File size: 153,898 Bytes
6fa4bc9 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 |
{
"paper_id": "2020",
"header": {
"generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
"date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:33:42.904893Z"
},
"title": "On the questions in developing computational infrastructure for Komi-Permyak",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "University of Helsinki",
"location": {}
},
"email": "jack.rueter@helsinki.fi"
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "University of Helsinki",
"location": {}
},
"email": "niko.partanen@helsinki.fi"
},
{
"first": "Larisa",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ponomareva",
"suffix": "",
"affiliation": {
"laboratory": "",
"institution": "University of Helsinki",
"location": {}
},
"email": ""
}
],
"year": "",
"venue": null,
"identifiers": {},
"abstract": "There are two main written Komi varieties, Permyak and Zyrian. These are mutually intelligible but derive from different parts of the same Komi dialect continuum, representing the varieties prominent in the vicinity and in the cities of Syktyvkar and Kudymkar, respectively. Hence, they share a vast number of features, as well as the majority of their lexicon, yet the overlap in their dialects is very complex. This paper evaluates the degree of difference in these written varieties based on changes required for computational resources in the description of these languages when adapted from the Komi-Zyrian original. Primarily these changes include the FST architecture, but we are also looking at its application to the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme in the morphologies of the two languages. \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043b\u04e7\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d \u043a\u044b\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0436\u0430\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5. \u00d6\u0442\u0430\u043c\u04e7\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0436\u04e7\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u04e7\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0430\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0438\u0441\u04e7 \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0442\u044d\u0437\u0456\u0441\u044c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432 \u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u041a\u0443\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u043f\u04e7\u043b\u044b\u043d, \u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5-\u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043d. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043d \u044d\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0430 \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u044b\u0441, \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u043b\u043e\u04e7 \u0438 \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044d\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0441 \u04e7\u0434\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0447\u04e7\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u044b\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u044b\u043a \u043a\u044b\u0432\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0441\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0430\u0441\u04e7 \u0441\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c, \u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u0442\u04e7\u043c \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0441\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0431\u044b \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439\u04e7. \u041c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0434\u0437 \u044d\u043d\u04e7 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0441\u04e7 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b FST-\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0441\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0436\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u044b\u0434\u0437 FST \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044f\u043b\u04e7 \u0411\u044b\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0419\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u04e7 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c.",
"pdf_parse": {
"paper_id": "2020",
"_pdf_hash": "",
"abstract": [
{
"text": "There are two main written Komi varieties, Permyak and Zyrian. These are mutually intelligible but derive from different parts of the same Komi dialect continuum, representing the varieties prominent in the vicinity and in the cities of Syktyvkar and Kudymkar, respectively. Hence, they share a vast number of features, as well as the majority of their lexicon, yet the overlap in their dialects is very complex. This paper evaluates the degree of difference in these written varieties based on changes required for computational resources in the description of these languages when adapted from the Komi-Zyrian original. Primarily these changes include the FST architecture, but we are also looking at its application to the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme in the morphologies of the two languages. \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043b\u04e7\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d \u043a\u044b\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0436\u0430\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5. \u00d6\u0442\u0430\u043c\u04e7\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044b\u043d \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0436\u04e7\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u04e7\u0441\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0430\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0438\u0441\u04e7 \u043d\u0456\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0442\u044d\u0437\u0456\u0441\u044c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432 \u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u041a\u0443\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u043f\u04e7\u043b\u044b\u043d, \u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u04e5-\u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043d. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0437\u044b\u043d \u044d\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0430 \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u044b\u0441, \u04e7\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u043b\u043e\u04e7 \u0438 \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044d\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0441 \u04e7\u0434\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043d \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0447\u04e7\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u044b\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u044b\u043a \u043a\u044b\u0432\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0441\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0430\u0441\u04e7 \u0441\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c, \u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u0442\u04e7\u043c \u0437\u044b\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u04e7\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u04e7\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0441\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0431\u044b \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u04e7\u0439\u04e7. \u041c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0434\u0437 \u044d\u043d\u04e7 \u0432\u0435\u0436\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0441\u04e7 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u04e7 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b FST-\u044b\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0439\u04e7 \u0441\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0436\u04e7 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0437\u04e7\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u044b\u0434\u0437 FST \u043b\u04e7\u0441\u044f\u043b\u04e7 \u0411\u044b\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c \u0419\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u04e7 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u044f\u043d\u044c.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Abstract",
"sec_num": null
}
],
"body_text": [
{
"text": "The Komi language is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic language family. By nature, it is a pluricentric language, which, in addition to having two strong written traditions (Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak), can be divided into several varieties. Although some of the other varieties do exhibit written use, no actual new written standards seem to be emerging (\u0426\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, 2009) . Both Zyrian and Permyak have long and established written traditions, with continuous contemporary use. There are also numerous dialect resources currently available, i.e. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 (2016) for Northern Permyak dialects.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 367,
"end": 382,
"text": "(\u0426\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, 2009)",
"ref_id": null
},
{
"start": 557,
"end": 574,
"text": "\u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 (2016)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian are extremely agglutinative, but the two standards have different tendencies in their criteria for the definition of an orthographic word. Inflection mainly involves the use of suffixes, which, in the case of nominals, are final. Hence, contextual dropping of the head noun means that formatives shift to the next rightmost constituent of the .",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "While Komi-Zyrian has a long tradition of computerized morphological analysis, as finite-state transducers have been developed for it since the mid 1990s (Rueter, 2000) , the computational resources for Komi-Permyak have been the focus of less intensive work. This article is intended as a roadmap for further development of Komi-Permyak computational resources. The morpho-logical features discussed in this paper have largely been already implemented in the FST in Giellatekno infrastructure, and the work has been primarily carried out by Jack Rueter. Ongoing work includes intense work on paradigmatic description by Larisa Ponomareva , which has been published within AKUinfrastructure. AKU is an abbreviation for Avointa Kieliteknologiaa Uralilaisille/Uhanalaisille kielille (Open language technology for Uralic/Endangered languages). Other projects that are directly associated with this are uralicNLP (H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2019) , Akusanat (H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b) and Ver'dd (Alnajjar et al., 2019 ) (see also On Editing Dictionaries for Uralic Languages in an Online Environment, in this publication) . Forthcoming work includes the expansion of the initial Permyak treebank found in Universal Dependencies version 2.5 (Zeman et al., 2019) , i.e. further work on what is scheduled for the next UD release, hence the underlying acuteness of further work with this often understudied, but central variety of Komi.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 154,
"end": 168,
"text": "(Rueter, 2000)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF17"
},
{
"start": 909,
"end": 927,
"text": "(H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2019)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF3"
},
{
"start": 939,
"end": 969,
"text": "(H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF5"
},
{
"start": 981,
"end": 1003,
"text": "(Alnajjar et al., 2019",
"ref_id": "BIBREF0"
},
{
"start": 1074,
"end": 1107,
"text": "Environment, in this publication)",
"ref_id": null
},
{
"start": 1226,
"end": 1246,
"text": "(Zeman et al., 2019)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "As the Komi-Zyrian finite state transducer has already reached a very advanced state, and the languages are so similar to one another, it is necessary to ask how far we can reuse the components of a Zyrian analyzer when working with Permyak. Although it has been suggested this kind of resourcesharing becomes most useful at higher levels of grammar, especially syntax Antonsen et al. (2010) , in the case of very closely related languages the number of shared elements is considerable at all levels of the language. We understand this is a slippery road, and uttermost attention has to be paid to full respect of Permyak features and particularities, so that we do not simply force the Zyrian conventions upon Permyak. At the same time starting to develop a Permyak infrastructure from scratch feels like a missed opportunity to find some synchrony. In this article we attempt to describe all those particularities and pitfalls that have to be considered when one endeavors further the analysis of Permyak. Our approach is also in some sense comparable to that of (Pirinen, 2019).",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 369,
"end": 391,
"text": "Antonsen et al. (2010)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF1"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "As two Komi-Zyrian treebanks are also under continuous development it is particularly important to pay attention to Komi infrastructure at large. A recent survey of Uralic Universal Dependencies treebanks showed that more work is needed to harmonize the annotation between languages, and working on closely related languages is certainly where similarity is most easily enforced but also most logically expected. In this context, it also has to be taken into account that several other smaller Uralic languages have had their own treebanks introduced in the past couple of years, e.g. Erzya (Rueter and Tyers, 2018) , Karelian (Pirinen, 2019) and North Saami (Tyers and Sheyanova, 2017) . This kind of work that concentrates more on manually annotated corpora complements the descriptive work on morphological analyzers extremely well. A well functioning morphological analyzer, however, seems to be one of the best starting points for further language technology, which provides a motivation for the work grounded in this paper.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 591,
"end": 615,
"text": "(Rueter and Tyers, 2018)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF16"
},
{
"start": 618,
"end": 642,
"text": "Karelian (Pirinen, 2019)",
"ref_id": null
},
{
"start": 659,
"end": 686,
"text": "(Tyers and Sheyanova, 2017)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF18"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "Since this paper describes only the current, rather preliminary state of investigation, we have published the list of discussed features as an accompanying database (Rueter et al., 2020) . This database is available online,\u00b9 and can be extended as needed when a larger inventory of differing lexical items and syntactic constructions becomes available. Since we hope the comparative investigations reach other dialects and variants of the Permic languages, the database has been named accordingly with an optimistic mindset.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 165,
"end": 186,
"text": "(Rueter et al., 2020)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "In this paper we have chosen to distinguish morphological suffixes from clitics with preceding hyphens. This will be achieved through the use of hyphens to set of morphological suffixes and equal signs to indicate clitics and other elements separated by a hyphen in the written norms. All examples in the paper, unless the source is given, have been created by Larisa Ponomareva.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Introduction",
"sec_num": "1"
},
{
"text": "During the development of the two Komi norms, a few orthographic distinctions have been made. These distinctions can be attributed to sub-dialect variation, on the one hand, and arbitrary spelling principles, on the other. The arbitrary spelling choices are simply orthographic, and do not necessarily relate to actual phonological differences in the languages.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Orthographic distinctions",
"sec_num": "2"
},
{
"text": "Arbitrary choice involves the definition of word (i.e. written unit without white space) and the selection of background language form and letter combinations. It will be observed below that the Komi-Permyak converb paradigms are minimalis-\u00b9https://langdoc.github.io/ comparative-permic-database tic in comparison to those of Komi-Zyrian. Komi-Permyak, on the one hand, tends to write separate words, and Komi-Zyrian tends to write single concatenated words, on the other. This can be exemplified in the converb paradigms for Komi-Permyak -\u0438\u043a /-ik/, which can only appear alone, in the singular illative or with possessive suffixes, whereas the Komi-Zyrian -\u0438\u0433 /-ig/ converb also takes plural marking, cases, as well as numerous other elements -\u04e7\u043d /-\u0259n/, -\u043c\u043e\u0437 /-moz/, -\u0442\u044b\u0440 /-t\u0268r/, -\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0439\u0438 /-t\u0268rji/, -\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044a\u044f /-t\u0268rja/, -\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 /-kosti/, -\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 /-kosta/,... (\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2000, p. 344-353) Arbitrary character combinations can be illustrated best with two prominent paradigms: the geminate voiced palatal affricate is represented in Zyrian with \u0434\u0434\u0437 ddz but in Permyak this same affricate is rendered with \u0434\u0437\u0437 dzz. Consonants followed by a palatal glide and subsequent vowel are written using hard and soft sign combinations. In Zyrian, the norm is to use a soft sign following inherently soft consonants, whereas hard signs are used in other instances. In Permyak, on the contrary, the hard sign is used with specifically hard consonants, while the soft sign is used as default for other combinations.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 852,
"end": 881,
"text": "(\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2000, p. 344-353)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Orthographic distinctions",
"sec_num": "2"
},
{
"text": "One orthographic convention that works similarly in Permyak and Zyrian alike is l : v variation in stem-final position. This variation is not present in this form in any of the Komi-Permyak dialects, but as a literary convention it is shared with Zyrian standard. Permyak dialects, it will be noted, generally display a multitude of l-related subsystems (\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1982, p. 58) .",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 354,
"end": 377,
"text": "(\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1982, p. 58)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Orthographic distinctions",
"sec_num": "2"
},
{
"text": "Orthographic distinctions between the two Komi norms present few problems. On the one hand, computational distinctions are only attested in the use of the few paragogic consonants in alternate Permyak morphological forms. On the other, use of the plural in both variants appear to follow the same distribution, so any computational issue might only be found at the morpho-syntactic level.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Orthographic distinctions",
"sec_num": "2"
},
{
"text": "The morpheme-final t / d correlation between Permyak and Zyrian is a prominent source of predictable morphological and lexical differences. This morpho-phonological difference is found word finally in the Permyak adjective \u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043a\u044b\u0442 /\u0255\u0259k\u0268t/ and Zyrian \u0441\u044c\u04e7\u043a\u044b\u0434 /\u0255\u0259k\u0268d/ 'heavy; difficult' as well as other corresponding pairs -\u044b\u0442 /-\u0268t/ vs. -\u044b\u0434 /-\u0268d/, Permyak and Zyrian respectively. It can also be observed in the causative derivation marker -\u04e7\u0442 /-\u0259t/ vs. -\u04e7\u0434 /-\u0259d/ in verb stems, such as \u0432\u0435\u043b\u04e7\u0442\u043d\u044b /vel\u0259tn\u0268/ and \u0432\u0435\u043b\u04e7\u0434\u043d\u044b /vel\u0259dn\u0268/ 'to teach', Permyak and Zyrian respectively. The same correlation is also found in the comitative case ending -\u043a\u04e7\u0442 /k\u0259t/ vs -\u043a\u04e7\u0434 /k\u0259d/ and the possessive suffixes for the second persons singular and plural: -\u044b\u0442 /-\u0268t/ vs. -\u044b\u0434 /-\u0268d/, and -\u043d\u044b\u0442 /-n\u0268t/ vs. -\u043d\u044b\u0434 /-n\u0268d/. The same voiceless vs voiced correlation might also be detected in the converbs -\u0438\u043a\u04e7 /-ik\u0259/ vs -\u0438\u0433\u04e7 /-ig\u0259/, Permyak and Zyrian respectively.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Phonetical differences",
"sec_num": "3"
},
{
"text": "On a similar note, there is a correlation between Permyak \u04e7 /-\u0259/ and Zyrian -\u04e7\u0439 /-\u0259j/ in first person singular possessive marking. In verbal morphology, the Permyak morpheme-final \u04e7 /\u0259/ of the first person plural marker -\u043c\u04e7 /-m\u0259/ corresponds to Zyrian endings -\u043c /-m/, whereas the Zyrian first person plural imperative usage might include both -\u043c\u04e7 /-m\u0259/ and -\u043c\u04e7\u0439 /-m\u0259j/, as in \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u04e7\u0439 /munam\u0259j/ 'let's go'.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Phonetical differences",
"sec_num": "3"
},
{
"text": "Many of the morphological forms provide an illustration of where the human learner may have problems in comprehension while the computer has no problems in computation. There are, however, numerous ways of how a minor difference in one morphological form has a potential impact on ambiguities in other parts of the system.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Morphological differences",
"sec_num": "4"
},
{
"text": "In this section we go through most essential differences in Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak morphology.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Morphological differences",
"sec_num": "4"
},
{
"text": "Both Komi language forms have the same paragogical consonants, but their distribution is varied. In practice, the so-called paragogic consonants are present when the stem is followed by a suffix with an onset vowel, and it is absent when word-final or followed by a consonant (cf. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al., p. 16) .",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 281,
"end": 307,
"text": "\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 et al., p. 16)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Paragogical consonants",
"sec_num": "4.1"
},
{
"text": "Paragogic consonants may be present in Permyak but to a lesser extent than they are in Zyrian due to sub-dialect representation, i.e. many of the sub-dialects do not have them. Komi-Zyrian includes paragogic consonants in its nominal declension and derivation -approximately 0.07 percent of the 12,046 noun stems in the Zyrian transducer have paragogic consonants, but this is reduced to 0.024 once the diminutive/material formative \u0442\u043e\u0440 /tor/ is removed. Komi-Permyak, in contrast, limits its use of paragogic consonants in declensions, and the number of Komi-Permyak stems with paragogic consonants is smaller. The Komi-Permyak standard language recognizes the paragogic consonants \u0439 /j/, \u043a /k/ and \u043c /m/ as alternative variants. The paragogic consonant \u0439 /j/ is more common than \u043a /k/ and \u043c /m/, the latter two are found only in a limited set of stems, such as \u0441\u0438\u043d /\u0255in/ : \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043c-/\u0255inm-/ 'eye', \u043a\u043e\u0441 /kos/ : \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043a-/kosk-/ 'lower back', \u043c\u044b\u0448 /m\u0268\u0283/ : \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043a-/m\u0268\u0283k/ 'back'. Thus the Komi-Permyak literary language supports the use of both \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043c\u04e7 \u043f\u044b\u0440\u04e7 /\u0255inm\u0259 pyr\u0259/ and \u0441\u0438\u043d\u04e7 \u043f\u044b\u0440\u04e7 /\u0255in\u0259 pyr\u0259/ 'gets in the eye', where the analysis of \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043c\u04e7 /\u0255inm\u0259/ and \u0441\u0438\u043d\u04e7 /\u0255in\u0259/ is eye. . . (The paragogic \u0442 /t/ in the verb \u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u044b /lokn\u0268/ and \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0442-/lokt-/ 'to arrive' is the standard and cannot be left out of the paradigm in either of the literary languages.)",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Paragogical consonants",
"sec_num": "4.1"
},
{
"text": "Phonological variation can be detected in the plural marking of heads, where the Zyrian normal plural marker involves the realization of -\u044f\u0441 /-jas/, on the one hand, and the Permyak normal plural marker calls for either word-final consonant doubling (see fig 1) or, following a vowel, a simple\u044d\u0437 /-ez/ (see fig 2) , on the other. Orthographically, the word-final consonant \u0439 /j/ forms an exception to this, here the Cyrillic \u0435 /je/ without orthographic duplication of \u0439 /j/ (see fig. 3 ).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [
{
"start": 255,
"end": 261,
"text": "fig 1)",
"ref_id": null
},
{
"start": 307,
"end": 313,
"text": "fig 2)",
"ref_id": "FIGREF0"
},
{
"start": 479,
"end": 485,
"text": "fig. 3",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Plural formation",
"sec_num": "4.2"
},
{
"text": "Plural character duplication, which is the primary method of plural formation in Permyak, is also partially present in Zyrian dialects. This, however, is not accepted in the Zyrian written standard. Whereas Zyrian plural is formed with distinct suffix -\u044f\u0441 /-jas/ (as illustrated in figures 1, 2, 3, above).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Plural formation",
"sec_num": "4.2"
},
{
"text": "Although singular possessive marking differs from Zyrian only through expected phonetic correspondence t / d, the plural forms display more complex assimilation. While the plural posses-Permyak \u043a\u0430\u0439 + \u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0437 /kaj/ + /jez/ /kajjez/ Zyrian \u043a\u0430\u0439 + \u044f\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0439\u044f\u0441 /kaj/ + /jas/ /kajjas/ 'bird' + 'birds' Figure 3 : Example plural of /kaj/ 'bird' sive forms in Zyrian are clearly segmentable, i.e. \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044f\u0441 : \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044f\u0441\u044b\u0434 /ponjas/ : /pon-jas-\u0268d/ dog-: dog--2 , the corresponding forms for the second and third person in Permyak are often fused, i.e. \u043f\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044d\u0437 : \u043f\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044d\u0442 /pon-nez : pon-net/ dog-: dog-.2 (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962) . Forms with separate elements are, however, also possible. Both form types have already been implemented in the Permyak analyzer.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 582,
"end": 596,
"text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [
{
"start": 294,
"end": 302,
"text": "Figure 3",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Possessive marking",
"sec_num": "4.3"
},
{
"text": "While both literary norms generally describe the number of cases as being sixteen or seventeen, a reality check might be required. The most recent and extensive presentation of Komi-Zyrian, it should be noted, indicates at least 23 cases with new ones appearing all the time (\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000:59-62) . One reason for this inconsistency is the definition of case: What is a case, and what kinds of combinations they can be used in when speaking of a single referent and a double referent (inclusive elliptic referent). Thus we can observe organic expansion of the local cases and diversion in case enumerations.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 275,
"end": 297,
"text": "(\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000:59-62)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Cases",
"sec_num": "4.4"
},
{
"text": "Both language norms have regular extensions of the approximative case -\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044c /-la\u0272/ 'towards X'. The case marker may take additional local case combinations, e.g. approximative + elative, in Permyak -\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u044c /-la\u0272+\u0268\u0255/ and in Zyrian -\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044c\u044b\u0441\u044c /-la\u0272+\u0268\u0255/ 'from on towards X', which is actually just a more specific combination of semantics. Additional extensions mutual to both literary norms include the inessive, illative, prolative, terminative and egressive.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Cases",
"sec_num": "4.4"
},
{
"text": "Diversity between Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak is apparent in both phonetic variation and complementary distribution of morphology. This can be seen in regular nominal declension with regard to the prolative and terminative. The prolative -\u04e7\u0434 /-\u0259d/ and translative -\u0442\u0456 /-ti/, which are both regular declension in Komi-Zyrian, are only represented by a regular prolative -\u04e7\u0442 /-\u0259t/ in Komi-Permyak. Albeit, an analogous transitive -\u0442\u0456 /-ti/ is present present in Komi-Permyak in a few adpositions and adverbs, but it is not considered to be an independent case of its own.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Cases",
"sec_num": "4.4"
},
{
"text": "Similarly, the two Komi-Permyak terminative cases in -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/ and -\u0432\u0438 /-vi/ are only represented by one terminative -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/ in Komi-Zyrian. As a rule of thumb, we can say that the deviant Komi-Permyak -\u0432\u0438 /-vi/ might be replaced in most places by -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/, but research is still required to establish where the semantics of these two forms are distinct. Initially, it may be said that -\u0432\u0438 /-vi/ can be used when indicating motion up to a boundary, whereas -\u04e7\u0434\u0437 /-\u0259dz/ implies both up to and passing that boundary.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Cases",
"sec_num": "4.4"
},
{
"text": "Phonetic diversity is observed in the dative and elative cases. While the Zyrian dative is marked with -\u043b\u044b /-l\u0268/, Permyak uses -\u043b\u04e7 /-l\u0259/. Similarly, elative and ablative differ in their vowels. In Zyrian, the elative is marked with -\u044b\u0441\u044c /-\u0268\u0255/ and the ablative with -\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044c /-l\u0268\u0255/, whereas in Permyak the corresponding forms are elative -\u0438\u0441\u044c /-i\u0255/ and ablative -\u043b\u0456\u0441\u044c /-li\u0255/ When inspecting s where the head has been deleted because it can be derived contextually, as discussed in the WALS chapter on adjectives without nouns (Gil, 2013) , it will be noticed that Komi-Permyak uses a special accusative form for the accusative adjective without a head noun in -\u04e7 /-\u0259/, while the Komi-Zyrian solution in the same context is -\u04e7\u0441 /-\u0259s/, see in Examples 1 and 2 below.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 522,
"end": 533,
"text": "(Gil, 2013)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF2"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Cases",
"sec_num": "4.4"
},
{
"text": "( This difference, although seemingly small, has many implications for possible morphological analysis of such adjective forms. It creates ambiguity between adjective accusative, illative and possessive forms in a way that is not at all present in Zyrian. In addition, the resulting syntactic structure will need very distinct Constraint Grammar rules (Karlsson, 1990) .",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 352,
"end": 368,
"text": "(Karlsson, 1990)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF7"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Cases",
"sec_num": "4.4"
},
{
"text": "Possessive suffixes and case endings in the Komi-Permyak standard may appear in varied order, as illustrated in Example 3.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Case and possessive marker ordering",
"sec_num": "4.5"
},
{
"text": "(3) \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u044b\u0441\u0442\u04e7\u0433 : \u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0442\u04e7\u0433\u044c\u044f\u0441 ka\u0272\u0268st\u0259g cat-P S 3-ka\u0272t\u0259gjas cat--P S 3 'Without his / her cat' (Permyak) Similar phenomena are also attested in Komi-Zyrian but not to the same extent (cf. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000, pp.54-95) . Instead of changing the order of tags in the transducer according to morpheme order, an additional tag set for suffix ordering +So/CP case, possession and +So/PC possession, case has been adapted, as in the description of the two Mari standards (mhr) and (mrj) by Jeremy Bradley, Jack Rueter and Trond Trosterud at Giellatekno. The idea of the extra tag is to retain tag ordering used in testing and constraint grammar construction. In the meantime, an extra tag is made available for possible grammar research.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 184,
"end": 209,
"text": "\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 2000, pp.54-95)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Case and possessive marker ordering",
"sec_num": "4.5"
},
{
"text": "Both Permyak and Zyrian have dialect variation in verbal morphology, but in Permyak orthography more variation is accepted. For example, first and second person finite verb forms have a possibility to omit the final -\u04e7 /-\u0259/ in all tenses, both \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c /mun-am/ and \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043c\u04e7 /mun-am\u0259/, for example, have identical meaning 'to_go-1 .",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "'. Similar variation is also present in Zyrian dialects, but in the literary language it is not accepted, and the Zyrian FST returns an additional error tag.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "In the second past tense third person singular, a different kind of variation is present in which \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430 /mun\u0259ma/ and and\u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c /mun\u0259m/ with both being accepted. In Zyrian, only the first variant is in the literary standard. This has some impact to the possible tags of corresponding participles. In the second past tense second person singular, however, variation is present in the two possible forms such as \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430\u0442 /mun\u0259mat/ and \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0442 /mun\u0259m\u0268t/ 2 . 2. Again, there is no difference in meaning. The latter form is directly comparable to the Zyrian form \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u044b\u0434 /mun\u0259m\u0268d/ through a phonological difference already described above, see Section 3.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "In the third person plural present the variation is similar, but with different elements: \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d\u044b /mun\u0259n\u0268/ and \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d /mun\u0259n/ 'to_go-3 .",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "'.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Again, there is no conceivable difference in meaning. The shorter form seems to be used more in the spoken language. This variation is not present in any form in Zyrian. There are parts of Permyak verbal morphology that have no counterparts in the Zyrian standard language. One of the most frequent differing forms are the third person plural past and future indicative verb forms. In Permyak, the paradigm in past, present and future can be illustrated with the verb \u043c\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b /munn\u0268/ 'to go', \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0441\u04e7 : \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d\u044b (or \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d) : \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u04e7 /munis\u0259/ : /mun\u0259n\u0268/ (or /mun\u0259n/) : /munas\u0259/. In Zyrian the corresponding paradigm would be \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0441\u043d\u044b : \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b /munisn\u0268/ : /mun\u0259n\u0268/ : /munasn\u0268/, which illustrates how forms with -s\u0259 are lacking.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Permyak past tense formation is more regular than Zyrian, which displays complex variation in possible homonymy for first and third person past tense forms of some intransitive verbs, such that \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456 /muni/ could be both a first or third person singular form. In Permyak, the only verb that displays this variation is \u0432\u04e7\u0432\u043d\u044b /v\u0259vn\u0268/ 'to be', whereas other verbs are regularly marked: \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456 /mun-i/ to_go-1 . \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0441 /mun-is/ to_go-3 . .",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "In the Permyak second past tense the form \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430\u0441\u044c /mun\u0259ma\u0255/ corresponds to Zyrian \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u043c\u0430\u04e7\u0441\u044c /mun\u0259ma\u0259\u0255/. Here the morpheme suffixation in Zyrian is more transparent. Similar forms are also possible in Zyrian dialects, but they do not occur in the written standard. From the perspective of morphological analyzer construction, these forms pose no challenge.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Permyak connegatives are formed differently from their Zyrian counterparts, so that Permyak plural connegative is always marked with -\u04e7 /-\u0259/, e.g. \u043e\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7 'he/she does not go' : \u043e\u0437\u04e7 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7 'they do not go' /oz mun\u0259/ : /oz\u0259 mun\u0259/. In Zyrian, the plural connegative would be formed as \u043e\u0437 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b /oz munn\u0268/ 'they do not go', with the connegative form identical to the infinitive of the verb. In this detail, the Permyak connegative is less ambiguous than Zyrian, and i.e. some of the Constraint Grammar rules that disambiguate this currently in Zyrian would not be needed.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Another difference associated with connegatives is the second person plural negation verb forms \u043e\u0434 /od/ and \u043e\u0434\u04e7 /od\u0259/ in Permyak, which are distinct from their Zyrian counterparts \u043e\u043d /on/ and \u043e\u043d\u04e7 /on\u0259/. The same stem is also present in past tense forms, and regularly matches the past tense paradigm with stem initial \u044d-/e-/. The variation in vowel in the end behaves as already described above.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Permyak imperatives have multiple forms not found in Zyrian. Forms created with -\u0442\u0435 /-ce/, e.g. \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7\u0442\u0435 /mun\u0259ce/ 'go-.2 ' and \u0431\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0442\u04e7\u0442\u0435 /bo\u0255t\u0259ce/ 'take-.2 ', do not differ in their meaning from more common imperative forms, such as \u043c\u0443\u043d\u04e7 /mun\u0259/ 'go-.2 ' and \u0431\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0442\u04e7 /bo\u0255t\u0259/ 'take-.2 '. The former forms, however, may be more colloquial (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, 249) . Forms marked with -\u0442\u0435 -ce are present in plural first and second persons.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 332,
"end": 351,
"text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, 249)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Another type of imperative is formed with -\u043a\u043e /-ko/. In the orthography it is written with a hyphen. It is used in second person singular, and in the first and second person plural. This imperative has a softer meaning, more of a request than a command. We use the tag +Prec, as in precative\u00b2. This form is a direct parallel to the Russian -\u043a\u0430 /-ka/, which also indicates a request, e.g. \u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435-\u043a\u0430 /vo\u0291mice-ka/ 'do take [it]'.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Related to imperatives, the optative is formed in Permyak written language with two particles \u0430\u0441\u044c /a\u0255/ and \u043c\u0435\u0434 /med/. The former particle does not exist in Komi-Zyrian.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "The converb system in Permyak displays some characteristics not found in Zyrian. One difference is uniquely the Permyak converb -\u0442\u04e7\u043d /-t\u0259n/. It expresses simultaneous action of two verbs. In this latter form the prolative and possessive suffix are not clearly separable, which again illustrates the more fusional morphology of Permyak when compared to Zyrian. (Looking back at the plural morpheme, it will be noted that palatalization is a distinguishing factor in the possessive forms)",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "Another converb that lacks a complete correspondence in Komi is the Permyak -\u0438\u043a /-ik/. In Zyrian there is a cognate converb -\u0438\u0433 /-ig/, and this form also expresses simultaneous action as the Permyak -\u0442\u04e7\u043d /-t\u0259n/ converb discussed above. There are, however, small differences between the languages. In Permyak the converb when not used as an unmarked complement is always used with the unambiguous illative case or the ambiguous illative case with possessive suffixing, whereas in Zyrian the instrumental is used in the forms that are not marked for possessor. In both languages, however, the possessive forms are deductively in the illative (as determined by the semantic use of the illative), and they are structurally formed in identical way, i.e. \u043c\u0443\u043d-\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0441 /mun-ikas/ go-. .3 , Zyrian \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0441 /mun-igas/ go-. .3 'while going'",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Verbal morphology",
"sec_num": "4.6"
},
{
"text": "There are individual derivational morphemes that are present in Permyak but not in Zyrian. There is -\u0436\u0443\u0433 /-\u0292ug/ that forms pejoratives, and multiple diminutives such as -\u043e\u043a /-ok/, -\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 /-ot \u0361 \u0255ka/ and\u0438\u043d\u044c\u04e7\u0439 /-i\u0272\u0259j/.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Derivational morphology",
"sec_num": "4.7"
},
{
"text": "In adjective formation, Permyak has several particular features. It is possible to form new adjectives from nouns with suffix -\u043e\u0432\u04e7\u0439 /-ov\u0259j/ (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14) Additionally, -\u04e7\u0432 /-\u0259v/ forms excessive adjectives and adverbs, i.e. \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442 : \u044b\u0434\u0436\u044b\u0442\u04e7\u0432 /\u0268d\u0292\u02d0\u0268t/ : /\u0268d\u0292\u02d0\u0268t\u0259v/ 'large : too large'.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 140,
"end": 161,
"text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Derivational morphology",
"sec_num": "4.7"
},
{
"text": "There are also numerous derivation types that are found in Zyrian, but are not present in Permyak (\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14) -\u043b\u0443\u043d /-lun/, -\u0448\u043e\u0439 /\u0283oj/ and -\u0443\u043a /-uk/. As corresponding forms do not exist, the analyzer should either provide no analysis for them, or possibly mark them with a tag indicating they are non-standard.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 98,
"end": 119,
"text": "(\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d, 1962, p. 14)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Derivational morphology",
"sec_num": "4.7"
},
{
"text": "Discourse clitic marking in Komi-Zyrian is a salient source of morphological ambiguity. While both =\u0441\u04e7 /=s\u0259/ and =\u0442\u04e7 /=t\u0259/ can be interpreted as clitics, they also represent the accusative case with third person singular and second person singular possessive marking, respectively. As these clitics do not occur in Permyak, such a homonymy is not present in the paradigm, making disambiguation of Permyak less problematic.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Clitics",
"sec_num": "5"
},
{
"text": "There are two discourse clitics commonly used in Permyak, =\u0442\u0443 /=tu/ and =\u0442\u043e /=to/. Both occur in the written standard, with their origin possibly in varied dialect distributions. In Zyrian dialects, a corresponding clitic in =\u0442\u043e /=to/ is also present, but the most important factor here is that, as explained above, while these clitics take the role of Zyrian =\u0441\u04e7 /=s\u0259/ and =\u0442\u04e7, they also make Permyak accusatives much less ambigious than those in Zyrian.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Clitics",
"sec_num": "5"
},
{
"text": "With the infinitive forms of Permyak verbs, a form identical to Zyrian =\u0442\u04e7 /=t\u0259/ does occur (\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1975, p. 188) , but the amount of ambiguity this introduces is not as problematic as what is seen in Zyrian.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 92,
"end": 116,
"text": "(\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1975, p. 188)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Clitics",
"sec_num": "5"
},
{
"text": "Question marking in the two Komis presents a dichotomy of =\u04e7 /=\u0259/ in Komi-Zyrian and an independent particle \u044f /ja/ in Komi-Permyak. Anticipation of a shallow-transfer translation system, raises the question of how these equivalent items might be designated for both languages regardless of orthographic conventions. (In Western tradition, the question is one of the four traditional sentence types, so there should be a way to address it in the code.)",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Clitics",
"sec_num": "5"
},
{
"text": "Work with the 2.5 release of the Komi-Permyak Universal Dependencies treebank (UD_Komi_Permyak-UH) has emphasized the need for consistency with the existing Zyrian treebanks. Since the Zyrian treebanks are relatively small, it is still easy to propose changes for both treebank sets, and future work with Zyrian also needs to be considered in the Permyak treebank.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Universal Dependencies",
"sec_num": "6"
},
{
"text": "As Permyak and Zyrian are very closely related languages, the development of different treebanks will certainly be mutually beneficial. There has been recent interest to use resources from related or contact languages in order to train tools such as dependency parsers (i.e. , but, in the case of Komi-Zyrian, none of the languages in the Universal Dependencies project have been particularly close to Komi, and the results have not been at so high a level that such models could have been applied in language documentation work. With Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian, multilingual model training of this type may very well be worth the effort, as the grammatical structures and lexicon are largely shared. The benefits become particularly clear when attempts are made to process dialect materials in either language, as the distribution of features is in many ways different from those of the written standards (further discussion of which, unfortunately, is outside the scope of this paper).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Universal Dependencies",
"sec_num": "6"
},
{
"text": "The Komi-Permyak treebank, once again, underscores the need for a different approach to representative sentence selection. While large treebank projects are able to utilize large amounts of data with inherited but transferable annotation from other projects, small languages, such as Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyrian, cannot really opt for statistical representation. Instead, it is proposed that features specific to the language be selected. Hence, part of the strategy for the initial release of the Komi-Permyak treebank was to feature numerals and their regular morpho-semantic use, e.g. both Komi standards have multiplicative-distributional numerals as well as ordinal-multiplicative numerals. Komi-Permyak, however, has an additional a-final numeral used in copula complement position to indicate the notion of a tallied sum, e.g. One approach could be to select example sentences from available Komi grammars, as this way it would be possible to make different grammatical phenomena fully represented. There are many features of Komi that are typologically relevant, but relatively rare, as already discussed in . These include, among other features, various stacked cases that occur only sporadically in all their realizations even in a very large written corpora.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Universal Dependencies",
"sec_num": "6"
},
{
"text": "While the morphological analyzer is still being developed for Permyak, with the groundwork for it largely copied from the existing Zyrian analyzer, special attention must be paid to the particularities of Permyak and the reduction of interference from the original Zyrian. One approach that needs further work is to ensure that both Permyak and Zyrian YAML tests are comparable in their coverage, which would also allow further automatic testing of how large the number of shared forms is. This, for example, would require the writing of YAML tests for Komi-Zyrian, which has few tests on the whole.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Possibilities for resource reuse",
"sec_num": "7"
},
{
"text": "Permyak and Zyrian also share a extensive majority of their lexicon. This leaves the question open as to how exactly we should proceed with the management of the lexicographic data for these languages, i.e. while using tools such as Akusanat and Verdd (see i.e. Rueter and H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2017; H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b) . One also has to ask whether there are specific ways on how Permyak and Zyrian lexical resources should be connected to each other. This might be solved with cognate searching analogical to what has been used for Northern Sami and Skolt Sami cognates for establishing initial etymological associations (H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019a) . Russian loanwords, although differently adapted are largely shared. At present, this issue has been partially solved through the sharing of proper nouns mutual to nearly all languages written in Russian Cyrillics\u00b3 (49,156 words) and additional adjectives shared by both Komi transducers \u2074 (~6000 words), whose content was initially introduced in FU-Lab for adjectives ending in -\u04e7\u0439 /-\u0259j/. The shared kom-adjectives-russian-like.lexc file has preliminarily been selected on the pretext that the Komi letter \u04e7 cannot occur twice in a given Komi-Permyak stem. Further editing of this file will be required to remove Komi-Zyrian instances of -\u04e7\u0439 /\u0259j/ where the Russian equivalent would indicate a stressed vowel. When the Russian equivalent has a stressed -\u043e, the Permyak variant is also -\u043e.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 262,
"end": 290,
"text": "Rueter and H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, 2017;",
"ref_id": "BIBREF11"
},
{
"start": 291,
"end": 320,
"text": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019b)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF5"
},
{
"start": 624,
"end": 654,
"text": "(H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Rueter, 2019a)",
"ref_id": "BIBREF4"
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Possibilities for resource reuse",
"sec_num": "7"
},
{
"text": "It must be mentioned that through our meticulous work on Komi-Permyak analyzer, we have arrived at a situation where there are more YAML tests for Permyak than for Zyrian. It could be an interesting idea to make sure that Permyak and Zyr-\u00b3gtsvn/giella-shared/urj-Cyrl/src/morphology/stems/urj-Cyrl-propernouns.lexc \u2074gtsvn/langs/kpv/src/morphology/stems/kom-adjectivesrussian-like.lexc ian tests contain the same lexemes with their matching analyses. The forms would be different, but this would allow comparing the paradigms from one more perspective. (In fact, this can be rendered rather easily by generating a separate full Zyrian YAML test for every lexeme addressed in the Permyak YAML tests, but it will also require nativelike language knowledge for proof-reading. )) In addition, at least the forms that categorically do not exist in the Permyak should not be getting a reading, but the situation becomes more complicated with the forms shared by various Zyrian and Permyak dialects. (Here, we will need to use the descriptive YAML tests. As there are already three categories of YAML tests in the Giella infrastructure: dict[ionary], norm[ative] and desc[riptive]) Probably, some additional distinctions will be made between the descriptive and normative analyzers, with the first being less restricted, as has been done with Zyrian earlier. (Analogical work has been done in this vein with development of the V\u00f5ro language YAML tests due to the extensively descriptive nature originally depicted in the transducer to cover various dialects (Iva and Rueter, 2020)) ",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 1550,
"end": 1573,
"text": "(Iva and Rueter, 2020))",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Possibilities for resource reuse",
"sec_num": "7"
},
{
"text": "Based to our analysis, developing a Komi-Permyak FST based on the Komi-Zyrian FST is a worthwhile and relatively straightforward process. We also believe that there are ways to use such analyzers for better identification and quantification of the differences between these pluricentric varieties.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Conclusion",
"sec_num": "8"
},
{
"text": "The approach taken in this paper, with a detailed description of the morphological differences encountered between the two norms, is believed to render a more legible work flow. Such a plan helps to formulate strategies for development and further work on the Komi-Permyak analyzer and treebanks.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Conclusion",
"sec_num": "8"
},
{
"text": "One of the upcoming tasks is to extend this work from the literary languages into various dialects, as has already been done with the Zyrian analyzer. This will further complicate the relationship between work done on Permyak and Zyrian, as the feature isoglosses usually have distributions that do not follow the official language boundaries. Although smaller Komi varieties such as Zyuzdin and Yazva have some resources and recent publishing activities (for Yazva i.e. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2003) , it is currently unclear in which forms the existing resources on these languages should be integrated into the infrastruc-ture described here.",
"cite_spans": [
{
"start": 471,
"end": 487,
"text": "\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, 2003)",
"ref_id": null
}
],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Conclusion",
"sec_num": "8"
},
{
"text": "Our analysis is based on standard grammatical references to Komi-Permyak, so if there are features that need to be addressed further, they might be something that earlier literature has either neglected or failed to notice. Thus the development of a computational infrastructure becomes better anchored in the grammatical description of Komi-Permyak, and the relationship of these often remote, although closely connected activities, becomes more firmly established.",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Conclusion",
"sec_num": "8"
}
],
"back_matter": [
{
"text": "Jack Rueter has been able to participate in these developments while performing expertise work on Uralic languages for a FINCLARIN project at the University of Helsinki, Digital Humanities Department. Special thanks to the University of Helsinki for funding Rueter's travel.Niko Partanen works within the project Language Documentation meets Language Technology: The Next Step in the Description of Komi, funded by the Kone Foundation, Finland. Special thanks to the University of Helsinki for funding Partanen's travel.Larisa Ponomareva is presently working as a research assistant at the University of Helsinki, Digital Humanities with funding from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution (KELA).",
"cite_spans": [],
"ref_spans": [],
"eq_spans": [],
"section": "Acknowledgments",
"sec_num": null
}
],
"bib_entries": {
"BIBREF0": {
"ref_id": "b0",
"title": "The open dictionary infrastructure for uralic languages",
"authors": [
{
"first": "K",
"middle": [],
"last": "Alnajjar",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "N",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b II \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0423\u0444\u0430",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "49--51",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "K. Alnajjar, M. H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, N. Partanen, and Jack Rueter. 2019. The open dictionary infrastructure for uralic languages. In \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b II \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0423\u0444\u0430, 11-12 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2019 \u0433.), pages 49-51.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF1": {
"ref_id": "b1",
"title": "Reusing grammatical resources for new languages",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Lene",
"middle": [],
"last": "Antonsen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Trond",
"middle": [],
"last": "Trosterud",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Linda",
"middle": [],
"last": "Wiechetek",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2010,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10)",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Lene Antonsen, Trond Trosterud, and Linda Wiechetek. 2010. Reusing grammatical resources for new lan- guages. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), Valletta, Malta. European Language Re- sources Association (ELRA).",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF2": {
"ref_id": "b2",
"title": "Adjectives without nouns",
"authors": [
{
"first": "David",
"middle": [],
"last": "Gil",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2013,
"venue": "The World Atlas of Language Structures Online",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "David Gil. 2013. Adjectives without nouns. In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath, edi- tors, The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF3": {
"ref_id": "b3",
"title": "UralicNLP: An NLP library for Uralic languages",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Mika",
"middle": [],
"last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "Journal of Open Source Software",
"volume": "4",
"issue": "37",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {
"DOI": [
"10.21105/joss.01345"
]
},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen. 2019. UralicNLP: An NLP library for Uralic languages. Journal of Open Source Soft- ware, 4(37):1345.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF4": {
"ref_id": "b4",
"title": "Finding Sami cognates with a Character-Based NMT Approach",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Mika",
"middle": [],
"last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages",
"volume": "1",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Jack Rueter. 2019a. Finding Sami cognates with a Character-Based NMT Ap- proach. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computa- tional Methods for Endangered Languages, volume 1.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF5": {
"ref_id": "b5",
"title": "An open online dictionary for endangered uralic languages. Electronic lexicography in the 21st century",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Mika",
"middle": [],
"last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and Jack Rueter. 2019b. An open on- line dictionary for endangered uralic languages. Elec- tronic lexicography in the 21st century (eLex 2019): Smart lexicography.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF6": {
"ref_id": "b6",
"title": "2020. rueter/aku-morphvoro: Basic adjectives, nouns and verbs",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Sulev",
"middle": [],
"last": "Iva",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": null,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {
"DOI": [
"10.5281/zenodo.3596274"
]
},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Sulev Iva and Jack Rueter. 2020. rueter/aku-morph- voro: Basic adjectives, nouns and verbs.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF7": {
"ref_id": "b7",
"title": "Constraint grammar as a framework for parsing running text",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Fred",
"middle": [],
"last": "Karlsson",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1990,
"venue": "In COLNG",
"volume": "3",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Fred Karlsson. 1990. Constraint grammar as a frame- work for parsing running text. In COLNG 1990 Vol- ume 3: Papers presented to the 13th International Con- ference on Computational Linguistics.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF8": {
"ref_id": "b8",
"title": "Multilingual dependency parsing for lowresource languages: Case studies",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Kyungtae",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lim",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Thierry",
"middle": [],
"last": "Poibeau",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2018,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "KyungTae Lim, Niko Partanen, and Thierry Poibeau. 2018. Multilingual dependency parsing for low- resource languages: Case studies on North Saami and Komi-Zyrian.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF9": {
"ref_id": "b9",
"title": "The first Komi-Zyrian Universal Dependencies treebanks",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Rogier",
"middle": [],
"last": "Blokland",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kyungtae",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lim",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Thierry",
"middle": [],
"last": "Poibeau",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Michael",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rie\u00dfler",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2018,
"venue": "Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "126--132",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Niko Partanen, Rogier Blokland, KyungTae Lim, Thierry Poibeau, and Michael Rie\u00dfler. 2018. The first Komi-Zyrian Universal Dependencies treebanks. In Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2018), November 2018, Brussels, Belgium, pages 126- 132.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF10": {
"ref_id": "b10",
"title": "Building minority dependency treebanks, dictionaries and computational grammars at the same time-an experiment in Karelian treebanking",
"authors": [
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Tommi A Pirinen",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Universal Dependencies",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "132--136",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Tommi A Pirinen. 2019. Building minority dependency treebanks, dictionaries and computational grammars at the same time-an experiment in Karelian tree- banking. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW, SyntaxFest 2019), pages 132-136.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF11": {
"ref_id": "b11",
"title": "Synchronized Mediawiki based analyzer dictionary development",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Mika",
"middle": [],
"last": "H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2017,
"venue": "International Workshop for Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "1--7",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack Rueter and Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen. 2017. Synchro- nized Mediawiki based analyzer dictionary develop- ment. In International Workshop for Computational Linguistics of Uralic Languages, pages 1-7. Associa- tion for Computational Linguistics.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF12": {
"ref_id": "b12",
"title": "Survey of Uralic Universal Dependencies development",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "Workshop on Universal Dependencies",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack Rueter and Niko Partanen. 2019. Survey of Uralic Universal Dependencies development. In Workshop on Universal Dependencies, page 78. Association for Computational Linguistics.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF13": {
"ref_id": "b13",
"title": "rueter/aku-morph-komi-permyak: Basic nouns, verbs and pronouns",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Larisa",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ponomareva",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {
"DOI": [
"10.5281/zenodo.3595916"
]
},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack Rueter, Niko Partanen, and Larisa Ponomareva. 2019a. rueter/aku-morph-komi-permyak: Basic nouns, verbs and pronouns.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF14": {
"ref_id": "b14",
"title": "rueter/aku-morph-komi-zyrian: Basic nouns, verbs and pronouns",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Larisa",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ponomareva",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2019,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {
"DOI": [
"10.5281/zenodo.3402771"
]
},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack Rueter, Niko Partanen, and Larisa Ponomareva. 2019b. rueter/aku-morph-komi-zyrian: Basic nouns, verbs and pronouns.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF15": {
"ref_id": "b15",
"title": "2020. langdoc/comparative-permic-database: Comparative Permic Database",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Larisa",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ponomareva",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": null,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {
"DOI": [
"10.5281/zenodo.3596434"
]
},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack Rueter, Niko Partanen, and Larisa Ponomareva. 2020. langdoc/comparative-permic-database: Com- parative Permic Database.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF16": {
"ref_id": "b16",
"title": "Towards an opensource universal-dependency treebank for Erzya",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Francis",
"middle": [],
"last": "Tyers",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2018,
"venue": "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic languages",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "106--118",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack Rueter and Francis Tyers. 2018. Towards an open- source universal-dependency treebank for Erzya. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic languages, pages 106-118. ACL.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF17": {
"ref_id": "b17",
"title": "\u0425\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432 \u0442\u0443\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044c \u0418\u0436\u043a\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0443\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d \u043b\u044b\u0434\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u0442\u043e\u0440",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jack",
"middle": [
"M"
],
"last": "Rueter",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2000,
"venue": "\u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 6 (Proceedings of Permistika 6 conference)",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "154--158",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Jack M. Rueter. 2000. \u0425\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432 \u0442\u0443\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0441\u044c \u0418\u0436\u043a\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0443\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043d \u043b\u044b\u0434\u0434\u044c\u04e7\u043c\u0442\u043e\u0440. In \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 6 (Proceedings of Per- mistika 6 conference), pages 154-158.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF18": {
"ref_id": "b18",
"title": "Annotation schemes in North S\u00e1mi dependency parsing",
"authors": [
{
"first": "M",
"middle": [],
"last": "Francis",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Mariya",
"middle": [],
"last": "Tyers",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Sheyanova",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2017,
"venue": "Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "66--75",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Francis M Tyers and Mariya Sheyanova. 2017. Annota- tion schemes in North S\u00e1mi dependency parsing. In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages, pages 66-75.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF19": {
"ref_id": "b19",
"title": "Barbora Hladk\u00e1, Jaroslava Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, Florinel Hociung",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Daniel",
"middle": [],
"last": "Zeman",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Joakim",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nivre",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Mitchell",
"middle": [],
"last": "Abrams",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "No\u00ebmi",
"middle": [],
"last": "Aepli",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "\u017deljko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Agi\u0107",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Lars",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ahrenberg",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Gabriel\u0117",
"middle": [],
"last": "Aleksandravi\u010di\u016bt\u0117",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Lene",
"middle": [],
"last": "Antonsen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Katya",
"middle": [],
"last": "Aplonova",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Maria",
"middle": [
"Jesus"
],
"last": "Aranzabe",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Gashaw",
"middle": [],
"last": "Arutie",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Masayuki",
"middle": [],
"last": "Asahara",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Luma",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ateyah",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Mohammed",
"middle": [],
"last": "Attia",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Aitziber",
"middle": [],
"last": "Atutxa",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Liesbeth",
"middle": [],
"last": "Augustinus",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Elena",
"middle": [],
"last": "Badmaeva",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Miguel",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ballesteros",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Esha",
"middle": [],
"last": "Banerjee",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Sebastian",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bank",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Victoria",
"middle": [],
"last": "Verginica Barbu Mititelu",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Colin",
"middle": [],
"last": "Basmov",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "John",
"middle": [],
"last": "Batchelor",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Sandra",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bauer",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kepa",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bellato",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yevgeni",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bengoetxea",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Berzak",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Ahmad",
"middle": [],
"last": "Irshad",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Riyaz",
"middle": [
"Ahmad"
],
"last": "Bhat",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Erica",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bhat",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Eckhard",
"middle": [],
"last": "Biagetti",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Agn\u0117",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bick",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Rogier",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bielinskien\u0117",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Victoria",
"middle": [],
"last": "Blokland",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Lo\u00efc",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bobicev",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Emanuel",
"middle": [
"Borges"
],
"last": "Boizou",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Carl",
"middle": [],
"last": "V\u00f6lker",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Cristina",
"middle": [],
"last": "B\u00f6rstell",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Gosse",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bosco",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Sam",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bouma",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Adriane",
"middle": [],
"last": "Bowman",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kristina",
"middle": [],
"last": "Boyd",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Aljoscha",
"middle": [],
"last": "Brokait\u0117",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Marie",
"middle": [],
"last": "Burchardt",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Bernard",
"middle": [],
"last": "Candito",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Gauthier",
"middle": [],
"last": "Caron",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Tatiana",
"middle": [],
"last": "Caron",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "G\u00fcl\u015fen",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cavalcanti",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Flavio",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cebiro\u011flu Eryi\u011fit",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Giuseppe",
"middle": [
"G A"
],
"last": "Massimiliano Cecchini",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Slavom\u00edr",
"middle": [],
"last": "Celano",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Savas",
"middle": [],
"last": "\u010c\u00e9pl\u00f6",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Fabricio",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cetin",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jinho",
"middle": [],
"last": "Chalub",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yongseok",
"middle": [],
"last": "Choi",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jayeol",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cho",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Alessandra",
"middle": [
"T"
],
"last": "Chun",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Silvie",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cignarella",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Aur\u00e9lie",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cinkov\u00e1",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131",
"middle": [],
"last": "Collomb",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Miriam",
"middle": [],
"last": "\u00c7\u00f6ltekin",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Marine",
"middle": [],
"last": "Connor",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Courtin ; Sebastian",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kim",
"middle": [],
"last": "Garza",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Filip",
"middle": [],
"last": "Gerdes",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Iakes",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ginter",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Koldo",
"middle": [],
"last": "Goenaga",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Memduh",
"middle": [],
"last": "Gojenola",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yoav",
"middle": [],
"last": "G\u00f6k\u0131rmak",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Nadezhda",
"middle": [],
"last": "Goldberg ; Andre Kaasen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kabaeva",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Hiroshi",
"middle": [],
"last": "Sylvain Kahane",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jenna",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kanayama",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Boris",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kanerva",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Tolga",
"middle": [],
"last": "Katz",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jessica",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kayadelen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "V\u00e1clava",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kenney",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jesse",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kettnerov\u00e1",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kirchner",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": null,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Daniel Zeman, Joakim Nivre, Mitchell Abrams, No\u00ebmi Aepli, \u017deljko Agi\u0107, Lars Ahrenberg, Gabriel\u0117 Alek- sandravi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, Lene Antonsen, Katya Aplonova, Maria Jesus Aranzabe, Gashaw Arutie, Masayuki Asahara, Luma Ateyah, Mohammed Attia, Aitz- iber Atutxa, Liesbeth Augustinus, Elena Badmaeva, Miguel Ballesteros, Esha Banerjee, Sebastian Bank, Verginica Barbu Mititelu, Victoria Basmov, Colin Batchelor, John Bauer, Sandra Bellato, Kepa Ben- goetxea, Yevgeni Berzak, Irshad Ahmad Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad Bhat, Erica Biagetti, Eckhard Bick, Agn\u0117 Bielinskien\u0117, Rogier Blokland, Victoria Bo- bicev, Lo\u00efc Boizou, Emanuel Borges V\u00f6lker, Carl B\u00f6rstell, Cristina Bosco, Gosse Bouma, Sam Bow- man, Adriane Boyd, Kristina Brokait\u0117, Aljoscha Bur- chardt, Marie Candito, Bernard Caron, Gauthier Caron, Tatiana Cavalcanti, G\u00fcl\u015fen Cebiro\u011flu Ery- i\u011fit, Flavio Massimiliano Cecchini, Giuseppe G. A. Celano, Slavom\u00edr \u010c\u00e9pl\u00f6, Savas Cetin, Fabricio Chalub, Jinho Choi, Yongseok Cho, Jayeol Chun, Alessandra T. Cignarella, Silvie Cinkov\u00e1, Aur\u00e9lie Collomb, \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6ltekin, Miriam Connor, Ma- rine Courtin, Elizabeth Davidson, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Valeria de Paiva, Elvis de Souza, Arantza Diaz de Ilarraza, Carly Dickerson, Bamba Dione, Peter Dirix, Kaja Dobrovoljc, Timothy Dozat, Kira Droganova, Puneet Dwivedi, Hanne Eckhoff, Marhaba Eli, Ali Elkahky, Binyam Ephrem, Olga Erina, Toma\u017e Erjavec, Aline Etienne, Wograine Evelyn, Rich\u00e1rd Farkas, Hector Fernandez Al- calde, Jennifer Foster, Cl\u00e1udia Freitas, Kazunori Fu- jita, Katar\u00edna Gajdo\u0161ov\u00e1, Daniel Galbraith, Mar- cos Garcia, Moa G\u00e4rdenfors, Sebastian Garza, Kim Gerdes, Filip Ginter, Iakes Goenaga, Koldo Gojenola, Memduh G\u00f6k\u0131rmak, Yoav Goldberg, Xavier G\u00f3mez Guinovart, Berta Gonz\u00e1lez Saave- dra, Bernadeta Grici\u016bt\u0117, Matias Grioni, Normunds Gr\u016bz\u012btis, Bruno Guillaume, C\u00e9line Guillot-Barbance, Nizar Habash, Jan Haji\u010d, Jan Haji\u010d jr., Mika H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, Linh H\u00e0 M\u1ef9, Na-Rae Han, Kim Har- ris, Dag Haug, Johannes Heinecke, Felix Hennig, Barbora Hladk\u00e1, Jaroslava Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, Florinel Hoci- ung, Petter Hohle, Jena Hwang, Takumi Ikeda, Radu Ion, Elena Irimia, \u1eccl\u00e1j\u00edd\u00e9 Ishola, Tom\u00e1\u0161 Jel\u00ednek, Anders Johannsen, Fredrik J\u00f8rgensen, Markus Juu- tinen, H\u00fcner Ka\u015f\u0131kara, Andre Kaasen, Nadezhda Kabaeva, Sylvain Kahane, Hiroshi Kanayama, Jenna Kanerva, Boris Katz, Tolga Kayadelen, Jessica Ken- ney, V\u00e1clava Kettnerov\u00e1, Jesse Kirchner, Elena Kle- mentieva, Arne K\u00f6hn, Kamil Kopacewicz, Natalia Kotsyba, Jolanta Kovalevskait\u0117, Simon Krek, Sooky- oung Kwak, Veronika Laippala, Lorenzo Lambertino, Lucia Lam, Tatiana Lando, Septina Dian Larasati, Alexei Lavrentiev, John Lee, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng,",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF20": {
"ref_id": "b20",
"title": "Tiina Puolakainen, Sampo Pyysalo, Peng Qi, Andriela R\u00e4\u00e4bis",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Alessandro",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lenci",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Saran",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lertpradit",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Herman",
"middle": [],
"last": "Leung",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Ying",
"middle": [],
"last": "Cheuk",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Josie",
"middle": [],
"last": "Li",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Keying",
"middle": [],
"last": "Li",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kyungtae",
"middle": [],
"last": "Li",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Maria",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lim",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yuan",
"middle": [],
"last": "Liovina",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Nikola",
"middle": [],
"last": "Li",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Olga",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ljube\u0161i\u0107",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Olga",
"middle": [],
"last": "Loginova",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Teresa",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lyashevskaya",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Vivien",
"middle": [],
"last": "Lynn",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Aibek",
"middle": [],
"last": "Macketanz",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Michael",
"middle": [],
"last": "Makazhanov",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Christopher",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mandl",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Ruli",
"middle": [],
"last": "Manning",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "C\u0103t\u0103lina",
"middle": [],
"last": "Manurung",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "David",
"middle": [],
"last": "M\u0103r\u0103nduc",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Katrin",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mare\u010dek",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Marheinecke",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Andr\u00e9",
"middle": [],
"last": "H\u00e9ctor Mart\u00ednez Alonso",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jan",
"middle": [],
"last": "Martins",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yuji",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ma\u0161ek",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Ryan",
"middle": [],
"last": "Matsumoto",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Sarah",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mcdonald",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Gustavo",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mcguinness",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mendon\u00e7a",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Margarita",
"middle": [],
"last": "Miekka",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Anna",
"middle": [],
"last": "Misirpashayeva",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "C\u0103t\u0103lin",
"middle": [],
"last": "Missil\u00e4",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Maria",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mititelu",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yusuke",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mitrofan",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Simonetta",
"middle": [],
"last": "Miyao",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Amir",
"middle": [],
"last": "Montemagni",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Laura",
"middle": [
"Moreno"
],
"last": "More",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Keiko",
"middle": [
"Sophie"
],
"last": "Romero",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Tomohiko",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mori",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Shinsuke",
"middle": [],
"last": "Morioka",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Shigeki",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mori",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Bjartur",
"middle": [],
"last": "Moro",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Bohdan",
"middle": [],
"last": "Mortensen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kadri",
"middle": [],
"last": "Moskalevskyi",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Robert",
"middle": [],
"last": "Muischnek",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yugo",
"middle": [],
"last": "Munro",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Kaili",
"middle": [],
"last": "Murawaki",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Pinkey",
"middle": [],
"last": "M\u00fc\u00fcrisep",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Juan Ignacio Navarro",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nainwani",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Anna",
"middle": [],
"last": "Hor\u00f1iacek",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Gunta",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nedoluzhko",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ne\u0161pore-B\u0113rzkalne",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Huy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb",
"middle": [],
"last": "L\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Yoshihiro",
"middle": [],
"last": "Minh",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Vitaly",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nikaido",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Rattima",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nikolaev",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Hanna",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nitisaroj",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Stina",
"middle": [],
"last": "Nurmi",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Atul",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ojala",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Kr",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ojha",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Mai",
"middle": [],
"last": "Ad\u00e9day\u1ecd\u0300ol\u00fa\u00f2kun",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Petya",
"middle": [],
"last": "Omura",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Robert",
"middle": [],
"last": "Osenova",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Lilja",
"middle": [],
"last": "\u00d6stling",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Niko",
"middle": [],
"last": "\u00d8vrelid",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Elena",
"middle": [],
"last": "Partanen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Marco",
"middle": [],
"last": "Pascual",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Agnieszka",
"middle": [],
"last": "Passarotti",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Guilherme",
"middle": [],
"last": "Patejuk",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Angelika",
"middle": [],
"last": "Paulino-Passos",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Siyao",
"middle": [],
"last": "Peljak-\u0141api\u0144ska",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Cenel-Augusto",
"middle": [],
"last": "Peng",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Guy",
"middle": [],
"last": "Perez",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Daria",
"middle": [],
"last": "Perrier",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Slav",
"middle": [],
"last": "Petrova",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jason",
"middle": [],
"last": "Petrov",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Jussi",
"middle": [],
"last": "Phelan",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Tommi",
"middle": [
"A"
],
"last": "Piitulainen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "Emily",
"middle": [],
"last": "Pirinen",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "",
"middle": [],
"last": "Pitler",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": null,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "Alessandro Lenci, Saran Lertpradit, Herman Leung, Cheuk Ying Li, Josie Li, Keying Li, KyungTae Lim, Maria Liovina, Yuan Li, Nikola Ljube\u0161i\u0107, Olga Logi- nova, Olga Lyashevskaya, Teresa Lynn, Vivien Mack- etanz, Aibek Makazhanov, Michael Mandl, Christo- pher Manning, Ruli Manurung, C\u0103t\u0103lina M\u0103r\u0103n- duc, David Mare\u010dek, Katrin Marheinecke, H\u00e9c- tor Mart\u00ednez Alonso, Andr\u00e9 Martins, Jan Ma\u0161ek, Yuji Matsumoto, Ryan McDonald, Sarah McGuin- ness, Gustavo Mendon\u00e7a, Niko Miekka, Mar- garita Misirpashayeva, Anna Missil\u00e4, C\u0103t\u0103lin Mi- titelu, Maria Mitrofan, Yusuke Miyao, Simonetta Montemagni, Amir More, Laura Moreno Romero, Keiko Sophie Mori, Tomohiko Morioka, Shinsuke Mori, Shigeki Moro, Bjartur Mortensen, Bohdan Moskalevskyi, Kadri Muischnek, Robert Munro, Yugo Murawaki, Kaili M\u00fc\u00fcrisep, Pinkey Nainwani, Juan Ignacio Navarro Hor\u00f1iacek, Anna Nedoluzhko, Gunta Ne\u0161pore-B\u0113rzkalne, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb, Huy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Minh, Yoshihiro Nikaido, Vi- taly Nikolaev, Rattima Nitisaroj, Hanna Nurmi, Stina Ojala, Atul Kr. Ojha, Ad\u00e9day\u1ecd\u0300Ol\u00fa\u00f2kun, Mai Omura, Petya Osenova, Robert \u00d6stling, Lilja \u00d8vre- lid, Niko Partanen, Elena Pascual, Marco Passarotti, Agnieszka Patejuk, Guilherme Paulino-Passos, An- gelika Peljak-\u0141api\u0144ska, Siyao Peng, Cenel-Augusto Perez, Guy Perrier, Daria Petrova, Slav Petrov, Jason Phelan, Jussi Piitulainen, Tommi A Pirinen, Emily Pitler, Barbara Plank, Thierry Poibeau, Larisa Pono- mareva, Martin Popel, Lauma Pretkalni\u0146a, Sophie Pr\u00e9vost, Prokopis Prokopidis, Adam Przepi\u00f3rkowski, Tiina Puolakainen, Sampo Pyysalo, Peng Qi, An- driela R\u00e4\u00e4bis, Alexandre Rademaker, Loganathan Ramasamy, Taraka Rama, Carlos Ramisch, Vinit Ravishankar, Livy Real, Siva Reddy, Georg Rehm, Ivan Riabov, Michael Rie\u00dfler, Erika Rimkut\u0117, Larissa Rinaldi, Laura Rituma, Luisa Rocha, Mykhailo Ro- manenko, Rudolf Rosa, Davide Rovati, Valentin Ro\u0219ca, Olga Rudina, Jack Rueter, Shoval Sadde, Beno\u00eet Sagot, Shadi Saleh, Alessio Salomoni, Tanja Samard\u017ei\u0107, Stephanie Samson, Manuela Sanguinetti, Dage S\u00e4rg, Baiba Saul\u012bte, Yanin Sawanakunanon, Nathan Schneider, Sebastian Schuster, Djam\u00e9 Sed- dah, Wolfgang Seeker, Mojgan Seraji, Mo Shen, Atsuko Shimada, Hiroyuki Shirasu, Muh Shohibus- sirri, Dmitry Sichinava, Aline Silveira, Natalia Sil- veira, Maria Simi, Radu Simionescu, Katalin Simk\u00f3, M\u00e1ria \u0160imkov\u00e1, Kiril Simov, Aaron Smith, Isabela Soares-Bastos, Carolyn Spadine, Antonio Stella, Mi- lan Straka, Jana Strnadov\u00e1, Alane Suhr, Umut Suluba- cak, Shingo Suzuki, Zsolt Sz\u00e1nt\u00f3, Dima Taji, Yuta Takahashi, Fabio Tamburini, Takaaki Tanaka, Is- abelle Tellier, Guillaume Thomas, Liisi Torga, Trond Trosterud, Anna Trukhina, Reut Tsarfaty, Francis Tyers, Sumire Uematsu, Zde\u0148ka Ure\u0161ov\u00e1, Larraitz Uria, Hans Uszkoreit, Andrius Utka, Sowmya Vaj- jala, Daniel van Niekerk, Gertjan van Noord, Vik- tor Varga, Eric Villemonte de la Clergerie, Veronika Vincze, Lars Wallin, Abigail Walsh, Jing Xian Wang, Jonathan North Washington, Maximilan Wendt, Seyi Williams, Mats Wir\u00e9n, Christian Wittern, Tsegay Woldemariam, Tak-sum Wong, Alina Wr\u00f3blewska, Mary Yako, Naoki Yamazaki, Chunxiao Yan, Koichi Yasuoka, Marat M. Yavrumyan, Zhuoran Yu, Zden\u011bk \u017dabokrtsk\u00fd, Amir Zeldes, Manying Zhang, and Hanzhi Zhu. 2019. Universal dependencies 2.5.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF21": {
"ref_id": "b21",
"title": "LINDAT/CLARIN digital library at the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (\u00daFAL), Faculty of Mathematics and Physics",
"authors": [],
"year": null,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "LINDAT/CLARIN digital library at the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (\u00daFAL), Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF22": {
"ref_id": "b22",
"title": "\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u0420",
"middle": [
"\u041c"
],
"last": "\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1975,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u0420. \u041c. \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. 1975. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041c.: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF23": {
"ref_id": "b23",
"title": "\u0410\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u0420",
"middle": [
"\u041c"
],
"last": "\u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1982,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u0420. \u041c. \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. 1982. \u0410\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438. \u041c.: \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF24": {
"ref_id": "b24",
"title": "\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u0440\u043e\u0447 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0443\u043a\u04e7\u0440, publisher = \u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u04e7\u0433 \u043b\u044d\u0434\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043d",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u041b",
"middle": [
"\u041c"
],
"last": "\u0411\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "\u0415",
"middle": [
"\u0410"
],
"last": "\u0410\u0439\u0431\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430",
"suffix": ""
},
{
"first": "\u0420",
"middle": [
"\u0418"
],
"last": "\u041a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2000,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u041b. \u041c. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0415. \u0410. \u0410\u0439\u0431\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430, and \u0420. \u0418. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u0440\u043e\u0447 \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0443\u043a\u04e7\u0440, publisher = \u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u04e7\u0433 \u043b\u044d\u0434\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0456\u043d, year=2000.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF25": {
"ref_id": "b25",
"title": "\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a: \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0443\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0440: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u0412",
"middle": [
"\u0418"
],
"last": "\u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 1962,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u0412. \u0418. \u041b\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d. 1962. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a: \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0443\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0440: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF26": {
"ref_id": "b26",
"title": "\u042d\u043c\u0430\u043a\u044b\u0432. In \u0413. \u0412. \u0424\u0435\u0434\u044e\u043d\u0451\u0432\u0430, editor, \u04e6\u043d\u0456\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u044b\u0432, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u044f\u0441 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0448\u04e7\u0440\u0438\u043d",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u0413",
"middle": [],
"last": "\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2000,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u0413. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430. 2000. \u042d\u043c\u0430\u043a\u044b\u0432. In \u0413. \u0412. \u0424\u0435\u0434\u044e\u043d\u0451\u0432\u0430, edi- tor, \u04e6\u043d\u0456\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u044b\u0432, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u044f\u0441 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0448\u04e7\u0440\u0438\u043d, \u0421\u044b\u043a\u0442\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0440.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF27": {
"ref_id": "b27",
"title": "\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u044f\u0437\u044c\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044c: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u0410",
"middle": [
"\u041b"
],
"last": "\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2003,
"venue": "",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u0410. \u041b. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430. 2003. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438-\u044f\u0437\u044c\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044c: \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF28": {
"ref_id": "b28",
"title": "\u041e\u0439\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043a\u043a\u0435\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u0441\u0451\u0440\u043d\u0438",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u041b",
"middle": [
"\u0413"
],
"last": "\u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2016,
"venue": "\u0411\u044b\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c \u041e\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0437",
"volume": "",
"issue": "",
"pages": "",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u041b. \u0413. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430. 2016. \u041e\u0439\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438- \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043a\u043a\u0435\u0437\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u0441\u0451\u0440\u043d\u0438. \u041c.: \u0411\u044b\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0434\u044c \u041e\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043b\u04e7\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0437.",
"links": null
},
"BIBREF29": {
"ref_id": "b29",
"title": "\u041f\u0435\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043a\u044b\u0432\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043b\u00f6\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043b\u0443\u043d\u044a\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0441. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Finno-Ougrienne",
"authors": [
{
"first": "\u0419\u04e7\u043b\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044c",
"middle": [],
"last": "\u0426\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432",
"suffix": ""
}
],
"year": 2009,
"venue": "",
"volume": "258",
"issue": "",
"pages": "191--206",
"other_ids": {},
"num": null,
"urls": [],
"raw_text": "\u0419\u04e7\u043b\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044c \u0426\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432. 2009. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043a\u044b\u0432\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043b\u00f6\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043b\u0443\u043d\u044a\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0441. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Finno-Ougrienne, 258:191- 206.",
"links": null
}
},
"ref_entries": {
"FIGREF0": {
"uris": null,
"text": "Example plural of /mu/ 'land; country'",
"type_str": "figure",
"num": null
},
"FIGREF1": {
"uris": null,
"text": "singing'(Permyak) Besides converb forms that are not marked for person, there are also forms with possessive suffixes. These, unexpectedly, occur with palatalization and gemination of the stem-final consonant, as in: singing' (Permyak)In fact, this palatalization and concurrent gemination occurs in other possessive forms, too: \u00b2https://glossary.sil.org/term/precative-mood (6) \u0443\u0432\u0442\u00f6\u0442\u0442\u044f\u0441 uvt-\u0259c\u02d0as under-.P S 3 '(to go) under (something)' (Permyak)",
"type_str": "figure",
"num": null
},
"FIGREF2": {
"uris": null,
"text": "village, there are four people all together' (Permyak)",
"type_str": "figure",
"num": null
}
}
}
} |