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated the episode 7.5 out of 10 , saying `` Tonight 's Once had entertaining points and featured an intriguing entrance for the Snow Queen . She 's a quieter sort of villain , and that 's a nice change . We inched closer to finding out how Elsa got trapped in the urn and where Anna is , but the episode fell flat in a few places because characters did n't act like themselves . '' TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.6 out of 5 stars . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AdamHorowitzLA Twitter announcement '' . Twitter . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : Michael Socha to Join Season 4 -- Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikki De Graeve . `` Once Upon a Time -- WonderCon 2014 Season 3 Spoilers , Videos & Pics -- Entertainment Outlook '' . Entertainment Outlook . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total English Canada ( October 6 -- 12 , 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' Rocky Road ' '' from Entertainment Weekly ( October 12 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : `` Rocky Road '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time Season 4 Episode 3 Review : Rocky Road from TV Fanatic ( October 12 , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) `` Rocky Road '' on IMDb `` Rocky Road '' at TV.com ( hide ) Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' `` Secret Garden '' `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` Knightfall '' `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` Sisterhood '' `` Breadcrumbs '' `` Chosen '' `` The Guardian '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Road_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=817690987 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 00 : 13 . About Wikipedia

who plays elsa's aunt in once upon a time

Elizabeth Mitchell

The Snow Queen

All - India Muslim League - Wikipedia All - India Muslim League Jump to : navigation , search All - India Muslim League Presiding Leader ( s ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah A.K. Fazlul Huq Aga Khan III Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Sir Feroz Khan Noon Khwaja Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan Khaliq - uz - Zaman Mohammad Ali Bogra Founder Nawab Viqar ul Malik Founded 30 December 1906 ( 1906 - 12 - 30 ) at Dacca , British raj ( now in Dhaka , Bangladesh ) Dissolved 15 August 1947 Succeeded by Muslim League in Pakistan , Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India Headquarters Lucknow Newspaper Dawn Student wing AIMSF Paramilitary wing Khaki Ideology Pan-Islamism conservatism Two - nation theory Civil rights for Muslims in India Religion Islam International affiliation All -- India Muslim League ( London Chapter ) Election symbol Crescent and Star Politics of India Political parties Elections The All - India Muslim League ( popularised as Muslim League ) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire . Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim - majority nation - state , Pakistan , successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire . The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure . Sir Syed had founded , in 1886 , the Muhammadan Educational Conference , but a self - imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics . In December 1906 conference in Dhaka , attended by 3,000 delegates , the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party . Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim 's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims . It remained an elitist organisation until 1937 , when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation . Following in the 1930s , the idea of a separate nation - state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal 's vision of uniting the four provinces in North - West British India further supported the rationale of two - nation theory . Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers , the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947 . The events leading the World War II , the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people ; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts , and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of `` Islam in Danger '' . After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government . In Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan , the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All - India Muslim League . Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( and after Jinnah 's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan ) , but suffered with ill - fate following the military intervention in 1958 . One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965 . Furthermore , it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970 . During the successive periods of Pakistan , the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan . Since 1985 , the Pakistan Muslim League split into various factions ; all factions which had little ideological connection with the original Muslim League . However , the PML - N remains to be influential faction than others , and has been in power during the elections held in 1990 and in the 1997 . As of current of 2013 elections , the PML - N remains to be a ruling party of Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation 2 Early years 3 Communalism grows 4 Conception of Pakistan 5 Campaign for Pakistan 6 Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent 6.1 Pakistan 6.2 India 6.3 Bangladesh 6.4 United Kingdom 7 Historical versions 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Foundation ( edit ) The AIME Conference in 1906 , held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family , laid the foundation of the Muslim League . The All - India Muslim League ( AIML ) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan . His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML . Originally hosting the All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature , among India 's Muslims . The conference , in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed 's Aligarh Muslim University ( AMU ) , motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere , known as the Aligarh Movement . In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML . The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901 . The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906 , with participation of representatives from all over India . The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference . The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference ; that was later , scheduled to be held at Dhaka . Meanwhile , Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All - India Muslim Confederacy . Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla ; the annual meeting of the All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December , until 30 December 1906 . that was headed by both Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk and Nawab Muhasan - ul - Mulk ( the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference ) ; in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association . It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan , Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar , Zafar Ali Khan , Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others . The political party was established at the end of the conference . The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates , while Ameer Ali , Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting . The name `` All - India Muslim League '' was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi . Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president . Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League . The League 's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi . In 1910 , Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party . Early years ( edit ) Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah ( Aga Khan III ) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League . The headquarters were established at Lucknow . There were also six vice-presidents , a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three - years term , proportionately from different provinces . The principles of the League were espoused in the `` Green Book , '' which included the organisation 's constitution , written by Maulana Mohammad Ali . Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state , but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights , promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians , educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government , and discouraging violence . Aga Khan III ( 1877 -- 1957 ) played a leading role in founding AIML ; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India . He shared Ahmad Khan 's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics . Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India . Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912 , he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas . in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league . Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University . Hasan reports that in the early 20th century , this Muslim institution , designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj , exploded into political activity . Until 1939 , the faculty and students supported an all - India nationalist movement . After 1939 , however , sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement , as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League . Communalism grows ( edit ) Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I , as typified by the Khilafat Movement . Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922 . Communalism grew rapidly , forcing the two groups apart . Major riots broke out in numerous cities , including 91 in U.P. alone . At the leadership level , the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply , from 11 % in 1921 to under 4 % in 1924 . Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu - Muslim alliance , and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain . The leadership of the League was taken over by , Sir Muhammad Iqbal , who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India . The `` Two - Nation Theory '' , the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country , gained popularity among Muslims . The two - state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders , who favoured a united India based on composite national identity . Congress at all times rejected `` communalism '' -- that is , basing politics on religious identity . Iqbal 's policy of uniting the North - West Frontier Province , Baluchistan , Punjab , and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League 's political platform . The League rejected the Committee report ( the Nehru Report ) , arguing that it gave too little representation ( only one quarter ) to Muslims , established Devanagari as the official language of the colony , and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state , with residuary powers resting at the centre -- the League had demanded at least one - third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces . Jinnah reported a `` parting of the ways '' after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright , and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour . Conception of Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session . He said : I would like to see Punjab , North - West Frontier Province ( now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ) , Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state . Self - government within the British Empire or without the British Empire , the formation of a consolidated North - West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims , at least of North - West India . Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word `` Pakistan '' in his address . According to some scholars , Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State ; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab , Sindh , NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North - Western province within India . They argued that `` Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country . Rather he was an ardent proponent of a ' true ' federal setup for India ... , and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation '' . Another Indian historian , Tara Chand , also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India , but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India . Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation . On 28 January 1933 , Choudhary Rahmat Ali , founder of the Pakistan National Movement , voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled `` Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? '' The word ' P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail . `` Pakistan ' is both a Persian and an Urdu word . It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands ; that is , Punjab , Afghania , Kashmir , Sindh and Balochistan . It means the land of the Pure '' . The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word `` Pakistan '' to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write : Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity . Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation , Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session , but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially . Campaign for Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Pakistan Movement Muslim League Working Committee at the Lahore session Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session . Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims . The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s , especially after the Lahore Resolution . Under Jinnah 's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook . The Muslim League 's earliest base was the United Provinces . The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s . Jinnah worked closely with local politicians . However , there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938 -- 1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow . From 1937 onwards , the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes . At a League conference in Lahore in 1940 , Jinnah said : Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions , philosophies , social customs and literature ... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history . They have different epics , different heroes and different episodes ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state , one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority , must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state . In response to Jinnah 's speech , the All - India Jamhur Muslim League ( AIJML ) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed 's two - nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan . The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary . Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground . This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition . At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state , including Sindh , Punjab , Baluchistan , the North West Frontier Province and Bengal , that would be `` wholly autonomous and sovereign '' . The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions . The Lahore Resolution , moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A.K. Fazlul Huq , was adopted on 23 March 1940 , and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan 's first constitution . Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement . This was the last attempt to reach a single - state solution . First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League In the 1940s , Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid - e-Azam ( lit . Great Leader ) . In the Constituent Assembly of India 's elections of 1946 , the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims ( and about 89.2 % of Muslim votes ) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan , and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted . Congress , led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India . However , 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India . Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa . The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed . The partition seems to have been inevitable after all , one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten 's statement on Jinnah : `` There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan . '' Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent ( edit ) Pakistan ( edit ) Main articles : Politics in Pakistan , Pakistan Muslim League , and Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) The conservative convention held by PML in the 1990s in Sindh . After the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country . From 1947 -- 51 , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League 's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister . After Jinnah and Ali Khan , Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party , primarily due to lack of its social programmes . During this time , the Republican Party , led by Iskander Mirza , had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country . In 1958 , the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan , army chief at that time , imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon , a leader of Muslim League . The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965 . However , one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan . Other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia - ul - Haq in the 1980s , and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in the 2000s . Every time , the establishment has put the political leaders were put together , who splintered apart when the general 's blessings faded away . Hence , Pakistan Muslim League refers to several political parties in Pakistan . However , the most dominating and influential faction of the Muslim League is the PML ( N ) that is led by its President Nawaz Sharif , the Prime Minister of Pakistan , who has won the largest number of seats in two of the last five general elections , including the 2013 election . India ( edit ) Main article : Indian Union Muslim League With the partition of British Indian Empire , the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population . In 1948 , the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan . During its successive periods , the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government ; nonetheless , the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980 . Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan . The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : Awami League The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal , with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister . Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution . Furthermore , the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal . Muslim League 's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan . In an interview given to print media , Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests , mass demonstration , and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement . All over the country , the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League . In 1954 , the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament . Unlike in West , not all of the Hindu population migrated to India , instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state . The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections . The United Front , Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power , inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League . Out of 309 , the Muslim League only won 10 seats , whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested . The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats , totalling 26 seats . The right - wing Jamaat - e-Islami had completely failed in the elections . In 1955 , the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed . The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970 . It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan . After the independence of Bangladesh , the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced , rendering it insignificant in the political arena . United Kingdom ( edit ) During the 1940s , the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics . After the establishment of Pakistan , the Pakistani community 's leaders took over the UK branch , making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom . As of current , the Muslim League 's UK branch is taken over by the PML - N , with Zubair Gull its president , and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron - in - chief . Historical versions ( edit ) Historically , Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan : Muslim League , the original successor of All - India Muslim League , which was disbanded on first martial law . Convention Muslim League , a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president . Council Muslim League , a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan . Muslim League , a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections . See also ( edit ) Indian Independence Movement Indian Muslim nationalism Indian Nationalism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Establishment of All India Muslim League '' . Story of Pakistan . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sequeira , Dolly . Total History and Civics ICSE 10. New Delhi : MSB publushers , 2016. Print . ^ Jump up to : H. Rizvi ( 15 May 2000 ) . Military , State and Society in Pakistan . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 59904 - 8 . The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation . It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7 - 8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939 , more so , after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940 . Jump up ^ John Keay ( 2001 ) . India : A History . Grove Press . p. 468 . ISBN 9780802137975 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim League and the impact of World War II '' . Story of Pakistan . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League , and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian politics , pgs 57,245 by M. Naeem Qureshi Jump up ^ `` PML - N 's popularity up by four percent : survey '' . The News International . 28 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Anwar ( 30 September 2012 ) . `` PTI losing ground amid PML - N surge : IRI survey '' . Dawn . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Election 2013 : Live Election Results '' . Geo News . Archived from the original on 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rashid Kahn , Abdul ( 2007 ) . `` All - India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All - India Muslim League '' . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 65 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Pakistan movement . Commencement and evolution , p. 167 , 168 , by Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan and Shandana Zahid , published by Urdu Science Board , Lahore . ISBN 969 - 477 - 122 - 6 Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Karachi , Pakistan : 2013 . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Muslim Heritage of Bengal - by Muhammad Mojlum Khan - Kube Publishing Ltd. , UK - ISBN 978 - 1 - 84774 - 059 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Establishment of All India Muslim League '' . Story of Pakistan . p. 2 . Retrieved 11 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Amin Valliani , `` Aga Khan 's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All - India Muslim League '' , Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( 2007 ) 55 # 1 / 2 , pp 85 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan , `` Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh , 1915 -- 47 , '' Indian Economic and Social History Review , ( Jan 1985 ) 22 # 1 pp 1 -- 33 Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar ( 1983 ) . Modern India : 1885 -- 1947 . Macmillan . p. 233 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) ( First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ) . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . London : Anthem Press . pp. 371 -- 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 004 - 4 . Remarkable unity shown between Hindus and Muslims ( during the Khilafat movement ) ... tension between the religious communities worsened ... the reforms of 1919 had encouraged Muslim separatism by maintaining constituencies reserved for Muslims : having to get only the votes of their coreligionists , Hindu and Muslim politicians tended to emphasise what divided rather than what united the two communities . Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown ( 1994 ) . Modern India : the origins of an Asian democracy . Oxford U. Press . p. 228 . ISBN 9780198731122 . Jump up ^ David E. Ludden ( 1996 ) . Contesting the nation : religion , community , and the politics of democracy in India . U. of Pennsylvania Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0812215850 . Jump up ^ Peter Lyon ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 85 . ISBN 9781576077122 . Jump up ^ P.M. Holt ; Peter Malcolm Holt ; Ann K.S. Lambton ( 1977 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 103ff . ISBN 9780521291378 . Jump up ^ A.R. Tariq ( ed . ) , Speeches and Statements of Iqbal ( Lahore : 1973 ) , Jump up ^ K.K. Aziz , Making of Pakistan ( London : 1970 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Verinder Grover ( ed . ) , Muhammad Iqbal : Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 ( New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publications , 1995 ) , pp. 666 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Tara Chand , History of Freedom Movement in India Vol . III ( New Delhi : 1972 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ lang , 23 , 24 & 25 March 2003 ; Also see , Safdar Mahmood , Iqbal , Jinnah aur Pakistan ( Lahore : Khazina Ilm - wa - Adab , 2004 ) , pp. 52 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Full text of the pamphlet `` Now or Never '' , published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali , http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali , 1947 , Pakistan : the fatherland of the Pak nation , Cambridge , OCLC : 12241695 Jump up ^ J.L. Nehru , Discovery of India ( New York : 1946 ) , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala ( 9 February 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 50 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . During this growth spurt , the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass - based party that gave itself a new constitution , a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure . Jump up ^ Victor Sebestyen ( 1 October 2014 ) . 1946 : The Making of the Modern World . Pan Macmillan UK . pp. 247 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74353 - 456 - 4 . That , too , had begun life as a cosy club of upper - class Indians , seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims . However , under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah , the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone . Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan ( 4 July 2017 ) . The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan , New Edition . Yale University Press . pp. 18 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 23364 - 3 . Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War . The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s , an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1982 ) . `` The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab , 1937 -- 1946 '' . Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics . 20 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 24 . Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All - India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period , or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest . Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala ( 2010 ) . `` Rallying the Qaum : The Muslim League in the United Provinces , 1937 -- 1939 '' . Modern Asian Studies . 44 ( 3 ) : 603 -- 640 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x09004016 . JSTOR 40664926 . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 1993 ) . `` The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggle for Pakistan '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 21 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 333 . Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards . They also joined in processions , strikes , and riots . Jump up ^ Cited in Ainslie T. Embree Jump up ^ South Asian History and Culture vol. 2 no. 1 pp 16 -- 36 , Taylor and Francis Group Jump up ^ Peter Lyon , Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia ( 2008 ) p 108 Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Great Partition : The Making of India and Pakistan ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed ( 1997 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . London : Routledge . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14966 - 2 . Jump up ^ MS , Amogh ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` A history project on the impact of the AIMD on the future courses of India and Pakistan '' . Online Daily . ^ Jump up to : Masood , Alauddin ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues '' . The Weekly . Jump up ^ Masood , Alauddin ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues '' . Weekly Pulse . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Jocelyne Cesari ( 2014 ) . The Awakening of Muslim Democracy . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 66482 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nair , M. Bhaskaran ( 1990 ) . Politics in Bangladesh : A Study of Awami League , 1949 - 58 . New Delhi , India : Northern Book Centre . pp. 73 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85119 - 79 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Tariq ( 2002 ) . The Clash of Fundamentalism . United Kingdom : New Left Book plc . p. 181 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 457 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Muslim League in UK '' . PMLN Muslim League in UK . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashraf Mumtaz . Dawn Newspaper , 14 May 2006 Further reading ( edit ) Cohen , Stephen Philip ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1503 - 0 . Graham , George Farquhar Irving ( 1974 ) . The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan . Karachi : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 636069 - 0 . Malik , Iftikar H. ( 2008 ) . The History of Pakistan . The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34137 - 3 . Moore , R.J. ( 1983 ) . `` Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 17 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 561 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00011069 . JSTOR 312235 . al Mujahid , Shairf ( 2007 ) . `` Reconstructing the Saga of the All India Muslim League ( 1906 -- 47 ) '' . Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society . 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 -- 26 . Wolpert , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503412 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to All - India Muslim League . Government of Pakistan website The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Chronicles Of Pakistan Jinnah at a Meeting of the Muslim League 16 - second QuickTime film clip Colloquium on the One Hundred Years of Muslim League at the University of Chicago , 4 Nov 2006 Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Branch Bengal Branch Unionist Student Federations Khaksars Renaissance Society Philosophical Congress Dawn Daily War Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Allama Muhammad Iqbal Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Mian Muhammad Shafi Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Bahadur Yar Jung Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Hasrat Mohani Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq G.M. Syed Abdur Rab Nishtar Qazi Muhammad Essa Choudhary Rahmat Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq K.H. Khurshid Sikandar Hayat Khan Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Khawaja Nazimuddin Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Jogendra Nath Mandal more Activists Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain ( journalist ) Adamjee Haji Dawood Mufti Muhammad Shafi Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori Malik Barkat Ali Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakeem Mohammad Saeed Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir Professor M.M. Sharif J.A. Rahim of PPP Z.A. Suleri G. Allana Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-India_Muslim_League&oldid=838192648 '' Categories : Conservatism in Pakistan Political parties established in 1906 Pakistan Movement Islamic political parties in Pakistan Islamic political parties in India Islam in Pakistan Islam in India Muslim League 1906 establishments in India 1947 disestablishments in India History of Pakistan Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 14 : 02 . 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Eragon - wikipedia Eragon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Christopher Paolini . For other uses of the name , see Eragon ( disambiguation ) . For the historical kingdom and region of modern Spain , see Aragon . For the J.R.R. Tolkien character , see Aragorn . Eragon Knopf edition cover by John Jude Palencar , featuring the blue dragon Saphira Author Christopher Paolini Cover artist John Jude Palencar Country United States Language English Series Inheritance Cycle Genre Young adult Fantasy novel Dystopia Publisher Paolini LLC ( first edition ) , Alfred A. Knopf Publication date 2002 ( first edition ) , August 26 , 2003 ( Knopf ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) and audio - CD Pages 509 ( Knopf ) 544 ( Paolini LLC ) ISBN 0 - 375 - 82668 - 8 ( First Knopf edition ) ISBN 0 - 9666213 - 3 - 6 ( Paolini LLC ) OCLC 52251450 Dewey Decimal ( Fic ) 21 LC Class PZ7. P19535 Er 2003 Followed by Eldest Copies sold : 24.55 million Eragon is the first novel in the Inheritance Cycle by Christopher Paolini . After writing the first draft for a year , Paolini spent a second year rewriting and fleshing out the story and characters . His parents saw the final manuscript and in 2001 decided to self - publish Eragon ; Paolini spent a year traveling around the United States promoting the novel . By chance , the book was discovered by Carl Hiaasen , who got it re-published by Alfred A. Knopf . The re-published version was released on August 26 , 2003 . The book tells the story of a farm boy named Eragon , who finds a mysterious stone in the mountains . Not knowing the stone 's origin or worth , he attempts to use it as payment to a butcher . A dragon he later names Saphira hatches from the stone , which was really an egg . When the evil King Galbatorix finds out the general location of the egg he sends the Ra'zac to acquire it . By that time Saphira had been growing for a while and takes Eragon to the Spine after Ra'zac appear in their village Carvahall . Eragon and Saphira are forced to flee from their hometown , with a storyteller called Brom , and decide to search for the Varden , a group of rebels who want the downfall of Galbatorix . Critics of Eragon often point out its similarities to other works such as Earthsea , Dragonlance , and Star Wars . Reviewers have also called the book a notable achievement for such a young author as Paolini . Eragon was the third - best - selling children 's hardback book of 2003 , and the second - best - selling paperback of 2005 . It placed on the New York Times Children 's Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks and was adapted as a feature film of the same name that was released on December 15 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origins and publication 1.2 Inspiration and influences 2 Plot summary 3 Reception 4 Film adaptation 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Origins and publication ( edit ) Christopher Paolini started reading fantasy books when he was 10 years old . At the age of 14 , as a hobby , he started writing the first novel in a series of four books , but he could not get beyond a few pages because he had `` no idea '' where he was going . He began reading everything he could about the `` art of writing '' , and then plotted the whole Inheritance Cycle book series . After a month of planning out the series , he started writing the draft of Eragon by hand . It was finished a year later , and Paolini began writing the `` real '' version of the book . After another year of editing , Paolini 's parents saw the final manuscript . They immediately saw its potential and decided to publish the book through their small , home - based publishing company , Paolini International . Paolini created the cover art for this edition of Eragon , which featured Saphira 's eye on the cover . He also drew the maps inside the book . Paolini and his family toured across the United States promoting the book . Over 135 talks were given at bookshops , libraries , and schools , many with Paolini dressed up in a medieval costume ; but the book did not receive much attention . Paolini said he `` would stand behind a table in my costume talking all day without a break -- and would sell maybe forty books in eight hours if I did really well . ( ... ) It was a very stressful experience . I could n't have gone on for very much longer . '' In the summer of 2002 , American novelist Carl Hiaasen was on vacation in one of the cities that Paolini gave a talk in . While there , Hiaasen 's stepson bought a copy of Eragon that he `` immediately loved '' . He showed it to Hiaasen , who brought the book to the attention of the publishing house Alfred A. Knopf . Michelle Frey , executive editor at Knopf , contacted Paolini and his family to ask if they were interested in having Knopf publish Eragon . The answer was yes , and after another round of editing , Knopf published Eragon in August 2003 , with a new cover , drawn by John Jude Palencar . Inspiration and influences ( edit ) An illustration of Beowulf fighting the dragon ( 1908 ) . Paolini received much inspiration from old epic poems . Paolini cites old myths , folk tales , medieval stories , the epic poem Beowulf , and authors J.R.R. Tolkien and Eric Rücker Eddison as his biggest influences in writing . Other literary influences include David Eddings , Andre Norton , Brian Jacques , Anne McCaffrey , Raymond E. Feist , Mervyn Peake , Ursula K. Le Guin , Frank Herbert , Philip Pullman , and Garth Nix . In Eragon , Paolini `` deliberately '' included the `` archetypal ingredients '' of a fantasy book -- a quest , a journey of experience , revenge , romance , betrayal , and a `` special '' sword . The ancient language used by the elves in Eragon is based `` almost entirely '' on Old Norse , German , Anglo Saxon , and Russian myth . Paolini commented : `` ( I ) did a god - awful amount of research into the subject when I was composing it . I found that it gave the world a much richer feel , a much older feel , using these words that had been around for centuries and centuries . I had a lot of fun with that . '' Picking the right names for the characters and places was a process that could take `` days , weeks , or even years '' . Paolini said : `` if I have difficulty choosing the correct moniker , I use a placeholder name until a replacement suggests itself . '' He added that he was `` really lucky '' with the name Eragon , `` because it 's just dragon with one letter changed . '' Also , Paolini commented that he thought of both parts of the name `` Eragon '' - `` era '' and `` gone '' - as if the name itself changes the era in which the character lives . He thought the name fit the book perfectly , but some of the other names caused him `` real headaches '' . Paolini received inspiration from Paradise Valley , Montana ( Emigrant Peak pictured , as viewed from west bank of Yellowstone River ) The landscape in Eragon is based on the `` wild territory '' of Paolini 's home state , Montana . He said in an interview : `` I go hiking a lot , and oftentimes when I 'm in the forest or in the mountains , sitting down and seeing some of those little details makes the difference between having an okay description and having a unique description . '' Paolini also said that Paradise Valley , Montana is `` one of the main sources '' of his inspiration for the landscape in the book ( Eragon takes place in the fictional continent Alagaësia ) . Paolini `` roughed out '' the main history of the land before he wrote the book , but he did not draw a map of it until it became important to see where Eragon was traveling . He then started to get history and plot ideas from seeing the landscape depicted . Paolini chose to have Eragon mature throughout the book because , `` for one thing , it 's one of the archetypal fantasy elements '' . He thought Eragon 's growth and maturation throughout the book `` sort of mirrored my own growing abilities as a writer and as a person , too . So it was a very personal choice for that book . '' Eragon 's dragon , Saphira , was imagined as `` the perfect friend '' by Paolini . He decided to go in a more `` human direction '' with her because she is raised away from her own species , in `` close mental contact '' with a human . `` I considered making the dragon more dragon - like , if you will , in its own society , but I have n't had a chance to explore that . I went with a more human element with Saphira while still trying to get a bit of the magic , the alien , of her race . '' Paolini made Saphira the `` best friend anyone could have : loyal , funny , brave , intelligent , and noble . She transcended that , however , and became her own person , fiercely independent and proud . '' Saphira 's blue tinted vision was in turn inspired by Paolini 's own color - blindness . Paolini added in archetypal elements of a fantasy novel like a quest , a journey of experience , revenge , romance , betrayal , and a `` special '' sword . The book is described as a fantasy , and Booklist observed : `` Paolini knows the genre well -- his lush tale is full of recognizable fantasy elements and conventions '' . Kirkus Review called the book a `` high fantasy '' ; other reviewers have compared it to other books of the fantasy genre , such as Star Wars and Lord of the Rings , and in some instances stated Eragon 's plot is too similar to those other fantasy novels . Plot summary ( edit ) See also : List of Inheritance Cycle characters A shade named Durza , along with a group of urgals , ambushes a party of three elves . After he and the urgals kill the other elves , Durza attempts to steal an egg , that one of the female elves carries , but is foiled when she causes it to vanish . Infuriated , he renders her unconscious with a ball of fire and abducts her . Eragon is a fifteen - year - old boy who has lived with his uncle Garrow and cousin Roran ( Roran Stronghammer ) on a farm near the village of Carvahall , ever since his mother Selena , Garrow 's sister , left him there right after his birth . While hunting in the Spine , Eragon is surprised to see the blue dragon egg , which he believes to be a stone , appear in front of him . A few months later , Eragon witnesses a baby dragon hatch from the egg . Eragon names the dragon Saphira . He raises the dragon in secret until two of King Galbatorix 's servants , the Ra'zac , come to Carvahall ; though it is later revealed that they were n't looking for the egg at first . Eragon and Saphira manage to escape by hiding in the Spine , but Garrow is fatally wounded and the house and farm are burned down by the Ra'zac . Once Garrow dies , Eragon is left with no reason to stay in Carvahall , so he goes after the Ra'zac with his newly hatched dragon , seeking vengeance for the destruction of his home and his uncle 's death . He is accompanied by Brom , an elderly storyteller , who provides Eragon with the sword Zar'roc and insists on helping him and Saphira . Eragon becomes a Dragon Rider through his bond with Saphira . He is the only known Rider in Alagaësia other than King Galbatorix , who , with the help of the now - dead Forsworn , a group of thirteen dragon riders loyal to Galbatorix , killed every other Rider a hundred years ago . On the journey , Brom teaches Eragon sword fighting , magic , the ancient elvish language , and the ways of the Dragon Riders . Their travels bring them to the city of Teirm , where they meet with Brom 's friend Jeod . Eragon 's fortune is told by the witch Angela , and her companion , the werecat Solembum , gives Eragon some mysterious advice . With Jeod 's help , they are able to track the Ra'zac to the southern city of Dras - Leona . Although they manage to infiltrate the city , Eragon encounters the Ra'zac in a cathedral and he and Brom are forced to flee . Later that night , their camp is ambushed by the Ra'zac . A stranger named Murtagh rescues them , but Brom is gravely injured . Saphira watches over Brom as the night progresses , yet when morning comes they realize there is nothing they can do to save him . Brom gives Eragon his blessing , reveals that he was also once a dragon rider and that his dragon 's name was Saphira , and dies . Saphira then encases Brom in a tomb made of a diamond . Murtagh becomes Eragon 's new companion and they travel to the city Gil'ead to find information on how to find the Varden , a group of rebels who want to see the downfall of Galbatorix . While stopping near Gil'ead , Eragon is captured and imprisoned in the same jail that holds a woman he has been having dreams about . As she is being dragged past she is revealed as an elf when her pointed ears are uncovered . Murtagh and Saphira stage a rescue , and Eragon escapes with the unconscious elf . During the escape , Eragon and Murtagh battle with Durza . Murtagh shoots Durza between the eyes with an arrow , and the Shade disappears in a cloud of mist . Having escaped , they run off . Eragon succeeds in communicating with the elf , whose name is revealed as Arya , and learns the location of the Varden . After some arguing , Murtagh decides to still travel with Eragon to the Varden but is still wary of them . An army of Kull ( Urgals who can grow up to 8 feet ) reach Eragon right outside the Varden 's entrance , but are driven off with the help of the Varden , who escort Eragon , Saphira , Murtagh , and Arya to Farthen Dûr the mountain hideout of the varden . When they arrive in Farthen Dûr , Eragon is led to the leader of the Varden , Ajihad . Ajihad imprisons Murtagh after he refuses to allow his mind to be read to determine if he is a friend or a foe to the Varden . Eragon is told by Ajihad that Durza was not destroyed by Murtagh 's arrow , because the only way to kill a Shade is with a stab through the heart . Orik , nephew of the dwarf King Hrothgar , is appointed as Eragon and Saphira 's guide . Orik shows them a place to stay and introduces them to Hrothgar . Eragon also meets Ajihad 's daughter , Nasuada , and Ajihad 's right - hand man , Jörmundur . He also runs into Angela and Solembum , who have arrived in Tronjheim , and visits Murtagh in his prison . He is tested by two magicians , The Twins , as well as Arya . Eragon and the Varden are then attacked by the Kull , as well as the rest of the Urgal army . Eragon personally battles Durza again , and succeeds in stabbing him in the heart with Zar'roc , but Durza slashes a deep cut like Murtagh 's on his back . He then passes out , and is visited telepathically by a stranger while he is unconscious who tells Eragon to visit him in the Elven capital , Ellesméra . Reception ( edit ) Eragon received generally mixed reviews and was criticized for its derivative nature . Liz Rosenberg of The New York Times Book Review criticized Eragon for having `` clichéd descriptions '' , `` B - movie dialogue '' , `` awkward and gangly '' prose . '' However , she concluded the review by noting that `` for all its flaws , it is an authentic work of great talent '' . School Library Journal wrote that in Eragon `` sometimes the magic solutions are just too convenient for getting out of difficult situations '' . Common Sense Media called Eragon 's dialogue `` long - winded '' and `` clichéd '' , with a plot `` straight out of Star Wars by way of The Lord of the Rings , with bits of other great fantasies thrown in here and there . '' The website did concede that the book is a notable achievement for such a young author , and that it would be `` appreciated '' by younger fans . Favorable reviews of Eragon often focused on the book 's characters and plot . IGN 's Matt Casamassina called the book `` entertaining '' , and added that `` Paolini demonstrates that he understands how to hold the reader 's eyes and this is what ultimately separates Eragon from countless other me - too fantasy novels . '' Chris Lawrence of About.com thought the book had all the `` traditional ingredients '' that make a fantasy novel `` enjoyable '' . The book was a `` fun read '' for him because it is `` quick and exciting '' and `` packed '' with action and magic . Lawrence concluded his review by giving the book a rating of 3.8 / 5 , commenting that `` the characters are interesting , the plot is engrossing , and you know the good guy will win in the end . '' Eragon was the third best - selling children 's hardback book of 2003 , and the second best - selling children 's paperback of 2005 . It placed on the New York Times Children 's Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks . In 2006 , the novel was awarded with a Nene Award by the children of Hawaii . It won the Rebecca Caudill Young Reader 's Book Award and the Young Reader 's Choice Award the same year . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Eragon ( film ) Aerial photography of the Ság mountain , which served as the backdrop for Farthen Dûr in the film adaptation of the book . A film adaptation of Eragon was released in the United States on December 15 , 2006 . Plans to create the film were first announced in February 2004 , when 20th Century Fox purchased the rights to Eragon . The film was directed by first - timer Stefen Fangmeier , and written by Peter Buchman . Edward Speleers was selected for the role of Eragon . Over the following months , Jeremy Irons , John Malkovich , Chris Egan and Djimon Hounsou were all confirmed as joining the cast . Principal photography for the film took place in Hungary and Slovakia . The film received mostly negative reviews , garnering a 16 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes ; the tenth worst of 2006 . The Seattle Times described it as `` technically accomplished , but fairly lifeless and at times a bit silly '' . The Hollywood Reporter said the world of Eragon was `` without much texture or depth '' . The story was labelled `` derivative '' by The Washington Post , and `` generic '' by the Las Vegas Weekly . Newsday stressed this point further , asserting that only `` nine - year - olds with no knowledge whatsoever of any of the six Star Wars movies '' would find the film original . The acting was called `` lame '' by the Washington Post , as well as `` stilted '' and `` lifeless '' by the Orlando Weekly . The dialogue was also criticized : MSNBC labelled it `` silly '' ; the Las Vegas Weekly called it `` wooden '' . Positive reviews described the film as `` fun '' and `` the stuff boys ' fantasies are made of '' . The CGI work was called `` imaginative '' and Saphira was called a `` magnificent creation '' . Paolini stated he enjoyed the film , particularly praising the performances of Jeremy Irons and Ed Speleers . Eragon grossed approximately $75 million in the United States and $173.9 million elsewhere , totaling $249 million worldwide . It is the fifth highest - grossing film with a dragon at its focal point , and the sixth highest - grossing film of the sword and sorcery subgenre . Eragon was in release for seventeen weeks in the United States , opening on December 15 , 2006 and closing on April 9 , 2007 . It opened in 3,020 theaters , earning $8.7 million on opening day and $23.2 million across opening weekend , ranking second behind The Pursuit of Happyness . Eragon 's $75 million total United States gross was the thirty - first highest for 2006 . The film earned $150 million in its opening weekend across 76 overseas markets , making it the # 1 film worldwide . The film 's $249 million total worldwide gross was the sixteenth highest for 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Author '' . Alagaesia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Berman , Matt . `` Eragon Book Review and Rating '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Spring , Kit ( 2004 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Elf and efficiency '' . The Observer . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Saichek , Wiley ( September 2003 ) . `` Christopher Paolini interview '' . Teenreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Paolini , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Eragon . Paolini International LLC . ISBN 0 - 9666213 - 3 - 6 . OCLC 49993776 . Jump up ^ `` The Author '' . Alagaesia.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Paolini Q&A '' . Shurtugal.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jana Schulman , `` Retelling Old Tales : Germanic Myth and Language in Christopher Paolini 's Eragon , '' The Year 's Work in Medieval - ism 25 ( 2010 ) , 33 - 41 . ^ Jump up to : Weich , Dave ( 2003 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Philip Pullman , Tamora Pierce , and Christopher Paolini Talk Fantasy Fiction '' . Powell 's Books . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/paolini/statuses/467683317202952192 ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews : Eragon BETA '' . catalog.dclibrary.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Liz ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) . `` The Egg and Him '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Susan . `` Amazon.com Eragon '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Book Review : Eragon '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Chris . `` Eragon ( Inheritance , Book 1 ) '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Children 's Books , 2003 '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Children 's Books , 2005 '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Best Seller List '' . The New York Times . 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nene Award Website - 2006 winner '' . R.E.A.D for Nene . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Winner -- Eragon '' . Rebecca Caudill Young Reader 's Book Award . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` YRCA Past Winners '' . Pacific Northwest Library Association . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 2006 - 07 - 18 ) . `` He Was a Teenage Spy , Surrounded by Treacherous Adults '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Ryan ( 2006 - 08 - 15 ) . `` More Eragon Stills ! '' . CanMag . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Screen Destinations : Eragon '' . AdventureTravelLogue . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Annual Golden Tomatoes Awards '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Even preteens are n't slayed by familiar tale '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Eragon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Stephen . `` Eragon '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Josh ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Lord of the Wings '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Gene ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Eragon '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Jason ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Eragon '' . Orlando Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( 2006 - 12 - 13 ) . `` ' Eragon ' is a ' Star Wars ' wannabe '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael . `` This Week 's Movie Review '' . Crazed Fanboy . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon '' . Urban Cinefile . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) . `` All that 's missing are the hobbits '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Viewer '' . Shurtugal.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon - Focal Point of Movie Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sword and Sorcery Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eragon ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 15 -- 17 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( 2006 - 12 - 18 ) . `` ' Eragon ' soars atop overseas box office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eragon Eragon at the official website ( hide ) The Inheritance Cycle Christopher Paolini Novels Eragon ( 2002 ) Eldest ( 2005 ) Brisingr ( 2008 ) Inheritance ( 2011 ) Adaptations Eragon ( film ) Eragon ( video game ) Characters List of characters BNF : cb15510967p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eragon&oldid=803419004 '' Categories : 2003 American novels 2000s fantasy novels American young adult novels Young adult fantasy novels Inheritance Cycle Debut novels American fantasy novels adapted into films Novels by Christopher Paolini Self - published books Alfred A. Knopf books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the name of the dragon in eragon

Saphira

Saphira

Emerald ash borer - wikipedia Emerald ash borer Jump to : navigation , search Emerald ash borer Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Family : Buprestidae Genus : Agrilus Species : A. planipennis Binomial name Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire , 1888 Synonyms Agrilus feretrius Obenberger Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger Agrilus planipennis , commonly known as the emerald ash borer , is a green buprestid or jewel beetle native to northeastern Asia that feeds on ash species . Females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees , and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years . In its native range , it is typically found at low densities and does not cause significant damage to trees native to the area . Outside its native range , it is an invasive species and is highly destructive to ash trees native to northwest Europe and North America . Prior to being found in North America , very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range ; this has resulted in much of the research on its biology being focused in North America . Local governments in North America are attempting to control it by monitoring its spread , diversifying tree species , insecticides , and biological control . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Identification 3 Life cycle 4 Range 5 Host plants 6 As an invasive species 6.1 Invasiveness and spread 6.2 Environmental and economic impacts 6.3 Monitoring 6.4 Management 6.4. 1 Quarantine and tree removal 6.4. 2 Insecticides 6.4. 3 Biological control 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The French priest and naturalist Armand David collected a specimen of the species during one of the trips he took through imperial China in the 1860s and 1870s . He found the beetle in Beijing and sent it back to France , where the first brief description of Agrilus planipennis by the entomologist Léon Fairmaire was published in the Revue d'Entomologie in 1888 . Unaware of Fairmaire 's description , a separate description naming the species as Agrilus marcopoli was published in 1930 by Jan Obenberger . Identification ( edit ) Adult beetles are typically bright metallic green and about 8.5 millimeters ( 0.33 in ) long and 1.6 millimeters ( 0.063 in ) wide . Elytra are typically a darker green , but can also have copper hues . Emerald ash borer is the only North American species of Agrilus with a bright red upper abdomen when viewed with the wings and elytra spread . The species also has a small spine found at the tip of the abdomen and serrate antennae that begin at the fourth antennal segment . Adults beetles of other species can often be misidentified by the public . Life cycle ( edit ) The emerald ash borer life cycle can occur over one or two years depending on the time of year of oviposition , the health of the tree , and temperature . After 400 -- 500 accumulated degree - days above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , adults begin to emerge from trees in late spring , and peak emergence occurs around 1000 degree - days . After emergence , adults feed for one week on ash leaves in the canopy before mating , but cause little defoliation in the process . Males hover around trees , locate females by visual cues , and drop directly onto the female to mate ; mating can last 50 minutes , and females may mate with multiple males over their lifespan . A typical female can live around six weeks and lay approximately 40 -- 70 eggs , but females that live longer can lay up to 200 eggs . Eggs are deposited between bark crevices , flakes , or cracks and hatch about two weeks later . Eggs are approximately 0.6 to 1.0 millimeter ( 0.02 to 0.04 in ) in diameter , and are initially white , but later turn reddish - brown if fertile . After hatching , larvae chew through the bark to the inner phloem , cambium , and outer xylem where they feed and develop . Emerald ash borer has four larval instars . By feeding , larvae create long serpentine galleries . Fully mature fourth - instar larvae are 26 to 32 millimeters ( 1.0 to 1.3 in ) long . In fall , mature fourth - instars excavate chambers about 1.25 centimeters ( 0.49 in ) into the sapwood or outer bark where they fold into a J - shape . These J - shaped larvae shorten into prepupae and develop into pupae and adults the following spring . To exit the tree , adults chew holes from their chamber through the bark , which leaves a characteristic D - shaped exit hole . Immature larvae can overwinter in their larval gallery , but can require an additional summer of feeding before overwintering again and emerging as adults the following spring . This two - year life cycle is more common in cool climates , such as European Russia . Larva Pupa removed from its pupal chamber . Adults exit the tree from D - shaped holes . Dorsal view of adult with elytra and wings spread . Underside of an adult emerald ash borer . Range ( edit ) Native range of emerald ash borer in eastern Asia and introduced range in European Russia as of 2013 . The native range of the emerald ash borer is temperate northeastern Asia , which includes Russia , Mongolia , northern China , Japan , and Korea . The beetle is invasive in North America where it has a core population in Michigan and surrounding states and provinces . Populations are more scattered outside the core area , and the edges of its known distribution range north to the upper peninsula of Michigan , south to northern Louisiana , west to Colorado , and east to Massachusetts In northern Europe , a population was found in Moscow , Russia in 2003 . From 2003 to 2016 , this population has spread west towards Sweden at 40 km ( 25 mi ) per year and is expected to reach central Europe between 2031 and 2036 . Host plants ( edit ) In its native range , emerald ash borer is only a nuisance pest on native trees , as population densities typically do not reach levels lethal to healthy trees . In China , it infests native F. chinensis , F. mandshurica , and F. rhynchophylla ; in Japan it also infests F. japonica and F. lanuginosa . Emerald ash borer primarily infest and can cause significant damage to ash species including green ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ) , black ash ( Fraxinus nigra ) , white ash ( Fraxinus americana ) , and blue ash ( Fraxinus quadrangulata ) in North America . In Europe , Fraxinus excelsior is the main ash species colonized by EAB . Ash susceptibility can vary due to the attractiveness of chemical volatiles to adults , or the ability of larvae to detoxify phenolic compounds . Emerald ash borer has also been found infesting white fringe tree in North America , which is a non-ash host , but it is unclear whether the trees were healthy when first infested , or were already in decline due to drought . Adults prefer to lay eggs on open grown or stressed ash , but readily lay eggs on healthy trees amongst other tree species . Young trees with bark between 1.5 millimeters ( 0.059 in ) to 5 millimeters ( 0.20 in ) are preferred . Both males and females use leaf volatiles and sesquiterpenes in the bark to locate hosts . Damage occurs in infested trees due to larval feeding . The serpentine feeding galleries of the larvae disrupt the flow of nutrients and water , effectively girdling ( killing ) the tree as it is no longer be able to transport sufficient water and nutrients to the leaves to survive . As an invasive species ( edit ) A green ash killed by emerald ash borers Outside its native range , emerald ash borer is an invasive species that is highly destructive to ash trees in its introduced range . Prior to emerald ash borer being found in North America , very little was known about emerald ash borer in its native range aside from a short description of life - history traits and taxonomic descriptions , which resulted in focused research on its biology in North America . Since its accidental introduction into the United States and Canada in the 1990s and its subsequent detection in 2002 in Canton , Michigan , it has since spread other parts of the North America . It is suspected that it was introduced from overseas in shipping materials such as packing crates . Invasiveness and spread ( edit ) Without factors that would normally suppress emerald ash borer populations in its native range ( e.g. , resistant trees , predators , and parasitoid wasps ) , populations can quickly rise to damaging levels . After initial infestation , all ash trees are expected to die in an area within 10 years without control measures . Every North American ash species has susceptibility to emerald ash borer , as North American species planted in China also have high mortality due to infestations , but some Chinese ash species are resistant . Green ash and black ash trees are preferred by emerald ash borer . White ash is also killed rapidly , but usually only after all green and black ash trees are eliminated . Blue ash displays some resistance to the emerald ash borer by forming callus tissue around emerald ash borer galleries , but is eventually killed . Many of the specialized predators and parasitoids that suppressed emerald ash borer in Asia were not present in North America . Predators and parasitoids native to North America do not sufficiently suppress emerald ash borer , so populations continue to grow . Emerald ash borer populations can spread between 2.5 to 80 km ( 1.6 to 49.7 mi ) a year . It primarily spreads through flight or by transportation of ash bark containing products such as firewood or nursery stock , which allows it to reach new areas and create satellite populations outside of the main infestation . Other factors can limit spread . Winter temperatures of approximately − 38 ° C ( − 36 ° F ) limit range expansion. , and overwintering emerald ash borer survive down to average temperatures of − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) due to antifreeze chemicals in the body and insulation provided by tree bark . Larvae can also survive high heat up to 53 ° C ( 127 ° F ) . North American predators and parasitoids can occasionally cause high emerald ash borer mortality , but generally offer only limited control . Mortality due to native woodpeckers is variable . Parasitism by parasitoids such as Atanycolus cappaerti can be high , but overall such control is generally low . Environmental and economic impacts ( edit ) Emerald ash borer threatens the entire North American Fraxinus genus . It has killed at least tens of millions of ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the 8.7 billion ash trees throughout North America . Emerald ash borer kills young trees several years before reaching their seeding age of 10 years . In both North America and Europe , the loss of ash from an ecosystem can result in increased numbers of invasive plants , changes in soil nutrients , and effects on species that feed on ash . Damage and efforts to control the spread of emerald ash borer have affected businesses that sell ash trees or wood products , property owners , and local or state governments . Quarantines can limit the transport of ash trees and products , but economic impacts are especially high for urban and residential areas due to treatment or removal costs and decreased land value from dying trees . Costs for managing these trees can fall upon homeowners or local municipalities . For municipalities , removing large numbers of dead or infested trees at once is costly , so slowing down the rate at which trees die through removing known infested trees and treating trees with insecticides can allow local governments more time to plan , remove , and replace trees that would eventually die . This strategy saves money as it would cost $10.7 billion in urban areas of 25 states between 2009 -- 2019 , while removing and replacing all ash trees in these same areas at once would cost $25 billion . Some urban areas such as Minneapolis , Minnesota , have large amounts of ash with slightly more than 20 % of their urban forest as ash . Monitoring ( edit ) In areas where emerald ash borer has not yet been detected , surveys are used to monitor for new infestations . Visual surveys are used to find ash trees displaying emerald ash borer damage , and traps with colors attractive to emerald ash borer , such as purple or green , are hung in trees as part of a monitoring program . These traps can also have volatile pheromones applied to them that attract primarily males . A purple trap used for determining the extent of the invasion Sometimes trees are also girdled to act as trap trees to monitor for emerald ash borer . The stressed tree attracts egg - laying females in the spring and trees can be debarked in the fall to search for larvae . If detected , an area is often placed under a quarantine to prevent infested wood material from causing new infestations . Further control measures are then taken within the area to slow population growth by reducing beetle numbers , preventing them from reaching reproductive maturity and dispersing , and reducing the abundance of ash trees . Government agencies in both the USA and Canada have utilized a native species of parasitoid wasp , Cerceris fumipennis , as a means of detecting areas to which emerald ash borer has spread . The females of these wasps hunt other jewel beetles and emerald ash borer if it is present . The wasps stun the beetles and carry them back to their burrows in the ground where they are stored until the wasps ' eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the beetles . Volunteers catch the wasps as they return to their burrows carrying the beetles to determine whether emerald ash borer is present . This methodology is known as biological surveillance , as opposed to biological control , because it does not appear that the wasps have a significant negative impact on emerald ash borer populations . Management ( edit ) In areas where emerald ash borer is non-native and invasive , quarantines , infested tree removal , insecticides , and biological control are used to reduce damage to ash trees . North American emerald ash borer finds and quarantine locations as of January 3 , 2017 . Quarantine and tree removal ( edit ) Once an infestation is detected , quarantines are typically imposed by state or national government agencies disallowing transport of ash firewood or live plants outside of these areas without permits indicating the material has been inspected or treated ( i.e. , heat treatment or wood chipping ) to ensure no live emerald ash borer are present in the bark and phloem . In urban areas , trees are often removed once an infestation is found to reduce emerald ash borer population densities and the likelihood of further spread . Urban ash are typically replaced with non-ash species such as maple , oak , or linden to limit food sources . In rural areas , trees can be harvested for lumber or firewood to reduce ash stand density , but quarantines may apply for this material , especially in areas where the material could be infested . Kentucky Extension specialists suggest selecting uncommon species to replace removed ashes in the landscape . Previous generations created monoculture s by planting ash trees in an overabundance , a factor in the extent of the devastation caused by the emerald ash borer . Favoring instead a diversity in species helps keep urban forests healthy . University of Kentuck y scientists suggest choosing monotypic species such as the pawpaw , yellowwood , Franklin tree , Kentucky coffeetree , Osage orange , sourwood , and baldcypress . Insecticides ( edit ) Insecticides with active ingredients such as azadirachtin , imidacloprid , emamectin benzoate , and dinotefuran are currently used since they are systemic ( i.e. , incorporated into the tree ) and remain effective for one to three years depending on the product . Insecticides are typically only considered a viable option in urban areas with high value trees near an infestation . Ash trees are primarily treated by direct injection into the tree or soil drench . Some insecticides can not be applied by homeowners and must be applied by licensed applicators . Initially , tree injections do not compromise tree health , but over many years drilling and chemical wounds can compromise the tree 's health . Damage from emerald ash borer can continue to increase over time even with insecticide applications . Insecticide treatments are not feasible for large forested areas outside of urban areas . Biological control ( edit ) Tetrastichus planipennisi , a parasitoid wasp used as a biological control agent The native range of emerald ash borer in Asia was surveyed for parasitoid species that parasitize emerald ash borer and do not attack other insect species in the hope they would suppress populations when released in North America . Three species imported from China were approved for release by the USDA in 2007 and in Canada in 2013 : Spathius agrili , Tetrastichus planipennisi , and Oobius agrili , while Spathius galinae was approved for release in 2015 . Excluding Spathius galinae , which has only recently been released , the other three species have been documented parasitizing emerald ash borer larvae one year after release , indicating that they survived the winter , but establishment varied among species and locations . Tetrastichus planipennisi and Oobius agrili established and have had increasing populations in Michigan since 2008 ; Spathius agrili has had lower establishment success in North America , which could be due to a lack of available emerald ash borer larvae at the time of adult emergence in spring , limited cold tolerance , and better suitability to regions of North America below the 40th parallel . The USDA is also assessing the application of Beauveria bassiana , an insect fungal pathogen , for controlling emerald ash borer in conjunction with parasitoid wasps . See also ( edit ) Insects portal Forest integrated pest management Forest pathology Invasive species References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests : Agrilus planipennis '' ( PDF ) . OEPP / EPPO Bulletin . European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization . 35 ( 3 ) : 436 -- 438 . 2005 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2338.2005. 00844. x . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matthew . `` Battle of the Ash Borer : Decades after Beetles Arrived in Michigan , Researchers Looking to Slow Devastation '' . Lansing State Journal . Jump up ^ Parsons , Gary L. ( November 2008 ) . `` Emerald ash borer : A guide to identification and comparison to similar species '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Native Borers and Emerald Ash Borer Look - alikes '' ( PDF ) . Michigan State University Extension . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gould , Juli S. ; Bauer , Leah S. ; Lelito , Jonathan ; Duan , Jian ( May 2013 ) . `` Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control Release and Recovery Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . USDA - APHIS - ARS - FS . ^ Jump up to : Herms , Daniel A. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ( October 2013 ) . `` Emerald Ash Borer Invasion of North America : History , Biology , Ecology , Impacts , and Management '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Entomology. 59 : 13 -- 30 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - ento - 011613 - 162051 . PMID 24112110 . ^ Jump up to : Poland , Therese . M ; Chen , Tigen ; Jennifer , Koch ; Pureswaran , Deepa ( December 2014 ) . `` Review of the emerald ash borer ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) , life history , mating behaviours , host plant selection , and host resistance '' ( PDF ) . The Canadian Entomologist. 147 : 252 -- 262 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2015.4 . ^ Jump up to : Valenta , V. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` A new forest pest in Europe : a review of Emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) invasion '' . Journal of Applied Entomology . doi : 10.1111 / jen. 12369 . Jump up ^ `` Agrilus planipennis ( insect ) '' . Global Invasive Species Database . ISSG - IUCN . August 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emerald ash borer '' . USDA Forest Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter A. Thomas ( 2016 ) . `` Biological Flora of the British Isles : Fraxinus excelsior '' . Journal of Ecology. 104 : 1158 -- 1209 . doi : 10.1111 / 1365 - 2745.12566 . Jump up ^ `` Ash tree set for extinction in Europe '' . BBC . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Xiao - Yi ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The biology and ecology of the emerald ash borer , Agrilus planipennis , in China '' . Journal of Insect Science . 10 : 128 . Jump up ^ Poland , T. ; McCullough , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Emerald ash borer : invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America 's ash resource '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Forestry. 104 : 118 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` Emerald Ash Borer attacking White Fringe Tree '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agrilus planipennis ( insect ) '' . Global Invasive Species Database . ISSG - IUCN . August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Initial County EAB detections in North America '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cappaert , D. ; et al. ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Emerald ash borer in North America : a research and regulatory challenge '' . American Entomologist. 51 : 152 -- 163 . doi : 10.1093 / ae / 51.3. 152 . Jump up ^ Lui , Houping ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Exploratory survey for the emerald ash borer , Agrilus planipennis ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) , and its natural enemies in China '' ( PDF ) . Great Lakes Entomologist. 36 : 191 -- 204 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rebek , E.J. ; Herms , D.A. ; Smitley , D.R. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Interspecific Variation in Resistance to Emerald Ash Borer ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) Among North American and Asian Ash ( Fraxinus spp . ) '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Entomology. 37 ( 1 ) : 242 -- 246 . doi : 10.1603 / 0046 - 225X ( 2008 ) 37 ( 242 : IVIRTE ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . PMID 18348816 . Jump up ^ Anulewicz , Andrea C. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ; Cappaert , David L. ( September 2007 ) . `` Emerald Ash Borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species '' . Aboriculture & Urban Forestry . International Society of Arboriculture. 33 ( 5 ) : 338 -- 349 . doi : 10.1007 / s10530 - 013 - 0543 - 7 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Ryan D. ; et al. ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Effects of climate on emerald ash borer mortality and the potential for ash survival in North America '' . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 178 : 120 . Jump up ^ `` The Upside Of The Bitter Cold : It Kills Bugs That Kill Trees '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , D.G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of potential strategies to SLow Ash Mortality ( SLAM ) caused by emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) : SLAM in an urban forest '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Pest Management . 58 : 9 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 09670874.2011. 637138 . Jump up ^ Kovacs , K.F. ; et al. ( September 2009 ) . `` Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities , 2009 - 2019 '' ( PDF ) . Ecological Economics . 69 ( 3 ) : 569 -- 578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ecolecon. 2009.09. 004 . Jump up ^ `` Emerald Ash Borer ( EAB ) is in Minneapolis '' . Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Careless , Philip ; Marshall , Stephen . A. ; Gill , Bruce D. ; et al. ( February 2014 ) . `` The use of Cerceris fumipennis ( Hymenoptera : Crabronidae ) for surveying and monitoring emerald ash borer ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) infestations in eastern North America '' . Canadian Entomologist. 146 : 90 -- 105 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2013.53 . Jump up ^ `` Moving Firewood '' . USDA . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ash replacement information '' . USDA Forest Service . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SLAM : SLow Ash Mortality '' . Jump up ^ `` After Your Ash Has Died : Making an Informed Decision on What to Replant '' ( PDF ) . extension.ca.uky.edu . ^ Jump up to : Herms , Daniel A. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ; Smitley , David R. ; Sadof , Clifford S. ; Williamson , R. Chris ; Nixon , Phillip L. ( June 2009 ) , `` Insecticide Options for Protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer '' ( PDF ) , North Central IPM Center Bulletin , North Central IPM Center : 12 , retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hahn , Jeffrey ; Herms , Daniel A. ; McCullough , Deborah G. ( February 2011 ) , Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Potential Side Effects of Systemic Insecticides Used to Control Emerald Ash Borer ( PDF ) , www.emeraldashborer.info , retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Doccola , Joseph J. ; Smitley , David R. ; Davis , Terrance W. ; Aiken , John J. ; Wild , Peter M. ( January 2011 ) . `` Tree Wound Responses Following Systemic Insecticide Trunk Injection Treatments in Green Ash ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh . ) as Determined by Destructive Autopsy '' . Aboriculture & Urban Forestry . International Society of Arboriculture. 37 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Bauer , L.S. ; Liu , H-P ; Miller , D. ; Gould , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Developing a classical biological control program for Agrilus planipennis ( Coleoptera : Buprestidae ) , an invasive ash pest in North America '' ( PDF ) . Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society . 53 ( 3&4 ) : 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Biological Control of the Emerald Ash Borer '' . United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service . ^ Jump up to : Bauer , Leah S. ; Duan , Jian J. ; Gould , Juli R. ; van Driesche , Roy ; et al. ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire ( Coleoptera : Bupresitdae ) in North America '' . The Canadian Entomologist. 147 : 300 -- 317 . doi : 10.4039 / tce. 2015.18 . Jump up ^ `` Biocontrol : Fungus and Wasps Released to Control Emerald Ash Borer '' . Science News . Science Daily . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emerald ash borer . Wikispecies has information related to Agrilus planipennis Interview with researcher Canadian Food Inspection Agency USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station link to research on EAB Ohio Department of Agriculture infestation PDF map Species Profile - Emerald Ash Borer ( Agrilus planipennis ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for Emerald Ash Borer . The short film Emerald Ash Borer : The Green Menace is available for free download at the Internet Archive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerald_ash_borer&oldid=818482142 '' Categories : Invasive insect species Woodboring beetles Insect pests of temperate forests Buprestidae Forestry in the United States Beetles described in 1888 Beetles of Asia Insects of Russia Invasive animal species in North America Invasive animal species in Europe Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Cebuano Deutsch Français Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where is the emerald ash borer found in the us

range north to the upper peninsula of Michigan, south to northern Louisiana, west to Colorado, and east to Massachusetts

North America

Production -- possibility frontier - wikipedia Production -- possibility frontier Jump to : navigation , search A production -- possibility frontier ( PPF ) or production possibility curve ( PPC ) is a graphical representation of possible combinations of two goods ( such as butter and guns ) that can be produced with constant technology and resources per unit of time , such that more of one good could be produced only by diverting resources from the other good , resulting in less production of it ; i.e. production tradeoffs , usually for an economy , but which can also be interpreted as applying for an individual , household , etc . Graphically bounding the production set for fixed input quantities , the PPF curve shows the maximum possible production level of one commodity for any given production level of the other , given the existing state of technology . By doing so , it defines productive efficiency in the context of that production set : a point on the frontier indicates efficient use of the available inputs ( such as points B , D and C in the graph ) , a point beneath the curve ( such as A ) indicates inefficiency , and a point beyond the curve ( such as X ) indicates impossibility . The PSU represented by the point on the PPF where an efficient economy operates ( which is obtained by tangency with the highest individual or social indifference curve , not shown in the graph ) presents the priorities or choices of the modeled agent , such as the choice of having more butter produced and fewer guns , or vice versa . An example PPF with illustrative points marked PPFs are normally drawn as bulging upwards or outwards from the origin ( `` concave '' when viewed from the origin ) , but they can be represented as bulging downward ( inwards ) or linear ( straight ) , depending on a number of assumptions . A PPF illustrates several economic concepts , such as scarcity of resources ( the fundamental economic problem that all societies face ) , opportunity cost ( or marginal rate of transformation ) , productive efficiency , allocative efficiency , and economies of scale . An outward shift of the PPF results from growth of the availability of inputs , such as physical capital or labour , or from technological progress in knowledge of how to transform inputs into outputs . Such a shift reflects , for instance , economic growth of an economy already operating at its full productivity ( on the PPF ) , which means that more of both outputs can now be produced during the specified period of time without sacrificing the output of either good . Conversely , the PPF will shift inward if the labor force shrinks , the supply of raw materials is depleted , or a natural disaster decreases the stock of physical capital . However , most economic contractions reflect not that less can be produced but that the economy has started operating below the frontier , as typically , both labor and physical capital are underemployed , remaining therefore idle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Indicators 1.1 Efficiency 1.2 Opportunity cost 1.3 Marginal rate of transformation 2 Shape 3 Position 4 Other applications 5 Notes 6 References Indicators ( edit ) Efficiency ( edit ) See also : Productive efficiency and Pareto efficiency A PPF ( production possibility frontier ) typically takes the form of the curve illustrated above . An economy that is operating on the PPF is said to be efficient , meaning that it would be impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing production of the other good . In contrast , if the economy is operating below the curve , it is said to be operating inefficiently because it could reallocate resources in order to produce more of both goods or some resources such as labor or capital are sitting idle and could be fully employed to produce more of both goods . For example , if one assumes that the economy 's available quantities of factors of production do not change over time and that technological progress does not occur , if the economy is operating on the PPF , production of guns would need to be sacrificed to produce more butter . If production is efficient , the economy can choose between combinations ( points ) on the PPF : B if guns are of interest , C if more butter is needed , D if an equal mix of butter and guns is required . In the PPF , all points on the curve are points of maximum productive efficiency ( no more output of any good can be achieved from the given inputs without sacrificing output of some good ) ; all points inside the frontier ( such as A ) can be produced but are productively inefficient ; all points outside the curve ( such as X ) can not be produced with the given , existing resources . Not all points on the curve are Pareto efficient , however ; only in the case where the marginal rate of transformation is equal to all consumers ' marginal rate of substitution and hence equal to the ratio of prices will it be impossible to find any trade that will make no consumer worse off . Any point that lies either on the production possibilities curve or to the left of it is said to be an attainable point : it can be produced with currently available resources . Points that lie to the right of the production possibilities curve are said to be unattainable because they can not be produced using currently available resources . Points that lie strictly to the left of the curve are said to be inefficient , because existing resources would allow for production of more of at least one good without sacrificing the production of any other good . An efficient point is one that lies on the production possibilities curve . At any such point , more of one good can be produced only by producing less of the other . Such a two - good world is a theoretical simplification because of the difficulty of graphical analysis of multiple goods . If we are interested in one good , a composite score of the other goods can be generated using different techniques . Furthermore , the production model can be generalised using higher - dimensional techniques such as Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) and others . Opportunity cost ( edit ) Increasing butter from A to B carries little opportunity cost , but for C to D the cost is great . Main article : Opportunity cost From a starting point on the frontier , if there is no increase in productive resources , increasing production of a first good entails decreasing production of a second , because resources must be transferred to the first and away from the second . Points along the curve describe the tradeoff between the goods . The sacrifice in the production of the second good is called the opportunity cost ( because increasing production of the first good entails losing the opportunity to produce some amount of the second ) . Opportunity cost is measured in the number of units of the second good forgone for one or more units of the first good . In the context of a PPF , opportunity cost is directly related to the shape of the curve ( see below ) . If the shape of the PPF curve is a straight - line , the opportunity cost is constant as production of different goods is changing . But , opportunity cost usually will vary depending on the start and end points . In the diagram on the right , producing 10 more packets of butter , at a low level of butter production , costs the loss of 5 guns ( shown as a movement from A to B) . At point C , the economy is already close to its maximum potential butter output . To produce 10 more packets of butter , 50 guns must be sacrificed ( as with a movement from C to D ) . The ratio of gains to losses is determined by the marginal rate of transformation . Marginal rate of transformation ( edit ) Marginal rate of transformation increases when the transition is made from AA to BB . The slope of the production -- possibility frontier ( PPF ) at any given point is called the marginal rate of transformation ( MRT ) . The slope defines the rate at which production of one good can be redirected ( by reallocation of productive resources ) into production of the other . It is also called the ( marginal ) `` opportunity cost '' of a commodity , that is , it is the opportunity cost of X in terms of Y at the margin . It measures how much of good Y is given up for one more unit of good X or vice versa . The shape of a PPF is commonly drawn as concave to the origin to represent increasing opportunity cost with increased output of a good . Thus , MRT increases in absolute size as one moves from the top left of the PPF to the bottom right of the PPF . The marginal rate of transformation can be expressed in terms of either commodity . The marginal opportunity costs of guns in terms of butter is simply the reciprocal of the marginal opportunity cost of butter in terms of guns . If , for example , the ( absolute ) slope at point BB in the diagram is equal to 2 , to produce one more packet of butter , the production of 2 guns must be sacrificed . If at AA , the marginal opportunity cost of butter in terms of guns is equal to 0.25 , the sacrifice of one gun could produce four packets of butter , and the opportunity cost of guns in terms of butter is 4 . Shape ( edit ) The production - possibility frontier can be constructed from the contract curve in an Edgeworth production box diagram of factor intensity . The example used above ( which demonstrates increasing opportunity costs , with a curve concave to the origin ) is the most common form of PPF . It represents a disparity , in the factor intensities and technologies of the two production sectors . That is , as an economy specializes more and more into one product ( such as moving from point B to point D ) , the opportunity cost of producing that product increases , because we are using more and more resources that are less efficient in producing it . With increasing production of butter , workers from the gun industry will move to it . At first , the least qualified ( or most general ) gun workers will be transferred into making more butter , and moving these workers has little impact on the opportunity cost of increasing butter production : the loss in gun production will be small . However , the cost of producing successive units of butter will increase as resources that are more and more specialized in gun production are moved into the butter industry . If opportunity costs are constant , a straight - line ( linear ) PPF is produced . This case reflects a situation where resources are not specialised and can be substituted for each other with no added cost . Products requiring similar resources ( bread and pastry , for instance ) will have an almost straight PPF and so almost constant opportunity costs . More specifically , with constant returns to scale , there are two opportunities for a linear PPF : if there was only one factor of production to consider or if the factor intensity ratios in the two sectors were constant at all points on the production - possibilities curve . With varying returns to scale , however , it may not be entirely linear in either case . With economies of scale , the PPF would curve inward , with the opportunity cost of one good falling as more of it is produced . Specialization in producing successive units of a good determines its opportunity cost ( say from mass production methods or specialization of labor ) . A common PPF : increasing opportunity cost A straight line PPF : constant opportunity cost An inverted PPF : decreasing opportunity cost Position ( edit ) An unbiased expansion in a PPF The two main determinants of the position of the PPF at any given time are the state of technology and management expertise ( which are reflected in the available production functions ) and the available quantities of factors of production ( materials , direct labor , and factory overhead ) . Only points on or within a PPF are actually possible to achieve in the short run . In the long run , if technology improves or if the supply of factors of production increases , the economy 's capacity to produce both goods increases ; if this potential is realized , economic growth occurs . That increase is shown by a shift of the production - possibility frontier to the right . Conversely , a natural , military or ecological disaster might move the PPF to the left in response to a reduction in an economy 's productive capability . Thus all points on or within the curve are part of the production set : combinations of goods that the economy could potentially produce . If the two production goods depicted are capital investment ( to increase future production possibilities ) and current consumption goods , the higher is investment this year , the more the PPF would shift out in following years . Shifts of the curve can represent how technological progress that favors production possibilities of one good , say guns , more than the other shifts the PPF outwards more along the favored good 's axis , `` biasing '' production possibilities in that direction . Similarly , if one good makes more use of say capital and if capital grows faster than other factors , growth possibilities might be biased in favor of the capital - intensive good . Other applications ( edit ) In microeconomics , the PPF shows the options open to an individual , household , or firm in a two - good world . By definition , each point on the curve is productively efficient , but , given the nature of market demand , some points will be more profitable than others . Equilibrium for a firm will be the combination of outputs on the PPF that is most profitable . From a macroeconomic perspective , the PPF illustrates the production possibilities available to a nation or economy during a given period of time for broad categories of output . It is traditionally used to show the movement between committing all funds to consumption on the y - axis versus investment on the x-axis . However , an economy may achieve productive efficiency without necessarily being allocatively efficient . Market failure ( such as imperfect competition or externalities ) and some institutions of social decision - making ( such as government and tradition ) may lead to the wrong combination of goods being produced ( hence the wrong mix of resources being allocated between producing the two goods ) compared to what consumers would prefer , given what is feasible on the PPF . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lipsey , Richard G. An introduction to positive economics ( fourth ed . ) . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 57 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76899 - 9 . Jump up ^ Standish , Barry . Economics : Principles and Practice . South Africa : Pearson Education . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86891 - 069 - 4 . Jump up ^ Varian , Hal ( 2006 ) . Intermediate Microeconomics ( 7th ed . ) . W.W. Norton . pp. 605 -- 606 . Jump up ^ other , Attainable . Principles of Microeconomics . Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Limited . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 040144 - 0 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1947 ) . Foundations of Economic Analysis . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 31300 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chacholiades , Miltiades ( 1986 ) . Microeconomics . New York : Macmillan . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 320560 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , C.E. ( 1972 ) . Microeconomic Theory ( 3rd ed . ) . Homewood , Illinois : Richard D. Irwin , Inc . pp. 458 -- 465 . ISBN 0 - 256 - 02157 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pindyck , Robert S. ; Rubinfeld , Daniel L. ( 2005 ) . Microeconomics . Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 13 - 713335 - 9 . Jump up ^ Stolper , Wolfgang F. ; Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1941 ) . `` Protection and Real Wages '' . Review of Economics Studies . The Review of Economic Studies , Vol. 9 , No. 1 . 9 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 74 . JSTOR 2967638 . doi : 10.2307 / 2967638 . Jump up ^ Barthwal , R.R. ( 2007 ) . Industrial Economics : An Introductory Text Book . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , David . Cracking the AP Economics Macro Micro Exam . Princeton Review . pp. 37 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76384 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hall , Robert Ernest ; Lieberman , Marc ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics : principles and applications . Mason , OH : Thomson / South - Western . p. 466 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 42146 - X . Jump up ^ Choi , Eun Kwan ; Harrigan , James ( 2003 ) . Handbook of international trade . Malden , MA : Blackwell Pub . pp. 192 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Murray C. ; Herberg , Horst ; Long , Ngo van ( 1993 ) . Trade , welfare , and economic policies : essays in honor of Murray C. Kemp . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10364 - 4 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics . Ch. 1 , `` Figure 1 - 5 . Investment for Future Consumption Requires Sacrificing Current Consumption . '' Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul R. ( 2004 ) . International economics : theory and policy ( sixth ed . ) . 清华 大学 出版 社 . pp. 100 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 7 - 302 - 07889 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Foundations of Economics , `` The production possibility frontier ( curve ) : the PPF or PPC '' ( press + ) . Oxford University Press . Access date 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Coelli , Time ; Prasada Rao , D.S. ; Battese , George E. ( 1998 ) . An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis . Springer . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 8062 - 7 . Jump up ^ Farrell , M.J. ( 1957 ) . `` The Measurement of Productive Efficiency '' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . Series A ( General ) , Vol. 120 , No. 3 . 120 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 290 . JSTOR 2343100 . References ( edit ) Economics portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to production possibility frontiers . Nicholson , Walter ( 2005 ) . Microeconomic Theory : Basic Principles and Extensions . Thomson / South - western . pp. 339 -- 345 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 27086 - 0 . Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1967 ) . `` Summary on Factor - Price Equalization '' . International Economic Review . International Economic Review , Vol. 8 , No. 3 . 8 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 295 . JSTOR 2525536 . doi : 10.2307 / 2525536 . Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1962 ) . `` The Gains from International Trade Once Again '' . Economic Journal . The Economic Journal , Vol. 72 , No. 288 . 72 ( 288 ) : 820 -- 829 . JSTOR 2228353 . doi : 10.2307 / 2228353 . Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1971 ) . `` Ohlin Was Right '' . Swedish Journal of Economics . 73 ( 4 ) : 365 -- 384 . JSTOR 3439219 . doi : 10.2307 / 3439219 . Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1947 , Enlarged ed. 1983 ) . Foundations of Economic Analysis . Ch . VIII for welfare - theoretical mathematical expression of PPF . Bator , Francis M. ( 1957 ) . `` The Simple Analytics of Welfare Maximization '' . American Economic Review . 47 ( 1 ) : pp. 22 -- 59 . Martin , John P. ( 1976 ) . `` Variable Factor Supplies and the Heckscher - Ohlin - Samuelson Model '' . Economic Journal . The Economic Journal , Vol. 86 , No. 344 . 86 ( 344 ) : 820 -- 83 . JSTOR 2231455 . doi : 10.2307 / 2231455 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Production -- possibility_frontier&oldid = 801373040 '' Categories : Production economics Economics curves Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 08 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

points outside the production possibilities curve represent combinations of products that are

unattainable

X

Von - wikipedia Von Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Von ( disambiguation ) . Von ( fɔn ) is a term used in German language surnames either as a nobiliary particle indicating a noble patrilineality or as a simple preposition that approximately means of or from in the case of commoners . Nobility directories like Almanach de Gotha often abbreviate noble von to v. In medieval or early modern names the von particle was at times added to commoners ' names ; thus , `` Hans von Duisburg '' meant Hans from ( the city of ) Duisburg . This meaning is preserved in Swiss surnames or in the Dutch van , which is a cognate of von but does not indicate nobility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 1.1 Germany and Austria 1.1. 1 Non-noble use 1.1. 2 Ancient nobility 1.2 Russia 1.3 Nordic countries 2 Capitalisation 3 References Usage ( edit ) Germany and Austria ( edit ) The abolition of the monarchies in Germany and Austria in 1919 meant that neither state has a privileged nobility , and both have exclusively republican governments . In Germany , this means that legally von simply became an ordinary part of the surnames of the people who used it . There are no longer any legal privileges or constraints associated with this naming convention . According to German alphabetical sorting , people with von in their surnames -- of noble or non-noble descent alike -- are listed in telephone books and other files under the rest of their names ( e.g. , the economist Ludwig von Mises would have been found under M in the phone book rather than V ) . In Austria , in contrast , not only were the privileges of the nobility abolished , their titles and prepositions were abolished as well in 1919 . Thus , for example , Friedrich von Hayek became simply Friedrich Hayek . ( See also Austrian nobility on this issue . ) In contrast to the peerage of the United Kingdom , the aristocracies of the German - speaking countries were held to include untitled nobility , although the names of nearly all the families falling into this category did include von , zu , von und zu , von der , von dem , zum , vom und zum or zur . Non-noble use ( edit ) The preposition originated among German speakers during the Middle Ages and was commonly used to signify a person 's origins , appending the name of the place they originated from , or the name of their parents , as the concept of surname did not start to come into common usage until later on . Indeed , in many Germanic - speaking lands , universal adoption of surnames did not occur until mandated by the French Emperor Napoleon and the legal reforms he introduced in Europe around 1800 . Nevertheless , it was mostly aristocrats and other land owners who acquired a surname consisting of von , zu or zur and a toponym . When families were raised to nobility later on , the prefix was added in front of their existing name whatever its source , e.g. von Goethe . In some cases even an existing non-noble von became noble , or vice versa , therefore the same surname sometimes would be shared by noble and humble individuals . Especially in the Northwest ( Bremen , Hamburg , Holstein , Lower Saxony , Schleswig , Westphalia ) and in German - speaking Switzerland , von is a frequent element in non-noble surnames . About 200 to 300 known non-noble surnames contain the element von . On the other hand , especially in Lower Saxony , several prominent noble surnames do not contain the particle von , e.g. Grote , Knigge or Vincke . In order to distinguish the noble von from the non-noble one , the Prussian military abbreviated it to v. in noble names , often without a space following it , whereas the non-noble von was always spelled in full . In the 19th century in Austria and Bavaria non-noble surnames containing von were widely altered by compounding it to the main surname element , such as von Werden → Vonwerden . `` Untitled '' and `` non-noble '' are not synonyms in the German - speaking world . However , most German nobles used von and most users of von were noble . Nonetheless , desiring to add cachet to their perceived lineages in the era since titles of nobility were abolished , some individuals of no titled descent chose to add the particle to their name , such as movie directors Josef von Sternberg , Erich von Stroheim , and Lars von Trier . Ancient nobility ( edit ) Some very old noble families , usually members of the Uradel , bear surnames without the rather young nobiliary particle von but are nevertheless still noble . Also , a very few German families were elevated to the nobility without use of the preposition von . This was the case of the Riedesel Freiherren zu Eisenbach who received baronial dignity in 1680 . In order to distinguish themselves from bearers of regionally frequent non-noble surnames containing `` von '' , nobles in Northern Germany continue the royal Prussian military practice of abbreviating the noble von to v. but spelling the non-noble von in full . Russia ( edit ) Generally , the growth of the Tsardom of Russia into the Russian Empire was accompanied to a greater or lesser extent by the inflow of German surnames . Two main channels of such migration were a ) the absorption of territories where Germans constituted a part of local nobility , such as Finland , Poland , and the Baltic region , and b ) the state - supported immigration of Germans into Russia , such as the Volgadeutsch . As a rule , the members of the local nobility who found themselves in Russia as a result of geopolitical shifts preserved their privileges in the Empire . Their surnames were listed in the State Register of Noble Families as soon as the required documents were provided . The particle von was preserved as well ; once hyphens came into common use in the 18th and 19th centuries , it was used to connect the von with the following part of the surname ( e.g. Russian : Фон - Визин , von - Wiesen ) . However , since the twentieth century the particle has been written separately , as in the German origin . In the Baltic region , the German language continued to be used alongside Russian , so the language environment was friendly enough there to keep these surnames from localisation . Meanwhile , some of those whose ancestors individually entered the Russian service from abroad , and who settled themselves in Moscow or the core Russian provinces , sooner or later found it easier to adjust their surnames to the local speaking mode . However , unlike immigrants to the United States during the 18th to 20th centuries , who usually lost their nobility particles and often simplified the remaining parts of their surnames , immigrants to the Tsarist and Imperial Russia did not lose their noble particles , although some of their core surnames may have experienced some minor changes . At the end of the 16th century , after the Livonian War , Ivan IV of Russia invited Baron Berndt von Wiesen ( German pronunciation : ( fɔn viːzən ) ) from the Livonian Brothers of the Sword into Russian service and granted him some landed property . In the 17th century his descendants wrote their surnames as Russian : Фон Висин ( which preserved the German spelling rather than the Russian pronunciation : ( fɐn ˈvjisjɪn ) ) . Circa 1660 one of them added - ov ( Russian : Фон Висинов , Russian pronunciation : ( fɐn ˈvjisjɪnəf ) ) , yet in the 18th century this suffix was lost , and the middle consonant changed again s → z ( Russian : Фон - Визин , which preserves the German pronunciation rather than spelling : Russian pronunciation : ( fɐn ˈvjizjɪn ) ) . Finally , in the 18th century Ivan Fonvizin decided to merge the particle von with the core , thus giving a start to a new Russian family of German origin . His son , Denis Fonvizin ( Russian : Фонви́зин , Russian pronunciation : ( fɐnˈvjizjɪn ) ) became a playwright whose plays are staged today . Nordic countries ( edit ) In the Nordic countries , von is common but not universal in the surnames of noble families of German origin and has occasionally been used as a part of names of ennobled families of native or foreign , but non-German , extraction , as with the family of the philosopher Georg Henrik von Wright , which is of Scottish origin or as with the family of the painter Carl Frederik von Breda who was of Dutch ancestry . Capitalisation ( edit ) The prefix von is not capitalised in German - speaking countries . The Duden dictionary recommends capitalizing the prefix von at the beginning of the sentence , but not in its abbreviated form , in order to avoid confusion with an abbreviated first name : `` Von Humboldt kam später . '' and `` v. Humboldt kam später . '' ( Von Humboldt came later . ) The Swiss Neue Zürcher Zeitung , however , recommends omitting the von completely at the beginning of the sentence : `` Humboldt kam später . '' The same broadly holds true for van in Dutch usage , while in Flemish usage Van is commonly capitalized . See van ( Dutch ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adelszeichen und Adel : Kennzeichnet das ' von ' in jedem Fall eine Adelsfamilie ? '' ( Nobiliary particle and nobility : Does the `` von '' indicate a noble family in every case ? ) , Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung ( Institute of German nobility research ) , retrieved on 8 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nichtadeliges `` von '' '' ( Non-noble `` von '' ) , adelsrecht.de , retrieved on 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Comparison of Duden and NZZ rules Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Von&oldid=810651096 '' Categories : German nobility Austrian nobility Swedish nobility Danish nobility Finnish nobility German words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 16 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the meaning of the name von

as a nobiliary particle indicating a noble patrilineality or as a simple preposition that approximately means of or from in the case of commoners

preserved in Swiss surnames or in the Dutch van