{ "paper_id": "O00-2003", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:59:11.130155Z" }, "title": "", "authors": [ { "first": "Lian-Cheng", "middle": [], "last": "Chief", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Chu-Ren", "middle": [], "last": "Huang", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Keh-Jiann", "middle": [], "last": "Chen", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Mei-Chih", "middle": [], "last": "Tsai", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "Li-Li", "middle": [], "last": "Chang", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "O00-2003", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [], "body_text": [ { "text": ":KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\\QRQ\\PV 7HOO 8V\"", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "/ & &KLHI HW DO", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "7VDL 0HL&KLK &KX5HQ +XDQJ .HKMLDQQ &KHQ DQG .DWKOHHQ $KUHQV 7RZDUGV D 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI 9HUEDO 6HPDQWLFV $Q $SSURDFK %DVHG RQ 1HDU 6\\QRQ\\PV &RPSX WDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV DQG &KLQHVH /DQJXDJH 3URFHVVLQJ SS :KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\\QRQ\\PV 7HOO 8V\" / & &KLHI HW DO", "authors": [], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "7VDL 0HL&KLK &KX5HQ +XDQJ .HKMLDQQ &KHQ DQG .DWKOHHQ $KUHQV 7RZDUGV D 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI 9HUEDO 6HPDQWLFV $Q $SSURDFK %DVHG RQ 1HDU 6\\QRQ\\PV &RPSX WDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV DQG &KLQHVH /DQJXDJH 3URFHVVLQJ SS :KDW &DQ 1HDU 6\\QRQ\\PV 7HOO 8V\" / & &KLHI HW DO", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "TABREF0": { "type_str": "table", "text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u00b1\u00a4 7DEOH &RRFFXUUHQFH ZLWK 1HJDWLYH 0DUNHU EX QRW D { ,< \u00b1Q ' \u00e0 V $Q $GGLWLRQDO 3HUVSHFWLYHVHFWLRQ DQG WKHQ WKHLU GLVWULEXWLRQDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ VHFWLRQ DOORZ VXFK DOWHUQDWLRQ ELDQOL GH IDQJVKL Negation (preceded by bu 'not') Total instances KH]KL EDQVKLFKX IDQJELDQ PLQ]KRQJ FKXJXR $QJXDQJXDQJ7KH 1HDU 6\\QRQ\\P 3DLU )DQJELDQ DQG %LDQOL 7KH PHPEHUV RI WKH QHDU V\\QRQ\\P SDLU IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL DUH XVHG WR GHILQH HDFK RWKHU FRQYHQLHQW GH ZD\\ fangbian 44 445 HVWDEOLVK RIILFH FRQYHQLHQW SHRSOH JRDEURDG YLVLW D \u00fb\u00e3 \u00f1V D < V^\u00b1Q 1< \u00f6\u00e3 FRQYHQLHQW ZD\\ bianli 0 125 (VWDEOLVKLQJ DQ RIILFH PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU SHRSOH WR WUDYHO DEURDG OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ IDQJELDQ \\XDQJRQJ FDQMLD LGHDO '( SODFH EH QHDU ZRUN SODFH FRQYHQLHQW ZRUNHU MRLQ ([DPSOHV DQG VKRZ WKDW WKLV SDLU RI QHDU V\\QRQ\\PV FDQ IXQFWLRQ DV QRPLQDO E z u Q^' |l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u00d6\u00eb \u00b1Q WLQJFKH IDQJELDQ SDUNLQJ FRQYHQLHQW 3DUNLQJ KHUH LV FRQYHQLHQW L Q MLDRWRQJ ELDQOL WUDIILF FRQYHQLHQW 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ LV FRQYHQLHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKHLU LQWUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV WKH\\ DOVR KDYH WUDQVLWLYH XVDJHV DV VKRZQ LQ VHQWHQFH DQG WKH PHHWLQJ E \u00fb\u00e3 1 \u00f1V h` V^1`\u00f6\u00e3 \u00b1Q OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ \\XDQJRQJ FDQMLD IDQJELDQ LGHDO '( SODFH EH QHDU ZRUN SODFH ZRUNHUV MRLQ FRQYHQLHQW $Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUN SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ WKH PHHWLQJ D \u00b6 z \u00b4^ \u00e3,C /\\ \\RX JH]KRQJ FKDQJSLQ ELDQOL [LDRIHL]KH [XDQJRX KDYH YDULRXV SURGXFW FRQYHQLHQW FRQVXPHU FKRRVHEX\\ 7KH YDULHW\\ RI SURGXFWV PDNHV VHOHFWLRQ FRQYHQLHQW IRU FRQVXPHUV E \u00b6 z P PRGLI\\ PDQ\\ UXOH FRQYHQLHQW PRXQWDLQSHRSOH FXOWLYDWH B \u00b1Q OLDQ[L VKDQJ GH 0RGLI\\LQJ PDQ\\ UXOHV PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU WKH DERULJLQHV WR FXOWLYDWH >ODQG@ IDQJELDQ FRPPXQLFDWH LQ GH FRQYHQLHQFH FRQYHQLHQFH LQ FRPPXQLFDWLQJ !4 Verbal Predicates Nominal Modifiers Verbal Modifiers Nominalization Fangbian 445 77% 7% 5% 10% Bianli 125 44% 34% 0% 22% DQG UHSHDWHG KHUH IRU FRQYHQLHQW UHIHUHQFH ,Q VHQWHQFH D WKH PDLQ YHUE LV IDQJELDQ DQG WKH YHUEDO PHDQLQJ SURILOHV WKH ZKROH HPEHGGHG HYHQW SHRSOH JR DEURDG DQG YLVLW 7KH V\\QWDFWLF HYLGHQFH DV VKRZQ E\\ WKH FRQVWUXFWHG VHQWHQFHV D DQG E VXSSRUW WKLV DUJXPHQW EHFDXVH LQ D WKH D \u00fb\u00e3 \u00f1V D < V^\u00b1Q 1< \u00f6\u00e3 OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ IDQJELDQ \\XDQJRQJ FDQMLD Q VKHQJKXR GH ELDQOL OLYLQJ GH FRQYHQLHQFH FRQYHQLHQFH LQ OLYLQJ SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQW WKH SURSRVLWLRQDO HYHQW FDQ EH LQYHUWHG WR WKH SUHYHUEDO SRVLWLRQ ZKHUHDV LQ VHQWHQFH E VXFK DQ LQYHUVLRQ LV QRW DOORZHG D { ,< ' \u00e0 `\u00b1Q VKH]KL EDQVKLFKX PLQ]KRQJ FKXJXR JXDQJXDQJ IDQJELDQ HVWDEOLVK RIILFH SHRSOH JRDEURDG YLVLW FRQYHQLHQW LGHDO '( SODFH EH QHDU ZRUN SODFH FRQYHQLHQW ZRUNHU MRLQ $Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUNLQJ SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ WKH PHHWLQJ E \u00fb\u00e3 1 \u00f1V h` V^1`\u00f6\u00e3 \u00b1Q OL[LDQJ GH FKDQJGL VKL OLQMLQ JRQJ]XR GLGLDQ \\XDQJRQJ FDQMLD IDQJELDQ ,Q YHQLHQW\" (VWDEOLVKLQJ DQ RIILFH PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU SHRSOH WR WUDYHO DEURDG LGHDO '( SODFH EH QHDU ZRUN SODFH ZRUNHUV MRLQ FRQYHQLHQW \u00b4^\u00e3,C /\\ \\RX JH]KRQJ FKDQJSLQ [LDRIHL]KH [XDQJRX ELDQOL KDYH YDULRXV SURGXFW FRQYHQLHQW FRQVXPHU FKRRVHEX\\ :H ZLOO DFFRXQW IRU WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ LQ VHFWLRQ 'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI WKH 7UDQVLWLYH ,QWUDQVLWLYH E z u^' $Q LGHDO ORFDWLRQ LV QHDU WKH ZRUNLQJ SODFH DQG FRQYHQLHQW IRU ZRUNHUV WR MRLQ |l Q $OWHUQDWLRQ [LXJDL VKXGXR IDJXL VKDQPLQ NHQ]KL WKH PHHWLQJ ELDQOL PRGLI\\ PDQ\\ UXOH PRXQWDLQSHRSOH FXOWLYDWH FRQYHQLHQW 6\\QWDFWLF 3DWWHUQV D \u00b6 z \u00b4^ \u00e3,C /\\ \\RX JH]KRQJ FKDQJSLQ ELDQOL [LDRIHL]KH [XDQJRX %DVHG RQ WKH WZR VHPDQWLF IHDWXUHV WKH EHQHILFLDO UROH DQG WKH OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH ZH SURSRVH WKDW IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL KDYH GLIIHUHQW HYHQW VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUJXPHQW KDYH YDULRXV SURGXFW FRQYHQLHQW FRQVXPHU FKRRVHEX\\ 2WKHU 6\\QWDFWLF )XQFWLRQV RI IDQJELDQ DQG ELDQOL 7KH YDULHW\\ RI SURGXFWV PDNHV VHOHFWLRQ FRQYHQLHQW IRU FRQVXPHUV VWUXFWXUH IUDPHV { ,`\u00b1Q ' \u00e0 V KH]KL EDQVKLFKX IDQJELDQ PLQ]KRQJ FKXJXR Transitive IDQJELDQ >$*(17 *2$/ 3URSRVLWLRQ@ E \u00b6 z \u00b4^\u00e3,C /\\ Intransitive JXDQJXDQJ ELDQOL DV QRPLQDO PRGLILHUV Fangbian 342 31% 69% \\RX JH]KRQJ FKDQJSLQ [LDRIHL]KH [XDQJRX ELDQOLSRLQW WKDW WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\\ DLPV WR VXSSRUW HVWDEOLVK RIILFH FRQYHQLHQW SHRSOH (VWDEOLVKLQJ DQ RIILFH PDNHV LW FRQYHQLHQW IRU SHRSOH WR WUDYHO DEURDG JRDEURDG YLVLW z u Q^' |l \u00b1Q Bianli 55 53% 47% 68%-;&203! KDYH YDULRXV SURGXFW FRQYHQLHQW FRQVXPHU FKRRVHEX\\ \u00f7 IDQJELDQ GH ]L[XQ FRQYHQLHQW GH 6HQWHQFHV GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQWV RI IDQJELDQ FDQ XQGHUJR 7DEOH 'LVWULEXWLRQDO 'LIIHUHQFH LQ WHUPV RI WKH 7\\SH RI 2EMHFW ELDQOL >$*(17 %(1 *2$/ 3URSRVLWLRQ @ LQYHUVLRQ ZKHUHDV WKRVH RI ELDQOL FDQQRW 6LQFH ELDQOL KDV WZR SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQWV RQH LQIRUPDWLRQ [LXJDL VKXGXR IDJXL ELDQOL VKDQPLQ NHQ]KL HDVLO\\DFFHVVLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ Sentential or Verbal Object Complex Nominal Object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u00f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u00f1\u00d0 ] \u00b1Q <\u00fb ? Fangbian 107 90% 10% Bianli 29 62% RQO\\ RQH SRVWYHUEDO HOHPHQW ,Q EULHI WKH V\\QWDFWLF SURILOH FDQQRW FRQWUDGLFW WKH OH[LFD 37% FRQFHSWXDO SURILOH" } } } }