| { | |
| "paper_id": "O03-2001", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:01:28.847270Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "A Bidirectional Study of Mandarin Conversation Verbs *", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Yiching", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Wu", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "Institute of Linguistics National Tsing Hua University", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "d898702@oz.nthu.edu.tw" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "This study examines verbs of conversation, from two directions, bottom-up and top-down, e.g. \u4ea4\u8ac7 jiao1 tan2 'talk', \u5546\uf97e shang1 liang2 'discuss', \u5435\u67b6 chao3 jai4 'quarrel', and \u804a\u5929 liao2 tian1 'chat' etc. In addition to the inductive bottom-up method, inducing generalization on the semantic properties of a lexical item by identifying its syntactic behavior and collocations, the deductive top-down approach, deducing semantic attributes from domain ontology is found to be helpful in systematically accounting for the linguistic phenomena. * This study is supported in part by NSC 91-2411-H-009-012-ME. I am indebted to my colleagues in the project and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "O03-2001", | |
| "_pdf_hash": "", | |
| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This study examines verbs of conversation, from two directions, bottom-up and top-down, e.g. \u4ea4\u8ac7 jiao1 tan2 'talk', \u5546\uf97e shang1 liang2 'discuss', \u5435\u67b6 chao3 jai4 'quarrel', and \u804a\u5929 liao2 tian1 'chat' etc. In addition to the inductive bottom-up method, inducing generalization on the semantic properties of a lexical item by identifying its syntactic behavior and collocations, the deductive top-down approach, deducing semantic attributes from domain ontology is found to be helpful in systematically accounting for the linguistic phenomena. * This study is supported in part by NSC 91-2411-H-009-012-ME. I am indebted to my colleagues in the project and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Abstract", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "body_text": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "There are two common strategies used to determine truth from facts, induction and deduction. Studying lexical semantics is no exception. Linguists also probe lexicons from bottom-up or top-down perspectives.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "By following this approach, linguists may study from either a single lexical item (e.g. Fillmore and Atkins 1992) , a pair or a set of near synonyms (e.g. Tsai et al 1996 , 1998 , Chief et al 2000 , Wu and Liu 2001 , Liu 2000 , 2002a , 2002b , 2003 , or a class of lexical items (Chang et al 2000b , Lien 2001 & 2002 in order to capture the generalization of semantic components, constraints and rules for a semantic field, thereby constructing their theories. Generalizations may be derived from an observation of syntactic behavior and collocations of the items. The linguistic data may be collected from linguists' own intuition, informants' judgment, dictionaries, or from electronic thesauri e.g. WordNet (http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/index.shtml/), and corpora such as British National", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 88, | |
| "end": 113, | |
| "text": "Fillmore and Atkins 1992)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 155, | |
| "end": 170, | |
| "text": "Tsai et al 1996", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 171, | |
| "end": 177, | |
| "text": ", 1998", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF17" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 178, | |
| "end": 196, | |
| "text": ", Chief et al 2000", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 197, | |
| "end": 214, | |
| "text": ", Wu and Liu 2001", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 215, | |
| "end": 225, | |
| "text": ", Liu 2000", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 226, | |
| "end": 233, | |
| "text": ", 2002a", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 234, | |
| "end": 241, | |
| "text": ", 2002b", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 242, | |
| "end": 248, | |
| "text": ", 2003", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 279, | |
| "end": 297, | |
| "text": "(Chang et al 2000b", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 298, | |
| "end": 309, | |
| "text": ", Lien 2001", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 310, | |
| "end": 316, | |
| "text": "& 2002", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Bottom-up approach: from lexical items to semantic fields", | |
| "sec_num": "1.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(BNC) at http://www.hcu.ox.ac.uk/BNC/, and Sinica Corpus at http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi.sh/.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Corpus", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Using this approach, linguists start from an upper class, probe their way through the subclasses, and then to specific lexical entries. In general, the aim of this method is to facilitate language processing by constructing a taxonomy or ontology of the human lexicon. ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Top-down approach: from upper classes to lexical items", | |
| "sec_num": "1.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this section, we will use three verbs of 'talk/converse' as an example to illustrate the bottom-up approach: jiao1 tan2, tan2 hua4 and hui4 tan2, literally meaning 'talk to each other', 'talk words' and 'meet and talk' respectively.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Analysis of near synonyms", | |
| "sec_num": "3." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As shown in ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Grammatical function distribution", | |
| "sec_num": "3.1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "All three verbs can be modified by a duration, e.g. Ta1 men jiao1 tan2/hui4 tan2 le shi2 fen1 zhong1 and Ta1 men tan2 le shi2 fen1 zhong1 de hua4 'They have talked for ten minutes'. The three verbs can all collocate with the progressive (\u6b63 zheng4) \u5728 zai4 and the experiential \u904e guo4, e.g. Ta1 men zheng4 zai4 jiao1 tan2/tan2 hua4/ hui4 tan2 'They are talking to each other,' and Ta1 men jiao1 tan2 guo4 /tan2 guo4 hua4/hui4 tan2 guo4 'They have talked to each other.' In addition, they can all be followed by the inchoative particle \uf9ba le, e.g. Ta1 men (kai1 shi3) jiao1 tan2/tan2 hua4/hui4 tan2 le! 'They start to talk!' From the above facts, and by following the methodology used by Chang et al (2000a) , we can induce the generalization that these verbs are bounded process verbs. However, these verbs contrast with 'discuss' verbs such as \u5546\uf97e shang1 liang2 and \u8a0e\uf941 tao3 lun4 in that they do not take a Topic directly, e.g. '*jiao1 tan2/*tan2 hua4/*hui4 tan2/shang1 liang2/tao3 lun4 shi4 qing2 '*converse/discuss about something'. Furthermore, they do not take a Message in the same manner as other saying verbs, e.g. 'Ta1 men *jiao1 tan2/*tan2 hua4/*hui4 tan2/shuo1 ta1 men mei2 you3 qian2 'They *conversed/*talked/said they had no money.'", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 684, | |
| "end": 703, | |
| "text": "Chang et al (2000a)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Collocation", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In addition, the subject agent, the Speaker, of the three verbs must be plural, e.g. Ta1 gen1 wo3 /wo3 men/ *wo jiao1 tan2 le ban4 xiao3 shi2/tan2 le ban4 xiao3 shi2 de hua4/hui4 tan2 le ban4 xiao3 shi2 'He and I /we/*I have talked for half an hour.' This symbolizes the reciprocality of a conversation event, in which both the speaker and the listener do the speaking and listening. However, hui4 tan2 differs from the other two in that its speakers are mostly officials. When hui4 tan2 functions as a predicate, only 18% (9/50) of the Speakers are common people. Most Speakers (82%) are government officials, representatives of countries or parties, or school officials. In addition, among the nine instances of non-officials there are two doctor-and-patient pairs, and two businessmen pairs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Collocation", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "When the Speakers are realized as Interlocutor_1 and Interlocutor_2, being an argument in a matrix clause or in a subordinate clause as a pre-nominal modifier, they may be linked with or without an overt connective such as \u8207 yu3, \u548c he2/han4, and \u8ddf gen1, e.g. \u6208\u5df4\uf909\u592b \u8207\uf96e\u723e\u8f9b/\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u52d9\u537f\u8c9d\u514b\u548c\u4f0a\uf925\u514b\u7e3d\u7d71\u6d77\u73ca/\u6211\u5011\u8ddf\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u4eba\u58eb/\u8f9c\u6c6a ge1 ba1 qi4 fu1 yu3 ye4 er3 xin1/mei3 guo2 guo2 wu4 qing1 bei4 ke4 he2/han4 yi1 la1 ke4 zong3 tong3 hai3 shan1/wo3 men gen1 suo3 you3 xiang1 guan1 de ren2 shi4/gu1 wang1 'Gorbacheve and Yeltsin/the American Secretary of State, James Baker, and the President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein/we and all the related people/Koo and Wang'. Among these three overt connectives and the covert linker, gen1 is the most colloquial and is often used in daily conversation, whereas yu3 and the covert linker usually appear in formal texts. There are seventy-one instances of Interlocutor_1 and Interlocuteor_2 using hui4 tan2 in Sinica Corpus. The distribution of the four linking devices is shown in ", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Collocation", | |
| "sec_num": "3.2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The above generalizations can be represented by the Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics (MARVS) proposed by Huang and Ahrens (1999) and Huang et al (2000) . From the above discussion, we can induce the following generalizations. Firstly, each of the above three items denotes a bounded process event which refers to a reciprocal communication activity. Since it is a reciprocal event, the Speaker role must have a minimum of two agents. Secondly, hui4 tan2 is a more formal conversational event in contrast with the other two, and thus its Speakers tend to be representatives of a country or an organization.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 124, | |
| "end": 147, | |
| "text": "Huang and Ahrens (1999)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 152, | |
| "end": 170, | |
| "text": "Huang et al (2000)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical Distinctions Redefined as the MARVS Representation", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Thirdly, jiao1 tan2 is inclined to take a language Medium whereas tan2 hua4 and hui4 tan2 do not. In addition, we know that the 'talk/converse' verbs do not collocate with a Topic as with the 'discuss' verbs, nor do they co-occur with a Message as with the 'say' verbs.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical Distinctions Redefined as the MARVS Representation", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "However, as we cannot adequately account for them so far, we will attempt an alternate approach in the next section.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Lexical Distinctions Redefined as the MARVS Representation", | |
| "sec_num": "3.3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "In this section, we will take a top-down perspective to investigate the verbs of conversation. In FrameNet, there are fourteen frames within the domain of Communication.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "From a domain, frames, to subframes", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "To capture the conceptual structure for understanding events in the domain of communication, Liu and Wu (2003) propose a schematic representation as shown in Fig. 2 below: The Converse subframe is unmarked with a purpose to exchange information, e.g. jiao1 tan2, hui4 tan2 'talk', \u4ea4\uf9ca jiao1 liu2 and \u6e9d\u901a gou1 tong1 'communicate', etc. Hence, the Converse subframe verbs tend to co-occur with a language medium, e.g. yi3 he2 lan2 hua4 jiao1 tan2 'converse in Dutch'. In the Discuss subframe, interlocutors communicate in a more serious manner in order to solve problems, e.g. \u5546\uf97e shang1 liang2, \u8a0e\uf941 tao3 lun4 and \u5546 \u8a0e shang1 tao3 'discuss', therefore the verbs tend to collocate with a Topic, e.g. shang1 liang2 jie2 hun1 de shi4 'discuss a wedding affair' and tao3 lun4 nong2 ye4 wen4 ti2 'discuss issues on agriculture'. In the Quarrel subframe, interlocutors exchange different opinions in a heated manner, e.g. \u5435\u67b6 chao3 jia4 'quarrel' and \u722d\u8faf zheng1 bian4 'debate'. Verbs in this subframe tend to collocate with a cause that results in the disagreement, e.g. wei4 le qian2 chao3 jia4 'quarrel about money'. In the Chat subframe, interlocutors communicate in a casual manner for fun, e.g. \u9592\u804a xian2 liao2 'gab' and \u804a\u5929 liao2 tian1 'chat', etc., and hence the verbs tend to co-occur with accompanying recreational activities such as drinking coffee, e.g. he1 ka1 fei1 liao2 tian1 'drink coffee and chat'.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 93, | |
| "end": 110, | |
| "text": "Liu and Wu (2003)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 158, | |
| "end": 164, | |
| "text": "Fig. 2", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF1" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "From a domain, frames, to subframes", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "From this point of view, the collocation of a Topic with 'discuss' verbs, as well as other highlighted participant roles in the subframes, may also be systematically accounted for.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "From a domain, frames, to subframes", | |
| "sec_num": "4." | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The conversation verbs studied here serve to illustrate a hybrid approach to lexical semantics. The bottom-up approach provides a detailed generalization from studying specific lexical items. The top-down approach, aided by the domain schema, provides an overall outlook of the properties of the whole domain, helping to offer a systematic account for the linguistic phenomena. Although each of the methods has both positive and negative aspects, by incorporating the two approaches, detailed semantic features and outlined semantic properties can be expected.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "5." | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [], | |
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| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "text": "MARVS Representation of the semantic differences among conversing verbs", | |
| "uris": null, | |
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| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "text": "Schematic Representation of ConversationCommunication in general is realized as an information-exchange process, where a Speaker, from certain motivation, sends a Message on a given Topic, through a process of packaging (Encoding), and an Addressee receives the package, decodes it, and reaches a certain understanding. The process is reciprocal and is carried out via a Medium (face-to-face, phone, TV, or email and fax, etc.).Speaker, Addressee, Topic, Message, Sign/Signal, and Medium are the core frame ) of Communication. Each of the fourteen frames of Communication profiles certain frame elements. The Conversation frame focuses on the bilateral communication between the Speaker and the Addressee which are realized as Interlocutor_1, Interlocutor_2 and Interlocutors. Therefore, in addition to the three roles, only Medium and Topic are possible participant roles. The above schema may also account for the reason why Topic is not obligatory to all Chinese verbs, and Message is not a core element in the Conversation frame.Since the central focus is on the reciprocal communication process, Topic may not be profiled in every case, and Message may be suppressed.", | |
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| "num": null | |
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| "TABREF0": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>The problem of the bottom-up approach is that the semantic properties of each lexical</td></tr><tr><td>item may be extracted and the overt syntactic behavior may be accounted for, but the</td></tr><tr><td>inheritance relationship, with its parent and ancestor classes, remains opaque. In contrast, the</td></tr><tr><td>problem surrounding the top-down approach is that the inheritance relationship among the</td></tr><tr><td>different levels may be clear enough to account for the covert syntactic behavior, but the</td></tr><tr><td>detailed semantic attributes may be missed. To compensate for this drawback, SUMO</td></tr><tr><td>combines its ontology with WordNet synsets. (Pease et al 2002), and researchers are now</td></tr><tr><td>pursuing a multi-lingual semantic network (Huang et al 2002). A prototype of the</td></tr><tr><td>Chinese-English bilingual interface of general and domain-specific ontologies, constructed by</td></tr><tr><td>the Chinese Knowledge Information Processing Group (CKIP), is now also available at</td></tr><tr><td>http://godel.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/ontology/.</td></tr><tr><td>This study aims to provide a bidirectional approach, incorporating the above two</td></tr><tr><td>methods in order to explore a detailed analysis of the finer semantic distinctions of</td></tr><tr><td>conversation verbs.</td></tr><tr><td>2 Conversation verbs</td></tr><tr><td>To extract Chinese conversation verbs, several resources were consulted. Firstly,</td></tr><tr><td>Conversation is one of the fourteen frames of the Communication domain in FrameNet I, and</td></tr><tr><td>there are both</td></tr></table>", | |
| "num": null, | |
| "text": "SUMO at http://ontology.teknowledge.com/) are two of the online representatives. They contain a nearly complete hierarchy for Chinese and English words respectively. VerbNet (http://www.cis.upenn.edu/verbnet/) based onLevin (1993) and FrameNet I (http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~framenet/) are two of the other less exhausted cases. In Levin (1993), there are forty-eight verb classes grouped by a variety of syntactic alternations, but these classes are not structured by other upper classes. Though the concept of domains is obliterated in FrameNet II, FrameNet I contains fourteen domains with subordinate frames and lemmas, but these domains are not subsumed to other superior classes. Chinese and English words, as well as definitions, in HowNet. By retrieving the corresponding Chinese words and definitions of the English lemmas subsumed to the Conversation frame in FrameNet, a set of possible Chinese candidates is obtained. Secondly, the resultant set of candidates was checked with the lexical items in CKIP's Chinese-English bilingual ontologies. Any items that are used only in mainland China were temporarily ruled out. Thirdly, dictionaries, thesauri, and the intuition of native speakers were consulted. Finally, entries and their frequency in Sinica Corpus were taken into consideration. In this way, a set of target Chinese conversation verbs was obtained, e.g. \u4ea4\u8ac7 jiao1 tan2, \u8ac7\u8a71 tan2 hua4, \u6703 \u8ac7 hui4 tan2 'talk', \u9592\u804a xian2 liao2 'gab' and \u804a\u5929 liao2 tian1 'chat', \u4ea4\uf9ca jiao1 liu2, and In addition, their upper class, the domain of communication was also investigated. In what follows, we will first illustrate how the near synonyms were analyzed from a bottom-up approach and then elaborate on a top-down method.", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>Lemma Function</td><td>\u4ea4\u8ac7 jiao1 tan2</td><td>\u8ac7\u8a71 tan2 hua4</td><td>\u6703\u8ac7 hui4 tan2</td></tr><tr><td>Predicate</td><td>71 (60%)</td><td>57 (31%)</td><td>50 (33%)</td></tr><tr><td>Head Noun</td><td>30 (25%)</td><td>101 (54%)</td><td>82 (54%)</td></tr><tr><td>Modifier</td><td>17 (15%)</td><td>28 (15%)</td><td>20 (13%)</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>118 (100%)</td><td>186 (100%)</td><td>152 (100%)</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "table 1 below, sixty percent of the jiao1 tan2 tokens function as a predicate, the main verb of a clause. In contrast, the majority of the tokens of tan2 hua4 and hui4 tan2 are used as a head noun. The three lexical items have approximately the same functional percentage as a modifier.", | |
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| "num": null, | |
| "text": "Grammatical function distribution of jao1 tan2, tan2 hua4, and hui4 tan2", | |
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| "TABREF3": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>below.</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "Linking devicesYu3 and the covert linker connect forty-six and fifteen pairs of speakers respectively. \u548c he2/han4 links nine, but \u8ddf gen1 combines only one. This shows that hui4 tan2 is a formal conversation event.", | |
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