{
    "paper_id": "O13-4003",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:04:04.438710Z"
    },
    "title": "Acoustic Correlates of Contrastive Stress in Compound Words versus Verbal Phrase in Mandarin Chinese",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Weilin",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Shen",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "Paris Descartes University",
                "location": {
                    "country": "France"
                }
            },
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "Jacqueline",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Vaissi\u00e8re",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "Laboratory of Phonetics and Phonology",
                "institution": "University Sorbonne Nouvelle",
                "location": {
                    "addrLine": "Paris 3",
                    "country": "France"
                }
            },
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Isel",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "Paris Descartes University",
                "location": {
                    "country": "France"
                }
            },
            "email": "frederic.isel@parisdescartes.fr"
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "Duanmu (2000) proposed that tonal languages, such as Chinese, follow the same Compound and Nuclear Stress Rules (Chomsky & Halle, 1968) for phrasal stress as English. This study investigates the acoustic correlates of contrastive stress between compound words and verbal phrases in Mandarin Chinese. We focused on the durational, fundamental frequency, and intensity correlates of stress within minimal pair MN modifier-head compounds and VO verb-object phrases. Our results demonstrated that (1) the final syllable was more lengthened in [VO] than in [MN] and that (2) the F 0 range was larger in [VO] than in [MN]. Moreover, the duration of the pause between the two syllables seems to play a role in distinguishing between [MN] and [VO]. In contrast, we showed that intensity contributed less to this distinction. Our results confirmed the right stress pattern in [VO]; however, we failed to find the lexical stress on the Left syllable we had expected, at least with the speakers we examined. Taken together, the present acoustic study lends support to the hypothesis that principles of stress upward of word level are universal through different languages.",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "O13-4003",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "Duanmu (2000) proposed that tonal languages, such as Chinese, follow the same Compound and Nuclear Stress Rules (Chomsky & Halle, 1968) for phrasal stress as English. This study investigates the acoustic correlates of contrastive stress between compound words and verbal phrases in Mandarin Chinese. We focused on the durational, fundamental frequency, and intensity correlates of stress within minimal pair MN modifier-head compounds and VO verb-object phrases. Our results demonstrated that (1) the final syllable was more lengthened in [VO] than in [MN] and that (2) the F 0 range was larger in [VO] than in [MN]. Moreover, the duration of the pause between the two syllables seems to play a role in distinguishing between [MN] and [VO]. In contrast, we showed that intensity contributed less to this distinction. Our results confirmed the right stress pattern in [VO]; however, we failed to find the lexical stress on the Left syllable we had expected, at least with the speakers we examined. Taken together, the present acoustic study lends support to the hypothesis that principles of stress upward of word level are universal through different languages.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "In stress languages, such as in English, most words have stable lexical stress patterns and it is often easy to tell which syllables have stress. For a typical tonal language, e.g. Mandarin, the word stress is often less obvious. Although, lexical stress has been shown to be highly",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1."
            },
            {
                "text": "Weilin Shen et al. language-dependent, principles of stress upward of word level (i.e. compound stress and phrasal stress) are more universal in different languages. Chomsky and Halle (1968) proposed two rules for English compound and phrasal stress.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 7,
                        "end": 18,
                        "text": "Shen et al.",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 166,
                        "end": 190,
                        "text": "Chomsky and Halle (1968)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF3"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "46",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "-Compound stress rule: stress is assigned to the leftmost stressable vowel in nouns, verbs, or adjectives, e.g. bl\u00e1ckbird.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "46",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "-Nuclear stress rule (NSR): stress is assigned to the rightmost stressable vowel in a major constituent, e.g. [the [black b\u00edrd] ].",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 115,
                        "end": 127,
                        "text": "[black b\u00edrd]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "46",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "It has been proposed that the Compound stress rule and NSR are true for Mandarin Chinese, and they permit one to distinguish between compounds and phrases (Duanmu, 2000) . Nevertheless, there is no empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis to date. The first goal of the present study was to understand to what extent morphology affects abstract stress using acoustic-phonetic evidence. Moreover, we were interested in discerning the acoustic phonetic cues, which reflect abstract stress. In Chinese, a V-N construction is sometimes ambiguous, possibly representing both a modifier-head compound [MN] and a verb-object phrase [VO] . For example, a V-N construction 'chao-fan' (fry-rice) may be a compound, in which the verbal constituent 'chao' (fry) modifies the nominal head 'fan' (rice); it may also represent a verb-object relation (to fry rice). The ambiguous pairs have the same segmental characteristics and are assumed to differ from each other only in the stress pattern, showing left stress for compounds and right stress for phrases. There is, however, no phonetic evidence that compound stress and phrasal stress are implemented in [MN] compounds and in [VO] phrases in Mandarin Chinese. Fraisse (1956) proposed two basic rhythmic tendencies 1) \"rythmitisation intensive,\" sensitive to strengthening of the initial element, and 2) \"rythmitisationtemporelle,\" building on the lengthening of the final element. The supposed basic rhythmic tendencies predict initial extra loudness and final lengthening. From phonetic studies on the acoustic correlates of stress since the 1950s, researchers have agreed that linguistic stress correlates with a complex configuration of events of increased duration, larger F 0 range, and raised intensity (Lehiste, 1970) and that several cues may be functionally equivalent cross-linguistically (Vaissi\u00e8re, 2004) .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 155,
                        "end": 169,
                        "text": "(Duanmu, 2000)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF5"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 600,
                        "end": 604,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 630,
                        "end": 634,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1148,
                        "end": 1152,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1204,
                        "end": 1218,
                        "text": "Fraisse (1956)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF6"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1753,
                        "end": 1768,
                        "text": "(Lehiste, 1970)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF12"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 1843,
                        "end": 1860,
                        "text": "(Vaissi\u00e8re, 2004)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "46",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "From a series of experiments, Fry (1955 Fry ( , 1958 showed that duration is a consistent correlate of stress at the word level in English and that it is a more effective cue than intensity. Since then, researchers have started to give up the classical view that stress is equated to a higher degree of intensity. Studies on the neutral tone (i.e. destressed syllable) in Chinese have confirmed the crucial role of duration on the perception of a destressed syllable for Chinese. Lin (1980 Lin ( , 1990 and Cao (1992) showed that duration of the destressed neutral tone syllable",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 30,
                        "end": 39,
                        "text": "Fry (1955",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF7"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 40,
                        "end": 52,
                        "text": "Fry ( , 1958",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF8"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 480,
                        "end": 489,
                        "text": "Lin (1980",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF17"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 490,
                        "end": 502,
                        "text": "Lin ( , 1990",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF14"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 507,
                        "end": 517,
                        "text": "Cao (1992)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF1"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Duration",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Compound Words versus Verbal Phrase in Mandarin Chinese is systematically shorter (reduced by approximately 50%) than a syllable with full tone.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Acoustic Correlates of Contrastive Stress in 47",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The F 0 has been showed to be a major acoustic manifestation of suprasegmental structures. It is claimed by some researchers to be the strongest cue of stress for stress languages (Cooper et al., 1985; Lieberman, 1960; Gussenhoven et al., 1997) . Nevertheless, others have shown that F 0 is not a necessary cue because stress can be identified on the basis of duration and intensity alone (Cutler & Darwin, 1981) . The situation is the same for tonal languages, such as Mandarin. The pitch range has been shown wider when syllables are stressed (Shen, 1985; Liu & Xu, 2005) . More specifically, when a 3rd Tone is stressed, it is dipped lower and, when a 4th Tone is stressed, it starts higher and falls lower (Chao, 1968) . Moreover, computational corpus studies (Kochanski et al., 2003) have established quantitative F 0 predictions in terms of the lexical tones and the prosodic strength of each word. Shen (1993) , however, found that stress in Mandarin could be identified without F 0 information.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 180,
                        "end": 201,
                        "text": "(Cooper et al., 1985;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF4"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 202,
                        "end": 218,
                        "text": "Lieberman, 1960;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF13"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 219,
                        "end": 244,
                        "text": "Gussenhoven et al., 1997)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF9"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 389,
                        "end": 412,
                        "text": "(Cutler & Darwin, 1981)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 545,
                        "end": 557,
                        "text": "(Shen, 1985;",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF21"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 558,
                        "end": 573,
                        "text": "Liu & Xu, 2005)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF18"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 710,
                        "end": 722,
                        "text": "(Chao, 1968)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF2"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 764,
                        "end": 788,
                        "text": "(Kochanski et al., 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF11"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 905,
                        "end": 916,
                        "text": "Shen (1993)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF22"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Fundamental frequency",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In literature, the role of intensity for stress is not agreed upon. Fry (1955 Fry ( , 1958 showed that intensity was a less effective cue than duration on the perception of linguistic stress patterns. Nevertheless, some authors have argued that the strongest cue to prominence is intensity for English (e.g., Beckman, 1986; Turk & Sawusch, 1996) . For Mandarin Chinese, the effect of the intensity is only secondary. Studies on the neutral tone in Chinese showed that the intensity of the destressed neutral tone is not necessary lower than the one with full tone (Cao, 1986) . Moreover, the destressed neutral tone raises its intensity after Tone 3 (Lin, 2006) . Phonetic data (Cao, 1992) has illustrated that the destressing of the neutral tone syllable is not related simply to its intensity. The intensity of a neutral tone syllable is lower than that of one with full tone in general, but the situation is reversed when it is preceded by a Tone 3 syllable.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 68,
                        "end": 77,
                        "text": "Fry (1955",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF7"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 78,
                        "end": 90,
                        "text": "Fry ( , 1958",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF8"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 309,
                        "end": 323,
                        "text": "Beckman, 1986;",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 324,
                        "end": 345,
                        "text": "Turk & Sawusch, 1996)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 564,
                        "end": 575,
                        "text": "(Cao, 1986)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 650,
                        "end": 661,
                        "text": "(Lin, 2006)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF16"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 678,
                        "end": 689,
                        "text": "(Cao, 1992)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF1"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Intensity",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The present study investigates the acoustic correlates of stress between compound and phrase in Mandarin Chinese. We focused on the durational, fundamental frequency, and intensity correlates of stress within minimal pair [MN] ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 222,
                        "end": 226,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Intensity",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "One hundred thirty-five minimal pairs presenting a morpholexical ambiguity (i.e. [MN] modifier-head compound vs.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 81,
                        "end": 85,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "[VO] phrases) were selected from the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary 5th edition (Lu & Ding, 2008) . Each pair had the same segmental characteristics and was assumed to differ from each other only in the stress pattern. The target words were not recorded in isolation and were embedded in an utterance fragment: 1)\u6211\u8bf4\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u540d\u8bcd\u7f16\u53f7\u800c\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u7f16\u53f7.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 81,
                        "end": 98,
                        "text": "(Lu & Ding, 2008)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF19"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "[I did not say noun \"bian-hao\" but said verb \"bian-hao\".]",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "The critical words in each pair change their position in the utterance fragment, giving",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "2)\u6211\u8bf4\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u7f16\u53f7\u800c\u662f\u540d\u8bcd\u7f16\u53f7.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "[I did not say verb \"bian-hao\" but said noun \"bian-hao\".]",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "In all, 270 sentences were created. The order of the sentences was randomized.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Materials",
                "sec_num": "2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Before the recording session, the participants were instructed in the goal of the recording and how the recording would proceed. The material was carried out in the laboratory of Phonetics and Phonology of University Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3. Speakers were recorded individually in an acoustic chamber, using an attached microphone, placed at a distance of about 5 centimeters from the speaker's mouth. Speech samples were recorded digitally at 44,100 Hz, 16-bit mono.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Recording Procedure",
                "sec_num": "2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Three Mandarin speakers (two females) in Paris participated in the experiment. One female speaker is an international student aged 25 years that was born in Xi'an, China. Her mother tongue and language of schooling is Mandarin. The others speakers are Beijing Mandarin speakers (one female 26 years; one male 32 years).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Subjects",
                "sec_num": "2.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Compound Words versus Verbal Phrase in Mandarin Chinese",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Acoustic Correlates of Contrastive Stress in 49",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The first syllable, the second syllable, and the pause between them for each critical word were manually marked in Praat, yielding four marks, one at the beginning of the first syllable, a second mark at the offset of the first syllable, a third mark between the offset of the first syllable and the onset of the second syllable, and a fourth one at the offset of the second syllable. A Praat script extracted the duration and intensity value of each segment in msec. F 0 onset and offset were measured at the beginning and at the end of the vowel. In the study, we divided the vowel into ten segments normalized in time, with the mean F 0 of the first segment as F 0 onset and the mean F 0 of the last segment as F 0 offset.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Acoustic Measurements",
                "sec_num": "2.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "Three-way repeated analysis of variance ANOVA tests were performed separately for each acoustic feature (duration, F 0 , and intensity). Word type ([MN] modifier-head compound vs.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Results",
                "sec_num": "3."
            },
            {
                "text": "[VO] verb-object phrase) and syllable position (left syllable: S1 vs. right syllable: S2) were the within groups factors, and word position in the utterance fragment (i.e. final vs. non-final) was the between groups factor. Word position showed no interaction with word type.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Results",
                "sec_num": "3."
            },
            {
                "text": "In order to increase the statistical power, we token the word position out, and ran a two-way ANOVA (word type x syllable position). The two-way ANOVA showed significant main effect for word type ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Duration",
                "sec_num": "3.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "As one can notice a pause between the two syllables in VO, we decided to perform measures of pause duration. The ANOVA on the average pause duration between the syllables showed a significant main effect for word type [F(1, 269) = 33.5, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.11].",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Duration of the Pause",
                "sec_num": "3.1.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "The F 0 was analyzed separately for each of the four tones. A three-way ANOVA with word type (MN vs. VO), syllable position (Left syllable vs. Right syllable), and measure point (onset vs. set) was applied to Tone 1 and Tone 4, and a two-way ANOVA with word type (MN vs. VO) and syllable position (Left syllable vs. Right syllable) was calculated on the difference between F 0max and F 0min for Tone 2 and Tone 3.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "F 0",
                "sec_num": "3.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Results showed a significant main effect for measure point [F(1, 45) ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 59,
                        "end": 68,
                        "text": "[F(1, 45)",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF1"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Tone 1",
                "sec_num": "3.2.1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Neither significant main effect for word type and syllable position [F< 1] nor significant interaction [F< 1] was found on the difference between F 0max and F 0min .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Tone 2",
                "sec_num": "3.2.2"
            },
            {
                "text": "In order to not confound tone sandhi influence for these analyses, we took out two items in our experimental material with a Tone 3-Tone 3 combination. The two-way ANOVA on the difference between F 0max and F 0min revealed a significant interaction word type ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Tone 3",
                "sec_num": "3.2.3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Results showed a significant main effect for measure point ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Tone 4",
                "sec_num": "3.2.4"
            },
            {
                "text": "This article investigated the acoustic correlates of linguistic stress on the ambiguous structure Verb-Noun (i.e. [MN] vs.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 114,
                        "end": 118,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "[VO]) in Mandarin Chinese. Moreover, the acoustic feature associated with this stress pattern was analyzed. As explained in the introduction, duration, F 0 , and intensity are the main correlates of stress. Results showed the implication of duration, F 0 , and intensity in the production of compound and phrasal stress in Mandarin.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "Our preliminary data showed that the duration was longer for the right syllable in [VO] , which was consistent with previous studies on the acoustic correlates of linguistic stress for stress languages and for tone languages, such as Mandarin. Nevertheless, the 'assumed stressed' left syllable in [MN] was not longer than the Right syllable. We also performed measures of pause duration, and the results on the average pause duration between the Left and Right syllables showed that average pause duration is longer in [VO] than in [MN] . Nevertheless, we considered that this larger pause duration was not an acoustic manifestation of stress but a mark of the syntactic boundary in the verb-object phrase.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 83,
                        "end": 87,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 298,
                        "end": 302,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 533,
                        "end": 537,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "Despite the fact that, in tone languages, F 0 information should be attributed to its lexical usage, our results showed that F 0 would be a reliable cue for the stress pattern in [MN] and [VO] . The F 0 range was shown to link to the stress for Tone 3 and Tone 4, which was in line with the predictions (Chao, 1968 ) that pitch range is wider for stressed syllables, specifically, when a 3rd Tone is stressed, it dips lower, and, when a 4th Tone is stressed, it starts higher. Our results showed that, for Tone, 3 the right syllable in [VO] had a larger F 0 range than the left syllable. For Tone 4 the left syllable in [MN] showed higher onset F 0 than the right one.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 179,
                        "end": 183,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 188,
                        "end": 192,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 303,
                        "end": 314,
                        "text": "(Chao, 1968",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF2"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 620,
                        "end": 624,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "The analyses on the intensity were in line with previous studies, which showed a less important role of the intensity for stress. In our preliminary data, the intensity was shown to have larger amplitude in [VO] than in [MN] for the two syllables. Nevertheless, we failed to find the strengthening of the Left syllable in [MN] , as proposed by Fraisse, that left-headed feet should show extra loudness on the initial syllable than the second initial. Our results showed the same pattern of intensity between [VO] and [MN] . Therefore, we considered that, unless the [VO] and [MN] were presented together, the intensity was not an effective cue for distinguishing between [VO] and [MN] .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 220,
                        "end": 224,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 322,
                        "end": 326,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 517,
                        "end": 521,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 575,
                        "end": 579,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 680,
                        "end": 684,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "In sum, our preliminary data suggested an implementation of the final lengthening for the stressed syllable in [VO] , but no initial extra loudness in [MN] . The F 0 information suggested that, for Tone 3, the Right syllable was stressed in [VO] and, for Tone 4, the Left syllable was stressed in [MN] . The results confirmed the right stress pattern in [VO] ; however, with the only support in Tone 4, we did not consider a lexical stress on the Left syllable in [MN] .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 111,
                        "end": 115,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 151,
                        "end": 155,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 241,
                        "end": 245,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 297,
                        "end": 301,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 354,
                        "end": 358,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 464,
                        "end": 468,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "The prosodic information, such as stress, duration, and pause was shown to be critical for the processing of the compound words (Isel et al., 2003) . Once we have shown that compound word and verbal phrase present different acoustic patterns with respect to the position of stress, the next step would be to verify whether this stress pattern is used by the listeners to differentiate the two forms in cases of segmental ambiguities. For this purpose, we plan to conduct different perception and categorization experiments. At the same time, more speakers would be added to the production study.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 128,
                        "end": 147,
                        "text": "(Isel et al., 2003)",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF10"
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Discussion",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "Our results showed a right stress pattern in [VO] with longer duration in the Right syllable, larger range F 0 , and longer pause duration between the syllables; in contrast, no initial strengthening in [MN] was found. Only the F 0 range information in Tone 4 supported a lexical stress on the Left syllable in [MN] . ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 45,
                        "end": 49,
                        "text": "[VO]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 203,
                        "end": 207,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 311,
                        "end": 315,
                        "text": "[MN]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": "5."
            },
            {
                "text": "part-time jobs",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers whose insightful suggestions have appreciably improved the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Joe Harwood for the correction of English. ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Acknowledgments",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
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            "FIGREF0": {
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "[F(1, 269) = 846.7, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.64] and for syllable position [F(1, 269) = 166.3, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.38] and a significant interaction word position x syllable position [F(1, 269) = 217.1, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.45]. Post hoc analyses showed a larger effect of syllable position for [VO] [F(1, 269) = 217.0, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.45] than for [MN] [F(1, 269) = 28.6, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.10].",
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            "FIGREF1": {
                "uris": null,
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                "text": "Mean syllable durations in msec for each syllable in [MN] and [VO].",
                "num": null
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            "FIGREF2": {
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "x syllable position [F(1, 53) = 217.1, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.31]. Post hoc analyses showed a larger effect of syllable position for [VO] [F(1, 53) = 37.9, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.42] than for [MN] [F(1, 53) = 37.9, p< 0.05; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.80].",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "F 0 values on ten segments for Tone 3 for Left and Right syllable in [MN] and [VO].",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "and for syllable position [F(1, 91) = 14.0, p<0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.13], a significant interaction between word type and syllable position [F(1, 91) = 23.5, p<0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.21], a significant interaction between measure point and syllable position [F(1, 91) = 14.4, p<0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.14], and a significant interaction of word type x measure point x syllable position [F(1, 91) = 6.8, p<0.05; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.07]. Post hoc analyses showed a main effect of syllable position for the Left syllable of [VO] [F(1, 91) = 36.8, p< 0.001; \u03b7 p 2 = 0.29], however, there was no main effect of syllable position for the Left syllable of [VO] [F<1].",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "F 0 values on ten segments for Tone 4 for Left and Right syllable in [MN] and [VO].",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "uris": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "Mean intensity (dB) for each syllable in [MN] and [VO].",
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF0": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table/>",
                "text": "modifier-head compound and [VO] verb-object phrase. Our hypotheses were that 1) [MN] modifier-head compound and [VO] phrases differ phonetically with left stress in [MN] modifier-head compounds and right stress in [VO] phrases and that 2) a different prosodic pattern is reflected in acoustic features in F 0 , duration and intensity.",
                "html": null
            },
            "TABREF4": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>Verb</td><td>Noun</td><td>Verb</td><td>Noun</td></tr><tr><td>1 \u5e2e\u5de5 help w ith farm w ork</td><td>helper</td><td>71 \u8bb2\u8bdd speak</td><td>speech</td></tr><tr><td>2 \u62a5\u4ef7 to quote</td><td>a quote</td><td>72 \u526a\u5f71 to sketch</td><td>a sketch</td></tr><tr><td>3 \u62a5\u6599 reveal a new s</td><td>new s</td><td>73 \u517c\u804c hold tw o or more posts concurrently</td><td>concurrent post</td></tr><tr><td>4 \u4fdd\u9669 to assure</td><td>insurance</td><td>74 \u526a\u7eb8 cut paper</td><td>paper-cut</td></tr><tr><td>5 \u5907\u4efd to backup</td><td>backups</td><td>75 \u7ed3\u6676 crystallize</td><td>crystal</td></tr><tr><td>6 \u5907\u6599 to stock</td><td>stock preparation</td><td>76 \u501f\u6b3e to loan</td><td>a loan</td></tr><tr><td>7 \u7f16\u53f7 to number</td><td>a number</td><td>77 \u7ed3\u5c3e to end</td><td>ending</td></tr><tr><td>8 \u7f16\u5267 w rite a play</td><td>playw right</td><td>78 \u8fdb\u53e3 to import</td><td>importation</td></tr><tr><td>9 \u7f16\u7801 encoded</td><td>code</td><td>79 \u8fdb\u8d26 register an income</td><td>income</td></tr><tr><td>10 \u6807\u4ef7 mark the price</td><td>price</td><td>80 \u7eaa\u5b9e to record actual events</td><td>record of actual events</td></tr><tr><td>11 \u8868\u60c5 express one's feelings</td><td>expression</td><td>81 \u7eaa\u4e8b to record</td><td>a record</td></tr><tr><td>12 \u6bd4\u4ef7 compare the price</td><td>price parity</td><td>82 \u6350\u6b3e contribute money</td><td>donation</td></tr><tr><td>13 \u62e8\u6b3e allocate funds</td><td>Appropriation</td><td>83 \u51b3\u7b56 make a strategic decision</td><td>a strategic decision</td></tr><tr><td>14 \u8865\u6db2 supply w ater</td><td>fluid supplementation</td><td>84 \u5f00\u5c40 to open</td><td>opening</td></tr><tr><td>15 \u8865\u76ca to benefit</td><td>benefits</td><td>85 \u5f00\u5934 make a start</td><td>beginning period</td></tr><tr><td>16 \u85cf\u4e66 collect books</td><td>a collection of books</td><td>86 \u8003\u7ee9 check achievement</td><td>merit of professional performance</td></tr><tr><td>17 \u63d2\u8bdd interpose</td><td>episode</td><td>87 \u7406\u4e8b to manage</td><td>member of a council</td></tr><tr><td>18 \u8d85\u4eba exceed</td><td>superman</td><td>88 \u7559\u8a00 leave a message</td><td>a message</td></tr><tr><td>19 \u6210\u4eba grow up</td><td>adult</td><td>89 \u7559\u5f71 take a photo as a memento</td><td>photograph</td></tr><tr><td>20 \u6210\u6587 become official dispatch</td><td>existing w ritings</td><td>90 \u6ee1\u5802 fill the hall</td><td>w hole hall</td></tr><tr><td>21 \u5403\u6c34 absorb w ater</td><td>drinking w ater</td><td>91 \u6ee1\u6708 complet the first month of life</td><td>full moon</td></tr><tr><td>22 \u521b\u610f create</td><td>originality</td><td>92 \u9006\u6d41 against the flow</td><td>backset</td></tr><tr><td>23 \u521b\u4f5c create</td><td>creation</td><td>93 \u914d\u65b9 make up a prescription</td><td>a prescription</td></tr><tr><td>24 \u4f20\u4eba teach</td><td>successor</td><td>94 \u5e73\u4ef7 stabilize the price</td><td>fair price</td></tr><tr><td>25 \u4f20\u95fb to rumour</td><td>a rumour</td><td>95 \u8bc4\u4ef7 evaluate</td><td>evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>26 \u4f20\u8a00 pass on a message</td><td>hearsay</td><td>96 \u54c1\u5473 to taste</td><td>taste</td></tr><tr><td>27 \u51fa\u53e3 to export</td><td>exports</td><td>97 \u6b20\u6b3e ow e</td><td>debt</td></tr><tr><td>28 \u5b58\u8d27 to stock</td><td>a stock</td><td>98 \u6b20\u503a run into debt</td><td>amount due</td></tr><tr><td>29 \u5b58\u7cae store up grain</td><td>grain in stock</td><td>99 \u6b20\u8d26 to debit</td><td>debit</td></tr><tr><td>30 \u51fa\u8eab come from</td><td>class origin</td><td>100 \u7b7e\u8bc1 to visa</td><td>a visa</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">31 \u51fa\u8d26 enter an item of expenditure in the accounts payment</td><td>101 \u7b7e\u5b57 to sign</td><td>signature</td></tr><tr><td>32 \u5b58\u6b3e to deposit</td><td>a deposit</td><td>102 \u8d77\u4ef7 make a price</td><td>starting price</td></tr><tr><td>33 \u4ee3\u8868 to delegate</td><td>a delegate</td><td>103 \u8d77\u5934 to start</td><td>beginning</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">34 \u7b54\u5377 answ er questions in an examination paper answ er sheet</td><td>104 \u878d\u8d44 to finance</td><td>a finance</td></tr><tr><td>35 \u5012\u8d26 repudiate a debt</td><td>bad debts</td><td>105 \u8bf4\u7406 argue</td><td>argument</td></tr><tr><td>36 \u5f97\u5206 to score</td><td>a score</td><td>106 \u8c08\u8bdd to talk</td><td>a talk</td></tr><tr><td>37 \u5b9a\u6848 decide on a verdict</td><td>verdict</td><td>107 \u63d0\u5305 carry a bag</td><td>handbag</td></tr><tr><td>38 \u8ba2\u5355 to order</td><td>an order</td><td>108 \u9898\u8bcd w rite an inscription</td><td>an inscription</td></tr><tr><td>39 \u9876\u98ce against the w ind</td><td>head w ind</td><td>109 \u8d34\u606f pay interest</td><td>interest so deducted</td></tr><tr><td>40 \u5b9a\u7a3f finalize a manuscript</td><td>final version</td><td>110 \u66ff\u5de5 w ork as a substitute</td><td>temporary w orker</td></tr><tr><td>41 \u5b9a\u4ef7 make a price</td><td>fixed price</td><td>111 \u6295\u8d44 invest</td><td>investment</td></tr><tr><td>42 \u5b9a\u91cf to quantify</td><td>norm</td><td>112 \u9650\u4ef7 limit the price</td><td>limited price</td></tr><tr><td>43 \u5b9a\u65f6 definea time</td><td>definite time</td><td>113 \u9650\u91cf limit the quantity of</td><td>limited quantity</td></tr><tr><td>44 \u5b9a\u4e49 to define</td><td>definition</td><td colspan=\"2\">114 \u9650\u4ee4 order sb. to do sth. w ithin a certain time an order</td></tr><tr><td>45 \u5b9a\u5458 designate members</td><td colspan=\"2\">fixed number of staff members 115 \u9650\u671f set a time limit</td><td>deadline</td></tr><tr><td>46 \u5b9a\u5740 select a venue</td><td>permanent venue</td><td>116 \u663e\u6548 take effect</td><td>effect</td></tr><tr><td>47 \u65ad\u5c42 fault</td><td>faultage</td><td>117 \u9009\u9879 delect an option</td><td>option</td></tr><tr><td>48 \u5bf9\u8bdd have a dialogue</td><td>dialogue</td><td>118 \u7eed\u7ea6 renew a contract</td><td>renew al term</td></tr><tr><td>49 \u7f5a\u91d1 to fine</td><td>a fine</td><td>119 \u62bc\u6b3e borrow money on security</td><td>a loan on security</td></tr><tr><td>50 \u7f5a\u6b3e impose a fine</td><td>a fine</td><td>120 \u6f14\u4e49 explain some reason or fact</td><td>historical novel</td></tr><tr><td>51 \u53d1\u9762 leaven dough</td><td>leavened dough</td><td>121 \u8bae\u4ef7 negotiate a price</td><td>negotiated price</td></tr><tr><td>52 \u8fd4\u7a0b to return</td><td>return</td><td>122 \u5f15\u4f8b to cite</td><td>citation</td></tr><tr><td>53 \u8fd4\u5229 to rebate</td><td>a rebate</td><td>123 \u7528\u8bed choose w ords</td><td>choice of w ords</td></tr><tr><td>54 \u53d1\u8a00 speak</td><td>speech</td><td>124 \u7ea6\u671f fix a date</td><td>date of appointment</td></tr><tr><td>55 \u5c01\u53e3 to seal</td><td>seal</td><td>125 \u6e14\u5229 reap unfair gains</td><td>easy gains</td></tr><tr><td>56 \u5206\u754c have as the boundary</td><td>boundary</td><td>126 \u9020\u578b to model</td><td>modelling</td></tr><tr><td>57 \u8015\u5730 to plough</td><td>cultivated land</td><td>127 \u6458\u8981 make a summary</td><td>summary</td></tr><tr><td>58 \u7ba1\u5bb6 manage</td><td>manager</td><td>128 \u638c\u8235 steer a boat</td><td>the man w ho steers a boat</td></tr><tr><td>59 \u9f13\u5305 to lump</td><td>a lump</td><td>129 \u5f81\u6587 solicit articles</td><td>essay w riting</td></tr><tr><td>60 \u96c7\u5de5 hire labour</td><td>hired labourer</td><td>130 \u8f6c\u673a transfer</td><td>a favourable turn</td></tr><tr><td>61 \u8017\u6750 consume</td><td>consumptive material</td><td>131 \u8f6c\u5e74 pass to the coming year</td><td>the coming year</td></tr><tr><td>62 \u5408\u529b join forces</td><td>resultant</td><td>132 \u94f8\u5e01 to coin</td><td>coined money</td></tr><tr><td>63 \u62a4\u6cd5 defend</td><td>custodian</td><td>133 \u9a7b\u519b to garrison</td><td>garrison</td></tr><tr><td>64 \u56de\u8bdd to reply</td><td>a reply</td><td>134 \u4f5c\u6587 w rite a composition</td><td>composition</td></tr><tr><td>65 \u6c47\u6b3e make a remittance</td><td>remittance</td><td>135 \u4f5c\u4e1a to operate</td><td>a job</td></tr><tr><td>66 \u56de\u793c present a gift in return</td><td>a gift in return</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>67</td><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>",
                "text": "\u56de\u5473 recollect the pleasant flavour of ...",
                "html": null
            }
        }
    }
}