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| "paper_id": "O03-1013", | |
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| "text": ")\u3002 \u4ee5\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5229\u7528\u7db2\u8def\u4e0a\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u641c\u5c0b\u5f15\u64ce\u9032\u884c \u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u518d\u5229\u7528\u8207 TREC \u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6280\u8853\u4f86\u64f7\u53d6\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u9019\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u91cf\u5373\u6642\u6027\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u592a\u8907\u96dc\u6280\u8853\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u8ca0\u64d4\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u7814 \u7a76\u6709 Radev et al. (2001 )\u3001Radev et al. (2002 \u3001Zheng 2002 \"cause-effect questions\"\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u91cd\u9ede \u64fa\u5728 <NP1 VERB NP2> \u9019\u7a2e pattern \u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u500b \"causative verb\"\uff0c \u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\"cause\"\u3001\"lead to\"\u3001\"make\"\u7b49\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u52d5\u8a5e\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u4ee3\u8868\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5982 \"make\" \u6709\u6642\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u70ba \"\u88fd\u9020\"\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u7531 VERB\u3001NP1 \u548c NP2 \u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u5426\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u5728\u95b1\u8b80\u6e2c\u9a57\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71 (reading comprehension) \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a, Anand et al. (2000) \u548c Riloff and Thelen (2000) Molecules in the air scatter blue to your eyes more than they scatter red.", | |
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| "end": 133, | |
| "text": "Radev et al. (2001", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
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| { | |
| "start": 134, | |
| "end": 154, | |
| "text": ")\u3001Radev et al. (2002", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
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| { | |
| "start": 423, | |
| "end": 442, | |
| "text": "Anand et al. (2000)", | |
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| "start": 445, | |
| "end": 469, | |
| "text": "Riloff and Thelen (2000)", | |
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| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Therefore, the sky is blue.", | |
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| { | |
| "text": "\u4e0a\u9762\u6bb5\u843d\u4e0a\uff0c\"the sky is blue\" \u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4f4d\u65bc\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b patterns \u88ab\u4fee", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "text": "\u6b63\u70ba\u4ee5\u5169\u53e5\u6216\u4e09\u53e5\u8a71\u505a\u70ba\u6bd4\u5c0d\u55ae\u4f4d\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a [EVENT] \u53ca [REASON] \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u50cf \u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cpattern \u5373\u70ba \"[REASON]", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| { | |
| "text": ". Therefore, [EVENT] .\"\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b patterns \u4e26\u4e0d\u50c5\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u610f\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0 \u6b64\u6703\u6709\u6b67\u7fa9\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\"since\" \u9019\u500b\u5b57\u5c31\u6709 \"\u7531\u65bc\" \u548c \"\u81ea\u5f9e\" \u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d", | |
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| "text": "[EVENT]", | |
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| { | |
| "text": "(1) Since their enemies had been destroyed, they sent back their army.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "\u540c\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5169\u53e5\u8a71\u4e2d\uff1a", | |
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| { | |
| "text": "(2) Since that day, the flowers she had planted had spread all over the hill. (Marcus, Santorini, and Marcinkiewicz, 1993 \u5728\u6b64\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\"to check for leaks\" \u5c31\u662f \"shut down a crude-oil pipeline\" \u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002 (1) \"to + \u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\" \u51fa\u73fe \"to\" \u800c\u8868\u793a\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5148\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6574\u53e5\u5b50\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u518d \u63a5\u4ee5 \"to\" \u958b\u982d\u7684\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u5b50\u53e5\u8aaa\u660e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 \"to\" \u4e4b\u5f8c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u63a5\u539f\u5f62\u52d5 \u8a5e\u3002\u6211\u5011\u89c0\u5bdf Penn Treebank \u4e2d\u6240\u6709 \"w 1 to w 2 \" \u6216\u662f \"To w 2 \" \u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u82e5 \u662f\u9650\u5236 w 2 \u70ba\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\u800c w 1 \u4e0d\u70ba\u52d5\u8a5e\u6642\u624d\u5224\u5b9a\u70ba\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u53ef\u7531 6%\u63d0\u5347\u81f3 15.1%\u3002", | |
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| { | |
| "start": 78, | |
| "end": 121, | |
| "text": "(Marcus, Santorini, and Marcinkiewicz, 1993", | |
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| "section": "\u540c\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5169\u53e5\u8a71\u4e2d\uff1a", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
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| { | |
| "text": "(2) \"for\" \u4ee5 \"for\" \u4f86\u8868\u9054\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u6642\uff0c\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u540c \"because\"\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u4ee5\u9023\u63a5\u63cf\u8ff0\u539f\u56e0 \u548c\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u5169\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64 \"for\" \u591a\u534a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u53e5\u9996\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f46\u4ee5\u9017\u865f \u8207\u524d\u53e5\u9694\u958b\u3002\u6211\u5011\u65bc\u662f\u5c07 pattern \u6539\u70ba \"For \u2026\" (\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u53e5\u9996) \u4ee5\u53ca \"\u2026, (3) \"since\"", | |
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| "section": "\u540c\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5169\u53e5\u8a71\u4e2d\uff1a", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "\u70ba\u4e86\u6392\u9664\u4ee5 \"since\" \u63cf\u8ff0\u6642\u9593\u8d77\u59cb\u9ede\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u53ea\u8981 \"since\" \u4e4b\u5f8c\u63a5\u6709\u5e74 \u4efd\u3001\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u6216\u662f\"year\"\u3001\"day\" \u7b49\u7b49\u4e4b\u985e\u4ee3\u8868\u6642\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca \"ever since\"\u3001\"since then\" \u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u8996\u70ba\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u63d0\u5347\u81f3 ", | |
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| "section": "\u540c\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u5169\u53e5\u8a71\u4e2d\uff1a", | |
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| "ref_id": "b0", | |
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| "BIBREF2": { | |
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| "BIBREF4": { | |
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| "middle": [], | |
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| { | |
| "first": "Harris", | |
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| "last": "Wu", | |
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| { | |
| "first": "Amardeep", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Grewal", | |
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| "venue": "Proceedings of the eleventh International World Wide Web Conference", | |
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| "BIBREF8": { | |
| "ref_id": "b8", | |
| "title": "A Rule-based Question Answering System for Reading Comprehension Tests", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Ellen", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Riloff", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Michael", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Thelen", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2000, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the ANLP/NAACL-2000", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Riloff, Ellen and Thelen, Michael (2000) \"A Rule-based Question Answering System for Reading Comprehension Tests,\" Proceedings of the ANLP/NAACL-2000", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF9": { | |
| "ref_id": "b9", | |
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| "authors": [], | |
| "year": 2000, | |
| "venue": "", | |
| "volume": "", | |
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| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Workshop on Reading Comprehension Tests as Evaluation for Computer-Based Language Understanding Systems, Seattle, Washington, USA, May 2000.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF10": { | |
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| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 1999, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8)", | |
| "volume": "", | |
| "issue": "", | |
| "pages": "23--37", | |
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| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Voorhees, E. (1999) \"The TREC-8 Question Answering Track Evaluation,\" Proceedings of the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 1999, pp. 23-37.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF11": { | |
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| "title": "AnswerBus Question Answer System", | |
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| { | |
| "first": "Zhiping", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Zheng", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2002, | |
| "venue": "Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference (HLT 2002)", | |
| "volume": "", | |
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| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Zheng, Zhiping (2002) \"AnswerBus Question Answer System,\" Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference (HLT 2002), San Diego, California, USA, March 2002.", | |
| "links": null | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "ref_entries": { | |
| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": "\u3001Lin (2002)\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c \u7db2\u9801\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 HTML \u6a19\u8a18\u3001\u8d85\u93c8\u7d50\u3001\u98a8\u683c\u5dee\u7570\u3001\u5167\u5bb9\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u7b49\uff0c \u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002 \u76ee\u524d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u64f7\u53d6\u7b54\u6848\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u91dd\u5c0d\u7b54\u6848\u985e\u578b\u70ba Named Entities\u3002 \u5c0d\u65bc\u7b54\u6848\u8f03\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u554f\u53e5\u985e\u578b\uff0c\u5982 \"Why \u2026 ?\" \u548c \"How does S V?\"\uff0c\u5247\u8f03\u5c11\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\u8207\u5206\u6790\u3002Girju \u8207 Moldovan (2002) \u66fe\u7d93\u63a2\u8a0e\u904e\u56de\u7b54", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "num": null, | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "text": ") \u88e1\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u529f\u80fd\u6a19\u8a18\u662f \"PRP\"\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u6a19\u793a\u8a72\u8a5e\u7d44\u5e36\u6709 \"\u76ee\u7684\" \u6216\u662f \"\u7406\u7531\" \u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5e95\u4e0b\u9019\u53e5\u8a71 \u7684\u5256\u6790\u6a39\u4e2d\uff1a Chevron had to shut down a crude-oil pipeline in the Bay area to check for leaks. ((S (NP-SBJ-1 Chevron) (VP had (S (NP-SBJ *-1) (VP to (VP shut (PRT down) (NP (NP a crude-oil pipeline) (PP-LOC in (NP the Bay area) (S-PRP (NP-SBJ *-1) (VP to (VP check (PP-CLR for (NP leaks))))))) .))", | |
| "uris": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>\u662f\u90a3\u9ebc\u660e\u986f\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u96dc\u8a0a\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u5c11\u3002 \u7576 Google \u6240\u627e\u56de\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u6578\u91cf\u4e0d\u8db3\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u4fee\u6539\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\uff0c\u518d\u9032\u884c\u4e00 [EVENT] because [REASON]. \u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u4eba\u5de5\u5efa\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u7121\u7591\u6703\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6240\u9700</td></tr><tr><td>[REASON], therefore [EVENT].</td></tr><tr><td>\u7b2c 2 \u7bc0\u8aaa\u660e\u5be6\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u500b\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u7b2c 3 \u7bc0\u5f15\u7528 Penn Treebank \u6b21\u67e5\u8a62\u4ee5\u88dc\u8db3\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u522a\u9664\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u95dc\u9375 [EVENT] in order to [REASON]. \u8981\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\uff0c\u5c0b\u627e\u6b64\u985e\u7684\u7db2\u9801\u4e26\u627e\u5230\u4f55\u8005\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u554f\u53e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u539f\u59cb\u554f</td></tr><tr><td>\u8a9e\u6599\u5eab\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u64f7\u53d6\u7b54\u6848 patterns \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u3002\u7b2c 4 \u7bc0\u70ba\u672c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u4e26\u8207\u53e6 \u5b57\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9078\u64c7 \"\u6b0a\u91cd\" \u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u5148\u522a\u9664\uff0c\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6b0a\u91cd\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a \u5176\u4e2d [EVENT] \u4ee3\u8868\u7d50\u679c\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c[REASON] \u8868\u793a\u5176\u767c\u751f\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u53e5\u578b\u6240 \u53e5\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6240\u554f\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u5247\u4ee5\u6b64\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57 (\u6216\u7db2\u9801\u9023\u7d50) \u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u4f7f\u7528</td></tr><tr><td>\u5916\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u7b2c 5 \u7bc0\u662f\u7d50\u8ad6\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002 \u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e > \u540d\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u7684 Head > \u52d5\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u7684 Head > \u540d\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u7684\u5176 \u5f97\u5230\u7684 patterns \u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a \"\u539f\u56e0\" \u8005\u505a\u70ba\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1 FAQ Finding\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u4ed6\u5b57 > \u52d5\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5b57 > \u4e0d\u5728\u540d\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u6216\u52d5\u8a5e\u8a5e\u7d44\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5b57 \u4e09\u3001 \u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7d50\u679c\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u524d\u5f8c\u6587\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u9593\u4e26\u7121\u660e\u986f\u95dc\u9023\u8a5e\u51fa\u73fe \u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u908a\u754c\u3002 2. \u7cfb\u7d71\u6982\u89c0 \u6b0a\u91cd\u8d8a\u5927\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u8207\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u8d8a\u5bc6\u5207\u3002 \u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u9019\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff1a \u4e8c\u3001 \u4ee5\u6574\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7406\u7531 2.1 \u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22\u7cfb\u7d71 \u672c\u6587\u6240\u63d0\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u67b6\u69cb\u5982\u5716 1\uff0c\u53ea\u91dd\u5c0d\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u554f\u53e5\u985e\u578b (\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\"why\"\u958b\u982d \u7576\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u5982 \"reason\" \u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u793a\u6b64\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u67d0\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6 \u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u82e5\u5728\u9032\u884c\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22\u6642\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u52a0\u5230\u539f\u6709\u7684\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u4e2d\uff0c \u554f\uff1a Why can't ostriches fly? \u500b\u6587\u53e5\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e00\u689d\u56e0\u679c pattern\uff0c\u4e14\u5c0d\u61c9 [EVENT] \u90e8\u4efd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u4f3c\u6642\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c31 \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4ee5\u6559\u80b2\u70ba\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e38\u898b\u554f\u7b54\u96c6 (FAQ) \u7684\u7db2\u7ad9\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u9019 \u7b54\uff1a The flightless birds \u2026 include ostriches, \u2026 . These birds have only \u53ef\u4ee5\u62bd\u53d6\u51fa\u6587\u53e5\u4e2d\u5c0d\u61c9 [REASON] \u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u56de\u61c9\u7d66\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u985e\u4ee5\u6574\u500b\u6bb5\u843d\u6216\u6574\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7db2\u9801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5716 2 \u5373\u70ba small or rudimentary wings. \u7684\u554f\u53e5) \u9032\u884c\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e26\u672a\u5305\u542b\u554f\u53e5\u5206\u6790\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6211\u5011\u9078\u64c7 Google \u4f86\u627e \u6240\u6aa2\u7d22\u5230\u7684\u6392\u540d\u8f03\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7db2\u9801\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e2\u542b\u6709\u554f\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5b57 (\u8868\u793a\u548c \"Why is the sky blue?\" \u7b54\u6848\u7684\u7db2\u9801\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u9577\u9054\u4e00\u6574\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002 \u7136\u800c\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u5be6\u9a57\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u4e9b\u61c9\u7528\u4e0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6709\u7684 patterns \u662f\u63cf \u7b54\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684 \"These birds have only small or rudimentary wings.\" \u5c31\u8207\u524d\u4e00\u8a71\u6c92 \u51fa\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7db2\u9801\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u554f\u53e5\u8f49\u70ba\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\uff0c\u53bb\u6389\u554f\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u505c\u7528\u8a5e (stop \u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u56de\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u7bc7\u6578\u5f88\u5c11\u3002 \"provoke\"\u3001\"induce\"\u3002WordNet \u4e2d\u5247\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52d5\u8a5e\u4e4b\u9593 \"cause to\" \u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f8b \u548c \"because\" \u7b49\u3002 Google \u63a1 AND \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u89e3\u8b80\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u542b\u6240\u6709\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u624d\u6703\u88ab\u53d6\u56de\uff0c \u5728 Girju \u8207 Moldovan \u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u52d5\u8a5e\u5e36\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u6b21\u5e8f\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 \u8fd1\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6392\u540d\u6703\u8d8a\u524d\u9762\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5354\u52a9\u5c0b\u627e\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\uff0c\u5305\u62ec \"reason\"\u3001\"why\" \u6a19\u9ede\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5b57\u4ee5\u7a7a\u767d\u76f8\u9023\u63a5\uff0c\u70ba\u4ea4\u7d66 Google \u7684\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u3002\u7531\u65bc \u56db\u3001 \u52d5\u8a5e\u96b1\u542b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2 \u5728\u6aa2\u7d22\u6587\u4ef6\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u5404\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u63a5\u8fd1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u7576\u5404\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8d8a\u63a5 words\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7591\u554f\u8a5e\u3001\u4ecb\u7cfb\u8a5e\u3001\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u3001\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52a9\u52d5\u8a5e\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u526f\u8a5e\u2026\u2026\u7b49) \u8207 \u554f\u53e5\u6240\u554f\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u76f8\u95dc)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5167\u5bb9\u53c8\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u7db2\u9801\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u540c\u6642 Google \u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u9023\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u53e5\u548c\u524d\u53e5\u6709\u8457\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002 \u8ff0\u53e5\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593 (\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53e5\u5b50\u4e4b\u5167) \u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff1a</td></tr><tr><td>2.2 \u7b54\u6848\u64f7\u53d6\u7cfb\u7d71 \u5982\u300e\"kill\" cause to \"die\"\u300f \u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\u4e26\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684</td></tr><tr><td>\u8981\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u627e\u5c0b\u8868\u9054\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u77e5\u6709\u56db\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a \u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e00\u3001 \u5229\u7528\u56e0\u679c patterns \u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002 \u7531\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u4e0d\u4f46\u8f03\u70ba\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u9069\u7528\u6027\u53c8\u5ee3\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u9069\u5408\u65bc</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e8c\u3001 \u4ee5\u6574\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7406\u7531\u3002\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u4e0a\u8f03\u5e38\u770b\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5728 \u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u5efa\u69cb\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u91cd\u9ede\u653e\u5728\u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u5efa\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca</td></tr><tr><td>\u554f\u53e5\u8655\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u500b\u6307\u5411\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u8d85\u9023\u7d50\u3002 \u6bd4\u5c0d\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u6558\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8655\u7406\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e09\u3001 \u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7d50\u679c\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u524d\u5f8c\u6587\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u9593\u4e26\u7121\u660e\u986f\u95dc\u9023\u8a5e\u51fa\u73fe\u3002 \u4e00\u500b pattern \u7a31\u70ba \"final pattern\"\uff0c\u5c07\u5728\u7b2c 2.2.1 \u7bc0\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7d39\u3002\u52d5\u8a5e\u96b1\u542b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u5247\u53ef</td></tr><tr><td>\u56db\u3001 \u67d0\u4e9b\u52d5\u8a5e\u96b1\u542b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5982 Girju and Moldovan (2002) \u6240\u505a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5 \u505a\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u52a0\u5f37\u7cfb\u7d71\u56de\u7b54\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6709\u7528\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u53ca\u5728 WordNet \u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u52d5\u8a5e\u9593 causation \u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>2.2.1 \u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2 patterns</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7cfb\u7d71\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u554f\u53e5\u7684\u7b54 \u5728\u6587\u6cd5\u53ca\u4fee\u8fad\u5b78\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u53e5\u578b\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5169\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6211\u5011\u8a66\u8457\u5229 \u4ee5\u4e0b\u91dd\u5c0d\u5404\u60c5\u5f62\u8a73\u7d30\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a</td></tr><tr><td>\u6848\u3002TREC \u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u8207\u9019\u985e\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9ede\u662f\u7b54\u6848\u4f86\u6e90\u70ba\u591a\u7bc7\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c \u4e00\u3001 \u5229\u7528\u56e0\u679c patterns \u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u90e8\u5206 \u7528\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u53e5\u578b\u4f86\u627e\u51fa \"\u539f\u56e0\" \u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u53e5\u578b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a</td></tr><tr><td>\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u5247\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u8f03\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u627e\u5230\u4e0d \u5716 2. \u5e38\u898b\u554f\u984c\u96c6\u7b54\u6848\u7db2\u9801\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b \u8a66\u8457\u5229\u7528\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u53e5\u578b\u4f86\u627e\u51fa \"\u539f\u56e0\" \u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u53e5\u578b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a \u5716 1. \u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u67b6\u69cb \u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u91cd\u8907\u51fa\u73fe\u591a\u6b21\uff0c\u6709\u8f03\u591a\u6a5f\u6703\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u96dc\u8a0a\u4e5f\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u591a\u3002\u95b1\u8b80\u6e2c\u9a57\u554f \u5728\u6587\u6cd5\u53ca\u4fee\u8fad\u5b78\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u53e5\u578b\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5169\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6211\u5011 [EVENT] because [REASON].</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "\u5176\u4e2d [EVENT] \u4ee3\u8868\u7d50\u679c\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c[REASON] \u8868\u793a\u5176\u767c\u751f\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u53e5\u578b\u6240\u5f97\u5230 \u7684 patterns \u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a \"\u539f\u56e0\" \u90e8\u4efd\u7684 \u908a\u754c\u3002 \u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u95dc\u66f8\u7c4d\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u4e2d\u8490\u96c6\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u8868\u793a\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u53e5\u578b\u3002\u7576\u4e00\u500b \"why\" \u554f\u53e5\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u5148\u5229\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0 patterns \u627e\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5305\u542b\u56e0\u679c \u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a55\u4f30 patterns \u4e2d\u5c0d\u61c9 [EVENT] \u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002\u7576\u6709", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "html": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF2": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>pattern\"\u3002\u8a2d\u5b9a\u5176\u64c1\u6709\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684 pattern\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>2.2.2 \u7b54\u6848\u64f7\u53d6\u6b65\u9a5f</td></tr><tr><td>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u70ba\u56e0\u679c patterns \u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\uff1a</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e00\u3001 \u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u8a5e\u6027\u6a19\u8a18\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c0d\u554f\u53e5\u9032\u884c\u8a5e\u6027\u6a19\u8a18\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f QTAG 3.1 1 \u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e8c\u3001 \u53bb\u9664\u6389\u554f\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684 \"why\"\uff0c\u9918\u4e0b\u7684\u5b57\u505a\u70ba\u6bd4\u8f03\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6642\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u5b57\u7684</td></tr><tr><td>\u6b0a\u91cd\u4f9d\u5176\u8a5e\u6027\u800c\u5b9a\u3002\u540d\u8a5e\u3001\u52d5\u8a5e\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u70ba 5\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u3001\u6578\u8a5e\u3001\u7b26\u865f\u6216</td></tr><tr><td>\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u70ba 4\uff0c\u9023\u63a5\u8a5e\u3001\u51a0\u8a5e\u3001\u4ecb\u7cfb\u8a5e\u53ca\u4e0d\u5b9a\u8a5e\u4e2d\u7684 \"to\" \u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u70ba 1\uff0c</td></tr><tr><td>\u5176\u9918\u8a5e\u6027\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u6b0a\u91cd\u70ba 2\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e09\u3001 \u5229\u7528 Porter Stemmer \u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u9032\u884c\u5b57\u6839\u9084\u539f\uff0c\u7531\u5b57\u6839\u9084\u539f\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5b57\u7a31</td></tr><tr><td>\u70ba \"\u5b57\u6839\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\"\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5b57\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u70ba\u539f\u59cb\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u6b0a\u91cd\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u56db\u3001 \u7576\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u7b26\u5408\u67d0\u56e0\u679c pattern \u6642\uff0c\u5207\u51fa\u6587\u53e5\u4e2d\u5c0d\u61c9 [EVENT] \u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u4e94\u3001 \u8a08\u7b97\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002\u91dd\u5c0d\u554f\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73fe\u5728</td></tr><tr><td>[EVENT] \u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u5247\u52a0\u6b64\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u65bc\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u7684\u5206\u6578\u4e2d\u3002\u82e5\u662f\u50c5\u70ba\u5b57\u6839\u95dc</td></tr><tr><td>\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u5247\u52a0\u4e0a\u5b57\u6839\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u3002\u82e5\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u5247\u4e0d\u52a0\u5206\u3002[EVENT] \u548c\u554f\u53e5\u7684</td></tr><tr><td>\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u5373\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u6240\u8ca2\u737b\u4e4b\u5206\u6578\u7e3d\u548c\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>\u516d\u3001 \u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b64\u53e5\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u5206\u6578\u70ba\uff1a (\u6240\u7b26\u5408 pattern \u7684\u6b0a\u91cd)\u00d7([EVENT]</td></tr><tr><td>\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6)</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u5728 \"since\" \u5f8c\u9762\u6240\u63a5\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53e5\u4e2d \"since\" \u5247\u662f\u9ede\u51fa\u67d0\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u56e0\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u80fd\u5920\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u4f7f\u7528 patterns\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u77ad\u89e3\u5404 patterns \u61c9\u7528\u4e0a\u7684 \u6e96\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u505a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u56e0\u679c patterns \u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u7684\u9810\u4f30\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c07\u65bc\u7b2c 3 \u7bc0\u4e2d\u6558\u8ff0\u3002 \u4e00\u65e6\u6709\u4e86\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0b\u627e\u7b54\u6848\u6642\u5c31\u7531\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684 pattern \u958b\u59cb\u6bd4\u5c0d\u8d77\uff0c \u4ee5\u6700\u5148\u7b26\u5408\u7684 pattern \u4f86\u8003\u616e\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u6709\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u4e0a\uff0c[EVENT] \u548c [REASON] \u4e4b\u9593\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5f88\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u5b57 \u9762\u8a0a\u606f\u3002\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u7531\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u985e\u5177\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5f97\u77e5\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b57\u9762 \u7dda\u7d22\u662f [EVENT] \u548c [REASON] \u50c5\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u524d\u5f8c\u6587\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u4e5f\u80fd\u6355\u6349\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c \u6211\u5011\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500b pattern \u70ba \"[REASON]. [EVENT]. [REASON].\"\uff0c\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba \"final \u3002\u5176\u4e2d pattern \u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\uff1a0.5 + (0.5\u00d7pattern \u6e96\u78ba\u7387)\u3002 \u5728\u6b64\u5b9a\u7fa9 \"final pattern\" \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u70ba 0\u3002 \u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f9d\u7167\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u505a\u6bd4\u5c0d\u4e26\u8a08\u7b97\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u7b54\u6848 \u7684\u5206\u6578\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u4f9d\u7167\u6b65\u9a5f\u516d\u6240\u5f97\u5206\u6578\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c07\u5206\u6578\u9ad8\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u56de\u8986\u7d66\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u3002 1 http://web.bham.ac.uk/O.Mason/software/tagger/ 3. \u53e5\u578b\u6b67\u7fa9\u6027\u5206\u6790 \u70ba\u4e86\u89c0\u5bdf\u5404 patterns \u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u96c6\u4f86\u6e2c\u8a66\u3002\u6e2c\u8a66\u96c6\u4e2d\u9700 \u5305\u542b patterns \u7684\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u6a19\u793a\u51fa \"\u539f\u56e0\" \u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7136\u800c\u76ee\u524d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6e2c \u8a66\u96c6\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5e95\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u5229\u7528\u5169\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u6c42\u5f97\u5404\u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u3002", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "html": null, | |
| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF3": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"4\">\u65b7\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u6709\u6b67\u7fa9\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e09</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u500b patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u518d\u505a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">\u8868 1. \u5404\u56e0\u679c patterns \u6e96\u78ba\u7387</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57</td><td>PRP \u500b\u6578</td><td>\u7e3d\u6b21\u6578</td><td>\u6e96\u78ba\u7387</td></tr><tr><td>'cause</td><td>9</td><td>9</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>because</td><td>3750</td><td>3861</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>because of</td><td>641</td><td>661</td><td>0.97</td></tr><tr><td>in order to/for/that</td><td>108</td><td>116</td><td>0.931</td></tr><tr><td>so as to</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>0.857</td></tr><tr><td>as a result of</td><td>61</td><td>85</td><td>0.718</td></tr><tr><td>on account of</td><td>5</td><td>7</td><td>0.714</td></tr><tr><td>as a result</td><td>39</td><td>86</td><td>0.453</td></tr><tr><td>so that</td><td>180</td><td>416</td><td>0.432</td></tr><tr><td>so as</td><td>4</td><td>10</td><td>0.4</td></tr><tr><td>due to</td><td>40</td><td>110</td><td>0.364</td></tr><tr><td>cause</td><td>82</td><td>249</td><td>0.329</td></tr><tr><td>since</td><td>310</td><td>1169</td><td>0.265</td></tr><tr><td>why</td><td>133</td><td>824</td><td>0.161</td></tr><tr><td>to</td><td>3318</td><td>55272</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>for</td><td>731</td><td>18075</td><td>0.044</td></tr><tr><td>so</td><td>173</td><td>8768</td><td>0.02</td></tr><tr><td>as</td><td>46</td><td>10481</td><td>0.004</td></tr><tr><td>that</td><td>16</td><td>36897</td><td>0.0004</td></tr><tr><td>for \\w+ing</td><td>66</td><td>823</td><td>0.08</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "Penn Treebank \u4e2d\u6709 9,613 \u500b\u542b\u6709 PRP \u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u53e5\u5b50\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684 PRP \u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u6545 PRP \u51fa\u73fe\u7e3d\u6578\u70ba 10,720 \u6b21\u3002 \u7136\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u540c\u6a23\u8868\u9054\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u88ab\u6a19\u4e0a PRP \u6a19\u8a18\u3002Penn Treebank \u53ea\u6a19\u793a\u5e36\u6709\u539f\u56e0\u53ca\u76ee\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u9644\u5c6c\u5b50\u53e5\u6216\u662f\u4ecb\u7cfb\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u6574\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u4ee3\u8868\u7406\u7531 \u6642 (\u4f8b\u5982 \"Because he was young.\" \"Therefore, he will not attend.\")\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u5e36\u6709 PRP \u6a19\u8a18\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u8207\u56e0\u679c patterns \u76f8\u7b26\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u90fd\u6703\u6a19\u4e0a PRP \u6a19\u8a18\u3002 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6539\u5229\u7528 PRP \u6a19\u8a18\u9019\u9805\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4f86\u4f30\u7b97 patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u3002 Patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u5c31\u662f patterns \u4e2d [EVENT] \u548c [REASON] \u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4ee5 patterns \u4e2d\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u4f86\u505a\u70ba patterns \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u3002 \u62bd\u53d6\u51fa Penn Treebank \u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u6a19\u4e0a PRP \u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u8a5e\u7d44\uff0c\u7d71\u8a08\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u8a5e\u7d44\u958b\u982d \u7684\u56e0\u679c patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u500b\u6578\u3002\u518d\u8a08\u7b97\u6bcf\u500b patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6574\u500b Penn Treebank \u4e2d\u7684\u6b21\u6578\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u5f97\u51fa\u7576\u4e00\u500b pattern \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u51fa\u73fe\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u88ab\u6a19\u70ba PRP \u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f\u591a \u5c11\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u6b64\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8996\u70ba patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u8868 1 \u6240\u793a\u3002 \u7531\u8868 1 \u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u8cc7\u6599\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\"because\"\u3001\"in order to\" \u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9664\u4e86\u5305\u542b \"because\" \u51fa\u73fe\u6b21\u6578\u5f88\u9ad8\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5176 \u4ed6 patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u6b21\u6578\u4e26\u4e0d\u9ad8\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\"to\"\u3001\"for\" \u4ee5\u53ca \"since\" \u9019\u5e7e\u500b \u5728 PRP \u8a5e\u7d44\u4e2d\u5e38\u51fa\u73fe\u7684 patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\uff0c\u537b\u56e0\u70ba\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u4e0d\u5920\u9ad8\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u4f86\u5224", | |
| "num": null, | |
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| "type_str": "table" | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF5": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u4e2d\uff0c\u5404\u984c\u90fd\u6311\u51fa\u524d\u4e94\u540d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4ee5\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u4f30\u3002AnswerBus \u548c LCC \u5e38\u5e38\u53ea\u56de \u8986\u4e86 5 \u500b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0cAnswerBus \u5e73\u5747\u56de\u7b54 4 \u500b\uff0cLCC \u5e73\u5747\u56de\u7b54 4.88 \u500b\u3002\u6211\u5011 4,350 \u7bc7\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709 1,216 \u7bc7\u5b8c\u5168\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u4ee5\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u4e32\u67e5\u8a62\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u4e2d\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u78ba \u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6293\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u542b\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 Pattern \u95dc\u9375\u5b57 \u7e3d\u6578 \u6b63\u89e3 \u6b63\u78ba\u7387 5. \u7d50\u8ad6\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u5de5\u4f5c \u5728\u8868 2 \u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4e86\u3002 \u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u5b9a\u63d0\u4f9b\u524d\u4e94\u540d\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5230\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002 because 102 56 54.9% \u800c\u5728\u7cfb\u7d71\u8a55\u4f30\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u91dd\u5c0d\u5404\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u505a\u4e86\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5728\u8868 4\u3002 because of 24 12 50.0% \u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u81ea\u52d5\u56de\u7b54 \"why\" \u985e\u578b\u7684\u554f</td></tr><tr><td>38.4%\u3002\u5982\u679c\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u9650\u5236 \"since\" \u53ea\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u53e5\u9996\u6216\u662f\u9017\u865f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6e96\u78ba \u7387\u53ef\u9054 64%\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u53ea\u80fd\u5224\u65b7\u51fa\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5 \"since\" \u70ba\u8d77\u9996\u7684 PRP \u8a5e\u7d44\u3002 \u70ba\u4e86\u5f4c\u88dc\u53ec\u56de\u7387\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 \"since\" \u5728\u53e5\u9996\u6216\u9017\u865f\u5f8c\u4e26\u505a\u6642\u9593\u8a5e\u5224\u65b7\u7684 patterns \u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u505a\u5224\u65b7\u7684 \"since\" pattern (\u6e96\u78ba\u7387 26.5%) \u3002 3.2 \u4eba\u5de5\u89c0\u5bdf \u56e0\u70ba Penn Treebank \u53ea\u6a19\u793a\u5e36\u6709\u539f\u56e0\u53ca\u76ee\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u9644\u5c6c\u5b50\u53e5\u6216\u662f\u4ecb\u7cfb\u8a5e\u7247\u8a9e\uff0c\u6709 \u4e9b patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u6a19\u4e0a PRP\uff0c\u50cf\u662f \"therefore\"\u3002\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u9019\u4e9b patterns \u95dc \u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6539\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u96a8\u6a5f\u81f3 Penn Treebank \u4e2d\u62bd\u51fa \u81f3\u591a 25 \u53e5\u51fa\u73fe patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u518d\u4ee5\u4eba\u5de5\u5224\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6240\u5f97\u5230 \u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d50\u679c\u5217\u5728\u8868 2\u3002 \u8868 2. \u7531\u4eba\u5de5\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e4b patterns \u6e96\u78ba\u7387 (%) Patterns \u4eba\u5de5\u5224\u5b9a\u8868\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u500b\u6578 \u6e96\u78ba\u7387 therefore 25/25 100 Thus 20/25 80 hence 21/21 100 So \u2026 \u6216 \u2026, so \u2026 15/25 60 due to (\u4e0d\u63a5\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e) 25/25 100 as a result 25/25 100 \u78ba\u7387\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5920\u9ad8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u56e0\u70ba \"so\" \u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u5ee3\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u55ae\u4ee5\u5b57\u9762\u5c31\u80fd\u6c7a\u5b9a \"so\" \u7684\u771f\u6b63\u89d2\u8272\u3002 3.3 \u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u6bd4\u5c0d \u7531 Penn Treebank \u53ca\u4eba\u5de5\u5224\u65b7\u5f97\u5230\u5404\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u7167 patterns \u7684\u6e96 \u78ba\u7387\u6392\u5e8f\u3002\u8981\u5c0b\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u7531\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684 pattern \u958b \u59cb\u6bd4\u5c0d\u8d77\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540c\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408\u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c \u5c07\u6703\u512a\u5148\u5224\u65b7\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u7531\u65bc\u6709\u4e9b patterns \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u4f86\u81ea\u5c0f\u91cf\u6e2c\u8a66\u96c6\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u65bc\u662f\u5c07\u7531 Penn Treebank \u8a55\u4f30\u6240\u5f97\u9ad8\u6e96\u78ba\u7387 patterns \u7684\u512a\u5148\u9806\u5e8f\u5f80\u524d\u632a\u3002\u5148\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5728 Penn Treebank \u4e2d\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u5927\u65bc 80%\u7684 patterns\uff0c\u518d\u4f9d\u7167\u5176\u9918 patterns \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u7531\u9ad8\u5230\u4f4e\u5206\u5225\u6bd4\u5c0d\u3002 4. \u5be6\u9a57\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6 \u6a19\u5b9a\u5404\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u78ba\u662f\u7531\u4eba\u5de5\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u7b54\u6848\u6253\u6563\uff0c\u8b93\u8a55\u4f30\u8005\u7121\u5f9e\u5f97\u77e5 'cause 0 0 -\u53e5\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u641c\u5c0b\u5f15\u64ce\u6aa2\u7d22\u51fa\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7db2\u9801\u6587\u4ef6\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u5c0b\u627e\u53ef\u80fd\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u5229\u7528 \u5176\u4e2d Rn\u3001Wn\u3001Bn \u5206\u5225\u8868\u793a\u52a0\u5165 \"reason\"\u3001\"why\"\u3001\"because\" \u67e5\u8a62\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7b2c n \u6211\u5011\u6839\u64da\u7b2c 2 4.1 \u5be6\u9a57\u8cc7\u6599 \u5728 TREC QA-Tracks \u6b77\u5c46\u7684\u984c\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709 8 \u984c\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc \"why \u554f\u53e5\"\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u64f4\u5927\u5be6 \u5404\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u7531\u54ea\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u6240\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u984c\u90fd\u7d66\u4e09\u500b\u8a55\u4f30\u8005\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u4ee5\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u898b\u6c7a \u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u7d50\u679c\u5217\u5728\u8868 3 \u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002 In order to 0 0 -\u63cf\u8ff0\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684 patterns\uff0c\u8a55\u4f30 patterns \u4e2d [EVENT] \u90e8\u4efd\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002 \u7bc7\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\uff0cNn \u5247\u8868\u793a\u5229\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u6240\u5f97\u3001\u4f46\u6392\u53bb\u5df2\u7531\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u67e5\u8a62\u6aa2\u7d22\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6 \u7684\u7b2c n \u7bc7\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 so as to 0 0 -as a result of 2 0 \u6700\u5f8c\u4ee5\u554f\u53e5\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u548c\u7b26\u5408\u4e4b pattern \u6b0a\u91cd\u7684\u4e58\u7a4d\u505a\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u5206\u6578\uff0c\u5c07\u5206 0.0% \u9a57\u898f\u6a21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u81f3 AskJeeves (http://www.ask.com/) \u7db2\u7ad9\u8490\u96c6\u4e4b\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u66fe\u7d93\u63d0\u904e \u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5728\u5341\u842c\u591a\u500b\u554f\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u50c5\u6709 87 \u53e5\u662f \"why \u554f\u53e5\"\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u9084\u6709 50 \u984c\u662f\u7531 AnswerBus (http://www.answerbus.com/) \u7db2\u7ad9\u4e2d \"Sample questions from Excite\" \u7db2\u9801\u5167\u5bb9\u6240\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u7e3d\u5171\u5f97\u5230 145 \u500b\u554f\u53e5\u53ef\u9032\u884c\u5be6\u9a57\u3002 \u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u4eba\u529b\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4ee5\u5176\u4e2d\u7684 50 \u984c\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u5148\u53bb\u6389 \u9019 145 \u984c\u4e2d\u610f\u7fa9\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u554f\u53e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u6a19\u6e96\u7b54\u6848\u6216\u662f\u8a62\u554f\u5efa\u8b70\u3001\u9700\u7d50\u5408\u4f7f\u7528 \u8005\u80cc\u666f\u8cc7\u6599\u624d\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u984c\u76ee\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 \"Why is my monitor only showing 16 colors ?\"\u3001\"Why should I go to college?\" \u7b49\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\u96a8\u6a5f\u9078\u53d6 42 \u984c\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u4f86\u81ea TREC \u7684 8 \u984c\u5171 50 \u984c \"why \u554f\u53e5\" \u4f86\u9032\u884c\u8a55\u4f30\u3002 \u6aa2\u7d22\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u4ee5\u5099\u5c0b\u627e\u7b54\u6848\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u5728\u7531\u554f\u53e5\u6240\u5efa\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u4e2d\uff0c\u5206 \u5225\u52a0\u5165 \"reason\"\u3001\"why\" \u548c \"because\" \u9019\u4e09\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u65b0\u7684\u67e5\u8a62\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u5229 \u7528 \u7bc7\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u3002 4.2 \u7b54\u6848\u8a55\u4f30 AnswerBus \u548c LCC \u5728\u7d66\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7b54\u6848\u6642\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u53e5\u5b50\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\u56de\u8986\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u8981\u548c\u9019\u5169 \u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e5f\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u505a\u70ba\u7d66\u7b54\u55ae\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u6210\u529f\u7684 pattern \u6703\u8de8\u904e\u53e5\u5b50\u908a\u754c\uff0c\u5247\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u6b64 pattern \u6240\u6db5\u84cb\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u90fd\u6293\u51fa\u4f86\u505a\u70ba \u4e00\u500b\u7b54\u6848\u3002 \u6e2c\u8a66\u6642\uff0c\u5c07\u7b2c 4.1 \u7bc0\u9078\u51fa\u7684 50 \u984c\u554f\u53e5\u5206\u5225\u5411\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u7531\u6bcf\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71 \u8868 3. \u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u56de\u7b54 \"why \u554f\u53e5\" \u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a55\u4f30 \u7cfb\u7d71 \u6b63\u89e3\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d \u6b63\u89e3\u5728\u524d\u4e94\u540d MRR AnswerBus 15 31 0.429 LCC 8 20 0.229 \u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71 26 39 0.623 \u8868 3 \u4e2d\u7b2c\u56db\u6b04\u7684 MRR (Mean Reciprocal of Rank) \u662f\u5728 TREC QA \u6bd4\u8cfd\u4e2d\u6240\u7528\u7684\u8a55 \u6bd4\u6a19\u6e96 (Voorhees, 1999)\u3002\u5176\u8a08\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u70ba\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e00\u554f\u53e5\uff0c\u82e5\u7cfb\u7d71\u6240\u7d66\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\u7684 \u7b54\u6848\u5373\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5f97\u4e00\u5206\u3002\u82e5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u540d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u624d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5f97 1/2 \u5206\u3002\u82e5\u7b2c \u4e09\u540d\u624d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5f97 1/3\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u6b63\u89e3\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u540d\u6b21\u7684\u5012\u6578\u70ba\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u7684 MRR \u503c\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u984c\u6240\u5f97\u5206\u6578\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u3002 \u7531\u8868 3 \u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u5229\u7528\u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6548\u80fd\u512a\u65bc \u5176\u4ed6\u5169\u500b\u7dda\u4e0a\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002 4.3 \u5206\u6790 4.3.1 \u589e\u52a0\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u67e5\u8a62\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9 \u5982\u7b2c 2.1 \u7bc0\u6240\u63d0\uff0c\u5728\u6aa2\u7d22\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u6642\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u5728\u67e5\u8a62\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165 \"reason\"\u3001\"why\" \u548c \"because\" \u7b49\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u627e\u56de\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u80fd\u542b\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6587\u53e5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u500b \u52d5\u4f5c\u7684\u5e6b\u52a9\u6709\u591a\u5c11\uff1f \u9996\u5148\u6211\u5011\u89c0\u5bdf\u52a0\u4e0d\u52a0\u5165\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6aa2\u7d22\u6240\u5f97\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5206\u5225\u4ee5 145 \u500b\u554f\u53e5\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u8207\u52a0\u5165\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u505a\u6aa2\u7d22\uff0c\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62 (\u5305\u62ec\u522a\u53bb\u67e5\u8a62 \u5b57\u4ee5\u6c42\u8db3\u91cf\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c) \u53d6\u524d 200 \u540d\u3002\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u67e5\u8a62\u5b57\u4e32\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684 145\u00d73\u00d710 = \u8868 4. \u7b54\u6848\u8207\u6587\u4ef6\u4f86\u6e90\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2 \u7bc4\u570d \u7e3d\u6578 \u6b63\u89e3 \u7bc4\u570d \u7e3d\u6578 \u6b63\u89e3 R1-R10 28 13 N91-N100 3 1 W1-W10 47 20 N101-N110 8 3 B1-B10 45 25 N111-N120 6 1 N1-N10 14 5 N121-N130 7 2 N11-N20 3 1 N131-N140 8 3 N21-N30 3 2 N141-N150 12 4 N31-N40 8 4 N151-N160 7 2 N41-N50 11 5 N161-N170 8 3 N51-N60 9 5 N171-N180 2 0 N61-N70 6 4 N181-N190 3 2 N71-N80 6 2 N191-N200 1 1 N81-N90 5 2 \u7e3d\u8a08 250 110 \u91dd\u5c0d\u5be6\u9a57\u7684 50 \u500b\u554f\u53e5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 250 \u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u6709 110 \u500b\u88ab\u8a55\u4f30\u70ba \u6b63\u78ba\u3002\u7531\u8868 4 \u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a (13+20+25=58) \u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u4f86\u81ea\u52a0\u5165\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u67e5 \u8a62\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u986f\u793a\u9019\u5229\u7528\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u6240\u67e5\u5f97\u7684 30 \u7bc7\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc \u4fc2\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u9060\u591a\u65bc\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u627e\u5230\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u8207\u6392\u53bb\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u7684 \u540d\u6b21\u4e0d\u5f88\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u9019\u548c\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6027\u8cea\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff1a\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728 \u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6700\u76f8\u95dc\u300d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002 4.3.2 \u5404\u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u7b54\u984c\u6b63\u78ba\u7387 \u767c\u751f\u6bd4\u5c0d\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u6bd4\u65b9\u8aaa\uff0c\u554f\u53e5\u70ba \"Why is the sky blue?\"\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u662f \"Blue ocean is beautiful because\u2026\"\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u554f\u53e5\u548c [EVENT] \u90e8\u4efd\u6709\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c \u5ea6\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7b54\u6848\u62bd\u53d6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 \u540c\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e5f\u6703\u9020\u6210\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u672a\u88ab\u627e\u5230\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u7576\u542b\u6709\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u4e14\u7b26\u5408\u56e0\u679c patterns \u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c[EVENT] \u90e8\u4efd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u8a9e\u610f\u76f8\u540c\u4f46\u5b57\u9762\u5dee\u7570\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5 \u6642\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u6bd4\u5c0d\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u4e5f\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u627e\u5230\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u77ed\u6587\u53e5\u9593\u7684\u76f8 \u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u5c0d\u53ca\u8a9e\u610f\u6bd4\u5c0d\u662f\u5f71\u97ff\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u6548\u80fd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002 \u5176\u6b21\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u5c31\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6b67\u7fa9\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7b2c 3 \u7bc0\u4e2d\u6240 \u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u5728\u64f7\u53d6\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecd\u6703\u627e\u5230\u4e26\u975e\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6587\u53e5\u3002 \"Why [EVENT]? [REASON].\" \u9019\u500b pattern \u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c \u6703\u4ee5 \"Why\u2026?\" \u63d0\u8a5e\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4ee5\u4e09\u56db\u53e5\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u6574\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb \u9019\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u800c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\u81f3\u591a\u53ea\u62bd\u53d6\u5f80\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6703\u56e0\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u800c\u88ab\u5224 \u65b7\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 as a result 0 0 -therefore 8 3 37.5% hence 3 3 100.0% due to 8 5 62.5% thus 2 1 50.0% on account of 0 0 -that is why 2 2 100.0% for this reason 0 0 -Why ? 31 13 41.9% reason that 7 1 14.2% so as 0 0 -so that 1 1 100.0% since(\u7d93\u5224\u5225) 6 3 50.0% So/,so 14 3 21.4% For/,for 2 1 50.0% to-V(\u7d93\u5224\u5225) 3 1 33.3% since(\u672a\u5224\u5225) 0 0 -to-V(\u672a\u5224\u5225) 8 1 12.5% for 11 2 18.2% so 0 0 -as 2 1 50.0% \"final pattern\" 13 0 0.0% \u7e3d\u548c 250 110 44.0% \u6578\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u512a\u5148\u56de\u8986\u7d66\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u3002 \u8a2d\u5b9a patterns \u6b0a\u91cd\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ee5 Penn Treebank \u53ca\u4eba\u5de5\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u5404 patterns \u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\uff0c\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7684 pattern \u6709\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u3002 \u9032\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u8a55\u4f30\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u53e6\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71 (AnswerBus \u548c LCC) \u4f86\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u505a\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u512a\u65bc\u53e6\u5916\u5169\u500b\u7dda\u4e0a\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002 \u4ee5 \u5728\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c[EVENT] \u8207\u554f\u53e5\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u6703\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8b70 \u984c\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u8207\u5b57\u6839\u6bd4\u5c0d\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u8a66\u8457\u52a0\u5165\u8a9e\u6cd5\u6216\u8a9e\u610f\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 WordNet \u4f86\u9032\u884c\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u7684\u64f4\u5145\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u8655\u7406\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u6307\u6d89\u554f\u984c\u7b49\u4f86\u52a0\u5f37\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f03 \u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5982\u679c\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\u53cd\u61c9\u6642\u9593\u7684\u9577\u77ed\uff0c\u6240 \u4ee5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9069\u5b9c\u4f7f\u7528\u592a\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f03\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u800c\u5982\u4f55\u4fee\u6539 patterns\uff0c\u6216\u589e\u52a0\u6bd4\u5c0d\u4e0a\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347 patterns \u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\uff0c\u662f \u672a\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u9ede\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7576 patterns \u6db5\u84cb\u5169\u53e5\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u6642\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u78ba\u5b9a\u7b54 \u6848\u7684\u908a\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002 \u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b Anand, Pranav; Breck, Eric; Brown, Brianne; Light, Marc; Mann, Gideon; Riloff, Ellen; Rooth, Mats and Thelen, Michael (2000) \"Fun with Reading Comprehension,\" Final report, Reading Comprehension group, Johns Hopkins Center for Language and Speech Processing Summer Workshop 2000. Johns \u8868 5 \u4efd\u8207\u554f\u53e5\u6bd4\u5c0d\u9019\u968e\u6bb5\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u8a08\u7b97\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6642\u662f\u4ee5\u95dc\u9375\u5b57\u6bd4\u5c0d\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u6703 Hopkins University, Baltimore MD. [Online] Available URL:</td></tr></table>", | |
| "text": "\u4e2d\uff0c\"due to\" \u6703\u52a0\u4e0a \"\u4e0d\u63a5\u539f\u5f62\u52d5\u8a5e\" \u9019\u4e00\u9805\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u89c0\u5bdf \u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u7576 \"due to\" \u610f\u7fa9\u70ba \"\u9810\u5b9a\u8981\" \u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u6703\u63a5\u52d5\u8a5e\u7684\u539f\u5f62\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5c31\u4e0d \u7bc0\u53ca\u7b2c 3 \u7bc0\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684 patterns \u53ca\u5176\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\uff0c\u5be6\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u91dd\u5c0d \"why\u554f\u53e5\" \u56de\u7b54\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u672c\u7bc0\u63cf\u8ff0\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u884c\u6548\u80fd\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e5f\u8207\u53e6\u5916 \u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u554f\u7b54\u7cfb\u7d71 AnswerBus (http://www.answerbus.com/) \u53ca LCC (Language Computer Company, http://www.languagecomputer.com/) \u505a\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002 Google \u627e\u51fa\u6700\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u524d 10 \u7bc7\u5171 30 \u7bc7\u6587\u4ef6\u5099\u67e5\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\u518d\u5229\u7528\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8a62\u6aa2\u7d22\u51fa \u4e0d\u8207\u9019 30 \u7bc7\u91cd\u8907\u7684 200 \u7bc7\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u56e0\u679c patterns \u6bd4\u5c0d\u53ca\u7b54\u6848\u64f7\u53d6\u5c31\u5728\u9019 230 \u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u5404 patterns \u63d0\u4f9b\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u500b\u6578\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u8a55\u4f30\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u500b\u6578 (\u4ee5\u95dc \u9375\u5b57\u505a\u70ba\u5206\u985e\u7d71\u8a08)\u3002\u7531\u8868 5 \u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6709\u8a31\u591a patterns \u5728\u9019\u6b21\u8a55\u4f30\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u88ab\u7528 \u5230\uff0c\"because\" \u548c \"because of\" \u5247\u4f54\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u8868\u793a \"because\" \u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u500b \u5f88\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u53e5\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u7684 patterns \u6392\u540d\u4e2d\u53c8\u5f88\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bb9\u6613\u5148\u88ab\u6bd4 \u5c0d\u5230\u3002 \u7136\u800c\u5728\u8868 5 \u4e2d \"because\" \u5404 patterns \u7b54\u984c\u6b63\u78ba\u7387\u537b\u53ea\u6709 50%\u4e0a\u4e0b\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u89c0 \u5bdf\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f patterns \u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u8a31\u591a patterns \u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea [EVENT] \u90e8 TREC \u4e2d QA \u8a55\u6bd4\u7684 MRR \u503c\u4f86\u8a55\u4f30\uff0cAnswerBus\u3001LCC \u548c\u6211\u5011\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684 MRR \u503c\u5206\u5225\u70ba 0.429\u30010.229 \u548c 0.623\u3002", | |
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