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| "title": "Skip N-gram Modeling for Near-Synonym Choice", | |
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| "text": ":arm weapon weapon arsenal arm weapon arsenal [1, 2] (Computer-Assisted Language Learning, CALL) [3, 4] (1) ____coffee [5] Near-Synonym {strong, powerful}", | |
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| "text": "(2) ghastly____ [6] Near-Synonym {error, mistake}", | |
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| "text": "(3) ____ under the bay [7] Near-Synonym {bridge, overpass, tunnel} ( ", | |
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| "text": "( ) N N N N 0 5 Islam Inkpen 5 [12] N ( ) N (N-gram) N N N Google Web 1T 5-grams N (Unigram) 2 (Bigram) 3 (Trigram) 4 (Fourgram) 5 (Fivegram) 1. N : 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 ... ... i i i i i i i i i s w w w w ww w w w w i 5 1 4 ( ) i i i P w w , 1 3 ( ) i i i P w w 1 2 2 ( ) i i i P w w 2 3 1 ( ) i i i P w w 3 4 ( ) i i i P w w 5-gram : 5 1 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i i i n i i i i i n n i n i i n i i i i n n i n P s P w w C w M w P w w C w M w D D (1) 1 1 ( ) i i n M w 5 1 1 1 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) i i i i i n i n i n w M w C w C w \u00a6 (2) C( ) N Web 1T 5-gram N N N N N N ( ) (Skip N-gram) 5 N Web 1T 5-gram N N Skip4 Skip3 Skip2 6-8 Skip4 Skip3 Skip2 : Fi 1 Th D it", | |
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| "text": "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing(ROCLING 2012)", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"7\">Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>2</td><td>(</td><td>EIC)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>:</td><td/><td>clean</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>:</td><td/><td/><td/><td>[10,11]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">1 FITB <instance id=\"388\"></td><td colspan=\"2\">(Skip N-gram)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>N</td><td colspan=\"5\">(N-gram) <context>Grace has the money to <head>clean</head> up .</context> (Skip) N</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Web 1T 5-gram corpus </instance></td><td>N</td></tr><tr><td/><td>N</td><td>:</td><td/><td/><td/><td>N</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Web 1T 5 gram corpus</td><td/><td>N</td><td>N</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">has the money to clean</td><td/><td>N</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">the money to clean up</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">money to clean up .</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">2.</td><td/><td/><td>1</td><td/><td>FITB</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">( ) Web 1T 5-gram ( )</td><td/><td>3</td><td>(</td><td>EIC)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>:</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Google Web 1T 5-gram corpus</td><td>Inkpen</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">Google PMI(Pointwise Mutual Information, 2006 clean.v 388 :: win 1;profit greatly 1;clear 1;prosper 1;accumulate 1;make a fortune 1; 1 ) [6] PMI 5 Web 1T 5-gram Google</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Gardiner :</td><td>Dras</td><td colspan=\"2\">[8]</td><td>Google PMI</td><td>[11]</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>[9]</td><td colspan=\"5\">1 N :{win, profit greatly, clear , prosper, accumulate, make a fortune} Inkpen N Web 1T 5-gram N</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">3.</td><td>1) (2)</td><td>[12]</td><td/><td>PMI</td><td>1 Web 1T 5-gram N</td><td>(1) WSD Word sense disambiguation strong,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">powerful [13] Dagan</td><td colspan=\"3\">strong coffee 4 WSD Tokens 4</td><td>strong WSD 1,024,908,267,229 powerful 24GB ghastly mistake (2) error, mistake [14] ( EIC)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">mistake</td><td colspan=\"2\">(3) :(5</td><td colspan=\"3\">{bridge, overpass, tunnel} Sentences 95,119,665,584</td><td>)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Unigrams</td><td>under the bay 13,588,391</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">tunnel has the money to clean tunnel</td><td colspan=\"3\">Bigrams</td><td>314,843,401</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>:</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">[7] Trigrams</td><td>977,069,902</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">( ) has the money to win</td><td colspan=\"3\">Fourgrams</td><td>1,313,818,354</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">Fivegrams has the money to profit greatly</td><td>1,176,470,663</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">( ) has the money to clear</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">XML has the money to prosper 1. :</td><td/><td>FITB(fill-in-the-blank) XML</td><td>5</td><td>(5-gram)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">FITB(fill-in-the-blank)</td><td>2</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td>(gap)</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", | |
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| "text": "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012) Government had been doing its job they would have total confidence.", | |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"9\">Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012) Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing (ROCLING 2012)</td></tr><tr><td>( )</td><td>15 16</td><td colspan=\"2\">N5N4S3N2N1 17</td><td>6 Skip4 9 N</td><td>39.16%</td><td>11</td><td/><td>SemEval-2007</td><td>: If this</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">5 * the money to clean : has the money to clean Skip4 has * money to clean 0 5-gram 950 N5N4S3N2N1 0 N 1. N-gram Skip 16 5 4 SemEval-2007 N5S4S3N2N1 243 0 stop pull N-gram 370 4-gram 404 11 ( :SemEval-2007[15]) N-gram Skip N-gram Skip N-gram N-gram pull 5-gram 4-gram 0 3-gram 2-gram ungram 4-gram 596 3-gram 352 591 1 2 3 4 5 N-gram 14: N-gram stop pull N-gram stop</td><td>stop Skip</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">N-gram Skip4</td><td colspan=\"5\">has the * to clean 2-gram duty bit 14 N-gram+Skip 158 responsibility pull stop</td><td colspan=\"2\">1099 329 duty</td><td>role</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">has the money * clean has the money to * 7 Skip3 5 : has the money to clean :1703 N=5 N=4 N=3 N=4 N=3 Skip4 Skip3 function job.n 433 :: duty 2;function 1;bit 1;responsibility 1;task 1;role 1; 0 0 task Recall Mode Recall N-gram 30.31 39.84 N5S4N3N2N1 31.55 39.84 N5N4S3N2N1 31.54 pull 17 5 0 3. N hand pass N hand 5 50 pass 0 N : Skip4 pass hand 39.67 ( ) N5N4N3S2N1 30.97 37.8 16 N-gram Skip N-gram N</td><td>N=5 N=5 16 hand N N-gram 17 pass</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"8\">Skip3 31.6 : I ____ over and made a U turn while Chris got out, ran over and took a picture. [15] N5S4S3N2N1 40.24</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">* * money to clean (Recall) N5N4S3S2N1 : pull</td><td>30.9</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">1025 (Mode Recall) 37.48</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">* the * to clean * the money * clean * the money to * has * * to clean has * money * clean 8 Skip2 5 : has the money to clean has the * * * 10 pull over and * a 1172 stop over and * a 51774 652 243 5999 0 1435 201 12 Recall (Accuracy) pull over * made a 0 stop over * made a Skip2 SemEval-2007 SemEval-2007 SemEval-2007 10 [15] [15] -Sharoff English Internet Corpus(EIC) (Recall) 5 (Mode Recall) 12 : i i res res a a i T i i freq a H T \u00a6 N5S4N3S2N1 31.08 38.13 N5S4S3S2N1 30.88 36.99 14 \u00a6 N-gram Skip N5S4S3N2N1 2. Navigli ( ) R 5-gram Skip4 Skip3 2-gram ungram 2010 N5S4S3N2N1 2010 171 0 McCarthy Sharoff (Recall) (3) N5S4S3N2N1 N-gram Skip N-gram Skip N-gram Skip N=4 N=3 N5S4S3N2N1 pull SemEval-2007 10 [15] stop N-gram 5-gram pull over and made a 0 4-gram pull over and made 0 over and made a 0 N 5-gram stop over and made a N 0 0 N N 4-gram stop over and made N 0 over and made a SemEval-2007 0 Skip Skip4 pull * and made a 0 N Skip4 stop * and made a 0 N</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">has * money * * has * * to * has * * * clean * the money * * * the * to * 10 PoS 1 if original word ( i m i bg T bg pull over and made * 10 T H 1710 Accuracy 1703 \u00a6 All i res freq bg i originalword 7 :SemEval-2007[15]) 0 6071 21113 652 53074 0 # 0 stop over and made * : Java so that all of the clone( ) methods catch the CloneNotSupportedException 0 (6) NSC All 15 17 N-gram Skip N-gram 99-2221-E-155 -036 -MY3</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">* the * * clean Noun Verb Adjective 1 if i i m bg m 15 rather than ____ it to the caller. i m bg T Mode R \u00a6 System : pass T N-gram pass</td><td colspan=\"2\">311100 Accuracy 497 440 468 30.30%</td><td>hand</td><td>(4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">6-8 * N-gram 5-gram</td><td colspan=\"5\">has the money to * Adverb 298 N5S4N3N2N1 34.66% 5-gram</td><td>has the money to</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">clean has the money to afford has the money to back has the money to cover... All 1703 13 Mode Recall N5N4S3N2N1 39.16% than pass it to the 0 than hand it to the</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Skip</td><td/><td>Skip 4</td><td colspan=\"2\">has the money to N5N4N3S2N1</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">32.11% Skip 4</td><td>has</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">the money to * ( ) -than pass * to the T m N5S4S3N2N1</td><td>0</td><td colspan=\"3\">38.63% than hand * to the</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">N than pass it * the N=2 3 4 5 N SemEval-2007 N [15] bg i N5N4S3S2N1 m i N5S4N3S2N1 than pass it to *</td><td>157 0</td><td colspan=\"3\">5 34.42% than hand it * the 33.71% than hand it to *</td><td>9</td><td>1710</td><td>50 50</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">N5S4S3S2N1</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">33.83%</td></tr></table>", | |
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