{ "paper_id": "O00-1005", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:59:02.977719Z" }, "title": "Similarity Measure in Backward Transliteration between Different Character Sets and Its Application to CLIR", "authors": [ { "first": "Wei-Hao", "middle": [], "last": "Lin", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "National Taiwan University Taipei", "location": { "country": "TAIWAN, R.O.C" } }, "email": "" }, { "first": "Hsin-Hsi", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "", "affiliation": { "laboratory": "", "institution": "National Taiwan University Taipei", "location": { "country": "TAIWAN, R.O.C" } }, "email": "hh_chen@csie.ntu.edu.tw" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "This paper classifies the problem of machine transliteration into four types, i.e., forward/backward transliteration between same/different character sets, based on transliteration direction and character sets. A phoneme-based similarity measure is proposed to deal with backward transliteration between different character sets. Chinese-English information retrieval is taken as an example. The experiments show that phoneme-based approach is better than grapheme-based approach. In a mate matching of 1,261 candidates, the average rank is 7.80 and 57.65% of candidates are ranked as number one.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "O00-1005", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "This paper classifies the problem of machine transliteration into four types, i.e., forward/backward transliteration between same/different character sets, based on transliteration direction and character sets. A phoneme-based similarity measure is proposed to deal with backward transliteration between different character sets. Chinese-English information retrieval is taken as an example. The experiments show that phoneme-based approach is better than grapheme-based approach. In a mate matching of 1,261 candidates, the average rank is 7.80 and 57.65% of candidates are ranked as number one.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": ")\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0d\u540c\u6240\u5f62\u6210 \u7684\u95b1\u8b80\u8207\u8655\u7406\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e5\u6f38\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u591a\u8a9e\u7684\u5927\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6a5f\u5668\u7ffb\u8b6f(machine translation)\u8207\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22(cross language information retrieval)\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e \u8a00\u8655\u7406\u7cfb\u7d71\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c31\u6975\u70ba\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u8996\u3002 \u6240\u8b02\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22 (Chen, 1997) (2) P(e|w)\uff1a\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u767c\u97f3\u3002", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 145, "end": 157, "text": "(Chen, 1997)", "ref_id": "BIBREF1" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "\u7cfb \u7d71 \u3002 \u5728 \u5c07 \u82f1 \u6587 \u5f62 \u7d20 \u8f49 \u6210 \u97f3 \u7d20 \u7684 \u904e \u7a0b \u4e2d \uff0c \u9019 \u500b \u7cfb \u7d71 \u5148 \u5c07 \u82f1 \u6587 \u5b57 \u6bcd \u97f3 \u7bc0 \u5316", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "(3) P(j|e)\uff1a\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u767c\u97f3\u8f49\u6210\u65e5\u6587\u767c\u97f3\u3002 (4) P(k|j)\uff1a\u5c07\u65e5\u6587\u767c\u97f3\u8f49\u6210\u7247\u5047\u540d\u3002 5 ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "\u2211 = l i i S i S s 1 ' 2 ' 1 )) ( ), ( ( \u3002 \u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u8aaa\u660e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u5982\u524d\u4f8b\uff0c \u300c\u4e9e\u745f\u300d\u7d93\u67e5\u8868\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u662f \u300cIY AA S r\u300d \uff0c\u800c Arthur \u7684\u767c\u97f3\u70ba \u300cAA R TH ER\u300d 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\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u8ddf\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5c0d\u9f4a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 dynamic programming \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u627e\u51fa\u3002 Gusfield (1997)\u66fe\u5b9a\u7fa9\u57fa\u5e95\u689d\u4ef6(base condition)\u70ba )) ( (_, ) , 0 ( _) ), ( ( ) 0 , ( 1 2 1 1 k S s j V k S s i V j k i k \u2211 = \u2211 = \u2264 \u2264 \u2264 \u2264 \u4e00\u822c\u7684 recurrence \u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5beb\u6210\uff1a ))] ( (_, ) 1 , ( _), ), ( ( ) , 1 ( )), ( ), ( ( ) 1 , 1 ( max[ ) , ( 2 1 2 1 j S s j i V i S s j i V j S i S s j i V j i V + \u2212 + \u2212 + \u2212 \u2212 = 0\u2266i\u2266length(S 1 )\uff0c0\u2266j\u2266length(S 2 )\uff0cV(0, 0) = 0\u3002\u5176\u4e2d V(i, j)\u70ba S 1 [1..i]\u8207 S 2 [1..j] \u9019\u5169\u500b\u524d\u5b57\u4e32(prefix)\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u5c0d\u9f4a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u503c\u3002\u5047\u8a2d S 1 \u8207 S 2 \u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u5404\u70ba n \u8207 m\uff0c\u5247 \u6700\u4f73\u5c0d\u9f4a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u662f V(n, m)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5229\u7528 dynamic programming \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u6c42\uff0c\u9019 \u500b\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 O(nm)\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5167\u7b97\u51fa\u4f86\u3002 \u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u53cd\u5411\u7570\u6587\u5b57\u97f3\u8b6f\u8a9e\u97f3\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u8a55\u91cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u03a3'\u70ba 63 \u500b IPA \u97f3\u6a19\u7b26\u865f(\u542b \u7a7a\u767d)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u6709 39 \u500b\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u9664\u4e86\u5171\u7528\u7684\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u9084\u6709 24 \u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u6240\u7368\u7528\u7684 \u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6574\u500b\u5206\u6578\u77e9\u9663\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u70ba 63x63\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u5206\u6578\u77e9\u9663\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u6578\u6307\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u5982 \u4e0b\uff1a (1) \u539f\u5247\u4e0a\uff0cIPA \u5339\u914d(match)\u7d66 10 \u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u5339\u914d(mismatch)\u6263 10 \u5206\u3002\u4f46\u82e5\u5339 \u914d\u7684\u70ba\u6bcd\u97f3\uff0c\u5247\u53ea\u7d66 5 \u5206\uff0c\u800c\u6bcd\u97f3\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u4e0d\u6263\u5206\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u5229\u7528\u6bcd\u97f3\u4f86\u6355\u6349 \u97f3\u7bc0\u7684\u5c0d\u9f4a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6bcd\u97f3\u4e0d\u5c0d\u9f4a\u4e0d\u6263\u5206\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u6bcd\u97f3\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u9593\u7684\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u610f\u7fa9\u8f03 \u4e0d\u986f\u8457\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6bcd\u97f3\u53ea\u7d66 5 \u5206\u3002 (2) \u8207\u7a7a\u767d\u5b57\u5143(_)\u5c0d\u9f4a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u505a insertion \u6216\u662f deletion\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u53ef\u4ee5 \u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u500b insertion \u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b deletion\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 abcdfgh \u548c abcdigh\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d f \u8207 i \u672a \u5339\u914d\uff0c\u7576\u8981\u5c0d\u9f4a\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a1\u7528\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a abcdf_gh abcd_igh \u6240\u4ee5\u672a\u5339\u914d\u8981\u6263\u7684\u5206\u6578\uff0c\u8ddf\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u5143\u5c0d\u4e0a\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u505a\u4e00\u6b21 insertion \u548c\u4e00\u6b21 deletion \u8981\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u624d\u6c92\u6709\u504f\u597d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u516c\u5e73\u8d77\u898b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8b93 insertion \u6216\u662f", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "deletion \u7684\u6263\u5206\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u914d\u5c0d\u7684\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f 10/2=5 \u5206\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u7a7a\u767d\u5c0d \u7a7a\u767d\u5206\u6578\u9084\u662f\u8a2d-5(\u53c3\u8003\u5206\u6578\u77e9\u9663\u7bc4\u4f8b)\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u4e32 ab \u8207 ac \u5728\u5c0d\u9f4a\u6642\uff0c\u5982 \u679c a \u5c0d a \u5339\u914d\u7d66 10 \u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u6263 10 \u5206\uff0c\u5247 ab \u548c ac \u5b57\u4e32\u5c0d\u9f4a\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u70ba\uff1a10 + (-10) = 0 \u5206\u3002\u5982\u679c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u518d\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u9f4a\uff0c\u5982 a_b \u548c a_c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5206\u6578\u70ba 10 + (-5) + (-10) ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "= -5 \u5206\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5c0d\u5217\u6642\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u52a0\u4e0a\u7a7a\u767d\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6703\u628a\u5206\u6578\u62c9\u4f4e\uff0c\u6240 \u4ee5\u7a7a\u767d\u5c0d\u7a7a\u767d\u662f-5 \u5206\u3002 (3) \u5176\u4ed6\u6839\u64da\u767c\u97f3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8207\u767c\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5728\u97f3\u8b6f\u4e0a\u7684\u7fd2\u6163\u3001\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587 \u5404\u81ea\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u7279\u6027\u3001\u5c07\u67d0\u4e9b\u97f3\u6a19\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u914d\u5c0d\u5206\u6578\u8a2d\u70ba 8 \u5206\uff0c\u5982\u8868\u4e09\u6240\u5217\u3002 \u8868\u4e09\u2022\u5176\u4ed6\u97f3\u6a19\u4e4b\u914d\u5c0d \u7406\u7531 \u4f8b\u5b50 \u4e2d\u6587\u4e0d\u5206\u6e05\u6fc1 P\u8207 B\u3001D \u8207 T\u3001F \u8207 V\u3001G \u8207 K\u3001S \u8207 Z \u767c\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u4f4d\u7f6e\u76f8\u8fd1 B \u8207 Ph\u3001K \u8207 Kh\u3001D \u8207 Th\u3001P \u8207 Ph \u767c\u97f3\u4f4d\u7f6e\u76f8\u8fd1 L\u8207 R\u3001DH \u8207 Th \u767c\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u8fd1 CH \u8207 Tch\u3001CH \u8207 TSch\u3001H \u8207 Th\u3001G \u8207 Tc\u3001JH \u8207 Tc\uff0cL \u8207 R\u3001M \u8207 ANG\u3001N \u8207 AN\u3001N \u8207 AHN\u3001N \u8207 ANG\u3001NG \u8207 ANG\u3001NG \u8207 AN\u3001NG \u8207 AHNG\u3001S \u8207 Sc\u3001S \u8207 c\u3001S \u8207 TH\u3001S \u8207 TS\u3001Z \u8207 Sc\u3001Z \u8207 TS\u3001Z \u8207 TSc \u97f3\u8b6f\u7fd2\u6163\u4ee5\u53ca\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00 \u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u97f3\u6a19\u7a7a\u7f3a K \u8207 Tc\u3001L \u8207 e\u3001R \u8207 e\u3001TH \u8207 Th\u3001ZH \u8207 Tch\u3001ER \u8207 r\u3001 ER \u8207 L\u3001ER \u8207 e\u3001UW \u8207 V\u3001JH \u8207 TSc\u3001G \u8207 Tch \u4e2d\u6587\u4e0d\u5206\u9577\u77ed\u6bcd\u97f3 IH \u8207 IY\u3001UW \u8207 W \u534a\u6bcd\u97f3\u8207\u6bcd\u97f3 IY \u8207", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "Cross-Language Information Retrieval", "authors": [ { "first": "Hsin-Hsi", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1997, "venue": "Proceedings of ROCLING Workshop on ED/MT/IR, Academic Sinica", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "4--5", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Chen, Hsin-Hsi (1997) \"Cross-Language Information Retrieval,\" Proceedings of ROCLING Workshop on ED/MT/IR, Academic Sinica, Taipei, June 2, 1997, pp. 4-1~4-27.", "links": null }, "BIBREF4": { "ref_id": "b4", "title": "Proper Name Translation in Cross-Language Information Retrieval", "authors": [ { "first": "Yung-Wei", "middle": [], "last": "Ding", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Shih-Chung", "middle": [], "last": "Tsai", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Tsai", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1998, "venue": "Proceedings of 17 th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36 th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "232--236", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Ding, Yung-Wei and Tsai, Shih-Chung Tsai (1998) \"Proper Name Translation in Cross-Language Information Retrieval,\" Proceedings of 17 th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 36 th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 10-14 1998, pp. 232-236.", "links": null }, "BIBREF5": { "ref_id": "b5", "title": "A Multilingual News Summarizer", "authors": [ { "first": "Hsin-Hsi And", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Chuan-Jie", "middle": [], "last": "Lin", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 2000, "venue": "Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Chen, Hsin-Hsi and Lin, Chuan-Jie (2000) \"A Multilingual News Summarizer,\" Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, July 31-August 4 2000, University of Saarlandes.", "links": null }, "BIBREF7": { "ref_id": "b7", "title": "Machine Transliteration", "authors": [ { "first": "Kevin", "middle": [], "last": "Knight", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Jonathan", "middle": [], "last": "Graehl", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1998, "venue": "Computational Linguistics", "volume": "24", "issue": "4", "pages": "599--612", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Knight, Kevin and Graehl, Jonathan (1998) \"Machine Transliteration,\" Computational Linguistics, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1998, pp. 599-612.", "links": null }, "BIBREF8": { "ref_id": "b8", "title": "The Art of Computer Programming", "authors": [ { "first": "Donald", "middle": [ "E" ], "last": "Knuth", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1973, "venue": "", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "pages": "391--392", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Knuth, Donald E. (1973) The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3, Sorting and Searching, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1973, pp. 391-392.", "links": null }, "BIBREF9": { "ref_id": "b9", "title": "Name Searching and Information Retrieval", "authors": [ { "first": "P", "middle": [], "last": "Thompson", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "C", "middle": [], "last": "Dozier", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1997, "venue": "Proceedings of Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Thompson, P. and Dozier, C. (1997) \"Name Searching and Information Retrieval,\" Proceedings of Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Providence, Rhode Island, 1997.", "links": null }, "BIBREF10": { "ref_id": "b10", "title": "Automatic English-Chinese Name Transliteration for Development of Multilingual Resources", "authors": [ { "first": "Stephen", "middle": [], "last": "Wan", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Cornelia", "middle": [], "last": "Verspoor", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Maria", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1998, "venue": "Proceedings of 17 th COLING and 36 th ACL", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "1352--1356", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Wan, Stephen and Verspoor, Cornelia Maria (1998) \"Automatic English-Chinese Name Transliteration for Development of Multilingual Resources,\" Proceedings of 17 th COLING and 36 th ACL, 1998, pp. 1352-1356.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "text": "p\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u627e\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u767c\u97f3\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u5b57 \u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0b\u627e\u770b\u770b\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u5b57 w \u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93 P(w|p)\u9019\u500b\u6a5f\u7387\u6709\u6700\u5927\u503c\u3002\u6839 \u64da\u8c9d\u5f0f\u5b9a\u7406(Bayes' Theorem) \uff0c\u9019\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u5c0b\u627e P(w)\u2022P(p|w)\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7528\u5230\u5982\u4e0b \u4e94\u500b\u6a5f\u7387\u5206\u4f48\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d w \u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u3001e \u70ba\u82f1\u6587\u767c\u97f3\u3001j \u70ba\u65e5\u6587\u767c\u97f3\u3001k \u70ba\u7247\u5047\u540d\u3001o \u70ba\u5149\u5b78\u8fa8\u8b58\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5b57\u5143\uff1a (1) P(w)\uff1a\u7522\u751f\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u3002", "uris": null, "type_str": "figure", "num": null }, "TABREF1": { "content": "
\u97f3\u8b6f\u901a\u5e38\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u62fc\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5247\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u898f
\u4ee5\u610f\u8b6f\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u63a1\u7528\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u97f3\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u7684\u89c0\u5149\u52dd\u5730 \u5247\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4ee5\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u767c\u97f3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 Beethoven \u96d6\u7136\u662f\u5fb7\u570b\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4f46\u662f
Firenze\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u5c31\u97f3\u8b6f\u6210\u300c\u7fe1\u51b7\u7fe0\u300d \uff0c\u6b64\u70ba\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u500b \u5728\u82f1\u6587\u7684\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u62fc\u6cd5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u62fc\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u8a9e
\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u4eba\u540d\u300c\u963f\u8afe\u53f2\u74e6\u8f9b\u683c\u300d \uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u8981\u627e\u51fa\u539f\u6587\u662f Arnold Schwarzenegger\uff0c \u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u89c0\u5149\u52dd\u5730 Firenze(\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u6587)\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u5247\u97f3\u8b6f
\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7f85\u99ac\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6703\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u8a5e\u8a9e\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684 \u70ba Florence\u3002
\u62fc\u6cd5\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4ee5\u539f\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u767c\u97f3\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8c61 \u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5728\u767c\u97f3\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u63a1\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u898f\u5247\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u82f1\u8a9e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u53ef
\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u8207\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e4b\u9593\u4f5c\u97f3\u8b6f\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u9700\u8981\u5c07\u8072\u97f3\u7531\u539f\u8a9e\u8a00\u76e1\u91cf\u7528\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e \u80fd\u6703\u4f9d\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5c31\u8ddf\u539f\u4f86\u5fb7\u6587\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f46\u5927\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\u5728\u97f3
\u8a00\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u97f3\u7d20\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u7b26\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00(target language)\u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u7d44\u5408\u898f\u5247\u3002\u5f88 \u7d20\u4e0a\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u8f03\u70ba\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u4ee5\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0a\u91cd\u539f\u59cb
\u986f\u7136\u5730\uff0c\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u8207\u8c61\u5f62\u6587\u5b57\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u8655\u7406\u76f8\u5c0d\u4f86\u8aaa\u8f03\u70ba\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u6bd4\u6b63 \u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u65e5\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u96d6\u7136\u8207\u4e2d\u6587\u76f8\u901a\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u5728\u767c\u97f3\u4e0a\u5dee\u8ddd\u751a\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u901a
\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u66f4\u96e3\u3002\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u5141\u8a31\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5931\u771f\uff0c\u6240\u80fd\u5920\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7bc4\u570d\u8f03\u5927\uff1b\u4f46\u53cd \u5e38\u65e5\u6587\u6f22\u5b57\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u6642\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u8207\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u4f86\u65e5\u6587\u6f22\u5b57\u7684\u5beb
\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u5247\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u8f03\u4e0d\u5141\u8a31\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u627e\u51fa\u539f\u6587\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u76f8 \u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u6587\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u5ff5\u6cd5\u4f86\u5c0d\u65e5\u6587\u6f22\u5b57\u767c\u97f3\u3002\u9664\u975e\u9019\u4f4d\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5b78\u7fd2
\u7576\u6e96\u78ba\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u61c9\u7528\u6027\u5c31\u8f03\u4f4e\u3002 \u904e\u65e5\u6587\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u65e5\u6587\u6f22\u5b57\u4f86\u767c\u97f3\u3002
\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc0\u7531\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684\u6b63\u5411\u548c\u53cd\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u8de8\u6587\u5b57\u4f86\u5206\u6790\u97f3\u8b6f\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4ecb\u7d39 2-2 \u6b63\u5411\u7570\u6587\u5b57\u9593\u97f3\u8b6f
\u904e\u53bb\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u7bc0\u7531\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f86\u57f7\u884c\u6a5f\u5668\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u7bc0 \u5728\u6b63\u5411\u7570\u6587\u5b57\u9593\u97f3\u8b6f\u6642\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u65bc\u5c07\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u97f3\u7d20\uff0c\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684
\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ee5\u97f3\u7d20\u9032\u884c\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u7bc0\u4ecb\u7d39\u5be6\u9a57\u898f\u756b\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u9032 \u97f3\u7d20\u4f86\u5448\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u914d\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u898f\u5247\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u66f8\u5beb\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0a\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u9032
\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u662f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002 \u4e00\u6b65\u5c07\u4e4b\u524d\u97f3\u8b6f\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u9078\u64c7\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u9069\u7576\u7684\u66f8\u5beb\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4f86\u5448\u73fe\u6700\u5f8c\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684\u7d50
2. \u97f3\u8b6f\u5206\u985e\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76 \u679c\u3002Wan \u8207 Verspoor(1998)\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u81ea\u52d5\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u7684
\u6839\u64da\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u97f3\u8b6f\u554f\u984c\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u300d\u8207\u300c\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u300d\u5169\u7a2e\u3002
\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u76ee\u6a19\u8a9e\u8a00\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u97f3\u8b6f\u5340\u5206\u70ba
\u300c\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7d71\u9593\u97f3\u8b6f\u300d\u8207\u300c\u7570\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7d71\u9593\u97f3\u8b6f\u300d\u5169\u7a2e\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u5c0f\u7bc0\uff0c\u5c31\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u56db
\u7a2e\u7d44\u5408\u4f86\u4ecb\u7d39\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\u3002
2-1 \u6b63\u5411\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u9593\u97f3\u8b6f
\u76f8\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b\u9593\u7531\u65bc\u5171\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u7a2e\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4ee5\u7f85\u99ac\u5b57\u6bcd\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u62fc\u97f3\u6587
\u5b57\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5728\u5f62\u7d20(grapheme)\u8207\u97f3\u7d20(phoneme)\u9593\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u898f\u5247\u96d6\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00
\u500b\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff0c\u8981\u8868\u9054\u6210\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6c92\u6709\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u985e\u578b\u7684
", "num": null, "html": null, "text": "\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u67e5\u8a62(query)\uff0c\u53bb \u6aa2\u7d22\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u6240\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5c07\u67e5\u8a62\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u8ddf\u5167 \u5bb9\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u6b67\u7fa9\u5206\u6790(disambiguation)\uff0c\u662f\u67e5\u8a62\u7ffb\u8b6f(query translation)\u4e00\u9805\u91cd \u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76(Bian and Chen, 2000)\u3002\u6839\u64da 1995 \u5e74\u7db2\u8def\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u5c0d Wall Street Journal\u3001 Los Angeles Times \u548c Washington Post \u7b49\u65b0\u805e\u8a9e\u6599\u6aa2\u7d22\u7684\u7d71\u8a08(Thompson and Dozier, 1997)\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u6709 67.8%\u300183.4%\u3001\u548c 38.8%\u7684\u6aa2\u7d22\u8a5e\u542b\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053 \u8fad\u5178\u7684\u8986\u84cb\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u67e5\u8a62\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5728\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u66f4\u662f\u6311\u6230\u3002Chen \u7b49\u4eba(1998)\uff0cKnight \u548c Graehl(1998)\uff0cWan \u548c Verspoor(1998)\u90fd\u76f8\u7e7c\u63d0\u51fa\u6a5f\u5668\u97f3\u8b6f (machine transliteration)\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002 \u97f3\u8b6f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u64da\u8655\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5340\u5206\u6210\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f(forward transliteration)\u8207\u53cd\u5411\u97f3 \u8b6f(backward transliteration)\u3002\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u9069\u7576\u6216\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613", "type_str": "table" }, "TABREF2": { "content": "
\u8207\u767c\u97f3\u76f8\u4f3c\u6642\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u9019\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u8d8a\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u800c Chen \u7b49\u4eba(1998)\u7684\u7814 \u7d71\u4f86\u505a\u5f62\u7d20\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u5176\u4ed6\u7cfb\u7d71\u5b8c\u5168\u914d\u5c0d\u5931\u6557(er\u2260l) \uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7d93\u904e\u8a13 \u4e32\u5c0d\u9f4a\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5230\u5b57\u4e32\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002
\u7a76\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u5728\u5f62\u7d20\u4e0a\u6bd4\u8f03\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u7684\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\uff0c \u7df4\u968e\u6bb5\u6240\u7522\u751f\u5c0d\u61c9\u624d\u80fd\u6b63\u78ba\u914d\u5c0d(l=l) \u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u8868\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709 \u7b26\u865f\u548c IPA \u7b26\u865f\u5c0d\u7167\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c \u300c\u03b9\u300d\u5c0d\u61c9\u300cIY\u300d \u3002 \u5b9a\u7fa9 1\uff1a\u5b57\u6bcd\u5c0d\u9f4a\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6
\u8207\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u82f1\u6587\u7684\u66f8\u5beb\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5148\u5c07\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u7f85\u99ac\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u52d5\u4f5c\u7a31 \u6548\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u5f62\u7d20\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u3002 \u82f1\u4e2d\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57 \u82f1\u6587\u5019\u9078\u5b57 \u5047\u8a2d S 1 \u8207 S 2 \u9019\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u4e32\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u96c6\u5408\u70ba\u03a3\uff0c\u800c\u03a3'\u8868\u793a\u03a3\u52a0\u4e0a\u300c_\u300d(_\u8868\u793a\u7a7a
P(o|k)\uff1a\u52a0\u5165\u56e0\u70ba\u5149\u5b78\u5b57\u5143\u8fa8\u8b58\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002 \u7576 OCR \u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u500b\u7247\u5047\u540d\u5b57\u4e32 o \u6642\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u4e32 w\u3002 \u70ba\u300c\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5316\u300d(romanization)\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u6709\u5a01\u7fdf\u8207\u6f22\u8a9e\u62fc \u97f3\uff0c\u4e26\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u7d93\u9a57\u6cd5\u5247\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4f86\u63d0\u9ad8\u7cfb\u7d71\u6548\u80fd\u3002 \u767d\u5b57\u5143)\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u03a3'\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u5143 x \u8207 y\uff0cs(x, y)\u8868\u793a x \u8207 y \u5c0d\u9f4a\u5f8c\uff0c\u6240\u5f97\u5230 \u8868\u4e00\u2022\u8a13\u7df4\u7d50\u679c\u8207\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71 \u65b7\u5b57 \u767c\u97f3\u67e5\u8868 \u7684\u5206\u6578\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u5b57\u6bcd\u5c0d\u9f4a\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002
) \u8036\u9b6f \u6f22\u8a9e\u62fc\u97f3 \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5f0f \u300c \u81ea \u52d5 \u7522 \u751f \u7f85 \u99ac \u62fc \u97f3 | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( k o P j k P e j P w e P \u00d7 \u00d7 \u00d7 \u7531\u65bc\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8003\u616e\u8a9e\u97f3\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u8fd1\u4f86\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6f22\u8a9e\u62fc\u97f3\u5c31 ) ( max arg w P w \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f \u5a01\u7fdf \u00d7 \u5c0d\u7167\u8868\u300d\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u7d50\u679c \u6f22\u5b57\u8f49\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f \u570b\u969b\u97f3\u6a19 \u5b9a\u7fa9 2\uff1a\u5b57\u4e32\u5c0d\u9f4a\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6
Chen \u7b49\u4eba(1998)\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u97f3\u8b6f\u6210\u4e2d\u6587(\u76ee\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00)\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\uff0c\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f erh er Er Er l \u56de\u82f1\u6587(\u539f\u59cb\u8a9e\u8a00)\u7684\u6a21\u7d44\uff0c\u4e26\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u4e2d\u82f1\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u5c07\u53ef \u3126 \u7528\u5230\u4e86 Zh\u3001Q \u8207 X \u7b49\u7f85\u99ac\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u8207\u5b57\u6bcd\u767c\u97f3\u5b8c\u5168\u7121\u95dc\u7684\u6f22\u8a9e\u8a9e\u97f3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 \u82f1\u6587\u97f3\u8b6f\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\uff0c\u5728\u5229\u7528\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7f85 \u311e ai ai Ai Ai \u5047\u8a2d A \u70ba\u5b57\u4e32 S 1 \u8207 S 2 \u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u9f4a\u65b9\u5f0f(alignment)\uff0cS 1 '\u8207 S 2 '\u70ba\u63d2\u5165\u7a7a\u767d e \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u8f49 IPA \u8a9e\u97f3\u6bd4\u8f03 \u5f8c\u7684\u5b57\u4e32\u3002\u5982\u679c S 1 '\u8207 S 2 '\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u70ba l\uff0c\u5247\u5c0d\u9f4a\u65b9\u5f0f A \u7684\u5206\u6578\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\u80fd\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u8fa8\u8b58\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u518d\u9032\u884c\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5229\u7528\u6f22\u5b57\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71(\u4f8b\u5982 Wade \u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u8ddf\u539f\u4f86\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u62fc\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u5728\u767c\u97f3\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u76f8\u8fd1\u3002 \u3109\u3128\u3123 tun dwei Duan duan don \u570b\u969b\u97f3\u6a19 \u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6
Giles (\u5a01\u7fdf)\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6f22\u8a9e\u62fc\u97f3(Pinyin))\uff0c\u628a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57(\u4e2d\u6587)\u8f49\u6210\u7f85\u99ac\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002\u63a5 \u6709\u9451\u65bc\u5728\u5f62\u7d20\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u505a\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5316\u6642\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u5f62\u7d20\u76f8\u8fd1\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u800c \u5716\u4e00\u2022\u97f3\u7d20\u6bd4\u5c0d
\u8457\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u8207\u4e00\u4e32\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u627e\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u539f\u6587(\u82f1\u6587)\u3002 \u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u66f8\u5beb\u7cfb\u7d71\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6211 4. \u97f3\u7d20\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u8a55\u91cf \u8868\u4e8c\u2022\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u8207 IPA \u5c0d\u7167\u8868
3. \u8a9e\u97f3\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6 \u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u81ea\u52d5\u5efa\u7acb\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5c0d\u7167\u8868\u300d\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff1a \u8003\u91cf\u7269\u7406\u767c\u97f3\u5728\u8de8\u8a9e\u8a00\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6aa2\u7d22\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f62\u7d20\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5c0d\u7684\u4e8b\u524d\u8a13 (a) \u5b50\u97f3\u90e8\u4efd
\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u662f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u82f1-\u4e2d\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u8207\u539f\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u914d\u5c0d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u82f1\u4e2d \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f \u3105 \u3106 \u3107 \u3108 \u3109 \u310a \u310b \u310c \u310d \u310e \u310f \u3110 \u3111 \u3112 \u3113 \u3114 \u7df4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u97f3\u7d20\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f03\u6613\u986f\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u800c\u8861\u91cf\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u97f3\u7d20\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\uff0c\u6211 \u672c\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u628a\u97f3\u8b6f\u554f\u984c\u8996\u70ba\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u6b63\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u5373\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u8b93 \u97f3\u8b6f\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u80fd\u5920\u4fdd\u6301\u6700\u5927\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9810\u5148\u7d66\u4e88\u4e00\u4efd\u5019\u9078\u540d \u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u6240\u61c9\u8a72\u8f49\u63db\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982 Elton \u8207\u300c\u611b\u723e\u9813\u300d\u9019\u500b\u914d\u5c0d\uff0c\u5148\u5c07\u4e2d IPA \u03c0 \u03c0\u0397 \u00b5 \u03c6 \u03c4 \u03c4\u0397 \u03bd \u03bb \u03ba \u03ba\u0397 \u03be \u03c4\uf8fe \u03c4\uf8fe\u0397 \uf8fe \u03c4\u2663 \u03c4\u2663\u0397 \u5011\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u570b\u969b\u97f3\u6a19(International Phonetic Alphabet\uff0cIPA)\u70ba\u57fa\u6e96\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u5148\u5c07 \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f \u3115 \u3116 \u3117 \u3118 \u3119
\u55ae\uff0c\u5247\u7cfb\u7d71\u6bd4\u8f03\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u8207\u5019\u9078\u540d\u55ae\u4e0a\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u5169\u5169\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u7684\u6bd4\u5c0d\uff0c \u6587\u4ee3\u63db\u6210\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u5f8c\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u505a\u97f3\u7bc0\u62c6\u89e3\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u300cEl\u2022ton\u300d \u5169\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u570b\u969b\u97f3\u6a19\u5217\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u6bd4\u8f03\u570b\u969b\u97f3\u6a19\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u9054\u5230\u53cd\u5411\u97f3\u8b6f\u7684 IPA \u2663 \uf8e6 \u03c4\u03c3 \u03c4\u03c3\u0397 \u03c3
\u8207\u300c\u311e\u2022\u3126\u2022\u3109\u3128\u3123\u300d \uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u5ffd\u7565\u82f1\u6587\u91cd\u97f3\u8207\u4e2d\u6587\u8072\u8abf\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u800c\u2022\u70ba\u97f3\u7bc0\u9593\u9694\u7b26 \u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5716\u4e00\u986f\u793a\u97f3\u7d20\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5148\u8aaa\u660e\u6d41\u7a0b\u5716\u5de6\u908a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f \u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\uff1a\u5f62\u7d20\u3001\u97f3\u7d20\u3001\u548c\u7269\u7406\u8072\u97f3\u3002 \u865f\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5c07\u82f1\u6587\u97f3\u7bc0\u505a\u6b21\u97f3\u7bc0\u5316\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u82f1\u6587\u97f3\u7bc0\u8207\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\u7684 (b) \u6bcd\u97f3\u90e8\u4efd \u82f1\u4e2d\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u8655\u7406\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff1a \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f \u3127 \u3128 \u3129 \u311a \u311b \u311c \u311d \u311e \u311f \u3120 \u3121 \u3122 \u3123 \u3124 \u3125 \u3126 \u97f3\u8b6f\u5f8c\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\u8207\u539f\u8a5e\u5f59\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8acb\u6bcd\u8a9e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u767c\u97f3\uff0c \u5f9e\u4e8b\u5f62\u7d20\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u6839\u64da\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u8a13\u7df4\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u8868\uff0c\u5c07\u82f1-\u4e2d\u97f3\u8b6f \u662f\u65b7\u5b57\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u4e9e\u745f\u300d\u9019\u500b\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u65b7\u5b57\u5f8c\u53d6\u51fa\u300c\u4e9e\u300d\u8207\u300c\u745f\u300d \u3002 \u7136\u5f8c\u4ee5\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e2c\u91cf\u5230\u7684\u97f3\u6ce2\u4f86\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f9e\u4eba\u985e\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u51fa\u7684\u8a9e\u97f3\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u97f3\u7d20 \u97f3\u7bc0\u5c0d\u61c9\u5171\u4e09\u7d44\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u311e\u2192e\u300d \u3001 \u300c\u3126\u2192l\u300d\u8207\u300c\u3109\u3128\u3123\u2192don\u300d \u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u5be6\u969b (1) \u65b7\u5b57\uff1a\u5728\u6536\u5230\u82f1\u4e2d\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u6642\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f\u5373\u662f\u53d6\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31 IPA \u03b9 \u03c5 \u03c8 \u03b1 \u03bf \u03a6 \u03b5 \u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd \u2194\u03bd \u03b1\u039d \u2194\u039d \uf6db
\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e14\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5617\u8a66\u5728\u97f3\u7d20\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4f86\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5169\u500b\u97f3\u7d20\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u4f4d \u5b57\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u8207\u5019\u9078\u540d\u55ae\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5982\u524d\u4f8b\uff0c \u300c\u611b\u723e\u9813\u300d\u5148\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u6ce8\u97f3 (2) \u6f22\u5b57\u8f49\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\uff1a\u5c07\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f\u65b7\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\uff0c\u7d93\u67e5\u8868\u5f8c\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u6f22 \u5c0d\u5019\u9078\u540d\u55ae\u4e2d\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u662f\u985e\u4f3c\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u67e5\u8868
\u7f6e\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u767c\u97f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u8d8a\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u5169\u500b\u8072\u97f3\u4e5f\u6703\u8d8a\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u66f8\u5beb\u6587\u5b57\u4f86\u6bd4\u8f03\u6642\uff0c \u7b26\u865f\u300c\u311e\u2022\u3126\u2022\u3109\u3128\u3123\u300d \uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u67e5\u8868\u5f8c\u5f97\u5230\u300ce\u2022l\u2022don\u300d \u3002\u62ff\u6389\u97f3\u7bc0\u7b26\u865f\u5f8c\u5c31\u5f97 \u5b57\u7684\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u4e9e\u300d\u67e5\u8868\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u300c\u3127\u311a\u300d \uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u5ffd\u7565\u8072\u8abf\u7b26\u865f\u3002 (CMU dict 0.6)\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u8a72\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u300cArthur\u300d\u7684\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u7d93\u67e5\u8868\u5f8c\u5f97\u5230\u300cAA
\u5c31\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f03\u5f62\u7d20\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u66f8\u5beb\u6587\u5b57\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u65b9\u584a\u5b57\uff0c\u8207\u82f1 \u5230\u300celdon\u300d \uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u505a\u914d\u5076\u914d\u5c0d(mate matching)\u3002 (3) \u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u8f49 IPA\uff1a\u5c07\u524d\u4e00\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\uff0c\u7d93\u67e5\u8868\u4e8c\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5c0d R TH ER\u300d(\u5ffd\u7565\u91cd\u97f3\u6a19\u793a)\u3002
\u6587\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u8f49\u63db\u5230\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u3002 \u8868\u4e00\u5217\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f86\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c \u61c9\u6ce8\u97f3\u7b26\u865f\u7684 IPA\u3002\u8868\u4e8c\u5217\u51fa\u6bcd\u97f3\u548c\u5b50\u97f3\u8207 IPA \u5c0d\u7167\uff0c\u9019\u90e8\u4efd\u53c3\u8003\u8b1d\u570b\u5e73(1998)\uff0c \u300c\u8a9e\u97f3\u6bd4\u8f03\u300d\u662f\u6574\u500b\u6d41\u7a0b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u62ff\u5230\u5169\u4e32 IPA \u6642\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u6bd4\u8f03
\u5728\u5f62\u7d20\u4e0a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\uff0cOdell \u8207 Russell \u7684 Soundex \u7cfb\u7d71(Knuth, 1973)\uff0c\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u540c \u73fe\uff1a\u7531\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u7d20\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f86\u5f97\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u5be6\u969b\u60c5\u5f62\u3002 \u4e26\u7565\u4f5c\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u3127\u300d\u67e5\u8868\u5f8c\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u300c\u03b9\u300d \u3002\u4e00\u822c IPA \u7684\u8868\u793a\u5fc5\u9808\u914d\u5408\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u9ad4\uff0c \u9019\u5169\u500b IPA \u5b57\u4e32\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u5462\uff1f\u9996\u5148\u4f86\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u500b\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u7531\u5b57\u6bcd\u5c0d\u9f4a\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u3001\u5230\u5b57
\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u7f85\u99ac\u62fc\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5b50\u97f3\u4f86\u6355\u6349\u8a5e\u5f59\u767c\u97f3\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u7576\u5169\u500b\u8a5e\u5f59\u7684\u5b50\u97f3\u4f4d\u7f6e \u50cf\u662f\u82f1-\u4e2d\u97f3\u8b6f\u5b57\u4e2d\u7684\u3126\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8c9d\u723e(Bell)\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u723e\u300d\u5b57\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u63a1\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u62fc\u97f3\u7cfb
", "num": null, "html": null, "text": "CMU dict) (ftp://ftp.cs.cmu.edu/project/fgdata/dict/)\u63a1\u7528 ASCII \u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9644\u9304\u5217\u51fa CMU dict", "type_str": "table" } } } }