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25208 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots%20%28candy%29 | Dots (candy) | Dots, ko Mason Dots (alamar DOTS mai alamar kasuwanci), alama ce ta ɗanɗano ɗanɗano da Kamfanin Tootsie Roll Industries ya sayar, wanda ke iƙirarin cewa "tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da shi acikin shekara ta1945," alewar ta zama "Amurka ...#1 sayar da alamar gumdrop." Dangane da tallace -tallace, sama da digo biliyan huɗu ake samarwa daga masana'antar Tootsie Roll Industries Chicago kowace shekara. A cewar PETA, Dots vegan ne, kuma bisa ga gidan yanar gizon Masana'antu na Tootsie, ba su da yalwar abinci, ba su da gyada, ba su da gyada, kuma kosher (Kungiyar Orthodox ta tabbatar da kosher a hukumance har zuwa Disamba 1, acikin shekara ta 2009).
Tarihi An gabatar da digo a cikin shekara ta 1945 ta Mason kuma alamar kasuwanci ce a waccan shekarar. A cikin shekara ta1972, Masana'antu na Tootsie Roll sun sami alamar Dots ta hanyar siyan Sashin Mason na Kamfanin Candy Corporation na Amurka Kafin wannan siyan Mason, AU da Magenheimer Confectionery Manufacturing Company na Brooklyn kuma daga baya Mineola, New York Crows sune tsofaffin alewa a cikin dangin Dots, wanda aka fara halitta a ƙarshen karni na 19. Dots na asali sun koma acikin shekara ta1945, Dropical Dots zuwa shekarar ta 2003, da Yogurt Dots zuwa shekara ta 2007. An gabatar da Dots a cikin shekara ta 2009 zuwa shekara ta2010.
Dadi da iri
Dandano Dandano na yanzu don "Dots na asali" sun haɗa da ceri (ja), lemo (rawaya), lemun tsami (kore), orange (orange), da strawberry (ruwan hoda). Dots masu ɗaci suna da ɗanɗano biyar, amma an halicce su da citric acid: ceri, lemo, lemu, innabi, da koren apple. Dandano don Dots na Tropical sun haɗa da Nectar Island, Mangoro na daji, Mai sanyaya Inabi, Carambola Melon, da Aljanna Punch; kuma ga Yogurt Dots, Ayaba, Orange, Blackberry, da Lemon-Lime. Crows, black licorice flavored gum gum drop, kuma ana ɗaukarsu wani ɓangare ne na dangin Dots, waɗanda masu shayarwa Ernest Von Au da Joseph Maison suka kirkira a cikin 1890s. Akwai labarin almara na birni wanda yakamata a kira Crows "Black Rose", amma firintar ta ɓata sunan a matsayin "Black Crows" da buga masu kunshe da sunan da ba daidai ba a kansu. Koyaya, bincike gami da gaskiyar cewa sunan yana da haƙƙin mallaka kafin alewar ta taɓa zuwa tare da masu rufewa ta bayyana cewa wannan labarin ba gaskiya bane.
Iri -iri Baya ga nau'ikan Dots na asali (wanda kuma aka sani da Dots na Mason), Dots Tropical, Yogurt Dots, Sour Dots, da Crows, nau'ikan da suka gabata (gami da sadaukarwa na gajeren lokaci na musamman) sun haɗa da:
Fasahar Halloween An sayar da nau'ikan Dots ɗin Halloween na musamman guda uku: Dots ɗin fatalwa sune koren haske mai haske, tare da dandano iri ɗaya na Dots na asali, amma ba tare da launuka daban -daban don nuna wane dandano kowane ɗigon ɗanɗano zai iya samu ba.
Dots na Jemage Dots ne masu launin baƙar fata waɗanda ke da ɗanɗano ruwan lemu.
Dots ɗin Masarar alewa ƙanshin masara ne kuma suna kama da masara.
Sauran fannonin biki Sauran fannonin biki sun haɗa da:
Dots na Kirsimeti, waɗanda ke da saman Vanilla (fari) tare da tushen Cherry (ja) ko lemun tsami (kore)
Dots na Valentine, waɗanda ke da tushe na Vanilla (farar fata) tare da saman Cherry (ja) ko Farin Ciki (ruwan hoda).
Dots na Ista a Blueberry (shuɗi), Lemon (rawaya), Lemun tsami (kore), Cherry (ja), da Orange (orange) (wanda aka gabatar a 2010)
Wasu iri da dandano Wasu nau'ikan da dandano sun haɗa da:
An gabatar da Dots na Berry a cikin 2000. Dots na daji na Berry suna da daɗi, ƙyallen gumdrops mai rufi tare da ƙamshi, mai ruɓi. An katse Dots na Berry a 2007.
Dots Elements a rumman (ƙasa, shunayya), kirfa (wuta, ja), koren shayi (ruwa, kore), da hunturu (iska, shayi) (wanda aka gabatar a 2008; ba a ƙara samar da shi ba)
Hot Dots (aka Cinnamon Dots) an sake su a 2004, amma an dakatar da su a 2006.
Dots masu kishin ƙasa, waɗanda ke da saman vanilla (fari) tare da tushe strawberry (ja) ko tushe na blueberry (blue)
A cikin shekarun 1980, akwai Dots iri -iri da ake kira Dice Spice.
Fakiti na ɗanɗano na musamman irin su Pink Grapefruit, Peach, da kankana. Tallace -tallace a matsayin "yankakken tsami", suna kula da sifar gumdrop na duk sauran Dots.
Sinadaran Dots sun ƙunshi: Ruwan masara, sukari, sitaci abinci -modified, malic acid, dandano na halitta da na wucin gadi, sodium citrate, da launuka na wucin gadi.
Duba kuma Jerin samfuran kayan zaki
Hanyoyin waje
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50341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Kessell | Mary Kessell | Articles with hCards
Mary Merlin Kessell (13 Nuwamban shekarar 1914 1977) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Biritaniya, mai zane, kuma mai fasahar yaki.An haife ta a Landan, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Clapham, sannan daga baya a Makarantar Fasaha da ta Tsakiya.A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu,an umurce ta data yin aiki a Jamus a matsayin mai zane-zane na yankin Birtaniya; daya daga cikin mata uku da aka zaba.Ta shafe makonni shida a Jamus.inda ta je sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen da aka 'yanto kwanan nan da kuma wasu manyan birni da suka hada da Berlin.Ta samar da zanen gawayi na 'yan gudun hijira, musamman mata da yara wanda daga baya ta sayar da su ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Mawakan Yaki.Bayan yakin Kessell ta haɗu tare da Shirin Bunƙasa Buƙatun Needlework, NDS,don samar da ƙirar gwaji don na'ura da kayan aikin hannu da kuma yin aiki ga Shell a matsayin mai zane.Daga baya ta koma Makarantar Tsakiya don koyarwa a Makarantar Maƙera Azurfa da Kayan Ado tare da mai zane Richard Hamilton.
Farkon aiki An haifi Kessell a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1914 a London.Ta fara horar da fasahar ta a Makarantar Fasaha ta Clapham,inda ta yi karatu daga 1935 zuwa 1937, sannan a Makarantar Tsakiyar daga 1937 zuwa 1939. A tsawon lokacinta na ɗalibi ta kwatanta littattafai, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce Miss Kimber ta Osbert Sitwell a 1937.
Mawaƙin yaƙi A lokacin ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, Kessell ta kasance a Jamus bayan da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Ƙwararru, WAAC,ta ba ta izini, a matsayin mai zane-zane na yakin Birtaniya. Mawakiyar yaki mata uku ne kawai suka yi aiki a kasashen waje a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu; a matsayin daya daga cikinsu,an bukaci Kessell da ta rubuta ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke tafiya cikin Turai bayan mika wuya na Jamus.Ta yi makonni shida a Jamus,daga 9 ga Agusta 1945 zuwa 20 ga Satumba, inda ta yi zanen gawayi na 'yan gudun hijira tare da adana bayanan abubuwan da suka faru. Makasudin farko na Kessell shine sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen,wanda dakarun kawance suka kwato watanni hudu da suka wuce. Ta zo daga baya tayi aiki fiye da sauran masu fasaha na yaki,ciki har da Doris Zinkeisen, Edgar Ainsworth da Eric Taylor, wanda ta ziyarci sansanin nan da nan bayan 'yantar da shi. A lokacin da Kessell ta isa, an lalata sauran gine-ginen sansanin kuma an tura tsoffin fursunonin zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira da ke kusa. An shirya ayarin motocin mutanen da suka tsira daga sansanin don komawa ƙasashensu kuma Kessell ta shaida da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tashin. Wannan ta yi tasiri na musamman akan aikin da ta samar. A Belsen, Kessell ta kammala zane-zane bakwai a cikin baƙar fata da sanguine gawayi, wanda ta kira Notes daga Belsen Camp, 1945. Waɗannan su ne mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin zane-zanen da aka samar a lokacinta a matsayin mai zanen yaƙi.Ba kamar aikin da sauran masu fasaha suka ƙera ba, wanda sau da yawa ke ba da cikakken bayani game da fage,an cire batutuwan Kessell gaba ɗaya daga kowace ma'anar asali. Batun da kansu,da farko mata da yara,an zana su a matsayin "jiki marasa cikakken bayani". A lokacin zamanta a Jamus, Kessell ta kuma ziyarci Hamburg, Lübeck, Hanover,Kiel, Berlin da Potsdam kuma tana samar da zane-zane na gawayi a cikin irin salon da ta kammala a Belsen.An buga littafin tarihin lokacinta a Jamus a cikin Mujallar Cornhill a cikin 1946.
Aikin bayan yaki Bayan yakin, a cikin 1947,an umurci Kessell don kammala zane-zane na allura don Tsarin Buƙatar Aikin Ƙaddamarwa, yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ilimi da masana'antu, wanda ta nemi ingantawa da inganta ƙirar Birtaniya.Ko da yake makircin tana da babban zaɓi na kayan ado a cikin nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, misalan kasashen waje sun wakilci mafi kyawun allura na tarin.Tare da niyyar faɗaɗa adadin ayyukan Birtaniyya,an zaɓi Kessell don ƙirƙirar ƙirar gwaji don aikin hannu da na'ura waɗanda masu fasaha na Burtaniya za su iya fassara su. An yi la'akari da ƙirar musamman "na ci gaba" kuma tana da wahala a sake haifuwa.An yi la'akari da sakamakon injin sun fi nasara fiye da waɗanda aka samar da hannu.Ko da yake ƙananan makarantun fasaha sun cika isa don ɗaukar ƙirar, Bromley College of Art ita ce wacce ta yi nasarar yin hakan. A cikin 1939 Kessell ta zana bangon,Judith da Helofernes, don tsohon Asibitin Westminster. A cikin 1955 ta zana wasu tsoffin abubuwa guda huɗu don Gidan Chemical na Imperial, Millbank. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙira a Shell Studio a Shell-Mex House kuma ta samar da fastoci don Shell (1952) kuma daga baya,a cikin 1964,don jigilar London na haɓaka Kew Gardens. Kessell ta baje kolin wasu zane-zanenta na 'yan gudun hijira a farkon shirye-shiryenta na solo guda hudu da za a gudanar a Leicester Gallerries a 1950. A cikin 1960s Oxfam ta umarci Kessell ta ziyarci Indiya don samar da zane-zanen da ke tallafawa aikinsu a can. An buga waɗannan daga baya, tare da rubutu ta Kessell,a matsayin Ziyarar Indiya don Oxfam a 1969. Kessell ta shiga ma'aikata a Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'a ta Camberwell a 1950 kuma daga baya ta koyar da ita a Makarantar Tsakiya inda Shugaban Makarantar William Johnstone ta kawo ta don koyarwa a Makarantar Ma'aikatar Azurfa da Kayan Ado a can,tare da mai zane Richard Hamilton. Ta koma koyarwa a Camberwell tsakanin 1955 zuwa 1960. Ana gudanar da aikin Kessell a cikin tarin London ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Imperial War Museum, Tate da Victoria da Albert Museum. An gudanar da bitar aikinta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Camden a cikin 1980. Ta yi aure da mai zanen fosta Tom Eckersley.
Littattafai da aka kwatanta Mrs Kimber na Oswald Sitwell, Macmillen, 1937. Mafi kyawun Waqoqin 1937 da Cape ta buga, 1938. Littafin rubutu na ɗan wasa na Ivan Turgenev, 1959. Ziyarar Indiya don Oxfam tare da rubutu ta Kessell, 1969.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 13 artworks by or after Mary Kessell at the Art UK |
50583 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria%20%28manga%29 | Aria (manga) | Aria (mai salo kamar ARIA)jerin manga ne na Jafananci wanda Kozue Amano ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta.Asalin jerin an yi wa lakabi da Aqua (mai salo kamar AQUA)Lokacin da aka buga shi a cikin mujallar Enix 's Monthly Stencil daga 2001 zuwa 2002,kuma an sake masa suna lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Mag Garden 's Comic Blade,inda ya ci gaba da yin jerin gwano daga Nuwamban shekarar 2002 zuwa Afrilu. 2008.An tattara Aqua a cikin juzu'i na tankobon guda biyu,kuma an tattara Aria cikin juzu'i goma sha biyu.
Hal Film Maker ya daidaita manga zuwa jerin talabijin na anime da yawa.An watsa kakar farko a cikin 2005,kakar wasa ta biyu a cikin 2006,OVA ta saki Satumba 2007,da kuma kakar wasa ta uku a cikin 2008 wanda ya ƙare kusan lokaci guda da jerin abubuwan manga.An fitar da wani OVA,mai suna Aria the Avvenire,a cikin jerin animekwatin bikin cika shekaru 10 na Blu-ray tsakanin Disamba 2015 da Yuni 2016.Fim don murnar cika shekaru 15 na jerin anime mai taken Aria the Crepusscolo wanda aka fara ranar 5 ga Maris 2021.Fim ɗin anime na biyu mai suna Aria the Benedizone wanda aka fara ranar 3 ga Disamba 2021.
ADV Manga ya fitar da fassarorin Turanci na litattafai uku na farko na Aria a cikin 2004 kafin barin lasisi. Daga nan Tokyopop ya sami haƙƙin Ingilishi zuwa Aqua da Aria.Tokyopop ya fitar da juzu'i biyu na Aqua a cikin Oktoba 2007 da Fabrairu 2008 da juzu'i shida na Aria tsakanin Janairu 2008 da Disamba 2010.An ba da lasisin anime a Arewacin Amurka ta The Right Stuf International,wanda ya fito da duk yanayi uku a cikin akwatin akwatin a ƙarƙashin tambarin Nishaɗi na Nozomi tsakanin 30 Satumba 2008 da 2 Maris 2010.
Labari Aqua da Aria faruwa a farkon karni na 24th,farawa a 2301 AD,a cikin birnin Neo-Venezia Neo Venetia,a zahiri "New Venice")a kan duniyar Aqua wani lokacin Akusized.a cikin manga tare da rubutun tushe na "Mars" yana aiki azaman mai sheki ),wanda aka sake masa suna bayan an mai da shi duniyar da za ta iya zama wacce aka rufe a cikin teku a kusa da shekaru 150 kafin. Neo-Venezia,wanda ya dogara da Venice a duka gine-gine da yanayi, birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa mai kunkuntar magudanar ruwa maimakon tituna, wanda gondola marasa motsi ke tafiya.
A farkon Aqua,wata budurwa mai suna Akari ta zo daga Manhome Manhomu,a da Duniya,wani lokacin ana salo kamar tare da rubutun tushe don"Duniya"yana aiki azaman mai sheki)don zama gondolier gondolier tare da Kamfanin Aria,ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni uku masu jagorar ruwa a cikin birni.Burinta shine ta zama Undine,gondolier wanda ke aiki azaman jagorar yawon shakatawa (duba Sharuɗɗan da ke ƙasa).Yayin da take atisaye,Akari yana abokantaka da mai ba ta shawara Alicia,masu horarwa da kuma manya daga kamfanonin kishiya-Aika,Alice,Akira,da Athena—da sauran su a Neo-Venezia. Aqua ta ba da labarin zuwan Akari kan Aqua da horon da ta fara a matsayin Ma'aurata ko almajiri.Aria ta ci gaba da horar da ita a matsayin Single, ko mai tafiya,wanda ya ƙare a lokacin kammala karatun ta,Aika,da Alice a matsayin cikakkiyar Prima Undines.
Kowane babi yanki ne na rayuwa na binciken Akari na duniyar gondoliers,Neo-Venezia,da Aqua kanta. Amano akai-akai yana amfani da shafuka da yawa na zane-zane masu ban sha'awa don nuna yanayi,yana nuna al'ajabin abubuwan yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru na iri ɗaya.Masu bita sun bayyana shi da kamanceceniya a cikin sauti da tasiri ga Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko.
Halaye
Kamfanin Aria Kamfanin Aria karamin kamfani ne na jagorar ruwa wanda ya fara da ma'aikata biyu kawai.Tufafin sa suna sanye da shuɗi,kuma shugabanta (da sunan sa) shine Aria Pokoteng.
Voiced by: Erino Hazuki[11] (Japanese); Veronica Taylor[12] (English)
A native of Japan on Manhome (Earth) who immigrates to Aqua when she is 15 to become an Undine. While not as skillful at rowing a gondola as Alice nor as familiar with the history of her adopted city as Aika, Akari makes friends quickly and easily converses with customers and other strangers. She is depicted as optimistic and cheerful, finding enjoyment in things or events that others think humdrum and mundane, for which Aika and Alice call her "mysterious"; in the anime, Aika and Alice separately comment that Akari seems to attract mysterious phenomena to her. Akari often says Hohe or Hahi, which is her short version of "wow". When Akari used gondola simulations on Manhome, she accidentally learned how to row backwards and has to relearn the proper method when she starts at Aria Company; however, as Alicia puts it, "When rowing backward, Akari-chan is unrivaled!"
Most chapters of the manga and episodes of the anime are framed with narration taken from e-mails written by Akari. In the anime, the recipient is a young girl named Ai, a customer in the first episode who becomes Akari's pen pal, but in the manga the recipient is someone she does not name and is referred to as zenryaku but has never seen.
At the start of Aqua, Akari arrives on Aqua as a new Pair (apprentice) at Aria Company. In chapter 5 of Aqua, when Aika is promoted to Single (journeyman), Alicia tests and promotes Akari as well. Later, in chapter 58 of Aria and episode 12 of Aria the Origination, after Aika is promoted to Prima (full Undine), Alicia gives Akari the test for Prima. When Akari passes, she is given the title "Aquamarine" Harukanaru Ao, lit. "Distant Blue").
Voiced by: Sayaka Ohara[11] (Japanese); Marissa Lenti[16] (English)
The only other Undine with Aria Company, Alicia is one of the Three Water Fairies of Neo-Venezia, known by the title "Snow White" Shiroki Yōsei, lit. "White Fairy"). At the start of the series, she is 19 years old and the most popular Undine in the city, noted especially for her graceful rowing style. She was promoted to Prima at 15, the youngest ever to do so. Like Akari, she is relaxed and easy-going, but she also likes to tease others, especially her childhood friend Akira. Her favorite phrase is "My, my" (ara ara; "Well Well") and she frequently giggles, to Akira's annoyance. According to Grandma Akino, she is an excellent Undine because of her ability to enjoy everything.
At the end of the series, Alicia announces her upcoming marriage and retirement to take an administrative position with the Gondola Association. She tells Akari she had put off her Prima exam because she had been planning to retire after that and did not want to leave her student and friend. According to issue No. 6 of Monthly Undine, after her retirement, "Snow White" is designated the 8th "honored appellation" by the Gondola Association, as an Undine who made great contributions to the industry.
Voiced by: Yoshiko Matsuo[20] (Japanese); Karen Smith[21] (English)
A famous and long-serving Prima Undine, who started Aria Company with Aria Pokoteng after realizing she was missing too much of life as Himeya's top ace. She was Prima Undine for 30 years and mentor to Alicia, her last disciple, to whom she left the company on her retirement. She is highly respected by younger Undines, who call her "Grandma".
Voiced by: Kaori Mizuhashi[11] (Japanese); Lisa Oritz[16] (English)
A girl from Manhome. In the anime, she befriends Akari in episode 1 and becomes Akari's e-mail correspondent, while visiting Aqua whenever she can. In the manga, she first appears in chapter 60 as Aria Company's newest employee. In both versions, at the end of the series she becomes a Pair under Akari after Alicia's marriage and retirement. At some point before the start in the OVA Aria the Avvenire, she becomes a Single.
Anna Anna)
Voiced by: Risa Hayamizu[24] (Japanese); Erica Schroeder[21] (English)
A retired Undine who trained under Grandma Akino, becoming a Prima before Alicia. She left Aria Company shortly after Alicia was promoted to Prima to marry a fisherman named Alberto. She has a son named Ahito, and lives with her family on Neo-Burano |
40529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023 | 2023 | 2023 itace shekarar da ake ciki a wadda ta zo bayan 2022 kafin 2024. Shekarar ta fara ne a ranar Lahadi a kalandar miladiyya, shekarar tana a cikin ƙarni na 21, kuma itace shekara ta huɗu a cikin sharar ta gomiya 2020.
Abubuwan da ka iya faruwa a 2023 1 ga Janairu
Croatia za ta karɓi kuɗin Euro kuma za ta zama ƙasa ta 20 a cikin ƙasashe masu amfani da kuɗin Euro Wannan shi ne karo na farko da za a kara faɗaɗa ƙungiyar hada-hadar kudi tun shigar kasar Lithuania a shekarar 2015 Croatia za ta shiga Schengen kuma ta zama ƙasa ta 27 memba a yankin Turai ba tare da fasfo ba. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da za a faɗaɗa yanƙin tafiye-tafiye na fasfo na Turai tun bayan shigar Liechtenstein a shekarar 2011 Za a rantsar da Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva a matsayin sabon shugaban kasar Brazil bayan ya doke shugaba mai ci Jair Bolsonaro a zaɓen fidda gwani da aka gudanar a Brazil ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2022 Canjin haruffan Latin na Uzbekistan zai cika. Janairu 5 Vatican za ta gudanar da jana'izar Paparoma Benedict XVI 8 ga Janairu Ƙasar Sin za ta kawo ƙarshen keɓewa ga matafiya na duniya bayan shekaru uku na manufofin COVID-Covid-19 Janairu 12 Janairu 22 2023 Wasannin Jami'ar Duniya na lokacin sanyi a Lake Placid, New York, Amurka.
Janairu 13 Janairu 14 2023 Zaben shugaban kasa na Czech Fabrairu 25 2023 babban zaben Najeriya Maris 5 2023 Zaɓen majalisar dokokin Estoniya Afrilu An yi hasashen Voyager 2 zai wuce Pioneer 10 a matsayin jirgin sama na biyu mafi nisa daga Duniya.
Afrilu 2 2023 Zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin Finland Afrilu 30 2023 babban zaɓen Paraguay Mayu 5 Za a ga kusufin wata da maraice da washegari a Afirka, Asiya da Ostiraliya, kuma zai kasance kusufin wata na 24 na Lunar Saros 141 Mayu 6 Sarautar Charles III da Camilla a matsayin Sarki da Sarauniyar Burtaniya da sauran daular Commonwealth a Westminster Abbey, London Mayu 7 2023 babban zaben Thai Mayu 12 Mayu 28 2023 IIHF Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Finland da Latvia Mayu 9 Mayu 13 Gasar Waƙar Eurovision 2023 a Liverpool, United Kingdom Mayu 20 Yuni 11 2023 FIFA U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya a Indonesia Yuni 10 2023 Final Champions League a Istanbul, Turkiyya Yuni 18 2023 babban zaben Turkiyya Yuni 23 Yuli 2 2023 Wasannin Turai a Kraków da Małopolska, Poland Yuni 25 2023 babban zaben Guatemala Yuli 20 Agusta 20 2023 Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a Australia da New Zealand Yuli 23 2023 babban zaɓen Cambodia Yuli 28 Agusta 6 2023 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu Agusta Afirka Super League Agusta 25 Satumba 10 2023 FIBA gasar cin kofin duniya a Philippines, Japan, da Indonesia Satumba 8 Oktoba 28 2023 Gasar Rugby a Faransa Satumba 23 Oktoba 8 2022 Wasannin Asiya a Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
Satumba 24 Ana sa ran OSIRIS-REx zai dawo tare da samfurori daga Asteroid Bennu na ƙungiyar Apollo Oktoba Nuwamba 26 2023 Kofin Duniya na Cricket a Indiya Oktoba 8 2023 babban zaben Luxembourg a Luxembourg Oktoba 14 Za a ga kusufin rana na shekara a yammacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya, Colombia da Brazil, kuma zai kasance kusufin rana na 44 na Solar Saros 134 Oktoba 20 Nuwamba 5 2023 Wasannin Pan American a Santiago, Chile 28 ga Oktoba Za a ga wani bangare na kusufin wata da maraice da kuma washegari a kasashen Turai da galibin ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya, kuma za a yi husufin wata na 11 ga watan Saros 146 Nuwamba 11 2023 Zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin Poland na majalisar dokokin Poland Disamba 15 2023 Babban zaɓe na Spain na Cortes Generales Kwanan wata ba a sani ba Fabrairu Paparoma Francis zai ziyarci Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Sudan ta Kudu. An shirya ziyarar ne daga 2 zuwa 7 ga Yuli 2022, amma an dage ta saboda rashin lafiyar Paparoma. Paparoma Francis ne zai zama magaji na farko ga Manzo Peter da zai ziyarci kasashen biyu.
Fabrairu Ukraine na shirin gudanar da taron zaman lafiya mai samun goyon bayan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya nan da ƙarshen watan Fabrairu. Oktoba 2023 babban zaɓen Pakistan Disamba 2023 babban zaɓen Bangladesh Ana hasashen Indiya za ta zarce China don zama kasa mafi yawan jama'a a duniya Ƙungiya ta Ƙungiya ta Kyauta tare da Amurka don Micronesia da Marshall Islands ya ƙare. Ana sa ran Tushen Spallation na Turai zai fara aiki a Lund, Sweden Türksat 6A, tauraron dan adam na farko na cikin gida da na kasar Turkiyya, ana shirin tura shi zuwa sararin samaniya tare da hadin gwiwar SpaceX Za a gudanar da babban zaben kasar Sudan a shekara ta 2023 a matsayin wani bangare na mika mulki ga dimokradiyya, tare da shirin gudanar da babban taron tsarin mulki kan tsarin zabe da tsarin gwamnati. Bayan amincewa da daftarin da kasashe bakwai na EAC suka yi bayan shekara guda na tuntubar juna, za a kafa kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka nan da wannan shekara. An shirya gudanar da gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2023 a Qatar Ana sa ran hasken farko na Vera C. Rubin Observatory zai faru a watan Fabrairun 2023 tare da cikakken ayyukan kimiyya wanda zai fara shekara guda daga baya.
Mutuwa
Nassoshi |
23769 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris%20Lessing | Doris Lessing | Doris Lessing (Doris May Tayler,an haifeta aranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 1919 -ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata 2013) marubuciyar Burtaniya ce. A shekarar 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel a Adabi. Masu ba da rahoto sun gaya wa Doris cewa ta lashe kyautar Nobel kuma sun tambaye ta "Shin ba ki yi mamaki ba?". Ta ce ta riga ta "lashe duk wasu kyaututtukan adabin Turai" don haka samun kyaututtukan al'ada ne.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Lessing a Iran a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 1919. Iyayenta duka turawa ne. Sun hadu ne a Royal Free Hospital Mahaifinta, Kyaftin Alfred Tayler, mai haƙuri ne saboda ya rasa ƙafarsa a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Mahaifiyarta, Emily Maude Tayler (sunan budurci McVeagh), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce. Alfred Tayler da matarsa sun ƙaura zuwa Kermanshah, Iran. Ya fara aiki a can a matsayin magatakarda na Babban Bankin Farisa An haifi Doris a shekarata 1919. Daga baya, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia (wanda yanzu ake kira Zimbabwe a shekarar 1925 don noman masara.
Lessing yayi karatu a Makarantar Sakandaren Dominican Convent a Salisbur (yanzu Harare Makarantar zuhudun Katolika ce ta 'yan mata. Ta bar makaranta tana da shekara 14, kuma ta koyar da kanta bayan hakan. Ta bar gida tana da shekara 15 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin jinya Ta fara karatu game da siyasa da ilimin zamantakewa kuma ta fara rubutu a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarata 1937, Lessing ta koma Salisbury don yin aiki a matsayin mai aikin tarho Ba da daɗewa ba ta auri mijinta na farko, Frank Wisdom. Suna da yara biyu (John da Jean), kafin auren ya ƙare a shekarar 1943. Ta kula da marubuci nan gaba Jenny Diski bayan iyayenta sun zage ta. Diski ya zauna tare da Lessing tsawon shekaru hudu a London.
Bayan kisan aurenta, Lessing ta ƙara shiga cikin membobin ƙungiyar left book Ta shiga wannan ƙungiyar littafin kwaminisanci shekara da ta gabata. Ta sadu da mijinta na biyu, Gottfried Lessing a can. Sun yi aure ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga ƙungiyar, kuma ta haifi ɗa namiji mai suna Peter. Wannan aure ya ƙare da saki a shekarar 1949. Gottfried Lessing daga baya ya zama jakadan Jamus ta Gabas a Uganda An kashe shi a cikin tawaye a shekarata 1979 akan Idi Amin Dada Ta tafi Landan don ci gaba da aikinta na rubutu da manufofin gurguzu. Lessing ta bar yara ƙanana biyu tare da mahaifinsu a Afirka ta Kudu. peter, daga aurenta na biyu, ya tafi tare da ita. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin ba ta da zabi a wannan lokacin. Ta ji ta yi iyakacin abin da za ta iya kuma ba ita ce mafi kyawun mutumin da za ta yi renon yaran ba. Da za ta yi takaici matuka kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta kasance saboda yana da mahimmanci mace mai hankali ta ciyar da duk lokacinta tare da yara ƙanana.
Amsoshi Babbar tarin rubuce -rubucen Lessing yana a Cibiyar Bincike ta 'Yan Adam ta Harry Ransom, a Jami'ar Texas a Austin Akwai akwatuna 45 na kayan Lessing a Cibiyar Ransom waɗanda ke ɗauke da kusan duk rubutattun rubutunta da rubutunta har zuwa 1999. Lessing ba ta riƙe ko ɗaya daga cikin ainihin rubutunta na farko ba. Sauran cibiyoyi, gami da ɗakin karatu na McFarlin a Jami'ar Tulsa, suna ɗaukar ƙaramin tarin.
Mutuwa A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Lessing ya gamu da bugun jini wanda ya hana ta yin balaguro a shekarun baya kuma ya mai da hankalinta kan mutuwa. Lessing ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2013 a gidanta da ke Landan, tana da shekara 94.
Kyaututtuka Kyautar Somerset Maugham (1954)
Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
Kyautar Jihar Austriya don Adabin Turai (1981)
Alfred Toepfer Stiftung FVS, Hamburg (1982)
WH Smith Literary Award (1986)
Kyautar Palermo (1987)
Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
James Tait Black Memorial Prize don tarihin rayuwa (1995)
Kyautar Littafin Los Angeles Times (1995)
Premium Internalional Catalunya (1999) Umarnin Sahabban Daraja (1999)
Abokin Adabi na Royal Society of Literature (2000)
Kyautar David Cohen (2001)
Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
Kyautar ST Dupont Golden PEN (2002)
Lambar Nobel a Adabi (2007)
Ayyuka Novels
The Grass is Singing (1950)
Retreat to Innocence (1956)
The Golden Notebook (1962)
Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971)
The Summer Before the Dark (1973)
Memoirs of a Survivor (1974)
The Diary of a Good Neighbour (as Jane Somers, 1983)
If the Old Could... (as Jane Somers, 1984)
The Good Terrorist (1985)
The Fifth Child (1988)
Love, Again (1996)
Mara and Dann (1999)
Ben, in the World (2000) sequel to The Fifth Child
The Sweetest Dream (2001)
The Story of General Dann and Mara's Daughter, Griot and the Snow Dog (2005) sequel to Mara and Dann
The Cleft (2007)
Alfred and Emily (2008)
The Children of Violence series
Martha Quest (1952)
A Proper Marriage (1954)
A Ripple from the Storm (1958)
Landlocked (1965)
The Four-Gated City (1969)
Canopus in Argos: Archives series
Shikasta (1979)
The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980)
The Sirian Experiments (1980)
The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982)
The Sentimental Agents in the Volyen Empire (1983)
Opera libretti
The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)|The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (music by Philip Glass, 1986)
The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (music by Philip Glass, 1997)
Comics
Playing the Game (graphic novel illustrated by Charlie Adlard, 1995)
Drama
Each His Own Wilderness (three plays, 1959)
Play with a Tiger (1962)
Poetry
Fourteen Poems (1959)
The Wolf People INPOPA Anthology 2002 (poems by Lessing, Robert Twigger and T.H. Benson, 2002)
Short story collections
Five Short Novels (1953)
The Habit of Loving (1957)
A Man and Two Women (1963)
African Stories (1964)
Winter in July (1966)
The Black Madonna (1966)
The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972)
This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1 (1973)
The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2 (1973)
To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1 (1978)
The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. 2 (1978)
Through the Tunnel (1990)
London Observed: Stories and Sketches (1992)
The Real Thing: Stories and Sketches (1992)
Spies I Have Known (1995)
The Pit (1996)
The Grandmothers: Four Short Novels (2003)
Cat Tales
Particularly Cats (stories and nonfiction, 1967)
Particularly Cats and Rufus the Survivor (stories and nonfiction, 1993)
The Old Age of El Magnifico (stories and nonfiction, 2000)
On Cats (2002) omnibus edition containing the above three books
Autobiography and memoirs
Going Home (memoir, 1957)
African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe (memoir, 1992)
Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, to 1949 (1994)
Walking in the Shade: Volume Two of My Autobiography, 1949 to 1962 (1997)
Other nonfiction
In Pursuit of the English (1960)
Prisons We Choose to Live Inside (essays, 1987)
The Wind Blows Away Our Words (1987)
A Small Personal Voice (essays, 1994)
Conversations (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1994)
Putting the Questions Differently (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1996)
Time Bites (essays, 2004)
On Not Winning the Nobel Prize (Nobel Lecture, 2007, published 2008)
Nassoshi Marubata
Turanci
Marubutan turanci
Lamabar yabo ta |
48801 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Tafki | Ciwon Tafki | kaikayin tafki, cercarial dermatitis ko schistosome dermatitis cuta ce ta rashin lafiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke samun fatar jikin mutum wanda ya kamu da kwayar cutar Tsargiya na ruwa, nau'in flatworm Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin ruwan koramu, ƙanƙara da wuraren zama na ruwa a duniya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na wannan yanayin na iya karuwa, ko da yake ana iya danganta wannan ga ingantacciyar kulawa da bayar da rahoto akan abinda ke faruwa Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar yanayin a matsayin cuta wadda take tasowa yanzu Babban alamar ita ce kuraje ƙaiƙayi (fatar da ta tashi) wanda yawanci ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki 2 na kamuwa da cuta. Da farko, kurajen suna girma da sauri, sannan su juya zuwa macula(wani nau'in kurji) a cikin kusan rabin sa'a. A cikin sa'o'i 10 zuwa 12 waɗannan sun zama papules masu ƙaiƙayi waɗanda ke kaiwa ga mafi muni a rana ta biyu ko ta uku. Papules suna ɓacewa a cikin makonni 1-2 amma sakamakon na biyu daga karce na iya ci gaba da tsayi. Ƙunƙarar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, wanda ke tasowa bayan sa'o'i 48-72, yana hade da zafi da kumburin wuraren da aka shafa. Mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar cercaria akai-akai suna haɓaka alamun bayyanar cututtuka tare da farawa da sauri. Babu wani tasiri na dindindin ga mutane daga wannan yanayin. maganin Hydroxyzine da baki, wanda yake maganin antihistamine, wani lokaci ana rubutashi don magance ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo da irin wannan rashin lafiyar dermal. Bugu da ƙari, yin wanka a cikin oatmeal, soda burodi, ko gishiri na Epsom kuma na iya ba da taimako na bayyanar cututtuka.
Abinda ke kawo cuta An san ciwon tafki tun farkon karni na 19, amma sai a shekara ta 1928 wani masanin halitta ya gano cewa ciwon fatar na tafkin ya faru ne ta hanyar tsutsa na rukuni na tsutsotsi a cikin iyali Schistosomatidae Abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo a cikin mutane sune Trichobilharzia da Gigantobilharzia Hakanan yana iya samuwa ta hanyar schistosome parasites na vertebrates waɗanda ba avian ba, irin su Schistosomatium douthitti, wanda ke cutar da katantanwa da rodents Sauran haraji da aka ruwaito sun haifar da dauki sun hada da Bilharziella polonica da Schistooma bovis A cikin mahalli na ruwa, musamman tare da bakin teku, ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo na iya faruwa kuma. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta suna amfani da katantanwa na ruwa da katantanwa a matsayin runduna a cikin yanayin rayuwarsu kamar haka:
Da zarar an nutsar da kwai na schistosome cikin ruwa, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba ciyarwa ba, matakin rayuwa mai 'yanci wanda aka sani da miracidium ya fito. Miracidium yana amfani da cilia don bin abubuwan sinadarai da na zahiri da ake tunanin zai ƙara yuwuwar samun babban masaukin baki na farko a cikin tsarin rayuwarsa, katantanwa na ruwa mai daɗi Bayan kamuwa da katantanwa, yana tasowa zuwa uwa sporocyst, wanda hakan yana haifar da haifuwa na jima'i, wanda ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na 'ya'ya mata, wanda ba tare da jima'i ba ya haifar da wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, matakin rayuwa kyauta, cercaria Cercariae yana amfani da abin da ke kama da wutsiya (sau da yawa ana cokali mai yatsa a cikin nau'in halitta yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo) don yin iyo zuwa saman ruwa; kuma a yi amfani da alamu na zahiri da na sinadarai iri-iri domin gano na gaba kuma na ƙarshe (tabbatacciyar) mai masaukin baki a cikin zagayowar rayuwa, tsuntsu. Waɗannan tsutsa na iya haɗuwa da fatar ɗan wasan ninkaya da gangan. Cercaria yana shiga cikin fata kuma ya mutu a cikin fata nan da nan. Cercariae ba zai iya cutar da mutane ba, amma suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi Wannan yanayin yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi masu ƙaiƙayi da farko a fata. A cikin sa'o'i, waɗannan tabo sun zama papules masu tasowa waɗanda suke da ƙaiƙayi. Kowane papule yayi daidai da wurin shigar parasite guda ɗaya.
Bayan gano wani tsuntsu, kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin fata (yawanci ƙafafu), yana zubar da wutsiya mai yatsa a cikin tsari. A cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini, tsutsotsin da ba su da girma schistosomula suna tasowa zuwa tsutsotsi maza da mata masu girma, ma'aurata da ƙaura ta hanyar tsarin jini na mai watsa shiri (ko tsarin jin tsoro idan akwai T. regenti zuwa wuri na ƙarshe (jijiya da ke ciyar da gastrointestinal tract) a ciki. jikin mai gida. A nan ne suke sanya ƙwai a cikin ƙananan jijiyoyi a cikin maƙarƙashiya na hanji daga cikin su suna shiga cikin lumen na hanji, kuma a jefa su cikin ruwa lokacin da tsuntsu ya yi bayan gida. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in Turai, Trichobilharzia regenti, a maimakon haka yana cutar da ƙwayoyin hanci na tsuntsayen tsuntsaye da tsutsa daga ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin nama yayin shan ciyar da tsuntsaye masu cutar.
Abubuwan daka iya taimakawa wurin kamuwar ciwo Yawancin mutane suna kamuwa da cutar bayan yin iyo a cikin koguna, tafkuna ko tafkuna masu tafiya a hankali. Wasu bincike dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna katantanwa suna zubar da cercariae sosai da safe da kuma ranakun rana, kuma shiga cikin ruwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi na iya ƙara haɗari. Tsawon lokacin yin iyo yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a Turai da Arewacin Amurka, da ruwa mara zurfi na iya ɗaukar nauyin cercariae sama da buɗaɗɗen ruwa a bakin teku. Ana tsammanin iskar da ke kan teku za ta sa cercariae ta taru tare da bakin teku. Nazarin tafkuna da barkewar annoba a Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun gano lokuta inda haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ya bayyana a ko'ina ya rarraba a kusa da gefen ruwa da kuma lokutan da haɗarin ke ƙaruwa a cikin ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo "masu zafi". Yara na iya kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar akai-akai kuma fiye da manya amma wannan yana iya nuna halinsu na yin iyo na tsawon lokaci a cikin teku, inda cercariae kuma ke maida hankali. Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don shiga cikin mahaifa cikin fata mai masauki sun haɗa da fatty acids marasa ƙarfi, kamar linoleic da linolenic acid. Ana samun waɗannan mahimman fatty acid a yawancin amfanin gona da ake ci, da man shuka da aka samu, da man rana da man shafawa dangane da mai.
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21295 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanton%20Bauna%20Abagana | Kwanton Bauna Abagana | Kwanton Baunar Abagana (31 ga Maris, din shekarar 1968) ya kasance kwanton bauna ne daga sojojin kungiyar masu rajin kafa Biafra karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu inda suka rusa runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya. Daga cikin sojojin Najeriya 6,000 da suka yi wa kwanton bauna, kadan ne kawai suka tsira, ciki har da kwamandan runduna ta biyu, Janar Murtala Muhammed Bayan Fage A ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarar 1967, runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya ta fara ruwan bama-bamai kan Onitsha kuma ta ci gaba da kai mata hari har tsawon kwanaki takwas, kafin jirgin ruwan armada 10 ya tsallaka Kogin Neja zuwa cikin gari. 'Yan Najeriya da ke mamaya ba su bi sojojin Biafran da suka dawo ba sai suka gwammace wawashewa da kona kasuwar Onitsha a kasa. Bataliyar Biyafara ta 11 da ta 18 karkashin Manjo Joseph Achuzie da Col. Assam Nsudoh kafa pincer da farmaki Onitsha daga biyu kwatance, kamawa da kuma kashe mafi sojojin Najeriya da.
A watan Disamban shekarata 1967 runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya da bataliya ta 6 suka tsallaka Kogin Neja a Idah suka fara hanyarsu zuwa Onitsha, a ƙarshe suka kame garin bayan ƙoƙari da yawa. Sojojin Najeriya yanzu haka sun yi niyyar hada Runduna ta daya a Enugu da ta 2 a Onitsha. A karshen wannan ne runduna ta 2 ta Nijeriya ta tashi zuwa Enugu, a cikin wata ayarin motoci masu dauke da motoci masu sulke, a ranar 31 ga Maris 1968.
Kwanton Bauna A 31 Maris din shekarar 1968, a jerin gwanon kunshi 106 motocin na zuwa Nijeriya rumfuna ta 2 shari 6,000 sojoji, kazalika da makamai daga Onitsha zuwa Enugu aka kwanton bauna da decimated a garin Abagana da wani kananan naúrar na Biafran sojoji karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu 'Yan Biafra sun harba rokoki na gida mai suna Ogbunigwe ne a cikin wata motar dakon mai dauke da fetur wanda ya haifar da wani mummunan fashewa da ya lalata da yawa daga motocin sulke na ayarin tare da kashe adadi mai yawa na sojojin Najeriya. Sojojin Biafra sun lalata ko kuma sun kama tan 350 na kayan aikin Sojojin Najeriya. Bayan harin na roka sai sojojin Biafran suka bude wuta kan ayarin tare da kananan bindigogi suka kashe karin sojojin Najeriya da yawa.
Bayan haka Samun nasarar kwanton baunar da aka yi a Abagana ya baiwa sojojin Biafran da farar hula fata a yakin tare da dakatar da ci gaban Najeriya na wani lokaci zuwa yankin Biyafara. Janar Murtala Muhammed ya sami sauki daga umarnin sa kuma bai sake ba da umarnin ballewa ba. A nasa kalaman, Uchendu ya ce ganin ayarin motocin ya kusan shanye sojojin nasa. Yaransa sun yi matukar damuwa don fara harbe-harbe, fiye da fargaba fiye da komai. Ya roke su da su kwantar da hankulansu har sai ya ba da umarnin. Ya bar yawancin ayarin sojojin Najeriya na 2 suka wuce. Yaransa sun yi mamakin dalilin da zai ba su izinin shiga yankin Biafra da aka kame. Sun kasance masu tsoro da shakku, duk da haka sun aminta da aikin soja kuma don haka suna jiran sanin dabarun sa. Ya ce sun gama cewa yakin ya kare, amma a matsayinsu na jarumawa sojoji, dole ne su yi fada har zuwa karshe!
Yayin da yake jagorantar sojan tare da harba roket kan abin da zai yi wa ayarin da ke shigowa da kuma lokacin da ya fi dacewa ya buge, sojan ba da daɗewa ba ya danna harbin, yana barin rokar. Yayi sa'a, ya buge tankar mai. Tankar ta fashe kuma ta jefa abubuwan da ke ciki a kan dako dauke da makamai kusa da wurin wanda ya cinna wuta komai, ya haifar da fashe-fashe da yawa.
A cikin firgici, sojojin da tuni suka tsallaka layin Biafra sun gudu zuwa wurare daban daban cikin rudani. Sojojin Biafra sun kai hari. Sun yi magana da sojoji na yau da kullun kuma sun shiga cikin harin. Lokacin da Uchendu ya samu labarin cewa Muritala Muhammed yana tare da ayarin kuma a wani wuri a Nawfia, sai ya tashi da sauri don kamo shi amma ya makara kasancewar ana ganin Muritala yana tashi da jirgi mai saukar ungulu.
Bayanan kula Though John de St. Jorre mentions Colonel Joseph Achuzie as commander of the operation, Major-General Alexander Madiebo (General Officer Commanding the Biafran Army) credits Major Uchendu. Chinua Achebe and others also credit Uchendu. From all indications, Achuzie was the commanding officer of Uchendu`s division and strategically planned the operation, while Uchendu led the actual ambush.
International journalists present in Biafra at the time like Frederick Forsyth, Gilles Caron and other authors give the strength of the ambushed Nigerian troops as 6000 men supported by armor, of which almost all were lost. Chinua Achebe gives the much lower figure of about 500 Nigerian troops. All sources state that the convoy was about 100 vehicles long including troop transport, ammunition transport, tankers and armored cars.
Manazarta de St. Jorre, John (2012). The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria. Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571287376.
Oyewẹsọ, Syan (1992). The post-Gowon Nigerian accounts of the Civil War, 1975 1990: a preliminary review. Africa Peace Research Institute, Lagos. p. 17.
Achebe, Chinua (2012). There was a country. Penguin. ISBN 9780141973678.
Osuji, Steve (23 October 2012). "'There was a country': Ogbunigwe, Abagana ambush; Achebe, Okigbo and Ifeajuna". The Nation Online. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015.
Forsyth, Frederick (1971). The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend. ISBN 1848846061.
Caron, Gilles (1968). La Mort du Biafra: Photographies du Gilles Caron. Presentation de F. de Bonneville, Paris Solar.
Baxter, Peter (2014). Biafra The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. Helion Co Ltd. pp. 31–50. ISBN 9781909982369.
Alabi-Isama, Godwin. The Tragedy of Victory: On-the-spot Account of the Nigeria-Biafra War in the Atlantic Theatre. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan. ISBN 9789789260393.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana (2ème éd. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 453. ISBN 9780195170559.
Nwadike, Jerome (2010). A BIAFRAN SOLDIER’S SURVIVAL FROM THE JAWS OF DEATH: NIGERIAN BIAFRAN CIVIL WAR. p. 57. ISBN 9781453513811
Rikici
Afirka
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45816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology | Sinology | Kimiyyar kasar Sin ko Nazarin Tarihin Sin (A turance: Sinology) ilimi ne da ke kula da abin da ya shafi kasar Sin ta hanyar nazarin yarenta da adabi da tarihinta, kuma galibi ana yin la'akari da nazarin kasashen yamma a wannan fanni. Watakila wannan kimiyya ta mayar da hankali kan gwada nasarorin da masana kimiyyar kasar Sin suka samu a cikin wayewarsu. A tarihi, ana kallon "Sinology" a matsayin kwatankwacin amfani da ilimin Harshe a kasar Sin, kuma har zuwa karni na 20 ana ganin yana nufin ilimin harshe ne (harshe da adabi). Daga baya an fadada wannan kimiyya ta hanyar ƙara tarihin kasar Sin, rubuce-rubuce, da sauran batutuwa.
Sinology a Japan A kasan Japan, ana kiran Sinology da kangaku "Han karatu", sabanin Kokugaku ma'ana nazarin Japan, da Yōgaku ko Rangaku ma'ana nazarin Yamma ko Netherlands. An bambanta shi da Sinology na Yamma da na zamani.
Sinology a Kasashen Yamma
Farkon karni na sha bakwai Turawan Yamma na farko da aka sani da sun yi nazarin Sinanci da yawa su ne ’yan kasar Portugal, Mutanen Espanya, da Italiya na ƙarni na goma sha shida—dukansu na Dominican Order ko Society of Jesus (Mabiya addinin kiristanci)—waɗanda suka nemi yaɗa Kiristanci na Katolika a tsakanin mutanen Sinawa. Ofishin Dominican na Mutanen Espanya na farko a Manila yana sarrafa injin buga littattafai, kuma tsakanin 1593 da 1607 ya samar da ayyuka huɗu kan bangaskiyar Katolika ga al'ummar baƙi na Sinawa, uku cikin Sinanci na gargajiya da ɗaya cikin cakuda Sinanci na gargajiya da na Hokkien.
Sinology tsakanin Larabawa
kafin karni na ashirin Littafan tarihi na kasar Sin sun nuna cewa, Sinawa suna da masaniya sosai kan Larabawa shekaru da dama kafin Musulunci, kasancewar tarihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin biyu ya samo asali ne tun kafin Musulunci. Manufar daular Han (206 BC 8 AD) na da nufin bude hanyoyin kasuwanci tare da yankunan yammacin kasar Sin, wadanda a halin yanzu aka sansu da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Indiya da Yammacin Asiya, har zuwa yankin Larabawa da Afirka.
karni na ashirin da abinda ya biyoshi A karni na 20, ayyukan hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasar Sin da kasashen Larabawa sun kai ga samun bunkasuwar Sinology a kasashen Larabawa bayan da aka fadada fannin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Larabawa a fannin ilimi, inda aka samu bambanci bisa matakin hadin gwiwa. Tun bayan kulla huldar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen Sin da Masar a shekarar 1956 miladiyya, kasar Masar ta fara bude kofofin koyar da harshen Sinanci a jami'o'in kasar Masar. Jami'ar Ain Shams ta bude bangaren gwanancewa a harshen Sinanci a shekarar 1958. Duk da haka, ya tsaya saboda dalilai na siyasa a lokacin. A tsakanin shekarar 1958 zuwa 1963 miladiyya, an yaye daliban kasar Sin 33 daga kasar Masar. A shekara ta 1977 miladiyya, jami'ar Ain Shams ta koma ƙware a cikin harshen Sinanci. Baya ga Masar, akwai kuma ayyukan koyar da yaren Sinanci a Kuwait, amma sun tsaya bayan wani dan lokaci kadan. Masanan Larabawa sun yi kokarin zurfafa zurfafa bincike kan ilimin Sinology don dalilai na ilimi, siyasa, al'adu da diflomasiyya don gina hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'ummar Larabawa da Sinawa. Sha'awarsu ga tarihin kasar Sin ma ta karu sosai. An buga litattafai da dama da suka shafi tarihin al'adun kasar Sin da jama'arta cikin harshen Larabci. A cikin 2020 AD, bayan ya shafe kusan shekaru shida a matsayin karamin jakadanci a Guangzhou, Dr. Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri, jami'in diflomasiyyar Qatar wanda ake yi wa kallon daya daga cikin Larabawa wanda ya mallaki manyan ayyukan ilimi na Larabawa da yawa a Sinology, ya buga littafin "Zheng He, Sarkin Tekun China." Littafin ya kunshi tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru na wani shugaban kasar Sin mai suna Zheng He, wanda ya yi tafiya tare da rundunarsa a duniyar da aka sani a lokacin a cikin tafiye-tafiye bakwai tsakanin shekara ta 1415 zuwa 1432 miladiyya. Kafin haka, ya rubuta wani labari mai suna "The Rundunar Rana", wanda ya samo asali daga labarin wani jagorar kasar Sin. Ana kallon littafin a matsayin littafin Riwaya (Novel) na farko cikin littafan Larabci mai dauke da Sinanci, kuma ya yi suna sosai a duniyar Larabawa da Sinawa, duk da cewa bai dade da fitowa ba, yayin da aka fassara shi zuwa harsuna sama da uku. a bisa wannan labari, an shirya wani fim na Documentary (Hanyar Rana) a birnin Guangzhou a shekarar 2021 miladiyya a karkashin jagorancin ofishin yada labarai na lardin da hadaddiyar gidan rediyo da talabijin da kuma karamin ofishin jakadancin kasar Qatar a Guangzhou. Fim din ya yi bayani ne kan tasirin sadarwa tsakanin kasar Sin da yankin Gulf na Larabawa a tarihi. Jaridar Difaf Publications ta buga littafin "Sarkin Gabashin Chudi" na Dr. Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri, inda ya yi karin haske kan tarihin sarki Yongle da irin zaman lafiyar da kasar Sin ta samu a karkashin mulkinsa a bangaren al'adu, wanda kuma ya samu kulawa daga wannan sarki. Sannan ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga bangaren hukumar gudanarwa da hada-hadar kudi, Sarkin ya yi kokarin sabunta wasu tsare-tsarensa da kafa sabbin dokoki, baya ga bangaren tattalin arziki, wanda ya samu ci gaba da habaka sosai sakamakon kwanciyar hankalin siyasa. Har ila yau, ya buga littafi mai suna "kasar Sin a idon matafiya", kuma littafi ne da ya yi bincike cikin tarihin tsohuwar kasar Sin ta hanyar bincike da matafiya da masu bincike suka yi. Wata cibiyar buga littattafai ta Sin ce ta buga fassarar littafin zuwa harshen Sinanci a shekarar 2020 miladiyya tare da gudummawar farfesa Wang Yue da Dr. Wang Fu na jami'ar nazarin kasa da kasa dake nan birnin Beijing. Har ila yau, Al-Hajri ya rubuta littafin "Al-adu a daular Ming", inda ya yi bayani kan ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki na daular Ming, da kuma ci gaban tarihi na al'adun kasar Sin. An fassara hudu daga cikin littattafansa zuwa Sinanci. Littafin Dokta Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri mai suna "Takardun Tattalin Arziki kan Hanyar Siliki" ya yi bayani ne kan shirin Belt and Road na kasar Sin, inda ya yi nazari kan wannan shiri ta mabanbantan ra'ayi, inda ya yi magana a cikin babi takwas kan ma'anar hanyar siliki, da tarihin tattalin arziki (Sin) a cikin karni na uku, da tattalin arzikin sufuri bisa ma'auni na shirin Sinawa, da matsayin kasashen duniya, musamman gabas ta tsakiya, kasashen Afirka, Amurka da Indiya zuwa ga wannan shiri. An fassara littattafai da yawa daga Sinanci zuwa Larabci a matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Fiye da litattafai 700 na mutanen kasar Sin, da al'adu, da tattalin arzikinsu, da adabi da falsafa aka fassara zuwa harshen Larabci daga kamfanin House of Wisdom da ke Ningxia Hui, arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin tun bayan kafa shi a shekarar 2011.
Duba kuma
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22382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Samun%20Wadatattun%20Sutura | Yancin Samun Wadatattun Sutura | Yancin samun wadatattun sutura, ko' yancin sanya tufafi, an amincewa da shi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wannan, tare da haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin zama, ɓangarori ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kamar yadda aka sani a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR). Hakanan an yarda da haƙƙin sutura a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR).
Masu cin gajiyar Hakkin sanya sutura wani bangare ne na 'yancin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, kuma don hakan, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani abu da ya kamata a tabbatar don hana mutane rayuwa a karkashin talauci. Lallai, sanya sutura alama ce ta talauci mai girma da Kuma arziki:
Don nuna yadda ake da damar samun suturar da ke akwai, Dakta Stephen James ya samar da jerin wasu wadatattun masu cin gajiyar hakkin mafi karancin sutura. Wadanda suka hada da wannan jerin mutanen sune wadanda suka fi fama da rashin sutura, kamar su: Masu karamin karfi, gami da marasa aikin yi, marasa karfi da aiki An fansho da sauransu sun dogara da tsaro na zamantakewa Marassa matsuguni da sauransu a cikin rashin matsuguni;
Waɗanda ke cikin masaukin gaggawa (alal misali, wuraren neman mata ko na hali ko masu zaman kansu (gami da masaukin sadaka);
Tsofaffi, ko kuma a cikin keɓaɓɓun gidaje ko hayar haya, ko na jiha, na kasuwanci ko na jinƙai gidajen kula da jinya, asibitoci da masu kula da asibiti;
Mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya ta hankali ko na rashin ƙarfi na tunani ko na jiki (ko suna rayuwa a gida ba tare da kansu ba, tare da danginsu ko wasu, ko kuma a kungiyoyi Yanki na al'ummomi rabin-gida-gida, asibitoci na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu da sauran cibiyoyi);
Yara da matasa, musamman marayu da yara masu laifi a cikin kulawa, makarantun jihohi ko wuraren tsare mutane;
Marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a asibitoci (ko cibiyoyin gyarawa), gami da waɗanda ake kula da su saboda shaye-shaye da sauran masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi Fursunoni, a tsare ko akasin haka;
Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antun haɗari (alal misali, masana'antar kera sinadarai da masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ko kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi na matsi (misali, masu gumi waɗanda rayuwarsu ko lafiyarsu ta dogara da tufafin kariya (haɗe da masu aikin yara);
'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke rayuwa a cikin talauci;
'Yan Gudun Hijira, masu neman mafaka, da kuma ma'aikatan bakin haure (musamman wadanda ke aiki a kasuwannin bayan fage ba bisa ka'ida ba); kuma,
Wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i, rikice-rikicen cikin gida, yakin basasa da na duniya (gami da fursunonin yaƙi zalunci na kisan kare dangi da sauran ɓarna.
Ganewa Rashin tattaunawa a game da haƙƙin sutura ya haifar da rashin tabbas game da burin dama da kuma yawan tufafi da ake buƙata. Masani Matthew Craven ya lura cewa mafi ƙarancin matakin tufafi shine abin da ake buƙatar samarwa; yana da "mahimmin mahimmanci ba kadan ba saboda a mafi karancin matakan yana wakiltar batun rayuwa." Wannan abin da ake buƙata na "mafi ƙarancin" ko "isasshe" ana nuna shi a cikin rahotanni daga Kwamitin UNancin Haƙƙin Yara UN) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma rahoto daga Consortium For Street Children, kazalika a matsayin yawan Janar Bayani daga Kwamitin Kula da Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) dangane da tsofaffi, nakasassu, da ma'aikata. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wata alama game da abin da irin wannan mafi ƙarancin "ƙarancin" ko "isasshen" daidaiton ya ƙunsa: hakika, ba safai ba ne CESCR ya yi tambayar wata ƙungiya ta ICESCR game da aikinta game da haƙƙin sutura ko tufafi. An sami takaitaccen sharhin ilimi game da burin 'yancin sanya sutura dangane da' yan gudun hijira. James Hathaway ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata 'yan gudun hijirar su samu suturar da za ta dace da yanayin kuma ta wadatar da duk wani aiki ko wasu mukamai da suke fatan aiwatarwa. Bugu da ƙari, bai kamata a tilasta su sanya kowane irin tufafin da zai haifar da ƙyamar jama'a ko nuna bambanci a matsayin baƙi ba. A gefe guda kuma, duk da haka, idan 'yan gudun hijirar suka zabi sanya tufafin da ke wakiltar al'adunsu, kasar da suka fito ko kuma al'ummarsu, suna da kariya a karkashin doka ta 27 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa don yin hakan. Kwamitin kan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya karkata zuwa ga amfani da fassarar takamaiman mahallin kan abin da ya isa daidaiton sutura; ya zuwa yanzu, ba a yi la'akari da haƙƙi a cikin azancin sa gaba ɗaya a cikin sharhi na gaba ɗaya ba. Hakkin mallakar sutura ko tufafi an yarda dashi a cikin gida tsawon shekaru dubbai aƙalla sashi amma ya sami ƙarancin sanarwa a yanayin duniya saboda wasu dalilai. Ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun rashin ganewa ba; wani marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa rashin bayani dalla-dalla ya samo asali ne saboda bambancin bukatun al'adu da bukatunsu. Koyaya, wannan bayanin an ɗauke shi a matsayin "ba mai yiwuwa ba ne": Dr James ya lura cewa "[c] bambancin al'adu, muhalli da tattalin arziki a cikin 'buƙatu da buƙatu' tabbas suna da alama game da gidaje, lafiya kamar yadda suke a ciki dangantaka da sutura, amma wannan bai hana ba da cikakken bayani ba game da waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a cikin dokokin duniya. Masani Matthew Craven ya kammala a shekarata 1995 cewa:
Koyaya, Dr James ya sake cewa: babu wani daga cikinmu da zai yi sakaci cewa ba za mu tsinci kanmu cikin bukatar wadatattun sutura ba. Hakkin yana da mahimmancin amfani sosai. 'Yanci ne mai mahimmanci, ba ado ko wauta ba ta shari'a Ya kuma yi kira da a cigaba da tattaunawa da sharhin ilimi, yana jayayya da hakan:
Hulɗa tsakanin haƙƙin sutura da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam Kamar yadda haƙƙin tufafi ya shafi irin wannan mahimmin al'amari na ɗan'adam, a dabi'ance yana hulɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin wasu kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Hakkin rayuwa Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na uku na UDHR. Koyaya, idan mutane ba sa suturar da ta dace, sun fi kyau fuskantar yanayi. Ba tare da dumi tufafi, wani mutum zai iya da kyau mutu daga hypothermia a lokacin da wani sanyi da hunturu; suturar da ba ta dace ba, a gefe guda, na iya taimakawa ga zafin jiki, rashin ruwa da gajiya a lokacin bazara ko a yanayin zafi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, rashin wadatattun tufafi na iya ƙara ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hasken ultraviolet kara rashin lafiyar jiki da yanayin fata; da kuma tsananta yanayin kiwon lafiya da suka kasance. Bugu da ƙari, samun damar zuwa wajen likita kamar yadda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 25 na UDHR da kuma Mataki na 12 na ICESCR ana iya hana ta ta hanyar rashin wadatattun kayan sawa, musamman idan ba a samun damar saye da suttura mai warkarwa ko takalmin ƙafa ko tsada.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Sanya tufafi ko fiye daidai, zaɓar waɗancan tufafi da za a sa shine, ga mutane da yawa, wani muhimmin bangare na bayyanawa kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na UDHR. Mutanen da ke da babban nakasa na iya yin suturar da ba ta dace ba, suna musun maganganun da suke so. Bugu da ƙari, tilasta sanya sutura mai datti, yage, mara kyau da ma tsofaffin tufafi na iya kiran izgili da raini da kuma haifar da kunya. Wannan na iya zama gaskiya musamman ga yaran makaranta iyaye na iya yin jinkirin la’akari da tura yaro zuwa makaranta sakamakon gori da kunya da aka kawo ta tufafin da yaron ya sanya. Ya kamata a ke rarrabewa, duk da haka, tsakanin waɗanda aka tilasta musu sa rigunan da suka yage, marasa kyau ko tsofaffin kayan aiki da waɗanda suka sani sanye da sanya irin waɗannan tufafi a matsayin 'bayanin sanarwa'.
'Yanci daga wariya Tufafin da mutane suka zaɓi sanyawa na iya gano abubuwa da yawa game da mutum: alaƙar addini, ƙabila, asalin ƙasa ko siyasa, al'ada, ko launin fata. Za a iya gardama da shi, tufafin da matalauci yake sawa zai iya nuna talaucinsu. Wannan alamar talauci ko talaucin halin tattalin arziki na iya zama sanadin wariya da zagi. Ari akan haka, tufafi wanda yake da banbancin al'ada ko kuma yake nuna alaƙar addini na iya haifar da wariya kuma ya haifar da ƙin damar jama'a, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa da kasuwanci.
Hakki zuwa 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutum ko horo Akwai babbar dama ga "cin zarafin amana, don wulakanci da cin zarafi iri-iri a cikin likitanci da tsarin hukumomi, musamman dangane da mata da yara, nakasassu da tsofaffi." Idan aka hana mutum samun wadatattun sutura musamman tufafi masu mahimmanci, kamar su kayan ciki mai yiyuwa ne a sanya su cikin rauni ga danniya, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanta mutum ko hukunci a karkashin doka ta 5 ta UDHR. Irin wannan musun zai hada da karbar tufafi da karfi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a mahallin tsarewa da gidajen yari: "[o] ne a zahiri ana iya barin shi tsirara a tsakiyar karfin mulki, wani mummunan yanayi da ake gani sau da yawa a gidajen yari, a cikin yaki da sansanonin tattara hankali. Misalan irin wannan cin zarafin a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki da Guantanamo Bay sun gano sun haifar da cututtukan hankali, gami da rikicewar tashin hankali, sakamakon tilasta wa fursunoni yin tsirara da farati a gaban mata masu gadi, da kuma wadanda ake tsare da maza ana tilasta musu su sanya kayan mata.
Bayani [Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and |
22438 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa%20Neubauer | Luisa Neubauer | Luisa-Marie Neubauer (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1996) bajamushe ce mai rajin sauyin yanayi. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka shirya yajin aikin makaranta don sauyin yanayi a cikin kasar Jamus, inda ake yawan kiranta da sunan daban na Juma'a don Makoma Tana bayar da shawarwari game da manufar sauyin yanayi wacce ke aiki da kuma zarce Yarjejeniyar Paris kuma tana goyan bayan ci gaba Neubauer memba ne na Alliance 90 The Greens da Green Green Rayuwa An haifi Neubauer a Hamburg a matsayin ƙarami na ofan uwanta huɗu. Mahaifiyarta nas ce. Kakarta ta auri Feiko Reemtsma, wanda ya mallaki ɗayan manyan masana'antun sigari da sigari a Turai. Kakarta ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da nukiliya na shrkarar 1980, ta wayar da kan Luisa Neubauer game da matsalar yanayi kuma ta ba ta nata kason na hadin gwiwar taz Biyu daga cikin manyan yayanta guda uku suna zaune a London Dan uwanta Carla Reemtsma ita ma mai rajin kare yanayin ne. Neubauer ta girma ne a gundumar Hamburg-Iserbrook kuma ta kammala difloma a makarantar a cikin Hamburg-Blankenese a cikin shekara ta 2014. A cikin shekarar bayan ta kammala karatunta tayi aiki don wani aikin ba da taimakon raya kasa a Kasar Tanzania da kuma gonar muhalli a Ingila Kuma a shekara ta 2015 ta fara karantar ilimin kasa a jami'ar Göttingen Ta yi wani zangon karatu a waje a Kwalejin Jami'ar London kuma ta karɓi tallafin karatu daga gwamnatin Jamus da Alliance 90 The Greens waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Heinrich Böll Foundation A shekara ta 2020 ta kammala karatunta da Kwalejin Kimiyya Farkon gwagwarmaya Neubauer ta kasance jakadan matasa na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu DAYA tun daga shekara ta 2016. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki don Foundation for the rights of Future Generations, 350.org, da Gidauniyar Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama kamfen ɗin burbushin halittu da kuma Yunwar Yunwa Tare da yakin neman zabe Cire kuɗin ku! ta tilasta wa Jami'ar Göttingen ta daina saka hannun jari a masana'antar da ke samun kuɗi da gawayi, mai ko gas.
Juma'a Don Nan Gaba Tun daga farkon shekara ta 2019, Neubauer ta zama sananne a matsayin ɗayan manyan Juma'a Don masu gwagwarmaya na gaba. Yawancin kafofin watsa labaru suna kiranta a matsayin "fuskar Jamusanci na motsi." Neubauer ya ƙi yarda da kwatancen kanta da sauran masu shirya yajin aiki ga Greta Thunberg, yana mai cewa: "Muna gina ƙungiya-ƙungiya kuma mun kai ga nesa cikin hanyoyinmu na tattarawa da kuma samun kulawa. Neubauer baya ganin yajin aikin wata hanya ce ta shafar siyasa kai tsaye. Mafi mahimmanci shine aikin da ke bayan yajin aikin: "Abin da muke yi yana da matuƙar ɗorewa. Muna ƙirƙirar tsari da juya abubuwan zuwa abubuwan ilimi. Kuma muna jagorantar muhawara a kan ka'idojin kiyaye yanayi. Bayan zanga-zangar Juma'a Don Gabatar da Jamus game da Siemens don takamaiman aikin more rayuwa a Ostiraliya, Neubauer ya sadu da Joe Kaeser a cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2020. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, aka sanar da cewa Neubauer ya juya saukar da wani tayin da Joe Kaeser don su zauna a cikin Siemens Energy jirgin A cikin wata sanarwa Neubauer ya ce "Idan zan karba, to ya zama dole in wakilci bukatun kamfanin kuma ba zan taba zama mai sukar Siemens mai zaman kanta ba," in ji ta. "Wannan bai dace da matsayina na [mai] gwagwarmayar yanayi ba." Joe Kaeser ya bayyana cewa bai baiwa Neubauer kujera a cikin kwamitin kamfanonin ba, amma a bude yake don samun Neubauer a kan Hukumar kan tambayoyin muhalli A ranar da Siemens ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su ci gaba da kwantiragin da Adani don samar da abubuwan dogo na ma'adinan Carmichael a Kasar Australia Neubauer ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na DPA “Mun nemi Kaeser da ya yi duk mai yiwuwa don dakatar da hakar ma’adanai na Adani. Madadin yanzu zai ci riba daga wannan mummunan aikin. "Ta kara da cewa wannan shawarar" ta kasance karnin da ya gabata "kuma Kaeser yana yin" kuskuren da ba za a gafarta masa ba Sukar Neubauer ta sami labarai mara kyau game da jiragen da ta yi a baya zuwa kasashe a duk duniya; ta amsa cewa duk wani zargi game da cin abincin nata yana shagaltar da manyan al'amuran siyasa da siyasa. a professor of political science at the University of Regensburg, accused her of using the term “old white men“ as a synonym for people with different opinions to discredit people with different opinions.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje published 4 October 2019 TED (conference)
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996
Yanayi
Muhalli
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed |
17638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala | Karbala | Karbala ko sahara ʔ], /k r b ə l ə KAR -bə-lə, kuma US k r b ə l KAR -bə- Lah birni ne, da ke a yankin tsakiyar Iraki, wanda yake kusa da kudu maso yamma na Baghdad, da kuma 'yan mil mil gabas na Tafkin Milh, wanda aka fi sani da Lake Razzaza. Karbala ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Karbala, kuma tana da kimanin mutane 700,000 (2015).
Garin, wanda aka fi sani da wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Karbala a cikin shekara ta 680 CE, ko wuraren bautar Imam Husayn da na Abbas, ana ɗauke da shi a matsayin birni mai tsarki ga musulmin Shi’a, daidai da Makka, Madina da Urushalima Miliyoyin miliyoyin 'yan Shi'a na ziyartar wurin sau biyu a shekara, suna kishiyar Makka da Mashhad da yawan mahajjata a kowace shekara. Miliyoyin ‘yan Shi’a ne ke tuna shahadar Husayn bn Ali kowace shekara. Kimanin mahajjata miliyan 8 ne suka ziyarci garin don yin bikin (rana ta goma ga watan Muharram wanda ke nuna ranar da Husayn ya mutu, amma babban taron shi ne īn (rana ta 40 bayan 'Ashura'), inda har zuwa Miliyan 30 suka ziyarci kaburbura. Mafi yawan mahajjatan suna tafiya ne a kafa daga duk kewayen kasar Iraki da kuma sama da kasashe 56.
Bayanin Lantarki Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa a tsakanin masu bincike daban-daban, game da asalin kalmar "Karbala". Wasu sun nuna cewa "Karbala" yana da alaƙa da yaren "Karbalato", yayin da wasu kuma suke ƙoƙari su sami ma'anar kalmar "Karbala" ta hanyar nazarin yadda ake rubuta ta da kuma yarenta. Sun yanke hukuncin cewa ya samo asali ne daga kalmar larabci "Kar Babel" wacce ta kasance tsohuwar ƙauyukan Babila waɗanda suka haɗa da Nainawa, Al-Ghadiriyya, Karbella (Karb Illu. Kamar yadda yake a Arba Illu [Arbil]), Al-Nawaweess, da Al- Mai hankali. Wannan sunan karshe a yau ana kiransa Al-Hair kuma anan ne kabarin Husayn ibn Ali yake.
Mai binciken Yaqut al-Hamawi ya nuna cewa ma'anar "Karbala" na iya samun bayanai da yawa, daya daga ciki ita ce, wurin da Husayn bn Ali ya yi shahada an yi shi ne daga kasa mai laushi- "Al-Karbalat".
A cewar 'yan Shi'ah da imani, cikin Mala'ikan Gabriel ruwaito da gaskiya ma'anar sunan Karbala''' to Muhammad a hade da Karb Ƙasar da zai sa dayawa mãyen) da kuma Bala masifu). Yanayi Karbala tana fuskantar yanayin hamada mai zafi BWh a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi na Köppen tare da tsananin zafi, doguwa, lokacin rani mai raɗaɗi da sanyin hunturu. Kusan dukkanin ruwan sama na shekara ana karɓar tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu, kodayake babu watan da ke da ruwa.An yi Yaƙin Karbala a hamada a kan hanya zuwa Kufa a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba 10, shekara ta 680 (10 Muharram 61 AH). Dukansu Husayn bin Ali da dan uwansa Abbas bin Ali sun binne su ne ta hanyar kabilar Banī Asad, a abin da daga baya ya zama sananne da Mashhad Al-Husayn Yakin da kansa ya faru ne sakamakon kin amincewar Husain na bukatar Yazid I na neman yin mubaya'a ga khalifancinsa. Gwamnan Kufan, Ubaydallah bn Ziyad, ya aika da mahaya dubu talatin a kan Husayn yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Kufa An umarci mahaya, a karkashin Umar bin Sa’ad, da su hana Husayn da mabiyansa ruwa domin tilasta Husayn ya yarda ya ba da bai’a. A ranar 9 ga watan Muharram, Husayn ya ƙi, kuma ya nemi a ba shi daren yin salla. A ranar 10 ga watan Muharram, Husayn bn Ali ya yi sallar asuba sannan ya jagoranci rundunarsa tare da dan uwansa Abbas. Da yawa daga cikin mabiyan Husayn, gami da dukkanin 'ya'yansa na yanzu Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar (dan wata shida) da yayansa Qassim, Aun da Muhammad an kashe su. A cikin 63 AH (682 Yazid bn Mu'awiya ya saki sauran dangin Husayn daga gidan yari. A kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka, sun tsaya a wurin da aka gwabza yakin. Akwai rikodin Sulayman bn Surad da zai je aikin hajji a wurin tun a farkon 65 AH (685 CE). Birnin ya fara zama kabari da hubbare ga Husayn kuma ya girma a matsayin birni domin biyan bukatun mahajjata. Birni da kaburburan an fadada su sosai daga sarakunan musulmai masu zuwa, amma sun sha wahala sau da yawa daga rundunoni masu kai hari. Asalin dakin ibada ne wanda Halifan Abbasawa Al-Mutawakkil ya lalata a 850 amma an sake gina shi a halin yanzu kusan 979, amma wuta ta lalata wani ɓangare a cikin 1086 kuma aka sake gina shi.
Kamar Najaf, garin ya sha wahala daga matsalar ƙarancin ruwa wanda kawai aka warware shi a farkon karni na 18 ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa a kan Hanyar Husayniyya. A cikin shekara ta 1737, garin ya maye gurbin Isfahan a Iran a matsayin babbar cibiyar karatun Shi'a. A tsakiyar karni na sha takwas ya sami rinjaye daga shugaban malanta, Yusuf Al Bahrani, babban mai tallata al'adun Akhbari na Shia yana tunani, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1772, bayan haka kuma makarantar Usuli mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta zama mai yawa tasiri.
Buhun Wahhabi na Karbala ya faru ne a 21 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1802 (1216 Hijri) (1801), a karkashin mulkin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad mai mulki na biyu na Gwamnatin Saudiyya ta Farko, lokacin da Musulman Wahabiyawa 12,000 daga Najd suka afka wa garin na Karbala Harin ya yi daidai da ranar bikin Ghadir Khum, ko 10 ga Muharram Wannan yakin ya bar rayuka 3,000-5,000 da dome na kabarin Husayn bn Ali, jikan Muhammad kuma dan Ali bin Abi Talib, ya lalace. Fadan ya dauki tsawon awanni 8. Bayan mamayar daular Saudiyya ta Farko, garin ya sami ikon cin gashin kai a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin wasu gungun kungiyoyin 'yan daba da na mafia da ke kawance da mambobin' ulama. Don sake tabbatar da ikon su, sojojin Ottoman sun yiwa garin kawanya. A ranar 13 ga watn Janairu, shekara ta 1843 sojojin Ottoman suka shiga garin. Yawancin shugabannin gari sun gudu sun bar tsaron garin galibi ga 'yan kasuwa. Kimanin Larabawa 3,000 aka kashe a cikin birni, da kuma wasu 2,000 a waje da bango (wannan yana wakiltar kusan 15% na yawan jama'ar gari). Turkawan sun rasa mazaje 400. Wannan ya sa ɗalibai da malamai da yawa suka koma Najaf, wacce ta zama babbar cibiyar addinin Shi'a. Tsakanin 1850 da 1903, Karbala ya sami wadataccen kwararar kuɗi ta hanyar Oudh Bequest Lardin Indiya na Shiad da ke Awadh, wanda Birtaniyya ta sani da Oudh, a koyaushe yana tura kudi da mahajjata zuwa birni mai tsarki. Kudin Oudh, rupees miliyan 10, sun samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1825 daga Awadh Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider Daya bisa ukun shi ne ya je ga matansa, sauran kuma kashi biyu bisa uku sun tafi biranen Karbala da Najaf masu tsarki. Lokacin da matansa suka mutu a cikin 1850, kuɗin sun tara tare da riba a hannun Kamfanin Burtaniya na Gabashin Indiya Kungiyar ta EIC ta tura kudin zuwa Karbala da Najaf bisa ga duk abin da matan suka ga dama, da fatan yin tasiri ga Malamai kan ni'imar Burtaniya. Wannan ƙoƙari don neman yardar gaba ɗaya ana ɗauka cewa gazawa ce. A cikin shekara ta 1928, an gudanar da wani muhimmin aikin magudanar ruwa don kawar da garin daga fadamar rashin lafiya, wanda aka kafa tsakanin Hussainiya da Kogin Bani Hassan a Kogin Yufiretis. Tsaron Gidan Majalisa a Karbala wasu gumurzun da aka gwabza tsakanin aranar 3 ga Afrilu zuwa 6 ga Afrilu shekara ta, 2004 tsakanin 'yan tawayen Iraki na rundunar Mahdi da ke kokarin mamaye zauren majalisar da kuma kare sojojin Poland da Bulgaria daga Sashin Kasashen Duniya na Tsakiyar Kudu.
A shekara ta 2003 bin 2003 mamayewa na Iraki, da Karbala majalisar dattawan gari yunkurin zabe United States Marine Corps Laftanar Kanar Matthew Lopez a matsayin magajin garin. Babu shakka don sojojin sa, yan kwangila, da kuɗaɗen sa sun kasa barin sa. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu,shekara ta 2007, wani bam da ke cikin mota ya fashe kusan daga wurin ibadar, suna kashe mutane 47 da raunata sama da 150.
A ranar 19 ga Janairun 2008, Mabiya Shi’a ‘yan Iraki miliyan biyu sun yi tattaki a cikin garin Karbala, Iraki don tunawa da Ashura Dakarun Iraki da ‘yan sanda dubu 20 ne suka tsare taron yayin tashin hankali saboda rikici tsakanin sojojin Iraki da‘ yan Shia wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 263 (a Basra da Nasiriya Yawon shakatawa na addini Karbala, tare da Najaf, ana daukar shi ne wurin da musulmai mabiya Shi'a ke zuwa yawon bude ido, kuma masana'antar yawon bude ido a garin ta bunkasa bayan karshen mulkin Saddam Hussein. Wasu abubuwan jan hankali na yawon shakatawa na addini sun hada da:
Masallacin Al Abbas.
Haramin Imam Husayn.
Ifiritu.
Rushewar Mujada, kimanin zuwa yamma da garin Filin jirgin sama a Karbala sun hada da: Karbala Filin jirgin saman arewa maso gabas Filin jirgin saman Karbala (wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Karbala).
Imani na addini Wasu daga cikin ‘yan Shi’ar suna ganin wannan ayar ta Alqurani tana magana ne game da kasar Iraki, yankin Kufah na tsarkakakkun wuraren Shi’a, Najaf, Karbala, Kadhimiyyah da Samarra, tunda masu wa'azin Tauhidi Ibrāhīm Ibrahim da Lūṭ Lutu waɗanda ake ɗaukarsu Annabawa a Islama, an yi imanin cewa sun rayu a tsohon garin Iraqi Kutha Rabba, kafin zuwa Kasa Mai Albarka Akwai hadisai da yawa na Shi'a da ke bayar da labarin matsayin Karbala:
Karbalaa FC kungiyar kwallon kafa ce da ke garin Karbala.
Akwai nassoshi da yawa a cikin littattafai a cikin fina-finai zuwa "Karbala", galibi ana nufin mutuwar Husayn a Yaƙin Karbala. Husayn galibi ana nuna shi akan farin dokin da kibiyoyi suka rataye. Akwai fina-finai da shirye-shiryen bidiyo game da abubuwan da suka faru a Karbala a yanayi mai rai da kuma haƙiƙa (duba mahaɗan waje "Karbala: Lokacin da Sararin samaniya Yayi Hawan jini"; "Safar-e-Karbala").
Hoton bidiyo na ainihin garin ya wanzu a cikin wani shirin Burtaniya mai taken "Yankin Kashe Saddam." Shirin shirin ya nuna yadda sojojin Saddam suka lalata garin a cikin watan Maris na 1991 ta hanyar kyamarar bidiyo ta wasu 'yan'uwa maza biyu da ke zaune a garin.
Hawza cibiyoyin ilimin addinin musulunci ne wadanda mujtahid ko Allamas ke gudanarwa tare don koyar da musulmai yan shia da shiryar dasu ta hanya mai tsauri na zama da Alim. Dangane da hawaz a Karbala, Bayan rasuwar wani mashahurin Alama, Sayyid Muhammad, jagoranci a bangaren malami ya koma zuwa taklid zuwa mujtahid. Wannan mahimmin abu ne wanda ya jagoranci jagorancin Malama don zama a Karbala da kuma Najaf. Da farko hauza ta Karbala (cibiyar koyar da addinin Musulunci) ta ƙunshi yawancin Iraniyawa da Ulama ta Turkiya. Bayan rasuwar Sharif-ul-Ulama Mazandarani a 1830 da kuma danniyar yan shia da Ottoman suka yi a shekara ta 1843 duk sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya Ulamas da yawa don haka Najaf ya zama cibiyar jagorancin Islama ta Shi'a a cikin ilimi. Kamar yadda yake a yanzu, akwai jami'o'i biyu a Karbala. Jami'ar Karbala, wacce aka ƙaddamar a ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta 2002, ɗayan manyan jami'o'i ne a Iraki dangane da harkokin ilimi, albarkatun ɗan adam, da kuma binciken kimiyya. An kafa Jami'ar Ahl Al Bayt a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2003 da Dokta Mohsen Baqir Mohammed-Salih Al-Qazwini. Jami'ar na da manyan kwalejoji shida: Kwalejin Shari'a, Arts, Kimiyyar Islama, Fasaha da Kiwon Lafiya, Magunguna da Ilimin Hakora. Jami'ar Warith al-Anbiya da ke Karbala, kwanan nan an kafa ta a karkashin wani aikin na Masallacin Husayn Mai Tsarki, tana da ƙwarewar injiniya, gudanarwa, tattalin arziki, doka da ilimin lissafi, wanda ke shirye don karɓar ɗalibai a shekarar farko ta ilimi wato a shekàra ta 2017–2018. Conasashen Indiya A cikin yankin Indiya, Karbala, baya ga ma'anar garin Karbala (wanda galibi ake kira da Karbala-e-Mualla ma'ana Karbala mai ɗaukaka), yana kuma nufin filaye na gari inda jerin gwanon tunawa ke ƙarewa da ko ta'zīya a lokacin Ashura ko Arba'een, galibi irin waɗannan filayen suna da shabeeh (kwafin) Rauza ko wasu tsare-tsare. A Kudancin Asiya inda ta'zīya ke nufin musamman ga ƙananan kaburbura da aka yi amfani da su a jerin gwanon da aka gudanar a Muharram. Abin ya faro ne daga gaskiyar cewa nisan da Indiya ta yi daga Karbala ya hana a binne Shi'an Indiya a kusa da kabarin Husayn ko yin hajji akai-akai ziyarat zuwa kabarin. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa 'yan Shi'ar Indiya suka kafa karbalas na gida a kan yankin ta hanyar kawo ƙasa daga Karbala da kuma yayyafa ta a kan kuri'a da aka sanya a matsayin makabartu na gaba. Da zarar an kafa karbalas a kan yankin ƙasa, mataki na gaba shi ne kawo kabarin Husayn zuwa Indiya. Wannan an kafa shi ne ta hanyar gina kwatankwacin kabarin Husayn da ake kira ta'zīya don aiwatarwa cikin jerin gwanon Muharram. Dubunnan ta'zīyas'' masu siffofi daban-daban ana yin su kowace shekara don watannin makokin Muharram da Safar; kuma ana daukar su cikin tsari kuma ana iya binne su a karshen Ashura ko Arba'een.
Hotuna
Duba kuma Yakin Karbala
Zanga-zangar Shi'a ta 1977 a Iraki
Tarzoma 1991 a Karbala
Harin Bam na Karbala na 2003
Harin Bam na Ashura na Iraki a 2004
Harin Bam na Karbala na 2007
Arba'een
Ashura
Karbala, Iran
Karbala, Fars
Karbala, Zanjan
Jerin wadanda suka jikkata a rundunar Husayn a yakin Karbala
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wuraren bautar Shi'a na Karbala Wurare masu tsarki
Wakokin Shi'a Karbala Karbala Darasi ne ga Dan Adam
Karbala da Maganganun Karbala
Karbala da Shahada Karbala Gaskiya da Tatsuniyoyi
Karbala, Sarkar Abubuwan
Biranen Iraƙi
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50439 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Crawford | Johnny Crawford | Articles with hCards
John Ernest Crawford (Maris 26, 1946 Afrilu 29, 2021) ɗan wasan kasar Amurka ne, mawaƙi. Ya fara yi a gaban masu sauraro na ƙasa a matsayin Mouseketeer A lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, Crawford ya tashi ya zama sanannen dan wasa Mark McCain a cikin jerin The Rifleman, wanda aka zabe shi don Kyautar Emmy Award wadda kyautar kwarewa ce a wasasn kwaikwayo yana da shekaru 13.
Crawford yayi da ɗan gajeren aiki a matsayin mai yin rikodi a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin da fim tun yana balagagge. Tun daga shekara ta 1992, Crawford ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta Johnny Crawford na California, wata kungiyar kade-kade ta raye-raye wacce ta yi a wasu abubuwa na musamman
Rayuwar farko An haifi Crawford a Los Angeles, California, Amurka, ɗan Betty (née Megerlin) da Robert Lawrence Crawford Sr. Kakannin mahaifiyarsa 'yan Belgium ne; Kakansa na uwa shi ne dan wasan violin Alfred Eugene Megerlin A cikin 1959, Johnny, ɗan'uwansa Robert L. Crawford Jr., abokin haɗin gwiwa na jerin Laramie, da mahaifinsu Robert Sr. duk an zabi su don Emmy Awards ('yan'uwa don yin aiki, da mahaifinsu don gyaran fim).Ya Rasha-Yahudu, Jamusanci, da Ingilishi.
Sana'a Crawford ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara. Ɗaya daga cikin ainihin Mouseketeers na Kamfanin Walt Disney a cikin 1955, ya yi aiki a mataki, a cikin fina-finai, da kuma a talabijin. Disney ya fara da Mouseketeers 24 na asali, amma a ƙarshen kakar farko, ɗakin studio ya rage lambar zuwa 12, kuma an yanke Crawford. Mahimmancin hutunsa na farko a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya biyo baya tare da rawar take a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lux Video Theatre na "Little Boy Lost", watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1956. Ya kuma fito a cikin shahararrun jerin Yammacin Yamma The Lone Ranger a cikin 1956 a cikin ɗayan fewan sassan launi na wannan jerin.Bayan matashin ɗan wasan ya yi aiki tare da ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da daraktoci da yawa. Freelancing na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi, ya tattara kusan lambobin talabijin na 60, gami da rawar da ya taka a cikin sassa uku na NBC's The Loretta Young Show da bayyanar Manuel a cikin "Ni Ba'amurke ne", wani yanki na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi The Sheriff na Kochise Ya yi tauraro a cikin 1958 Season 1 final na The Restless Gun Ya yi tauraro a matsayin Bobby Adams a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1958 Ƙarfin Ƙauna na Black Beauty Ya bayyana a matsayin Tommy Peel a cikin 1958 episode "The Dila" a cikin Tales of Wells Fargo A lokacin bazara na 1958, ya yi ayyuka 14 masu buƙata a cikin shirye-shiryen telebijin na NBC Matinee Theatre ya bayyana a kan sitcom na CBS Mista Adams da Hauwa'u, a cikin Wagon Train episode "The Sally Potter Story", da kuma a kan syndicated jerin Crossroads, The Sheriff na Cochise, da Whirlybirds, kuma ya sanya uku matukan jirgi na talabijin jerin. Matukin jirgi na uku, wanda aka yi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na Dick Powell's Zane Gray Theater, ABC ne ya dauko shi, kuma farkon lokacin The Rifleman ya fara yin fim a watan Yuli 1958.
An zabi Crawford don lambar yabo ta Emmy a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa a cikin 1959, yana ɗan shekara 13. Ya karɓi nadin don matsayinsa na Mark McCain (ɗan Lucas McCain, wanda Chuck Connors ya buga) a cikin The Rifleman Crawford kuma ya buga wani saurayi mai suna Clay Holden, wanda ya yi abota da Connors a cikin wani taron 1965 na Branded Connors da Crawford sun kasance abokai na kud da kud lokacin da Connors ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1992, kuma Crawford ya ba da yabo a wurin tunawa da Connors. A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, Crawford yana da farin jini sosai tare da matasan Amurka da kuma yin rikodi akan Del-Fi Records wanda ya haifar da hits guda huɗu na Billboard Top 40, gami da "Birthday na Cindy", wanda ya kai lamba takwas a 1962. Sauran abubuwan da ya buga sun hada da "jita-jita" (lamba 12, 1962), "Hancinka Zai Girma" (lamba 14, 1962), da "Alfahari" (lamba 29, 1963). A ƙarshen 1961, Crawford ya bayyana a matsayin Victor a cikin shirin "Yaro Mai Haskakawa" akan Nunin Donna Reed kasance tauraro mai baƙo akan Nunin Donna Reed A cikin 1964 da 1965, Crawford ya fito a wasan kwaikwayo na ilimi na NBC Mr. Novak yana wasa JoJo Rizzo.
Crawford ya buga Jeff, maƙwabcin Wilbur a Mister Ed, wanda ya fi sha'awar kiɗan pop fiye da algebra. A cikin fina-finansa, Crawford ya buga wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke a cikin fim ɗin ban mamaki na musamman na Indiya Paint (1965). Ya buga wani hali tare da yarinyar da Kim Darby ta buga a cikin The Restless Ones (1965), kuma ya buga wani hali wanda halin John Wayne ya harba a cikin El Dorado (1966). Ya buga mataimakin matashi Billy Norris a cikin Babban Valley episode "Sauran Fuskar Adalci" a cikin 1969.
Yayin da aka shiga cikin Sojan Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyu, Crawford ya yi aiki a kan fina-finai na horo a matsayin mai gudanarwa na samarwa, mataimakin darekta, mai kula da rubutun, da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci-lokaci. Matsayinsa shine Sajan a lokacin da aka sauke shi mai girma a cikin Disamba 1967.
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48797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister | Barrister | Barista, wani nau'in lauya ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Baristoci galibi sun kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da shari'a. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da ɗaukar shari'o'i a manyan kotuna da kotuna, rubuta ƙararrakin shari'a, binciken falsafar, hasashe da tarihin doka, da ba da ra'ayoyin doka na ƙwararru.
An bambanta Barristers daga duka lauyoyi da masu zartarwa na doka, waɗanda ke da ƙarin damar kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki, kuma suna iya yin aikin shari'a nau'in ciniki. Barristers ne ake nada su a matsayin alkalai, kuma ba kasafai ake daukarsu aiki daga abokan hulda kai tsaye ba. A wasu tsarin shari'a, ciki har da na Scotland, Afirka ta Kudu, Scandinavia, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, da masu dogaro da Crown Birtaniyya na Jersey, Guernsey da Isle of Man, kalmar barrister kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin take na girmamawa A wasu ƴan hukunce-hukunce, yawanci an haramta wa lauyoyi daga “gudanar da ƙara”, kuma ba za su iya yin aiki da umarnin lauya kawai ba, kuma suna ƙara yin aiki masu gudanar da shari'a waɗanda ke yin hayar, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka kamar dacewa da ƙungiyoyi da kotu, da tsara takaddun kotu. A Ingila da Wales, lauyoyi na iya neman izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni don gudanar da ƙara. Wannan yana ba wa lauya damar yin aiki a cikin “karfi biyu”, yana cika aikin barrister da lauya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari, irin su New Zealand da wasu jahohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, lauyoyi suna da damar yin aiki duka a matsayin barista da lauyoyi, amma ya kasance wani tsarin cancantar yin aiki na musamman a matsayin lauya. A wasu, kamar Amurka, barrister, lauya da rarrabuwa na zartarwa na doka ba su wanzu kwata-kwata.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin Barristers da sauran lauyoyi
Bambance-bambance Barrister, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lauya, lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar mai ƙara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gaban kotun da ta dace. Barrister yayi magana a kotu kuma ya gabatar da karar a gaban alkali ko juri. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, barrister yana samun ƙarin horo a kan shari'ar shaida, ɗa'a, da aikin kotu da tsari. Sabanin haka, lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka gabaɗaya yana saduwa da abokan ciniki, yana yin aikin shiri da gudanarwa kuma yana ba da shawarar doka. A cikin wannan rawar, shi ko ita na iya tsarawa da sake duba takaddun doka, yin hulɗa tare da abokin ciniki idan ya cancanta, shirya shaida, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙara. A Ingila da Wales lauyoyin da kuma wasu, duk da haka ci gaba da samun digiri, masu gudanarwa na shari'a na iya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawar tallafi ga barista lokacin da ke cikin kotu, kamar sarrafa manyan takardu a cikin shari'ar ko ma yin shawarwarin sasantawa a wajen kotun yayin da Ana ci gaba da shari'a a ciki.
Akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci. Barrister yawanci yana da haƙƙin masu sauraro a manyan kotuna, yayin da sauran ƙwararrun shari'a galibi za su sami mafi ƙarancin damar shiga, ko kuma suna buƙatar samun ƙarin cancanta don samun irin wannan damar. Kamar yadda ake yi a kasashen da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ayyukan lauya da lauya, lauyan da ke kula da dokokin farar hula. yana da alhakin bayyana a cikin shari'a ko kararraki a gaban kotuna.
Barristers yawanci suna da masaniya ta musamman game da shari'ar shari'a, abin da ya gabata, da basirar "gina" shari'a. Lokacin da lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka a cikin, bi da bi, na gabaɗaya da takamaiman aiki suka fuskanci wata ƙa'ida ta doka, za su iya neman "ra'ayin shawara" kan batun. A yawancin ƙasashe, ƙwararrun lauyoyi suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin masu aiki kuma an hana su yin haɗin gwiwa ko yin aiki a matsayin lauya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfani. (A cikin 2009, Rahoton Clementi ya ba da shawarar soke wannan ƙuntatawa a Ingila da Wales. Duk da haka, lauyoyi sukan haɗa kai cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi don raba ma'aikata (manai) da kuɗin aiki Wasu ɗakuna suna girma don zama manya da haɓaka kuma suna da yanayin haɗin gwiwa. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar su da kamfanonin lauyoyi da shuwagabannin shari'a, bankuna, ko kamfanoni a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na cikin gida Sabanin haka, lauyoyi, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi suna aiki kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki kuma suna da alhakin shigar da lauya tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace game da shari'ar. Baristici gabaɗaya ba su da ɗan tuntuɓar abokan cinikinsu ko kaɗan, musamman ba tare da kasancewar ko shigar da lauya da/ko mai zartarwa na doka ba. Duk wasiku, tambayoyi, daftari, da sauransu, za a aika da su zuwa ga lauya ko ga hukumar zartarwa ta doka, wanda ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin lauyoyi.
A cikin kotu, galibi ana ganin ƙwararrun lauyoyi daga lauyoyi da sauran masu aikin shari'a ta hanyar tufafinsu. Misali, a Ireland, Ingila, da Wales, barista yakan sa gashin doki, ƙwanƙolin wuya, makada, da riga. Tun daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2008, lauyoyin masu ba da shawara suma sun sami damar sanya wigs, amma sanya riguna daban-daban. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, rarrabuwar kawuna ta al'ada tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da sauran wakilai na shari'a na lalacewa. Barristers sun taɓa jin daɗin kasancewarsu a gaban manyan kotuna, amma a Biritaniya yanzu an soke wannan, kuma an ba da lauyoyi da Haƙƙin Masu Sauraro shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da izini gabaɗaya na iya bayyana ga abokan ciniki a lokacin gwaji. Ƙwarai, kamfanonin lauyoyi da takwarorinsu masu tasowa da sauri da kuma sanannun takwarorinsu shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da hayar, suna kiyaye ko da mafi girman shawarwari da ƙarar aiki a cikin gida don dalilai na tattalin arziki da abokan ciniki. Hakazalika, haramcin da aka yi wa lauyoyi na daukar umarni kai tsaye daga jama'a shi ma an soke shi sosai. Amma, a aikace, koyarwar kai tsaye har yanzu ba ta da yawa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, wani bangare saboda lauyoyin da ke da ƙwararru, ko waɗanda kawai aka horar da su don ba da shawara, ba su da shiri don ba da nasiha ga jama'a.
A tarihi, Baristoci sun taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen gwaji, ciki har da rubuta roko da sake duba shaida. A wasu wuraren shari'a, haka lamarin yake. A wasu wuraren, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga lauyan ya karɓi taƙaitaccen bayani daga lauyan da ke ba da umarni don wakiltar abokin ciniki a gaban shari'a kwana ɗaya ko biyu kawai kafin ci gaba. Wani bangare na dalilin hakan shine tsada. Barrister yana da hakkin samun “takaitaccen kuɗi” lokacin da aka kawo taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma wannan yana wakiltar mafi yawan kuɗinta dangane da kowace gwaji. Sannan yawanci suna da damar samun refresher a kowace rana na shari’a bayan na farko, amma idan an yanke hukunci a gaban shari’a, ba a buƙatar lauya kuma za a yi asarar ɗan gajeren kuɗin. Wasu lauyoyin suna guje wa hakan ta hanyar jinkirta isar da taƙaitaccen bayanin har sai an tabbatar da shari'ar za ta kai ga shari'a.
Dalili don raba sana'a Wasu fa'idodin kiyaye tsaga sun haɗa da:
Samun lauya mai zaman kansa yana bitar hanyar aiki yana ba abokin ciniki sabon ra'ayi mai zaman kansa daga kwararre a fagen daban da lauyoyin da zasu iya ci gaba da dangantaka mai dorewa tare da abokin ciniki. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana nada alkalai daga lauyoyi (mambobin sana'ar barrister da ke cikin hurumin da aka bayar). Tunda Barristers ba su da alaƙar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci kuma ana ƙara cire su daga abokan ciniki fiye da lauyoyi, waɗanda aka nada na shari'a sun fi zaman kansu.
Samun duk wani ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lauyoyi a mashaya na iya baiwa ƙananan kamfanoni, waɗanda ba za su iya kula da manyan sassan ƙwararru ba, su yi gogayya da manyan kamfanoni.
Barrister yana aiki a matsayin duba lauyoyin da ke gudanar da shari'ar; idan ya bayyana cewa lauyan ba ya gudanar da da'awar ko kariya da kyau kafin a fara shari'a, lauyan zai iya (kuma yawanci yana da alhakin) ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki na wani da'awar daban akan lauyan.
Kware a gudanar da gwaji, saboda kasancewar barristers ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara ne.
A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, dole ne lauyoyi su bi ka'idar taksi, wanda ke tilasta musu karɓar taƙaitaccen bayani idan yana cikin ƙwararrunsu kuma idan akwai su, sauƙaƙe samun damar yin adalci ga waɗanda ba a so.
Yawan masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya haifar da ƙarancin inganci da ƙarin farashi, damuwa ga Sir David Clement a cikin nazarinsa na aikin lauya na Ingilishi. Saboda an ƙara cire su daga abokin ciniki, barristers ba za su iya sanin bukatun abokin ciniki ba.
Ana iya samun cikakken cikakken nazarin dalilan da ke tabbatar da rabuwar sana'ar shari'a da kuma gardamar da ke ba da haɗin kai a cikin littafin lauyan Ingilishi Peter Reeve na 1986, Shin Sana'o'in Shari'a Biyu Ne Necessary?
Ka'ida Barrister yana ƙarƙashin ikon da suke aiki, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ta Inn of Court wanda suke. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'ida ta waje.
Inns na Kotun, inda suke, suna tsara shigar da aikin. Inns of Court ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da alhakin horarwa, shigar da (kira), da horo na barristers. Inda suke, ana iya kiran mutum zuwa mashaya ta wurin masauki, wanda dole ne ya fara zama memba. A gaskiya ma, a tarihi, kira zuwa ga nasara a Bar, zuwa babban mataki, ya dogara da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da aka yi a farkon rayuwa. Barista tare da bayyana duk membobi na sana'ar Barrister a cikin hurumin da aka bayar. Duk da yake mafi ƙarancin lauyoyi ƙungiya ce da ke rungumar duk membobinta, yawanci yakan faru, ko dai de facto ko de jure, an saka hannun Barri tare da ikon sarrafa yadda ake aiwatar da lauyoyi.
Barristers a duniya A cikin al'adar doka ta gama gari, ayyukan lauya wato a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara an raba bisa ƙa'ida zuwa gida biyu daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun ƙananan sana'o'i, ɗayan kuma ofishin lauya ne. A tarihi, bambance-bambancen ya kasance cikakke, amma a zamanin shari'a na zamani, wasu ƙasashe da suka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu suna da sana'ar haɗaka duk wanda ya cancanci aiki a matsayin lauya yana iya zama lauya, kuma akasin haka; kuma a madadin a matsayin mai zartarwa na doka. A aikace, bambancin yana iya zama babu shi, ƙarami, ko alama, ya danganta da hurumi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar Ostiraliya, Scotland da Ireland, ba a sami ɗan zobe ba.
A cikin jihohin Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria da Queensland, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna. Koyaya, dangane da sharuɗɗa, lauyoyi na iya karɓar aikin samun dama kai tsaye daga abokan ciniki. Kowace Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Jiha tana tsara sana'a kuma da gaske tana da ayyukan Inns na Kotu na Ingilishi. A cikin jihohin Kudancin Ostiraliya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Babban Babban Birnin Australiya, ana haɗa guraben ayyukan lauya da lauya, amma duk da haka akwai mashaya mai zaman kanta, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta jiha ko ƙasa ta tsara. A cikin Tasmania da Arewacin Arewa, sana'ar ta haɗu, kodayake ƙananan adadin masu aikin aiki suna aiki azaman mashaya mai zaman kanta.
Gabaɗaya, ba da shawarar yin sutura a cikin al'adar Ingilishi (wig, gown, jaket ɗin bar da jabot a gaban manyan kotuna, kodayake ba a saba yin hakan don aikace-aikacen shiga tsakani. Har yanzu ana sa riga da riguna a Kotun Koli da Kotun Lardi a cikin al'amuran jama'a kuma sun dogara da suturar jami'in shari'a. Ana amfani da riguna da wigs a duk shari'ar laifuka. A Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba a sake sanya wigs a kowace kotu.
Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi suna nada wasu ƴan lauyoyi masu girma da girma zuwa matsayi na "Senior Counsel" (a mafi yawan Jihohi da Yankuna) ko "Shawarar Sarauniya" (a cikin Yankin Arewa, Queensland, Victoria da South Australia). Irin waɗannan barista suna ɗauke da taken "SC" ko "QC" bayan sunansu. Ana nadin nadin ne bayan wani tsari na tuntubar ma’aikata da kuma bangaren shari’a. Babban Mashawarci yana bayyana a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na musamman ko wahala. Su ne kusan kashi 14 cikin ɗari na mashaya a New South Wales.
Bangladesh A Bangladesh, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Bangladesh da Dokar Majalisar Lauyoyi, 1972 (Dokar Shugaban Kasa mai lamba 46) kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima wacce Majalisar Lauyoyin Bangladesh ke gudanarwa da kuma aiwatar da ita. Majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh ita ce babbar hukuma ta doka don tsara guraben ayyukan shari'a a Bangladesh tare da tabbatar da daidaiton ilimi da bin ka'ida ta masu ba da shawara kan tsarin majalisar lauyoyi. Majalisar lauyoyi, tare da taimakon gwamnati, suna tsara dokoki don daidaita wannan sana'a. Duk wanda ya kammala karatun shari'a daga gida ko kuma a waje dole ne ya rubuta kuma ya ci jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi don yin rajista kuma a shigar da shi a matsayin ƙwararrun Lauyoyi don yin aiki da doka duka a matsayin Barristers Lauyoyin. An ba da izinin sabbin masu ba da shawara su fara aiki a ƙananan kotuna (Ƙananan gundumar) bayan shigar da su a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi na gida (District). Bayan shekaru biyu na Kwarewa a ƙaramar kotu, Lauyoyin sun cancanci shiga cikin Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli na Bangladesh. Ta hanyar cin jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi, ana ba masu ba da shawara takardar shaidar yin rajista da izini ta hanyar da aka tsara don yin aiki a Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli kuma. Masu ba da shawara waɗanda suka zama Barrister a Burtaniya ne kawai ke riƙe babban matsayinsu na Barristers. A Bangladesh, akwai wata ƙungiya mai suna Barristers' Association of Bangladesh wadda ke wakiltar irin waɗannan barrister na Burtaniya.[10]
Kanada A Kanada (ban da Quebec sana'o'in barrister da lauya sun haɗu, kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna magana da kansu da sunayen biyu, ko da ba su yi aiki a bangarorin biyu ba. A cikin yaren magana a cikin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kanada, lauyoyi galibi suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "masu ƙararraki" (ko "lauyoyi"), ko kuma a matsayin "lauyoyi", ya danganta da yanayin aikinsu na doka ko da yake wasu na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu shari'a da lauyoyi. Duk da haka, “masu gabatar da kara” gabaɗaya za su yi duk ayyukan ƙarar da lauyoyi da lauyoyi suke yi; akasin haka, waɗanda ke kiran kansu "lauyoyi" gabaɗaya za su iyakance kansu ga aikin shari'a wanda ba ya haɗa da yin aiki a gaban kotuna (ba ma ta hanyar shiri ba kamar yadda lauyoyi ke yi a Ingila), kodayake wasu na iya yin aiki a gaban alkalan kotuna. Kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Commonwealth irin su Ostiraliya, masu shigar da kara na Kanada suna "share", amma ba tare da wig ba, lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban kotuna na "mafi girman iko". Duk waɗanda suka kammala karatun doka daga makarantun shari'a na Kanada, kuma masu riƙe da takaddun cancantar NCA (lauyoyin da aka horar da su na duniya ko waɗanda suka kammala digiri daga wasu makarantun doka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama gari a wajen Kanada) daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a ta Kanada bayan suna iya amfani da hukumar kula da lardin da ta dace. (Ƙungiyoyin doka) don shiga (lura a nan cewa Lardunan Kanada an yi la'akari da su daban-daban na shari'a). Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da su a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar shari'a sun haɗa da kammala digiri na shari'a na Kanada (ko kammala jarrabawa don gane digiri na shari'a na kasashen waje), shekara ta yin magana a matsayin ɗalibi wanda wani ƙwararren lauya ke kulawa, da kuma cin jarrabawar mashaya. wanda lardin ya ba da umarni ɗalibin ya nemi lasisi a ciki. Da zarar waɗannan buƙatun sun cika to ana iya kiran ɗalibin mai yin magana zuwa mashaya bayan bita idan aikace-aikacen su da la'akari da duk wasu batutuwan "kyakkyawan hali" waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Kotu a cikin bikin kira. Sannan mai nema ya zama memba na jama'ar doka a matsayin "barrister da lauya".
Lamarin ya ɗan bambanta a Quebec sakamakon al'adar dokar farar hula Sana'ar lauya, ko avoué, ba ta taɓa kasancewa a cikin Quebec na mulkin mallaka ba, don haka lauyoyi avocats sun kasance al'adar sana'a ce mai ban sha'awa, yin jayayya da shirya shari'o'i a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa, yayin da sauran nau'in lauya na Quebec, notaries na doka notaires kula da al'amuran da ba su da alaƙa a waje da kotu. Duk da haka, ba a keɓance wasu fagage masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar notaries ta yadda lauyoyi sukan ƙware wajen gudanar da ko dai gwaji, shari'o'i, ba da shawara, ko abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa lauyoyi ba za su iya zana kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda ke da ƙarfin doka iri ɗaya da ayyukan notarial ba Yawancin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Quebec suna ba da cikakkiyar sabis na shari'a na kamfanonin doka a lardunan doka. Masu neman lauyoyin Quebec dole ne su sami digiri na farko a cikin shari'ar jama'a, su wuce jarrabawar mashawarcin lardi, kuma su sami nasarar kammala horon doka don shigar da su yin aiki. Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a na Quebec Barreau du Québec ne ke tsara lauyoyi.
Faransa A Faransa, avocats, ko lauyoyi, sun kasance, har zuwa karni na 20, daidai da barista. Sana'ar ta haɗa da maki da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar manyan mutane: avocat-stagiaire (mai horo, wanda ya riga ya cancanta amma yana buƙatar kammala shekaru biyu (ko fiye, dangane da lokacin) na horo tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi), avocat, da avocat Honouraire (babban barrister) Tun daga karni na 14 da kuma a cikin 19th da 20th musamman, Barritocin Faransa sun yi gasa a fadace-fadacen yankuna a kan fannoni daban-daban na aikin shari'a a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (mai ba da shawara kan shari'a, lauyan ma'amala) da avoué lauyan tsari), kuma sun fadada don zama. babban kwararren lauya, tare da sananne ban da notaires (notaries), waɗanda ma'aikatar da aka nada lauyoyi (tare da wani cancantar cancanta) kuma waɗanda ke riƙe keɓancewa kan isar da saƙon da kuma tantancewa. Bayan gyare-gyaren shari'a na 1971 da 1990, an haɗa avocat tare da avoué da juridique na conseil, yana mai da avocat (ko, idan mace, avocate lauya mai cikakken manufa don batutuwan hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, kwatankwacin lauyan Amurka. Lauyoyin Faransa yawanci ba sa (ko da yake suna da haƙƙin) aiki duka biyu a matsayin masu shari'a (lauyoyin gwaji) da masu ba da shawara kan lauyoyi (lauyoyin masu ba da shawara), waɗanda aka sani da suna avocat plaidant da avocat -conseil Wannan bambance-bambancen ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma bai dace da kowane bambanci na cancanta ko shigar da littafin ba. Duk lauyoyin da ke da niyya dole ne su ci jarrabawar don samun damar yin rajista a ɗayan Cibiyar régional de formation à la professional d'avocat (CRFPA) (Cibiyar horar da lauyoyi). Kwas ɗin CRFPA yana da tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana haɗuwa tsakanin koyarwar aji da horarwa. Ƙarshensa shine mataki na ƙarshe horo na ƙarshe), inda lauyan da ke shirin ya shafe watanni 6 a cikin kamfanin lauyoyi (gaba ɗaya a fagen aikin da ya fi so da kuma a cikin kamfanin da yake fatan za a dauka daga baya). Daga nan sai lauyan da ke da niyyar wucewa da Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA), wanda shine jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe da ke ba shi damar shiga mashaya ta kotu barreau An gane gabaɗaya cewa jarrabawar farko ta fi CAPA wahala kuma yawancin ɗaliban doka suna jin tsoro. Majalisar Bar Ordre du barreau ce ke sarrafa kowace mashaya.
Akwai wani rukunin barrister daban da ake kira avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation Ko da yake asalinsu na shari'a, horarwa da matsayinsu iri ɗaya ne da ƴan avocat, amma waɗannan suna da hurumin shari'ar da ake kai ga kotun koli, a cikin al'amuran farar hula, masu laifi ko na gudanarwa.
Jamus A Jamus, ba a bambanta tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Lauyoyi na iya yin kara a duk kotuna ban da reshen farar hula na Kotun Tarayya ta Tarayya Bundesgerichtshof wanda aka shigar da kasa da lauyoyi kasa da hamsin. Wadancan lauyoyin, wadanda kusan ke gudanar da shari’a, ba za su iya kara a wasu kotuna ba kuma yawanci lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar wanda ake tuhuma a kananan kotuna ya ba su umarni. Koyaya, waɗannan hane-hane ba su shafi shari'o'in laifuka ba, ko kuma ƙararraki a kotunan sauran tsarin kotuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, haraji, kotunan zamantakewa da tsarin kotunan Tarayyar Turai Hong Kong Aikin shari'a a Hong Kong kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: lauyoyi da lauyoyi.
A cikin Babban Kotun (ciki har da Kotun farko da Kotun Daukaka Kara) da Kotun Daukaka Kara, a matsayin doka ta gabaɗaya, barristers da lauyoyin masu ba da shawara ne kawai ake ba su damar yin magana a madadin kowane ɓangare a gaban kotun. Wannan yana nufin cewa an hana lauyoyi yin hakan. A cikin wadannan kotuna guda biyu, sai dai a yi tanadin sauraren kararraki a zauren majalisa, lauyoyin lauyoyi suna sanya tufafi irin na turanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda alkalai da sauran lauyoyi suke yi.
A Hong Kong, an ba da matsayin mashawarcin Sarauniya kafin mika Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. Bayan mikawa, babban mai ba da shawara ya maye gurbinsa da haruffa bayan fage SC. Babban mashawarci na iya har yanzu, duk da haka, su sanya kansu a matsayin siliki, kamar takwarorinsu na Biritaniya.
Indiya A Indiya, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Masu ba da shawara, 1961 ta gabatar da tunani ta Ashoke Kumar Sen, ministan shari'a na Indiya a lokacin, doka ce da majalisa ta zartar kuma majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ce ke gudanarwa kuma ta aiwatar da ita. A karkashin dokar, majalisar lauyoyin Indiya ita ce babbar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da bin doka da kiyaye ka'idojin kwararru ta hanyar kwararrun lauya a kasar. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da izini don zartar da dokoki da yin oda a cikin shari'o'in mutum ɗaya da ma gabaɗaya.
Kowace Jiha tana da Majalisar lauyoyinta wanda aikinta shi ne yin rajistar Barrister da ke son yin aiki gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin jihar da yin ayyukan Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya a cikin yankin da aka ba su. Don haka, kowane mai digiri na doka dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Bar na Jiha (guda) don yin aiki a Indiya. Sai dai yin rajista da kowace Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha ba ta hana Barrister zuwa gaban kowace kotu a Indiya ba, duk da cewa ya wuce hurumin Majalisar Lauyoyin Jihar da ya shiga. Fa'idar samun Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha shine cewa za a iya raba aikin Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya zuwa wadannan Majalisun Lauyoyin Jihohi daban-daban da kuma cewa za a iya magance al'amura a cikin gida da kuma cikin sauri. Koyaya, don duk dalilai masu amfani da doka, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana riƙe da ita, ikon ƙarshe don ɗaukar yanke shawara a kowane ɗayan al'amuran da suka shafi aikin shari'a gabaɗaya ko kuma game da kowane tsarin don samun damar yin aiki a cikin Indiya biyu ne. Na farko, mai nema dole ne ya kasance mai riƙe da digiri na doka daga wata ma'aikata da aka sani a Indiya (ko daga ɗayan jami'o'in da aka sani guda huɗu a cikin Burtaniya) kuma na biyu, dole ne su wuce cancantar shiga rajista na Majalisar Bar na jihar inda ya tana neman a saka ta. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da kwamiti na cikin gida wanda aikinsa shine kulawa da bincika cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da digiri na doka da ba da izini ga waɗannan cibiyoyin da zarar sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya kuma tana tabbatar da daidaiton matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin aiki a Indiya. Dangane da cancantar yin rajista tare da Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha, yayin da ainihin ƙa'idodin na iya bambanta daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan, amma galibi suna tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen bai kasance mai fatara mai laifi ba kuma ya dace da yin aiki a gaban kotunan Indiya. Shiga tare da majalisar lauyoyi kuma yana nufin cewa wanda ya mallaki digirin doka an san shi a matsayin Barrister kuma ana buƙatar ya kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da halayen ƙwararru a kowane lokaci, duka a ciki da wajen sana'a. Majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ta kuma tsara "Dokokin Da'a" da Barristers za su kiyaye a cikin kotuna, yayin da ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki da ma wasu.
Ireland A jamhuriyar Ireland, shigar da Babban Mai Shari'a na Ireland ya iyakance ga waɗanda aka fara ba da digiri na Barrister-at-Law (BL). The Honorable Society of King's Inns ita ce kawai kafa ilimi wanda ke gudanar da kwasa-kwasan sana'a ga barristers a cikin Jamhuriya da kuma digiri na Barrister-at-Law ne kawai za a iya ba da shi ta King's Inns. Gidan masaukin King suma sune kawai jiki da ke da ikon kiran mutane zuwa mashaya da kuma hana su.
Yawancin lauyoyin Irish sun zaɓi Bar of Ireland, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki, lokacin da za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Babban Mashawarci ("SC"). Duk baristan da ba a kira su zuwa Barr Ciki ba an san su da Junior Counsel (kuma ana gano su da baƙaƙen baƙaƙen “BL”), ba tare da la’akari da shekaru ko gogewa ba. Shiga cikin Bar na ciki ana yin shi ta hanyar bayyanawa a gaban Kotun Koli, ikon mallakar ikon da gwamnati ta ba da ita. Barristers na Irish ƙwararru ne kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za su samar da ɗakuna ko haɗin gwiwa ba idan suna son ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Laburaren Shari'a na Bar of Ireland.
Don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin Bar of Ireland, sabon ƙwararren barrister ana horar da shi zuwa gogaggen lauya na aƙalla shekaru bakwai na gogewa. Ana kiran wannan koyo da almajiri ko shaidan Iblis wajibi ne ga waɗancan lauyoyin da ke son zama memba na Laburaren Shari'a kuma yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya na shari'a. Ya zama ruwan dare ga shaidan na shekara ta biyu a cikin tsari mara kyau amma wannan ba wajibi ba ne. Ba a yawan biyan aljanu albashin aikinsu a cikin shekar shedarsu.
A cikin Isra'ila, babu bambanci tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi, duk da cewa tsarin shari'a a Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, a matsayin ci gaba da Dokar Burtaniya a Falasdinu A zahiri, akwai lauyoyi a Isra'ila waɗanda ba sa zuwa kotu, kuma aikinsu yana kama da na lauya.
Japan Japan ta ɗauki tsarin haɗin kai. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin aiki a wasu ƙayyadaddun dokoki, irin su masu rubutun shiho shoshi, ƙwararrun yin rajistar rajista, ajiya, da wasu ƙararrakin kotu tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida), masu lissafin haraji zeirishi wanda ya cancanci shirya harajin haraji, ba da shawara game da lissafin haraji da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na haraji na gudanarwa) da kuma wakilai na haƙƙin mallaka "benrishi", wanda ya cancanci yin rajistar rajista da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na gudanarwa). Lauyoyin bengoshi ne kawai za su iya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma sun cancanci yin aiki a kowane fanni na doka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, wuraren da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun doka da ke sama aka ba su damar yin aiki. Yawancin lauyoyi har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan aikin kotu kuma har yanzu ƙananan lauyoyi suna ba da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shawarwarin shari'a a kowace rana ga manyan kamfanoni.
Netherlands Netherlands ta kasance tana da wata sana'ar shari'a mai rabe-raben da ta ƙunshi lauya da mai ba da izini, na ƙarshe ya yi kama da, har zuwa wani lokaci, aikin lauya. A karkashin wannan tsarin, lauyoyin suna da damar wakiltar wadanda suke karewa a shari'a, amma kawai suna iya shigar da kara a gaban kotun da aka yi musu rajista. Shari'ar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon wata kotun dole ne wani ɗan kasuwa da ya yi rajista a waccan kotun ya shigar da kara, a aikace sau da yawa wani lauya yana aiwatar da ayyukan biyu. An tabo tambayoyi kan wajibcin rabuwar, ganin cewa babbar manufarsa kiyaye ingancin aikin shari'a da kiyaye dokokin kotunan kananan hukumomi da kwastam ya zama tsoho. Don haka, an soke mai siyar a matsayin sana'a ta daban kuma ayyukanta sun haɗu da aikin lauya a 2008. A halin yanzu, lauyoyi na iya shigar da kara a gaban kowace kotu, ba tare da la’akari da inda aka yi musu rajista ba. Iyakar abin da aka sani kawai ya shafi shari'o'in farar hula da aka gabatar a gaban Kotun Koli, wanda lauyoyin da suka yi rajista a Kotun Koli dole ne su gudanar da su, don haka suna samun lakabin "lauya a Kotun Koli".
New Zealand A cikin New Zealand, ba a haɗa guraben ayyukan a bisa ka'ida ba amma ana yin rajistar masu aikin a Babban Kotun a matsayin "Barristers da Lauyoyi". Za su iya zaɓar, duk da haka, don yin aiki a matsayin barista su kaɗai. Kimanin kashi 15% na yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin barista, galibi a cikin manyan birane kuma yawanci a cikin "ɗakuna" (bayan kalmomin Burtaniya). Suna karɓar "umarni" daga wasu masu aiki, aƙalla na asali. Yawancin lokaci suna gudanar da shari'ar gaba ɗaya.
Duk wani lauya na iya neman zama mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) don gane gudummawar da ta daɗe a fannin shari'a amma ana ba da wannan matsayin ne kawai ga waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Wannan matakin da ake magana da shi a matsayin "ana kiransa zuwa mashaya na ciki" ko "ɗaukar siliki", ana ɗaukarsa mai daraja sosai kuma ya kasance mataki a cikin aikin alkalan New Zealand da yawa.
Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba, kalmar “junior barrister” an fi amfani da ita wajen koma wa lauyan da ke da takardar shedar aiki a matsayin barrister, amma wani babban barrister ne ya dauke shi aiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan barristers suna cikin shekaru biyar na farko na aikin kuma har yanzu ba su cancanci yin aiki a matsayin barista kaɗai ba. Barristers sole (watau barrister wadanda ba wani barrister suke aiki ba) wadanda ba Lauyan Sarauniya ba ba a taba kiran su da kananan barrister.
Najeriya A Najeriya, babu bambanci tsakanin Barrister da lauyoyi. Duk daliban da suka ci jarrabawar mashaya wanda Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya ta ke bayarwa ana kiranta zuwa mashawartan Najeriya, ta Body of Benchers. Lauyoyi na iya yin gardama a kowace kotun tarayya ko kotun daukaka kara da kuma kowacce kotuna a jihohi 36 na Najeriya da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Doka ta ‘Legal Practitioner’s Act’ tana kiran lauyoyin Najeriya a matsayin masu aikin shari’a, kuma bayan kiran da suka yi wa lauyoyin, lauyoyin Najeriya sun shigar da sunayensu a cikin rajista ko Roll of Legal Practitioners da ke a Kotun Koli. Watakila, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, kuma yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya suna kiran kansu Barista-at-Law cike da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na "BL" Yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya sun haɗu da aiki mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa, ko da yake ana samun haɓaka ga masu sana'a a cikin manyan ayyuka don ƙware a ɗayan ko ɗayan. A cikin harshe na magana a cikin ma'aikatan lauyoyin Najeriya, lauyoyi na iya, saboda wannan dalili, ana iya kiran su "masu kara" ko "lauyoyin".
Kamar yadda ake yi a Ingila da sauran wurare a cikin Commonwealth, ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki ta hanyar ba da matsayi na Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN).
Pakistan Sana'ar a Pakistan ta haɗu; mai ba da shawara yana aiki duka a matsayin lauya da lauya, tare da samar da haƙƙin masu saurare. Don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a Pakistan, mai digiri na lauya dole ne ya kammala matakai uku: wuce Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), a kira shi zuwa Bar ta Inn of Court, kuma ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin kotunan Pakistan daga majalisar lauyoyi masu dacewa, lardi ko tarayya.
Poland A Poland, akwai manyan nau'ikan sana'o'in shari'a guda biyu: mai ba da shawara da lauya. Dukansu an kayyade su kuma waɗannan sana'o'in an iyakance su ne kawai ga mutanen da suka kammala karatun shari'a na shekaru biyar, suna da ƙwarewar akalla shekaru uku kuma suka ci jarrabawar ƙasa biyar masu wahala (dokar farar hula, dokar laifuka, dokar kamfani, dokar gudanarwa da ɗa'a) ko kuma suna da likitan digiri. Kafin 2015, kawai bambanci shine masu ba da shawara suna da hakkin su wakilci abokan ciniki a gaban kotu a kowane hali kuma masu ba da shawara na shari'a ba za su iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a gaban kotu ba a cikin laifuka. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka don haka a halin yanzu, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan sana'o'in mahimmancin tarihi ne kawai.
Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu aiki da aikin masu ba da shawara (kamar yadda aka san barista a Afirka ta Kudu) ya yi daidai da sauran Commonwealth. Masu ba da shawara suna ɗaukar matsayi na ƙarami ko Babban Mashawarci (SC), kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma suna biyan su (wanda aka sani da lauyoyi Yawancin lokaci ana aiki da su a manyan kotuna, musamman a Kotunan daukaka kara inda sukan bayyana a matsayin ƙwararrun lauya. Lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (lauyoyin) suna bin al'adar mika kararraki ga Lauyan don ra'ayi kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar, lokacin da mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan tambaya a matsayin kwararre a cikin shari'ar da ke kan gaba. Masu neman shawara a halin yanzu suna shafe shekara ɗaya a cikin ɗalibi (tsohon watanni shida kacal) kafin a shigar da su mashaya a yankunansu ko na shari'a. Ana amfani da kalmar "Advocate" wani lokaci a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin take, misali "Mai ba da shawara John Doe, SC" Advokaat a cikin Afrikaans) kamar yadda "Dr. John Doe" ga likitan likita.
Koriya ta Kudu A Koriya ta Kudu, babu bambanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a da lauyoyi. A baya, mutumin da ya ci jarrabawar mashawarta ta kasa bayan shekaru biyu na karatun kasa, zai iya zama alkali, mai gabatar da kara, ko “lauya” daidai da maki bayan kammala karatunsa. Sakamakon canje-canje daga aiwatar da tsarin makarantar doka, akwai daidaitattun hanyoyi guda biyu na zama lauya. A karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu, don zama alkali ko mai gabatar da kara, lauyoyi suna buƙatar aiwatar da iliminsu na shari'a. “Lauya” ba shi da iyakacin aiki.
Spain Spain tana da rarrabuwa amma ba ta yi daidai da rarrabuwar kawuna a Biritaniya tsakanin Barristers/lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Procuradores suna wakiltar masu ƙarar ta hanyar doka a cikin kotu, gabaɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon ikon lauya wanda notary na dokar farar hula ya aiwatar, yayin da abogados ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan iƙirari na mai ƙara ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari. Abogados suna gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci biyu da ba da shawara dangane da shari'ar kotu, kuma suna da cikakken 'yancin sauraro a gaban kotun. Ana gudanar da shari'ar kotu da abogados, ba tare da masu ba da izini ba. A taƙaice, procuradores wakilai ne na kotu waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin abogado Aikinsu ya ta’allaka ne ga yankin kotun da aka shigar da su.
Ƙasar Ingila A karkashin dokar EU, an san lauyoyi, tare da masu ba da shawara, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi, a matsayin lauyoyi.
Ingila da Wales Ko da yake tare da wasu dokoki daban-daban, ana ɗaukar Ingila da Wales a cikin Burtaniya ɗaya ɗaya kuma haɗen ikon doka don dalilai na dokar farar hula da na laifuka, tare da Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'a biyu a cikin Burtaniya. Ingila da Wales suna rufe da mashaya gama gari (kungiyar barristers) da ƙungiyar doka ɗaya (kungiyar lauyoyi).
Sana'ar lauya a Ingila da Wales sana'a ce ta daban da ta lauya. Yana da, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a riƙe cancantar duka biyun lauya da lauya, da/ko zartarwar doka da aka yi hayar a lokaci guda. Ba lallai ba ne a bar mashaya don cancanta a matsayin lauya.
Barristers ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni, yanki na Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi Dole ne lauya ya kasance memba na ɗaya daga cikin Inns of Court, wanda a al'ada ya karanta da kuma tsara barristers. Akwai Inns guda huɗu na Kotu: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, The Honourable Society of Grey's Inn, The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple, da The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple Duk suna a tsakiyar London, kusa da Kotunan Sarauta na Shari'a Suna yin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa, kuma a kowane hali, suna ba da taimakon kuɗi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai (wanda ya dace da cancanta) ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Inn ne a zahiri "kira" dalibi zuwa mashaya a wani biki mai kama da kammala karatun. Ayyukan zamantakewa sun haɗa da cin abinci tare da sauran membobin da baƙi da kuma gudanar da wasu abubuwan.
Wadanda suka kammala karatun shari'a da ke son yin aiki kuma a san su da Barristers dole ne su ɗauki kwas ɗin horo na ƙwararru (wanda aka sani da "bangaren sana'a") a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Majalisar lauyoyi ta amince. Har zuwa ƙarshen 2020 wannan kwas ɗin ita ce kawai Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, amma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tayin horon da aka amince da shi don zama barista ta hanyar darussa daban-daban, irin su sabon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kotun. Bayan kammala karatun sana'o'in cikin nasara, ana kiran 'yan barista dalibai zuwa mashaya ta wurin masaukin nasu kuma ana daga darajarsu zuwa matakin "Barista". Koyaya, kafin su iya yin aikin kansu dole ne su fara ɗaukar watanni 12 na ɗalibi Watanni shida (6)na farkon wannan lokacin ana yin su ne don inuwar ƙarin manyan likitoci, bayan haka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai za su iya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan kotu na kansu. Bayan nasarar kammala wannan matakin, yawancin lauyoyi sai su shiga rukunin Chambers, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke raba farashin gidaje da ma'aikatan tallafi yayin da suke zama masu zaman kansu.
A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 akwai wasu baristoci sama da dubu shabiyar 15,500 a cikin ayyukan zaman kansu, wanda kusan kashi goma daga cikinsu Lauyan Sarauniya ne, sauran kuma ƙananan lauyoyi ne Yawancin lauyoyi (kimanin 2,800) suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni a matsayin shawara na "cikin gida", ko ta karamar hukuma ko ta ƙasa ko a cibiyoyin ilimi.
Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the Public Access Scheme; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law (see the Public Access Information on the Bar Council website) and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister (rather than the solicitor) who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation.
Kafin barrister ya gudanar da aikin shiga jama'a, dole ne ya kammala kwas na musamman. A halin yanzu, kusan daya daga cikin 20 barista sun cancanci haka. Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na daban da ake kira "Lasisi mai lasisi", akwai ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ƙwararrun abokin ciniki; ba a bude ga jama'a. Aikin shigar da jama’a ya yi kaurin suna a mashaya, inda lauyoyi suka yi amfani da sabuwar damar da mashawar ta samu wajen cin riba ta fuskacin yanke tallafin shari’a a wasu wurare na wannan sana’a.
Ikon Barristers na karɓar irin waɗannan umarnin ci gaba ne na kwanan nan; ya samo asali ne daga wani canji a cikin dokokin da Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi ya kafa a watan Yulin 2004. An bullo da tsarin shiga jama’a a matsayin wani bangare na budaddiyar tsarin shari’a ga jama’a da kuma saukaka da rahusa wajen samun shawarwarin shari’a. Yana kara rage banbance tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi. Bambancin ya rage saboda akwai wasu sassa na aikin lauya da lauya ba zai iya yi ba.
A tarihi, barrister na iya amfani da girmamawa, Esquire Duk da cewa kalmar barrister-at-law wani lokaci ana ganinta, kuma ta kasance ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a taɓa yin daidai ba a Ingila da Wales. Barrister shine kawai daidaitaccen nomenclature. Ana sa ran Barristers su kula da kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru. Makasudin ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar shine don guje wa rinjaye ta ko dai lauya ko abokin ciniki da kuma abokin ciniki da aka ba su damar yanke shawara a cikin yanayi mai tallafi kuma, bi da bi, abokin ciniki yana tsammanin (a bayyane da/ko a bayyane) Lauyan da ke kula da ayyukansu, wato ta hanyar yin aiki bisa maslahar abokin ciniki (CD2), yin aiki da gaskiya da gaskiya (CD3), kiyaye al'amuran abokin ciniki sirri (CD6) da yin aiki zuwa ma'auni mai inganci (CD7). Waɗannan mahimman ayyuka (CDs) kaɗan ne, da sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin Littafin Jagora na BSB.
Ireland ta Arewa A cikin Afrilu 2003 akwai Barristeri 554 a cikin aiki mai zaman kansa a Ireland ta Arewa 66 sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QCs), Barristers waɗanda suka sami babban suna kuma Sarauniyar ta nada su bisa shawarar Ubangiji Chancellor a matsayin manyan masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara.
Waɗannan barrister waɗanda ba QCs ba ana kiran su Junior Counsel kuma ana yin su da salon "BL" ko "Barrister-at-Law". Kalmar junior sau da yawa yaudara ce tun da yawancin membobin Junior Bar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai. Benchers sune, kuma sun kasance na ƙarni, hukumomin gudanarwa na Inns na Kotu guda huɗu a London da King's Inns, Dublin. Benchers na Inn na Kotun Arewacin Ireland sun gudanar da Inn har sai an kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Inn a cikin 1983, wanda ya ba da cewa an raba gwamnatin Inn tsakanin Benchers, Majalisar Zartarwa na Inn da membobin Inn. taro a Babban Taro.
Majalisar Zartarwa (ta hanyar Kwamitin Ilimi) tana da alhakin yin la'akari da Memorials da masu nema suka gabatar don shigar da su a matsayin ɗaliban Inn da kuma ɗaliban Bar na Inn don shigar da digiri na Barrister-at-Law da ba da shawarwari ga Benchers. Benchers ne ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe akan waɗannan abubuwan Tunatarwa. Benchers kuma suna da keɓantaccen ikon korar ko dakatar da ɗalibin Bar da kuma hana barista ko dakatar da barrister daga aiki.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu kotunan ƙararrakin ƙararrakin jihohi suna buƙatar lauyoyi su sami wata takardar shaidar shigar da ƙara da yin aiki a kotun daukaka kara. Kotunan tarayya na buƙatar takamaiman shigar da ƙarar kotun don yin aiki a gabanta. A matakin daukaka kara na jihohi da kuma a kotunan tarayya, gaba daya babu wani tsarin jarrabawa daban, kodayake wasu kotunan gundumomi na Amurka suna bukatar a yi nazari kan ayyuka da hanyoyin da ake bi a kotunansu. Sai dai idan an buƙaci jarrabawa, yawanci ana ba da izinin shiga a matsayin al'amari ga kowane lauya mai lasisi a jihar da kotu take. Wasu kotunan tarayya za su ba da izinin shiga kowane lauya mai lasisi a kowace ikon Amurka.
Popular culture Hong Kong Bar Association (barristers in Hong Kong)
Law Society of Hong Kong (solicitors in Hong Kong) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-07-23)
Canadian Bar Association
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Australiya (Barristers a cikin Commonwealth of Australia)
New South Wales Bar Association
Bar Victorian (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Queensland (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Kudancin Australiya (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yammacin Australiya (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yankin Arewa (Ostiraliya)
The Barrister magazine
The Inner Temple
Bar Council (barristers in England and Wales)
Bar Library of Northern Ireland Faculty of Advocates in Scotland
The Bar of Ireland
The difference between barristers and solicitors Advice on structure and training for the Bar
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
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60366 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1 | Ifá | Ifá tsarin duba ne da addinin Yarbawa wanda ke wakiltar koyarwar Orisha Ọrunmila Jikinsa na adabin baka yana kunshe da juzu'i (alamu) guda 256 wadanda suka kasu kashi biyu, na farko ana kiransa Ojú Odù ko babban Odù wanda ya kunshi babi 16. Kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi babi 240 mai suna Amúlù Odù (omoluos), waɗannan an haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin babban Odù.
Tsarin duban da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Ifá lamba ce don samun damar ilimin kimiyya da metaphysical a cikin rukunin adabi, Odu Ifá An bayyana Orunmila a matsayin Babban Firist, kamar yadda ya bayyana (karanta; ƙirƙira) tushen Allahntaka da annabci (Odu na farko 16) ga duniya. Babalawos ko Iyanifas galibi ana kiransu firist Ifa, amma a gaskiya, malamai ne; kwatankwacin furofesoshi a tsarin jami'a na gargajiya. Suna amfani da ko dai sarkar duba da aka sani da Opele, ko kuma dabino mai tsarki Elaeis guineensis ko kuma kola goro da ake kira Ikin, akan tiren duban katako da ake kira Opon Ifá don lissafin wace Odu zai yi amfani da ita ga wace matsala.
Ana yin Ifá a ko'ina cikin Amurka, Afirka ta Yamma, da Canary Islands, a cikin tsarin tsarin addini mai rikitarwa, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Santería, Candomblé, Palo, Umbanda, Vodou, da sauran bangaskiyar Afro-Amurka da kuma a wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka Tarihi Tsarin mai ka'idoji 16 yana da tarihin farko a Afirka ta Yamma Kowace kabila mai magana da harshen Niger-Congo da ke gudanar da ayyukanta na da tatsuniyoyi na asali; Addinin Yarbawa ya nuna cewa Orunmila ne ya kafa ta a lokacin da ya ƙaddamar da kansa sannan kuma ya ƙaddamar da ɗalibansa, Akoda da Aseda Wasu tatsuniyoyi sun nuna cewa Setiu, mutumin Nupe da ya zauna a ne ya kawo shi. A cewar littafin The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times zuwa British Protectorate (1921) na ɗan tarihin Najeriya Samuel Johnson da Obadiah Johnson, Arugba, mahaifiyar Onibogi, Alaafin na Oyo na 8, ce ta gabatar da Oyo ga Ifá. a ƙarshen 1400s. Ta kaddamar da Alado na Ato kuma ta ba shi dama ya fara wasu. Shi kuma Alado shi ne ya qaddamar da limaman Oyo kuma haka Ifá ta kasance a cikin daular Oyo. Orunmila ya zo ne don ya kafa ƙungiyar adabin baka wanda ya haɗa labarai da abubuwan da suka faru na firistoci da abokan cinikinsu tare da sakamakon. Wannan Odu corpus ya fito a matsayin manyan takardu akan al'adar Ifá don zama gadon tarihi.
Al'adar Yarbawa A cikin ƙasar Yarbawa, duba na ba wa firistoci damar shiga koyarwar Orunmila ba tare da wani tanadi ba. Eshu shine wanda aka ce ya ba da rance ga magana yayin samar da jagora da/ko bayyana shawara. Eshu kuma shine wanda ke riƙe maɓallan fushin mutum (arziƙi ko albarka) don haka yana aiki a matsayin Oluwinni (Mai ba da Lamuni): yana iya ba da ire ko cire shi. Ayyukan duba na Ifá suna ba da hanyar sadarwa zuwa ga ruhaniya da kuma niyyar mutum.
Al'adar Igbo A kasar Igbo, Ifá ana kiranta da Afá, kuma kwararru ne da ake kira Dibia Ana daukar Dibia a matsayin likita kuma ta kware wajen amfani da ganye don warkarwa da canji.
Al'adar Ewe Daga cikin mutanen Ewe na kudancin Togo da kuma kudu maso gabashin Ghana, Ifá kuma ana kiranta da Afá, inda ruhohin Vodun ke shiga kuma suna magana. A da yawa daga cikin Egbes ɗinsu, Alaundje ne aka karrama a matsayin ɗan Bokono na farko da aka koya masa yadda ake yin allantaka da makomar ɗan adam ta amfani da tsattsarkan tsarin Afá. Amingansi su ne raye-rayen baka wadanda suka fi boko. Wani firist wanda ba bokono ba ana kiransa Hounan, kama da Houngan, wani limamin coci a Haitian Vodou, addinin Vodun, addinin Ewe.
Odù Ifá Akwai manyan littattafai goma sha shida a cikin rukunin adabi na Odu Ifá Lokacin da aka haɗa, akwai jimillar 256 Odu (tarin na goma sha shida, kowannensu yana da zaɓi goma sha shida 16 2, ko 4 4 waɗanda aka yi imani suna yin nuni ga duk yanayi, yanayi, ayyuka da sakamakon rayuwa bisa ga rashin ƙidaya. (ko "koyawawan wakoki") dangane da 256 Odu coding. Waɗannan su ne tushen ilimin ruhaniya na Yarabawa na gargajiya kuma su ne tushen duk tsarin duban Yarbawa. Ba a rubuta karin magana da labarai da wakoki Ifá. Maimakon haka, ana rarraba su da baki daga wani babalawo zuwa wani. Yarabawa suna tuntubar Ifá don taimakon Allah da ja-gorar ruhaniya.
Alamar Manzo ta Ifá Baya ga alamomin asali guda goma sha shida, duban Ifá ya haɗa da wata babbar alama, wadda ita ce haɗe da Ọse da Otura, daga dama zuwa hagu (Ọse-Tura).
Dole ne a rubuta wannan alamar a duk lokacin da aka yi al'ada: Ɔse-Tura manzo ne kuma mai ɗaukar hadaya. Yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da allahn Eshu a cikin tsarin Ifá. An san wannan alamar Manzo a cikin Geomancy na Tsakiyar Larabawa da Latin a matsayin Tauraruwar Morning, wato duniyar Venus Wato, Ɔse-Tura ragowar tsohuwar falaki ce a duban Ifá.
Sanarwa na duniya An ƙara tsarin duban Ifá a cikin 2005 ta UNESCO zuwa jerin sunayen Ma'auni na Baka da Gadon Dan Adam Ifá a Santeria Ana amfani da Ifá a cikin addinin Afro-Cuba na Santería shi ne mafi sarƙaƙƙiya kuma mafi girman tsarin duba da ake amfani da shi a cikin addini. Su biyun suna da alaƙa da juna, suna raba tatsuniyoyi iri ɗaya da tunanin sararin samaniya, [13] ko da yake Ifá kuma yana da bambancin rayuwa daga Santería. Manyan firistoci na Ifá ana san su da babalawos kuma kodayake kasancewarsu ba shi da mahimmanci ga bukukuwan Santería, galibi suna halarta a matsayin masu duba. [15] Yawancin santeros ma babalawos ne, [16] ko da yake ba sabon abu ba ne ga babalawos su fahimci kansu a matsayin mafi girma fiye da yawancin santeros. A al'adance, kawai mazaje masu madigo ne kawai aka yarda su zama babalawos, [18] kodayake babalawos na ɗan luwadi yanzu suna wanzu saboda ƙarin buɗaɗɗen manufofin Santería. Yawanci an haramta mata yin wannan aikin, [20] takurawa da aka bayyana ta hanyar labarin cewa òrìṣà (lafazin "orisha" ko "oricha" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Orula ya fusata cewa Yemayá, matarsa, ta yi amfani da tablarsa hukumar duba kuma daga baya ta yanke shawarar hana mata sake tabawa. Duk da wannan almara, a farkon karni na 21, tun daga lokacin da aka fara wasu ƙananan mata a matsayin babalawos. Ƙaddamarwa a matsayin babalawo yana buƙatar biyan kuɗi ga mai farawa kuma yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tsada sosai. Òrìṣà na Ifá, Orula ko rúnmila, kuma yana da fitaccen wuri a cikin Santeria. An yarda cewa shi ne yake lura da duba; da zarar an kaddamar da mutum a matsayin babalawo sai a ba su tukunyar da ke dauke da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da dabino, wanda aka yi imanin shi ne ainihin siffar Orula. Babalawos suna ba da hadayu ga Orula, gami da hadayun dabbobi da kyaututtukan kuɗi. A Kuba, Ifá yawanci ya haɗa da jefar da dabino tsarkakakku don amsa tambaya. Sai babalawo ya fassara sakon goro dangane da yadda suka fadi; akwai iya daidaitawa guda 256 a cikin tsarin Ifá, wanda ake sa ran babalawo ya haddace. [26] Mutane suna kusanci babalawo suna neman jagora, sau da yawa akan al'amuran kudi, wanda mai duba zai tuntubi Orula ta hanyar da aka kafa ta hanyar duba. Su kuma masu ziyartar babalawoyi suna biyansu ayyukansu.
Fitattun mabiya Yoshiaki Koshikawa, farfesa a fannin adabi na Jafananci a Jami'ar Meiji kuma ɗan Japan na farko da aka ƙaddamar a matsayin babalawo Susanne Wenger, 'yar Ostiriya
Patrisse Cullors, ɗan Amurka wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter Shéyaa Bin Abraham-Joseph mai shekaru 21 Savage mawakin rap na Burtaniya Ba'amurke. Xolo Maridueña, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. Iyanla Vanzant, marubucin Ba'amurke, mai koyar da rayuwa da ruhaniya, Iyanifa da Firist na Obatala.
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa Manyan Tushen FAMA na Addinin Yarbawa (Bautar Orisa) (yana aiki da kansa ta hanyar kamfaninta)
Littafin Jagoran Ma'aikatan FAMA na Ƙwararrun Ifa Chief FAMA Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba (Adorando Orisa) Cif FAMA FAMA'S EDE AWO (Kamus Yoruba Dictionary) Babban FAMA The Rituals (novel) Awo Fasina Falade Ifa: Mabudin Fahimtarta Cif Adedoja Aluko Goma Sha Shida (16) Manjo Odu Ifa daga Ile-Ife Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 1 (EjiOgbe Orangun Meji) Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC Ifa Dida: Vol 2 (Ogbe Oyeku Ogbe Ofun) Chief S. Solagbade Popoola Fakunle Oyesanya Ikunle Abiyamo ASE of Motherhood C. Osamaro Ibie Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila William R. Bascom: Dubban Ifa: Sadarwa Tsakanin Alloli da Maza a Yammacin Afirka William R. Bascom: Cowries goma sha shida: duban Yarbawa daga Afirka zuwa Sabuwar Duniya Rosenthal, J. 'Mallakar Ecstasy Doka a Ewe Voodoo''' Maupoil, Bernard. "La Geomancie L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves Alapini, Julien. Les noix sacrées. Etude complète de Fa-Ahidégoun génie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey Dokta Ron Eglash (1997) Masanin ilimin Halittar Dan Adam na Amurka Recursion a cikin ilimin kabilanci'', Ka'idar Chaos a cikin duban Afirka ta Yamma.
Bàbálàwó Ifatunwase Tratados Enciclopédicos de Ifá (Colección Alafundé) Manazarta Addinai a Najeriya
Addinan gargajiya
Addini
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26888 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Libya | Sinima a Libya | Sinimar Libya ta kasance tana da tarihi daban daban. Ko da yake an sami ƙarancin samar da fina-finai na gida a Italiyar Libya da Masarautar Libya, wasan cinema ya zama sanannen wurin nishaɗi. Tun daga shekarar 1973 Muammar Gaddafi ya yi ƙoƙarin sarrafa fina-finai. Ko da yake ya karfafa gwiwar yin fim na cikin gida, toshewar da ya yi na cin fina-finan kasashen waje ya sa an rufe gidajen sinima. A cikin rashin zaman lafiya bayan shekara ta 2011 a Libya, fatan sake dawowa da cinema na Libya tare da rashin kayan aiki.
Sinima kafin 1967 Fim na farko da aka fara dauka a kasar Libya shi ne shirin da Faransa ta yi a 1910, Les habitants du desert de Lybie. Italiya, a matsayinta na mulkin mallaka, ta yi wasu gajerun shirye-shirye game da Libya. Libya faɗace-faɗace a lokacin yakin duniya na II aka rufe a Birtaniya, Jamus da kuma Italian newsreels Bayan yakin, kamfanonin mai da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa sun yi fim ɗin lokaci-lokaci. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1951, Masarautar Libiya ta yi wasu gajerun fina-finai game da Leptis Magna don karfafa yawon shakatawa. Amma duk da haka Libya ta kasance matalauta kuma an sami karancin shirya fina-finai a kasar. A shekarar 1959 Ma’aikatar Labarai da Guildance ta kafa sashen fina-finai, inda ta zagaya kasar da faifan bidiyo da labarai na milimita 16, kuma ma’aikatar ilimi da ilmantarwa ta shirya wasu fina-finai na ilimi. Duk da ƙarancin samar da fina-finai, cin fim ya shahara sosai a matsayin nishaɗi. An kafa fim ɗin farko na ƙasar tun a shekara ta 1908, ko da yake an ba da rahoton rugujewa bayan mamayar Italiya a Libiya a 1911. Italiyanci sun kafa gidajen sinima, galibi amma ba don masu sauraron Italiya kawai ba, a cikin manyan biranen Libya. Daga shekarun 1940 har zuwa tsakiyar 1960s, Libya tana alfahari da yawan gidajen sinima: a kusa da 14 ko 20 a Tripoli, kuma kusan 10 a Benghazi. Cinema a Tripoli sun hada da filin wasa na Arena Giardino da kuma gidan sinima na Royal, wanda Gaddafi zai canza sunan Al-Shaab (The People).
Sinima ƙarƙashin Gaddafi Gaddafi ya hau mulki a shekarar 1969. Ya ɗauki fina-finan waje tare da tuhuma, game da su a matsayin mulkin mallaka na al'adun Amurka. A baya fina-finan da aka yi a Libya su ne na masu shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje fina-finai kamar Albert Herman 's 1942 A Yank in Libya ko Guy Green ta 1958 Tekun Yashi Fim ɗin farko na Libya, Abdella Zarok na baki-da-fari Lokacin da Fate Hardens Destiny is Hard ya fito a 1972. A cikin 1973 aka kafa Babban Majalisar Cinema, don ɗaukar ikon yin fim da ginin sinima a Libya. An mayar da fina-finan ƙasashen waje zuwa Larabci, kuma ana bukatar su bi tsarin al'adun gwamnati, hade da dokokin addini da kishin ƙasa. Yawancin fina-finai da aka yi a gida sun kasance raye-raye, kuma an inganta yanayin zamantakewa a matsayin manufa don fina-finai na almara. Babban Majalisar Cinema ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarar 2010. Ya yi rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, a kusa da gajerun fina-finai 20-25, kuma ya taimaka tallafawa ƴan fina-finan fasalin da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. Gaddafi ya yi amfani da ikon kai tsaye kan shirya fina-finai. Misali, ya sanya ido kan sakin wani fim da Kasem Hwel, mai neman Layla al-Amiriya ya yi Gaddafi ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finan Masar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta kara daukar nauyin duk gidajen sinima kai tsaye, tare da hana shigo da fina-finai, sannan aka fara rufe gidajen sinima. Tare da Kuwait da Maroko, gwamnatin Gadaffi ta ɗauki nauyin labarin fim na shekarar 1976 da Mustafa Akkad ya yi game da haihuwar Musulunci, Saƙo Duk da haka, yawancin ƙasashen Larabawa ba za su nuna fim ɗin ba, kuma ya haifar da Ƙungiyar Islama ta kewaye gine-ginen ofisoshin uku a Washington, DC Akkad's Lion of the Desert (1981), wanda gwamnatin Gadaffi ta ba da kuɗi, wani fim ne na tarihi wanda ya nuna. da makiyayi shugaban Omar Mukhtar juriya a kan Italian mulkin mallaka na Libya An tace fim ɗin a Italiya har zuwa 2009. A cikin shekarata 2009 an sanar da cewa ɗan Gaddafi, al-Saadi Gaddafi, yana ba da kuɗin tallafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke da hannu wajen tallafawa fina -finan Hollywood kamar The Experiment (2010) da Warewa (2011). A cikin shekarar 2009-2010 kamfanonin ƙasashen waje sun amince su sake gyara da bude gidajen sinima da gidajen sinima na Libya. Duk da haka, juyin juya halin 2011 ya haifar da wannan aikin ya tsaya, kuma an sace yawancin kayan aiki.
Sinima daga 2011 Bayan faduwar Gaddafi, an yi sha'awar sake tabbatuwar fina-finan Libiya na kanta. Duk da haka, an kawo cikas ga sake dawo da gidajen sinima ta hanyar fada da adawar Islama. Matasan masu yin fina-finai na Libya sun fara yin gajeren fina-finai, tare da goyon baya daga Majalisar Biritaniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Labaran Scotland. Bukukuwan fina-finai a Tripoli da Benghazi sun shahara amma masu kishin Islama sun kai hari. An kafa bikin Fim na Bahar Rum na Duniya don Takardun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun da Gajerun Fina-finai a cikin shekarar 2012. A cikin 2013 an kafa kulob na cinema cikin basira a cikin ginshiƙi na gidan kayan fasaha na Tripoli. A shekara ta 2015 gidan fim guda ne kawai ya rage a Tripoli, wurin da maza kawai ke ba da fina-finai ga ƴan bindigar da ke iko da birnin.
A watan Disamba na shekarata 2017 Erato Festival, an kaddamar da bikin fina-finai na fina-finai na kare hakkin bil'adama a Tripoli An bude shi da Docudrama Jasmine na Almohannad Kalthoum.
Manazarta Sinima a Afrika
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52245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganin%20gargajiya | Maganin gargajiya | Magungunan Gargajiya (wanda kuma akafi sani da likitan ƴan ƙasa ko likitancin jama'a Ya kasance wan nan ya ƙunshi fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana. Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa ana bambanta da likitan ilimin kimiyya.
A wasu kasashen Asiya da Afirka, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, "yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari" kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci" irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsire-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su. A sakamakon haka, WHO ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a.
Amfani da tarihi
Tarihi na gargajiya A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar Sumerians, waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri. Tsohon Alkawari kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut. Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne Shennong Bencao Jing, wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin Yaoxing Lun Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna a lokacin daular Tang Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da Pythagoras da mabiyansa, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Pliny da Celsus 's De Medicina Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don De Materia Medica, yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen Turkawa, Larabci da Ibrananci a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni. Rubutun Latin na De Materia Medica an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus Herbarium Apuleii Platonici kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon Cotton Vitellius C.III.Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian Rhazes (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su. An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da.
Medieval kuma daga baya Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492. Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari da Ibn al-Baitar sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti An fassara Canon zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan Canon Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa Kreuter Buch An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman Pemptades ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Turanci ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin A Nievve Herball Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari.
Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani. Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai. Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa Amurka inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a Mexico sannan ya rubuta Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar "dumi", "sanyi", da "danshi", amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. Juan de Esteyneffer 's Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35.
Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa Latin kamar Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ko Codex Barberini, Latin 241 kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552. Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España, wanda aka buga a 1793. Castore Durante ya buga Herbario Nuovo a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba.
Mallakar Amurka A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani.
Amfanin zamani Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da "ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo watsa ilimi da halitta Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma. Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba.
Ma'ana da kalmomi Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye lafiyar da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi.
Maganin jama'a Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta. Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu.
Magungunan daji na Australiya Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a Ostiraliya ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma. Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka.
Magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya. Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga Arum maculatum don saran maciji. An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. An zaɓi dangin Asteraceae da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in Achillea da Artemisia Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa Asteraceae ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani.
Natuvaidyam Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka), marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya), chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda.
Maganin gida Maganin gida (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa maganin kaka magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda Intanet ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar mura. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. Ana amfani da kayan aikin aloe don magance cututtukan fata. Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya.
Suka
Damuwar tsaro Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau zoonosis, musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye.
Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su. Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye. Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya.
Duba kuma Ayurveda
Bioprospecting
Maganin jama'a
Maganin ganye
Jarrah (likita)
Tsire-tsire masu magani
Asalin kabilanci na Amurka
Labarin Tsofaffin Mata
Pharmacognosy
Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka
Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin
Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya
Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani
Manazarta Maganin Gargajiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24302 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempeh%20I | Prempeh I | Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 ga Disamba 1870 12 ga Mayu 1931) shine sarki na goma sha uku na sarautar Asante na Masarautar Ashanti da Daular Asante Oyoko Abohyen. Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I ya yi mulki daga ranar 26 ga Maris, 1888 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1931, kuma ya yi yaƙin Ashanti da Birtaniya a 1893.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da iyali Asalin sarautar Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I shine Yarima Kwaku Dua III Asamu na Masarautar Ashanti. Mahaifiyar Prempeh I, Sarauniya Asantehemaa Yaa Akyaa, ita ce uwar sarauniyar masarautar Ashanti daga 1880 zuwa 1917. Ta hanyar aure na siyasa mai mahimmanci ta gina ikon soja don tabbatar da Stool na Zinare ga ɗanta Prince Prempeh.
Al'arshi kuma a matsayin Sarkin Masarautar Ashanti A 1888 Yarima Prempeh ya hau gadon sarauta, yana amfani da sunan Kwaku Dua III. Sarautarsa ta fuskanci matsaloli tun daga farkon mulkinsa. Ya fara kare Asante daga Biritaniya kuma lokacin da Biritaniya ta nemi Prempeh I ya karɓi wani yanki na masarautar sa ta Ashanti, ya ƙi shi kuma ya ba da amsa a cikin amsar cewa Burtaniya ta yi lissafi. Ya fara kamfen na ikon Asante. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi tayin ɗaukar Masarautar Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kariyar su, amma ya ƙi kowace buƙata.
Masarautar Ashanti da Burtaniya A watan Disamba na 1895, turawan Burtaniya sun bar Cape Coast tare da rundunar balaguro. Ya isa Kumasi a cikin Janairu 1896 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Robert Baden-Powell. Asantehene ya umarci Ashanti da kada ya yi adawa da ci gaban Burtaniya, saboda yana tsoron ramuwar gayya daga Burtaniya idan balaguron ya zama tashin hankali. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Gwamna William Maxwell ya isa Kumasi shima.
Biritaniya ta hade yankunan Ashanti da Fanti, duk da cewa Burtaniya da Fante abokan juna ne a wannan lokacin, har yanzu suna yi. An sauke Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh tare da kama shi, sannan aka tura shi da sauran shugabannin Ashanti gudun hijira a cikin Seychelles. An rushe Ƙungiyar Asante. Burtaniya a hukumance ta ayyana jihar masarautar Ashanti da yankuna na gabar teku don zama masarautar Gold Coast. An sanya Ba'amurke mazaunin har abada a cikin garin Kumasi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina sansanin Burtaniya a can.
Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, Baden-Powell ya buga "Scouting for Boys". Daga ƙarshe an sake Prempeh, kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Scout na Gold Coast.
Bataliyar Telegraph na Injiniyoyin Sarauta (wanda ya gabaci Royal Corps of Signals) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Gangamin Ashanti; Mutanen Bataliyar Telegraph sun yi fashin wata hanya ta layin sama daga Tekun zuwa Prahsu, mai nisan mil 72 ta cikin dajin. Daga nan sai wadannan runduna suka fice daga cikin dajin, suka tunkari Sarki Prempeh suka kuma amince da mika wuya ga sojojinsa. Yanzu an nuna kursiyin Sarki Prempeh a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Royal Signals a Blandford.
A cikin 1900, roƙon cewa mutanen Ashanti su jujjuya "kujerar zinariya" ainihin alamar Ashanti cikakken mulkin sarauta ga mutanen Ashanti. Masarautar Ashanti ba ta da juriya kuma ta zama membobi masu cin gashin kansu na Masarautar Burtaniya. Ashanti ya yi tawaye daga baya daga Burtaniya don yaƙin Yakin Zinariya (wanda kuma aka sani da Yaa Asantewaa War) a cikin 1900-01. A ƙarshe, turawan Ingila sun yi nasara; sun kori Asantewaa da sauran shugabannin Asante zuwa Seychelles don shiga cikin sarkin Asante Prempeh I. A cikin watan Janairun 1902, a ƙarshe Biritaniya ta sanya Asanteman a matsayin matsara. An dawo da Asanteman 'yancin kai a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1935.
Prempeh Na shafe lokaci a cikin ƙauyensa akan Mahe daga maidowa gida, mafi girma a cikin Seychelles a Tekun Indiya, ƙauyen ya kasance babban katako, wanda aka rufe da bishiyar kwakwa, mangoro, 'ya'yan burodi da itatuwan lemu da kuma gida mai hawa biyu. Prempeh I villa, da sabbin gidaje 16 na katako da yashi yashi kuma an rufesu da mayafi na ƙarfe a Seychelles kuma an keɓe su ga manyan jiga-jigan Asante. Prempeh ya yi ƙoƙarin ilimantar da kan sa cikin Turanci da kuma tabbatar da cewa yaran sun sami ilimi.
Sarki Asantehene Prempeh Na taɓa bayyana cewa, "Masarautata ta Ashanti ba za ta taɓa ba da kanta ga irin wannan manufar kariya ba; Mutanen Ashanti da Masarautar Ashanti dole ne su kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta kamar ta dā, kuma a lokaci guda ku zama abokai da kowa. fararen mutane Mutuwa Bayan rasuwar Prempeh a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1931 magajinsa Prempeh II na Masarautar Ashanti ya gaje shi. An binne shi a Kumasi.
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31186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokan%20Duniya | Abokan Duniya | Abokan Duniya FoEI cibiyar sadarwar kasa da kasa ce ta kungiyoyin muhalli a cikin kasashe 73. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1969 a San Francisco ta David Brower, Donald Aitken da Gary Soucie bayan Brower ta raba tare da Saliyo Club saboda kyakkyawan tsarin kula da makamashin nukiliya. Robert Orville Anderson, mai kamfanin mai na Atlantic Richfield ne ya bayar da gudummawar da aka kafa na $500,000 (a cikin USD 2019). Ya zama cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya a cikin 1971 tare da taron wakilai daga ƙasashe huɗu: Amurka, Sweden, Birtaniya da Faransa.
FoEI a halin yanzu yana da sakatariya (wanda yake a Amsterdam, Netherlands wanda ke ba da tallafi ga cibiyar sadarwa da manyan yakin da aka amince da shi. Kwamitin zartarwa na zaɓaɓɓun wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ya tsara manufofi da kula da ayyukan sakatariyar. A cikin 2016, an zaɓi ɗan gwagwarmayar Uruguay Karin Nansen don zama shugabar ƙungiyar.
Matsalolin yaƙin neman zaɓe Abokan Duniya (International) ƙungiyar memba ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da membobi waɗanda ke bazu cikin duniya. Shirye-shiryenta na ba da shawara suna mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli, suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Reshen ƙasa da ƙasa na Abokan Duniya yana da hedikwata a Amsterdam, Netherlands, saboda dalilai na haraji.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin gidan yanar gizon sa, abubuwan da suka sa a gaba na kamfen na Abokan Duniya a duniya sune: adalcin tattalin arziki da kuma tsayayya da tsarin mulkin neoliberalism gandun daji da halittu ikon abinci da yanayin adalci da makamashi. An saita mahimman abubuwan yaƙin neman zaɓe na FOEI a babban taronta na shekara biyu. Bugu da ƙari, FOEI kuma tana shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe a wasu fagage, kamar kwararowar hamada Antarctica Maritime, ma'adinai da kuma haƙar masana'antu da makamashin nukiliya A cikin 2016, FOEI kuma ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe akan cin abinci da kuma samar da nama mai ƙarfi Meat Atlas FOEI ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sami nasara yayin da ta kawar da biliyoyin tallafin masu biyan haraji ga masu gurɓata muhalli, sake fasalin Bankin Duniya don magance matsalolin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta tura muhawara kan ɗumamar yanayi don matsawa Amurka lamba don ƙoƙarin yin mafi kyawun doka mai yiwuwa, dakatar da ƙari. Fiye da madatsun ruwa 150 masu lalata da ayyukan ruwa a duk duniya, an matsa su kuma sun ci nasara kan ƙa'idojin ma'adinai da tankokin mai da kuma hana kifin kifin na ƙasa da ƙasa. Masu sukar ta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙari ne kawai don samun hankalin kafofin watsa labaru (kamar yadda ta fitar da waƙar "Ƙauna zuwa Duniya"), amma ba ta zauna tare da 'yan gida don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kuma suna hana ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Sun kuma yi suka kan manufofinta na karbar manyan kudade daga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu alaka da mai da iskar gas.
Mai A watan Oktoban 2018, an sanar da cewa, Aliko Dangote, hamshaƙin attajirin Afrika, na shirin gina matatar mai na dala biliyan 12 a kan kadada 6,180 na fadama a Najeriya. Wannan zai sa ta zama matatar mai mafi girma a duniya. Nan da shekarar 2022, matatar za ta rika sarrafa gangar danyen mai 650,000 a kullum. Tuni dai Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka, duk da cewa matatun da ake da su ba su da inganci, don haka ana shigo da mafi yawan man da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasar. Domin za a gina matatar mai nisa daga yankin Neja Delta, inda ake hako mafi yawan man Najeriya, za a yi amfani da bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa guda biyu wajen jigilar mai mai nisan mil 240 zuwa matatar mai da ke Legas Bututun da dama a Najeriya na karkashin tsaro, wasu kuma fusatattun ‘yan kasa da kuma ‘yan kungiyar ‘yan tawaye mai suna Delta Avengers, wadanda ke fusata da gurbatar yanayi da talauci da ke tattare da su da kuma samo asali daga harkar mai. Bugu da kari, da alama wannan matatar man za ta baiwa Dangote damar mallakar man Najeriya.
A ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2018, FOE Afirka ta fara zanga-zangar a wajen wani taron da kamfanin Shell ya shirya. Masu fafutuka sun gano cewa Shell ya taimaka wajen tsara wani yanki na yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris a cikin 2015. Shell, kamfanin haƙar mai, ya rinjayi ka'idojin kan alawus-alawus na iskar gas da hani. A wajen zanga-zangar, Rita Uwaka ta kungiyar FOE reshen Najeriya ta ce: “Kamar wuta ce a doron kasa. Ina wakiltar al'ummomin yankin Neja Delta wadanda wadannan manyan gurbatattun gurbataccen yanayi ke shafa. Samun waɗannan manyan masu gurɓatawa sun shigo nan a matsayin waliyyi ba kawai mari ba ne a kan mu a matsayin wakilai na COP Har ila yau, mari ne a kan Uwar Duniya."
Tsarin hanyar sadarwa Ƙungiyar memba a wata ƙasa na iya kiran kanta Abokan Duniya ko kuma daidai da fassarar jumla a cikin harshen ƙasa, misali, Abokan Duniya (US), Abokan Duniya (EWNI) (England Wales da Arewacin Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain da Argentina). Duk da haka, kusan rabin ƙungiyoyin membobin suna aiki ƙarƙashin sunayensu, wani lokaci suna nuna asali mai zaman kanta da shigar da hanyar sadarwa ta gaba, kamar Pro Natura (Switzerland), Ƙungiyar Koriya ta Ƙwararrun Muhalli, Ayyukan Haƙƙin Muhalli (FOE Nigeria) da WALHI (FOE Indonesia).
Abokan Duniya na Duniya (FoEI) suna goyan bayan wata sakatariya da ke Amsterdam, da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa da aka sani da ExCom. Duk ƙungiyoyin mambobi ne ke zaɓen ExCom a babban taron da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, kuma ita ce ExCom wacce ke ɗaukar sakatariya. A daidai wannan babban taron, an amince da manufofin gaba ɗaya da ayyukan fifiko.
Baya ga aikin da aka haɗa a matakin FoEI, ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa suna da yancin gudanar da nasu kamfen da yin aiki bi- ko da yawa kamar yadda suka ga dama, muddin hakan bai saba wa manufofin da aka amince da su ba a duniya. matakin.
Labarai Meat Atlas rahoto ne na shekara-shekara kan hanyoyin da tasirin aikin noma na masana'antu Littafin ya ƙunshi gajerun kasidu 27 kuma, tare da taimakon jadawali, yana hango gaskiya game da samarwa da cin nama. Abokan Duniya da Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ne suka buga Meat Atlas tare.
Sanannen magoya baya Mawaƙin Rock George Harrison ya sami alaƙa da Abokan Duniya bayan halartar zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya a London a cikin 1980. Ya sadaukar da kundin sa mafi girma na 1989, Mafi kyawun Dokin Duhu, ga Abokan Duniya, a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Jay Kay, frontman na funk/acid jazz group Jamiroquai, an san shi don ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen album ɗinsa ga Abokan Duniya da Oxfam, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.
Dominique Voynet, wanda ya tsaya takara a zabukan shugaban kasar Faransa a 1995 da 2007 a jam'iyyar "les verts" jam'iyyar Green Party, memba ne.
Thom Yorke, jagoran mawaƙin Radiohead, ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Abokan Duniya da yawa a bainar jama'a.
Mawaƙa na fitattun muryoyin muryoyin akan "Ƙauna Zuwa Duniya" -ciki har da Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Sheryl Crow, Fergie, Sean Paul, da Colbie Caillat sun haɗu da sojoji a kan wannan waƙar pop mai ban sha'awa. Duk abin da aka samu daga kowane siyar da guda ɗaya za a ba da gudummawa ga Abokan Duniya na Amurka da Gidauniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.
Taimakawa ga Babban Tambaya Daga cikin wadanda suka halarta a ƙaddamar da yakin neman sauyin yanayi na Abokan Duniya (EWNI) Babban Tambaya shine Dokar Jude, Edith Bowman, Siân Lloyd, Ross Burden, David Cameron, David Miliband, Thom Yorke, Stephen Merchant, Michael Eavis, da Emily Eavis.
Ƙungiyoyin membobi
Asiya Dandalin Indonesiya don Muhalli, Indonesia
Ƙungiyar Koriya don Ƙwararrun Muhalli
Abokan Duniya Gabas ta Tsakiya
Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center Kasama sa Kalikasan
Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli, Sri Lanka
Sahabat Alam Malaysia
Turai Abokan Duniya na Turai, Brussels
Abokan Matasa na Duniyar Turai, Brussels
Abokan Duniya Faransa
Abokan Duniya na Scotland
Pro Natura (Switzerland)
Amigos de la tierra, Spain
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Jamus
Abokan Duniya (EWNI), Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa
Birmingham Abokan Duniya
GLOBAL 2000, Austria
Abokan Duniya Malta
Abokan Duniya Finland
Magyar Természetvedok Szövetsége Abokan Duniya Hungary
Priatelia Zeme Slovensko (Abokan Duniya Slovakia) Abokan Duniya (EWNI), (Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland)
Manchester Abokan Duniya
Green Action, Croatia
Hnutí DUHA, Jamhuriyar Czech
Milieudefensie, Netherlands
Ƙungiyar Norwegian don Kiyaye Halitta, Norway
Abokan Duniya (Malta)
NOAH, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1969 a Denmark, ƙungiyar maƙiya ta ƙasa tun 1988, Denmark
Amirka ta Arewa Abokan Duniya Kanada
Les AmiEs de la Terre de Québec, Kanada
Abokan Duniya (US)
Oceania Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya
Manazarta
Littattafan bibiya Brian Doherty da Timothy Doyle, Muhalli, Juriya da Haɗin kai. Siyasar Abokan Duniya na Duniya (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013). Jan-Henrik Meyer, "'A ina za mu je daga Wyhl?' Zanga-zangar Anti-Nuclear ta Juyin Juya Hali da ke niyya ga Ƙungiyoyin Turai da na Duniya a cikin 1970s, Binciken Tarihi na Zamantakewa 39: 1 (2014): 212-235.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Labarin Abokan Duniya Faransa "Multinationals Masana ilimin halittu suna duba ja"
Abokan Duniya na YouTube tashar YouTube
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif%20Aslam | Atif Aslam | Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Atif Aslam an haife shi 12 Maris din shekarar 1983) mawaƙin sake kunnawa ɗan Pakistan ne, marubucin waƙa, mawaki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ya yi rekodi da yawa a cikin Pakistan da Indiya, kuma an san shi da fasahar bel ɗin murya Aslam ya fi yin waka a cikin Urdu, amma kuma ya rera a cikin Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, da Pashto A cikin 2008, ya sami lambar yabo ta Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula daga gwamnatin Pakistan Hakanan ya kasance mai karɓar lambobin yabo na Lux Style da yawa. Aslam ya fara fitowa a 2011, tare da Urdu social drama film Bol A cikin 2019, an ba shi tauraro a cikin Walk of Fame na Dubai bayan an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun mawaƙa a Pakistan An kuma nuna shi a cikin Forbes Asia's Digital Stars 100, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba 2020. Yana kiran magoya bayansa da suna "Aadeez" Habituals Rayuwar farko An haifi Atif Aslam a ranar 12 ga Maris 1983, ga dangin Punjabi a Wazirabad, Pakistan Ya tafi Makarantar Kimberley Hall a Lahore har zuwa 1991, lokacin da ya koma Rawalpindi, kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar St. Paul's Cambridge a Garin tauraron dan adam A 1995, Aslam ya koma Lahore, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a reshen Makarantar Jama'a da Kwalejin (DPSC) Ya ci gaba da zuwa Fazaia Inter College don HSSC daga 1999 zuwa 2001, sannan ya tafi PICS don yin karatun digiri a kan ilimin kwamfuta A wata hira da akayi dashi Aslam ya bayyana cewa burinsa a wannan lokacin shine ya zama mawaki.
Sana'a
2004-2008 Aslam tsohon dan group ne Jal Bayan rabuwa da Jal, Aslam ya fitar da albam dinsa na farko mai suna Jal Pari a shekarar 2004 wanda ya zama bugawa nan take. Album din solo na Aslam na biyu <i id="mwYg">Meri Kahani</i> ya samu kyautar a karo na 7 na Lux Style Awards a rukunin "Best Album". Kundin waƙar "wanda aka zaba a cikin 2009 a cikin "MTV Music Awards" a cikin "Best Rock Song".
A cikin 2008, ya rubuta nau'ikan Pehli Nazar Mein da Bakhuda Tumhi Ho daga <i id="mwaA">Race</i> da Kismat Konnection bi da bi. Pehli Nazar Mein ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Bollywood kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta IIFA.
2009 2015: Fim na Indiya/Pakistan ya fara fitowa A cikin fim din Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani na 2009, ya rera Tu Jaane Na" da Tera Hone Laga Hoon" gami da remix versions na wakokin biyu wadanda suka zabo shi da dama. A shekarar 2011, ya rera waka daga cikin fim din FALTU, mai suna "Le Ja Tu Mujhe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera wakoki guda biyu Hona Tha Pyar da "Kaho Aaj Bol Do" tare da Hadiqa Kiani a cikin fim din Pakistan na Bol wanda aka jefa shi a matsayin jagora. A wannan shekarar, ya nada wakoki biyu na fim din Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya, "Tu Muhabbat Hai" da "Piya O Re Piya". Ya yi wakoki biyu "Bol Ke Lub Azaad Hain" da "Mori Araj Suno" na fim din Hollywood The Reluctant Fundamentalist Ya kuma yi a cikin Coke Studio's Season Five mai taken "Charka Nolakha", "Rabba Sacheya" da "Dholna". An zabi Main Rang Sharbaton Ka a lambar yabo ta Duniya a cikin 2014 don "Mafi kyawun Waƙa". "Main Rang Sharbaton Ka" ya samo kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma zabuka masu yawa a gare shi. An saki Zameen Jaagti Hai da Tu Khaas Hai a Pakistan. A cikin 2014, ya yi rikodin waƙoƙin 2 don fim ɗin Nishaɗi, "Tera Naam Doon" da "Nahi Woh Saamne". Duk wakokin Sachin-Jigar ne suka tsara su tare da rubutattun wakokin Priya Panchal. Ya kuma rera wakar talla ta QMobile Noir i10 "Dil Se Dil" da wakar tallan Etisalat "Faasle".
Ya yi aiki tare da Sachin-Jigar a waƙar Jeena Jeena na fim ɗin Badlapur, Waƙar Jeena Jeena ta kasance kan gaba a matakai daban-daban kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a 2015, wanda kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare a matsayin mafi kyawun mawakin sake kunnawa. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi rikodin Dil Kare ga Ho Mann Jahaan Fassarar Aslam na Tajdar-e-Haram ya haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 285 akan YouTube a watan Yuli 2020, wanda aka fito dashi a shekarar 2015, ya zama asalin bidiyo na farko a Pakistan don cimma babban rikodin. Waƙar Qawwali, wadda Sabri Brothers suka rera ta, an sake shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2015 a cikin CokeStudio Season 8 kuma an kallo a cikin ƙasashe 186 a fadin duniya. Hakanan, shine farkon bidiyo na mutum ɗaya na Aslam akan YouTube don yin rikodin.
2016 2020 Aslam ya yi aiki tare da mawaki Arko Pravo a waƙar Charbuster Tere Sang Yaara daga Rustom wacce ta yi sama da jadawalin "Bollywood Life", ta samu lambar yabo ta "Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer". Atif yayi aiki da Mithoon akan wakar "Mar Jaayen" ta Loveshhuda nau'i hudu a shekarar 2016, wanda Sayeed Qaudri ya rubuta.
"Dil Dancer" na fim din Actor in Law wanda aka saki, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta LUX a matsayin mafi kyawun mawaƙin sake kunnawa. Ya rera wakar “Yaariyaan” tare da Ali Zafar, wanda Sahir Ali Bagga ya yi wanda aka saki a ranar tsaro ta 2016. Ya yi aiki tare da Maher Zain don waƙar "Ina Raye" kuma ya rera "Jal Pari" don tallan Huawei Honor 5X A farkon shekara, waƙar "Hoor" ta Hindi Medium ta fito. Bayan haka, an fitar da waƙar Romantic Baarish daga Half Girlfriend wanda Tanishk Bagchi ya tsara da waƙar ballad "Musafir" daga Sweetie Weds NRI. Waƙar soyayya mai suna "Darasal" wadda JAM8 ta shirya a wannan shekarar. Waƙoƙin Ballad guda biyu "Main Agar" daga Tubelight da "Jaane De" na Qarib Qarib Singlle, bi da bi, sun fito, waɗanda Pritam da Vishal Mishra suka shirya. A cikin Disamba 2017, Dil Diyan Gallan daga Tiger Zinda Hai ya fito, wanda Vishal–Shekhar ya tsara da kuma waƙoƙin Irshad Kamil Waƙar ta sami ra'ayoyi sama da 670M akan YouTube har zuwa Janairu 2021. Wakarsa ta farko ta Bengali "Mithe Alo" daga fim din Cockpit shima an sake shi.
A wannan shekarar, an fito da Pehli Dafa tare da Aslam da Ileana D'Cruz, wanda ya kasance wani abu na Shiraz Uppal Wani “Younhi” da Atif da kansa ya rubuta a ranar haihuwar Atif, wanda ya fito da Aslam da Nicolli Dela Nina. "Noor-e-Azal" Hamd ya fito, wanda Aslam da Abida Parveen suka rera, wani abun da Shani Arshad ya yi. Ya kuma rera wakar ISPR mai suna Kabhi Percham Main, wacce aka saki a ranar Tsaro ta 2017. Ya yi a karo na 16 na Lux Style Awards ta hanyar rera wakar Pakistan National Anthem da "Us Rah Par". Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1983
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30293 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20kirkirar%20kyauta | Ƴancin kirkirar kyauta | An kafa 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta a cikin shekarata 2008 don haɓaka wadata a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin ginshiƙan ƙirƙira na al'umma. Kuma an ba da kyautar 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta daga shekarata 2008 zuwa shekarar 2011 don tallafawa, da kuma gane masu fasaha waɗanda suke ƙoƙari don samun sauyin zamantakewa a wuraren da babu "'yancin ƙirƙirar".
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar tana murna da ikon fasaha don haɓaka adalci na zamantakewa da ƙarfafa ruhin ɗan adam. Kuma Kyautar tana buɗe wa masu fasaha a duk fagagen ƙirƙira. Ana kimanta aikin zane akan iyawarsa don cimma ɗaya ko duka masu zuwa: haɓaka adalcin zamantakewa, Sannna gina tushen al'umma, da zaburar da ruhin ɗan adam.
Kowace shekara, dalar ƙasar Amurka 125,000 a cikin kuɗin kyaututtuka ana bayar da su a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan uku: Babban, Matasa da Mawaƙin ɗaure.
2011 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta An sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara a wani bikin bayar da kyaututtuka da kade-kade a lambun Botanical na Kirstenbosch na kasa a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2011. Jagorar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dimokuradiyya a Myanmar kuma wadda ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Aung San Suu Kyi ta rubuta wani sako na musamman inda ta taya Win Maw wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a gidan yari.
Kwamitin Shari'a Alkalan da suka tabbatar da ‘Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta shekarar 2011 sun haɗa da: shekarata 2010 ‘Yanci don Ƙirƙirar lambar yabo da furodusan wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan Ali Mahdi Nouri; Mai shirya fina-finan Thai Apichatpong Weerasethakul Mawallafin Afirka ta Kudu Achmat Dangor An haifi ɗan Croatian mai zane Ana Tzarev Kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Masar Dalia Ziada; Jarumar fina-finan Amurka Daryl Hannah mawaƙin titi D*Face Mawakiyar Pakistan, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa Fatima Bhutto masanin falsafa, masanin al'adu, kuma marubuci Kwame Anthony Appiah marubuci Salman Rushdie Farfesa Lourdes Arizpe dan rawa da actor Mikhail Baryshnikov mai shirya fim kuma furodusa Mira Nair marubuci kuma mai kula Sarah Lewis da kuma iko a kan cigaban kerawa, Kuma ƙirƙira da albarkatun ɗan adam, Sir Ken Robinson Babban Rukunin Kyauta
Kyautar Mawaƙin Dauri
2010 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta Sama da masu fasaha 1,700 daga ƙasashe 127 sun shiga cikin shekarata 2010 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta. An sanar da wadanda suka yi nasara a wani biki a dakin taro na Salah El Din da ke birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2010.
Kwamitin Shari'a Kwamitin alkalan na bana ya kunshi mutane 13 daga kwararru daban-daban. Su ne: tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasar Masar kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Mrs Jehan Sedat Mawakiyar Pakistan, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa, Fatima Bhutto Shahararren masanin ka'idar akan Critical Race ka'idar kuma farfesa a Makarantar Doka ta UCLA da Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia Farfesa Kimberlé Crenshaw mawaƙin titi D*Face Kuma ba darektan zartarwa ba a Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Burtaniya, Farfesa Dame Sandra Dawson OBE 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar lambar yabo kuma mashahurin mai shirya fina-finai na Iran Mohsen Makhmalbaf mai shirya fim kuma furodusa Mira Nair 'yar jarida kuma marubuci Mariane Pearl Farfesa na Ilimin Musulunci na Zamani Sannna a Jami'ar Oxford, Farfesa Tariq Ramadan babban lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Geoffrey Robertson QC ikon ci gaba da kerawa, ƙirƙira da albarkatun ɗan adam, Sir Ken Robinson tsohon jami'in diflomasiyya da kuma malami kan diflomasiyyar al'adu,Masani Farfesa Cynthia P. Schneider da ɗan wasan Croatian Haihuwa Ana Tsarev Martani Shekarata 2010 Freedom to Create Prize panelist kuma tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban Masar, Jehan Sadat, ya ce: "Masu fasaha da aka zaba a matsayin 'yan wasan karshe Kuma a cikin 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar gasar ta bana sun san da kyau farashin da suke biya don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu, fata, da kuma ra'ayoyinsu. mafarkin mutanensu da al'ummarsu. Sun jimre da zarge-zargen da ake yi musu, kuma a wasu lokuta, sun saka kansu cikin haɗari mai tsanani. Sannan Kuma A sakamakon haka, sun yi fiye da fallasa illolin da ke addabar al’ummarsu. Sun samar da mafita da mafita, kuma ta yin hakan, suna ƙoƙarin canza duniya. Kowannensu yana misalta ikon fasaha, kiɗa, da kuma rubutacciyar kalma."
Babban Rukunin Kyauta
Rukunin Kyautar Matasa
Rukunin Kyautar Mawaƙin Mawaƙin Dauri
2009 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta An ba da sanarwar zaɓaɓɓun masu fasaha don shekarata 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta a ranar 26 ga Oktoba shekarar 2009. Gabaɗaya, akwai masu fasaha 1,015 daga ƙasashe sama da 100.
Kwamitin Shari'a Shekarata 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyautar ta sami hukunci daga ƙungiyar manyan masu fasaha, tsoffin ra'ayi, da ƙwararrun 'yancin ɗan adam. Sannan Kuma Sun kasance: manyan lauyan kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa kuma masanin shari'a kan Majalisar Shari'a ta Cikin Gida ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Geoffrey Robertson QC mawaki kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar kade-kade ta Divan ta Yamma- Gabas Daniel Barenboim co-kafa, tare da Kofi Annan, na kungiyar diflomasiyya ta duniya, The Global Elders, kuma wanda ya kafa mata Indiya da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin kuɗi Dr Ela Bhatt Wakiliyar BBC Razia Iqbal Time Out wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Human Rights Watch Tony Elliott Mawaƙin Anglo-Indiya mai lambar yabo Sacha Jafri Lauyan fasaha na New York Peter Stern; artist Ana Tsarev da kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo dan Zimbabwe Cont Mhlanga, wanda ya lashe kyautar 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta a shekarata 2008.
Babban Rukunin Kyauta
Rukunin Kyautar Matasa
Rukunin Kyautar Mawaƙin Mawaƙin Dauri
2008 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta
Sakamako da kwamitin yanke hukunci Kyautar 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta farko ta jawo hankalin sama da mutane 900 daga ƙasashe 86. An yi hukunci da lambar yabo ta shekarar 2008 da ƙungiyar masu fasaha, Kuma masu sharhi da ƙwararrun 'yancin ɗan adam ciki har da Andrew Dickson, Htein Lin, Carlos Reyes-Manzo da Ana Tzarev Martani Da yake ba da lambar yabo a bikin shekarata 2008 a Landan, fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Sir Tom Stoppard ya ce, "Haɗin da na yi a cikin 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar ita ce tuntuɓar da na fara da wannan kamfani mai ban sha'awa. Kuma Yana da muhimmanci a rika kai hari kan take hakkin dan Adam daga kowane bangare na kowace al'umma mai 'yanci."
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Nunin Kyauta Baje kolin 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta shine nunin balaguro na shekara-shekara na fitattun abubuwan shiga daga 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar na waccan shekarar. An gudanar da nune-nunen baje kolin lambar yabo ta shekarar 2009, 2010, da shekarata 2011 a birane daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da London, New York City, Harare, Kabul, Alkahira, Mumbai, Sarajevo, da Xiamen 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Dandalin A cikin shekarar 2010, 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Ƙirƙirar wani sabon shiri, 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Dandalin. Kuma Taron ya kasance jerin tattaunawa ne da nufin yin muhawara kan kalubale da damammaki ga mata wajen gina rayuwa mai inganci da wadata, iyalai da al'umma. An gudanar da taron kaddamar da taron ne a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2010, a Jami'ar Amirka da ke birnin Alkahira Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi baƙo na girmamawa da kuma shekarata 2010 Prize alkali Jehan Sedat, mai gudanarwa da kuma mai watsa labaran duniya Femi Oke kuma yana tare da Mariane Pearl, Dalia Ziada, Farfesa Kimberlé Crenshaw da Dianne Laurance. Kuma Ya mai da hankali kan rashin amfani da akidu na gargajiya, al'adu, da na addini wadanda ke hana mata damarmaki.
Akwai 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Zaure guda biyu da aka gudanar a shekarata 2011. An gudanar da taron na farko ne a birnin New York, inda aka gudanar da tattaunawa kan harkokin kasuwanci da karfafawa mata a kasashe masu tasowa. Sannan Kuma Kwamitin ya nuna Mary Ellen Iskenderian, Francine LeFrak, Lauren Bush, da mai gudanarwa Femi Oke. An gudanar da taron karo na biyu a birnin Cape Town, wanda ya kunshi matan da suka kalubalanci tsarin da ke sanya mata cikin halin kaka-nika-yi a yankunansu. Kwamitin ya hada da mai magana mai mahimmanci Graça Machel, 'yan kwamitin Unity Dow, Chouchou Namegabe, da Molly Melching, da mai gudanarwa Gcina Mhlophe Majiyoyi 'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar 2009 Sanarwa ta Nasara:
Daraktan Iran, dan gwagwarmayar adawa ya lashe kyautar 'Reuters'
Mohsen Makhmalbaf 'Guardian' ya ce ya kamata Iran ta fuskanci karin takunkumi
Mai shirya fina-finai na Iran ya karbi kyautar 'Channel4'
Mai shirya fina-finan Iran ya karbi lambar yabo ta 'Telegraph'
Daraktan Iran, Dan Kamfen na 'Yan Adawa Ya Lashe Kyautar 'New York Times'
Mohsen Makhmalbaf 'Al Jazeera'
Makhmalbaf: baya demokradiyya a Iran 'Mai tsaro'
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyautar 2009 Sanarwa da Zaɓaɓɓen Mawakan:
Daraktan Iran, Mawakin Saharan ya lashe kyautar 'Saudi Gazette'
'Yanci Don Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta Sanar da Ƙarshen Ƙarshe 'Newstin'
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta Sanar da Ƙarshen 'Amurka A Yau'
Daraktan Iran daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don 'Yanci don Samar da Kyauta 'Yahoo Entretenimiento'
'Yancin Ƙirƙirar Kyauta ta Sanar da Ƙarshen 'Payvand.com'
Daraktan Iran daga cikin wadanda aka zaba don 'Yanci don ƙirƙirar Kyauta 'Lokacin Kasuwancin Duniya'
Daraktan Iran, Dan Jarida Up Ga Kyautar Adalci ta zamantakewa 'Washington TV'
Daraktan Iran, mawakin Saharan ya lashe kyautar 'Yahoo' Labaran Indiya KYAUTA RAYUWATA
Daraktan Iran, Mawakin Sahara ya samu lambar yabo 'Insing.com'
Zaɓin ɗaukar hoto daga 2009 'Yanci don Ƙirƙiri Ƙaddamarwa:
Cont Mhlanga ya yi magana game da rubuce-rubucen da ke adawa da tsarin mulkin Robert Mugabe 'Guardian'
Wasika daga Afirka, 'Lokacin da kuke ba da dariya a kan titi, siyasa ce' 'BBC'
Zaɓin ɗaukar hoto daga 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar Kyautar 2008:
BBC Hausa BBC News Hausa
Zane-zane Magana Kyauta a cikin 'Mai tsaro' na Zimbabwe
Mai sukar Mugabe ya lashe kyautar Arts 'New York Times'
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yanci don Ƙirƙirar gidan yanar gizo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57694 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20kula%20da%20filayen%20jiragen%20sama%20ta%20Najeriya | Hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya | Jiragen saman fasinja a Najeriya ya yi kaca-kaca da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. Amma sama da komai, ya samo asali ne daga wani hatsarin tarihi da aka yi tun a shekarar 1925 a wani wuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tsohon birnin Kano mai katanga.
Jirgin sama na farko da ya taba sauka a Najeriya Airco DH.9A na 47 Squadron (Station a Helwan Kusa da Alkahira jiragen sun sauka a Maiduguri a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1925,akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Kano da Kaduna a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. Shugaban Squadron Arthur Coningham ne ya jagoranci tafiyar. Wani lokaci a cikin watan Yuli na wannan shekara birnin na Arewa ya yi fama da takun saka tsakanin mazauna garin da jami'an gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.
Gwamnatin Birtaniyya a lokacin tana rike da sansanin sojojin sama na Royal Air Force(RAF)a birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan.Da jin matsalar Kano,sai Landan ta yi gaggawar yiwa kwamandan rundunar RAF Squadron Khartoum lamba,inda ta umarce shi da ya tashi zuwa birnin Arewacin Najeriya, ya kai rahoto kan halin da ake ciki.A yayin da matukin jirgin ya tashi da wani jirgin yaki na Bristol,ya yi kasa a gwiwa a kan titin tseren dawaki a Kano,wanda hakan ya shiga tarihi a matsayin aikin jirgin sama na farko a Najeriya.
Ba tare da hanyoyin iska ba,taswirori ko sadarwar rediyo ana ɗaukar jirgin a matsayin"aiki mai haɗari musamman". Don haka jami’ai suka firgita da cewa an yi tunanin cewa idan har za a yi titin Khartoum-Kano zai zama dole a samu wuraren saukar gaggawa a kowane mil 20 na hanya.
Za a fara jigilar jirage na gaba daga Alkahira,Masar inda RAF kuma ke da tushe.Saukowar da aka yi ta yi matukar ban sha'awa,har wani dan Kano ya motsa ya yi zanen wurin(hoton kalar ruwa daga baya gwamnati ta samu).Ayyukan RAF sun kasance daga baya sun zama taron shekara-shekara,tare da mitar da hanya zuwa Maiduguri.
Aikin jirgin sama na farko da aka fi sani da kasuwanci a Najeriya ana ba da shi ga wani mutum mai hankali,"Bud"Carpenter, wanda ya mallaki farkon nau'in jirgin sama na Light,de Havilland Moth.Bayanai sun nuna cewa ya kan yi zirga-zirgar jiragen sama masu hatsarin gaske a tsakanin Kano da Legas,inda ya yi amfani da titin dogo a matsayin jagoransa tare da yin tazarar tazara.
A farkon shekarun 1930,wani matukin jirgi mai hazaka ya dauki wasu fasinja masu biyan kudin tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Legas da Warri.Tare da ci gaba da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na RPLF na shekara-shekara,ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Najeriya sun yi yawa, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar jiragen sama.
Saboda haka,wakilin ma'aikatar jiragen sama a Landan ya ziyarci Najeriya don duba abin da za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin"filayen sauka".An zabi wuraren a Maiduguri,Oshogbo,Legas, Minna,Kano da Kaduna.
Wing Commander EH Coleman,daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara lura da juyin halittar jiragen sama a Najeriya,ya bayyana yanayin jirage kamar haka:
Dole ne a tuna,duk da haka cewa abin da ake kira aerodrome a wancan lokacin ba zai cika buƙatu na wasu ƙananan jiragen sama na zamani ba.A zamanin farko an yi la'akari da cewa ya zama dole a gina hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama da yawa masu daidaitawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don guje wa ƙetarawar iska da tashi, saboda tsofaffin nau'in keken wutsiya ya fi saurin lilo fiye da nau'ikan ƙafafun hanci na zamani.
A cikin 1935,an maye gurbin ayyukan RAF da na Imperial Airways waɗanda ke jigilar jiragen sama na yau da kullun da fasinjoji daga London zuwa Najeriya.Ta haka ne waɗannan hidimomin suka fara gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na duniya a Najeriya,ko da yake sai a shekarar 1936 ne jirgin kasuwanci ya shigo Nijeriya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways,wanda shi ne na farko na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Burtaniya (BOAC),ya yi amfani da manyan jirage masu injina hudu,da aka fi sani da Hannibal class ko kuma Handley,akan hanyar Nilu daga Alkahira zuwa Kisumu, Uganda.A karshen shekarar 1936,an bullo da wata hidima ta mako-mako,sannan wata hanya,daga Khartoum–Kano Lagos,jirgin da ya dauki kwanaki bakwai, ana sarrafa shi da wani karamin jirgi mai injina guda hudu De Havilland 86 (daya daga cikin rijiyoyin DH 86).Fasinjojin da aka sani shine Sir Bernard Bourdillon, wanda ya tashi a jirgin farko na kasuwanci daga Legas).
A Najeriya matukin jirgi na farko sun kasance jajirtaccekuma dole ne su fuskanci tsananin harmattan da yanayin ruwan sama. Amma akwai wata saukar gaggawa ta musamman kusa da Maiduguri a 1937.Nan take aka aike da injiniyoyi daga Kano.Sun iso kwana guda a kan doki da kayan aikinsu.Bayan an gyare-gyaren an sake fitar da jirgin an sake sanya shi aiki:Bayanai sun nuna cewa yakan dauki tsawon yini guda kafin ya tashi daga Kano zuwa Legas a cikin wani jirgin DH8,la'akari da fasaharsa da farko da kuma kan hanyarsa ta tsayawar mai.
An tuhumi WAAAC da"haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama a ciki da tsakanin yankunan Afirka ta Yamma".Kamfanin jirgin ya fara sabis da jirgin De Havilland Dove mai kujeru shida.Ayyukanta na cikin gida na Najeriya ana sarrafa su tare da Dove yayin da sabis na Kogin Yamma ke aiki tare da Bristol Wayfarers.Kulawa da gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sun kasance ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suka yi amfani da odar United Kingdom Colonial Air Navigator a matsayin ikon doka.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1957 Ghana ta fice daga kamfanin jirgin sama,kuma a watan Agustan 1958 gwamnatin Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar BOAC da Layukan Elder Dempster suka kafa West African Airways Corporation(Nigeria)Limited (wanda daga baya zai kwatanta zuwa Nigeria Airways na yau).Wannan mataki guda daya mai cike da tarihi ya shelanta tsarin kamfanonin jiragen sama a Najeriya.
A ranar 22 ga Mayu,2023 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta sanar da sabon manajan darakta na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama na Najeriya(FAAN) kuma wa'adin zai dauki tsawon shekaru hudu.
Kulawa Lokacin da ake ma'amala da cikakken kewayon hadaddun tsarin da ake amfani da su don amincin sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin muhalli,kowane daki-daki ana yin la'akari da shi don tsara kayan aikin kiyayewa da tallafin dabaru. Wadannan su ne kayan aikin kulawa da sabis na tallafin kayan aiki waɗanda ake buƙata don ingantaccen sabis na kulawa wanda FAAN ke bayarwa:
Na'urorin saka idanu na waje/na ciki
Cibiyar kula da tsakiya/dakin gwaje-gwaje
Sauran tsarin tallafi na dabaru
Na'urorin Kula da Kayayyakin Waje/Na Cikin Gida A halin yanzu,ana karɓar kayan aiki da matsayin hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya matsayin kayan aiki/kayan aiki da bayanan gazawa ta hanyar rahoton masu amfani da sabis da sauran nau'ikan na'urorin sa ido daban-daban Duk da haka,tare da ƙudurin Hukumar don inganta ayyuka,ƙarin fayyace.na'urorin sa ido da nufin gano kayan aiki/gazawar kayan aiki yanzu ana hasashen su jimre da haɓakar haɓakar tsarin daban-daban.Na'urar da ke da nuni na gani a cikin ɗakin kayan aiki zai nuna tsarin duk kayan aikin da aka haɗa a ainihin lokacin
Bincike Wannan ƙayyadaddun bita ne/dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman inda ake gudanar da takamaiman tsarin kulawa zuwa matakin-bangaren.Kulawa, gyare-gyare,gyare-gyare da dai sauransu,na duk sassan analog ana aiwatar da su tare da na'urorin aunawa na al'ada kamar na'urori masu yawa na gargajiya,janareta, oscilloscopes,da dai sauransu.Ana duba aikin waɗannan kayan aikin gwajin kuma ana sake yin gyaran fuska kowace shekara biyu.
Dabaru Sayen kaya,adanawa da kyau da kuma dawo da kayayyakin cikin sauki wani nauyi ne na farko na sashin shaguna na hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta tarayyar Najeriya.Bisa la'akari da yawan adadin kayayyakin kayayyakin da aka tanadar ga kowane tsari,akwai tsare-tsare na sarrafa wannan fanni na kwamfuta domin inganta aiki.Sauran muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikin kula da FAAN sun hada da ingancin kayayyakin amfanin jama’a kamar hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta kasa,NEPA(wato wutar lantarki ta jama’a),hukumar sadarwa ta Najeriya(NITEL)da kuma allunan ruwa daban-daban.
Ayyuka
filayen jiragen sama Mallakar ta kuma FAAN:
Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport
Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport
Murtala Muhammed International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Port Harcourt
Kaduna Airport
Maiduguri International Airport
Yakubu Gowon Airport
Yola Airport
Sadiq Abubakar III International Airport
Margaret Ekpo International Airport
Akanu Ibiam International Airport
Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport
Ibadan Airport
Filin jirgin sama na Ilorin
Bida filin jirgin sama
Sauran ayyuka Makarantun filin jirgin na Murtala Muhammad(MMAS)na gudanar da azuzuwan renon yara da karbar baki a cikin gidajen ma'aikatan FAAN da ke Ikeja, Legas,kusa da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammad.Makarantun firamare da sakandare na makarantar suna makwabtaka da gidajen ma'aikata.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje FAAN Official website
Portal mai ɗaukar kaya FAAN
Filayen jirgin sama a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13495 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Tyler | Aisha Tyler | Aisha Naomi Tyler (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif ɗari tara saba'in 1970)Na Miladiyya(A.c)yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, Ba’amurikiya, darakta kuma mai shirya fina-finai. An san ta da yin wasa da Andrea Marino a farkon lokacin Ghost Whisperer, Dr. Tara Lewis a cikin Minds na Laifi, da Yanayin Uwa a cikin fina-finai na Santa Clause da kuma bayyana a matsayin Lana Kane a cikin Archer da kuma rawar da ke faruwa a kan CSI: Binciken Yanayi, Magana Soup da Abokai Ta kasance takwaran hadin gwiwar CBS The Talk, inda ta ci kyautar Emmy Award ta Rana Nishaɗi da Nuna Hoton Mai ba da rahoto kuma a yanzu haka tana da Lineasean Ta kuma bakuncin babban taron 'yan jaridu na E3 Ubisoft kuma ta ba da muryarta na wasannin bidiyo Halo: Reach da Gears na War 3 Farkon rayuwa An haife Tyler a San Francisco, California, 'yar Robin Gregory, malami, da James Tyler, mai daukar hoto. Iyalin sun yi shekara ɗaya a Habasha kuma daga baya suka share lokaci suna zaune a cikin ashram a Oakland, California. Ta nemi sha'awar farawa a cikin makarantar sakandare ta McAteer a San Francisco, wanda ke da wani shiri na musamman da ake kira School of the Arts, yanzu sunan makaranatar Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts Tyler ta halarci makarantar sakandare tare da Kuma Sam Rockwell da Margaret Cho Ta na da murkushe Rock Rock, kuma ta bi shi ya zama darasi wata rana, wanda ya kai ga sha'awar ta a cikin improv da Sketch. Tyler ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Dartmouth a cikin shekarar 1992. Ta kasance memba na Tabard, aminiyar hadin gwiwa. A Dartmouth, ta kasance tare da kafa da kuma rera waka a cikin Dartmouth Rockapellas, duk mace-mace wata kungiya ce ta cappella da aka sadaukarwa don fadakar da jama'a ta hanyar waka. Bayan ɗan gajeren aiki a kamfanin talla a San Francisco, sai ta zagaya ƙasar don neman aikin ban dariya kafin ta koma Los Angeles a shekarar 1996.
Aiki Ayyukan Tyler a cikin talabijin sun fara aiki a 2001 tare da ayyuka a matsayin mai ba da shawara na So Soup da kuma jerin batutuwa na Fifth Wheel, koda yake an soke Talk Soup a shekara mai zuwa kuma Tyler ta bar Fifth Wheel a shekarar 2002 don biɗa sauran burin. Tyler ta ba da gagarumin lokacin ta ga ayyukan 'yanci, gami da rawar da ta taka a wasan Moose Mating, wanda ta samu lambar yabo ta NAACP Ta kuma rubuta, jagoranci, da kuma tauraro a cikin gajeren gajeren fim din The Whipper Motsawa zuwa cikin aiki, Tyler ya nuna a cikin abokai kamar yadda Dr. Charlie Wheeler, yarinyar Joey sannan kuma Ross 'budurwa, a cikin tara da na goma. Ta bi hakan tare da baƙo a CSI: Miami da Nip Tuck, da daidaita daidaita ayyukan lokaci-lokaci a kan duka CSI: Binciken Binciken Laifuka da kuma 24 yayin lokacin talabijin na 2004-2005. Hakanan ta yi fim ɗin nata matattarar jirgi sittin don CBS, wanda ba a ɗauka ba. Ta fito a MADtv Bayan aikinta na yau da kullun akan jerin CBS Ghost Whisperer a lokacin farkonsa, Tyler ta fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da The Santa Clause 2, The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, .45, da kuma mai ban dariya Bukukuwa na Fury A shekara ta 2007, ta yi fim mai ban al'ajabi game da Mutuwar Mutuwar da kuma wasan kwaikwayon laifuffuka na Black Water Transit Hakanan ta ci gaba da bayyana a talabijin, tare da fitowa a Boston Legal, Reno 911!, The Boondocks, kuma a matsayin mai sukar finafinai na baƙi a yawancin fina-finai na At Films tare da Ebert & Roeper, cike suke don Roger Ebert da ya ɓace yayin da take murmurewa daga tiyata. Tyler ta koma cikin kafofin watsa labaru a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga Glamour, Jane, da mujallu na mako-mako Nishaɗi Littafinta na farko, Swerve: Jagora zuwa Dadi Rayuwa don modan matan Postmodern, an fito dashi a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. Tyler ta taka rawa a yawon shakatawa na Poker na Duniya a cikin wasannin Hollywood Gida don ayyukan ci gaba ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Ta kuma nuna fitinar baki a Kanye West Slow Jamz wacce ke dauke da Twista da Jamie Foxx Aikin tallafi na Philanthropy da taimako suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Tyler, kuma tana yin aikin taimako na kai-tsaye ga Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Amurka, amintacciyar kungiyar Jama'a ta Kasa, da Kula da Iyaye ta Amurka, da Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya Tyler ta bayyana a cikin wani hoton tsirara, tare da sauran mashahuran mutane, a cikin fitowar Allure ta watan Mayun shekarar 2006. Batun Nude na shekara-shekara yana tara kuɗi ne don magance cutar fata A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, an ba da sanarwar cewa ABC ta bai wa Tyler nata matattarar matattara mai magana, The Aisha Tyler Show A farkon Mayu 2010, ta gabatar da bidiyon "Barka da zuwa Beta" na Halo: Isar Ta kuma yi magana da ɗan ƙaramin hali a wasan. A shekara ta 2009, ta fara fitowa a tauraruwarta wajen renon Lana Kane a cikin jerin fim din FX Archer, wanda aka sanya a ranar 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2010 kuma yafara gudana awanni 9 tun daga shekarar 2018. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2010, Tyler ta fara fitowa a cikin baƙon shirin mai maimaituwa naThe Stephanie Miller Show An sanya sunan bangaren "uTesdays with Tyerl". Tyler ta bayyana a cikin ɗakin studio ko ta waya lokacin da ba ta yi niyya ga ɗayan rawar da take yi ba. Yayinda Hal Sparks kasance daga ƙasar, Tyler ya cika a matsayin memba na uku na Stephanie Miller Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour akan wasanni uku a watan Agusta shekarata 2011. Hakanan a shekara ta 2009, Tyler ta yi shirye-shiryen wasanninta na yau da kullun, suna zaune a Fillmore Theater Daga ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 2011, Tyler ta fara yin faifan bidiyo na mako-mako, Yarinya kan Guy, inda ta yi hira da abokanka mashahurin mashahurai kuma suna tattaunawa kan batutuwan da masoya suke so. Yarinya a kan Guy tana samuwa a cikin rukunin yanar gizon don saukewa ta amfani da iTunes, mp3, da RSS Nunin da aka gabatar a matsayin Podcast mai ban dariya mai ban dariya na 4 akan iTunes kuma a halin yanzu shine Kundin adadi mai ban dariya na 2, da kuma kwatankwacin bidiyon 7 a kan iTunes. Wurin mako na farko na Yarinya a kan Guy ya ba da baƙo H. Jon Benjamin, na biyu ya gabatar da rukunin gidan talabijin din da ya gabata na InfoMania Brett Erlich a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2011, da kuma na uku wanda ta kirkirar Archer mahaliccin Adam Reed a 9 ga Agusta, 2011. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tyler zata shiga cikin sahun fitowa a The Talk a zaman hadin-gwiwa na dindindin, tare da maye gurbin Holly Robinson Peete Makon farko na cikakken mako a matsayin mai ba da shirin daga ranar 24 ga Oktoba zuwa 28 ga Oktoba, 2011. Tyler an san ta da kasancewa mai bayyana ra'ayi da kuma fito fili a game da Magana, musamman game da al'adun Afirka da ra'ayoyi na Afirka, yanci na LGBT, da haƙƙin mata Tyler ta gabatar da taron manema labarai na Ubisoft a E3 2012 a watan Yuni, wanda ya samu karbuwa daga magoya bayan da ba su yarda da cewa Tyler dan wasa bane. Wannan ya sa Tyler ta amsa tare da waƙa game da yadda ta ke wasa wasannin bidiyo "tun da kuka kasance tagwaye a ɓangaren hagu na underoos na daddy". Ta dawo ta karbi bakuncin taron manema labarai a shekara mai zuwa Littafin Tyler na biyu, Raunin kansa da Kansa: Labarin Mai ban tausayi na Epic Hum ƙasƙanci, an yi sharhi a cikin Yulin shekara ta 2013, daga baya ya zama mai ba da kyautar New York Times An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tambayoyin baƙi akan Yarinya akan Guy A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an tabbatar da Tyler ta zama sabon rukunin rukunin Amurkawa na layi Na Wane ne Shin? Hakanan ta bayyana a taƙaice kamar kanta a wasan bidiyo Watch Dogs kuma an nuna ta a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar "Weird Al" Yankovic Tacky Tyler ta kasance muryar asali don halayen Daisy Fitzroy a cikin wasan bidiyo na shekarar 2013 BioShock Inlopin, amma ba a yi amfani da rikodin sa ba kuma rawar ta kasance ga Kimberly Brooks An zabi ta don Personan mutum na 2014 a Kyautar Golden Joystick Award 2014 A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tyler ta sauka a maimaitaccen aiki a shekara ta goma sha ɗaya ta Laifin Minds kamar Dr. Tara Lewis Kodayake ta kasance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jennifer Love Hewitt, wanda ke kan izinin haihuwa, Matsayinta ya hau kan babban memba a cikin kakar 12. A shekara ta 2016, Tyler ta fara kamfen din Kickstarter don tallata kalandar finafinan ta na farko, Axis An harbe fim din fiye da kwana bakwai a watan Mayu 2016. An saki Axis ta hanyar bidiyo-kan-buƙata a kan Afrilu 10, 2018. A ranar 15 ga Yunin shekarar 2017, fim din Tallar, Tyler ta sanar da cewa za ta bar wasan a karshen kakar wasa ta bakwai saboda shirinta da ya yi tare da wasu finafinai uku da nuna fina-finai.
Rayuwarta Tyler ta auri lauya Jeff Tietjens a 1992 ko shekarar 1994 (kafofin sun bambanta). Ma'auratan sun rabu a watan Janairu na 2015 kuma Tietjens ta nemi a sake shi a watan Afrilun shekarar 2016. An kammala shi a watan Mayu 2017. Tyler ta bayyana akan WTF tare da Marc Maron cewa tayi aure shekaru 25. Tyler ta fito daga zuriyar dan majalisa Texas a ƙarni na 19 John Hancock ta hannun ɗansa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, Hugh Hancock. Hugh, wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Koleji Oberlin, ya kasance fitaccen mai fafutuka a yankin Afirka da ke zaune a Austin, Texas kuma jagora a Jam'iyyar Republican Tyler ta shiga cikin masu fafutukar ƙwararraki don ofancin ƙungiyar LGBTQ Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Wasanin bidiyo
Yanar gizo
Bidiyon kiɗa
Darakta
Wallafaffun ayyuka Tyler, Aisha (2005). Juya Sanyaya. ISBN Tyler, Aisha (2005). Tyler, Aisha (2005). Tyler, Aisha (2013). Raunin kansa: Tatsuniyoyi masu ban tausayi na ƙasƙantar da almara Yana Litattafai. ISBN Tyler, Aisha (2013). Tyler, Aisha (2013).
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Official website Aisha Tyler on IMDb
|
25510 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20notation | Mathematical notation | Duba Kuma
Lissafin lissafi shine tsarin wakilcin alamomin abubuwan lissafi da ra'ayoyi. Ana amfani da alamar ilimin lissafi a cikin lissafi, kimiyyar jiki, injiniya, da tattalin arziki Bayanan ilimin lissafi sun haɗa da wakilci mai sauƙi mai sauƙi, kamar lambobi 0, 1 da 2.masu canji kamar x, y da z .masu ƙuntatawa kamar "("da ;"|")alamomin aiki sin alamomin aiki kamar alamomin alaƙa kamar alamomin ra'ayi kamar lim da <i id="mwFw">dy/dx</i> lissafi da hadaddun alamomin zane kamar Bayanin hoto na Penrose da zane -zanen Coxeter -Dynkin Ma'ana Lissafin lissafi shine tsarin rubutu da ake amfani da shi don yin rikodin tunani a cikin lissafi.
Sanarwar tana amfani da alamomi ko maganganun alama waɗanda aka yi niyya don samun madaidaicin ma’anar kalma.
A cikin tarihin lissafi, waɗannan alamomin sun nuna lambobi, sifofi, alamu da canji. Sanarwar na iya haɗawa da alamomi don ɓangarorin maganganun al'ada tsakanin masu ilimin lissafi, lokacin kallon lissafi azaman yare.
An ba da labarin kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi amfani da su don yin rubutu a ƙasa, amma kayan yau da kullun sun haɗa da takarda da fensir, allo da alli (ko alamar bushewa), da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki. Riko da tsare -tsare ga dabarun ilmin lissafi shine ainihin mahimmancin ilimin lissafi. Don ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa, duba muhawara mai ma'ana, dabaru na lissafi, da ka'idar ƙira.
Magana Maganar lissafi shine jerin alamomin da za a iya kimantawa. Misali, idan alamomin suna wakiltar lambobi, to ana kimanta maganganun gwargwadon tsarin aiki na yau da kullun wanda ke ba da lissafi, idan ya yiwu, na kowane maganganu a cikin rakodin, kowane mai ba da labari da tushen sa ya biyo baya, sannan ninkawa da rarrabuwa, a ƙarshe kowane kari ko ragi, duk an yi daga hagu zuwa dama.
A cikin harshen kwamfuta, waɗannan ƙa'idodin ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar masu tarawa Don ƙarin bayani kan kimanta magana, duba batutuwan kimiyyar kwamfuta ƙima mai ɗimuwa, ƙima mara ƙima, ƙimar gajeriyar hanya, da mai aikin tantancewa.
Ma'anar ma'anar kalma daidai Ilimin lissafi na zamani yana buƙatar zama daidai, saboda ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa ba su ba da izinin hujjoji na yau da kullun ba. Yi tsammani cewa muna da kalamai, denoted da wasu m jerin daga alamomin, game da wasu abubuwa (misali, lambobi, siffofi, alamu). Har sai an nuna cewa maganganun suna da inganci, har yanzu ba a warware ma'anar su ba. Yayin aiwatar da tunani, za mu iya bari alamomin su koma ga waɗancan abubuwan da aka nuna, wataƙila a cikin samfuri. Mahimmancin abubuwan abu yana da gefen heuristic da gefen cirewa. A kowane hali, muna iya son sanin kaddarorin wannan abin, wanda zamu iya jera su cikin mahimmin ma'ana.
Waɗannan kadarorin za a iya bayyana su ta wasu sanannun alamomin da aka yarda da su daga tebur na alamomin lissafi. Wannan bayanin lissafin na iya haɗa da annotations kamar
"All x", "A'a x", "Akwai wani x" (ko da kamarsa, "Wasu x"), "A sa "A yi aiki "Taswira daga ainihin lambobi zuwa lambobi masu rikitarwa A cikin mahallin daban -daban, ana iya amfani da alama ɗaya ko alama don wakiltar ra'ayoyi daban -daban (kamar yadda za a iya amfani da alamomi da yawa don wakiltar ra'ayi ɗaya). Sabili da haka, don cikakken fahimtar wani yanki na lissafin lissafi, yana da mahimmanci a fara duba ma'anar bayanan da marubucin ya bayar. Wannan na iya zama matsala, alal misali, idan marubucin ya ɗauka mai karatu ya riga ya saba da bayanin da ake amfani da shi.
Tarihi Asalin
Ƙidaya Anyi imanin cewa lissafin lissafi don wakiltar ƙidaya an fara haɓaka shi aƙalla shekaru ta 50,000 da suka gabata ra'ayoyin lissafi na farko kamar ƙidaya yatsa suma an wakilta su ta tarin duwatsu, sanduna, kashi, yumɓu, dutse, dutse, itace sassaƙa, da igiyoyi masu ƙulli. Tally stick shine hanyar ƙidaya tun daga Upper Paleolithic Wataƙila tsoffin sanannun matanin ilimin lissafi sune na tsohuwar Sumerr. A Census Quipu na Andes da Ishango Kashi daga Afirka biyu amfani da Tally lamba Hanyar lissafin kudi don na lamba Concepts.
Haɓaka sifili a matsayin lamba yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ci gaba a farkon ilimin lissafi. Babiloniyawa da Masarawa na Girka sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai riƙe da wurin, sannan a matsayin mai lamba ta Mayan, Indiyawa da Larabawa (duba tarihin sifiri don ƙarin bayani).
Geometry ya zama mai nazari Hanyoyin ilmin lissafi na farko a lissafin lissafi ba su ba da kansu da kyau don ƙidaya ba. Lambobi na halitta, alaƙar su da ɓangarori, da kuma gano adadin ci gaba a zahiri ya ɗauki millennia don ɗaukar tsari, har ma ya fi tsayi don ba da damar haɓaka sanarwa.
A zahiri, ba har sai ƙirƙirar ƙirar lissafi ta René Descartes ne geometry ya zama ƙarƙashin batun adadi. An yi amfani da wasu gajerun hanyoyin alamomi don dabarun ilmin lissafi a cikin buga hujjojin geometric. Haka kuma, iko da ikon ka'idar geometry da tsarin hujja sun yi tasiri sosai ga rubuce-rubucen da ba na lissafi ba, kamar su Principia Mathematica ta Isaac Newton misali.
Sanarwar zamani Karni na 18 da 19 sun ga ƙirƙirar da daidaita daidaiton ilimin lissafi kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a yau. Leonhard Euler shine ke da alhakin yawancin sanarwar da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu: amfani da a, b, c don madaidaiciya da x, y, z don abubuwan da ba a sani ba, e don tushen logarithm na halitta, sigma don taƙaitawa, i don sashin hasashe, da bayanin aikin f x Ya kuma ba da sanarwar amfani da don Archimedes na dindindin (saboda shawarar William Jones don amfani da ta wannan hanyar dangane da farkon bayanin William Oughtred Bugu da kari, da yawa filayen lissafi kai da bugu na halittawa domin tsarin rubutu: da bambanci sadarwarka na Leibniz, da manyan infinities na Georg Cantor (a Bugu da kari ga lemniscate na John Wallis da congruence alama ce Gauss, da sauransu.
Bayanan kwamfuta Harsunan alamar lissafin lissafi kamar TeX, LaTeX kuma, kwanan nan, MathML, suna da ƙarfin isa don bayyana fa'idodin lissafi da yawa.
Software na tabbatar da ka’idar yana zuwa da bayanin kansa na lissafi. aikin OMDoc yana neman samar da buɗaɗɗen wuri don irin waɗannan sanarwa. kuma yaren MMT yana ba da tushe don ma'amala tsakanin sauran alamun.
Bayanan lissafin lissafi ba na Latin ba Ƙididdigar lissafin larabci na zamani ya dogara ne akan haruffan Larabci kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, musamman a makarantun gaba da sakandare.
(Sanarwar Yammacin Turai tana amfani da adadi na Larabci, amma alamar Larabci kuma tana maye gurbin haruffan Latin da alamomin alaƙa da rubutun Larabci.)
Baya ga rubutun Larabci, lissafi kuma yana amfani da haruffan Girkanci don nuna abubuwa iri -iri na lissafi da masu canji. A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da wasu haruffan Ibrananci (kamar a cikin mahallin kadina marasa iyaka Wasu ƙididdigar lissafin lissafi galibi zane -zane ne, don haka kusan rubuce -rubuce ne masu zaman kansu. Misalai sune ƙirar hoto na Penrose da zane -zanen Coxeter -Dynkin Bayanan lissafin Braille da makafi ke amfani da su sun haɗa da Nemeth Braille da GS8 Braille Encoding Lambobi don alamar lissafi a cikin ma'aunin sunayen rubutun ISO 15924 sune Zmth da 995 Duba kuma Cin zarafin sanarwa
Begriffsschrift
Ƙamus na alamomin lissafi
Bourbaki alamar lanƙwasa mai haɗari
Tarihin lissafin lissafi
ISO 31-11
ISO 80000-2
Sanarwar kibiya ta Knuth
Alamomin Alphanumeric Alamu
Bayanin a yiwuwa da kididdiga
Harshen lissafi
Bayanan kimiyya
Semasiography
Teburin alamomin lissafi
Taron haruffa a cikin dabarun lissafi
Bayanin Vector
Ƙididdigar lissafin larabci na zamani
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Florian Cajori, Tarihin Lissafin Lissafi (1929), kundin 2. ISBN 0-486-67766-4
0-471-39340-1. David Bellos, EF Harding, Sophie Wood da Ian Monk ne suka Fassara daga Faransanci. Ifrah ta goyi bayan tafsirinsa ta hanyar faɗar kalmomin jumla daga harsuna a duk faɗin duniya.
Mazur, Joseph (2014), Alamomin Haskakawa: Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Lissafin Lissafi da Ƙarfinsa na Boye Princeton, New Jersey: Jami'ar Princeton Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15463-3
Hanyoyin waje Farkon Amfani da Alamu iri -iri na Lissafi
Lissafin ilimin lissafi ASCII yadda ake rubuta alamar lissafi a cikin kowane editan rubutu.
Lissafi a matsayin Harshe a yanke-da-kulli
Stephen Wolfram Lissafin Lissafi: Tsohuwa da Gaba Oktoba 2000. Rubutun babban adireshin da aka gabatar a MathML da Math akan Yanar gizo: MathML International Conference.
Pages with unreviewed |
33026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dagaaba | Mutanen Dagaaba | Mutanen Dagaaba (mufuradi Dagao, da kuma, a yarukan arewa, Dagara na jam'i da kuma mufuradi) kabila ce dake arewa da haduwar Ghana, Burkina Faso da Cote d'Ivoire. Suna magana da yaren Dagaare, yaren Gur wanda ya ƙunshi yarukan Dagaare na Arewa masu alaƙa da yarukan Dagaare na Kudu da wasu ƙananan yarukan. A cikin yarukan arewa ana kiran harshe da jama’a da Dagara. Suna da alaka da mutanen Birifor da Dagaare Diola. Harshen da aka fi sani da Dagaare (wanda kuma ake kira Dagare, Dagari, Dagarti, Dagara ko Dagao), kuma a tarihi wasu wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba sun dauki wannan a matsayin sunan mutane. Wani masanin tarihi, yana kwatanta yadda ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi amfani da “Dagarti” a da, ya rubuta cewa: “Dagarti ya bayyana cewa Turawa na farko da suka ziyarci yankin ne suka kirkiro sunan Dagarti, daga asalin harshen dagaa, daidai ‘Dagari’. shine sunan yare, 'Dagaaba' ko 'Dagara' na mutane, da 'Dagaw' ko 'Dagawie' na ƙasa."
Yaduwar yanki Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta ana raba su zuwa Arewa da Kudancin Dagaare, idan aka kwatanta da yawan al’ummarsu a shekarar 2003 sama da miliyan daya bazuwa a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na Ghana da yankin Sud-Ouest a kudu maso yammacin Burkina Faso. Kudancin Dagaare mutane ne da ke da kusan 700,000 da ke zaune a yammacin yankin Upper West. Masu magana da harshen Dagaare na Arewa, wanda aka kiyasta yawansu ya kai 388,000 (a cikin 2001) suna zaune ne a lardin Ioba, amma kuma a lardunan Poni, Bougouriba, Sissili, da Mouhoun. A Ghana, guguwar hijira da dama daga cikin gida, tun daga farkon mulkin mallaka a karshen karni na 19 (amma mai yiyuwa ne aka fara shi da wuri) kuma a shekarun 1980, ya kawo yawan mutanen Dagaaba zuwa garuruwan kudancin kasar. musamman yankin Brong Ahafo. A Ghana ta zamani, mahaifar Dagaaba na yankin Upper West ya hada da gundumomi da garuruwan Nandom, Lawra, Jirapa, Kaleo, Papu, Nadowli, Daffiama, Wechiau da Hamile. Hakanan ana samun manyan al'ummomi a garuruwan Wa, Bogda, Babile, Tuna, Han, Zambo, Ghana, da Nyoli.
Tarihi Tushen al’ummar Dagaaba a zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka ya kasance abin muhawara. Hujjar al’adar baka ita ce, Dagaaba ta fito ne daga kungiyar Mole-Dagbani da ta yi hijira zuwa yankin Sahel da ba shi da danshi a karni na goma sha hudu miladiyya. An yi imanin sun ƙara yin ƙaura zuwa ƙananan arewacin yankin a ƙarni na sha bakwai. Tun kafin bayyanar Turawa, Dagaaba suna rayuwa ne a cikin ƙananan al'ummomin noma, ba a mayar da su cikin kowane babban tsari irin na jiha ba. Nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci ya yi nuni da wallafe-wallafen baka wanda ya nuna cewa Dagaaba lokaci-lokaci, kuma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara, sun bijirewa yunƙurin mamaya da jihohi a kudancin Ghana na zamani, da kuma masarautun Dagbon da Mamprugu da Gonja a arewa. Ɗaya daga cikin kididdigar da aka kafa a kan shaidar baka ita ce, Dagaaba ta kafa a matsayin ƙungiyar Dagbon da ke ƙarƙashin Na Nyanse. Iyakokin turawan mulkin mallaka, da aka shata a lokacin Scramble for Africa, sun sanya su a arewa maso yammacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso, da kuma kananan mazauna kasar Ivory Coast.
Ƙarfafa dangantakar jama'a Al’ummar Dagaaba a wasu lokuta suna samun rikici da kungiyoyin da ke makwabtaka da su, musamman kan hakkin filaye, a shekarun 1980 da kabilar Sisala da kuma a lokutan baya da mutanen Wala. Na karshen, tare da kawance da Daular Wassoulou ta Diola Samory Toure, sun ci Dagawie da yawa a karshen shekarun 1890, karkashin jagorancin Sarankye Mori.
Wasu daga cikin kauyukan Dagaaba na kudu sun kasance a farkon shekarun 1890 karkashin mulkin Masarautar Wala amma sai suka yi tawaye a 1894 suka ba da yancin kai. Duk da haka an mayar da su ga yankunan Wala Native Authority ta Birtaniya a 1933.
Al'umma A cikin mahaifar Dagawie, Dagaaba sun kafa al'ummomin noma marasa zaman kansu. Tsakanin Dagaaba na zamani sun ƙunshi dangi goma waɗanda suka ƙunshi sama da mutane miliyan ɗaya.
Siyasar gargajiya Al'ummomin Dagaaba na gargajiya sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilar "Yir" ko rukunin gida, waɗanda jerin su an tattara su zuwa cikin "Tengan", yankin bautar gumaka na duniya. Tsarin Tengan, ƙungiyar rawar da aka saba gada a cikin rukunin gida ɗaya, ana kiransa tendaalun. Shugaban wadannan wuraren tsafi, tengan sob (wani lokaci tindana) ya cika aikin dattijo da firist, tare da tengan dem, mai kula da al'ada da mai kula da cibiyar al'ada. Sauran ayyukan firist/dattijo a cikin tendalun sun haɗa da suo sob wanda ke yin yankan dabba ga allahntakar duniya, zongmogre da ke yin al'ada a cibiyoyin kasuwa mai tsarki, da gara dana ko wie sob wanda shi ne shugaban al'ada a tsakanin al'ummomin farauta. Wadannan sauran nau'o'in rayuwa na al'umma a yawancin al'ummar Dagaaba, da kuma tasiri, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ra'ayin al'umma game da ƙasa kamar yadda aka yi a cikin ruhaniya, da kuma albarkatun al'umma daban-daban da ke faɗo a ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumomi, zuriya, da/ko rundunonin ruhaniya daban-daban.
Har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha tara lokacin da aka samu sarautar hukumomi (kuma daga baya gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa shi), al'ummomin Dagaaba sun yi aiki a karkashin tsarin majalisar dattawa.
Wasu daga cikin al’ummar Dagaaba suna rike da sarautar gargajiya, wani lokacin kuma suna takara. Tun a shekara ta 2006 ne ‘Majalisar Dattawa’ ta al’ummar Dagaaba ta kasar Ghana ta yi yunkurin hada kan bangarori daban-daban tare da nada Naa Franklin Suantah, babban jami’in kula da karatu na kwalejin horas da ma’aikata ta Saint Louis ta Kumasi a matsayin shugaban al’ummar Dagaaba a kasar Ghana.
Al'adu Al’ummar Dagaaba a tarihi sun yi addinan Gargajiya, da Musulunci da Kiristanci. Dagaaba na Ghana a al'adance sun kasance suna da alakar ƴan uwa/Barkwanci da mutanen Frafra (Gurunsi). Dagaaba, kafin tasirin ’yan mulkin mallaka, sun kasance masu dogaro da kai wajen samar da karfe, sun kuma samu nasara wajen noman gauraye. Sun kuma ƙera naɗaɗɗen kayan kida da suka haɗa da gyle (xylophones).
Ilimin tattalin arziki Al'ummomi a yankunan Dagaaba sun kasance a matsayin ƙananan ƙananan noma, tare da filayen noman iyali da kansu ke nomawa. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da kuɗin shiga a waje da gonaki don ƙarin kuɗin shiga kasuwanci da rayuwa daga noma. Al'ummomin masu kamun kifi na Dagaaba sun ci gaba da tafiya tare da Black Volta, iyakar ƙasar Dagaaba. Saboda ana samun al'ummomin tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na bakin teku zuwa Sahel mai tarihi, ciniki ya daɗe yana zama muhimmiyar sana'a, amma galibi a cikin kayan gida. Kasuwanni a cikin manyan garuruwa suna ranar Lahadi, tare da wasu a zagaye na kwanaki shida.
Wasu al'ummomin Dagaaba na zamani na arewacin Ghana sun shahara a matsayin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka na ƙarshe da har yanzu suke amfani da harsashi na Cowrie a matsayin kuɗi, tare da cedi na zamani na Ghana. Ana amfani da Cowrie ba kawai don kayan ado na gargajiya da na biki ba (kamar yadda sauran al'ummomin Afirka ta Yamma suke yi), har ma a matsayin wata hujja ta hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na tanadi na cikin gida da kuma amintacciyar hanyar kasuwanci a kan iyakokin ƙasa (da kuɗaɗe) waɗanda za su iya raba kan al'ummomin Dagaaba.
Adabin baka Adabin baka yana da dadadden al’ada tare da al’ummar Dagaaba, kuma ya kasance abin koyi da tarbiyya a cikin al’ummar Dagaaba. Akwai manyan adabi guda biyu a cikin al'ummar Dagaaba. Ana iya rarraba su gabaɗaya a matsayin adabi na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi labarai, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da sauran nau'ikan baka da kuma adabi masu tsarki da aka samar a lokacin al'ada da hidimar addini. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan su ne tatsuniyoyi na tatsuniyoyi na jakunkuna da jawabai da aka yi a lokacin bukukuwan qaddamarwa da sauran hidimomin addini.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bibliography of Dagaare Studies, compiled by Dr. Adams B. Bodomo, retrieved 2009-02-12.
Journal of Dagaare Studies, University of Hong Kong, ISSN 1608-0661. Abstracts of 6 issues in 6 volumes, 2001–2006, retrieved 2009-02-12.
Kabilu a Ghana
Kabilu a Cote d'voire
Kabilu a Burkina |
30123 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98alubalen%20muhalli%20a%20Haiti | Ƙalubalen muhalli a Haiti | An sami babban ƙalubale ga muhalli da halittun Haiti. Sarke dazuzzuka a Haiti ya bar kusan kashi 30% na gandun daji a halin yanzu.
Flora da fauna Tsibirin Hispaniola yana gida ne ga tsire-tsire sama da 6,000, waɗanda 35% ke da yawa; da nau'in tsuntsaye 220. Babu ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsayen da ke fama da cutar Haiti, amma La Selle thrush yana kusan haka. Asalin ɗimbin halittun ƙasar ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin yanayin tsaunuka da kuma sauye-sauyen tsaunuka waɗanda kowane tudu ke ɗauke da ƙananan yanayi daban-daban. Daban-daban shimfidar wurare na ƙasar sun haɗa da dazuzzukan gajimare masu ɗorewa (a cikin wasu jeri na tsaunuka da wuraren da aka kiyaye), tudun duwatsu masu tsayi, bushewar hamada, dajin mangrove, da rairayin bakin teku masu na bishiyar dabino Tun lokacin da ɗan asalin ƙasar Haiti ya zo da, ɗimbin halittun Haiti ya ragu sosai saboda cin zarafin ɗan adam. Misali, hatimin sufi na Caribbean, wanda kawai ya taɓa faruwa a cikin Caribbean, yanzu ya ƙare.
Hadarin muhalli Baya ga zaizayar kasa, sare dazuzzuka a Haiti ya haifar da ambaliya lokaci-lokaci, kamar yadda aka gani a ranar 17 ga Satumban shekarata 2004. Guguwar mai zafi Jeanne ta mamaye arewacin gabar tekun Haiti, inda mutane kimanin 3,006 suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar laka, akasari a birnin Gonaïves A farkon wannan shekarar a watan Mayu, ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe mutane sama da 3,000 a kan iyakar Haiti ta kudancin kasar da Jamhuriyar Dominican. Haiti ta sake cin karo da guguwa mai zafi a ƙarshen Agusta da farkon Satumban shekarata 2008. Guguwar— Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna da Ike —duk sun haifar da iska da ruwan sama a Haiti. Sakamakon raunin yanayin ƙasa a duk faɗin Haiti, ƙasar tuddai na ƙasar, da kuma mummunan daidaituwar guguwa guda huɗu a cikin ƙasa da makonni huɗu, yankunan kwari da ƙananan ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa. Rikicin ya kasance da wahala a ƙididdigewa saboda guguwar ta rage ƙarfin ɗan adam da albarkatun jiki don irin wannan rikodin. Gawawwakin sun ci gaba da fitowa yayin da ruwan ya koma baya. Wata majiya ta 10 ga Satumban shekarar 2008 ta lissafa matattu 331 da kuma 800,000 da ke bukatar agajin jin kai. Mummunan yanayin da waɗannan guguwa ta haifar ya kasance mafi haɗari ga rayuwa saboda hauhawar farashin abinci da man fetur wanda ya haifar da rikicin abinci da rikicin siyasa a cikin Afrilu a shekarata 2008. Kamar yadda ya faru a shekara ta 2004, guguwar shekara ta 2008 ta yi wa birnin Gonaïves da ke gabar teku hari musamman ma.
Haka kuma an sami manyan matsaloli a cikin shekarar 1999 da guguwa, inda mutane 9,398 suka mutu, 10,000 suka jikkata, sannan akalla 5,000 suka bace.
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli A cikin shekarata 1925, Haiti yana da lu'u-lu'u, tare da kashi 60% na gandun daji na asali ya rufe filaye da yankuna masu tsaunuka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bincike mai zurfi na kwanan nan game da hotunan tauraron dan adam ya ƙaddamar da kuskuren kiyasin <1% na farkon gandun daji. Yazayar kasa ta yi tsanani a yankunan tsaunuka. Yawancin sarewar Haiti ana yin su ne don noma da kuma samar da gawayi, babban tushen man fetur na kasar.
A karni na 19, an raba filayen noma mai girman hekta 15 ga manoma. 'Ya'yansu ne suka gada suka raba. A cikin shekarata 1971, matsakaicin girman gonakin ya kasance ƙasa da hekta 1.5. Don tsira, masu mallakar filaye sun yi amfani da fili fiye da kima. Ya zama marar haihuwa a cikin ƴan shekaru. Manoman sun ƙaura don kawar da tsaunin tuddai kuma a ƙarshe sun zama marasa aikin yi. Sannan Kuma Daga karshe karancin noman noma da karuwar talauci ya sa manoma daga gonakin noman rani da ke gefen tsaunuka zuwa neman aiki a birnin Port-au-Prince, inda yawan mutanen da ke cikin matsananciyar yunwa ya haifar da mummunan tarihin kasar na rikicin cikin gida. Duk da manyan rikice-rikicen muhalli, Haiti tana riƙe da adadi mai yawa na rayayyun halittu daidai da ƙaramin girmanta.
Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli Haiti na fuskantar manyan kalubale a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Abin lura shi ne, samun damar yin hidimar jama'a ba shi da kyau sosai, ingancinsu bai isa ba kuma cibiyoyin gwamnati suna da rauni sosai duk da tallafin da kasashen waje ke bayarwa da kuma ayyana aniyar gwamnati na karfafa cibiyoyin. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje da na Haiti suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin, musamman a yankunan karkara da birane.
Duba wasu abubuwan Jerin batutuwan muhalli
Jerin bala'o'i a Haiti
Asusun Mangrove
Hanyoyi hadi na waje
Ci gaba da karatu Jared Diamond, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 Dubi babi na 11 mai jigo "Tsibirin Daya, Mutane Biyu, Tarihi Biyu: Jamhuriyar Dominican da Haiti".
Manazarta Labaran EIN Labaran Muhalli na Haiti
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53198 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Hamid%20Zainal%20Abidin | Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin | Abdul Hamid bin Ngah Zainal Abidin (Jawi: 20 ga Fabrairu, 1944 30 ga Disamba, 2014) shi ne tsohon Shugaban Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) daga 16 ga Yuli 2004 zuwa 2009. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Parit Buntar kuma ya zama Minista a Sashen Firayim Minista.
Shi da Zakir Abdul Karim Naik daga Indiya an zabe su a matsayin Tokoh Maal Hijrah 1435/2013M An gabatar da kyautar ne a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2013 a Putrajaya Yang di-Pertuan Agong ne ya ba da kyautar a Babban Zauren, Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Putrajaya (PICC), Putrajaya Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ya gabatar da kyautar.
Ilimi Abdul Hamid ya sami ilimi a ƙauyen Kampung Tanah Lalang, Bagan Datoh, da Madrasah Irsyadiah, Bt. 26, Bagan Datah, Perak Sa'an nan kuma ci gaba da karatu a Madrasah Alawiah, Arau, Perlis da Kwalejin Musulunci ta Malaya, Petaling Jaya Bugu da ƙari, suna ci gaba da karatun difloma a ilimi (Kolejin Islama); Jagora (Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Alkahira, Misira da Kwalejin Musulmi, London). Har ila yau, digiri na biyu a Master of Islamic Law a Jami'ar Takhassus al Azhar, Misira Ayyuka Ya kasance malami a makarantar sakandare ta Tunku Besar, Tampin, Negeri Sembilan (1971-1972); malami a Cibiyar Victoria, Kuala Lumpur (1972-1977); malami na Nazarin Musulunci da Kwalejin Malamai ta Larabci-Islama, Lembah Pantai (1972-1980); mukaddashin shugaban Sashen Nazarin Musulmi da Kwalejar Malamai na Larabci da Musulunci (1980-1981).
Na gaba ya kasance babban mataimakin darektan harkokin dalibai, Sashen Ilimi na Malamai Ma'aikatar Ilimi (1982-1983) da Kwalejin Malamai ta Musulunci, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur (1984-1985)
Lokacin da aka kafa rundunar sojin Malaysia (KAGAT) Ma'aikatar Tsaro, ya zama darektan KAGAT na farko (1985-1995) na shekaru 10. Firayim Ministan Malaysia na lokacin, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad ya nemi ya shiga soja lokacin da yake da shekaru 40. Saboda haka dole ne ya sami horo na soja kamar horo na soja, makamai, makamai da duk ka'idojin soja. Bayan samun horo daban-daban, Yang di-Pertuan Agong ya ba da takardunsa tare da matsayin kolin kuma ya nada darektan KAGAT na farko. Ana iya aika membobin KAGAT a ko'ina, gami da yin aiki a ƙarƙashin tutar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kamar Bosnia da Herzegovina da Somalia.
Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad ya sake nada shi a matsayin babban darakta na farko, Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Musulunci ta Malaysia (JAKIM) (1995-2001). An fara kafa JAKIM ne don maye gurbin ƙaramin sashin da aka sani da Sashen Harkokin Musulunci na Sashen Firayim Minista (BAHEIS) a Cibiyar Musulunci. A wannan lokacin ne Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad ya kira Abdul Hamid a waya yayin aikin hajji zuwa Makka. A lokaci guda kuma an kafa Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Malaysian Syariah (JKSM).
A shekara ta 2001, bayan shekaru 6 a JAKIM, an nada shi Sanata kuma ya zama Minista a Sashen Firayim Minista (2001 Maris 2004). Tan Sri Dr Mohd Yusof Noor ne ya rike mukamin sannan Tan Sri Abdul Hamid Othman.
Matsayinsa na karshe shi ne Shugaban Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) (16 ga Yulin 2004 2009). Shi ne kuma shugaban Jami'ar Kuala Lumpur da kuma Pro Chancellor (UniKL)
Siyasa Firayim Minista na Malaysia Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ne ya zabe shi don yin takara a mazabar majalisa ta Parit Buntar a cikin Babban Zabe na 2004 kuma ya kayar da Datuk Dr Hasan Mohamed Ali. Abdul Hamid ya samu kuri'u 19,317 yayin da Dokta Hasan ya samu u 14,619. Tun da farko, Dokta Hasan ya kayar da dan takarar BN-NOUM Abdul Rahman Suliman, ɗan jarida mai rinjaye 2,094.
Nasarar Abdul Hamid ta kasance tare da nasarar BN-UMNO a kujerar jihar Titi Serong da kuma riƙe mazabar Batu Kurau.
Amma ba a zabi Abdul Hamid a matsayin dan takara a babban zaben 2008 ba. Sanata Datuk Abdul Rahman Suliman ya sake dawo da matsayinsa a kan Dokta Mujahid Yusof Rawa Ya zama cewa dan takarar BN-UMNO ya sha kashi a hannun dan takarar PAS tare da mafi rinjaye na kuri'u 7,551. A cikin 2013, Datuk Dr Mujahid ya sake cin nasara ta hanyar kayar da Mua'amar Ghadafi Jamal Datuk Wira Jamaludin daga BN-UMNO tare da mafi rinjaye ya karu zuwa kuri'u 8,476.
Daraja Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1990)
Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) Tan Sri (2011)
Malaysian Armed Forces Warrior of the Most Gallant Order of Military Service (PAT) (1991)
Knight Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP) Dato' (1991)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) Dato' Seri (2003)
Mutuwa A shekara ta 2000, Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin ya yi aikin tiyata na zuciya.
A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, 2014, ya mutu a Cibiyar Zuciya ta Kasa (IJN), Kuala Lumpur saboda gajeren numfashi da ciwon zuciya yana da shekaru 70. Za a binne kotun a Kabari na Musulunci na Bandar Tun Hussein Onn, Cheras Manazarta Haifaffun 1944
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21745 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Ketchaoua | Masallacin Ketchaoua | Masallacin Ketchaoua (Larabci: Djamaa Ketchaoua) masallaci ne a Algiers, babban birnin Algeria. An gina ta a lokacin daular Usmaniyya a cikin karni na 17 kuma tana nan a gindin Casbah, wanda yake wurin tarihi ne na UNESCO. Masallacin na tsaye ne a farkon hawa na Casbah mai yawan matattakalai kuma ya kasance cikin tsari da alama alamomi ne na kafin mulkin mallaka na Algiers. Masallacin an san shi saboda haɗakarwa ta musamman na gine-ginen Moorish da Byzantine.
Asalin an gina masallacin ne a shekarar 1612. Daga baya kuma, a shekarar 1845, aka canza shi a lokacin mulkin Faransa, zuwa Cathedral na St Philippe, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1962. An rushe tsohon masallacin tsakanin 1845 da 1860 kuma an gina sabon coci. An canza shi zuwa masallaci a 1962. Duk da wadannan sauye-sauye a kan addinai mabambantan addinai a cikin karnoni hudun da suka gabata, masallacin ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa na asali kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na Algiers.
Labarin kasa Masallacin Ketchaoua yana cikin garin Casbah mai tarihi a Algiers, wanda yake a arewacin garin.Tana kusa da mita 250 yamma da masallacin Djamaa el Kebir, wanda yake kusa da Fadar Archbishop na Algiers da kuma National Library of Algeria. Masallacin, wanda aka gina a lokacin mulkin Daular Usmaniyya, ya kasance yana tsakiyar gari. Matsayinta na dabaru, yana tsaye a farkon hawa na Casbah wanda ya haifar da kofofi biyar na birni a cikin gundumar aristocratic inda attajirai da shahararrun dangin masarauta ke zaune a masarautar Ottoman, mashahurin siyasa, da sauran manyan attajiran kasuwanci. An gina shi a shafin Icosium; asalin Feniyanci ya kasance a wurin masallacin a da.
Tarihi Casbah (na nufin sansanin soja), kusa da gaɓar Tekun Bahar Rum, wani nau'i ne na madina, ko garin Islama, wanda ya gabaci gina Masallacin Ketchaoua a tsakiyar sa. Ya kau da kai ga tsibiran da aka kafa tashar kasuwanci ta Carthagin a cikin karni na 6 BC amma garin Algiers ne kawai aka kafa a karni na 10 ta hanyar Zirids; a cikin ƙarni da yawa masu zuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Berber, Roman, Rumawa, Larabawa da Mutanen Espanya sun bar tasirin su.
Tarihin Masallacin Ketchaoua yana da alaƙa da tsohuwar tarihin Casbah, wanda aka amince da shi a ƙarƙashin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO don al'adun gargajiya. An gina masallacin karkashin Dokar Ottoman (ƙarni na 16 da 17) a tsakiyar Casbah. Hakikanin wurin ya kasance a tsakiyar garin a mahadar hanyoyi daga ƙananan Casbah da ke kaiwa ƙofofi biyar na birnin Algiers. Ba a ambaci masallacin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba a cikin karni na 14, amma tabbatacciyar "takaddar sanarwa" ta sanya ta zuwa 1612. Koyaya, Hasan Pasha ne ya sake gina shi bisa ga rubutun tunawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, lokacin da aka ɗaukaka shi a matsayin tsari na "kyakkyawa mara misali." A shekarar 1832, Faransa ta sauya masallacin zuwa babban cocin da ake kira "St. Philippe Cathedral". A cikin 1838, bayan mamayar da garin Faransa ya yi wa birnin Constantine na Algeria, Marshal Sylvain Charles Valée ya sanya gicciye a saman babban cocin. Tsakanin 1845 zuwa 1860 tsohon masallacin ya rushe kuma aka gina sabon coci. Bayan an 'yantar da Aljeriya daga mulkin Faransa, an mayar da babban cocin a matsayin Masallacin Ketchaoua a shekarar 1962 a matsayin "wanda ke da mahimmancin addini da al'adu," kuma yana da matukar shaida ga tarihin "wannan masallacin ya juya zuwa babban cocin-ya koma masallaci". An sake keɓantar da babban cocin a cikin masallaci a shekarar farko ta samun 'yancin kan Algeria, a cikin wani bikin da aka gabatar wanda Tawfiq al Madani, Ministan tashar jiragen ruwa ke jagoranta, wanda aka gudanar a dandalin Ben Badis (wanda aka fi sani da suna Lavigere). An kuma bayyana wannan taron a matsayin "mai dangantaka don sake dawo da amincin Aljeriya a matsayin babbar alama ta sake dawo da mutuncinta."
Baya ga Masallacin Ketchaoua, akwai burbushin kagara, sauran tsoffin masallatai da gidajen sarauta irin na Daular Usmaniyya, gami da ragowar tsarin birni na gargajiya.
Gine-gine Babban hanyar shiga masallacin ta jirgin sama ne na matakai 23. A ƙofar, akwai farfajiyar da aka yi wa ado, wanda ginshiƙan marmara huɗu masu baƙin ƙarfe ke goyan baya. A cikin masallacin, akwai arcades waɗanda aka gina tare da ginshiƙan farin marmara. Kyakkyawan ɗakunan masallacin, minarets da rufi suna girmamawa ta hanyar aikin filastar Moor. Masallacin ya kalli filin jama'a a cikin Casbah, tare da teku a gaba; yana da minarets octagonal biyu wadanda suke hango mashigar, tare da zane da kayan ado na Byzantine da Moorish. Yawancin ginshiƙan farin marmara na asalin masallaci ne. Akwai kabari tare da ragowar San Geronimo da ke cikin ɗayan ɗakunan masallacin.
Maidowa A shekara ta 2009, sashen al'adun gargajiya na Aljeriya ya fara inganta ayyukan minarets na octagonal, babban dakin ajiyar babbar fascia da kuma matattakalar bene a cikin masallacin. An tsara waɗannan don a kammala su cikin jadawalin watanni 12. Tare da minaret din Masallacin Ketchaoua, wanda yake gab da rugujewa, a karkashin maidowa, an tsara tsare-tsare don aiwatarwa a matakai guda uku, gami da maido da Casbah din kanta, a dunkule. Wannan shirin, wanda aka fara shi a watan Satumban 2008, ya shafi gyaran wasu masallatai a tsoffin Algiers da kuma sauya wasu gidaje zuwa dakunan karatu a kan farashin farko na dinari miliyan 300 na Algeria.
Gallery
Fitattun Imamai Mohamed Charef (1908-2011)
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21732 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh%20Protasov | Oleh Protasov | Oleh Valeriyovych Protasov (Ukrainian an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1964) tsohon dan kwallon Ukraine ne da kuma Soviet wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba. Ya kasance babban mamba na kungiyar tarayyar Soviet a cikin shekarun (1980) da kwallaye (28) da ya ci wa Tarayyar Soviet ya zamo na biyu a tarihin kungiyar, bayan Oleh Blokhin da yaci kwallaye (42). Ya kamata a yi la’akari da cewa sunansa sau da yawa ana rubuta shi ne da Oleg a yawancin ƙasashen duniya, musamman a lokacin da yake matsayin dan wasa.
A tsakanin watan Oktoban shekara ta 2014 da watan Maris shekara ta 2015 ya kasance mai bada horo ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Romania Astra Giurgiu.
Wasanni
Kulab Oleh Protasov ya fara wasan kwallon kafa yana dan shekara (8) a garinsu na Dnipropetrovsk a Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, inda ya taka leda har zuwa shekara ta 1987). A cikin shekara ta 1987) Protasov ya koma bugawa Soviet manyan Kattai na kwallon kafa na Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv Gabaɗaya, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ya ci Gasar Soviet sau biyu kuma an ba shi Footan ƙwallon ƙafa na Soviet na shekara ta( 1987). Ya ci kwallaye (125) a Gasar Soviet, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na (8) da ya fi kowa cin kwallaye a tarihin Gasar.
Bayan faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, Oleh Protasov ya sami damar yin wasa a kasashen waje. A shekarar 1990, ya koma kungiyar Olympiacos Piraeus ta Girka Ya bar Olympiacos a 1994, ya yi wasa a Gamba Osaka, Veria FC, kuma a ƙarshe Proodeftiki FC, daga inda ya yi ritaya a 1999.
Kungiya na kasa da kasa Protasov ya buga wa Soviet Union wasa sau (68) ciki har da Kofin Duniya na FIFA da (1986) da (1990) da kuma Euro (88) inda ya ci kwallaye biyu. Ya kuma buga wasa daya a kungiyar Ukraine, a shekara ta (1994). A cikin shekarar( 1983) Protasov ya shiga cikin Summer Spartakiad na Jama'ar USSR a cikin ƙungiyar Ukrainian SSR.
Aikin horarwa Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Protasov ya shiga aikin koyarwa, kuma ya jagoranci Olympiacos Piraeus zuwa taken Girka a shekara ta (2003). A cikin shekarar (2005) ya horar da kungiyar Romania Steaua București Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk A watan Disamba na shekarar (2005) Oleh Protasov ya dawo cikin Ukraine don horar da kungiyar garinsu, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, bayan wasan UEFA Cup mai ban sha'awa tare da Steaua București. Protasov ya barshi da ra'ayin kansa kuma yana kan kyakkyawar magana da dukkanin kungiyar da kuma masu kungiyar.
A kakarsa ta farko ta shekara ta (2005 zuwa 2006) a matsayin kocin Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, Oleh Protasov ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa mataki na (6) a gasar Premier ta Ukraine. A na gaba, kakar shekara ta (2006 zuwa 2007) Protasov ya inganta akan wannan, ya kammala na (4) a gasar.
A cikin kakar 2007 zuwa 2008) kungiyar sa ba zato ba tsammani ta jagoranci gasar cin kofin gabanin hutun hunturu, kafin wani mummunan rashi na biyu ya bar kungiyar a mataki na( 4) kuma. Dnipro ta kori shi a ranar (29) ga watan Agusta shekarar (2008) bayan rashin nasara daga AC Bellinzona a wasan cancantar cin kofin UEFA.
Kuban Krasnodar Bayan haka, Protasov ya karɓi FC Kuban Krasnodar a cikin yankin kusa da Rasha. Kwanan nan aka sake Kuban zuwa Gasar Farko ta Rasha A karkashin jagorancin Protasov, kungiyar ta kare ta( 2) a kan teburin gasar, da maki (8) a kan sauran abokan karawar ta. Wannan kammalawa ya basu damar samun daukaka zuwa Premier League ta Rasha Koyaya FC Kuban yana fama da matsalar tattalin arzikin duniya na shekarar (2008 zuwa 2009) wanda ya rage kasafin kuɗaɗen. A wata yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya da kungiyar, Protasov ya bar kungiyar a ranar( 19) ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar (2008).
Iraklis Tassalunika Bayan haka, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu ta darajar euro (400,000) a kowace shekara tare da Iraklis Thessaloniki, farawa daga bazarar (2009). A ranar (30) ga watan Oktoba, Iraklis FC ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da kwantiragin su, bayan ci (5) da ci gaba da ci a Super League da Kofin Girka.
Astra Giurgi A ranar 13 ga watan Octoba a shekara ta (2014), Oleg yazama manajan a FC Astra Giurgiu. An cireshi 2 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2015).
Aris Thessaloniki Protasov ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Aris Thessaloniki, duk da cewa Arvanitidis da aka kora daga shugaban sashen kula da kwallon kafa na kulob din, ya sa mai son Aris ya dakatar da yarjejeniyar bayan mintina (15) na sanarwar.
Daraja
Kulab Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
Topungiyar Tarayyar Soviet 1983
Kofin Tarayyar Tarayyar Soviet 1986
Dynamo Kyiv
Topungiyar Soviet ta Tarayya: 1990
Kofin Soviet 1989–90
Olympiacos
Kofin Girka 1989–90, 1991–92
Na duniya kungiyar Soviet
Gasar cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA Wanda ya zo na biyu a shekarar 1988
Kowane mutum Dan kwallon Soviet na Shekara 1987
Soviet Top League wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye (3): 1985, 1987, 1990
UEFA Azurfa Taya: 1984
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Kwallaye a sashin kasa da kasa
Na sirri Protasov ya auri Natalia (née Lemeshko), 'yar Yevhen Lemeshko Manazarta
Adireshin waje Info on Dnipro official website (in list)
Oleh Protasov at |
30812 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Devatop%20don%20Ci%20gaban%20Afirka | Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka | Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da matasa ke jagoranta tare da mai da hankali kan yaƙar fataucin mutane, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin yara, samar da kayan ilimi ga yara masu rauni, da ƙarfafa mata da matasa. Kungiyar ta kasance kan gaba wajen yaƙi da safarar mutane da aiwatar da ayyukan ilimi a Najeriya. An yi rajista da Hukumar Haɗin kai a Najeriya kuma ta shafi sama da mutane miliyan ta hanyar horo, wayar da kan jama'a, taimako, gudummawa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.
Tarihi Cibiyar Devatop ta fara ne a cikin shekara ta 2013 a matsayin Cibiyar Ci gaban Hidimar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Joseph Osuigwe Chidiebere Bayan da Osuigwe ya yi mu’amala da wadanda aka yi wa fataucin jinsi, ya ji bacin rai a kan yadda ake safarar mutane a Najeriya, kuma hakan ya sa shi ya kaddamar da wata hidimar al’umma da za ta horar da dubban matasa, matasa, malamai, da mata kan yadda za a yaki fataucin mutane. Ya yi hadin gwiwa da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODC) da Hukumar Hana Fataucin Bil Adama ta kasa (NAPTIP) don aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban na yaki da safarar mutane. A shekara ta 2014, ya kafa wata tawaga ta matasa don ci gaba da yin tasiri, wanda hakan ya kai ga kafa cibiyar Devatop don ci gaban Afirka.
Vision da manufa Manufar Devatop ita ce gina ƙasa ba tare da fataucin mutane ba kuma inda aka baiwa matasa damar ci gaban ƙasa. Ayyukanta su ne: Yaƙi da hana fataucin mutane, cin zarafin jinsi, da cin zarafin yara. Don ba da tallafin ilimi ga yara masu rauni. Don karfafawa mata da matasa su zama wakilai na ci gaban ƙasa da kuma taka rawar gani wajen yaƙi da safarar mutane.
Tasiri da jayayya Ta hanyar horar da ita, bayar da shawarwari, da shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo, an wayar da kan mutane sama da miliyan daya kan yaƙi da fataucin bil'adama da kawar da cin zarafin mata. Devatop yana aiki da matasa musamman don rigakafin fataucin mutane. Wasu mutane sun fusata kan yadda Devatop ke amfani da matasa wajen yaki da safarar mutane. Tunanin ƙungiyar dai shi ne, tunda matasa ne kan gaba wajen fataucin mutane, to akwai buƙatar a basu horo da basu kwarin guiwa domin su kasance a sahun gaba wajen yakar wannan munanan laifuka. Ƙungiyar ta samar da kayayyakin ilimi da kuma hidima ga yaran da ke gudun hijira. Aƙalla makarantu 90 a cikin al'ummomin 85 sun amfana daga gudummawar ilimi da tarukan karawa juna sani.
Haɗin kai Ƙungiyar ta yi hadin gwiwa da:
Hukumar Hana Fataucin Bil Adama ta Kasa (NAPTIP), Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (NHRC) da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi (UNODC) domin gudanar da ayyukan bayar da shawarwari kan fataucin bil-Adama a Najeriya.
Asusun Ilimin Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) don samar da kayan ilimi da ayyuka ga yaran da ke gudun hijira..
Magoya bayansa Aikin Pollination
Zaman Yarinya
Mcginnity Family Foundation
Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka Abuja
Cibiyar Yada Labarai da Ilimi ta Afirka
Cibiyar Nazarin Bincike ta Duniya
Human Rights Radio 101.1FM Abuja
Shirye-shirye Jan katin zuwa FGM
Ranar Littafin Duniya
Project Donate2School
HumansNot4Trade Campaign
Yaki da Fataucin Bil Adama
Ƙarshen Fataucin Bil Adama da Ba da Shawarar Hijira Ba bisa ka'ida ba
Makarantar Koyon Rigakafin Fataucin Bil Adama da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa A cikin shekara ta 2015, ƙungiyar ta fara aikin gwaji akan Cibiyar Kula da Rigakafin Fataucin Bil Adama da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa. Wanda ya ƙirƙiro, Mista Osuigwe ya ce, “Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali ne kan Horowa, Shawarwari, Bincike, Kafafen Yada Labarai, Bugawa da ƙarfafawa. A kashin farko na aikin gwajin, an horas da matasa 120 daga jahohi 6 na Najeriya, inda suka yi tasiri ga rayuwar mutane 6000 cikin watanni 9. Sun kuma bayar da rahoton faruwar lamarin fataucin mutane. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka ruwaito ita ce Amina da aka yi garkuwa da su daga Abuja zuwa Kano domin auren dole.” Daga karshe muka kubutar da ita.
TALKAM A ranar 25 ga Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Cibiyar Devatop don Ci gaban Afirka ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu ta TALKAM don ba da rahoton fataucin mutane da cin zarafin jinsi; da kuma kafar yada bayanan fataucin bil adama da za ta taimaka wajen tattara bayanai na nau’ukan safarar mutane daban-daban da kuma kokarin da gwamnatoci ke yi na magance su a kowace jihohi guda 36 na Najeriya. TALKAM wani sabon shiri ne wanda ke mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da kayan aikin fasaha da sadarwa don yin magana game da fataucin bil adama, cin zarafi da ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yana sa ido, tantancewa, bayar da rahoto, bayar da shawarwari da zaburar da ayyuka a tsakanin al'umma, masu tsara manufofi, gwamnati, da kuma mafi mahimmanci don canza halin da ake ciki a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar ta fara shirin TALKAM na mako-mako na rediyo da talbijin na yaki da safarar mutane da kaura a gidan rediyon kare haƙƙin dan Adam 101.1FM Abuja. Shirin wanda ke zuwa duk ranar Juma'a daga ƙarfe 10 na safe zuwa ƙarfe 10:30 na safe, ya ƙunshi kwararru don wayar da kan 'yan ƙasar kan sabbin hanyoyin safarar mutane da hijira, tare da ba su damar shiga waya don yabawa ko bayar da rahoto a yayin wasan.
Devatop jakadun yaki da fataucin mutane Chido Onumah (marubuci kuma mai fafutuka)
Rachel Bakam (mai gabatar da talabijin kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo) John Fashanu (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) Kenneth Okonkwo (Jarumin Nollywood)
Esther Ekanem (mai gwagwarmayar fataucin jima'i)
Ƙarshen shawarwarin kaciyar mata Domin kare ‘yancin mata da ‘yan mata, Cibiyar Devatop ta ci gaban Afirka, ta hannun Babban Daraktanta, Joseph Osuigwe, ta kaddamar da shirin kawo karshen FGM Advocacy, inda ta sanya kungiyar a cikin manyan kungiyoyin da ke yaki da kaciyar mata a Najeriya. Devatop ya samu tallafi daga The Girl Generation da The Pollination Project don horar da sama da 210 masu ba da shawara a Jihar Imo da Abuja. Masu ba da shawara da aka horar suna ɗaukar matakai don isa ga membobin al'umma 15,000.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kungiya
Kungiyar Malamai ta |
39780 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana%20%28outlaw%29 | Gana (outlaw) | Terwase Akwaza (c. 1970s 8 September 2020) wanda aka fi sani da Gana (wani lokaci ana yi masa laƙabi da Ghana ya kasance wanda ake nema ruwa a jallo kuma shine shugaban wata ƙungiyar tsageru a jihar Benue, Najeriya, wanda yayi ayyukansa a tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2020. A cewar Murphy Ganagana da George Okoh, an kamanta shi da jaruntakar irin ta Robin Hood. Ya yi ta'addanci a yankin Sankera geopolitical axis wanda ya haɗa da kananan hukumomin Katsina-Ala, Ukum, da Logo, sama da shekaru goma. Jama’ar yankin sun danganta sihirin bacewa da bayyana gare shi kuma suka yi rawar jiki da ambaton sunansa. An ƙi shi saboda laifuffukan da ya aikata, ya sanya kansa don ganin mutanen Tiv a matsayin mai kare su daga wuce gona da iri. Mutanen ƙauye su Gbeji sun so shi saboda samar musu da abubuwan more rayuwa. Ana zargin Gana da aikata; Kisan kiyashi, Garkuwa da mutane, Kashe-kashe, Fashi da makami, Satar shanu, Ta’addanci da Kisa. Ya ɗauki nauyin manoma da ‘yan kasuwa da manyan mutane. Yaƙin da ya yi na mulkin mallaka da tsoffin abokansa ya lalata al'ummomi da yawa. An ɗora masa kyautar Naira miliyan 50 a kansa. Ayyukan boye da kuma hare-haren sama da na kasa da ‘yan sandan Najeriya da sojoji suka yi na fitar da hayaki da kama shi ko kashe shi ya ci tura. Sojojin Najeriya sun kashe shi bayan ya mika kansa don yin afuwa a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2020.
Rayuwar farko
Terwase, wanda a zahiri yana nufin 'Allah ya taimaki', haifaffen Gbishe ne, gundumar Kpav, karamar hukumar Katsina-Ala ta jihar Benue. Ya rasa iyayensa tun yana ƙarami. Mahaifinsa boka ne mai karfi (masanin tsiro) wanda aka ce ya yi masa wasici da sihiri. Wasu sun ce ikonsa ya samo asali ne daga wani wurin ibada da ke saman dutse a bakin ƙauyensa, Gbishe. Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cewa ikonsa na daga wata al'ada ta sihiri inda ya kashe kuma ya binne 'yarsa mai shekaru 12. Ya fara aikata laifin yana da shekaru 10 zuwa 12 yana satar kayan kiwon kaji a unguwarsu, wanda ya ɓoye kayan satar a cikin sanannun jakunkunan da aka sani da Ghana Must Go na Najeriya. Hakan ya sa ake masa lakabi da ‘Gana’ tare da mutanen yankin. Ya shahara da zama ɓarawo kuma ya fara yin safarar yan kasuwa da suke komawa gida a ranakun kasuwa. Daga baya, Gana ya shiga ƙungiyar ‘yan bindiga da ke kare al’ummarsa daga hare-haren Fulani makiyaya da ‘yan ƙabilar Jukun. Jajircewarsa ya sami sha'awar jama'arsa da sarakunansa. Wasu na ganin cewa bayan gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen cin nasara da dama, matsafa daga ƙauyensu sun yanke shawarar yi masa katanga da karfin tsiya wanda ya kare shi daga makamai da harsasai kuma ya bashi damar ɓaccewa.
Ya kasance mai auren mace fiye da ɗaya yana da mata sama da 30. A cewar matarsa ta 33, Sarauniya, duk macen da Gana ya taba to tana kasancewa a matsayin matar shi. A wajen Sarauniya Gana ya taɓa bayanta (ɗuwawu) kuma ta bishi ta zama matarsa.
Farauta da afuwa
Afuwa ta farko
Gana ya zauna a cikin daji yana tare da namun daji har zuwa ranar Litinin, 31 ga watan Agusta, 2015, lokacin da ya fara bayyana a bainar jama'a domin karɓar afuwar da Samuel Ortom, gwamnan jihar Benue ya yi wa masu aikata laifuka a jihar. Ya jagoranci kungiyarsa ta mazaje kusan 500 don mika wuya ga shirin afuwar tare da mika bindigogi 84.
An naɗa shi shugaban rundunar haɗin guiwa kan tara kuɗaɗen shiga a jihar sannan kuma an haɗa shi da wata tawagar jami’an tsaro da ta kunshi jami’an tsaro da (Civil Defence). Haka kuma kamfanin sa, Ghatertex Nigeria Limited an ba shi kwangilar tattara harajin kayayyaki inda ya rika aika wa gwamnatin jihar naira miliyan 10 duk wata tare da rike sauran a matsayin kuɗin tafiyar da ayyukansa da kuma daidaita yaran sa.
Samun ’Yancin sa ba daɗe ba lokacin da aka zarge shi da kisan Denen Igbana, Babban Mataimaki na Musamman kan Tsaro na Musamman ga Gwamna. Ortom a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2016. Ya ki amsa gayyatar da ‘yan sanda suka yi masa domin yi masa tambayoyi, ya koma ɓuya. Gwamnatin jihar ta janye afuwar da ta yi masa tare da soke naɗin nasa a matsayin shugaban kwamitin haɗin gwiwa kan tara kuɗaɗen shiga da kwangilar da aka bai wa kamfaninsa, Ghatertex.
Sake Farautarsa
An fara gudanar da shirin neman Gana ne bayan ya ki mika kansa domin yi masa tambayoyi kan zargin da ake masa na hannu a kisan Denen Igbana, babban mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin tsaro ga gwamnan jihar Benue. Gwamnatin jihar dai ta janye afuwar da ya yi masa tare da ɗora masa tukuicin Naira miliyan 10 da farko, sannan daga bisani ta kai Naira miliyan 50.
A cikin farautar da aka kwashe tsawon shekaru huɗu ana gudanar da ayyukan sirri da kuma samame ta sama da kasa da jami’an ‘yan sanda da na sojan Najeriya suka yi da nufin fitar da hayaki da kama shi ko kuma kashe shi ya ci tura. Duka ayyukan soji na musamman da aka fi sani da "Operation Ayem A Kpatuma" da "Operation Whirlstroke", ba su yi nasara ba.
Afuwa ta biyu
Komawar Gana ga ayyukan sa na aikata laifi ya fi kowane lokaci muni. Harin sama da kasa da sojoji da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaron jihar suka kai musu ba su kai ga gano shi ba, ballantana su kashe shi.
Yayin da harkokin tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin siyasar ƙasar suka tsaya cik, fitattun ‘yan ƙasar, ‘yan siyasa, shugabannin addini da na gargajiya sun buƙaci gwamnan jihar Benue, Samuel Ortom, ya yi masa afuwa karo na biyu, a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2020, yayin ƙaddamar da aikin da kuma duba ayyukan gwamnatin jihar a yanki. Gwamnan ya sanya ranar 8 ga Satumba 2020 a matsayin ranar da za a yi afuwa.
Miƙa wuya
Gana da wasu yaransa sun fito domin ayi musu afuwa a filin wasa na Emmanuel Akume Atongo da ke Katsina-Ala a idon jama'a domin rungumar shirin. Wasu sarakunan gargajiya da manyan jama’a ne suka tarbe shi suka nufi Makurdi, babban birnin jihar Binuwai inda ake gudanar da taron kwamitin tsaro na jihar domin tabbatar da afuwar.
Mutuwarsa
Sai dai sojojin sun tare ayarin motocin a Masaje da ke kusa da Yandev a karamar hukumar Gboko inda aka kashe shi.
Wasiƙu da hirarraki
Yayin da yake ɓoye, Gana ya ba da damar sauraron Charles Eruka, ɗan jarida tare da Channels TV, kuma ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta ƙasar Najeriya (NHRC). A cikin gidan Talabijin na musamman na Channels TV, ya bayyana wasu ayyukan da ya ke yi a duniya inda ya zargi manyan jami’an gwamnatin jihar Benue da hannu a wasu laifuka a jihar.
A cikin hirar, Gana ya bayyana cewa Fulani makiyaya ne suka horar da shi a kasashen Nijar, Sudan, da Kamaru kuma a lokuta daban-daban, tare da ‘yan ƙungiyar sa sun yi yaki a matsayin ‘yan amshin shatan Fulani makiyaya a rikice-rikicen da suke yi a Najeriya. Ya yi zargin cewa Fulani makiyaya sun shirya kwace jihohin Filato, Nasarawa, Binuwai, da kuma Taraba inda suka tuntuɓe shi don magance rikicin da suka yi a Taraba. Sai dai ba a rufe yarjejeniyar ba inda ya ki amincewa da tayin nasu na naira miliyan dari uku da hamsin duk da cewa ya rage farashinsa zuwa naira miliyan dari bakwai da hamsin daga farkon naira biliyan ɗaya. A cewarsa, ya ki amincewa ne saboda kuɗaɗen ba su isa a yi ‘kwance’ da kafa rundunar soji a jihar Taraba ba, domin gudanar da aiki cikin nasara.
Gana ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a wani kisan babban mataimaki na musamman kan tsaro ga Gwamna Ortom, Denen Igbana. Ya zargi marigayi Igbana da kitsa sace-sacen mutane a jihar, inda ya bayar da misali da abubuwa guda biyu: daya a Gboko da kuma matar wani fitaccen ɗan kasuwan Igbo a Makurdi, wanda aka fi sani da Officon. Ya yi zargin cewa an biya kuɗin fansar matar Officon ga marigayi Igbana, inda aka samu sabani a tsarin raba tsakanin Denen da yaransa maza. A duka biyun da aka yi garkuwa da su, ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen ganin an kamo masu garkuwa da mutanen da ‘yan sanda suka sake su bisa umarnin Igbana.
A cikin wata wasika da ya aikewa babban sakataren hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta kasa mai kwanan wata 30 ga watan Yuni 2016, Gana ya sake bayyana zargin. Ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a kisan Denen Igbana kuma ya ce bai amince da ‘yan sanda su yi masa adalci ba, shi ya sa ya ɓuya.
Ya kuma zargi mai baiwa gwamnan jihar Binuwai shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Edwin Jando, wani Kanar mai ritaya na rundunar sojojin Najeriya da laifin yin harbin bindiga da kuma wata hanyar harsashi.
Zaluncinsa
Gana ya kasance mara tausayi da zalunci. Bisa umarninsa, an kori al'ummomi tare da lalata su. Duk wani ƙalubale ga mulkinsa mafi girma na duniya ya gamu da mutuwa. Cibiyar sadarwarsa ta kasance mai salo da tsari mai kyau, wanda hakan ya sa ya guje wa jami'an tsaro. Ya kawo cikas ga harkokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a yankin Sankera.
Binne mutane da ransu
Ya binne mutane da yawa da rai, ya kashe su ko kaɗan. Matarsa ta 33, Sarauniya, ta bayyana cewa ya kashe ƴarta ɗaya tilo da suka haifa tare kuma ya binne ta a wani kabari mara zurfi.
Waɗanda aka kashe din sun haɗa da Hakimin Mbayongo, Cif Aloo Alev, da takwaransa na Michihe, Cif Chiahemba Livinus Shom, a karamar hukumar Katsina-Ala da kuma Cif Awua Alabar, Hakimin Kundav a karamar hukumar Ukum, wanda ya kashe shi. an harbe shi a gaban iyalansa.
Kisan matar mai Shari'a
Gana kuma shi ne ke da alhakin sace tare da kashe matar mai shari’a Tine Tur na Kotun Ɗaukaka Kara, Esther Nguumbur Tur, da abokin aikinta, Mbalamen Kpensuen Aminde. An kashe mutanen biyu ne bayan karɓar kuɗin fansa. Shi ma jirgin Hilux da aka yi garkuwa da su bai samu ba. Alkalin kotun ɗaukaka ƙara bai tsira ba daga raunin da ya ji na kisan matarsa. Ya rasu jim kaɗan bayan haka.
Harin Zaki biam
A ranar 20 ga Maris 2017, Gana da ‘yan ƙungiyar sa sun kai hari a Zaki Biam inda suka kashe mutane kusan 17.
Tallafawa
Gana ya gina makarantar sakandare da kimiyya a ƙauyen su, kuma ya sa ma makarantar sunan sa. Ya kuma bayar da tallafin karutu. Yawancin waɗanda suka ci gajiyar karatun nasa sun kammala karatun digiri.
Ya kuma bayar da babura da motoci da injinan nika da tallafin kasuwanci ga wasu jama’ar yankinsa.
Manazarta
Mutuwan 2020
Haifaffun 1970
Mutane daga Jihar Benue
Extrajudicial killings
2020 Kashe-kashe a |
53480 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabudi | Mabudi | Mabudi ko Maɓalli na iya komawa zuwa:
Ma'anoni da akasan shi dashi Maɓalli (cryptography), yanki na bayanin da ake buƙata don ɓoye ko yanke saƙo
Maɓalli (kulle), abu da ake buƙata don buɗe makullin inji
Maɓalli (taswira), jagora ga alamar taswira
Maɓallin rubutu ko kwamfutar hannu
Maɓallin amsa, jerin amsoshin gwaji
A cikin kiɗa Key (music), the scale of a piece of music
Key (instrument), finger-operated mechanism in musical instruments
Keys, colloquial term for keyboard instruments
Geography Cay, kuma an rubuta maɓalli, ƙarami, ƙasa mai tsayi, tsibiri mai yashi da aka kafa a saman murjani reef.
Amurka Mabudi, Alabama
mabudi, Ohio
Key, West Virginia
Keys, Oklahoma
Florida Keys, tarin tsibirai kusan 1,700 a kudu maso gabashin Amurka
Karamar Hukumar Maɓallai Na 303, Saskatchewan, Kanada
Key, Iran, ƙauye a lardin Isfahan, Iran
Key Island, Tasmania, Ostiraliya
Maɓalli, New Zealand, yanki ne a Southland, New Zealand
Zanunnuka da kafofin watsa labarai
Fina-finai <i id="mwPQ">Mabudin,</i>(fim na 1934), fim ɗin 1934 wanda Michael Curtiz ya jagoranta
<i id="mwQA">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 1958), fim ɗin yaƙi wanda Carol Reed ya ba da umarni, tare da William Holden da Sophia Loren
Maɓalli, wanda kuma aka sani da Odd Obsession, wani fim ɗin Japan na 1959 wanda Kon Ichikawa ya ba da umarni.
<i id="mwRw">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 1961), fasalin raye-rayen Soviet
<i id="mwSg">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 1965), fim ɗin Yugoslavia omnibus
<i id="mwTQ">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 1971), wasan kwaikwayo na Czechoslovakia
<i id="mwUA">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 1983), wani fim ɗin batsa na Italiyanci wanda Tinto Brass ya jagoranta, tare da Stefania Sandrelli.
Kelid Maɓalli fim ɗin Iran na 1987 wanda Abbas Kiarostami ya rubuta
<i id="mwVw">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 2007), fim ɗin faransanci mai ban sha'awa wanda Guillaume Nicloux ya jagoranta
<i id="mwWg">Key</i> (fim), fim ɗin 2011
<i id="mwXQ">Maɓalli</i> (fim na 2014), fim ɗin Amurka wanda Jeffery Levy ya jagoranta
<i id="mwYg">Mabuɗin</i> (Labarin Curley), wani labari na 2005 na Marianne Curley
<i id="mwZQ">Mabuɗin</i> (Elfgren da Strandberg novel), wani labari na 2013 na Mats Strandberg da Sara Bergmark Elfgren
<i id="mwaA">Maɓalli</i> (labaran Tanizaki), wani labari na 1956 na Jun'ichirọ Tanizaki
"Maɓalli" (gajeren labari), ɗan gajeren labari na 1966 na Isaac Asimov
Maɓalli, Littafin Etymology na 1969 na John Philip Cohane
The Key, mujallar Kappa Kappa Gamma ta buga
Maɓalli, littafin kiɗa na WXPN a Philadelphia
Kiɗa
Kundin <i>Mabudi</i> (kundin Meredith Monk), 1971
<i id="mwfg">Maɓalli</i> (Ɗa, Album ɗin motar asibiti), 2004
<i id="mwgQ">Maɓalli</i> (Albam na Joan Armatrading), 1983
<i id="mwhA">Maɓalli</i> (Albam Vince Gill), 1998
<i id="mwhw">Makullin</i> (Albudin Nocturnus), 1990
<i id="mwig">Makullin</i> (Aiki: Kundin Mindcrime), 2015
<i id="mwjQ">Keys</i> (album), kundin 2021 ta Alicia Keys
Wakoki "Maɓalli" (Waƙar Magana Debelle), 2009
"Maɓalli" (Matt Goss song), 1995
"Maɓalli" (Ou Est Le Swimming Pool song), 2010
"Maɓalli", waƙa daga kundi Maid a Japan na Band-Maid
"Maɓalli", waƙar Edita Abdieski
"Maɓalli", waƙa daga kundin Minecraft Volume Alpha ta C418
Talabijin "Maɓalli" <i id="mwog">Lad Lyoko</i> episode), 2005
"Maɓalli" Episode <i id="mwpQ">Break Break</i> 2006
"Maɓalli" <i id="mwqA">Matattu Tafiya</i> 2018
"Makullin" <i id="mwqw">I, Firayim Minista</i> 1986
"Maɓallai" <i id="mwrg">Seinfeld</i> wani shirin TV na 1992
Sauran amfani a cikin fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai Maɓalli (kwallon kwando), yanki mai iyakancewa a kusa da ragar ƙwallon kwando
Frederick Keys, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa sau biyu-A
Fasaha Maɓalli (kwamfuta), filin da ke cikin fayil ɗin kwamfuta ko bayanan da ake amfani da su don warwarewa ko dawo da bayanai
Maɓalli (injiniya), nau'in haɗin gwiwa da ake amfani da shi don watsa juyi tsakanin sanda da abin da aka makala.
KEY, kayan aikin tabbatar da software
Makullin (smartcard), smartcard mara lamba don tikitin jigilar jama'a a Biritaniya
.key, tsawo fayil da Keynote ke amfani dashi
Maɓallin ganewa, ana amfani dashi don gano abubuwan halitta
Maɓallin tarho, maɓallin da ma'aikacin telegraph ke amfani da shi
Saurayin amfani Maɓalli (kamfanin), ɗakin karatu na gani na Jafananci
Makarantar Mabuɗin, makarantar haɗin kai mai zaman kanta a Annapolis, Maryland
Keys, kalmar sulhu da ake amfani da ita a yammacin Scotland
Amazon Key sabis ne ta Amazon Prime yana bawa abokan ciniki damar samun isarwa a cikin gidansu ko motarsu
House of Keys, kai tsaye zaɓaɓɓen reshe na Tynwald, majalisar dokokin Isle na Man
Samara ('ya'yan itace) ko maɓalli, nau'in 'ya'yan itace
Duka shafin daya fara da Mabudi
Duka shafin daya fara da Mabudi Keay, a surname
Keyes (disambiguation)
Keying (disambiguation)
Quay (disambiguation)
Qi (disambiguation)
The Keys |
30044 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20shara%20a%20duniya | Kasuwancin shara a duniya | Kasuwancin shara a duniya shi ne kasuwancin sharar gida tsakanin ƙasashe don ƙarin magani, zubarwa, ko sake amfani da su. Ƙasashe masu tasowa ne sukan shigo da shara masu guba ko masu hadari daga kasashen da suka ci gaba.
Rahoton Bankin Duniya Menene Sharar gida: Binciken Duniya na Gudanar da Sharar Sharar, ya bayyana adadin dattin da aka samar a wata ƙasa. Musamman kasashen da ke samar da dattin datti sun fi ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban masana'antu. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, "[g] gaba daya, yayin da karuwar tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar al'ummar birane, mafi yawan sharar da ake samarwa." Don haka, ne, ƙasashe a Arewacin Duniya, waɗanda suka fi haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da ƙauyuka, suna samar da datti fiye da ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya. Hanyoyin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a halin yanzu suna bin tsarin sharar da ake samarwa a Arewacin Duniya da kuma fitarwa zuwa da zubar da su a Kudancin Duniya. Dalilai da yawa sun shafi ƙasashen da suke samar da sharar gida kuma a wane girma, sannan kuma gami da wurin yanki, matakin masana'antu, da matakin haɗa kai cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.
Masana da masu bincike da dama sun danganta karuwar kasuwancin sharar gida da kuma mummunan tasirin sharar da yaduwar manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal. Tare da babban sauyin tattalin arziƙin zuwa manufofin tattalin arziƙin Neoliberal a cikin shekarun 1980, sauye-sauyen manufar “kasuwa mai ‘yanci” ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya. Henry Giroux, Shugaban Nazarin Al'adu a Jami'ar McMaster, sannan kuma ya ba da ma'anarsa game da manufofin tattalin arziki neoliberal:"Neoliberalism yana kawar da tattalin arziki da kasuwanni daga maganganun wajibai da tsadar zamantakewa. A matsayin tsarin siyasa da siyasa, to Amman tsarin mulkin neoliberalism yana da alaƙa da mayar da ayyukan jama'a na gwamnati, sayar da ayyukan gwamnati, soke tsarin kuɗi da aiki, kawar da jin dadin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi, sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki da zuba jari, da tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace inganta rayuwar al'umma." Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan dandali na tattalin arziki na mayar da ‘yan kasuwa, neoliberalism ya ta’allaka ne kan fadada yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin ‘yanci da kafa kan iyakokin kasashen duniya da kasuwannin cinikayya. Kuma 'Yancin ciniki, manufar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda a cikinta ya rushe kasuwancin gaba daya, ba tare da barin haraji, ƙididdiga, ko wasu ƙuntatawa kan cinikayyar kasa da kasa ba, an tsara shi don haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da kuma haɗa su cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da cewa an ƙirƙiri yancin gudanar da kasuwanci cikin 'yanci ne domin baiwa kowace ƙasa damar kaiwa ga nasara a fannin tattalin arziki, amma sakamakon waɗannan manufofin ya yi illa ga ƙasashen duniya ta Kudu, wanda a zahiri ya gurgunta tattalin arzikinsu a matsayin bautar da yankin Arewacin Duniya ke yi. Ko da magoya bayan irin su Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, "ci gaban haɗin kai ya kasance marar daidaituwa duk a cikin 'yan shekarun nan" Musamman kasashe masu tasowa sun yi niyya da manufofin sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci don shigo da sharar gida a matsayin hanyar fadada tattalin arziki Manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal da ke jagorantar manufofin tattalin arziki na jayayya cewa hanyar da za a shigar da ita cikin tattalin arzikin duniya ita ce shiga cikin 'yanci da musayar kasuwanci a kasuwannin cinikayya na kasa da kasa. Da'awarsu ita ce, Kuma ƙananan ƙasashe, masu ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa, ƙarancin wadata, da ƙarancin masana'antu, yakamata su ɗauki ɓarna masu haɗari a matsayin hanyar haɓaka riba da haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu.
Muhawarar da ake yi a halin yanzu kan cinikin sharar gida a duniya
Hujja a cikin goyon baya Masu goyon bayan cinikin sharar duniya a halin yanzu suna jayayya cewa shigo da sharar wata hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za ta iya amfanar da kasashen da ke da karancin baiwa tattalin arzikin duniya Kasashen da ba su da karfin samar da kayayyaki masu inganci za su iya shigo da sharar gida don bunkasa tattalin arzikinsu.
Lawrence Summers, tsohon shugaban jami'ar Harvard kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin duniya, ya fitar da wata takarda ta sirri da ke jayayya game da cinikin sharar duniya a shekarar 1991. Takardar ta ce:“Ina ganin dabarar tattalin arziki da ke tattare da zubar da kaya masu guba a cikin kasar mafi karancin albashi abu ne mara kyau kuma ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan. A koyaushe ina tunanin cewa ƙasashe a Afirka suna cikin ƙazantar ƙazanta; ingancin iska ɗin su tabbas yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin inganci idan aka kwatanta da Los Angeles. Kawai tsakanina da ku bai kamata bankin duniya ya kara karfafa kaura daga masana'antu masu datti zuwa kasashe mafi karancin ci gaba ba?" Wannan matsayi, wanda ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki da kuma riba musamman na kudi, ya nuna babbar hujjar cinikin sharar gida a duniya. Cibiyar Cato ta buga labarin da ke tallafawa kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya yana mai nuni da cewa "akwai kadan shaida cewa sharar gida masu hatsari, wadanda galibi cututtukan carcinogen ne, ke haifar da yawan mace-mace a kasashe masu tasowa." Da yake kuma karin haske kan wannan batu, labarin ya yi nuni da cewa "mutane a kasashe masu tasowa bisa hankali za su amince da karuwar kamuwa da gurbacewar yanayi don musanya da damar da za su kara yawan to amfanin da suke samu kuma, saboda haka, kudin shiga." Gabaɗaya, hujjar cinikin sharar duniya ta ta'allaka ne a kan hasashen cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa na buƙatar ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Magoya bayan sun ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin harkokin kasuwancin sharar gida, Kuma kasashe masu tasowa na Kudancin Duniya za su fadada tattalin arzikinsu tare da kara samun riba.
Sukar Masu sukar cinikin sharar duniya suna jayayya cewa rashin tsari da gazawar manufofin da suka sa kasashe masu tasowa su zama matsugunin juji masu guba don sharar gida mai hatsari. To amman Adadin da ake yi na jigilar datti zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na kara yawan hadarin da mutanen wadannan kasashe ke fuskanta. Masu sukar illolin da cinikin sharar duniya ke haifarwa sun nanata yawan barnar da jama'a ke fama da su a kasashe masu fama da talauci. Sun yi nuni da cewa yawancin sharar da ake samu a duniya, kasashen yamma ne (Amurka da Turai) ne ke samar da su, amma duk da haka mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya daga wadannan sharar sun fito ne daga kasashe matalauta da ba su samar da sharar ba.
Peter Newell, Farfesa na Nazarin Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa "rashin daidaituwa na muhalli yana ƙarfafawa kuma, a lokaci guda kuma yana nunawa, wasu nau'o'in matsayi da amfani tare da layi, jinsi da jinsi." Masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar da ke haifar da illar da ke tattare da sharar sharar ta shafi marasa galihu fiye da sauran, masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar zubar da shara tana da matukar tasiri sosai ga mutane masu launin fata, mata da masu karamin karfi musamman. Dangane da cinikin sharar duniya don sake haifar da rashin daidaito a duniya, yawancin masu fafutuka, masu shiryawa, da masu kare muhalli daga yankuna da abin ya shafa a Kudancin Duniya sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu game da manufofin cinikin sharar duniya. Evo Morales, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Bolivia, yana jayayya da tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu da ke tilasta wa kasarsa da al'ummarsa cin moriyar kasa. Yana cewa:"Idan muna son ceto duniyar duniyar, don ceton rayuka da bil'adama, muna da alhakin kawo karshen tsarin jari-hujja. Sai dai idan ba mu kawo karshen tsarin jari hujja ba, ba zai taba yiwuwa a yi tunanin za a samu daidaito da adalci a wannan duniyar tamu ba. To Don haka ne nake ganin yana da muhimmanci a kawo karshen cin zarafin bil’adama da sace-sacen albarkatun kasa, da kawo karshen yake-yake na barna a kasuwanni da albarkatun kasa, da wawashe makamashi, musamman ma burbushin halittu. ga yawan cin kaya da kuma tarin sharar gida. Tsarin jari-hujja yana ba mu damar tara sharar gida kawai.” Jean Francois Kouadio, ɗan asalin Afirka da ke zaune kusa da wurin da ake zubar da guba a ƙasar Ivory Coast, ya bayyana abin da ya samu game da illar abubuwa masu guba da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin al'ummarsa. Yayin da manyan kamfanonin kasashen Yamma ke zubar da shara masu guba a Ivory Coast, Kuoadio ya rasa yara biyu sakamakon sharar guba. Ya bayyana asarar 'yarsa ta biyu Ama Grace, da kuma yadda likitocin "sun ce ta yi fama da matsananciyar glycemia ta hanyar sharar gida mai guba." Baya ga masu suka daga Kudancin Duniya, masu bincike da masana a Yamma sun fara yin tsokaci game da rashin daidaituwar rarraba mummunan tasirin wadannan mummunar zubar da sharar da ke haifarwa. Dorceta Taylor, Farfesa a Jami'ar Michigan, ta yi jayayya game da yadda waɗannan manufofin ke shafar mata masu launi a ƙasar Amurka:"Mata masu launin fata sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen gwagwarmaya don jawo hankali ga al'amuran da ke lalata al'ummomin tsiraru batutuwa irin su zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari, bayyanar da guba; Al'ummomin su, wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙantar muhalli su ne ma'ajin kayan sharar gida na samar da jari-hujja da yawan amfani da su. Sakamakon haka, sun kasance cikin sahun gaba wajen fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli; su ne wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin muhalli, masu fafutuka na asali, masu bincike, masu shirya taro, shugabannin taron bita, masu fafutuka, da masu gudanar da yakin neman zabe da al'umma." TV Reed, Farfesa na Turanci da Nazarin Amirka a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, ya ba da hujjar cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin mulkin mallaka na tarihi da mulkin mallaka mai guba ya ta'allaka ne akan hasashe na ƙasa na asali a matsayin 'sharar gida'. Ya yi nuni da cewa al'adun yammacin duniya sun dauki kasar 'yan asali a matsayin "marasa cigaba" da "marasa amfani", don haka mutanen da ke cikinta ba su da "wayewa". Yin amfani da wuraren tarihi na mulkin mallaka, mai guba ya sake haifar da waɗannan gardama guda ɗaya ta hanyar ayyana ƙasa ta Kudu ta Kudu a matsayin wacce za a iya kashewa ga sharar ƙasashen yamma.
Mulkin mallaka mai guba Mulkin mallaka mai guba, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin tsarin da "kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin da ba su da tsada don fitarwa ko zubar da gurbataccen sharar da kasashe masu ci gaba ke yi," shi ne babban abin zargi a kan cinikin sharar duniya. Mulkin mallaka mai guba yana wakiltar manufofin neocolonial wanda ke ci gaba da kiyaye rashin daidaito a duniya a yau ta hanyar tsarin cinikayya mara kyau. Turawan mulkin mallaka mai guba yana amfani da kalmar mulkin mallaka saboda "halayen mulkin mallaka, da suka shafi dogaro da tattalin arziki, cin gajiyar aiki, da rashin daidaiton al'adu suna da alaƙa sosai a cikin sabon yanayin mulkin mallaka na sharar guba."
Sharar gida Sharar lantarki, wanda kuma aka sani da e-sharar gida, tana nufin na'urorin lantarki da aka zubar. Ragi mai saurin girma na sharar lantarki a duniya ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa ci gaban fasaha, canje-canje a kafofin watsa labarai (kaset, software, MP3), faɗuwar farashin, da kuma tsarin tsufa An kiyasta kimanin tan miliyan 50 na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Amurka da Turai. Yawancin wannan sharar lantarki ana jigilar su zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na Asiya da Afirka don sarrafa su da sake sarrafa su. Nazari daban-daban sun yi bincike kan illar muhalli da lafiya da wannan sharar ta e-sharar ta haifar ga mutanen da ke rayuwa da aiki a kusa da juji na lantarki. Karafa masu nauyi, gubobi, da sinadarai suna zubowa daga wadannan kayayyakin da aka jefar zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa, suna jefa mutanen yankin guba Mutanen da ke aiki a cikin wannan juji, yaran gida da ke neman kayan da za su sayar, da Kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al’ummomin da ke kewaye duk suna fuskantar wannan gubar mai kisa.
Wani birni da ke fama da mummunan sakamakon cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Guiyu, China, wanda ake kira da juji na lantarki na duniya. Yana iya zama juji na e-sharar gida mafi girma a duniya, tare da ma'aikata suna tarwatsa sama da fam guda miliyan 1.5 na kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran na'urorin lantarki a kowace shekara.
Toka mai ƙonewa Tokar innarator ita ce tokar da ake samarwa a lokacin da masu ƙonewa suka ƙone datti don zubar da shi. Konewa yana da tasirin gurɓatawa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sakin iskar gas iri-iri, ƙarfe mai nauyi, da sulfur dioxide Lamarin da ya faru a Tekun Khian Misalin tokar wutar lantarki da ake zubarwa a Kudancin Duniya daga Arewacin Duniya a cikin musayar cinikayya ta rashin adalci shine lamarin zubar da sharar <i id="mwmg">Tekun Khian</i> Dauke da kimanin ton 14,000 na toka daga wani incinerator a Philadelphia, jirgin dakon kaya, Tekun Khian, zai zubar da sharar sa. Duk da haka, bayan da Jamhuriyar Dominican, Panama, Honduras, Bermuda, Guinea Bissau, da kuma tsibirin Antilles na Holland suka ki amincewa da su, a ƙarshe ma'aikatan jirgin sun zubar da wani yanki na toka a kusa da Haiti. Bayan canza sunan jirgin sau biyu don gwadawa da ɓoye ainihin asalin, ƙasashen, Senegal, Morocco, Yemen, Sri Lanka, da Singapore sun hana shigar da jirgin. Bayan kin amincewa da akai-akai, an yi imanin an zubar da tokar a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Indiya. Bayan wannan bala'i na kula da sharar gida, gwamnatin Haiti ta hana duk wani sharar da aka shigo da shi, wanda ke jagorantar wani yunkuri na gane duk munanan sakamakon da wannan sharar ta haifar a duniya. Dangane da lamarin zubar da sharar tekun Khian da makamantansu, an rubuta yarjejeniyar Basel don tsayayya da abin da kasashe masu tasowa suka sani da 'yan mulkin mallaka mai guba.' An buɗe don sanya hannu a cikin Maris shekarata 1989 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Mayu shekarar 1992. Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da ita ba.
Sharar sinadarai Sharar sinadarai ita ce sharar da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba daga sinadarai masu haɗari, galibi waɗanda manyan masana'antu ke samarwa. Yana da matukar wahala da tsada a zubar dashi. Yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa da haɗarin lafiya yayin fallasa, sannan kuma dole ne a kula da shi a hankali a wuraren sarrafa shara mai guba.
Italiya na zubar da sinadarai masu hadari a Najeriya Misali daya na sharar sinadarai da ake fitarwa daga Arewacin Duniya zuwa Kudancin Duniya shine taron wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Italiya da ke neman gujewa ka'idojin tattalin arzikin Turai. Ana zargin cewa yana fitar da ton 4,000 na datti mai guba, dauke da tan 150 na polychlorinated biphenyls, ko PCBs, dan kasuwar dan kasar Italiya ya yi jigilar dala miliyan 4.3 a cikin jigilar datti zuwa Najeriya. Jaridar Fordham Environmental Law Review ta buga labarin da ke yin bayani dalla-dalla kan illar dattin da aka yi wa Najeriya:“Sakamakon batan shara a matsayin taki, kamfanin na kasar Italiya ya yaudari wani ma’aikacin katako mai ritaya/ jahiliya ya amince ya ajiye gubar a bayan gidansa dake tashar ruwan Koko ta Najeriya akan kudi kadan da dala har 100 duk wata. Wadannan sinadarai masu guba an fallasa su ga rana mai zafi da kuma yara masu wasa a kusa. Sun kutsa cikin ruwan Koko wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutanen kauye goma sha tara da suka ci gurbatacciyar shinkafa daga wata gona da ke kusa.” Wannan misali ɗaya ne na yadda ɗimbin ciniki na gargajiya, daga ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da suka ci gaba ya yi mugun tasiri, rashin adalci, da rashin daidaituwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a Kudancin Duniya.
Tashin hankali a Asiya Wani hatsari ga kasashe masu tasowa shi ne batun fasa- kwaurin jiragen ruwa, wanda ke faruwa musamman a Asiya. Kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu da ke neman yin ritaya jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su suna samun saukin aika wadannan jiragen zuwa Asiya don wargajewa. Ana kallon ƙasashen China da Bangladesh a matsayin cibiyoyi biyu na fasa kwaurin jiragen ruwa a Asiya. Daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan dai shi ne yadda wadannan jiragen ruwa da a yanzu suka tsufa ba za su iya ci gaba ba, an yi su ne a daidai lokacin da karancin ka'idojin muhalli. A cikin takardar gaskiyar muhalli, masu bincike sun nuna gagarumin tasirin wannan sabon sashin ciniki mai guba kan ma'aikata da muhalli. Na ɗaya, tsofaffin jiragen ruwa sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu lahani lafiya kamar asbestos, gubar oxide, zinc chromates, mercury, arsenic, da tributyltin Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan da ke fasa ruwa a kasar Sin da sauran kasashe masu tasowa bisa ga al'ada ba su da ingantattun kayan aiki ko na'urorin kariya yayin da ake sarrafa wadannan abubuwa masu guba.
Sharar gida An bayyana cinikin dattin robobi a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sharar ruwa. Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibin su ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharudda.
Tasiri Kasuwancin sharar gida na duniya ya yi mummunan tasiri ga mutane da yawa, musamman a kasashe matalauta, masu tasowa. Wadannan kasashe sau da yawa ba su da amintattun hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su ko wuraren aiki, kuma mutane suna sarrafa sharar guba da hannayensu. Yawancin sharar da ba a zubar da su ko kuma a kula da su yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da guba ga muhallin da ke kewaye da kuma haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a cikin mutane da dabbobi. Mutane da yawa sosai sun fuskanci cututtuka ko mutuwa saboda rashin tsaro yadda ake sarrafa waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari.
Tasiri kan muhalli Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayi da yanayin halittu. Nazari daban-daban sun yi la'akari da yadda yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ya haifar da guba a yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren zubar da ruwa, inda suka kashe tsuntsaye da yawa, kifi, da sauran namun daji. Akwai Kuma nau'ikan sinadarai masu nauyi a cikin iska, ruwa, ƙasa, da laka a cikin da kewayen waɗannan wuraren juji masu guba, kuma matakan tattara ƙarfe masu nauyi a waɗannan wuraren suna da yawa kuma suna da guba.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiyar ɗan adam Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunar illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu tasowa na iya zama mafi haɗari ga haɗari mai haɗari na cinikin sharar gida, kuma suna cikin haɗari musamman daga tasowa matsalolin lafiya. Hanyoyin zubar da wadannan sharar gida masu guba a kasashe masu tasowa suna fallasa yawan jama'a (ciki har da al'ummomi masu zuwa) ga sinadarai masu guba. To Ana zubar da waɗannan sharar gida mai guba a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ana ƙone su a cikin injina, ko kuma a wasu matakai masu haɗari. Ma’aikata suna sanye da kayan kariya kaɗan kaɗan lokacin sarrafa waɗannan sinadarai masu guba, kuma suna fuskantar waɗannan gubar ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, shakar numfashi, hulɗa da ƙasa da ƙura, da kuma shan gurɓataccen abinci da ruwan sha a cikin gida. Matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari suna shafar mutane ta hanyar haifar da ciwon daji, ciwon sukari, sauye-sauye a cikin ma'auni na neurochemical, rushewar hormone daga masu rushewar endocrin, Kuma sauye-sauyen fata, neurotoxicity, lalacewar koda, lalacewar hanta, cutar kashi, emphysema, ovotoxicity, lalacewar haihuwa, da dai sauransu. cututtuka masu mutuwa. Yin zubar da waɗannan sharar gida da ba daidai ba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya masu mutuwa, kuma yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a.
A siyasa A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2018, Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte na Philippines ya yi barazanar shelanta yaki idan Kanada ta kasa sake kwato dattin tan 64 na datti da suka yi kuskuren lakabi a matsayin mai sake yin amfani da su. An ce kayan dattin daga Kanada wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya sake sarrafa kayan filastik a cikin shekarar 2016 da ya gabata. An riga an san Duterte game da kalamai masu tsauri da muguwar ɗabi'a. A yayin taron ASEAN da aka shirya a Manila na kasar Philippines, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya halarci inda aka tambaye shi ko wane mataki za su iya yi don magance wannan batu. Trudeau ya yi alƙawarin cewa za su dawo da dattin Kanada daga Philippines amma bayan shekaru biyu an daidaita shi. Duterte ya bai wa gwamnatin Canada har zuwa ranar 30 ga Mayu ko kuma kotun kolin ta Philippine za ta kara dagula lamarin a kotun kasa da kasa. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da yaƙin sharar gida na Philippine-Canada Bayan wata guda, Malaysia ita ce kasa ta biyu a Asiya da ta ta'azzara cinikin sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Canada, UK, Japan da Amurka. A cewar ministan muhalli na Malaysia; Yeo Bee Yin ya yi kakkausar murya cewa 'yan Malaysia ba za su karbi shara daga kasashen da suka ci gaba ba saboda hakan ya saba wa hakkin dan Adam.
Kasar Sin ta kuma takaita shigo da datti daga kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma a halin yanzu kasashen Asiya irinsu Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam da Myanmar sun zama jaji na gaba na kasashen da suka ci gaba wanda hakan bai dace ba.
martani na kasa da kasa game da batutuwan cinikin sharar gida An sami martani daban-daban na kasa da kasa game da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da cinikin sharar gida na duniya da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita shi sama da shekaru talatin. Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari ya tabbatar da cewa yana da wuyar daidaitawa saboda akwai sharar da ake sayar da ita, kuma sau da yawa dokoki suna da wuyar aiwatar da su. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana samun manyan lalurori a cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ba ƙasashe da kamfanoni damar zubar da shara masu haɗari ta hanyoyi masu haɗari. To amman Babban yunƙurin da ya fi fice don daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Yarjejeniyar Basel Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da dokar kasuwanci masu dacewa
Taron Basel Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su, wanda akafi sani da Yarjejeniyar Basel, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita ƙauran ƙaura na ɓarna mai haɗari. An kafa yarjejeniyar Basel ne a shekara ta 1989 da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita ma'amalar sharar gida mai haɗari, musamman don hana zubar da datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. An samar da yarjejeniyar ta Basel ne biyo bayan wasu manyan batutuwan da aka yi ta fama da su inda aka rika jibge sharar guba masu yawa a cikin kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba, lamarin da ke jefa mutane da muhalli guba. Yarjejeniyar dai na neman rage samar da barna masu hadari, da sarrafa tare da rage cinikinta a kan iyakokin kasar.
An buɗe Yarjejeniyar don sanya hannu a ranar 22 ga Maris Na shekarar 1989, kuma ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 5 ga Mayu shekarata 1992. Tun daga watan Mayun shekarata 2014, jihohi 180 da Tarayyar Turai ne ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Haiti da Amurka sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amma ba su amince da shi ba.
SHARRI Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli don Haɓaka Ƙa'ida ta Ƙa'ida akan Haramtacciyar hanya (ENFORCE) wata hukuma ce da ƙwararrun masana masu dacewa ke aiki don inganta yarda da Yarjejeniyar Basel. Ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira don magance batutuwan da ke kan iyaka na cinikin sharar ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda batun cinikin sharar da ke tsakanin kasa da kasa ya ratsa kan iyakoki da dama kuma ya shafi kasashe da dama, kuma yana da muhimmanci sosai a samu wata kungiya ta kasa-da-kasa, wadda ke jagorantar wadannan al'amura. Mambobin ENFORCE sun haɗa da wakilai ɗaya daga kowane yanki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyar waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma wakilai biyar daga cibiyoyin Basel Convention na yanki da masu daidaitawa, bisa ga daidaiton wakilcin yanki. Membobin kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Kasa da Kasa (INTERPOL), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don hanawa da dakatar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa irin su Basel Action Network (BAN), da sauran kungiyoyi da dama su ma sun cancanci zama mambobi. na ENFORCE.
Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa A cikin shekarar 1999 Yarjejeniyar Basel ta zartar da Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa wanda ke neman inganta matakan tsari da mafi kyawun kare mutane daga sharar gida mai haɗari. Yarjejeniyar kan Alhaki da ramuwa tana ƙoƙarin "ƙaddamar da hanyoyin da suka dace lokacin da ƙetare iyakokin sharar gida ke haifar da lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli". Yarjejeniyar "tana sanya tsauraran alhaki ga diyya a cikin yanayin da ya shafi ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Basel, amma sai dai yayin da suke kula da sharar fage ta hanyar sanar da su, jigilar su, ko zubar da su." Yana neman daidaitawa da tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ƙasashe da na kamfanoni da dokokin Basel. Koyaya, kuma yawancin ƙasashe ba su sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya ba, don haka amfanin sa yana da iyaka.
Yarjejeniyar Lomé IV da Yarjejeniyar Cotonou A kokarin kare kansu daga zubar da sharar da ba ta dace ba, kasashen Afirka, Caribbean, da Pasifik (ACP) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lome IV, wacce ke zama kari ga Yarjejeniyar Basel kuma ta haramta “fitar da datti mai hadari daga Tarayyar Turai zuwa kasashen Turai. Jihohin ACP." Wannan Yarjejeniya dai wani yunkuri ne na kasashe masu tasowa na kare kansu daga kasashen yammacin duniya da ke fitar da shararsu zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar safarar sharar da ke da hadari. Lokacin da yarjejeniyar Lomé IV ya kare a shekara ta 2000, kasashen ACP da kasashen Turai sun kulla sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Cotonou, wadda ta amince da wanzuwar kasadar da ba ta dace ba a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma sha'awar kare kariya daga jigilar kaya masu haɗari masu haɗari zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe. Taron Bamako A shekara ta 1991 kasashe masu tasowa da yawa a Afirka sun yi taro don tattauna rashin gamsuwarsu da yarjejeniyar Basel wajen tsara yadda ake zubar da datti a cikin kasashensu, tare da tsara dokar hana shigo da datti zuwa kasashensu mai suna Yarjejeniyar Bamako Yarjejeniyar Bamako ta sha bamban da na Basel a cewar Bamako “ainihin ta haramta shigo da duk wata sharar da ake samarwa a wajen OAU (Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka) don zubarwa ko sake amfani da ita kuma tana ɗaukar duk wani shigo da shi daga wata Jam’iyya ba bisa ka’ida ba. aiki." Duk da haka, Kuma waɗannan ƙasashe ba za su iya aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba za su iya hana zubar da shara masu guba ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da kuma rashin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Don haka, aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Bamako yana da iyaka.
Sukar wadannan martani Laura Pratt, kwararre kan cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da ƙoƙarin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa na daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari, Kuma "yarjejeniyoyi na duniya na yanzu, duka da tartsatsi, yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace da doka da kuma ajandar ad hoc tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe, ba su samu ba. ya kasance mai nasara wajen kawar da mulkin mallaka mai guba kamar yadda masu goyon bayan za su yi fata." Ta bayyana cewa akwai madogara daban-daban a tsarin da ake da shi a halin yanzu da ke ba da damar ci gaba da zubar da barasa, da kuma rashin kula da mulkin mallaka mai guba. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da cigaba da jigilar kayayyaki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da rashin ma'anar sharuddan.
Kayan jigilar kayayyaki na yaudara da ɓoyewa Pratt ya bayyana cewa duk da yunƙurin daidaita zubar da shara ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, “[o] sau da yawa ana yin ɓarna mai haɗari ne kawai a ƙarƙashin izinin ƙarya, cin hanci, lakabin da bai dace ba, ko ma da hujjar ‘sake yin amfani da su,’ wanda ke daɗa girma.” Kamfanoni sukan fitar da barnar da suke da ita zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar fasa-kwauri ba bisa ga ka'ida ba. Ƙoƙarin daidaita wannan kasuwa ya fuskanci cikas sakamakon rashin iya sa ido a harkar kasuwancin, saboda yawancin ƙasashe ba su da wata hukuma ta doka da za ta hana ko ladabtar da fataucin barasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Bugu da ƙari, Pratt ya yi bayanin cewa ba tare da haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin kasa da kasa don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin ba, sannan Kuma yana da matukar wahala ga ƙasashe su "mallakar da cinikin haramtacciyar sharar gida, saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin albarkatun tilastawa da daidaiton tsari." Kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu sun fi daukar nauyin wannan haramtaccen aiki, kuma galibi ba su da wadata ko karfin kare kansu.
Matsaloli tare da ma'anar doka Wani batu tare da yarjejeniyar Basel da sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa don daidaita cinikin sharar shine wahalar samar da fayyace ma'anoni iri ɗaya game da sharar gida. Kuma Wadannan ma'anoni masu fadi da ma'ana suna haifar da matsala tare da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, yayin da bangarori daban-daban ke fassara harshen yarjejeniyoyin daban don haka suna aiki daidai da haka. Misali, “rashin bambamta tsakanin ‘sharar gida’ da ‘kayayyaki’ a cikin yarjejeniyar da ma’auni na ‘masu haɗari’ sun ba da damar ci gaba da fitar da ‘sharar lafiya’ a ƙarƙashin lakabin kayayyaki ko albarkatun ƙasa, duk da ana cewa waɗannan sharar gida har yanzu suna haifar da haɗarin muhalli da lafiya ga ƙasashe masu tasowa."
Duba wasu abubuwan Electronic waste Batutuwan kasuwancin duniya
zubar da muhalli
Adalci na muhalli
Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli
Rashin daidaiton muhalli na duniya
Rashin gurɓatawa sun sami hasashe
Gurbacewa mulkin mallaka ne
Yanki hadaya
Mulkin mallaka mai guba
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Sources Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26269 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondikandia | Tondikandia | Tondikandia yankunan karkara ne, na ƙungiya a Filingue Department, Tillabéri Region, Nijar Babban wurinsa da cibiyar gudanarwa shine garin Damana.
Geography Tondikania, wasu 120 kilomita arewa maso gabas da Yamai babban birnin kasar. Tana tsakiyar tsakiyar babban kwarin kogin Dallol Bosso, wanda ke tafiya kudu daga Saharan Mali, yana shiga kwarin Kogin Neja kudu da Yamai. Tondikania tana da iyaka da Dingazi da Filingué zuwa arewa maso yamma, Cibiyar Imanan da Kourfeye zuwa arewa maso gabas, Loga da Tagazar a kudu, da Simiri a gabas.
Tarihi Sunan Tondikania ya fito ne daga tsohuwar jihar Zarma mai mulkin wannan sunan, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 19. Al'adar baka daga ƙauyen Shat, zuwa arewa maso gabas na Tondikania, ya bayyana mutanen Zarma da ke ƙaura zuwa yankin daga kudu maso yamma a farkon kwanan wata, sannan kuma suna ƙaura da ƙaramin yawan jama'ar Sudye, haɗe -haɗen al'ummomin da suka gabata wanda yanzu suna yaren Zarma. Prefix "Tondi-", "Mountain" a Zarma, an raba shi da yankuna da yawa a yankin. Nomadic Fula ya koma cikin Dallol Bosso a karni na 18, inda ya kafa kananan jihohi da cibiyoyin koyar da Musulmai tare da kwarin Kogin Neja zuwa kudu da yamma. Wani lokaci a kusa da 1830 Kel Gres Tuareg ya ƙaura zuwa arewacin Tondikania, wanda ya haifar da jerin rikice -rikice da maƙwabtansa na Zarma da Fula, amma kuma ya daidaita yawan al'ummomin da ke dogaro da zama ("Bellah") a yankin. Kafin faɗuwar Frech zuwa cikin kwarin Niger a ƙarshen 1890, Tondikania ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin mulkin jagoran yaƙi Karanta. A cikin 1901, Faransanci ya sanya sarautar sarauta ta "Canton na Tondikania", wanda shugabansa ya amsa ga mulkin Faransa na Tarayyar Nijar An haifi Janar kuma Shugaban Nijar, Seyni Kountché (1931–1987) a ƙauyen Fandou Béri, Tondikania. Iyalin Kountché har yanzu suna da tasiri a yankin, yayin da ɗan'uwan marigayi shugaban ya kasance a cikin 2009 wanda ya daɗe yana aiki kuma ana girmama shugaban gwamnatin farar hula ta Tondikania.
Yawan jama'a Duk da cewa Tondikania tana da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen Zarma, ƙungiyar kuma ta haɗa da al'ummomin Tuareg, Fulbe, da Hausa A cikin 2010, gwamnatin Nijar ta ba da rahoton cewa Commune na Tondikandia tana da mazauna mutane 111,459. An ba da rahoton yawan mutane 84,223 a 2001.
Gudanarwa Tondikania Ƙungiya ce ta Karkara, wanda ya haɗa da ƙananan hukumomi, waɗanda zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai ke jagoranta a matakin Commune, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Damana. Ita kuma Hukumar Filingué ce, ƙarƙashin wani yanki na Yankin Tillabéri ke mulkin ta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kwamitin ya mallaki "Ƙananan Hukumomi" 210, wanda ya haɗa da ƙauyuka guda 118, garuruwa guda 89 da sarakunan gargajiya 3. Gari mafi girma da kujerar gudanarwa na gari chef-lieu shine garin Damana, wanda ke da yawan jama'a da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2010 na 3500. Agazol Fandou, Agazol Gorou, Alfa Kouara, Alfagaye, Alfari Kouara, Allabo (Allabo Koira Tegui), Alphagaye, Asko, Atchom, Atta Loga, Balle Kouara, Bambaka, Ban Kouara, Bangali, Bangou Banda Babitouri, Bangou Banda Gachi Kou Banda, Bangou Bi, Bangou Foumbo I, Bangou Foumbo (II), Bani Fandou, Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou (II), Banizoumbou, Banizounbou, Bardji Kouara, Birgui Kouara, Birki Kaina, Bomberi, Bongou Kouarey Bougara, Boukar Hima, Boukay Gorou, Bouki Bari, Boukou Zaweini Foulan, Boukou Zaweini, Boulkass, Bourgari, Bourtossi, Cahibou Kouara, Ciminti, Dagueye Deye, Damana Garia (I, II), Damana, Dani Fandou, Dankoukou, Darey Dey Tegui Fondabon, Dey Tegui Kouara, Deye Gorou, Deye Tegui, Deyguine, Dineyane, Dioula Kouara, Djiogo Kouara, Djole, Dolewa, El Kouara, Elh Fandobon Kouara, Elhadji Kouara, Fadi Foga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fandoga, Fantou Yan, Fare, Faria Beri, Faria Goubey (Faria Maourey), Farmas Beri, Farmas Keina, Fazi Hinka, Fin a Kouara, Folo, Foney Ganda, Foye Fandou, Gabda Fandou, Gabda Ganda, Gamsa Gorou, Ganda Bangou Alfaga Kouara, Ganda Bangou Simintodo, Gangamyan, Gani Damana, Garbey Taweye, Gatta Garbey Kouara Zeno, Gatta Gardey Kouara Tegui, Gatta Sogua, Gawaye, Gille Kouara (Hameau),Gonga, Gorma Fando Bon, Gorma Moussa, Gorou Banda, Gorou, Goumbi Banda, Gounize, Guile Koira Tegui, Haini Si Morou Belle (I), Haini Si Morou Belle (II), Haini Si Morou Goubeye, Haini Si Morou Maourey, Hari Gana, Hassoumi Kouara, Kabey Kougou, Kandabata, Kandirkoye, Kandoum Ganda, Kandoum, Karaga Moumssou, Karim Bawa, Katamba Kaina, Kirip Beri, Kirip Kaina, Kobe, Koberi, Kobi, Kofandou (Sixieme), Kofandou Talladje, Kofandou, Kogo, Kogorou Santche, Kokaina Kouara Tegui, Kokaina Kouara Zeno, Korgoni Zarma, Korombol, Kossey, Kouboutche, Koura, Kourega, Kourega, Kourega,, Ladan Kouara, Lassour, Loguery, Loki Damana, Malam Oumarou Kouara, Manzaka, Maourey, Maridoumbo, Matchi Zaley (Sindbey), Mobangou, Moribene, Moufa Tombo, Naguiz Kouara Zeno, Naguize Dabaga, Naguize Tondi Sanda, Namari Bello, Namarou Bangou, Sabarey Kaina, Sabarey, Sakdamna, Samari Kouara, Sansami, Sofani Djerma, Sofani Peul Korgom Foulan), Soley Damana, Soley Deye Djinde, Soley Deye Tegui, Soley Ganotondi, Soley Tanka, Soudje Mani Kouara, Soudjere, Soukoutou, Sourgo Kouara, Tadene Gao Beri, Tadene Kaina, Talibi Dey, Talifanta Beri, Talifanta Fando Goubey, Tamagueye, Tamara, Tanka Lamine, Tanka Lokoto, Tarifo, Tassi Kaina, Tchimori, Tebewa II, Tibawa I, Tiguiri Bellah (Tiguiri Zarma), Toka, Toke Yaw, Tolo Bango, Tombaize Kouara, Tombo, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondi Banda, Tondikouara, Toutou Fandou, Wadouka Peulh, Wadouka Z (Va), Wahadi, Wandilan, Yaragaberi, Zaley Kouara, Zanagane Koiratagui, Zaza, Zebane Fitti, Zouragane Kouara Zeno.
Manazarta Garuruwa
Gari
Gine-gine
|
2603 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri | Maiduguri | Maiduguri shine babban birnin Jihar Borno dake arewa maso gabashin Najeriya Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya. Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar Yerwa (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas.
Mulki Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun Borno take kuma ita ce babban birnin jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take.
Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin [Monday Market] wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun hada da tufafi, kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan kifi da ake kamawa a garin Baga wanda yake dabda tafkin Cadi. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM.
Zirga-zirga Maiduguri tana da filin jirgin sama wanda ake kira Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa Abuja da Lagos da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa Saudiya lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar gyada, Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, saniya daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru.
Ilimi da Makarantu Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da Jami'ar Maiduguri. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da ilmi aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai Jami'ar Jihar Borno da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna Ramat Polytechnic. Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri.
Masaukin Baki Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel.
Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri.
Addini Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa.
Manazarta
Biranen Najeriya
Kananan hukumomin jihar |
34642 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nierenberg | William Nierenberg | Articles with hCards
William Aaron Nierenberg an haifeshi a ranar 13 ga watan (Fabrairu 1919 ya rasu ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2000) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Amurka ne wanda yayi aiki akan aikin Manhattan kuma shine darektan Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1986. Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar George C. Marshall a cikin shekarar 1984.
Bayan Fage An haifi Nierenberg a ranar 13 ga watan fabrairu, 1919, a titin 213 E. 13th, a kan ƙananan Gabas ta Tsakiya na New York, ɗan ƙaƙƙarfan Yahudawa baƙi daga Austro-Hungary Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Townsend Harris sannan kuma Kwalejin City na New York (CCNY), inda ya sami gurbin karatu don ya yi ƙaramar shekararsa a ƙasashen waje a Faransa a Jami'ar Paris A cikin 1939, ya zama farkon mai karɓar haɗin gwiwar William Lowell Putnam daga Kwalejin City. Har ila yau, a cikin 1939, ya shiga cikin bincike a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya dauki kwas a kan makanikan kididdiga daga mai ba shi shawara na gaba, II Rabi Ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Columbia, amma daga 1941 ya shafe shekarun yakin ya koma Manhattan Project, yana aiki akan rabuwar isotope, kafin ya koma Columbia don kammala PhD.
Sana'a A cikin 1948 Nierenberg ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na ma'aikatan ilimi, a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Physics a Jami'ar Michigan Daga 1950 zuwa 1965 ya kasance abokin aiki sannan kuma Farfesa a fannin Physics a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda yake da babban dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar nukiliya maras ƙarfi, inda ya kammala digiri na 40 na PhD a wannan lokacin kuma ya buga takardu kusan 100. Shi ne ke da alhakin tantance lokutan makaman nukiliya fiye da kowane mutum guda. An ba da misalin wannan aikin lokacin da aka zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971. A cikin wannan lokacin, a cikin 1953, Nierenberg ya ɗauki hutun shekara guda don yin aiki a matsayin darektan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Columbia Hudson, yana aiki akan matsalolin yaƙin ruwa. Daga baya, ya kula da ƙira da gina ginin "sabon" kimiyyar lissafi a Berkeley. Da yawa daga baya (1960-1962) ya sake daukar hutu a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Tsaro ta Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) mai kula da harkokin kimiyya, inda ya kula da yawancin nazarin kasa da kasa kan kimiyyar lissafi da fasahar tsaro.
A cikin 1965 an nemi Nierenberg ya zama darektan Cibiyar Scripps of Oceanography (SIO). Nierenberg ya kasance darektan SIO na shekaru 21, darekta mafi dadewa a yau. A lokacin aikinsa, jiragen ruwa biyar na bincike na zamani sun shiga ƙungiyar Scripps kuma kasafin kuɗin cibiyar ya karu sau biyar. Ya lura da aikin hako ruwan teku mai zurfi (1966-1986), wanda ya samar da ci gaban kimiyya kamar gano abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai zurfi, gano cewa tekun Bahar Rum ya taba zama rufaffiyar kwano har ma da busasshiyar teku, da kuma tabbatar da teku a halin yanzu. kwanduna matasa ne. Aikin ya zama na farko na cibiyoyi da yawa, haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa a fannin kimiyya da kuma abin koyi don ayyuka na gaba. Nierenberg ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya. An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971 kuma zuwa Majalisar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin a 1979. An kuma zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1965 da Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa a 1983. A cikin 1981, Nierenberg ya zama memba na Majalisar Al'adu ta Duniya A cikin 1987 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Delmer S. Fahrney daga Cibiyar Franklin don fitaccen jagoranci a kimiyya.
Allolin shawarwari Nierenberg ya yi aiki a kan manyan bangarori da kwamitocin shawarwari, da farko bayan ya dawo daga NATO. A cikin 1971 an nada shi shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasa kan Teku da yanayi kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kwamiti har zuwa 1977. Ya yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya na Shugaban Kasa Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa daga 1972 zuwa 1978 kuma an nada shi wani wa'adi daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Mayu 1988. Nierenberg ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan bangarori da yawa na soja. A cikin 1976 an nada shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara ga sabuwar Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fadar White House (OSTP). Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Kasa (NASA) daga 1978 zuwa 1982 kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. Ya kasance shugaban OSTP Acid Rain Peer Panel Review, wanda rahotonsa "Acid Rain" aka buga a 1984. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar hukumar wajen dakile hayakin ruwan acid Yanayi Nierenberg ya yi matukar sha'awar matsalar dumamar yanayi A karkashin wanda ya gabace shi a Scripps, Roger Revelle, Scripps ya fara shirin sa ido kan CO da sauran iskar gas Nierenberg ya goyi bayan wannan aikin kuma ya shiga tsakani da kansa lokacin da aka yi barazana ga kudaden bincike na shirin. A cikin Oktoba 1980, a lokacin shugabancin Carter, an zartar da Dokar Majalisa ta neman Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa don sake duba abin da aka sani game da sauyin yanayi. Cibiyar ta nada Nierenberg ya jagoranci kwamitin don samar da wannan rahoto. Kwamitin dai ya kunshi fitattun masana kimiyyar jiki da masana tattalin arziki biyu, William Nordhaus na Yale da Thomas Schelling na Harvard. Schelling da da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a cikin kwamitoci don rahotanni biyu da suka gabata na gwamnatin Carter, wanda ya nuna dumamar yanayi a matsayin babbar matsala mai yuwuwa, kuma Nordhaus yana haɓaka sabon tsari don haɓaka iskar CO na farko wanda bai ɗauka ba. m extrapolations Bayanan kimiyya na sakamakon rahoton Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoban 1983, sun yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata. Mahimman abubuwan da ya sa su ne:
Mafi yuwuwar kwanan wata CO "biyu" (zuwa 600 ppm) shine 2065 (shafi na 21)
Dumamar duniya saboda ninka CO mai yuwuwa ya kasance tsakanin 1-5-4.5 °C, kamar yadda rahoton Charney ya nuna Yin bita a hankali game da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke ba da shawarar canjin yanayi na CO da ba za a iya gani ba ya nuna waɗannan sun dogara ne akan bincike na ɓarna (shafi na 28)
Dumama a ma'auni zai zama mai girma sau 2-3 a kan yankunan iyakacin duniya kamar na wurare masu zafi; kuma mai yiwuwa ya fi arctic (shafi na 30)
Matsayin teku zai iya tashi 70 cm sama da ƙarni daga haɓakar thermal, da narkewar glaciers masu tsayi. Akwai babban rashin tabbas game da makomar Ice Sheet na yammacin Antarctic tarwatsewa zai iya haifar da hawan teku na 5 zuwa 6m sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa (shafi na 42)
Rahoton ya kuma ƙunshi shawarwarin manufofin:
CO2 is a cause for concern but not panic; a program of action without a program for learning would be costly and ineffective (page 61)
A careful, well-designed program of monitoring and analysis is needed to detect the CO2 signal on climate (page 76)
Shawarwarin manufofin sun tabbatar da cece-kuce, kuma hakan ya hana kiraye-kirayen daukar matakin gaggawa kan sauyin yanayi a kafafen yada labarai da Washington. Masana tarihi Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, da Matthew Shindell sun yi jayayya cewa rahoton Nierenberg ya nuna asalin muhawarar sauyin yanayi da za ta biyo baya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Mai ba da shawara na kimiyya na Reagan George A. Keyworth II ya ba da rahoton rahoton a cikin jayayya game da "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba kuma ba dole ba" na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma Exxon kamar haka ya ambaci rahoton a cikin sake mayar da alkawurran da suka gabata don binciken makamashi mai sabuntawa. Oreskes da Conway sun yi iƙirarin cewa surori da masana tattalin arziki suka rubuta sun bambanta da waɗanda masana kimiyya suka rubuta, cewa shawarwarin manufofin sun fi nuna ra'ayoyin masana tattalin arziki, kuma Nierenberg, shugaban kwamitin, da kansa ya yi watsi da ra'ayin ra'ayi da aka cimma kan ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin yanayi. masana kimiyya, da kuma "a cikin yin haka da jayayya sun kaddamar da muhawarar sauyin yanayi, suna canza batun daga damuwa na kimiyya zuwa daya daga cikin takaddamar siyasa." A cikin takarda na 2010, ɗan Nierenberg Nicolas ya yi jayayya da kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa, yana jayayya cewa sakamakon kimiyya na rahoton ya nuna ra'ayi na yanzu kuma yana nuna cewa sauran rahotannin yanayi daga lokacin kuma sun daina ba da shawara ga tsarin makamashi na kusa. canje-canje.
Cibiyar Marshall Daga baya Nierenberg ya zama mai haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar George C. Marshall, kuma mai sukar wasu ƙididdiga na kimiyya na takardun bincike daban-daban.
GadoGado
See also 'Yan kasuwan shakka
Nierenberg Prize
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20Kenya%20Children%27s%20Screen | Lola Kenya Children's Screen | Lola Kenya Screen, ko Lola Kenya Screen Children bikin watsa labarai mai ji da gani da koyo ta hanyar yin jagoranci ga yara da matasa a gabashin Afirka. Ya ƙunshi shirya fina-finai, sukar fina-finai, aikin jarida na al'adu, ilimin kafofin watsa labaru, tallace-tallace, da tsarawa da tsari.
Asali An kafa allo na Lola Kenya a cikin Oktoba 2005 wanda masanin fasaha da al'adu Ogova Ondego ya kafa, wanda ya kasance Manajan Amintacce kuma Daraktan Ƙirƙira tun lokacin. Sunan Lola Kenya Screen Bantu kuma yana nufin "duba ko kallon fina-finai a Kenya". Allon Lola Kenya yana nufin nema, ganowa, haɓakawa da haɓaka hazaka a tsakanin yara da matasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙwarewar hannu a fannoni kamar aikin jarida, yin fina-finai, godiyar fasaha, da tsari da gabatar da al'adu da ƙirƙira.
Maƙasudai Memorandum and Articles of Association of Lola Kenya Screen suna cikin Babi na 486 na Dokokin ƙasar Kenya, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa aka haɗa allon Lola Kenya. Babban manufofinsa su ne: Don samar da hanyoyin samar da fina-finai ga masu tasowa;
Don gina masu sauraro don fina-finan Afirka ta hanyar ƙarfafa al'adu masu dacewa, fina-finai masu sauraro a cikin harsunan gida, al'adu da gaskiya;
Don haɓaka ƙwarewar fina-finai da haɓaka hazaka a Kenya;
Don samar da aƙalla fina-finai shida a kowace shekara daga wuraren shirya fina-finai;
Don haɗa kai da abokan tarayya na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin horar da ƙwararrun matasa waɗanda ke son haɓaka ƙwarewar su a cikin rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, sashen fasaha, sauti, yin aiki, jagoranci, da samarwa.
Shirye-shirye
Haɓaka Ƙwarewa A lokacin bikin, yara da matasa suna aiki a cikin kwamitin zaɓen fina-finai, shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da gabatar da shirye-shirye, sanƙira (Master of Ceremonies, MC), juri na fina-finai, manema labarai na biki (al'adun aikin jarida), da kuma a cikin taron shirya fina-finai, wanda ya samar da gajeru akalla biyar. fina-finai na yara da matasa.
Shirin Ƴan Jaridu na bikin na da nufin daukaka matsayin aikin jarida na kirkire-kirkire da al'adu a gabashin Afirka.
Taron Bita na Ƙaddamarwa na neman wadata yara da matasa dabarun yin fina-finai.
Shirin Ƙungiyar Shirin da Gabatarwa (MC) yana ba da jagoranci ga mahalarta a cikin tsari da kuma gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru da shirye-shirye.
Jury na Fim yana ba wa mahalarta damar haɓaka mahimmancin godiya ga aikin ƙirƙira gabaɗaya da fim musamman. Mambobin juri, waɗanda dukkansu yara ne da matasa, suna kallon fina-finai kuma suna ba da kyaututtuka. Shirin Karatun Kafafan Yada Labarai na bunkasa fahimtar damammaki da haɗurran da ke tattare da kafafen yada labarai na zamani da kuma yadda za a kauce wa matsaloli ta hanyar shiga cikin fadakarwa.
Tun daga watan Agustan 2006, lokacin da Lola Kenya Screen ta buɗe ƙofofinta ga rukunin farko na mahalarta, wasu yara da matasa 254 sun wuce ta cikin Disamba 2011.
Sauran shirye-shirye Talla
Wannan shi ne dandali wanda masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban ke haɗawa, da tallatawa da ƙimar kasuwa, kayayyaki da ayyuka da suka shafi yara, matasa da iyali yayin bikin. Docs for Kids, shirin na masu horar da masu shirya fina-finai na yara da matasa, da IPO- Gabashin Afirka, a nan an kaddamar da su a nan. Wannan kuma ita ce hanyar shigar da shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa zuwa yankin gabashin Afirka, domin da wuya a nuna yawancin fina-finan kasa da kasa da ake nunawa a nan a ko'ina a nahiyar Afirka, wanda da wuya a samu kasuwa ta fina-finan yara da matasa.
Wayar da kai ga makarantu
Allon Lola Kenya yana nuna fina-finai a cibiyoyin ilimi a ciki da wajen Nairobi kuma yana taimaka wa ɗalibai da ɗalibai su san mahimmancin kafofin watsa labarai a cikin al'ummomin zamani. Nuna al'umma da silima ta wayar hannu
Allon Lola Kenya yana haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan hulɗa daban-daban don nuna fina-finai, gudanar da tarurrukan bita da gudanar da taron ƙarawa juna sani a cikin al'ummomi a Nairobi da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan abokin tarayya shine Slum-TV, wanda Lola Kenya Screen ke kaiwa ga jama'a a cikin tarkace na Mathare, Huruma, Jericho da Kibera Dandalin fina-finai na Lola Kenya
Wannan baje kolin fina-finai ne na kowane wata na gabashin Afirka wanda ake gudanarwa tun ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2005. Taron wanda ake gudanarwa a ranar Litinin din ƙarshe na kowane wata a cibiyar Goethe-Institut da ke birnin Nairobi, taron ya ƙunshi ɗaliban fina-finai, masu shirya fina-finai, ‘yan jaridan fina-finai, furodusoshi, daraktocin fasaha da sauran su. Ana nuna fina-finai kuma mahalarta suna tattaunawa da kuma bincika wasu tsare-tsare don ciyar da harkar fim gaba a yankin.
Bikin fim Bikin fina-finai na Lola Kenya na shekara-shekara yana gudana a cikakken makon farko na Agusta. Tun daga 2008 kuma ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Kids For Kids Festival-Africa (KFKF-A) don fina-finai da yara suka yi don yara a faɗin Afirka. Bikin fina-finai ya mayar da hankali ne kan fina-finan yara da matasa, fina-finai na ɗalibai, masu son yin koyi da ƙwararrun yara da matasa, da kuma fina-finan da suka shafi yara da matasa. A lokacin bikin, yara (ƴan shekaru 6 zuwa 13) da matasa (ƴan shekaru 14 zuwa 25) suna aiki a cikin kwamitin zaɓe na fim, a kan juri na fim, a cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da gabatarwa (MC), a cikin shirin. bukukuwan jarida (na aikin jarida na kirkire-kirkire), da kuma a cikin aikin shirya fina-finai mai amfani wanda ke samar da akalla gajerun fina-finai biyar ga yara da matasa. Bikin yana nuna mafi kyawun fina-finai na gida da na waje, don yara, matasa da dangi. Yana nuna fina-finai a kowane nau'i na tsari, nau'i da nau'i: gajerun fina-finai; dogon fina-finai; fina-finan yara da matasa; rayarwa; Fina-finan Afirka; fina-finai na gwaji; faifan bidiyo na kida na halitta; shirye-shiryen talabijin da shirye-shirye; fina-finan fasali; fina-finan gaskiya; sanarwar sabis na jama'a da tallace-tallace; fina-finan dalibai; da wasannin kwamfuta. Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Manazarta Sinima a Afrika
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24707 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Bako | Ibrahim Bako | Birgediya Ibrahim Bako (An haife shi 31 ga watan disamba, shekara ta 1943 Ya rasu shekara ta 1983) babban jami'i ne a Sojojin Najeriya wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin Sojojin Najeriya guda biyu: juyin mulkin juyin juya hali na watan Yuli, shekarar alif 1966 da juyin mulkin shekarar alif 1983 na watan Disamba. Juyin mulkin shekarar 1983, ya kawar da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya ta Shehu Shagari yayin da juyin mulkin shekarar alif 1966. ya kawar da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ironsi. An kashe Bako yayin da yake kokarin kamo shugaban ƙasasa Shehu Shagari a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1983 Sana'a An ba Ibrahim Bako aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1963 a matsayin Laftanar bayan ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Soja ta Sandhurst Bako (a lokacin Lt Colonel) ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in dabaru a Hukumar Ƙidayar Ƙasa ta ƙidayar 1973. A wani lokaci a cikin aikinsa, Ibrahim Bako ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin Najeriya wanda ya taimaka wajen sauya tsoffin mayaƙa 100 daga kuma cikin gandun dajin Zimbabwe (bayan gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci) don zaɓa da horo a Kwalejin Tsaron Najeriya, Kaduna a 1980. Waɗannan tsoffin mayaƙan ƴan tawaye 100 sun kafa runduna ta farko na Sojojin Ƙasar Zimbabwe bayan samun' yancin kai. Tun daga ranar 31 ga Disamban shekarar 1983, Bako ya kasance Daraktan Kwalejin Sojoji a Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji, kuma muƙaddashin GOC 1 Mechanized Division, Kaduna.
Matsayi a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 1966 Juyin Juya Halin 28 ga Yuli, 1966 (wanda galibi ake kira juyin mulkin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 wani tashin hankali ne na kifar da Gwamnatin soja ta Janar Aguiyi-Ironsi, wacce ta hau mulki bayan juyin mulkin ranar 15 ga Janairu, wanda Manjo Emmanuel Ifeajuna da Lt Col suka jagoranta. Kaduna Nzeogwu Wasu gungun hafsoshin soji da suka fito daga Arewacin Najeriya (ciki har da Lts Ibrahim Bako, Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Theophilus Danjuma, Captain Joe Garba, Lt Col Murtala Muhammed, da sauran su) sun yi makarkashiya tare da yi wa gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ironsi tawaye. Daga cikin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu sun hada da Janar Aguiyi Ironsi da Laftanar Kanar Adekunle Fajuyi A lokacin leken asirin juyin mulkin, sannan Laftanar Kanal Murtala Mohammed zai tuka zuwa Ibadan (inda Bako ya kasance tare da wasu kamar Lt Jerry Useni Muhammed yakan saba shiga gari daga Legas, ya ɗauko Ibrahim Bako da Abdullai Shelleng -ya shirya wuri da zagayawa ba tare da tsayawa ba yayin da suke tattaunawa kan shirin su na juyin mulki.
Matsayin juyin mulki a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983 Ibrahim Bako (a lokacin shine Daraktan Kwalejin Sojoji a Kwamandan Rundunar Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji) da mukaddashin GOC 1 Mechanized Division, Kaduna, aikin juyin mulkin ne suka ba da aikin kama shugaban kasa Shehu Shagari mai yiwuwa bayan Brigade na Shagari. Kanal Tunde Ogbeha ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi (ba tare da tashin hankali kamar yadda aka tsara) ba. Marubuci Max Siollun ya lura cewa an zaɓi Bako ne don rawar kamawa saboda mahaifin Bako abokin Shagari ne. Bako bai sani ba shine gaskiyar cewa an fallasa makircin juyin mulkin ga Shugaba Shagari, wanda masu gadinsa ke cikin shirin ko -ta -kwana. Bayan isa gidan Shugaban kasa (cikin rigar da ba ta soji ba) tare da rukunin sojoji don kamo Shugaban, Bako an kuma harbe shi ne yayin da yake zaune a gefen fasinja na wata babbar mota ta Unimog a cikin tashin gobara tsakanin sojojin daga. Dakarun Bako da sojojin Brigade of Guards karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Augustine Anyogo. Ana baje kolin babbar motar Unimog da aka kashe Bako a gidan adana kayan tarihin sojojin Najeriya da ke Zariya, Najeriya.
Manyan hafsoshin sojan da suka shiga cikin juyin mulkin na 1983 sune: Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari (General Officer Commanding, 3rd Armored Division, Jos)
Manjo Janar Ibrahim Babangida (Daraktan ayyuka da tsare -tsare na Sojojin)
diya Ibrahim Baƙo (Brigade Commander)
Birgediya Sani Abacha (Kwamanda, Birged na 9)
Birgediya Tunde Idiagbon (Sakataren Soja, Soja)
Laftanar Kanal Aliyu Mohammed (Daraktan leken asirin sojoji)
Lt Kanal Halilu Akilu
Laftanar Kanal David Mark
Lt Kanal Tunde Ogbeha
Manjo Sambo Dasuki (Mataimakin Soja ga Babban Hafsan Sojojin, Lt-General Wushishi)
Major Abdulmumuni Aminu
Major Lawan Gwadabe
Manjo Mustapha Jokolo (Babban Malami, Barikin Basawa Zaria)
Abubakar Umar
Majalisar koli ta Soja ta Manjo Janar Buhari (SMC) ta yi shiru na minti ɗaya ga wanda aka kashe Birgediya Bako a yayin taron SMC na farko.
Bayanai masu karo da juna na mutuwar Bako a lokacin juyin mulkin ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983 Baan Bako (Farfesa Ibrahim Ado Bako) ya yi iƙirarin a wata hira da yayi da Jaridar Leadership ta Najeriya a watan Janairun 2014, cewa wasu maƙarƙashiyan juyin mulki waɗanda ba sa tare da niyyar Bako na yin juyin mulki ba tare da jini ba. Farfesa Baƙo ya tabbatar da cewa “manyan hafsoshin sojojin da abokan aikin su ba su yarda da abin da shi (mahaifina) yake son yi ba saboda suna son juyin mulkin ya zama na jini. A yanzu sun umarci Laftanar Kanal da ya harbe shi kuma nan take ya mutu a wurin a gadar Area 1 ta yanzu a Abuja Manazarta Sojojin |
39464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27a%20ta%20Basra | Rabi'a ta Basra | Rābi'a al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya (714/717/718 801 CE) balarabiya musulmi waliyya cekuma a sufanci Ana san ta a wasu sassan duniya da sunan Hazrat Rabi'a Basri, Rabi'a Al Basri ko kuma kawai Rabi'a Basri.
Tarihin Rayuwa An ce an haifi a a tsakanin shekara ta 714 zuwa 718 Miladiyya (95 da 98 Hijiriyya a garin Basra Iraki, ta kabilar Qays Farid ud-Din Attar, waliyi Sufi kuma mawaƙi na daga baya, ya ba da labarin yawancin rayuwarta.
Ita ce 'ta huɗu a dangin ta kuma ana kiranta Rābi'a, ma'ana "na huɗu".
A cewar Fariduddin Attar, wanda lissafinsa ya fi tatsuniyoyi fiye da labarin wata Rābi’a mai tarihi: lokacin da aka haifi Rābi’a, iyayenta sun kasance matalauta, har babu mai a gidan da za a kunna fitila, kuma ba tufa da za a nade ta. Mahaifiyarta ta roki mijinta ya karbo mai daga makwabcinsa, amma ya ƙudurta a rayuwarsa ba zai taɓa neman wani abu a wurin kowa ba sai Allah. Ya yi kamar zai je kofar makwabcin ya koma gida babu komai. Da dare Muhammad ya kuma bayyana gare shi a mafarki, ya ce masa.“Yar ku sabuwar haihuwa abin so ne a wurin Ubangiji, kuma za ta jagoranci Musulmai da yawa zuwa ga hanya madaidaiciya. Ku kusanci Sarkin Basra ku gabatar masa da wata takarda da za a rubuta a cikinta cewa: ‘Kuna yi wa Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama Durudu sau dari kowane dare, sau dari hudu duk daren Alhamis. Amma tunda kun kasa kiyaye dokar a ranar Alhamis din da ta gabata, a matsayin hukunci dole ne ku biya dinari dari hudu’”.Amma bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, yunwa ta kama Basra. Ta rabu da yayanta. Rabi'a ta shiga jeji don yin addu'a kuma ta zama 'yar Gujewa daga saɓo tana rayuwa ta ware. Ana yawan ambaton ta a matsayin sarauniyar mata tsarkaka, kuma an santa da cikakkiyar sadaukarwarta a matsayin ƙaunar Allah mai tsafta mara ƙa'ida." A matsayinta na abin koyi a tsakanin sauran masu sadaukarwa ga Allah, ta samar da abin koyi na soyayya tsakanin Allah da halittunsa; Misalinta shine wanda mai son ibada a bayan kasa ya zama daya da Masoyinsa. Ta yi addu'a:“Ya Ubangiji, idan na bauta maka saboda tsoron Jahannama.</br> to, ka ƙone ni a cikin Jahannama;
Idan na bauta Maka saboda ina son Aljanna.</br> to ka hane ni daga Aljannah;
Amma idan na bauta maka don kanka kaɗai.</br> To, kada ka hana ni kyawonka na har abada.” Rabi'a ta rasu tana da shekaru 80 a Basra a shekara ta 185 bayan hijira/801 miladiyya, inda aka nuna kabarinta. a wajen birni. Duk da haka, babban marubucin tarihin rayuwar Rabi'a na zamani, Rika Elaroui Cornell, ya ce kwanan watan haihuwar Rabi'a da mutuwarsa "sun zo daga wani lokaci mai tsawo kuma ba a san ainihin tushen waɗannan kwanakin ba."
Falsafa Sau da yawa ana ganin cewa ita ce mace ɗaya da ta fi shahara kuma ta yi tasiri a tarihin Musulunci, Rābi'a ta shahara da tsantsar kyawawan halaye da tsoron Allah. Wata ‘yar tsautsayi, da aka tambaye ta dalilin da ya sa ta yi sujjada dubu dare da rana, sai ta ce:“Ba ni nufin lada a kansa, ina yin haka ne domin Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gare shi ya yi farin ciki da ita a ranar kiyama kuma ya ce wa annabawa, ‘Ku lura da abin da mace ta samu. al'ummata ta cika." Ta kasance mai tsananin kiyayya da sadaukarwa ga Allah. Ba ta taba da'awar cewa ta samu hadin kai da shi ba; maimakon haka ta sadaukar da rayuwarta don neman kusanci ga Allah. A matsayin bayani na ƙin ɗaga kanta zuwa sama [ga Allah] a matsayin tawali’u, ta kasance tana cewa: “Da a ce duniya ta mallaki mutum ɗaya ne, da ba za ta sa ya arzuta ba [B] saboda yana shuɗewa." Ita ce wacce ta fara gabatar da koyarwar Soyayyar Ubangiji da aka fi sani da <i id="mwWQ">Ishq-e-Haqeeqi</i> kuma ana daukarta a matsayin mafi mahimmancin masu kin jinin farko, yanayin ibada guda daya wanda a karshe za a yi masa lakabi da Sufanci Waka da Tatsuniyoyi Yawancin waqoqin da ake jingina mata ba a san asalinsu ba. Babu wata shaida a cikin tarihin tarihi cewa Rabi'a ya tava saduwa da Hasan al-Basri amma wannan tatsuniya, wacce ta fara bayyana a cikin Tadhkirat al-Awliya ta Fariduddin Attar, ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a wannan zamani: Bayan rayuwar kunci, sai ta samu yanayin fahimtar kanta Allah ne ya zabe ta don yin mu'ujizar Ubangiji. Da Shaikh Hasan al-Basri ya tambaye ta yadda ta gano sirrin sai ta mayar da martani da cewa:"Kin san yadda za a yi, amma na san ta yaya." Daya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi da dama da suka dabaibaye rayuwarta shi ne ta ‘yanta daga bauta domin ubangijinta ya ga tana addu’a alhalin haske ya kewaye ta, ya gane cewa ita waliyya ce kuma tana tsoron ransa idan ya ci gaba da rike ta a matsayin baiwa. Babban marubucin tarihin rayuwar Rābi'a na zamani, Rika Elaroui Cornell, ya gano manyan rukunoni huɗu na tatsuniyoyi, Rābi'a the Teacher, Rābi'a the Ascetic, Rābi'a the Lover, and Rabi'a the Sufi.
Rabi'a the Ascetic </br>Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya sau da yawa ana tatsuniya a matsayin ascetic mai mahimmanci, inda "mai girman kai ya kai ga Ba Duniya ba ta hanyar kin Duniya ba amma ta hanyar daukar ta a matsayin mara mahimmanci. Muhimmiyar shashanci yana nisantar Duniya ba don ta kasance munana ba sai don shagala ce daga Allah.”
Ka'idar mata bisa rayuwar Rabi'a al-Adawiyya Bangarorin Sufanci da dama sun nuna cewa akidu da ayyukan Sufaye sun tsaya a matsayin masu adawa da al'umma masu rinjaye da fahimtarta game da mata da alaka tsakanin maza da mata. Labarun da suka yi bayani dalla-dalla kan rayuwa da ayyukan Rabi’a al-Adawiyya sun nuna rashin fahimtar al’adu kan rawar da jinsi ke takawa a cikin al’umma. Matsayinta na fifikon ruhi da hankali yana nuna a cikin ruwayoyi da yawa. A wata ruwayar Sufaye, shugaban Sufaye Hasan al-Basri ya bayyana cewa, “Na yi kwana daya da rabi tare da Rabi’a gabaki daya... ba ta taba ratsawa a raina cewa ni namiji ba ne, ballantana ya same ta cewa ita mace ce. ...da na kalle ta sai na ga kaina a matsayin mai fatara (watau ba abin da ba ta da amfani a ruhi) ita kuma Rabi'a mai gaskiya ce (mawadatar kyawawan dabi'u)." Duk da haka, ta yanke shawarar zama marar aure don ta bar matsayinta na mace kuma ta sadaukar da kanta ga Allah. Watarana sai aka hangi ta a guje ta ratsa titunan garin Basra dauke da tukunyar wuta a hannu daya da bokitin ruwa. Da aka tambaye ta me take yi sai ta ce, “Ina so in kashe wutar jahannama, in kona ladan aljanna Suna toshe hanyar zuwa ga Allah. Ba na son in yi bauta don tsoron azaba ko kuma alkawarin samun lada, sai dai don son Allah kawai.”
A cikin shahararrun al'adu Dilras Banu Begum (1622 1657) ita ce mace ta farko kuma babbar uwargidan sarki Aurangzeb, sarkin Mughal na shida An ba ta lakabin Rabia-ud-Daurani ("Rabia of the Age") a matsayin girmamawa. Rayuwar Rabi'a ta kasance batun fina-finai da dama na fina-finan Turkiyya Daya daga cikin wadannan fina-finan, Rabia, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1973, Osman F. Seden ne ya bada umarni, kuma Fatma Girik ta taka rawar gani a fim din Rabia. Rabia, İlk Kadın Evliya (Rabia, The First Woman Saint), wani fim na Turkiyya akan Rabia, wanda kuma aka saki a 1973 Süreyya Duru ne ya ba da umarni kuma Hülya Koçyiğit ta taka rawa. Maganar Rabia ta zama waƙa a Indonesiya, mai suna "Jika Surga dan Neraka tak pernah ada" wanda Ahmad Dhani da Chrisye suka rera a cikin Album ɗin Senyawa 2004.
Kashi na karshe na shirin wasan barkwanci, Wuri Mai Kyau, yana nufin mawaƙin Sufaye na karni na 8, Hazrat Bibi Rabia Basri, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai da suka shiga sama.
Zurfafa karatu Kayaalp, Pinar, "Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya", a cikin Muhammadu a cikin Tarihi, Tunani, da Al'adu: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 511–12; Mohammad, Shababulqadri Tazkirah e Hazrat Rabia Basri, Mushtaq Book Corner, 2008
Rkia Elaroui Cornell, Rabi'a Daga Labari Zuwa Tatsuniya Fuskokin Shahararriyar Matar Islama, Rabi'a al-Adawiyya (Duniya Daya: London, 2019)
Duba kuma Zawiyat al-Adawiya, Jerusalem kabari da aka girmama a matsayin Rabia
Jerin Sufaye
Nassoshi
External links Sufimaster.org An Ajiye Koyarwar Archived Koyarwar Sufaye-Rubutun-Rabia-al-Basri
Sufaye
Sufi
Iran county templates
Sunni
Haifaffen 710s
Larabawan karni na 7th
Marubuta mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbekoya | Agbekoya | A Agbekoya Parapo yayi haddin shari'a a 1968-1969, shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Agbekoya ko Egbe Agbekoya ya kasan ce yayi tawaye na manoma wanda hakan ya kasance ne a wani ƙauyen dake Najeriya, wanda yankin Yoruba sun kasan ce mafi yawan jama'a a kasar. Mutanen Ibadan na Jihar Oyo ta yanzu suka yi wannan yaƙin kuma suka ci nasara akan Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, a madadin duk ƙasar Yarbawa. Wasu garuruwa biyu na Ibadan ne suka jagorance ta: AKaran da ƙauyen Akufo. Ita ce sananniyar tawayen siyasa da manoma ke jagoranta a tarihin Yammacin Najeriya, kuma ƙungiyoyin talakawa na ci gaba da ambaton shi a matsayin kyakkyawan nasarar aikin gama gari a kan manufofin gwamnati da ba a so. An yi tawayen ne da nufin tayar da hankali don rage harajin, duk da cewa wasu sun yi imanin cewa akwai masu haifar da siyasa.
Bayan Fage A cikin shekarun 1950, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Najeriya ta kafa wuraren adana kayayyaki na cikin gida a sassa da dama na kasar. Wuraren ajiye kaya sun zama shagunan musayar kayayyakin da gwamnati ke sha'awar siyo daga manoma. Yankin Yamma mai albarka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi samar da koko a duniya, kuma gwamnatin yankin na fatan ƙara yawan kuɗin harajin da take samu daga manoma ta hanyar daidaita siyar da amfanin gona ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar aikin gona na jihohi, wanda kuma aka sani da allon talla. Yawancin samfuran da za a siyar da su za a yi su ne ta hanyar kimantawa, jarrabawa, kuma wani lokacin yin ciniki kafin siye. Dangane da wannan yanayin, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar manoma don wakiltar sha'awar manoma a cikin sabon tsarin talla. An fassara daga Yarbanci, Agbekoya Parapo na nufin "ƙungiyar manoma da ke ƙin wahala." Ƙungiyar ta kasance magaji ga tsarin asali na ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar aiki daidai da ƙungiyar ƙwadago kuma ta ɗauki al'adun guilds na sana'a waɗanda suka tsara ƙa'idodin aiki da manufofi na ƙarni a yankin. Ma'aikatan Yarbawa a cikin sana'o'i daban -daban bisa al'ada sun tsara kansu zuwa "egbes", ƙungiyoyi na ƙungiyoyi da guilds waɗanda ke kare muradun membobinsu a cikin yanayin da ke buƙatar ɗaukar matakin gama gari.
A farkon farkon samun 'yancin kan Najeriya, Action Group, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Yankin Yammaci, ta dauki wani tsari na warware matsalolin yankin baki daya. Hanyoyi da yawa da ke zuwa ƙauyuka an yi wa kwaskwarima, an ba da daraja ga ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, an kuma samar da makarantu don ingantaccen ilimi. Duk da haka, yayin da fagen siyasar Najeriya ya zama mafi rikitarwa tare da daure babban jagoran siyasa Cif Obafemi Awolowo, juyin mulkin 1966, da kuma farkon yakin Biafra, 'yan siyasa sun zo kallon manoma a matsayin' yan amshin shata don amfani da dabarun zabe. A gida daffo jami'an ma ya fara gabatar da kansu a matsayin qananan talakansa iyayengiji, m cin hanci da kuma sauran asasshe daga manoman kafin karbar su girbi for sale. Abubuwan da aka samar sun fara zamewa zuwa mummunan yanayi, duk da cewa gwamnati ta ci gaba da neman haraji don kula da su. Membobin gungun dabbobin da ba su dace ba waɗanda a ƙarshe suka haɗa kansu zuwa Agbekoya sun fara haɓaka dabarun yaƙi yayin bala'in cutar kumburi a kan gonakin koko a cikin shekarun 1950. Suna kiran kansu Kungiyar Maiyegun (ko 'Yawa Mai Yawa'), sun bijirewa yunkurin wakilan gwamnati na lalata bishiyoyin da abin ya shafa akan cewa manoma ba za su iya rasa amfanin gona ba tare da diyya ba. An yi artabun tashin hankali da dama kafin a sasanta lamarin don goyon bayan gasar. Yayin da rumbunan adana kayan cikin gida suka zama cibiyoyi a rayuwar tattalin arziƙin talakawan manoma, ƙungiyar da sauran manoma da yawa sun ci gaba da yin korafi game da wasu batutuwan da suka ga ba daidai ba
Matsalolin farko da manoma ke da su shine ƙa'idodin da ba a yarda da su ba waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don yin bincike, wanda ke nufin cewa an yi watsi da ɗimbin koko da aka girbe a matsayin wanda bai dace ba don siyarwa; da ƙananan farashin da suka karɓa don samfuran da aka karɓa waɗanda suka isa kasuwa. Manoman sun koka kan yadda aka yi watsi da abubuwan more rayuwa na hanyoyin da yakamata su bi don isa wuraren ajiya. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma nemi su biya harajin leɓe, babban abin dogaro a lokacin rashin tabbas na tattalin arziki.
Tawayen Mulkin soji ya sauko a fagen siyasa sakamakon gazawar da yawancin gwamnatocin da suka shuɗe, ciki har da manoma. Ba da daɗewa ba aka bar wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa daga sa hannun gwamnati. Hakanan, wasu citizensan ƙasa masu ilimin jami'a sun fara fitowa a sakamakon manufofin ilimi na yankin a cikin 1950s. Haɗuwa da waɗannan fitattun mutane, haɗe tare da jagoranci mafi ƙwarewa tsakanin Agbękoya Parapo, ya haifar da juzu'i iri -iri kuma an haifi motsi na siyasa mai ƙarfi. Shugabannin Agbękoya na lokacin sune Mustapha Okikirungbo, Tafa Popoola, Adeniyi Eda, Adeagbo Kobiowo, Rafiu Isola da Mudasiru Adeniran. Shugabannin sun yanke shawarar saita manufa ta ƙungiya kamar haka:
Cire jami'an karamar hukumar da ke wawure garuruwansu
Cire wasu Baales
Rage yawan harajin lebur daga 8
Ƙarshen amfani da ƙarfi wajen tara haraji
Ƙaruwar farashin koko
Inganta hanyoyin da ke kaiwa zuwa ƙauyuka da yawa
Manoma ihu Oke mefa laosan! Oke mefa laosan! (“Shillan 30 kawai muke biya!”) Yayin da suke tafiya cikin ƙauye bayan ƙauye don shawo kan manoman yankin da kar su biya wani haraji ga gwamnan soja na jihar ta Yamma. Wadannan manoma sun jagoranci jagorancin Adegoke Akekuejo, Tafa Adeoye, Folarin Idowu, Mudasiru Adeniran da Tafa Popoola. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu manoma da shuwagabannin su sannu a hankali suka bar ƙauyukan kuma suka nufi zauren Mapo, mazaunin gwamnatin yankin. A can, sun mamaye ofisoshin jami'ai, inda suka bayyana cewa za su biya 1.10 kawai. Daga nan Mayhem ya sauko kan babban birni da ƙauyuka da yawa.
Don rage tashin hankali, gwamnati ta yi amfani da amfani da ƙarfi da tashin hankali don kwantar da tarzomar sannan ta kame wasu daga cikin shugabannin Agbękoya. Koyaya, manoma sun ɗauki fansa mai ƙarfi akan gine -ginen gwamnati, kuma a sakamakon haka, an kashe jami'ai da yawa. Zamanin Agbękoya ya cinye fagen siyasar Yammacin Najeriya a daidai lokacin da al'umma ke yaƙin basasa da Yankin Gabashin Najeriya a yakin Biafra. A matsayin hanyar zanga -zangar adawa da gwamnatin soji, Agbękoya ta kai hari kan manyan alamomin ikon gwamnati kamar gidajen kotu da ginin gwamnati, tare da sakin dubunnan fursunoni tare da membobinsu da aka daure. Sai dai sakin Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya taimaka wajen kwantar da tarzomar, yayin da yake tattaunawa kai tsaye da shugabannin kungiyar.
Bayan Sakamakon tarzomar ya haifar da cire wani jami'in ƙaramar hukumar da ke kula da ƙauyuka, cire Baales, rage ƙimar harajin kwastomomi, kawo ƙarshen amfani da ƙarfi don cire haraji, ƙara farashin koko da inganta hanyoyin zuwa kauyuka. Gwamnati a lokacin ta amince da wannan rangwamen. Tarzomar a cikin dogon lokaci ana ganin tana da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta da tarzomar da ta gabata. Babban dalilan da suka haifar da tarzomar sun samo asali ne daga hauhawar agrarian populism. Yanayin yanki mai tarwatsewa ya faru kusan lokaci guda. An yi la'akari da wannan fitowar ta tarzoma a matsayin bayyananniyar ajin da ta dace.
Manazarta Yarbawa
Ƴan |
22772 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Como%C3%A9 | Filin shakatawa na Comoé | Filin shakatawa na Comoé shi ne Wuraren Halitta da kuma UNESCO a Duniyar Gado a cikin Zanzan da Savanes da ke arewa maso gabashin Ivory Coast. Yankin shine mafi girman yanki mai kariya a Afirka ta Yamma, wanda ke da yanki na kilomita 11,500, kuma ya fito ne daga dutsen Guinea savanna zuwa yankin Sudanian mai bushe. Wannan hawan dutsen mai tsayi arewa-kudu ya ba dajin shakatawa damar wadatar wurare da dama tare da bambancin rayuwa. Wasu dabbobin da nau'ikan tsire-tsire har ma suna samun mafaka ta ƙarshe a cikin wasu nau'ikan savanna daban-daban, gandun dajin hotuna, filayen ciyawar ruwa, tsaunukan dutse ko tsibirin kurmi.
Da farko an kara wurin shakatawa a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya saboda bambancin rayuwar shuke-shuke da ke gudana a kusa da Kogin Comoé, gami da kyawawan wuraren da ke dazuzzuka na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda yawanci ana samun su ne kawai a kudu. A matsayin fili mai lalacewa tsakanin manyan koguna guda biyu, ƙasar da ke yankin tana da ƙasa mai ƙarancin haihuwa da tsarin danshi wanda ya dace da wadataccen ɗumbin albarkatu fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. A shekara ta 2003 an saka shi cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na Duniya a cikin Hadari saboda farauta, rashin kulawa, rashin shanu a wurin shakatawar, matsalolin da suka ta'azzara bayan barkewar yakin basasar farko na Ivory Coast. Taron Kwamitin Kayan Tarihi na Duniya na 41 (Krakow, 2-12 Yuli 2017) ya yanke shawarar cire Parkasar ta Kasa ta Comoe daga cikin jerin abubuwan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Haɗari biyo bayan ci gaban da aka samu na kiyaye lafiyar dabbobi da mazauninta.
Tarihi Yankin da ke kusa da Filin shakatawa na Comoé ya kasance koyaushe ba shi da yawan jama'a. Wataƙila saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa, kasancewar cutar makanta ta kogi a kusa da kogin Comoé da haɓakar ƙwarin Tsetse, wanda shine ƙarancin cutar rashin bacci. A cikin 1926 an ayyana yanki tsakanin Kogin Comoé da Bouna a matsayin "'Yan Gudun Hijira Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire", wanda aka faɗaɗa shi daga baya a cikin 1942 da 53 zuwa "Réserve de Faune de Bouna", yana ba shi wata kariya ta rashin hankali. Yankin yamma da kogin Comoé an kara shi zuwa dukiyar a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1968 haɗe da haɓaka zuwa Matsayin Gandun Kasa tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 11,500 (4,400 sq mi), yana mai da shi ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na Nationalasa na 15 a Duniya da mafi girma a Afirka ta Yamma. A shekara ta 1983 an ayyana wurin shakatawa a matsayin wurin ajiyar halittu da kuma wurin tarihi na UNESCO, saboda kebantattun halittu.
Bayan barkewar yakin basasa na farko a Ivory Coast an sanya wurin shakatawar a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a Hadari a 2003, saboda rashin kulawar da ke haifar da farauta da wuce gona da iri ta wurin shanu. A lokacin tsakanin yakin basasa guda biyu wurin shakatawar ya sha wahala sosai a karkashin tsananin farauta. Bayan karshen yakin basasa na biyu na kasar Ivory Coast filin ya sami damar sake murmurewa tare da kasancewar OIPR (kula da shakatawa) da sake bude tashar bincike.
Tsarin fili Yankin arewa mai kudu mai kudu da kudu ya kunshi wurare da dama wadanda suka kunshi abubuwa masu ban mamaki na rayuwa, wanda hakan yasa ya zama mafi yawan savanna a duniya, kuma ya fara ne daga yankin Sudani mai bushewa zuwa yankin Guinea Savanna mai danshi. Wadannan wuraren sun hada da mafi yawan bangarori daban-daban, tsibirai na gandun daji, gandun daji masu zane da kuma filayen ciyayi, don haka suna ba da misali mafi kyau na matsugunnin rikon kwarya a duk yankuna daban-daban na yanayi. Kogin Comoé, wanda ke gudana a cikin Cote d'Ivoire duka an ba shi izinin wurare daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin shuke-shuke waɗanda aka saba samu a kudu don wanzuwa a wurin shakatawar, kamar facin gandun daji masu tarin yawa a kewayen kogin. Wannan nau'ikan matsugunai daban-daban a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma yankin da aka keɓe don kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa ya mai da shi yanki na muhalli mai mahimmanci da kuma wurin tarihi na UNESCO na Duniya.
A geomorphologlogically wurin shakatawar ya kunshi manyan filaye wanda ta hanyar Kogin Comoé da raƙuman ruwa suke gudana (Iringou, Bavé, Kongo). Kogin Comoé da raƙuman ruwa sune suka samar da babban magudanar ruwa kuma Comoé ya ratsa ta wurin shakatawa har tsawon kilomita 230 (mil mi 140), tare da magudanar ruwa kuma yana kwarara zuwa Volta a gabas. Hakanan akwai tafkuna daban-daban na dindindin da na dindindin waɗanda aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa, galibi waɗanda suka bushe a lokacin rani. Ilsasa yawancin galibi ba su dace ba kuma ba su dace da namowa ba. Granite inselbergs kuma suna tashi zuwa mita 600 (2,000 ft) a cikin yankin wurin shakatawa.
Fauna Filin shakatawa na Comoé yana da mafi yawan tsiron halittu a duniya kuma ya kafa iyakar arewa ga yawancin nau'in dabbobi, kamar duiker mai goyan baya da bongo. Akwai jimlar nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 135 a wurin shakatawa. Wannan ya hada da nau'ikan birai guda 11 irin su bawon zaitun, biri mai kore, karamin biri mai hanci-hanci, Mona biri, baki da fari colobus, zaitun colobus, mangabey mai hade da fari da chimpanzee. Jimillar nau'ikan halittu masu cin nama 17 ne suka yi rijista, amma aƙalla nau'ikan halittu guda 3 an yi amannar sun ɓace a wurin shakatawar cheetah, karen daji (tun daga 1993) da kuma kwanan nan zaki (ba a sami alamun zakoki ba tun shekara ta 2008). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan artiodactyl guda 21 wadanda suke cikin wurin shakatawa gami da hippopotamus, bushpig, bongo, warthog, bauna, kob, duiker mai ja-ja, dajibuck, ruwa-ruwa, roan antelope da oribi. Dabbobi masu shayarwa masu haɗari sun haɗa da chimpanzee (EN), mangabey mai haɗarin fari (EN), ursine colobus (VU), giwar Afirka (VU), hippopotamus (VU), katuwar pangolin (VU), pangolin mai dogon lokaci (VU), damisa (VU), kifin zinare na Afirka (VU), Buffon kob (VU), bongo (NT), hartebeest na yamma (NT), Defassa waterbuck (NT), bay duiker (NT), duiker mai goyan baya (NT), colobus zaitun (NT).
Akwai sama da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 500, wanda kusan 20% sune tsuntsayen masu yin hijira daga Afirka da kuma wasu 5% tsuntsayen masu ƙaura. Wasu fitattun jinsunan tsuntsaye sun hada da gandun daji na Denham, kaho mai launin rawaya, kaho mai launin ruwan kasa, hammerkop, reshen fuka-fukai masu fata, masu fyade daban-daban, hudu daga cikin jinsunan stork shida na Afirka ta yamma da nau'ikan ungulu biyar. Gidan shakatawar kuma ya ƙunshi 36 daga cikin 38 na shahararrun jinsunan tsuntsaye da aka samo a cikin savannas na Sudo-Guinea.
Kogin Comoé da raƙumansa suna ɗauke da aƙalla nau'ikan kifaye 60 daban-daban kuma suna ba da izini ga yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan amphibian na mazaunin savannah tare da nau'ikan 35 da aka bayyana. Hakanan akwai jimillar nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe guda 71 da aka bayyana, wanda uku daga cikinsu kadoji ne: dwarf crocodile (Raunana), kada da Nile da siririn-da-da-da-da-da-da-kafi-mai-cutarwa ((Hatsari mai Hadi). Wuraren kogin da ke kewaye da kogin suna kirkirar filayen ciyayi na zamani wadanda sune filayen ciyar da dattin ciki da tsuntsayen masu ƙaura.
Flora Dukiyar ta ƙunshi nau'ikan shuke-shuke 620, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'in ligneous na 191 (bishiyoyi 62, shuke-shuken 129 da inabai) da kuma 429 na ganyayyaki, gami da ciyawa 104. Gidan shakatawa ya ƙunshi mazauni daban-daban na canjin yanayi, daga gandun daji zuwa savannah, tare da ƙungiyoyi iri daban-daban na tsire-tsire iri-iri na yawancin yankuna na kudanci. Manyan gandun daji, dazuzzuka da filayen shuke shuke suna faruwa tare da kowane irin savannah, wanda yakai kusan kashi 90% na wurin shakatawa. Gandun daji ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa da yawa. A cikin gandun daji na galibi Cynometra shine mafi rinjaye a cikin almara yayin da yawancin mazaunan keɓaɓɓun gandun daji ke zaune Anogeissus leiocarpus, Antiaris africana, Isoberlinia doka, Cola cordifolia, wadanda ke barazanar Chlorophora excelsa da Blighia unijugata. A cikin filayen ambaliyar Hyparrhenia rufa ita ce jinsin da aka fi sani.
Tashar binciken ta Filin shakatawa na Comoé Tashar binciken ta Filin shakatawa na Comoé, wacce ke cikin Filin shakatawa na Comoé, Côte d'Ivoire, farfesa Karl Eduard Linsenmair ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1989/90. Yanayinta na kayan fasaha, tare da wutar lantarki, ruwan famfo, yanar gizo da kuma babban dakin gwaje-gwaje masu sanya yanayi suna sanya shi ɗayan manyan tashoshin filayen zamani a Afirka. An tilastawa tashar binciken rufewa bayan barkewar yakin basasar farko na kasar Ivory Coast a shekara ta 2002. Bayan karshen yakin basasar na biyu a shekarar 2011 aka fara gyare gyare a tashar kuma a shekarar 2014 tashar ta sake samun cikakkiyar damar aiki. Abinda aka fi mayar da hankali akan binciken shine akan kiyayewa, ilimin halittu masu zafi da halayya.
Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP) Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa yanzu, CCCP na aiki kan bincike da kiyaye halittar gandun daji da ke zaune a wani yanki na wurin shakatawar da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Wannan adadi ne mai mahimmanci na kiyaye chimpanzees a Cote d'Ivoire kuma ɗayan savanna chimpanzees da ake nazari mai zurfi. Yawancin ɗalibai na ƙasashe daban-daban sun haɗa kai kuma sun fahimci karatun Jagora, na digiri na biyu ko na PhD a cikin tsarin aikin wanda har ila yau yana amfani da mazauna gari a matsayin hanyar shigar da ansan Afirka a cikin kiyayewa.
Matsayin kiyayewa An sanya filin shakatawa na Comoé a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Hadari a 2003 galibi saboda karuwar ɓarnar ɓarna da rashin kulawa ya haifar sakamakon ɓarkewar yakin basasa na farko a Ivory Coast. Bayan karshen yakin basasa na biyu na Ivory Coast da daidaita yankin sai hukumar kula da namun daji ta OIPR (Office Ivorien des Parcs et Reserves) suka ci gaba da aikinsu a cikin Filin shakatawa na Comoé. OIPR ta nemi taimakon Rapid Response Facility (RRF) don samarda kudade kuma tayi nasarar samun kyautar dala 30,000 domin tabbatar da filin. Manyan kalubalen da ke fuskantar gudanarwa suna samun nasarar yaki da farauta, da rage matsin lamba a bangaren noma da kuma gyaran tituna a dajin don kula da hanyoyin da suka dace. Manyan ayyukan da za a magance wadannan matsalolin su ne kafa ingantaccen tsarin sa ido a wurin shakatawar da kuma yin hadin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin yankin don rage matsin lambar da ke gefen yankin dajin ta hanyar gudanar da hadin kai tare da kafa hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na karkara.
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35241 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton%20Park%2C%20Chicago | Brighton Park, Chicago | Brighton Park yanki ne na al'umma da ke kudu maso yamma na Chicago, Illinois Yana da lamba 58 daga cikin yankunan al'umma 77 na Chicago Brighton Park yana da iyaka a arewa ta hanyar tsohon Illinois & Michigan Canal da na yanzu Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, a gabas ta hanyar Western Avenue, a kudu ta titin 49th, kuma a yamma ta Drake Ave. Ƙungiya ta haɗu da wuraren zama, yankunan kasuwanci, ayyukan masana'antu da sufuri (musamman layin dogo da manyan motoci Yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali, bisa ga kididdigar Sashen 'yan sanda na Chicago (Rahoton Shekara-shekara na CPD na 2004).
Tarihi Bayan korar Potawatomi, ƙasar da ke cikin yanzu Brighton Park ta zama platted kuma an raba shi da tsammanin buɗewar Canal na Illinois-Michigan A cikin 1850s, masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu, musamman John McCaffrey sun saya tare da fatan mayar da shi cibiyar kasuwanci. A cikin 1851, an haɗa yankin a matsayin gunduma. Mai suna Brighton don yin kira ga kasuwannin dabbobi a, a tsakanin sauran wurare, unguwar Brighton na Boston da kasuwannin dabbobinta. Brighton Park yana da kasuwar kiwo mai aiki a ƙarshen 1850s, amma Union Stock Yards ya mamaye ta a cikin 1860s. A cikin 1855, magajin garin Chicago "Long" John Wentworth ya gina tseren tseren doki na Brighton Park (wanda sunansa ya dace ya yi ishara da fitaccen filin wasan Brighton Racecourse a Ingila) kai tsaye gabas da ƙauyen, a cikin abin da yanzu ke gundumar McKinley Park na Chicago Chicago ta kare Brighton Park. A cikin 1889, bayan Lake Township ya zaɓe don ba da izinin haɗawa, Brighton Park ya zama wani ɓangare na Birnin Chicago. A shekara ta 1871, shekarar Babban Wuta ta Chicago, Brighton Park ta kasance ta hanyar doki na Archer Avenue da Alton Railroad (Gobarar ba ta shafa ba a filin shakatawa na Brighton). Titin jirgin kasa ya gina gidan zagayawa a unguwar, kuma an gina masana'antu daban-daban. Daga baya motar titin ta sami wutar lantarki kuma ta tsawaita kuma an samar da sabis na layin dogo na lantarki ta hanyar Chicago da Joliet Electric Railway har zuwa 1934. Yawancin gine-ginen mazaunin yanzu a cikin Brighton Park an gina su ne a farkon karni na 20, tsakanin 1905 zuwa 1925, bayan ƙarin layukan motocin lantarki (kan Western Ave, Kedzie Ave, 35th St da 47th St) an ƙara su cikin unguwar., samar da arha sufuri mai sauri zuwa aiki.
A farkon karni, Brighton Park ta zama makoma ga yawancin baƙi na Turai, musamman waɗanda suka zo daga Italiya, Poland da Lithuania. An tabbatar da asalin ƙasar Poland a kusa da Archer Avenue, wanda ya zama babban titin unguwar don kasuwancin Poland.
Sufuri Matsayin Chicago a matsayin ƙofa na sufuri ya kasance koyaushe babban tasiri akan alƙaluma da tattalin arziƙin Brighton Park. Manyan alamun layin dogo guda biyu akwai a Brighton Park. Kayan aikin jigilar kayayyaki na Corwith Intermodal, da aka sani da Corwith Yards, wanda ke rufe kusan mil murabba'i, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan masana'antu na Brighton Park. Ketarewar Brighton Park, kusa da Western Avenue da Archer Avenue, babbar hanyar layin dogo ce ta Chicago kuma tsohon wurin tashar jirgin ƙasa na Brighton Park.
Samun dama ga, ƙimar dukiya, da haɓakar tattalin arziki a cikin unguwa an inganta ta hanyar 1964 na buɗe hanyar Stevenson Expressway, Interstate 55, buɗe 1993 na layin Orange Line cikin sauri, da farfado da filin jirgin sama na Midway International na kusa.
Gwamnati da kayayyakin more rayuwa Sabis ɗin Wasiƙa na Amurka yana aiki da Ofishin gidan waya na Elsdon a 3124 West 47th Street. An rufe ofishin gidan waya tun daga watan Yuni 2010. Reshen yanki na ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Chicago yana a 4314 South Archer Avenue.
Siyasa Al'ummar Brighton Park sun goyi bayan jam'iyyar Democrat a zabukan shugaban kasa da suka gabata. A zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, Brighton Park ta jefa wa Hillary Clinton kuri'u 6,930 sannan ta jefa wa Donald Trump kuri'u 842 (85.63% zuwa 10.40%). A zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 Brighton Park ta jefa wa Barack Obama kuri'u 5,699 sannan ta jefa wa Mitt Romney kuri'u 874 (85.47% zuwa 13.11%). Yankunan Brighton Park suna cikin gundumomi na 12th, 14th, da 15th wanda George Cardenas, Ed Burke, da Ray Lopez ke wakilta a Majalisar Birnin Chicago Cardenas da Lopez suna aiki a matsayin ƴan kwamitocin Demokraɗiyya na gundumominsu yayin da Wakilin Jiha Aaron Ortiz ke aiki a matsayin ɗan Kwamitin Demokraɗiyya na gundumar 14th. Rosa Pritchett ita ce takwarar Lopez ta Republican a shiyya ta 15 yayin da shiyya ta 12 da ta 14 ba ta da wani dan kwamitin Republican.
Ilimi Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago suna gudanar da makarantun jama'a masu zuwa: Makarantar Burroughs, Makarantar Brighton Park ta CPS, Makarantar Calmeca, Makarantar Binciken Columbia, Makarantar N. Davis, Kwalejin Ilimin Gunsaulus, Makarantar Firamare na Garkuwa, da Makarantar Tsakiyar Garkuwa.
Cibiyar Sadarwar Makarantar Acero Charter tana aiki da Makarantar Sandra Cisneros, Makarantar Acero Brighton Park da Makarantar Jami'in Donald J. Marquez a Brighton Park.
Fitattun mutane Edward J. Moskala (1921–1945), wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta girmamawa saboda ayyukansa a lokacin yakin Okinawa a yakin duniya na biyu Ya zauna a 3120 West 38th Street a lokacin da ya shiga.
Duba kuma
Magana
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswirar Al'umma ta Birnin Chicago Brighton Park
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
39880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olubunmi%20Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo | Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1982) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne a (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Akoko North East Akoko North West na jihar Ondo. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya) bayan an zabe shi a watan Maris na 2019 a karkashin Jam’iyyar APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da BTO a Oyin Akoko, jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ansarudeen, Oyin Akoko daga 1987 zuwa 1990 da Hakda International School a Kaduna daga 1990 zuwa 1992 kafin ya kammala firamare a Universal Primary School, Akure a 1993. Daga nan sai ya wuce makarantar sakandire ta FUTA staff, Akure inda ya yi karatun sakandire kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin babban shugaban dalibai a shekarar 1998.
A 1999, ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) don karanta Injiniya da Lantarki. A shekarar 2002, a lokacin da yake shekara ta uku a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ya wuce Jami’ar North London (yanzu Jami’ar London Metropolitan inda ya karanta Electronics da Communication Engineering kuma ya kammala a 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Sadarwar Dijital (Digital Communication and Networking) daga wannan cibiyar a shekarar 2006. Yana da takaddun shaida a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru goma sha takwas a ICT ciki har da babban lakabi na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin rukunin farko na masu satar da'a daga Royal Britannia IT Training Academy a Burtaniya kafin ya cika shekaru 24.
Sana'a Kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa, Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya kasance kwararre kan harkokin kasuwanci da gudanarwa tare da samun bunkasuwa a fannin ICT, inda ya zama shugaban wani babban kamfani mai ba da shawara na ICT a Najeriya, Matrix IT Solutions Limited, yana da shekaru 24. A matsayinsa na ƙwararren, yana riƙe da takaddun shaida a cikin Hacking Ethical da kuma Counter Measures. Shi ma ƙwararren injiniya ne na CompTIA Network Plus da kuma mai riƙe da takaddun shaida na Hardware A+ na Britannia.
A Najeriya, ya tuntubi Bankin Duniya da wasu hukumomin gwamnati da suka hada da Asusun Bunkasa Fasahar Man Fetur (PTDF), Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da JAMB, Hukumar Tace Fina-Finai da Bidiyo (NFVCB), Hukumar Bunkasa Abubuwan Ciki da Kulawa ta Najeriya (NCDMB National Health Insurance Scheme, Abuja (NHIS), Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA), Kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya, Kamfanin Gas na Najeriya, Hukumar Kula da Karatun Jama'a, Manya da Marasa Lafiya. Ilimin gama gari da sauransu.
Siyasa A 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Akoko North East Akoko North West na jihar Ondo a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). Bayan rantsar da shi, ya tara wasu ‘yan majalisa 246 domin marawa burin shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila, a karkashin dandalin ‘yan majalisar dokoki na farko, wanda shi ke jagoranta. Bayan wasu watanni, sai shugaban majalisar Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dokokin Neja Delta (NDDC). Ya jagoranci kwamitin majalisar wakilai wajen binciki zargin badakalar sama da Naira biliyan 80 a hukumar, wanda hakan shi ne karon farko da za a fara gudanar da bincike kan harkokin kudi na hukumar ta NDDC cikin sama da shekaru ashirin da kafuwa. A watan Maris na 2021, kudirin da ya gabatar na soke dokar NDDC wanda zai sa ba za a iya cin zarafin ofis ba, kudirin da ya tsallake karatu na farko. Tunji-Ojo kuma mamba ne a kwamitocin majalisar wakilai mai kula da harkokin tsaro da leken asiri, abubuwan cikin gida, albarkatun iskar gas, hukumar raya arewa maso gabas (NEDC), gidaje, majalisar karamar hukumar FCT da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi ma'adanai da alhazai.
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, 2021, Jami’ar Joseph Ayo Babalola (JABU) Ikeji Arakeji, Jihar Osun ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir kan harkokin gwamnati. Ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Sir Ahmadu Bello Platinum Leadership da kuma Kwame Nkrumah Leadership Award a matsayin Jakada na Matasan Afirka.
Rayuwa ta sirri Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo ya auri Abimbola Tunji-Ojo wanda shi ma dan jihar Ondo ne kuma suna da ‘ya’ya biyu.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Digiri na Daraja a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a Jami'ar Joseph Ayo Babalola Kyautar Jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah "Jakadan Matasan Afirka" na Kungiyar Daliban Afirka (AASU)
Memba, Majalisar Sarauta ta Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, United Kingdom
Memba, Majalisar Kasuwancin E-commerce
Memba, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Fasahar Kwamfuta
Memba, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Gudanarwa
Memba, British Society of Instrumentation and Control, United Kingdom
Memba, Electronic Consultancy Society, United Kingdom
Memba, Digital Communication Network, United Kingdom
Manazarta Haifaffun 1982
Rayayyun mutane
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jam'iyyar |
30033 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial%20Kansa | Endometrial Kansa | Ciwon daji na endometrial ciwon daji ne da ke tasowa daga endometrium rufin mahaifa ko mahaifa). Sakamakon rashin girma na sel wanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Alamar farko ita ce mafi yawan zubar jinin al'ada ba tare da haɗuwa da haila ba Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da jin zafi tare da fitsari, jin zafi yayin jima'i, ko ciwon ƙashin ƙugu Ciwon daji na endometrial yana faruwa mafi yawanci bayan menopause(Bayan daukewar jinin alada).
Kusan 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba Ciwon daji na endometrial kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan bayyanar isrogen, hawan jini da ciwon sukari Ganin cewa shan estrogen kadai yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, shan duka estrogen da progestogen a hade, kamar yadda a yawancin kwayoyin hana haihuwa, yana rage haɗarin. Tsakanin kashi biyu zuwa biyar na al'amuran suna da alaƙa da kwayoyin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye. Ciwon daji na endometrial wani lokaci ana kiransa da Cancer mahaifa ko da yake ya bambanta da sauran nau'in kansar mahaifa kamar kansar mahaifa, sarcoma na mahaifa, da cututtukan trophoblastic Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na endometrial shine ciwon daji na endometrioid, wanda ke da fiye da 80% na lokuta. Ciwon daji na endometrial yawanci ana gano shi ta hanyar biopsy endometrial ko ta hanyar ɗaukar samfura yayin hanyar da aka sani da dilation da curettage Binciken Pap ba yawanci isa ya nuna ciwon daji na endometrial ba. Ba a buƙatar yin bincike na yau da kullun a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin al'ada ba.
Babban zaɓin magani don ciwon daji na endometrial shine hysterectomy na ciki (jimlar cirewa ta hanyar tiyata na mahaifa), tare da cire tubes na Fallopian da ovaries a bangarorin biyu, wanda ake kira salpingo-oophorectomy na biyu. A cikin lokuta masu ci gaba, ana iya ba da shawarar maganin radiation, chemotherapy ko maganin hormone Idan an gano cutar a farkon matakin, sakamakon yana da kyau, kuma jimlar shekaru biyar na rayuwa a Amurka ya fi 80%.
A cikin 2012, ciwon daji na endometrial ya faru a cikin 320,000 mata kuma ya haifar da 76,000 mutuwa. Wannan ya sa ya zama na uku mafi yawan sanadin mutuwa a cikin cututtukan daji waɗanda ke shafar mata kawai, bayan ciwon daji na ovarian da mahaifa. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma shi ne cutar kansar da aka fi sani da bangaren haihuwa na mata a kasashen da suka ci gaba. Adadin ciwon daji na endometrial ya karu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2010. An yi imanin hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar yawan tsofaffi da karuwar yawan kiba.
Alamomi Zubar da jini ko tabo a cikin mata bayan menopause yana faruwa a kashi 90% na ciwon daji na endometrial. Jini yana da yawa musamman tare da adenocarcinoma, yana faruwa a kashi biyu bisa uku na duk lokuta. Rashin hawan hawan haila ko tsayi mai tsayi, nauyi, ko yawan zubar jini a cikin mata kafin lokacin al'ada yana iya zama alamar ciwon daji na endometrial.
Alamun da banda zubar jini ba a saba gani ba. Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da bakin ciki fari ko bayyananniyar fitar farji a cikin matan da suka shude. Ciwon da ya ci gaba yana nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka ko alamun da za a iya gano su akan gwajin jiki Mahaifa na iya kara girma ko ciwon daji na iya yaduwa, yana haifar da ciwon ciki na ƙasa ko ƙumburi. Jima'i mai radadi ko fitsari mai radadi ko wahalar fitsari ba su da yawa alamun ciwon daji na endometrial. Haka kuma mahaifar na iya cika da majina (pyometrea Daga cikin matan da ke da waɗannan ƙananan alamun bayyanar cututtuka (fitowar farji, ciwon ƙwai, da maƙarƙashiya), 10-15% suna da ciwon daji.
Abubuwan haɗari Abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da kiba, ciwon sukari mellitus, ciwon nono, amfani da tamoxifen, ba tare da haihuwa ba, marigayi menopause, babban matakan estrogen, da karuwar shekaru. Nazarin shige-da-fice (nazarin ƙaura), waɗanda ke nazarin canjin haɗarin cutar kansa a cikin yawan jama'a da ke motsawa tsakanin ƙasashen da ke fama da cutar kansa daban-daban, ya nuna cewa akwai wasu abubuwan muhalli don ciwon daji na endometrial. Waɗannan abubuwan haɗari na muhalli ba su da kyau sosai.
Hormones Yawancin abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da manyan matakan estrogens. An kiyasta kashi 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba. A cikin kiba, yawan adadin adipose nama yana haɓaka jujjuyawar androstenedione zuwa estrone, estrogen. Matsayin mafi girma na estrone a cikin jini yana haifar da ƙasa ko babu ovulation kuma yana fallasa endometrium zuwa ci gaba da manyan matakan estrogens. Kiba kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin cire isrogen daga jini. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa ko rashin daidaituwa, yana da alaƙa da ƙimar ciwon daji na endometrial saboda dalilai iri ɗaya da kiba. Musamman, kiba, nau'in Ciwon sukari na II, da juriya na insulin sune abubuwan haɗari ga Nau'in Na ciwon daji na endometrial. Kiba yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da 300-400%. Maganin maye gurbin estrogen a lokacin menopause lokacin da ba daidai ba (ko "masu adawa") tare da progestin wani abu ne mai haɗari. Mafi girma allurai ko tsawon lokaci na maganin isrogen yana da haɗari mafi girma na ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu ƙananan nauyi suna cikin haɗari mafi girma daga isrogen mara nauyi. Tsawon lokacin haihuwa-ko dai daga farkon hailar farko ko kuma ƙarshen menopause shima yana da haɗari. Estrogen ba tare da hamayya ba yana haɓaka haɗarin mutum na ciwon daji na endometrial da 2-10 ninka, dangane da nauyi da tsawon jiyya. A cikin maza waɗanda suka ɗauki testosterone kuma ba su sami hysterectomy ba, canzawar testosterone zuwa estrogen ta hanyar androstenedione na iya haifar da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial.
Genetics Hakanan cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan gado suna ba da gudummawa ga 2-10% na cututtukan daji na endometrial. Lynch ciwo, wani autosomal rinjaye kwayoyin cuta wanda yafi haifar da ciwon daji na colorectal, kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, musamman ma kafin menopause. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna da 40-60% hadarin tasowa ciwon daji na endometrial, fiye da hadarin bunkasa launin launi (hanji) ko ciwon daji na ovarian. Ciwon daji na Ovarian da endometrial suna haɓaka lokaci guda a cikin 20% na mutane. Ciwon daji na endometrial kusan koyaushe yana tasowa kafin ciwon hanji, a matsakaici, 11 shekaru kafin. Carcinogenesis a cikin ciwo na Lynch ya fito ne daga maye gurbi a cikin MLH1 ko MLH2 kwayoyin halittar da ke shiga cikin tsarin gyaran gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa, wanda ke ba da damar tantanin halitta don gyara kuskure a cikin DNA. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da suka rikide a cikin cutar Lynch sun hada da MSH2, MSH6, da PMS2, wadanda kuma kwayoyin halittar da ba su dace ba ne. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna wakiltar 2-3% na ciwon daji na endometrial; Wasu kafofin sun sanya wannan har zuwa 5%. Dangane da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta, matan da ke fama da cutar Lynch suna da haɗari daban-daban na ciwon daji na endometrial. Tare da maye gurbin MLH1, haɗarin shine 54%; tare da MSH2, 21%; kuma tare da MSH6, 16%.
Mata masu tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na endometrial suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. Kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da aka fi danganta su da wasu ciwon daji na mata, BRCA1 da BRCA2, ba sa haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Akwai wata alaka a fili da wadannan kwayoyin halitta amma ana danganta ta da amfani da tamoxifen, maganin da kansa zai iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, a cikin nono da kuma ciwon daji na ovarian. Halin halittar da aka gada Cowden ciwo kuma na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu wannan cuta suna da kashi 5-10% Hadarin rayuwa na haɓaka ciwon daji na endometrial, idan aka kwatanta da 2-3% kasadar ga matan da ba su shafa ba.
An kuma gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun don shafar haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin manyan nazarin ƙungiyar genome-fadi An danganta yankuna goma sha shida na genomic tare da ciwon daji na endometrial kuma bambance-bambancen gama gari suna bayyana kusan kashi 7% na haɗarin dangi.
Sauran matsalolin lafiya Wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna ƙara haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon daji na endometrial, wanda shine tushen 2-3%. Tamoxifen, maganin da ake amfani da shi don magance ciwon nono na estrogen-tabbatacce, an danganta shi da ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin kusan 0.1% na masu amfani, musamman tsofaffi mata, amma fa'idodin rayuwa daga tamoxifen gabaɗaya ya fi haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial. Kwas ɗin tamoxifen na shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu yana kusan ninka haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, kuma tsarin jiyya na shekaru biyar yana ninka haɗarin. Raloxifene, irin wannan magani, bai tada haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial ba. A baya can ciwon daji na kwai yana da haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial, kamar yadda ake yi na rediyo a baya zuwa ƙashin ƙugu. Musamman, ciwace-ciwacen kwayar halitta na ovarian granulosa da thecomas sune ciwace-ciwacen da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji na endometrial.
Ƙananan aikin rigakafi kuma yana da tasiri a cikin ciwon daji na endometrial. Hawan jini kuma abu ne mai haɗari, amma wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda alaƙarsa da kiba. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na endometrial. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi.
Tarihi da al'adu Ciwon daji na endometrial ba a san shi sosai a wurin jama'a ba, duk da yawansa. Akwai ƙananan fahimtar alamun, wanda zai iya haifar da ganewar asali da kuma rayuwa mafi muni.
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dagomba | Mutanen Dagomba | Dagombas ƙabilar Gur ce ta arewacin Ghana, waɗanda yawansu ya haura miliyan 2.3. Su na zaune a Arewacin kasar Ghana a cikin yankin savanna da ke ƙarƙashin bel ɗin sahelian, wanda aka sa ni da Sudan. Su na magana da yaren Dagbani wanda ke cikin rukunin Mole-Dagbani na harsunan Gur. Akwai kusan masu magana da harshen Dagbani kusan miliyan 1 zuwa 2. Dagomba su na da alaƙa a tarihi da mutanen Mossi. Mohi/Mossi yanzu suna da ƙasarsu a tsakiyar ƙasar Burkina Faso a yau. Ƙasar mahaifar Dagomba ana kiranta Dagbon kuma tana da kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin yanki.
Ana daukar Na Gbewa a matsayin wanda ya kafa Dagbon. Dagomba na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar baka waɗanda ake sakawa da ganguna da sauran kayan kiɗa. Don haka, yawancin tarihin su, har zuwa kwanan nan, an ba da su ta hanyar al'adar baka tare da masu ganga a matsayin ƙwararrun griots. Bisa al'adar baka, tarihin siyasar Dagbon ya samo asali ne daga tarihin rayuwar wani almara mai suna Tohazie (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "mai farauta").
Addinin Musulunci ya yi tasiri sosai a al'adun Dagomba, wanda 'yan kasuwa Soninke (wanda aka fi sani da Wangara ta Ghana) 'yan kasuwa ne suka kawo yankin a tsakanin karni na 12 zuwa 15. Tun zamanin Naa Zangina, Musulunci shi ne addinin gwamnati, kuma da alama Musulunci yana cigaba cikin sauri tun daga lokacin. Ayyukan kawo sauyi na Afa Anjura a tsakiyar karni na ashirin ya sa al'umma gaba daya suka rungumi addinin Musulunci gaba daya. Gado a cikin mutanen Dagomba na kabila ne. Muhimman bukukuwa sun hada da Damba, Bugum (bikin wuta) sannan da kuma bukukuwan Idi na Musulunci. Babban mazaunin Dagomba shine Tamale, wanda kuma ke zama babban birnin yankin Arewa.
Jihohin Mossi da Dagomba na daga cikin manyan daulolin tsakiyar yammacin Afirka. Tun daga karni na 12, a ƙarshe sun mallaki ƙasashen yankin arewacin Volta, wanda a yau ya haɗa da arewacin Ghana da Burkina Faso. A lokacin fadada su na biyu na arewa, mamayar Mossi ta kai gabashin Maasina da tafkin Debo c. 1400, Benka in c. Shekarar 1433 da Walata a 1477-83 (wadannan dauloli suna cikin Mali a yau). A cewar Illiasu (1971) a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Origins of Mossi-Dagomba states, lokaci na biyu na nasarar Mossi-Dagomba ya zo ƙarshe tare da maido da ikon Imperial Songhai a ƙarshen karni na 15. Duk da cewa jihohin Mossi-Dagomba suna da kaka daya (Na Gbewa), amma bisa ga al'ada ana daukar Dagomba a matsayin "babba" ga jihohin Mossi na Ouagadougou, Yatenga da Fada N'Gourma.
Asalin Dagombas sun yi hijira daga kewayen tafkin Chadi bayan wargajewar daular Ghana a karshen karni na 13.
Masarautar Dagbon Ƙasar mahaifar Dagombas ana kiranta Dagbon kuma tana da kusan kilomita 20,000 a cikin yanki. Yawancin yankin Konkombas ne suka mamaye shi kafin kafa Masarautar Dagbon. Ya ƙunshi yanki na Arewacin kasar Ghana, wanda ya haɗa da Mamprusi, Nanumba, Gonja, Mossi, Gurunsi (musamman mutanen Frafra da Kusasi), mutanen Wala da Ligbi. Yankin ya ƙunshi gundumomi goma sha huɗu na gudanarwa a Ghana a yau. Wadannan sune kananan hukumomin Tamale Metropolitan, Yendi, Savelugu da Sagnerigu, da Tolon, Kumbungu, Nanton, Gushegu, Karaga, Zabzugu, Saboba, Sang, Tatale da Cheriponi. Sarkin masarautar Dagbon shi ne Ya-Na, wanda fadarsa da babban birninsa ke Yendi. Dagbon a matsayin masarauta ba a taba yin kasa a gwiwa ba har sai an hade ta a matsayin wani yanki na gwamnatin Gold Coast. Masarautar Dagbon tana da al'amuran gudanarwa na al'ada har zuwa yanzu ƙungiyoyin acephalous kamar Konkomba, Bimoba, Chekosi, Basari, Chamba, Wala, Gurusi da Zantasi. Wurin zama na Ya-Na ko sarkin Dagbon (a zahiri an fassara shi da "Sarkin Cikakkun Iko") tarin fatun zaki da na shanu ne. Don haka, ana kiran Dagbon ko tsarin siyasarsa da fatar Yendi (ba sarauta ko rawani ko stool ba). Wani abin da ke damun Dagomba shi ne yadda aka tsara gidajensu bisa tsari, inda sarki ko dattijo ya gina bukkarsa a tsakiya.
Mulki Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan al'ummar Dagomba shi ne sarauta. Tsarin sarautarsu yana da tsari sosai, tare da Yaa-Naa, ko babban sarki, a kan sa da tsarin masu mulki a ƙarƙashinsa. A Dagbon, sarakuna sun saba zama a kan tarin fatun.
Sanannen Dagombas Yakubu II Sarkin Dagbon na karshe.
Aliu Mahama Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana daga 2000 zuwa 2008.
Haruna Yakubu Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Nazarin Ci Gaba.
Haruna Iddrisu Dan siyasar Ghana.
Afa Ajura wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama’a a kasar Ghana
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25467 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Disaster%20Artist%20%28film%29 | The Disaster Artist (film) | The Disaster Artist fim ne wanda akayi a shekara ta 2017 American sada comedy-drama fim mai bada umurni James Franco Scott Neustadter da Michael H. Weber ne suka rubuta shi, dangane da littafin Greg Sestero da Tom Bissell na shekarar 2013 wanda ba almara ba ne na wannan take Fim ɗin ya bada labarin abotar da baza a iya mantawa ba tsakanin jaruman da suka yi fice Tommy Wiseau da Sestero wanda ke haifar da samar da fim ɗin Wiseau na shekarar 2003 The Room, wanda aka ɗauka ɗayan ɗayan mafi munin fina -finai da aka taɓa yi The Artist Artist taurari 'yan'uwa James da Dave Franco a matsayin Wiseau da Sestero, bi da bi, tare da goyan bayan da ke nuna Alison Brie, Ari Graynor, Josh Hutcherson, Jacki Weaver, da Seth Rogen Babban hoton ya fara ne ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2015. Yanke aikin cigaba na fim ɗin da aka fara nunaww a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2017; daga baya an nuna shi a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto na 2017 a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya taka rawa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na San Sebastián na 2017, inda ya zama fim ɗin Amurka na farko daya lashe babban kyautar sa, Golden Shell, tun Shekaru Dubu na Kyau. Sallah a shekarar 2007. Rarraba ta A24 a Arewacin Amurka da Warner Bros. Hotuna a kasuwannin duniya, Mawaƙin Bala'i ya fara iyakantaccen saki a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2017, kafin buɗewa a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2017. Ya sami ingantattun bita daga masu sukar, tare da ilimin sunadarai na Francos da hotunan su na Wiseau da Sestero, har ma da barkwancin fim da wasan kwaikwayo, yana samun yabo, kuma Kwamitin Nazarin Ƙasa ya zaɓi shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan fina-finai goma na shekarar 2017. A lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Awards na 75, James Franco ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Musical ko Comedy an kuma zabi fim ɗin don Mafi Kyawun Hoto Musical ko Comedy Franco kuma ya karɓi nadin Kyakkyawar Ayyuka ta wani Mawallafi a Matsayin Jagora a Lambobin Guild Awards na 24, kuma fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi Kyawun Fuskar allo a lambar yabo ta 90th Academy Makirci A San Francisco a cikin shekarar 1998, Greg Sestero ɗan shekara 19 yayi abokantaka da Tommy Wiseau a cikin aji na wasan kwaikwayo na Jean Shelton bayan Tommy ya bada tsayayyen fassarar abin da ya faru daga A Streetcar mai suna Desire Greg yaji daɗin rashin tsoro na Tommy, koda yake Tommy kuma yana nuna halaye da ɗabi'un da ba'a saba gani ba; alal misali, yana iya siyan gidaje a San Francisco da Los Angeles, amma ba zai tattauna rayuwarsa ta sirri ko tushen arzikinsa ba, kuma ya nace daga New Orleans yake, duk da lafazin sa na Turai. A shawarar Tommy, su biyun suna ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles don cigaba da aiki.
Greg ya rattaba hannu tare da wakilin baiwa Iris Burton kuma yana halartar sauraron karar a kai a kai, yayin da hukumomi, masu rikon mukamin, daraktoci da masu shirya fina-finai suka ki yarda da Tommy, kuma da alama yana tunanin Amber, sabuwar budurwar Greg, tana lalata abokantakarsa da Greg. Lokacin da binciken Greg ya fara bushewa, yana raba abubuwan takaici tare da Tommy, wanda ya yanke shawarar yin fim don su shiga. Tommy ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayon na The Room, melodrama game da soyayyar triangle tsakanin bankin Johnny (wanda Tommy ya buga), budurwarsa Lisa, da babban abokinsa Mark (wanda Greg ya buga, wanda kuma aka bashi lambar mai samar da layi Suna hayarbsararin samarwa daga Birns and Sawyer, daga wanda Tommy ya nace kan siye, maimakon yin hayar, duk kayan aikin samarwa da zai buƙaci. Ya kuma yanke shawarar harba fim ɗin akan fim ɗin 35mm da HD Digital lokaci guda, wanda shine wani ma'auni mai tsada kuma ba dole ba. Ma'aikatan gidan samarwa sun gabatar da Tommy ga Raphael Smagja da Sandy Schklair, waɗanda aka yi hayar su a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai da mai lura da rubutun bi da bi. Jarumar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Juliette Danielle ta fito azaman budurwa mai suna Lisa.
Farawa yana farawa cikin sauƙi, amma halin sarrafa Tommy da rashin ƙwarewa suna sa yanayin ya lalace. Yana manta layukansa, yana isowa da wuri, kuma ya ƙi wadata ma'aikatansa da buƙatun yau da kullun, kamar ruwan sha da kwandishan. Babu wanda ya karɓi cikakken rubutun, kuma masu jefa ƙuri'a da matukan jirgin sun ruɗe saboda makircin fim ɗin da zaɓin jagora da zaɓin da ba a bayyana Tommy ba. Yayin shirye -shiryen yanayin jima'i, wanda ake yin fim jim kaɗan bayan Greg ya gaya wa Tommy cewa yana shiga tare da Amber, Tommy ya ƙi yin fim a kan rufaffiyar saiti, baya sanya riguna tsakanin al'amuran, kuma yana wulaƙanta Juliette ta hanyar nuna. kurajen da ke kafadarta ga daukacin ma'aikatan. Lokacin da aka fuskance shi game da wannan, Tommy ya ba da amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa a koyaushe yana kallon manyan abubuwan da aka samar a bayan fage, don haka ya san abin da masu jefa ƙuri'a da membobin jirgin ke faɗi game da shi a bayan bayan sa, kuma yana zargin kowa, ciki har da Greg, bai goyi bayan hangen nesan sa ba.
Yayin da The Room har yanzu yana yin fim, Greg da Amber sun shiga Bryan Cranston, wanda yake ajin Pilates iri ɗaya kamar Amber, a wani cafe. Ya ce yana jagorantar wani shiri mai zuwa na shirin talabijin da yake, Malcolm a Tsakiya, kuma yana gayyatar Greg don yin wasan katako, galibi saboda Greg yana da gemu. An shirya Greg zai aske gemun sa nan ba da jimawa ba don The Room, don haka ya roki Tommy da ya jinkirta harbe wadancan al'amuran, amma Tommy ya ki. Greg da son ya zaɓi ya gama fim ɗin kuma ya bar damar kasancewa kan Malcolm A ranar ƙarshe ta harbi, wanda ke kan dawo a San Francisco, Greg yana zargin Tommy da son kai da saukin kai a duk abotarsu kuma yana tambayar ainihin shekarun sa da asalin sa. Yaƙin biyu da Greg sun tashi.
Zuwa watan Yuni 2003, Amber da Greg sun rabu kuma Greg ya fara aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tommy ya gama aiki akan The Room a cikin watanni takwas tun bayan faduwar su, kuma ya gayyaci Greg zuwa farkon. Greg da farko yana da jinkiri, amma Tommy ya gamsar da shi ya zo kuma, ga mamakin sa, duk simintin da matukan jirgin suma suna halarta. Masu sauraro masu iyawa suna amsawa tare da yin shiru sannan kuma, ƙara, tare da raha ga ƙarancin aikin Tommy, rubutun, da dabarun yin fim. Tashin hankali Tommy ya fito daga gidan wasan kwaikwayon, amma Greg ya dawo da shi kuma ya nuna lokacin da masu sauraro ke jin daɗi, yayin da yake sulhunta abota da shi. Tare da sabon fatan alheri, Tommy ya ɗauki matakin yayin da endsakin ya ƙare kuma ya nuna godiyarsa ga kyakkyawar tarbar fim ɗin "comedic". Ya gayyaci Greg don ya kasance tare da shi, kuma ma'auratan sun sami tsayin daka.
A cikin abubuwan da aka ba da lambar yabo, Tommy ya sadu da Henry, ɗan biki (wanda ainihin Tommy Wiseau ya buga) wanda ya tambayi Tommy idan yana son yin waje. Ya ƙi, duk da cewa ya san sanannen lafazin “New Orleans” na Henry.
Jefa Kristen Bell, Ike Barinholtz, Adam Scott, Kevin Smith, Keegan-Michael Key, Lizzy Caplan, Danny McBride, Zach Braff da JJ Abrams sun bayyana da kansu a cikin gabatarwar tattaunawa akan The Room da suna. Sauran matsayin sun haɗa da John Early a matsayin babban mai taimakawa Burton Chris Snyder, Joe Mande a matsayin DP Todd Barron, Charlyne Yi a matsayin mai ƙera kayan safowa Bright-Asare, Kelly Oxford a matsayin mai zane-zane Amy Von Brock, Tom Franco a matsayin Karl, Zoey Deutch a matsayin abokin aikin Tommy Bobbi Bobbi, Sugar Lyn Beard a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na binciken Lisa, Brian Huskey a matsayin mai ba da banki, Randall Park a matsayin abokin aikin Greg na Rob, Jerrod Carmichael a matsayin abokin wasan Greg na, Casey Wilson a matsayin darektan simintin, Lauren Ash a matsayin mai sayad da furanni a cikin Dakin Hi, doggie jerin, da Angelyne a matsayin kanta. Bryan Cranston yana yin kamannin da ba a san shi ba kamar kansa. Greg Sestero ya bayyana a matsayin mataimakiyar darektan simintin gyare-gyare, yayin da Tommy Wiseau ya bayyana a fagen ba da lamuni a matsayin hali mai suna Henry.
Shiryawa
Ci gaba A watan Fabrairu 2014, kamfanin samar da Seth Rogen Point Gray Pictures ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sami littafin da haƙƙin fim ga The Artist Artist An saita James Franco don yin jagora da wasa Wiseau, kuma an jefa ɗan'uwansa Dave Franco a matsayin Sestero. James Franco ya bayyana Mawakin Bala'i shine "haɗin Boogie Nights da The Master A cewar Franco, da farko Wiseau ya yi fatan Johnny Depp zai taka shi. A cikin Afrilu 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa taken ya canza daga Mai Bala'in Bala'i zuwa Babban Jagora, kodayake An tabbatar da Mawaƙin Bala'i a matsayin taken hukuma lokacin da aka sanar da farkon fim ɗin SXSW.
Jefa A cikin Yuni 2014, ƙanin James Franco, Dave Franco, ya ba da sanarwar ba da izini ba a tsakar dare yana nuna The Room cewa an jefa shi cikin rawar haɗin gwiwa na Greg Sestero. Wiseau ya yaba da shawarar a zaman Tambaya da Amsa. Fim ɗin shine haɗin gwiwa na farko na James da ɗan'uwan Dave, kamar yadda ƙaramin Franco ya ce ya nemi ayyukan daban -daban da gangan, a cikin hirar da aka yi da shi a Fim ɗin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto, "Ba na son mutane su yi tunanin cewa ni nake hawa coattails. Kamar yadda New Line Cinema nemi a saya The Bala'i Artist a watan Oktoba 2015, daya daga cikin film ta kera, kuma m Franco collaborator, Shitu Rogen, da ke cikin tattaunawar yi wasa The Room rubutun duba, Sandy Schklair. An bayyana ragowar manyan fitattun a cikin kwanaki kafin fara yin fim, a farkon Disamba 2015: Josh Hutcherson a matsayin Philip Haldiman, Ari Graynor a matsayin Juliette Danielle, Jacki Weaver a matsayin Carolyn Minnott, Hannibal Buress a matsayin Bill Meur, Andrew Santino a matsayin Scott Holmes, da Zac Efron a matsayin Dan Janjigian Matar Dave Franco, Alison Brie, ta shiga simintin a matsayin budurwar Sestero na lokacin, Amber, kuma daga baya aka sanar da cewa an jefa Sharon Stone a matsayin wakilin baiwa na Hollywood Iris Burton. Sestero ya bayyana a cikin Janairu 2016 cewa an saka Bryan Cranston a cikin fim ɗin a cikin rawar da ba a bayyana ba. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, an bayyana shi yana wasa da kansa yayin lokacin aikinsa akan Malcolm a Tsakiya Kiɗa Dave Porter ne ya tsara ƙimar fim ɗin.
Yin fim Babban hoto ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015, a Los Angeles, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su akwai The Ojai Apartments akan Whitley Terrace a Hollywood Saki Fim ɗin yana da farkon sa, a cikin wani tsari na ci gaba, a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2017. A watan Mayu 2017, A24 ta sami haƙƙin rarraba fim, kuma ta saita fim ɗin don iyakancewar saki a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2017, kafin a fitar da shi a ranar 8 ga Disamba Warner Bros. Hotuna yana rarraba fim ɗin a duniya, kuma ya sami sakin IMAX a yankuna da aka zaɓa kuma. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017, A24 ya ɗora allo a kan Highland Avenue a Los Angeles wanda ya kwafa ainihin allon The Room ɗin da Wiseau ya kiyaye daga 2003 zuwa 2008. An saki fim ɗin a kan Blu-ray, DVD da zazzage dijital a ranar 13 ga Maris, 2018. Tun daga ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ƙididdigar tallace -tallace na gida na Amurka ya kai 1,288,213.
Karɓar baki
Ofishin tikitoci Mawaƙin Bala'i ya tara dala miliyan 21.1 a Amurka da Kanada, da dala miliyan 8.7 a wasu yankuna, don jimlar 29.8 miliyan a duk duniya, akan kasafin samarwa na dala miliyan 10. Fim ɗin ya ci dala miliyan 1.2 daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na 19 a cikin ƙarshen ƙarshen buɗewa, ya ƙare na 12 a ofishin akwatin kuma ya kai 64,254 a kowane wuri, ɗayan mafi girman matsakaita na 2017. Fim ɗin yana da faɗin faɗinsa a mako mai zuwa, tare da buɗe Farawa Kawai, kuma an yi hasashen zai kai kusan dala miliyan 5 daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na 840 a ƙarshen mako. Ya ƙare har ya sami dala miliyan 6.4, yana ƙare na 4 a ofishin akwatin. Mako mai zuwa, duk da cewa an ƙara shi zuwa ƙarin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 170, fim ɗin ya faɗi fiye da yadda ake tsammani 57% zuwa dala miliyan 2.7, ya ƙare a 8th. A karshen karshen mako na uku da aka saki mai yawa ya sami 884,576 1.2 miliyan a cikin tsarin Kirsimeti na kwana huɗu), yana faduwa zuwa 17th.
Amsa mai mahimmanci Mawaƙin Bala'i ya sami farin jini a lokacin da aka fara tantance shi a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma. A gidan yanar gizon tattara Rotten Tomatoes, fim ɗin yana da ƙimar yarda da kashi 91% dangane da sake dubawa 348 da matsakaicin darajar 7.80/10. Babban maƙasudin gidan yanar gizon ya karanta, "Oh, hai Mark. Mawaƙin Bala'i wani abin mamaki ne mai ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa game da fim wanda ke binciko tsarin ƙirƙirar tare da ƙoshin da ba a tsammani. Metacritic ya ba fim ɗin matsakaicin matsakaicin maki 76 cikin 100 bisa masu sukar 44, yana nuna "sake dubawa masu kyau". Masu sauraro da PostTrak suka gabatar sun ba fim ɗin kashi 81% na tabbataccen ci gaba da kashi 66% "tabbataccen shawara". Erik Childress na Jerin Waƙoƙin da aka yiwa lakabi da wasan James Franco "mafi kyawun tun lokacin da aka zaɓi Oscar a cikin sa'o'i 127. Bugu da ari, ya rubuta cewa "a matsayina na darakta yana da kyau a ƙarshe a gan shi ya rungumi yankin nishaɗi na wasan kwaikwayo tare da isasshen abubuwan da za su yi wa abokin hamayyar Robert Altman's Player Peter Debruge na Iri -iri ya ce yana da "ainihin ƙarfin yin farin ciki, ko masu sauraron da ake tambaya sun ga Dakin Da yake rubutu don Rolling Stone, Peter Travers ya ba fim ɗin 3.5 daga cikin taurari 4, yana mai cewa: “A matsayinta na darakta, Franco ya yi nasara da kyau wajen kawo haɗin kai ga hargitsi, kalmar da ta kwatanta daidai yadda aka yi wannan sabon fim ɗin tsakiyar dare. Kuna buƙatar ganin Roomakin don yabawa Mawaƙin Bala'i Ba da gaske ba. Justin Chang na jaridar Los Angeles Times ya kira fim din "wani abin ban dariya, mai ban sha'awa na rashin nasara". Manohla Dargis na Jaridar New York Times ya rubuta cewa "fim ne mai ban dariya daban -daban, amma haushin sa kuma na iya jin wuce gona da iri, a wasu lokutan yana birgewa kuma yana ɗan ɓoye". Peter Bradshaw na The Guardian ya ba fim ɗin taurari uku daga cikin taurari biyar, yana rubuta cewa yana kawo tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba, kuma "yana da damar ingantawa". Ignatiy Vishnevetsky na The AV Club ya ba fim ɗin ƙimar "C", yana kiran shi "abin ƙyama" kuma yana tambaya, "shin duk wanda bai taɓa ganin Dakin ba a zahiri zai iya haɗa kan wannan tunanin Z-grade daga kallon Mawaƙin Bala'i Amincewa
Daidaitaccen tarihi Kodayake an dogara ne akan labarin gaskiya, fim ɗin yana yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana barin abubuwan da suka faru: A cikin fim ɗin Tommy yana samun wahayi don rubuta The Room kawai azaman fasalin fim ɗin fasali don shi da Greg; a rayuwa ta ainihi an fara shi azaman wasa kuma an yi wa Tommy wahayi bayan ya ga Mai Haƙƙin Mr. Ripley Mahaifiyar Greg 'yar asalin Faransanci ce don haka tana da lafazin da ya dace, wanda Greg ya yi amfani da shi don rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin tsoro mai suna Retro Puppet Master Siffar Megan Mullally ga mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafazi na musamman.
Yayin da aka nuna tashin hankali a cikin saiti a cikin fim ɗin, samar da rayuwa ta ainihi yana da ƙimar juzu'i mafi girma, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda uku (waɗanda ke adawa da kawai membobin biyu da aka kora a fim).
A lokacin An saita Mawaƙin Bala'i, Greg bai taɓa saduwa da Bryan Cranston ba a rayuwa ta ainihi, kuma ba a tilasta shi zaɓi tsakanin The Room da harbi wani labarin Malcolm a Tsakiya Ya yi jinkirin aske gemunsa saboda son raba kansa da The Room Yayin da fim ɗin ke nuna farkon ɗakin da ake saduwa da dariya da tafi, an karɓi ainihin gwajin farko da talauci kuma yawancin masu sauraro sun fita cikin mintuna biyar na farko; ya dauki lokaci kafin matsayin addininsa ya bunkasa.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje The Disaster Artist Mawaƙin Bala'i a Tarihi vs. Hollywood
Pages with unreviewed |
51110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaye%20Donkor | Menaye Donkor | Menaye Donkor (an Haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981) ƴar kasuwa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Kanada, Entrepreneur ce, kuma mai ba da agaji, kuma tsohuwar sarauniya kyau wacce aka yiwa lakabi da Miss Universe Ghana 2004, kuma ta wakilci Ghana a Miss Universe 2004. Donkor matar ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana Sulley Muntari.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi Menaye Donkor iyayenta ne suka rene ta a Accra, Ghana, kuma ita ce auta a cikin 'yan'uwan ta bakwai tare da kanne hudu da mata biyu. Tana da shekaru bakwai, ta gaji mukamin aiki na "Royal Stool Bearer" daga kakar mahaifinta, wacce ita ce uwar Sarauniyar Agona Asafo. Donkor ta yi karatun kuruciyarta a Ghana, ta zauna kuma ta yi karatu a Boston, Massachusetts, Amurka, a lokacin da take karatun sakandare, sannan ta koma wurin haifuwarta a Toronto don yin karatun kasuwanci da kasuwanci a Jami'ar York, inda ta kammala karatun digiri. A lokacin rani na 2011, ta yi karatun fim a The Studio (tsohon The Sally Johnson Studio) a birnin New York sannan ta kammala karatun fim tare da Brian Deacon a Kwalejin Fim, Watsa Labarai da Talabijin na London.
Sana'a A cikin farkon shekarunta ashirin, Donkor ta lashe taken Miss Universe Ghana, kuma ta kwashe ƴan shekaru tana aiki a matsayin abar koyi. Ta bayyana a bangon mujallu da yawa a Ghana, Afirka ta Kudu, da Italiya irin su Sabuwar Matar Afirka, Pompey Life, WasanninWeek (La Gazetta dello sport), Mujallar Canoe, da Maxim Italiya. Ta wakilci Chopard a Cannes Films Festival a shekarun 2012 da 2013 bi da bi. Ta gudanar da kasuwanci tare da tallata alamar saurayinta a lokacin Sulley Muntari daga shekarun 2006 har zuwa 2009. A cikin 2012, ta zama face of Printex, masana'anta da masana'antar textile a Ghana. Melaye ta kasance jakadiyar Afirka Fashion Week London a cikin 2012 da 2013. Har ila yau, ta mallaki tare da kula da wani kamfani a Ghana.
SHE-Y by Menaye Menaye ta ƙirƙiri kuma ta ƙaddamar da alamar alatu na Italiyanci SHE-Y. A farkon shekarar 2016, kamfanin ya fitar da kayan sa na farko na halitta, wadanda aka yi su ta hanyar amfani da man Shea da aka samo daga Ghana. Alamar ta na ba da gudummawa ga ayyukanta na agaji ta hanyar haɓaka damar aiki a samar da Shea Butter. Ana ba da gudummawar wani kaso na kudaden tallace-tallace na SHE-Y ga kungiyar agaji ta Menaye don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da yara marasa galihu.
Tallafawa Menaye ta kafa kungiyar agaji ta Menaye a shekara ta 2004 don taimakawa yara matalauta a Ghana ta hanyar ba da ingantaccen ilimi kyauta. Donkor ta kwashe sama da shekaru goma tana aiki tukuru don inganta rayuwar mata da yara a kasarta ta Ghana ta kungiyar agaji ta Menaye. Kungiyar tana ba da ilimin asali kyauta da tallafin karatu ga yara marasa galihu a Ghana, da kuma kula da lafiya da ci gaban yara mata. Ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tara gudunmawar agaji. A shekarar 2021, kamfaninta na sincerëly Ghana Limited, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da aikin BRAVE don samar da kayan tsafta ga mata matasa a Keta a yankin Volta. Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da shirin Sister-2-Sister don samar da kayan tsabta ga mata a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da galihu a Ghana.
Makarantar Menaye Hope An kafa makarantar a ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar 2000 a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Menaye Donkor ta karbi makarantar ne a shekara ta 2004 bayan ta lashe Miss Universe Ghana don taimakawa wajen gina ingantacciyar muhalli ga yaran saboda asalin makarantar ba ta da kayan masarufi.
Makarantar tana Agona Asafo, wanda ake ganin yana daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi fama da talauci a kasar, inda ake fama da talauci da jahilci. Bayan da aka fara da dalibai 78 suna raba shingen makaranta daya, yanzu makarantar tana da yara sama da 400 da bulogi uku, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa dalibai su samu sakamako mai kyau a jarabawar BECE (gaba da sakandare). Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta dauki nauyin komai na makarantar, tun daga gine-gine da kayan aiki har zuwa albashin malamai, da riguna, littattafai da kayan rubutu.
Daraja da karramawa A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, Hakimai da dattawan Agona Asafo a yankin tsakiyar Ghana sun karrama Menaye kuma suka zaɓi ta zama 'Nkosuohemaa' ko 'Queen Development Queen' na Agona Asafo. Sunanta na hukuma shine Nanahemaa Menaye Afumade Afrakoma I. Yana nuna alhakinta na duniya ga jama'arta da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa ga al'umma.
A shekarar 2013 ta cikin jerin sunayen 'yan Afirka 15 Mafi Tasiri a Kanada, wanda ke bikin mutanen da suka ci gaba da zaburar da wasu ta hanyar manyan nasarori. A shekarar 2015, Menaye ta sami lambar yabo ta "Woman of the Year" lambar yabo ta Infant Charity Award a Milan. Kyautar Jarirai Ƙungiya ce da ta amince da ayyukan mutane da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke tallafawa inganta rayuwar yara marasa lafiya.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Game da Menaye Donkor abin koyi/yar wasa ce, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a www.menaye.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014
Kungiyar agaji ta Menaye ta gabatar da Makarantar Hope GALA. 'Tare don Bege www.modernghanna.com. An dawo da Afrilu 1, 2014
Menye Donkor An dawo dashi 1 ga Afrilu 2014
Menaye Donkor a Vogue
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
30018 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20karamci | Ƴancin karamci | Ƴancin karamci xenia, shi ne tsohuwar ra'ayin Greco-Roman na karimci a matsayin haƙƙin allahntaka na baƙo da kuma aikin allahntaka na mai masaukin baki. Irin kwatankwacin su sun kasance kuma ana san su a wasu al'adu, kodayake ba koyaushe da wannan sunan ba. A cikin Helenawa da Romawa, masaukin yana da nau'i biyu: na sirri da na jama'a.
Na sirri A zamanin Homeric, duk baƙi, ba tare da togiya ba, an ɗauke su a ƙarƙashin kariya na Zeus Xenios, allahn baƙi da masu ba da fatawa, kuma suna da haƙƙin karɓar baƙi (Yana da shakka ko kuma, kamar yadda ake zato,An dauke su a facto sun kasance baƙi ne. Nan da nan da isowarsa, baƙon ya sa tufafi da nishaɗi, kuma ba a yi tambaya game da sunansa ko magabata ba har sai an cika aikin baƙo. Lokacin da bakon ya rabu da mai masaukin nasa ana yawan ba shi kyauta to Amman Kuma wani lokaci ma mutuwa yakan karye a tsakaninsu. Kowannensu ya ɗauki bangare, an kafa alaƙar dangi, kuma mutuwar da aka karye ta zama alamar ganewa; don haka membobin kowane iyali sun samu a cikin sauran runduna da masu tsaro idan akwai bukata. Rashin cin zarafi daga rundunar ayyukan baƙo yana iya haifar da fushin alloli; amma ba ya nuna cewa akwai wani abu da ya wuce wannan hukumci na addini don kiyaye haƙƙin matafiyi. Irin wannan al'adu da alama sun wanzu a tsakanin mutanen Italiya. sautin A cikin Romawa, karimci mai zaman kansa, wanda ya wanzu tun farkon zamani, an fi bayyana shi daidai kuma bisa doka fiye da tsakanin Helenawa, ƙulla tsakanin mai masaukin baki da baƙo yana kusan ƙarfi kamar na tsakanin majiɓinci da abokin ciniki. Ya kasance daga yanayin kwangila, wanda aka yi ta hanyar alkawari, manne hannaye, da musayar yarjejeniya a rubuce tabula hospitalis ko na alama tessera ko alama), kuma an mayar da shi gado ta hanyar rabon amsa. Fa'idodin da baƙon ya samu shine, haƙƙin baƙon baƙi lokacin tafiya da kuma, sama da duka, kare mai masaukinsa (wakiltar shi a matsayin majiɓincinsa) a kotun shari'a. Kwangilar ta kasance mai tsarki kuma ba ta da laifi, an yi ta da sunan Jupiter Hospitalis, kuma za a iya rushe ta ta hanyar wani aiki na yau da kullun.
Jama'a Wannan haɗin kai na sirri ya zama al'ada bisa ga wata jiha ta nada ɗaya daga cikin 'yan ƙasar waje a matsayin wakilinta Proxenos don kare duk wani ɗan ƙasarta da ke tafiya ko mazaunin ƙasarsa. Wani lokaci mutum ya zo gaba da son rai don yin waɗannan ayyuka a madadin wata jiha etheloproxenos Gaba ɗaya ana kwatanta proxenus da ɗan ƙarami na zamani ko mazaunin minista. Ayyukansa sun hada da ba da baki ga baki daga jihar da ya ke zama wakilinsa, gabatar da jakadunta, da ba su damar shiga majalisa da kujeru a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma kula da muradun kasuwanci da siyasa na jihar da su. an nada shi ofishinsa. Yawancin lokuta suna faruwa idan irin wannan ofishi na gado ne; Don haka dangin Callias a Athens sun kasance proxeni na Spartans Mun sami ofishin da aka ambata a cikin rubutun Corcyraean mai yiwuwa daga karni na 7 BC, kuma ya ci gaba da girma mafi mahimmanci kuma akai-akai a cikin tarihin Girkanci. Babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa an taɓa haɗa kowane nau'i na kai tsaye a ofishin, yayin da kashe kuɗi da matsalar da ke tattare da shi dole ne galibi ya yi yawa sosai. Watakila karamcin da ya zo da shi ya isa lada. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare a cikin babban girmamawa da daraja da aka biya ga proxenus, kuma wani ɓangare a cikin ƙarin ƙarin girma da yawa da aka ba da umarnin musamman na jihar wanda wakilinsa ya kasance, kamar 'yanci daga haraji da nauyin jama'a, haƙƙin samun dukiya a Attica. shigar da majalisar dattijai da kuma mashahuran majalisa, kuma watakila ma cikakken dan kasa. Ga alama gidan masaukin jama'a kuma ya kasance a tsakanin jinsin Italiya; amma yanayin tarihinsu ya hana shi zama mai mahimmanci kamar na Girka. To Amman Duk da haka, al'amuran sun faru na kafa karimcin jama'a tsakanin biranen biyu Roma da Caere, Livy v. 50), da kuma garuruwan da suka shiga matsayi na abokin ciniki ga wasu fitattun Roman, wanda ya zama majibincin irin wannan gari. Majalisar dattijai ta kan ba baki 'yancin karbar baki daga kasashen waje har zuwa karshen jamhuriyar. Masu masaukin baki na jama'a suna da 'yancin yin nishaɗi a kuɗin jama'a, shigar da sadaukarwa da wasanni, haƙƙin siye da siyarwa akan asusun kansa, da kuma gabatar da wani mataki a doka ba tare da sa hannun wani majiɓincin Romawa ba. Za a sami cikakken littafin tarihin batun a cikin labarin a Daremberg da Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiqutés, wanda za a iya ƙara Rudolf von Jhering Die Gastfreundschaft im Altertum (1887); duba kuma Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (ed 3rd., 1890).
Asibitin Medieval A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, an tsawaita kalmar, a duk faɗin Turai, don komawa zuwa ginin ko hadaddun gine-ginen da aka haɗe zuwa gidan sufi, inda mahajjata da sauran ƙananan baƙi za su iya samun baƙi ko masauki, gami da masaukin da aka gina.
Duba wasu abubuwan Proxeny
Xenia (Girkanci)
Dokar baƙo
Nanwatai
Melmastia
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na |
2887 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto | Esperanto | Esperanto "lingvo internacia"
Jubilea simbolo
Sunayen karatuttukan Fasfutan Esperanto Akasin hankali masu daban a cikin amfani. Daya daga cikin su ya sanya haruffan sirkumfleksa da digraphs na h. Akwai damuwa na grafiki kamar hanyoyi masu fito-kashi mai sirkumfleksa tare da carets.
H-takardar Idan an gano a kan teburajin babu mai iya koma rubutu da lambobbin karatun da za a iya sa lambobbin rubutu da lambobbin na "h" da lambobbin duk da haka ba ya yi amfani. Amma a mafita na wannan karatun, to zai iya yi alama: "ch=ĉ; gh=ĝ; hh=ĥ; jh=ĵ; sh=ŝ". Idan mutane suke buɗe rubutun masu bayarwa za su iya yi amfani, domin al'amura ba su sa su suƙe da waje An yi amfani da lambobbin zai iya sa suƙe ko Misali: sign,et,o sign'et'o sig-net-o.}}</ref> Sunayen karaɗin asalin kuma dukan abubuwa da digraphs ta ɓangare da mutum da aka ɓangaraka, wato L. L. Zamenhof. Ya ba muɗewa ya ce ya yi amfani da a cikin tsohon da kuma digraphs da ga lambobbin saukin sirkumfleksa. Misali, ya sauya da kamar yadda a don (chance). Inda suke tsohon abubuwan an bayar da suna buƙatar taƙaitaccen kwarewa ko da ɗakin hyphen, kamar su (shida-kuɗi) ko (bandar fashewa).
Ƙin kuma, tsarin ASCII na asalinsu da ake rubuta rubutu baya ya shigo da kyamar kyamar lokaci yana da amfani a rubutu masu saukar h-digraphs, saboda abubuwan da suka hada da rubutu za su yi ta adireshin cikin dukan rubutu ta da kuma ƙofa ta adireshin cikin dukan rubutu ta Rubutun za su yi ta bayar da amma za a iya saurara a cikin h-takardar, za su zaɓa a baya da X-takardar Tsarin mai nauyi na bude ta kuma rubutu a Fasfutan Esperanto tare da sunan "x-takardar", wato ya sa amfani da daga sunan a rubutu masu saukar h-digraphs, kuma don Misali, ta bamu da kamar yadda aka ba su don da kuma don X-digraphs suna buƙatar taimakawa a cikin h-takardar:
x bai ƙunshi haruffa a haruffa na asalin Fasfutan Esperanto, domin amfani da shi ba zai yi damuwa ba.
Rubutun digraphs yana buɗe ɗaya ɗaya yayin rubutun abuɗayi masu bayarwa; misali, (don za su zaɓa a baya da haruffa ta h-takardar za ta zaɓa a baya da ita. Bayani ya yawaita a cikin abuɗayi masu haɗa ko abuɗayi masu zauna da 'z' a cikin harsunan ko rubutun da ba a yi nasara da suna sakamako ba
misali, harsunan da ba suka haɗa da rubutu ("sake haɗa") za su zaɓa a baya da (don "rheumatism").
X-takardar ya samu lokacin kuma h-takardar, amma yana da turo da ba zai fahimta yanzu a kan Fundamento de Esperanto. Haka kuma, a cikin gasarwa 2007, Akademio de Esperanto ta bayyana karshe don amfani da tsarin yau da kullum ta rubutu lambobbin Fasfutan Esperanto, a cikin wurin cewa wannan zai yi amfani ba "gare kuɗin da mutane ba su iya amfani da lambobbin kasashen a yi, kuma a wurin da lambar suna taimakawa na h-takardar da ya bayyana a Fundamento bai ɗauko da shi ko kuma ba da damuwa ba." Wannan babu sabon aini ko da irin alama ko da asali masu saukar tsarin Unicode ga mutumin da ya bayyana.
Wani matsalar abuɗayi mai haɗa na substituti na x-takardar yana da ƙarfi a rubutu da rubutu biyar, da ya kuma tsere da rubutun kamar don ya bamu da damuwa ne idan aka amfani da rubutun Faransa, saboda wani abuɗayi masu haɗa na Faransa, domin an kirkira rubutu da za suka tafi a waje ko 'Aux,' misali, wata abuɗayi a dukan harsunan a Fasfutan Esperanto). Kowace kula da za a sake amfani da sakamako na rubutu zai kirkira rubutu da za suka tafi a waje da Fasfutan Esperanto. Watau abuɗayin Turanci kamar "auxiliary" da "Euxine" za suka kula duka game da hanyoyin yanzu. Wani tsarin da mutane kusan suka koyi, kamar yadda aka yi a bayyane na Wikipedia na rubutu MediaWiki daga gasar 2002, wani don Brion Vibber, shi ne ya amfani da don haifar da sakamako na zuwa sakamako, misali zai yi "aux". Wani mutum kusan ya yi bayanin amfani da a matsayin amfani da don don kawo la'akari wannan matsalar, amma wannan tsauni na tsarin ba da damuwa ne.
Y-takardar sunayi Y-takardar
noma Alphabat
wani_kanawa Y-takardar, ipsilono-kodo ipa-note babu
Ĉ Cy
Ĝ Gy
Ĥ X
Ĵ Jy
Ŝ Sy
Ŭ W
Misali: eĥoŝanĝoj ĉiuĵaŭde ("echo-change every Thursday") zai iya yi "exosyangyo cyiujyawde".
Sarari na asali: Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco.
Ĉiuj rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en tiu ĉi Deklaracio validas same por ĉiuj homoj, sen kia ajn diferencigo, ĉu laŭ raso, haŭtkoloro, sekso, lingvo, religio, politika aŭ alia opinio, nacia aŭ socia deveno, posedaĵoj, naskiĝo aŭ alia stato. Plie, nenia diferencigo estu farata surbaze de la politika, jurisdikcia aŭ internacia pozicio de la lando aŭ teritorio, al kiu apartenas la koncerna persono, senkonsidere ĉu ĝi estas sendependa, sub kuratoreco, ne-sinreganta aŭ sub kia ajn alia limigo de la suvereneco.
Y-sistemo: Cyiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj law digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu al alia en spirito de frateco.
Cyiuj rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en tiu cyi Deklaracio validas same por cyiuj homoj, sen kia ajn diferencigo, cyu law raso, hawtkoloro, sekso, lingvo, religio, politika aw alia opinio, nacia aw socia deveno, posedajyoj, naskigyo aw alia stato. Plie, nenia diferencigo estu farata surbaze de la politika, jurisdikcia aw internacia pozicio de la lando aw teritorio, al kiu apartenas la koncerna persono, senkonsidere cyu gyi estas sendependa, sub kuratoreco, ne-sinreganta aw sub kia ajn alia limigo de la suvereneco.
Anazarci Esperanto, a, b, c Kurso Saluton! Audiovisual koyo yanayin
Alfabeto de Esperanto
Wikipedia
Bildvortaro esperanto-afriko.org esperanto.net Esperanto 62 lingvoj
Esperanto.net (angle) ĉinia radio internacia esperanta retpaĝo "uea-radikoj-685"
reta-vortaro.de)
"Esperanto"; FUNDAMENTO DE ESPERANTO Antaŭparolo; Gramatiko: GRAMMAIRE (Gramatiko Franca); GRAMMAR Angla); GRAMMATIK Germana); Rusa); GRAMATYKA Pola);Ekzercaro, Universala Vortaro
Esperanto), PIV Plena Ilustrita Vortaro Eldono 2005 (Afrika fulfulde)
Benson-Esperanto-Edmonton
|
22199 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindFreedom%20International | MindFreedom International | MindFreedom International gamayyar ƙasa da ƙasa ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu tushe guda ɗari da dubban ɗaiɗaikun membobi daga ƙasashe goma sha huɗu. An kafa shi ne a Amurka, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1990 don bayar da shawarwari game da tilasta tilasta shan magani, takunkumi na likita, da kuma ba da izini na aikin lantarki Its bayyana manufa shi ne kare hakkokin mutanen da suka An labeled da tabin hankali cuta Membobinsu a bude suke ga duk wanda ke tallafawa 'yancin dan adam, gami da kwararru kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, masu bada shawara, masu fafutuka, da dangin su. MindFreedom an gane da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattalin arziki da al'ummar Council a matsayin hakkin dan Adam NGO da shawara kan zakara Status Asali da manufa MindFreedom International ta samo asali ne daga motsin tsira daga masu tabin hankali, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsananin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekara 1970 da kuma tarihin mutum na cin zarafin ƙwaƙwalwa da wasu tsofaffin marasa lafiya suka fuskanta maimakon maganganun rashin ilimi na maganin ƙwaƙwalwa. Abubuwan da suka gabata na MFI sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu haƙuri a cikin shekarun 1970s kamar Portland, Oregon -based Insane Liberation Front da theungiyar 'yantar da Mancin Marasa Lafiya a New York. Babban mahimmin rubutu a cikin ci gaban ilimi na motsi na tsira, aƙalla a cikin Amurka, shine rubutun Judi Chamberlin na shekara ta 1978, A kan namu: Sauran Maganganun Masu haƙuri zuwa Tsarin Lafiyar Hauka Chamberlin ya kasance mai haƙuri da haɗin gwiwa tare da kafa Liberationancin entsancin Marasa Lafiya. Yin hada-hada a kusa da tsohuwar jaridar Dendron, a karshen shugabannin 1988 daga da yawa daga manyan kungiyoyin masu raunin tabin hankali na kasa da na gari sun ji cewa ana bukatar wani hadin kai mai zaman kansa, mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam kan matsaloli a tsarin lafiyar kwakwalwa. A waccan shekarar aka kafa Coungiyar Taimako Ta Internationalasa (SCI). A Cikin shekara ta 2005 SCI ta canza suna zuwa MFI tare da David W. Oaks a matsayin darekta. Aikin farko na jama'a na SCI shine gabatar da taro da zanga-zanga a watan Mayun shekara ta 1990 a Birnin New York a lokaci guda kamar (kuma kai tsaye a wajen) taron shekara-shekara na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka. Many of the members of MFI, who feel that their human rights were violated by the mental health system, refer to themselves as 'psychiatric survivors'. MFI is a contemporary and active coalition of grassroots groups which are carrying forward the historical tradition of survivor opposition to coercive psychiatry. It does not define itself as an antipsychiatry organization and its members point to the role which 'compassionate' psychiatrists have played in MFI. Activists within the coalition have been drawn from both left and right wing of politics.
MFI tana aiki ne a matsayin dandali don dubunnan membobinta don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da gogewarsu, don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin tallafi da shirya kamfen masu fafutuka don tallafawa haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tabin hankali. Coalitionungiyar haɗin gwiwar tana la'akari da ayyukan hauka na 'lakabin da ba kimiyya ba, tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi, tsare kansa, takurawa, ba da son rai, electroshock' a matsayin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2003, membobin kungiyar Mindf Freedom guda takwas, karkashin jagorancin babban darakta a lokacin David Oaks, sun fara yajin cin abinci don tallata jerin "kalubalen" da suka gabatar ga kungiyar masu tabin hankali ta Amurka (APA), Babban Likitan Amurka da kuma National Alliance akan Ciwon Hauka (NAMI). Mambobin MFI guda takwas sun kalubalanci APA, Babban Likitan Amurka da NAMI da su gabatar da MFI tare da "tabbataccen hujja cewa rashin tabin hankali cuta ce ta kwakwalwa." Ta hanyar ci gaba da yajin-yunwa fiye da wata ɗaya, MFI ya tilasta APA da NAMI don shiga muhawara tare da su kan wannan da sauran batutuwa. MindFreedom ta bayyana Shirye-shiryen Garkensu a matsayin "duka don ɗaya kuma ɗaya don duka" cibiyar sadarwar mambobi. Lokacin da memba da ke rajista ke karɓar (ko kuma ake la'akari da shi) ba da kulawar tabin hankali ba, ana aika faɗakarwa zuwa indungiyar Sadarwar MindFreedom a madadin wannan mutumin. Sannan ana sa ran membobin cibiyar sadarwar su shiga cikin tsari, mai kyau, ayyukan rashin ƙarfi -gamawa, aiwatar da siyasa, sanarwa da faɗakarwar kafofin watsa labaru, juriya mara amfani, da dai sauransu-don dakatar ko hana tilasta cutar. SCI's first public action was to stage a counter-conference and protest in May 1990 in New York City at the same time as (and directly outside of) the American Psychiatric Association's annual meeting.
Duba kuma Anti-psychiatry
Biopsychiatry controversy
Clifford Whittingham Beers
Electroconvulsive therapy
Elizabeth Packard
Icarus Project
Involuntary commitment
Involuntary treatment
John Hunt
Judi Chamberlin
Kate Millett
Leonard Roy Frank
Linda Andre
List of psychiatric survivor related topics
Lyn Duff
Mad Pride
Mentalism (discrimination)
National Empowerment Center
Psychiatric survivors movement
Recovery model
Self-help groups for mental health
Services for mental disorders
Ted Chabasinski
Peter Lehmann
World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje MindFreedom.org Shafin yanar gizo na MindFreedom
Adabi Oaks, David W. (2007). 'MindFreedom International: Activungiyoyi don' Yancin Dan Adam a matsayin Tushen Juyin Juya Hali a Tsarin Lafiyar Hauka A cikin Peter Stastny Peter Lehmann (Eds. Sauran Bayan Psywararrun chiwararrun (pp. 328–336). Berlin Eugene Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Bugawa. ISBN 978-0-9545428-1-8 (Birtaniya), (Amurka). E-Littafin a cikin 2018.
Oaks, David W. (2007). 'MindFreedom International Haɗin kai für Menschenrechte als Grundlage einer gewaltfreien Revolution im psychosozialen System'. A cikin: Peter Lehmann Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 344-352). Berlin Eugene Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. ISBN 978-3-925931-38-3 E-Littafin a cikin 2018.
Taylor, Dan (2007). 'MindF Freedom Ghana: Yin gwagwarmaya don Yanayin Humanan Adam na Marasa Lafiya'. A cikin Peter Stastny Peter Lehmann (Eds. Sauran Bayan Psywararrun chiwararrun (pp. 336–342). Berlin Eugene Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Bugawa. ISBN 978-0-9545428-1-8 (Birtaniya), (Amurka). E-Littafin a cikin 2018.
Taylor, Dan (2007). 'MindFreedom Ghana Unser Kampf um humane Lebensbedingungen für Psychiatriebetroffene'. A cikin: Peter Lehmann Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 352-358). Berlin Eugene Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. ISBN 978-3-925931-38-3 E-Littafin a cikin 2018.
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Muhalli
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
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17632 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar%20Mace | Kalmar Mace | Mace (alama ce: wadda ta kasance jinsin kwayar halitta, ko kuma a ce wani sashi na kwayar halitta, wacce ke samar da kwayar halittar da ba ta hannu ba (kwayayen kwai). Haramtawa yanayin rashin lafiya, mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane mata, suna da chromosomes guda biyu. Halayen mata sun banbanta tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban tare da wasu nau'in da ke dauke da cikakkun siffofin halayyar mata, kamar kasancewar gagarar mammary Babu wani guda kwayoyin inji bayan jima'i da bambance-bambance a cikin jinsuna daban da kuma zama na biyu mata da maza alama sun samo asali mahara sau da kansa a cikin daban-daban juyin dangoginsu Kalmar mace dai ta fito ne daga Latin femella, sifar mace, ma'ana mace bashi da alaƙa da kalmar namiji Mace kuma za a iya amfani da su koma zuwa jinsi Bayyana halaye Mãtan nuna ova, da ya fi girma gametes a heterogamous haifuwa tsarin, yayin da karami da kuma yawanci motile gamete, da spermatozoon, an samar da namiji Mace ba za ta iya hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i ba tare da samun damar saduwar namiji ba, kuma akasin haka, amma a wasu jinsunan mata na iya hayayyafa da kansu ta hanyar da ba daidai ba, misali ta hanyar parthenogenesis Babu wani guda kwayoyin inji bayan jima'i da bambance-bambance a cikin jinsuna daban da kuma zama na biyu mata da maza alama sun samo asali mahara sau da kansa a cikin daban-daban juyin dangoginsu Hanyoyin haifuwa na jima'i sun hada da:
Jinsi iri-iri tare da nau'i biyu ko fiye da na ma'aurata tare da gametes na kamannin tsari da halaye (amma daban-daban a matakin kwayoyin),
Anisogamous jinsuna tare da gametes na namiji da mace,
Jinsunan Oogamous, wadanda suka hada da mutane, a inda mace gamete ta fi namiji girma kuma bata da ikon motsawa Oogamy wani nau'i ne na lalata mata Akwai wata hujja cewa wannan ƙirar ta haifar da ƙuntatawa na zahiri akan hanyoyin da gametes biyu ke haɗuwa kamar yadda ake buƙata don haifuwa ta jima'i Baya ga tabbataccen bambanci a cikin nau'in gamete da aka samar, bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata a cikin jinsi ɗaya koyaushe ba za'a iya yin hasashen ta banbancin wani ba. Batun bai takaita ga dabbobi ba; ƙwayoyin ƙwai suna samarwa ne ta hanyar chytrids, diatoms, molds na ruwa da tsire-tsire na ƙasa, da sauransu. A ƙasar shuke-shuke, mace da namiji designate ba kawai egg- da maniyyi-samar da kwayoyin da kuma Tsarin, amma kuma Tsarin daga cikin sporophytes cewa ba Yunƙurin ga namiji da mace shuke-shuke Mammalian mace Hali mai rarrabe na ajin Mammalia shine kasancewar mammary gland Kwayoyin mammary sune gyarar gumi da ke samar da madara, wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da matasa na wani lokaci bayan haihuwa. Dabbobi masu shayarwa ne kawai ke samar da madara Mammary gland shine mafi bayyane a cikin mutane, saboda jikin ɗan adam yana adana kayan mai mai yawa kusa da nono, wanda ke haifar da shahararrun nono Kwayoyin mammary suna cikin dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kodayake ba safai maza daga cikin jinsin ke amfani da su ba. Yawancin mata masu shayarwa suna da kwafi biyu na X chromosome sabanin maza waɗanda ke da X guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Y chromosome wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar su platypus, suna da hadewa daban-daban. Don rama bambancin girma, ɗayan chromosomes na mata ba shi da aiki a cikin kowace kwayar halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa yayin da X ɗin da aka samu daga mahaifinsa yake aiki a marsupials. A cikin tsuntsaye da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, akasin haka, mace ce wacce take da karfin jiki kuma tana ɗauke da kwayar Z da W yayin da namiji yake ɗaukar chromosomes biyu na Z. Hakanan yanayin Intersex zai iya haifar da wasu haɗuwa, kamar XO ko XXX a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda har yanzu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin mata matuƙar ba su ƙunshi Y chromosome ba, sai dai takamaiman yanayin maye gurbi a cikin jinsin mutanen XY yayin da a cikin mahaifar Koyaya, waɗannan yanayi yakan haifar da rashin ƙarfi.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa mãtã kai live matasa, tare da banda monotreme mãtã, wanda sa qwai. Wasu nau'ikan halittun da ba dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kamar su guppies, suna da siffofin haihuwa kamar yadda suke; da wasu wadanda ba dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kamar su sharks, wadanda kwayayensu ke kyankyashe a cikin jikinsu, su ma suna da haihuwar samari masu rai.
Etymology da amfani Kalmar mace ta fito ne daga Latin femella, sifar mace, ma'ana mace ba shi da alaƙa da kalmar namiji, amma a ƙarshen karni na 14 an canza rubutun a Turanci don yin daidai da na namiji Mace na iya koma zuwa ga ko dai jinsi ko jinsi ko siffar masu haɗawa Alamar Alamar Unicode U 2640 Alt codes Alt 12), da'ira tare da ƙaramar gicciye a ƙasa, ana amfani da ita don wakiltar mata. Joseph Justus Scaliger ya taɓa yin hasashen cewa alamar tana da alaƙa da Venus, allahiya ta kyakkyawa saboda tana kama da madubin tagulla tare da abin hannu, amma masana na zamani suna ganin cewa abin son zuciya ne, kuma mafi ingancin ra'ayi shi ne cewa alamomin mata da na miji sun samo asali ne daga ƙuntatawa a cikin rubutun Girka na sunayen Girkawa na duniyoyin Thouros (Mars) da Phosphoros (Venus).
Yin jima'i Jima'i na wata kwayar halitta na iya ƙayyade ta dalilai da yawa. Waɗannan na iya zama na asali ne ko na muhalli, ko kuma canzawa ta yanayi yayin rayuwar wata kwayar halitta. Kodayake yawancin jinsin suna da jinsi biyu ne (mace ko namiji), dabbobin hermaphroditic suna da gabobin haihuwa na mata da na maza.
Jima'i na mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane, ana danganta su ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙayyade jima'i na XY inda maza ke da X da Y (akasin X da X) chromosomes na jima'i. A yayin haihuwa, namiji yana bayar da gudummawar ko dai maniyyin X ko na M, yayin da mace ke bayar da gudummawar kwan kwai. Maniyyin AY da kwai na X suna haifar da namiji, yayin da kwayar X da kwayar X ke samar da mace. Tsarin ZW game da jima'i, inda maza suke da ZZ (akasin ZW) chromosomes na jima'i, ana samunsu a cikin tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da wasu kwari da sauran kwayoyin. Members na Hymenoptera, kamar tururuwa da ƙudan zuma, an ƙaddara da haplodiploidy, inda mafi maza ne haploid da mãtã, kuma wasu bakararre maza ne diploid Kudurin muhalli Kananan wasu jinsunan suna zama cikin jinsi ɗaya ko ɗayan dangane da yanayin mahalli na gida, misali zafin jikin ƙwai da yawa yana shafar jima'i na can ƙabilar. Sauran nau'ikan (kamar goby na iya canzawa, a matsayin manya, daga jinsi ɗaya zuwa wancan dangane da yanayin haihuwa na cikin gida (kamar taƙaitaccen karancin maza).
Duba kuma Bangaren mata
Mata
Ciki
Jinsi
Yarinya
Uwargida
Mace
Womyn
Manazarta Mata
Mata yan kwallan kafa
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51715 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bredenkamp | John Bredenkamp | John Arnold Bredenkamp (11 ga Agusta 1940 18 ga Yuni 2020) ɗan kasuwan Zimbabwe ne kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar rugby. Shi ne ya kafa kungiyar Casalee.
Ƙuruciya An haife shi a Afirka ta Kudu, Bredenkamp ya ƙaura tare da danginsa zuwa Kudancin Rhodesia tun yana yaro. Ya kasance maraya ne a tsakiyar shekarunsa a ranar haihuwarsa, yayin da yake kan babur dinsa, ya dawo ya tarar mahaifinsa ya harbe mahaifiyarsa da ‘yar uwarsa sannan ya harbe kansa. 'Yar uwarsa ta tsira daga harbin. Ya yi karatu a Kudancin Rhodesia a Makarantar Prince Edward, Salisbury. Na zuriyar Dutch, Bredenkamp ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Rhodesian a shekarar 1958. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya yi asarar zama dan kasar Zimbabwe “ba bisa ka’ida ba” a shekarar 1984, amma an maido masa wannan jim kadan bayan haka.
An ruwaito Bredenkamp yana rike da fasfo na Zimbabwe, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dutch. Batun dan kasarsa dai wani lamari ne da ya samu sabani da wasu jami'an kasar Zimbabwe a karshen shekara ta 2006.
A matsayinsa na ɗan kungiyar Rugby Union na kasa da kasa, ya jagoranci Rhodesia daga shekarun 1965 zuwa 1968.
Farkon aiki Bayan kammala karatunsa, Bredenkamp ya shiga Gallaher Limited, kamfanin tobacco sigari na duniya a Zimbabwe (sai Rhodesia), a matsayin mai siyan ganye. A shekara ta 1968 an canza shi zuwa Niemeyer a Netherlands, inda ya kai matsayin darektan ganye.
Bayan barin Gallaher a shekarar 1976, Bredenkamp ya kafa Kamfanin Casalee Group na kamfanoni masu rijista a Antwerp, Belgium. An yi imanin cewa, aikin na Casalee na da hannu wajen sayar da tabar Rhodesian a kasuwannin duniya, ta hanyar kaucewa takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Casalee da farko kamfani ne na siyar da sigari amma kuma ya tsunduma cikin ciniki gabaɗaya kuma ƙwararren mai ƙaddamar da ciniki da ciniki. Rukunin Casalee ya girma sama da shekaru 16 ya zama dillalan sigari na biyar a duniya kuma babban kamfanin taba sigari ba na Amurka ba. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki ma'aikata 2,500 kuma tana da ofisoshi a duk manyan ƙasashe masu girma da sigari a duniya ciki har da Amurka (Winston-Salem), Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Girka, Indiya, Indonesia, Italiya, Portugal, Rasha, Spain, Thailand, Turkiyya da Yugoslavia. Kamfanin ya mallaki masana'antar sarrafa taba a cikin Netherlands, Zimbabwe, Malawi da Brazil.
An sayar da Rukunin Kamfanoni na Casalee a shekarar 1993 ga Universal Leaf Tobacco, kamfanin taba sigari mafi girma a duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Bredenkamp ya fadada kasuwancinsa zuwa wasu yankuna daban-daban, musamman ta hanyar kamfanin Breco mai rijista na Zimbabwe.
Rawar da ya taka a Zimbabwe Aikin Bredenkamp ya tashi sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 lokacin da ya tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci na gwamnatin UDI da aka sanyawa takunkumi a Rhodesia. An yi iƙirarin cewa ya gudanar da harkokin kuɗaɗen sojojin ƙasar Rhodesi yadda ya kamata a lokacin yaƙin Bush na baya. A wannan matsayi, ya ba da siya da siyar da kayayyakin Rhodesian zuwa ketare (mafi yawan taba) kuma ya yi amfani da kuɗin da aka samu wajen sayan makamai da kayan aikin soja. Yarjejeniyar sa ta "takunkumin karya takunkumi" (sau da yawa ya shafi hadaddun hada-hadar kasuwanci) ya dore wa tsarin mulkin UDI na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda zai yiwu. Waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun kasance gaba ɗaya na doka ƙarƙashin dokar Rhodesian.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1980, Bredenkamp ya bar Zimbabwe ya koma Belgium. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin kayayyaki da siyan kayan tsaro. Ya sanya kansa mai amfani a wasu wurare. A shekara ta 1984 ya yi sulhu da sarakunan sabuwar Zimbabwe kuma ya sami damar komawa gida. Zimbabwe ta samar da tushe mai karimci don mu'amalar Bredenkamp da abokan ciniki a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Waɗannan mu'amala sun sa Bredenkamp da abokansa mazaje masu arziki sosai. Har ila yau, sun taimaka wajen dorewar tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe a lokacin da ake fama da tashe-tashen hankula.
Bredenkamp ya samu gagarumin tasiri a harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Zimbabwe. An san cewa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tsoma bakin Zimbabwe a cikin DRC tsakanin shekarun 1998 zuwa 2003. Wannan shiga tsakani ya kunshi amfani da sojojin kasar Zimbabwe da sojojin sama wajen marawa gwamnatin Kabila baya a yakin da take yi da 'yan tawaye da ke samun goyon bayan Uganda da Rwanda. Da alama an sami ɗan alaƙa tsakanin shiga tsakani da kuma rangwamen ma'adinai na karimci da DRC ta baiwa jiga-jigan 'yan siyasa da 'yan kasuwa na Zimbabwe. Lokacin da Zimbabwe ta fuskanci takunkumin EU daga 1999 zuwa gaba, gwamnatin Mugabe ta sami damar yin kira ga takunkumin da ya lalata kwarewar UDI don ci gaba da samar da sojojinta. Bredenkamp ya zama wani abu mai karfi a bayan fage a cikin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF mai mulki. An yi iƙirarin cewa ya nemi sauƙaƙa wa shugaba Mugabe murabus da wuri a shekara ta 2004 da kuma maye gurbinsa da Emmerson Mnangagwa, tsohon ministan tsaro kuma kakakin majalisar dokoki. Hakan dai bai ji dadin bangarorin da ke gaba da juna a jam’iyyar ZANU-PF ba, kuma an fara gudanar da bincike na gwamnati kan al’amuran da suka shafi kamfanin kasuwanci na Bredenkamp na Breco, dangane da kaucewa biyan haraji da kuma keta dokar musaya. Batutuwan da ake gudanar da bincike sun hada da hada-hadar kasuwanci tsakanin Breco da ke Zimbabwe da kuma kamfanonin ketare da Bredenkamp ke sarrafawa.
An alakanta Bredenkamp da ikirari na saukaka murabus din Mugabe a shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar binciken da jaridar Guardian ta yi kan bayanan sirrin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da aka bankado. A watan Satumban 2006 an gurfanar da Bredenkamp a Zimbabwe bisa zarginsa da yin amfani da fasfo na Afirka ta Kudu wajen tafiye-tafiyen kasa da kasa. Dokar zama dan kasa ta Zimbabwe ba ta bada izinin zama dan kasa biyu ba. Ko da yake an wanke shi, sai da ya yi fada da wata kotu ta biyu don samun umarnin mayar da fasfo dinsa na Zimbabwe da magatakardar kotun ya rike. An umarce shi da ya gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa ya yi watsi da zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu don a maido da ƙasarsa ta dindindin. Amma an mayar da fasfo dinsa.
A cikin watan Afrilu 2016, The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa Bredenkamp yana da "kimanin arziƙin 700m daga cinikin taba, cinikin makamai masu launin toka, tallan wasanni da hakar lu'u-lu'u." Daga shekara ta 2008 har zuwa mutuwarsa, Bredenkamp ya kasance cikin takunkumin da Amurka ta kakabawa mutanen da ke da matukar tasiri a gwamnatin Zimbabwe.
Mutuwa A cewar rahotannin labarai, Bredenkamp ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni 2020 saboda gazawar koda.
Duba kuma Tremalt
Fararen fata a Zimbabwe
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje John Bredenkamp's personal website "The real facts about me... and the activities of my associated businesses."
Breco website Bredenkamp hold Dutch passport Bredenkamp hold passport Dutch (free access)
Dutch Public Prosecutor to investigate Bredenkamp
Manazarta Mutuwan 2020
Haihuwan 1940
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51813 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Haji%20Warsame | Ali Haji Warsame | Ali Haji Warsame Somali, ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Somaliya ne, akawu, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Gudanarwa na farko a tashar jiragen ruwa na Boosaaso, sannan kuma ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na Golis Telecom Somalia. A shekara ta 2014, an nada shi Ministan Ilimi na Puntland.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Warsame a shekarar 1964 a Seemada, wani kauye kusa da gundumar Jariban a lardin Mudug na jihar Puntland mai cin gashin kanta a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Mahaifinsa marigayi lauya ne, alkali, dan siyasa, haziki, kuma al'umma kuma shugaban addini wanda ya kasance wani bangare na yunkurin 'yancin kai na gida a shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga arewacin lardin Sool. Warsame dan kabilar Omar Mahmoud ne na kabilar Majeerteen Harti Darod. Ya fara makaranta a garin Hargeisa dake arewa maso yammacin kasar, birni na biyu mafi girma a Somaliya. Warsame ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a babban birnin lardin Mudug dake birnin Gaalkacyo. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ci Gaban, Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Somaliya (SIDAM), inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci da gudanarwa a shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 2003, ya sami MBA a tsarin sarrafa bayanai daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Landan. Bayan Somaliya, Warsame ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a kasashe daban-daban, ciki har da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Ingila. Ya kuma iya yaruka da yawa, musamman Somaliya, Larabci da Ingilishi.
Sana'a
Farkon aiki A kwarewa, Warsame hamshakin dan kasuwa ne mai nasara. Yana da ɗimbin ilimi da ƙwarewar aiki a fannin tantancewa, lissafin kuɗi da sarrafa kuɗin jama'a. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Mai Kula da Kuɗi da Gudanarwa na Mutum da Yan'uwa, kamfani mai zaman kansa a masana'antar shigar da kayan aikin ruwa. Lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke a Somalia a shekarar 1991, Warsame ya koma yankunan arewacin Puntland inda ya kwashe shekaru da dama.
Daga baya Warsame ya koma UAE. Ya rike mukamai na gudanarwa a cibiyoyin gida daban-daban. Tsakanin watan Yuni 1991 zuwa watan Maris 2012, ya kasance Babban Mashawarci/Abokin Hulɗa a Falcon Associates Limited. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Auditor/Senior-in-charge a Abu Dhabi Accountability Authority, a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kudi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta UAE da ke da alaƙa da Abu Dhabi Education Zone, kuma a matsayin Babban Auditor a Al-Radhwan Accounting and Auditing. Warsame shi ma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Akanta a Pistache Trading Co. LLC. Daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2003, Warsame ya fara karantarwa a cibiyoyin ilimi da dama a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa. Ya koyar da lissafin kudi, dokar kasuwanci, bayar da rahoto, lissafin kudi da tantancewa a Hukumar Binciken Abu Dhabi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a kan aikace-aikacen software na lissafi da lissafin kudi a gidauniyar al'adun Somaliya da Kamfanin Hatta Computers da ke Dubai. A shekara ta 2012, Warsame ya koma Somaliya, ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na Golis Telecom. Daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa a kasar, tana da rassa 41 da cibiyoyi 141 a fadin yankunan Puntland, Somaliland da Galmudug a shekarar 2013. Warsame ya yi aiki a kamfanin daga watan Mayu 2012 zuwa watan Oktoba 2013, kuma yana da alhakin kula da ayyukan gudanarwa da kudi, tsara manufofi da tsare-tsaren gudanarwa, bin ka'idojin kasafin aiki da tsarin kuɗi, da kuma hulɗa da dukkan sassan kamfanin, sassan, sassan da kuma sassan kamfanin. ƙananan sassan. A shekara ta 2013, Warsame ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takara a zaben shugaban kasa na Puntland na 2014, wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2014 a Garoowe. Ya samu amincewar tsohon mataimakin shugaban rikon kwarya na Puntland Mohamed Ali Yusuf "Gaagaab", wanda ya fice daga takarar a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2014. A zagayen farko na zaben dai an fitar da 8 daga cikin 11 na ‘yan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben. Daga baya Ali H. Warsame, shugaban Puntland mai ci Abdirahman Mohamud Farole da tsohon firaministan Somaliya Abdiweli Mohamed Ali daga baya sun zarce zuwa zagaye na biyu, inda aka fitar da Warsame. Ya samu kuri'u 16 sabanin 18 na Ali da kuma 31 na Farole, inda a karshe Ali ya lashe zaben.
Ministan ilimi A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2014, sabon shugaban yankin Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya nada Warsame a matsayin Ministan Ilimi na Puntland. Daga baya shugaban Puntland, Abdiweli Mohamed Ali ya sallami Warsame a lokacin da yake ziyara a Birtaniya
Tallafawa Bayan kasuwanci da siyasa, Warsame kuma yana da hannu cikin ayyukan jin kai da dama. Mai ba da gudummawa ne ga kungiyoyin agaji daban-daban a Somaliya da sauran wurare. Har ila yau, yana ba da sabis na horo na yau da kullum ga matasa da masu koyo a yankin Puntland. Bugu da kari, Warsame mataimaki ne na kungiyar agaji ta MURDA ta Burtaniya, wacce ke ba da horo da shirye-shiryen ilimi a kasashen waje.
Ƙwararrun membobi Warsame memba ne na ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi masu yawa: Certified Public Accountant (CPA)
Memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Somaliya
Memba na Cibiyar Ƙwararrun Jama'a na Amirka da kuma mai ba da izini daga Hukumar Kula da Lissafi ta Jihar Delaware
Certified Accounting Technician
Mai tantancewa daga City Guilds, UK.
Puntland A shekara ta 2013, Warsame ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na Puntland (2014), wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 2014 a Garoowe.
Ya samu amincewar tsohon mataimakin shugaban rikon kwarya na Puntland Mohamed Ali Yusuf "Gaagaab", wanda ya fice daga takarar a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2014. A zagayen farko na zaben dai an fitar da 8 daga cikin 11 na ‘yan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben.
Ali H. Warsame, shugaban kasar Puntland mai ci Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamoud (Faroole) da tsohon firaministan Somaliya Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (Gaas).
daga bisani kuma aka koma zagaye na biyu, inda aka fitar da Warsame. Ya samu kuri'u 16 sabanin 18 na Ali da 31 na Faroole, inda a karshe Ali ya lashe zaben.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1964
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30257 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20yara | Haƙƙoƙin yara | Haƙƙoƙin yara wani yanki ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da kulawa ta musamman ga haƙƙoƙin kariya da kulawa ta musamman da ake ba wa yara ƙanana. (Kada a rude da hakkin Matasa Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta shekarar 1989 (CRC) ta bayyana yaro a matsayin "duk wani dan Adam da bai kai shekara sha takwas ba, sai dai idan a karkashin dokar da ta shafi yaron, an samu rinjaye a baya." Haƙƙoƙin yara sun haɗa da haƙƙin haƙƙin haɗin gwiwa tare da iyaye biyu, ainihin ɗan adam da kuma abubuwan buƙatu na kariya ta jiki, abinci, ilimin da ake biyan kuɗin ƙasa na duniya, kula da lafiya, da dokokin laifuka waɗanda suka dace da shekaru da haɓakar ɗan yaro, daidaitaccen kariyar. 'yancin ɗan adam, Kuma da 'yanci daga nuna bambanci dangane da launin fata, jinsi, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, addini, nakasa, launi, ƙabila, ko wasu halaye. Fassarorin haƙƙoƙin yara sun bambanta daga ba wa yara damar yin aikin kai tsaye zuwa tilasta wa yara su kasance a zahiri, Sannna Kuma hankali da tunani ba tare da cin zarafi ba, kodayake abin da ya ƙunshi “zagi” lamari ne na muhawara. Sauran ma'anar sun haɗa da haƙƙin kulawa da renon yara. Babu wani ma'anar wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta matasa kamar matasa "matasa", ko matasa a cikin dokokin duniya, amma ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin yara daban da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin matasa Fannin kare hakkin yara ya ta'allaka ne a fagen shari'a, siyasa, addini, da kyawawan halaye.
Hujja A matsayin yara ƙanana bisa doka, yara ba su da 'yancin kai ko 'yancin yanke shawara da kan su a kowane yanki da aka sani na duniya. Kuma Madadin haka masu kula da su manya, gami da iyaye, ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a, malamai, ma'aikatan matasa, da sauransu, an ba su ikon wannan ikon, gwargwadon yanayin. Wasu na ganin cewa wannan yanayin na ba wa yara rashin isasshen iko kan rayuwarsu kuma yana sa su zama masu rauni. Louis Althusser ya yi nisa da siffanta wannan na'ura ta doka, Sannna kamar yadda ta shafi yara, a matsayin "na'urorin gwamnati na danniya". Wasu masu sharhi sun gudanar da tsare-tsare irin su manufofin gwamnati don rufe hanyoyin da manya ke cin zarafi da cin zarafin yara, Kuma wanda ke haifar da talaucin yara, rashin samun ilimi, da aikin yara A kan wannan ra'ayi, ya kamata a dauki yara a matsayin 'yan tsiraru wanda al'umma ke buƙatar sake duba yadda take. Masu bincike sun gano yara suna bukatar a gane su a matsayin masu shiga cikin al'umma waɗanda ke buƙatar sanin haƙƙinsu da alhakin su a kowane zamani Ma'anonin tarihi na haƙƙoƙin yara Sir William Blackstone shekarata (1765-1769) ya gane ayyuka uku na iyaye ga yaro: kulawa, kariya, da ilimi. A cikin harshen zamani, yaron yana da hakkin ya karbi waɗannan daga iyaye.
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ta amince da <i id="mwWg">Yarjejeniyar Geneva na 'Yancin Yara</i> a shekarata (1924), wanda ya nuna 'yancin yara don karɓar abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaba na al'ada, hakkin yaron da ke fama da yunwa don ciyarwa, 'yancin yaron mara lafiya ya sami lafiya. DA Kuma kula, da hakkin dan baya a kwatowa, hakkin marayu na matsuguni, da hakkin kariya daga amfani. Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarar (1948) a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 25(2) ta amince da bukatar uwa da yara zuwa "kariya ta musamman da taimako" da 'yancin dukkan yara na samun "kariyar zamantakewa". Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da hakkin yara a shekarata (1959), wanda ya zayyana ka'idoji goma don kare hakkin yara, ciki har da haƙƙoƙin duniya baki ɗaya, Kuma 'yancin samun kariya ta musamman, da yancin kariya daga wariya., da sauran hakkoki. Yarjejeniyar fayyace hakkin yara ta kara fitowa fili a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Wani bugu da Hillary Clinton ta buga a shekarata 1973 (sai lauya) ta bayyana cewa yancin yara “laka ne mai bukatar ma’ana”. A cewar wasu masu bincike, har yanzu ba a fayyace ra'ayin 'yancin yara ba, inda a kalla daya ke nuni da cewa babu wata ma'ana ko ka'idar hakkin da yara ke da shi. Ana ayyana dokar haƙƙin yara a matsayin wurin da doka ta haɗu da rayuwar yaro. Wannan ya haɗa da laifuffuka na yara, tsarin da ya dace ga yara masu hannu a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, wakilcin da ya dace, da kuma ingantaccen sabis na gyarawa; kulawa da kariya ga yara a kulawar jihar; tabbatar da ilimi ga duk yara ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, jinsi, yanayin jima'i, asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, addini, nakasa, launi, ƙabila, ko wasu halaye ba, da kuma; kiwon lafiya da shawarwari.
Rabewa Yara suna da nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam iri biyu a ƙarƙashin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya Suna da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na gama-gari kamar manya, kodayake wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, kamar haƙƙin aure, suna nan kwance har sai sun girma, Na biyu kuma, suna da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na musamman waɗanda suka wajaba don kare su a lokacin tsirarunsu. haƙƙin ɗan adam, ’yanci daga wulakanci, rashin tausayi, ko wulaƙanci, da yancin samun kariya ta musamman lokacin ƙuruciya Haƙƙin ɗan adam na musamman na yara sun haɗa da, Kuma a tsakanin sauran haƙƙoƙin, yancin rayuwa, yancin suna, yancin bayyana ra'ayinsa a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi yaro, 'yancin yin tunani, lamiri da addini, yancin kula da lafiya, yancin samun kariya daga cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da jima'i, da yancin ilimi Ana fayyace haƙƙoƙin yara ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Sannna Kuma Hakkoki sun kasance nau'i biyu na gama-gari: masu ba da shawara ga yara a matsayin masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin doka da kuma masu yin da'awar a kan al'umma don kariya daga cutarwa da ake yi wa yara saboda dogaro da su. Waɗannan an lakafta su a matsayin haƙƙin ƙarfafawa da kuma haƙƙin kariya Jagororin ilimi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na yara sun rarraba haƙƙoƙin da aka zayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara a matsayin "3 Ps": Samarwa, Kariya, da Shiga. Ana iya fayyace su kamar haka:
Samar da: Yara suna da hakkin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa, kula da lafiya, ilimi da ayyuka, da wasa da nishadi Waɗannan sun haɗa da daidaitaccen abinci, gado mai dumi don kwana a ciki, da samun damar zuwa makaranta Kariya: Yara suna da hakkin samun kariya daga cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi da wariya. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin wurare masu aminci don yara su yi wasa; ingantacciyar dabi'ar tarbiyyar yara, sannan da kuma yarda da iyawar yara masu tasowa Shiga: Yara suna da 'yancin shiga cikin al'ummomi kuma suna da shirye-shirye da ayyuka don kansu. Wannan ya haɗa da shigar yara cikin ɗakunan karatu da shirye-shiryen al'umma, ayyukan muryar matasa, da haɗa yara a matsayin masu yanke shawara. Hakazalika, Ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa (CRIN) ta kasafta haƙƙoƙin zuwa rukuni biyu: Haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, masu alaƙa da yanayin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatun ɗan adam kamar abinci, matsuguni, ilimi, kula da lafiya, da samun aikin yi. Sannna Kuma Haƙƙin haƙƙin ilimi, isassun gidaje, abinci, ruwa, mafi girman ma'auni na lafiya, haƙƙin yin aiki da haƙƙoƙin aiki, da haƙƙin al'adu na tsiraru da ƴan asalin ƙasar.
Haƙƙoƙin muhalli, al'adu da ci gaba, waɗanda wasu lokuta ana kiransu haƙƙin ƙarni na uku gami da 'yancin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya kuma ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna da haƙƙin ci gaban al'adu, siyasa da tattalin arziki.
Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa Amnesty International ta fito fili ta ba da shawarar kare hakkin yara guda hudu da suka hada da kawo karshen tsare yara kanana ba tare da neman afuwa ba, kawo karshen daukar yara aikin soja da kawo karshen hukuncin kisa ga mutanen kasa da shekara 21, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hakkin dan Adam a cikin aji Human Rights Watch, kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa, ta kuma hada da aikin yara, adalcin yara, marayu da yaran da aka yi watsi da su, 'yan gudun hijira, yara kan titi da kuma azabtar da jiki Nazarin ilimi gabaɗaya yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin yara ta hanyar gano haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya. Sannan Kuma Hakkoki masu zuwa "ba da damar yara su girma cikin koshin lafiya da 'yanci": 'Yancin magana
'Yancin tunani
'Yanci daga tsoro
'Yancin zabi da yancin yanke shawara
Mallaka akan jikin mutum
Hakkokin jiki Wani rahoto da kwamitin kula da harkokin jama’a da lafiya da ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya fitar, ya bayyana wurare da dama da kwamitin ya damu da su, da Kuma suka hada da hanyoyin da suka hada da “kaciyar mata, kaciya ga yara maza saboda dalilai na addini. ayyukan likitanci na yara kanana game da yaran da ke tsakanin jima'i da kuma mika wuya ga ko tilasta wa yara yin huda, jarfa ko tiyatar filastik". Majalisar ta amince da kudurin da ba ya dawwama a cikin shekarata 2013 wanda ya yi kira ga kasashe mambobinta 47 da su dauki matakai da yawa don inganta mutuncin yara. Mataki na sha tara 19 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara ya umurci bangarori da su "daukar duk matakan da suka dace na majalisa, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaron daga duk wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki ko tunani, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kulawa, zalunci ko rashin kulawa ko rashin kulawa. amfani". Kwamitin kare hakkin yara ya fassara labarin 19 a matsayin haramta azabtar da jiki, yana yin tsokaci game da "wajibi na dukan Jihohin Jam'iyyar don matsawa da sauri don haramtawa da kawar da duk wani hukunci na jiki." Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma fassara sashe na 7 na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa da ya haramta zalunci, cin zarafi ko wulakanci ko hukunci" ga yara, gami da azabtar da yara. Newell shekarata (1993) ya bayar da hujjar cewa "...matsi don kare mutuncin yara ya kamata ya zama wani bangare na matsin lamba ga duk 'yancin yara." Kwamitin Ilimin Halittu na Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amurka (AAP) (1997), yana ambaton Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara shekarata (1989), ta tabbatar da cewa "kowane yaro ya kamata ya sami damar girma da haɓakawa daga rashin lafiya ko rauni da za a iya hana shi. Wasu batutuwa Sauran batutuwan da kuma suka shafi 'yancin yara sun hada da amfani da yara sojoji da sayar da 'ya'ya, karuwancin yara da hotunan batsa Bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da 'yancin matasa "A mafi yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, alal misali, ba a yarda yara su yi zabe, su yi aure, su sayi barasa, yin jima'i, ko kuma su yi aikin da ake biya." A cikin kungiyar kare hakkin matasa, an yi imanin cewa babban bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da 'yancin matasa shine cewa masu goyon bayan 'yancin yara gabaɗaya suna ba da shawarar kafawa da aiwatar da kariya ga yara da matasa, yayin da 'yancin matasa (ƙananan motsi) gabaɗaya ya ba da shawarar fadadawa. Kuma 'yancin kai ga yara da/ko matasa da na haƙƙoƙin kamar zaɓe Ikon iyaye Ana ba iyaye isassun iko don cika ayyukansu ga yaro. Iyaye suna shafar rayuwar yara ta wata hanya ta musamman, don haka dole ne a bambanta rawar da suke takawa a cikin hakkin yara ta wata hanya ta musamman. Batutuwa na musamman a cikin dangantakar yara da iyaye sun haɗa da rashin kula da yara, Sannnan cin zarafin yara, yancin zaɓi, azabtar da jiki da rikon yara An sami ra'ayoyin da aka bayar waɗanda ke ba wa iyaye ayyuka na tushen haƙƙoƙi waɗanda ke warware tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin "ilimin da na kowa" da 'yancin yara. Batun ya fi dacewa a cikin shari'ar da ta shafi yiwuwar 'yantar da kananan yara, da kuma a lokuta da yara suka kai karar iyayensu. Haƙƙoƙin yaro ga dangantaka da iyayensu biyu ana ƙara saninsa a matsayin muhimmin al'amari don ƙayyadaddun maslahar yaro a cikin kisan aure da kuma shari'ar kula da yara Sannan kuma Wasu gwamnatocin sun kafa dokoki da ke haifar da zato da za a iya warwarewa cewa tarbiyar yara ita ce mafi kyawun amfanin yara.
Iyakance ikon iyaye Iyaye ba su da cikakken iko akan 'ya'yansu. Kuma Iyaye suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikata laifuka kan watsi, cin zarafi, da rashin kula da yara. Dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa sun yi tanadin cewa bayyanar addinin mutum na iya iyakancewa don kare lafiyar jama'a, don kare zaman lafiyar jama'a, lafiya ko ɗabi'a, ko don kare haƙƙoƙi da yancin wasu. Kotuna sun sanya wasu iyakoki akan iko da ayyukan iyaye. Kotun Koli ta Amurka, a cikin shari'ar Prince v. Massachusetts, ta yanke hukuncin cewa addinin iyaye ba ya ba da izinin sanya yaro cikin haɗari. The Lords of Appeal a Talakawa ta yi mulki, a game da Gillick v West Norfolk da Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Wisbech da kuma wani, cewa haƙƙin iyaye yana raguwa tare da haɓaka shekaru da ƙwarewar yaron, amma kada ya ɓace gaba ɗaya har sai yaron ya kai ga rinjaye. Kuma Ana samun haƙƙin iyaye daga ayyukan iyaye ga yaro. Idan babu aiki, babu haƙƙin iyaye. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin shari'ar E (Mrs) da Hauwa'u, cewa iyaye ba za su iya ba da izinin maye gurbin ba don hana haihuwa ba. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci,Sannan a cikin shari'ar B. (R.) v. Ƙungiyar Taimakon Yara na Metropolitan Toronto Yayin da yara ba za su iya cin gajiyar Yarjejeniya ba, musamman wajen kare hakkinsu na rayuwa da kuma tsaron lafiyar jikinsu, ba za su iya tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki ba, kuma don haka al’ummarmu ta dauka cewa iyaye za su yi amfani da ‘yancin zabar su ta hanyar da ta dace. wanda ba ya cin zarafin ‘ya’yansu.Adler a shekarata (2013) yayi jayayya cewa iyaye ba su da ikon ba da izinin maye gurbin kaciya na yara marasa magani.
Motsi Buga na shekarata 1796 na Thomas Spence 's Rights of Infants yana cikin farkon furcin Turanci na haƙƙin yara. A cikin karni na 20, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara sun shirya don yancin yara marasa gida da ilimin jama'a Littafin The Right to Respect na Janusz Korczak a shekara ta 1927 ya ƙarfafa wallafe-wallafen da ke kewaye da wannan fanni, kuma a yau ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama suna aiki a faɗin duniya don haɓaka yancin yara. Kuma A cikin Burtaniya kafa ƙungiyar masana ilimi, malamai, ma'aikatan adalci na matasa, 'yan siyasa da masu ba da gudummawar al'adu da ake kira Sabon Ideals a Taron Ilimi (1914-37) ya tsaya ga darajar 'yantar da yaro' kuma ya taimaka wajen ayyana ma'anar. makarantar firamare 'mai kyau' a Ingila har zuwa 80s. Taron nasu ya zaburar da kungiyar UNESCO, Sabuwar Fellowship Fellowship.
Kamar yadda littafin Neill na shekarata 1915 A Dominie's Log (1915), littafin diary na wani babban malami ya canza makarantarsa bisa ga 'yanci da farin ciki na yaro, ana iya kallonsa a matsayin samfurin al'adu wanda ke murna da jaruman wannan yunkuri.
Adawa Adawa da yancin yara ya daɗe kafin duk wani yanayi na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma, Kuma tare da rubuce-rubucen maganganu game da haƙƙin yara tun daga karni na 13 zuwa baya. Masu adawa da ’yancin yara sun yi imanin cewa matasa suna buƙatar a kāre su daga duniyar balagaggu, gami da yanke shawara da alhakin wannan duniyar. A cikin al'ummar da ta fi kowa girma, yarinta yana da kyau a matsayin lokacin rashin laifi, sannna lokaci mara nauyi da rikici, kuma lokacin da wasa ya mamaye shi. Yawancin 'yan adawa sun samo asali ne daga matsalolin da suka shafi ikon mallakar ƙasa, 'yancin jihohi, dangantakar iyaye da yara. An kuma ba da misali da matsalolin kuɗi da kuma "ƙasassun dabi'un gargajiya na adawa da 'yancin yara", haka nan. Tunanin haƙƙin yara ya ɗan sami kulawa a Amurka.
Dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya Ana ganin sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya a matsayin tushen duk ƙa'idodin shari'a na duniya don yancin yara a yau. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke magance yancin yara a duniya. Sannna kuma Takardun da yawa na yanzu da na tarihi suna shafar waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, gami da Bayanin Haƙƙin Yara, wanda Eglantyne Jebb ya tsara a cikin shekarar 1923, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a shekarata 1924 kuma ta sake tabbatarwa a cikin 1934. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da sigar da aka fadada dan kadan a cikin shekarar 1946, sannan kuma wani nau'i mai fa'ida da yawa wanda Babban Taro ya karbe a Shekarata 1959. Daga baya ya zama tushen Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) a cikin shekarata 1966. ICCPR yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da yawa wacce kusan dukkan al'ummomi a Duniya suka amince da su ko kuma suka amince da su. Ana buƙatar al'ummomin da suka zama jam'iyyun Jiha zuwa ga Alkawari su mutunta da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin da wa'adin ya bayyana. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 23 ga Maris shekarar 1976. Haƙƙoƙin da ICCPR ta tsara na duniya ne, don haka sun shafi kowa ba tare da togiya ba kuma wannan ya haɗa da yara. Ko da yake yara suna da duk wani hakki, kuma wasu haƙƙoƙin kamar haƙƙin yin aure da ’yancin yin zaɓe suna aiki ne kawai bayan yaron ya balaga. Wasu haƙƙoƙin gama gari waɗanda ke aiki ga yara sun haɗa da:
hakkin rayuwa
hakkin tsaron mutum
'yancin walwala daga azabtarwa
'yancin samun 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci ko hukunci
'yancin rabuwa da manya lokacin da aka tuhume su da laifi, 'yancin yanke hukunci cikin gaggawa, da 'yancin a yi musu magani daidai da shekarun su Mataki na ashirin da hudu ya tsara ’yancin yaro na samun kariya ta musamman saboda tsirarunsa, da hakkin suna, da hakki na dan kasa.
Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekarata 1989, ko CRC, ita ce kayan aiki na farko na duniya da ke daure bisa doka don haɗa cikakken haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam—yancin ɗan adam, al'adu, tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa. Kwamitin kare hakkin yara ne ke kula da aiwatar da shi. Gwamnatocin kasa da suka amince da ita sun dukufa wajen kare da tabbatar da hakkin yara, tare da kuma amincewa da daukar alhakin wannan alkawari a gaban kasashen duniya. CRC ita ce yarjejeniya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka fi amincewa da ita tare da amincewa 196; Amurka ce kadai kasar da ba ta amince da ita ba. CRC ta dogara ne akan ka'idoji guda hudu: ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci; kuma mafi kyawun bukatun yaron; 'yancin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba; da kuma la'akari da ra'ayoyin yaron a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafe su, gwargwadon shekarun su da balaga. CRC, tare da hanyoyin tabbatar da laifuka na kasa da kasa kamar Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya, Kuma Kotunan Yugoslavia da Ruwanda, da Kotun Musamman na Saliyo, an ce sun kara yawan martabar hakkin yara a duniya.
Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki Sanarwar Vienna da shirin Aiki ta bukaci, a sashe na biyu para 47, dukkan kasashe da su dauki matakan da za su kai iyakar abin da suke da su, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don cimma muradun shirin aiwatar da ayyukan koli na duniya. Sannna Kuma Da kuma yin kira ga Jihohi da su sanya yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara cikin tsare-tsaren ayyukansu na kasa. Ta hanyar wadannan tsare-tsare na kasa da kasa da kuma kokarin kasa da kasa, ya kamata a ba da fifiko na musamman wajen rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da rage matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki da jahilci da samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ilmin asali. Kuma A duk lokacin da aka bukaci haka, ya kamata a samar da tsare-tsare na ayyukan kasa da kasa don yaki da bala'o'i na gaggawa da ke haifar da bala'o'i da rikice-rikice na makamai da kuma babbar matsalar kananan yara cikin matsanancin talauci. Bugu da kari, sakin layi na 48 ya bukaci dukkan jihohi, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, da su magance matsalar kananan yara a cikin mawuyacin hali. Yakamata a magance cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga yara, gami da magance tushensu. Sannna Ana buƙatar ingantattun matakai game da kisan jarirai mata, cutar da yara masu cutarwa, siyar da yara da gabobin jiki, karuwancin yara, batsa na yara, da sauran nau'ikan lalata. Wannan ya rinjayi amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Shigar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka akan Siyar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara tilastawa Akwai ƙungiyoyin tilastawa da dabaru iri-iri don tabbatar da yancin yara. Sun hada da kungiyar kare hakkin yara don taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan yara. Kuma An kafa ta ne don inganta cikakken aiwatarwa da bin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da fifiko kan hakkin yara a lokacin babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan yara da tsarin shirye-shiryensa. An ƙirƙiri Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya "tare da begen cewa za ta iya kasancewa mai ma'ana, sahihanci da inganci wajen yin tir da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya fiye da hukumar 'yancin ɗan adam da aka sanya siyasa a ciki." Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta don Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da aka kafa tun shekarata 1983 don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara.
Dokar kasa Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna da jami'an kare hakkin yara ko kwamishinonin yara wadanda aikin hukuma, na gwamnati shi ne wakilcin muradun jama'a ta hanyar bincike da kuma magance korafe-korafen da daidaikun jama'a suka bayar game da hakkin yara. Sannan kuma Hakanan ma'aikatan kare hakkin yara na iya aiki ga kamfani, jarida, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, ko ma ta jama'a.
Dokokin Amurka Amurka ta sanya hannu amma ba ta amince da CRC ba. Sannan kuma Sakamakon haka, ba a aiwatar da haƙƙin yara bisa tsari ba a Amurka
Gabaɗaya ana ba wa yara ainihin haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunsa, kamar yadda Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ya tanadar Matsakaicin Kariya Daidaitacce na wannan gyara shine ya shafi yara, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aure ko a'a, amma ya ware yaran da ba a haifa ba tukuna. Hukuncin Kotun Kolin Amurka na In re Gault shekarata (1967) ya ƙarfafa wannan. A cikin wannan shari'ar, dan shekaru 15 Gerald Gault dan jihar Arizona ya shiga hannun 'yan sandan yankin bayan an zarge shi da yin kiran waya na batsa. An tsare shi kuma ya sadaukar da shi zuwa Makarantar Masana'antu ta Jihar Arizona har sai da ya kai shekaru 21 don yin kiran wayar batsa ga wani makwabcin balagagge. A cikin yanke shawara na 8-1, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa a cikin karar da za ta iya haifar da sadaukar da kai ga wata hukuma, mutanen da ke kasa da shekaru 18 suna da 'yancin sanarwa da ba da shawara, Kuma yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, da kuma kariya daga cin zarafi. Kotun ta gano cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sauraren karar Gault ba su cika ko daya daga cikin wadannan bukatu ba. Kotun kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci a shari'ar Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District shekarata (1969) cewa ɗalibai a makaranta suna da haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. Kotun kolin Amurka ta yanke hukunci a shari'ar Roper v. Simmons cewa ba za a iya kashe mutane ba saboda laifuffukan da aka aikata a ƙasa da shekara goma sha takwas. Kuma Ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan kisa zalunci ne da ba a saba gani ba, don haka ya saba wa kwaskwarima na takwas ga kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka Akwai wasu damuwa a Amurka game da yancin yara. Cibiyar Lauyoyin karɓowa ta Amurka ta damu da haƙƙoƙin yara zuwa aminci, sannan kuma tallafi da tsayayyen tsarin iyali. Matsayin da suke da shi game da hakkin yara a cikin shari'o'in tallafi ya furta cewa, "'ya'ya suna da sha'awar 'yancin kai bisa tsarin mulki don kare iyalansu da aka kafa, haƙƙoƙin da aƙalla daidai yake da su, kuma mun yi imani fiye da haka, haƙƙin wasu da za su yi da'awar 'mallaka. sha'awar yaran nan." Sauran batutuwan da suka taso a fafutukar kare hakkin yara na Amurka sun hada da hakkin yara na gado a auren jinsi da musamman hakki na matasa Dokokin Jamus Wani rahoto da shugabar taron masu zaman kansu na Majalisar Turai, Anelise Oeschger ta gabatar, ya gano cewa yara da iyayensu na fuskantar cin zarafi na take hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai da UNICEF Musamman damuwa ita ce hukumar Jamus (da Ostiriya), Jugendamt Jamus Ofishin Matasa) wanda sau da yawa rashin adalci ya ba da damar ikon gwamnati ba tare da kulawa ba game da dangantakar iyaye da yara, wanda ya haifar da cutarwa ciki har da azabtarwa, wulakanci, kuma zalunci kuma ya haifar da cutarwa. mutuwar yara. Matsalar tana da sarƙaƙiya ta kusan "iko mara iyaka" na jami'an Jugendamt, ba tare da wasu matakai don bita ko warware maganin da bai dace ba ko cutarwa. Kuma A dokar Jamus, jami'an Jugendamt (JA) suna da kariya daga tuhuma. Ana ganin tsawon lokacin kula da jami'an JA a cikin shari'o'in da ke zuwa kotu na iyali inda za a iya soke shaidar ƙwararru daga ƙananan ilimi ko ƙwararrun jami'an JA; Kuma A cikin fiye da 90% na shari'o'in shawarar jami'in JA na karɓar shawarar kotun dangi. Jami’an sun kuma yi watsi da hukuncin kotunan iyali, kamar lokacin da za a mayar da ‘ya’ya ga iyayensu, ba tare da wani lahani ba. Jamus ba ta amince da shawarar kula da yara masu alaƙa da Kotun Majalisar Turai ta yanke ba wanda ya nemi kariya ko warware yara da take haƙƙin iyaye.
Duba wasu abubuwan Kungiyar Ayyukan Talauci
Jaridar Matasa da Muhalli
Ilimin hakkin yara
Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam
FGM, Tilastawa Kaciya, da Da'a na kaciya
Kyautar Zaman Lafiyar Yara ta Duniya
Shirin Ayyukan Kasa na Yara
Tilastawa 'yan mata tsiraru a Pakistan
Ranar Jan Hannu
Save the Children
Ka yi tunanin yara
UNICEF
Kyautar Yara ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Yaranta
Ka'idojin Jagoranci Tsakanin Hukumomi akan Yara Mara Rakiya da Rabe
Hakkokin yara na duniya Hakkokin yara a Chile
Hakkokin yara a Colombia
Hakkokin yara a Japan
Hakkin yara a Mali
Bayanin Haƙƙin Yara
Hakkin Yara a Iran
Jadawalin yancin matasa a Burtaniya
Jadawalin yancin matasa a Amurka
Zargin maita akan yara a Afirka
Batutuwa
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin yara
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Sadarwar Haƙƙin Yara
Ofishin kare hakkin yara na kasa da kasa
Smile Foundation India
"everychild.ca" Yakin wayar da kan jama'a game da hakkin yara na British Columbia, Kanada. Abubuwan albarkatu sun haɗa da hanyoyin haɗi da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara Littafi Mai Tsarki "Sojojin Sri Lanka sun yi gargadin Yara na iya zama Manufa" Aiwatar da Haƙƙin Haihuwar Matasa Ta Hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yaro" Cibiyar Haihuwa.
"Darussan cikin Ta'addanci: Hare-hare kan Ilimi a Afghanistan" Human Rights Watch.
"Burundi: Tsofaffin Yaran Sojoji Suna Ciki A Gidan Yari" Human Rights Watch.
"Saudiyya: Bi kiran Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kawo karshen hukuncin kisa ga yara kanana" Human Rights Watch.
"Amurka: An yanke wa Dubban Yara Hukuncin Rayuwa ba tare da Tattaunawa ba" Human Rights Watch.
"Menene Gaba: Yara kan titi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo" Human Rights Watch.
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32250 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza | Reza | Reza kayan aiki ne mai wutsiya da ake amfani da shi da farko wajen cire gashin jiki ta hanyar askewa.
Ire iren reza Ire-iren reza sun haɗa da reza kai tsaye, reza da za a iya zubarwa, da reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki.
Yayin da reza ta kasance tun kafin shekarun Bronze Age (abin da ya fi daɗewa mai kama da reza an rubuta shi zuwa 18,000 BC mafi yawan nau'in reza da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu shi ne reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki, kodayake wasu kalar har yanzu ana amfani da su.
Tarihi An gano reza daga al'adun zamanin Bronze da yawa. An yi waɗannan da tagulla ko obsidian kuma gaba ɗaya sun kasance ma siffa, tare da ƙaramin tang ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗayan gajerun ƙarshen. An yi amfani da reza iri-iri a cikin tarihi, waɗanda suka bambanta a bayyanar amma kama da amfani da reza madaidaiciya na zamani. A zamanin da, an kaifi harsashi, haƙoran kifin shark, da dutsen dutse ana yin aski da su. An samo zane-zane na irin waɗannan ruwan wuƙaƙe a cikin kogo na tarihi. Wasu ƙabilu har yanzu suna amfani da wuƙaƙe na dutse har yau. Binciken da aka yi a Masar ya gano tsantsar zinari da reza na tagulla a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 4 BC. An yi amfani da reza da ƙera su a Kerma a zamanin Bronze Age. An dawo da reza da yawa da kuma wasu kayan tarihi na tsafta daga wuraren binne shekarun Bronze a Arewacin Turai kuma an yi imanin cewa suna cikin manyan mutane. Masanin tarihin Romawa Livy ya ruwaito cewa an gabatar da reza a tsohuwar Roma a ƙarni na 6 BC. ta sarkin almara Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Priscus ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa saboda reza ba su zo ga amfani da su ba sai bayan ƙarni ɗaya. An gina reza madaidaiciyar zamani ta farko mai cike da kayan hannu da aka yi wa ado da fatun ƙasa a Sheffield, a Ingila, cibiyar masana'antar yankan, a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Benjamin Huntsman ya samar da madaidaicin matakin ƙarfe na farko, ta hanyar tsari na musamman, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a zaman kayan ruwa a cikin 1740, kodayake an ƙi shi da farko a Ingila. Faransawa sun karɓi tsarin Huntsman daga baya; duk da rashin so da farko saboda kishin ƙasa. Masu masana'antun Ingilishi sun ma fi na Faransanci yin amfani da tsarin kuma sun yi haka ne kawai bayan sun ga nasararsa a Faransa. Ƙarfe Sheffield, ƙarfe ne mai gogewa sosai, wanda kuma aka sani da Sheffield ƙarfe n azurfa kuma sananne ne don gamawa mai sheƙi mai zurfi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi ingancin ƙarfe kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi har yau a Faransa ta hanyar masana'anta kamar Thiers Issard A ƙarni na 18 da na 19, masu hannu da shuni suna da bayin da za su aske su ko kuma suna iya yawan shagunan aski. Aski yau da kullun ba al'ada ce da ta yaɗu ba a ƙarni na 19 don haka wasu mutane ba su taɓa yin aski ba. Al'adar aski a kowace rana tsakanin mazan Amurkawa wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka fara shi bayan ƴaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An buƙaci maza su riƙa aski a kullum domin abin rufe fuska na gas ɗin ya dace da kyau kuma hakan ya samu sauƙi sosai bayan bayyanar reza mai aminci, wanda hakan ya ƙara sauki. ya kasance daidaitaccen batu a lokacin ƴaƙin. A cikin ƙarni na 19, masu yankan a Sheffield, Ingila da Solingen, Jamus sun samar da reza iri-iri.
Reza madaidaiciya sune mafi yawan nau'in aski kafin ƙarni na 20 kuma sun kasance gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa har zuwa shekarun 1950. An horar da masu aski na musamman don baiwa abokan ciniki suski da sauri, kuma tarin reza madaidaiciya da aka shirya don amfani da su ya kasance abin gani gama gari a yawancin shagunan aski. Har yanzu aski suna da su, amma ba sa amfani da su sau da yawa.
Reza madaidaici daga ƙarshe sun faɗi daga salon. Mai ƙalubalen su na farko King C. Gillette ne ya ƙera shi: reza aminci mai kaifi biyu tare da wuƙaƙe masu maye gurbin. amfani da manufar shugaban asara wanda aka siyar da reza a cikin asara, amma ɓangarorin maye gurbin sun sami babban rata kuma suna ba da tallace-tallace na ci gaba. Sun yi nasara sosai saboda kamfen ɗin talla da taken ƙasƙantar da ingancin reza kai tsaye da kuma tambayar amincin sa.
Waɗannan sabbin reza masu aminci ba su buƙatar kowane horo mai ƙarfi don amfani da su. Wuraren suna da matuƙar wahala a kaifafa, kuma ana so a jefar da su bayan an yi amfani da su, kuma su yi tsatsa da sauri idan ba a jefar da su ba. Hakanan sun buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari na farko, kodayake suna da ƙari akan lokaci. Duk da fa'idodinsa na dogon lokaci, madaidaiciyar reza ta rasa babban rabon kasuwa. Kuma yayin da aski ya zama ƙasa da ban tsoro kuma maza suka fara aske kansu, buƙatun masu aski waɗanda ke ba da askin reza kai tsaye ya ragu. A cikin 1960, baƙin ƙarfe wanda za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya ya zama samuwa, yana rage farashin amincin reza. Kamfanin Wilkinson, sanannen mai yin takuba, a Sheffield ne ya yi irin wannan na farko. Ba da da ewa Gillette, Schick, da sauran masana'antun suna yin bakin-karfe ruwan wukake.
Wadannan sun biyo bayan harsashin ruwa mai yawa da reza da za a iya zubarwa. Ga kowane nau'in ruwan wukake mai maye, gabaɗaya akwai reza da za a iya zubarwa.
A cikin 1930s, ana samun reza na lantarki. Waɗannan za su iya yin hamayya da farashin madaidaiciyar reza mai kyau, kodayake duka kayan aski madaidaiciya-reza na iya wuce farashin ko da aska mai tsada na lantarki.
Madaidaicin reza Reza madaidaiciya tare da buɗaɗɗen ruwan ƙarfe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yanke-maƙogwaro, su ne reza da aka fi amfani da su kafin ƙarni na 20.
Reza madaidaici sun ƙumshi ƙwanƙolin da aka kaifi a gefe ɗaya. The ruwa za a iya yi da ko dai bakin karfe, wanda shi ne a hankali zuwa hone da strop, amma ya fi sauƙi don kula tun da shi ba ya tabo sauƙi, ko high carbon karfe, wanda hones da strops da sauri da kuma kiyaye gefen da kyau, amma tsatsa da kuma. tabo cikin sauƙi idan ba a tsaftace ba kuma a bushe da sauri. A halin yanzu, ɓangarorin bakin ƙarfe suna da wahalar samu fiye da ƙarfe na carbon, amma duka biyun suna cikin samarwa.
Ruwan ruwa yana jujjuyawa akan fil ta cikin tang ɗinsa tsakanin guda biyu masu kariya da ake kira ma'auni: Idan an naɗe shi cikin ma'auni, ruwan ruwan ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa, kuma ana kiyaye mai amfani. Ana yin sikelin hannu da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da uwar-lu'u-lu'u, celluloid, kashi, filastik da itace. Da zarar an yi da hauren hauren giwa, an daina yin hakan, kodayake ana amfani da hauren giwar burbushin lokaci-lokaci.
Raza madaidaiciya Waɗannan reza suna kama da amfani da kuma kamanni zuwa madaidaicin reza, amma suna amfani da wukake da za a iya zubarwa, ko dai daidaitaccen mai kaifi biyu a yanka a cikin rabi ko na musamman kerarre guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da waɗannan aski kamar yadda ake amfani da reza kai tsaye amma ba sa buƙatar tsutsawa da honing.
Reza aminci Mataki na farko zuwa ga reza mafi aminci don amfani shi ne reza mai gadi wanda kuma ake kira reza madaidaiciyar aminci wanda ya kara mai gadi zuwa madaidaicin reza na yau da kullun. Mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan reza na farko ya ƙirƙira shi ne da wani mai yankan Faransa Jean-Jacques Perret a shekara ta 1762. Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne daga jirgin mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ainihin reza ce madaidaiciya tare da gemunsa kewaye da hannun katako. Masu gadin reza na farko suna da hakora masu kama da tsefe kuma ana iya haɗa su kawai a gefe ɗaya na reza; wani mai gadi mai juyi yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren farko da aka yi don gadin reza. An samo bayanin farko na reza mai aminci mai kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a yau a kan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na William Samuel Henson na 1847 don gadin haƙori. Ana iya haɗa wannan gadin zuwa madaidaicin reza ko kuma zuwa reza "yanke ruwa wanda ke kusa da kusurwoyi daidai tare da abin hannu, kuma ya yi kama da wani nau'i na farat gama gari." Around 1875 wani sabon zane tare da ƙarami ruwa sanya a saman wani rike aka sayar da Kampfe Brothers a matsayin "mafi kyawun samuwa Hanyar aski a kasuwa wanda ba zai yanke mai amfani, kamar madaidaiciya karfe reza."
Reza masu cire ruwa Kalmar aminci reza an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin 1880 kuma ta kwatanta reza ta asali tare da abinda aka makala a kai inda za a iya sanya ruwan wuƙaƙe mai cirewa. Sannan an kare gefen ta hanyar tsefe -tsafe a kai don kare fata. A cikin mafi zamani samar da aminci reza, yanzu an fi maye gurbin tsefe da sandar tsaro. Akwai nau'ikan reza masu aminci iri biyu, mai kaifi ɗaya da mai kaifi biyu. Reza mai kaifi ɗaya da gaske shi ne dogon yanki na madaidaicin reza. Gilashin aminci mai kaifi biyu shicne reza tare da sanduna mara nauyi wanda za a iya amfani da shi a bangarorin biyu, tare da buɗaɗɗen gefuna biyu. Wurin da ke kan reza aminci mai kaifi biyu yana ɗan lanƙwasa don ba da izinin aske mai santsi da tsafta.
A cikin 1901, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke King Camp Gillette, tare da taimakon William Nickerson, ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar sabon saɓani na reza mai aminci tare da ruwan wukake da za a iya zubarwa wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1904. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa aske da aska mai aminci yakamata ya kasance mafi aminci kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da aski tare da reza madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mai kaifi. Za'a iya sake amfani da kauri na waɗannan reza masu aminci. Gillette ta gane cewa za a iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da reza mara tsada tare da wukake. Wannan an kira shi samfurin kasuwanci na reza da ruwan wukake, kuma ya zama al'ada na yau da kullum don samfurori iri-iri.
Yawancin wasu nau'ikan reza masu aminci sun zo sun tafi. Yawancin gasar ta dogara ne akan zayyana ruwan wukake wanda zai dace da salon reza guda ɗaya kawai har sai an daidaita siffar ruwan wuka ta hanyar shigar da tashar tsakiya mai fuskoki daban-daban zuwa ruwan wukake wanda zai ɗauki nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na tsare-tsare na shinge; misali fil uku, siririyar karfen karfe, da sauransu. Ko da a yau, waɗannan nau'ikan amintattun nau'ikan har yanzu suna dagewa a cikin nau'ikan su a cikin DE reza, duk suna karɓar ƙirar ƙirar duniya iri ɗaya.
Rezan harsashi Yin amfani da tsarin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da reza da ruwan wukake kamar yadda aka yi majagaba a farkon ƙarni na 20, an ƙera reza harsashi a shekarun 1960 kuma yanzu shine nau'in aske da aka fi sani a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Ko da yake an tsara shi don samun ƙarin ergonomic siffa a duka hannu da kai (ciki har da kan daɗaɗɗen kai wanda ke kiyaye ruwan wukake zuwa fata a kusurwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara ta hanyar motsin shaving) ra'ayin yana kama da na reza baki biyu. Koyaya, a nan an cire duka babban taron shugaban (wanda aka sani da harsashi) kuma ana zubar dashi, ba kawai ruwan wukake ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan kawuna na harsashi suna da ɓangarorin reza da yawa a cikin su, yawanci tsakanin ruwan wukake biyu zuwa biyar.
Reza masu aminci da za a iya zubarwa Reza masu aminci da ake zubarwa suna da kamanni sosai a ƙira da reza harsashi, waɗanda aka gina daga kayan marasa tsada (wanda aka ƙera polycarbonate na yau da kullun), duk da haka ana nufin su zama abin zubarwa gaba ɗaya bayan amfani ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko maye mai yiwuwa ba. An ƙirƙira na'ura ɗaya a cikin 1963 ta Ba'amurke ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ƙirƙira Paul Winchell Tsawon rayuwa Za a iya tsawaita rayuwar reza ta hanyar bushewar ruwan wukake bayan amfani.
Reza mai amfani da Wutar lantarki Reza na lantarki (wanda kuma aka sani da busasshen aski) yana da wuƙa mai juyawa ko motsi. Reza na lantarki yawanci baya buƙatar amfani da kirim, sabulu, ko ruwa. Ana iya yin amfani da reza ta ƙaramin motar DC, wanda ko dai ana amfani da shi ta batura ko wutar lantarki Yawancin na zamani ana amfani da su ta amfani da batura masu caji A madadin, za a iya amfani da oscillator-mechanical oscillator wanda na'urar solenoid mai kuzarin AC ke motsawa. Wasu injinan aski na farko ba su da injin lantarki kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su da hannu, misali ta hanyar jan igiya don tuƙi.
John F. O'Rourke ya kirkiro reza na farko na lantarki a shekara ta 1898. An fara samar da injunan reza na lantarki a cikin 1937 ta kamfanin Amurka Remington Rand bisa haƙƙin mallaka na Jacob Schick daga 1928. Tun 1939 kamfanin Philips na Holland ya ƙera injin reza na lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin reza na lantarki shine fasahar aske da suke amfani da ita. Galibi injunan aski na lantarki suna amfani da wukake mai jujjuyawa da yawa ko kuma fasahar askewa a kwance.
Sauran reza Masu kauri, reza mai kaifi ɗaya kamar wuƙaƙen kayan aiki ana amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban na hannu. Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da cikakken aikin kafinta kamar yashi da gogewa (a cikin ƙwararriyar mariƙi), yankan takarda don zanen fasaha, aikin famfo da gamawa kamar grouting da tsaftacewa, da cire fenti daga filaye masu lebur kamar gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar aske reza ba, nau'Ikan masana'antu da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan kayan aikin galibi ana yin su ne daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe na carbon, kuma suna da ƙaƙƙarfan baki kuma mara nauyi.
Gurguwa reza ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da biredi don yanke saman biredi da ba a toya ba.
Duba kuma Gyaran gashi
Ciwon kai
Razor ruwa karfe
Manazarta
ambato Aski
Abun cire gashi.
Reza.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24092 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musawi | Al-Musawi | Al-Musawi (kalman pronounced [ɪl'mu: səwi sunan mahaifi ne wanda wataƙila yana nuna cewa mutum ya fito ne daga babban gida mai mutunci da asalin ƙasa wanda ya fito daga Muhammad ta hannun Al Imam Musa al-Kadhim ibn Jafar a matsayin Sadiq (limamin Shi'a guda bakwai 7).
Ana kiran membobin wannan dangi ta sigar anglicised sunan su Hashemites Suna kullum ba da honorific suna Sayyid kafin su sunan farko. Fassarar ainihin kalman Larabci Sayyid Sir a Turanci Duk da cewa babu rubutattun bayanai ko nazarin halittu da aka yi akan wannan dangi, tarihin furuci ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunan yana nuna cewa wannan mutumin asalin zuriyar annabin Musulunci ne Muhammad: Jikan annabi Musa al-Kadhim na bakwai. Hakanan wasu ūan Muwaisawa suna ɗaukar sunan Kazmi na ƙarshe. Masawa da yawa sun yi hijira daga Makka da Madina Saudiya zuwa wani karamin kauye da kakansu Musa Al-Kadhim ya gina a Bagadaza Iraki Manyan 'yan uwa suna cikin Iraki, kuma su ma suna cikin wasu ƙasashe kamar Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, da sauran ƙasashen Larabawa, amma yanzu sun bazu zuwa ƙasashen yamma da yawa.
Iyalan Al Musawi dangi ne na Larabawa masu tasiri saboda suna da alaƙa da Annabi Muhammadu. Zuriyar su ne kai tsaye daga Musa Al-Kadhim wanda ɗan Imam Ja'afar al-Sadik ɗan Imam Muhammad Al-Baƙir ɗan Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin ɗan Imam Hussain ɗan Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib da dan Fatimah ‘yar Muhammadu Ana kiran membobin gidan Al-Mūsawi da taken Sayed a zahiri yana nufin Mista ko Sir A matsayin take mai daraja, yana nuna mazan da aka karɓa a matsayin zuriyar Muhammadu kai tsaye. Mambobi galibi musulmai ne na Shi’a da aka samu a Iraki, Iran da sauran wurare a duniya
Tushen dangin Al-Mūsawi sun fito ne daga Babban kabilar Banu Hashim, dangin Quraishawa, wanda ya sanya su Adnani Larabawa ko Larabawan Arewa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Ibrahim ta hannun ɗansa Isma'il a Mesopotamiya, yanzu Iraki, a tsohon garin Ur, kusa da Nasariyah, a Kudancin Iraki.
Fitattun membobi Abul-Hasan Muhammad bn Al-Hussein Al-Musawi "ash-Sharif al-Radhi" shekara ta 930 zuwa shekara ta 977 malamin musulmi ne kuma mawaki wanda aka haifa a Bagadaza. Littafinsa da ya shahara shi ne Nahj al-Balaghah wanda ya tattara tarin maganganun Imam Ali da jawabansa.
Hazrat Ishaan shekara ta (1563 zuwa shekara ta 1642) an haife shi a Bukhara Ya kasance magaji kuma zuriyar Shah Bahauddin Naqshband Bukhari kuma fitaccen Faqih kuma wali a Daular Moghul Har ila yau, ya kasance mafi girman ikon ilimi a Kashmir da Lahore Shi da zuriyarsa wakilan suna ne na Imam Musa al-Kadhim A cikin kasashen GCC Sayed Ala Sayed Mohammad Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi]]: Kwararren likitan tiyata ne na Kuwait da Maxillofacial kuma tsohon malamin jami'a. Babban dan Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi tsohon mamba na gwamnatin Kuwaiti, yana da titin a cikin Kuwaiti mai suna (Titin Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed Al Mousawi) Don haka ya mai da shi daya daga cikin mutanen da suka mai da Kuwait kasar ta zama a yau. Link: https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/arab-times/20151125/282406988262655
Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi-shekara ta (1812-zuwa shekara ta 1895) sanannen malamin Kuwait ne wanda ya koyar da Mubarak Babban Sarkin Kuwait. Ya bude makaranta a babban masallacin Kuwait Mohammed Mehdi al -Qazwini mashahurin malamin addini, ya ba da shawarar bangon Kuwait na uku a shekara ta 1920.
Muhammad Hassan Al -Musawi -shekara ta (1912 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1995) ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun malamai masu fafutukar neman ilimi a Kuwaiti. Jikan Sayyid Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi ne. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban makarantar Jafari a Kuwait kuma ya gabatar da Makarantar Turanci da Larabci da Nahawu. Ya yi aiki daga shekara ta 1942 zuwa shekara ta 1973 inda ya sami taken "Malamin Zamani". Ya ci gaba da sake tsara manhajojin darussa daban-daban da suka haɗa da Kimiyya da PE, ya gabatar da tsarin jarabawar Hadin Kai, Lambobin Kuɗi, Rahoton Makaranta (Rubututtuka), waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a duk makarantun gwamnati a Kuwait. Lokacin da ya yi rashin lafiya kuma aka yi masa tayin tura shi kasashen waje don neman magani, ya ki cewa "Ba na son in mutu a wata kasa mai ban mamaki." Muhammad Baqir al -Muhri shekara ta (1948 zuwa shekara ta 2015) yana daya daga cikin fitattun malamai a tarihin Kuwait. Ya kasance mataimaki na kusan marja'a guda sha biyar 15, wanda ya kafa Majalisar Dangantakar Musulunci da Kirista, wanda ya kafa Kungiyar Malaman Musulmai a Kuwait, Limamin Masallacin Imam Ali a Kuwait, dan siyasa kuma marubucin jarida, kuma marubucin Falsafa da sirrin littafin Hajji.
Dhiyaa Al -Musawi marubuci kuma malami a Bahrain.
Hussain Al-Musawi- dan kwallon Kuwait kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Al-Arabi SC.
A Iraki Nasrallah al-Haeri- masanin addini kuma mawaƙi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattaunawar musulinci a cikin zamanin Ottoman.
Madhiha Hassan al -Mosuwi ma'aikaciyar agaji ga gwamnatin Iraki wanda wasu mutane suka fara kiran "Uwar Teresa na Bagadaza"
Husain al-Radi- babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Iraki, an kashe shi bayan azabtarwa a Qasr Al-Nihaya a shekara ta 1963 (Radi dan asalin Musawi ne)
Musa al -Musawi wanda aka sani da rubuta rubuce -rubucen bita da kulli kan Musulunci
Ibrahim al -Jaafari dan siyasa wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan Iraki a gwamnatin rikon kwaryar Iraqi daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2006, bayan zaben Janairu shekara ta 2005. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 2014 zuwz shekara ta 2018.
Hassan al -Qazwini wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Cibiyar Musulunci ta Amurka a Dearborn Heights, Michigan, mai wakiltar reshen Musulunci na Twelver Shi'a.
In Lebanon Abbas al -Musawi shekara ta (1952 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1992) fitaccen Malamin Musulmi ne.
Husayn Al-Musawi-ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Amal Islamic Amal da aka rushe yanzu a shekara ta 1982.
Ibrahim Mousawi ɗan jaridar Lebanon ne kuma jami'in hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai.
In Iran Ruhollah Khomeini (Satumba shekara ta 1902 -zuwa 3 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1989) ya kasance jagoran addinin Iran kuma masani, ɗan siyasa, kuma jagoran juyin juya halin Iran na shekara ta 1979. (Khomaini dan asalin Mūsawi ne, ya fito daga daular Safawiyya. Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei- daya daga cikin fitattun malaman addinin Shi'a na karni na ashirin 20.
Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri malamin Shi'a ne 'yan sha-biyu na Iran, ya kasance tsohon wakilin Wali-Faqih a lardin Khuzestan Ahwaz Imam na Juma'a.
Abdorrahim Musavi shine Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Iran.
Mujtaba Musavi Lari Malamin Addinin Shi'a ne na 'yan -sha -biyu.
Ali Mousavi dan wasan kwallon kafa na Iran
Ƙasashen Indiya Imam Awliya Hazrat Ishaan Babban Waliyya a Sunni Islam
Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Monuddin Hadi Naqshband Son da magajin Hazrat Ishaan
Sayyid ul Sadaat Hazrat Sayyid Mir Jan Zuriyar kuma magajin Hazrat Ishaan
Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mahmud Agha Dan uwa kuma magajin Sayyid Mir Jan
Hamid Hussain Musavi babban malamin zamaninsa a Indiya.
Iyalan Al-Mosawi Al-Korsan
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Wasu daga cikin dangin Almazidi
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Duba kuma Daular |
53599 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Larrain | Gilles Larrain | Gilles Larrain (an haife shi a watan Disamba 5, 1938) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne mai daukar hoto wanda ya yi imanin daukar hoto wata hanya ce ta "kama yanayin rayuwar mutum". Ta hanyar ɗaukar hanya ta musamman don ɗaukar hoto, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar hasken kansa, sarrafa dukkan tsarin duhun duhu, da kuma samun batutuwa koyaushe zuwa sararin ɗakin studio na kansa, Larrain ya ƙirƙiri manyan fasahohin fasaha tun 1969. A cikin 1973, Larrain ya buga littafin daukar hoto mai nasara sosai, Idols, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna na transvestites Shekaru biyu bayan haka, littafin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga mai daukar hoto na Amurka Ryan McGinley wanda ya rubuta labarin Afrilu 2010 a cikin Vice, wanda ya gano Larrain da littafin Idols a matsayin daya daga cikin farkonsa da kuma manyan tasirinsa don gwaji tare da launuka, simintin gyare-gyare, da kayan aiki, saboda duk hotunan Larrain a cikin littafin suna danye ba tare da wani magudi ba. Larrain ya ɗauki hotuna masu mahimmanci a cikin nau'o'in fasaha masu yawa, ciki har da masu rawa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ballet na Amurka, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Salvador Dalí, Miles Davis, Sting, Billy Joel, Roberto Rossellini, Norman Mailer, da sauransu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mahaifinsa, Hernán Larrain, jami'in diflomasiyya ne tare da karamin jakadan Chile a Vietnam kuma mai zane. Mahaifiyarsa, Charlotte Mayer-Blanchy, 'yar wasan pian ce ta Faransa-Bietnam kuma mai zane. Shi ne babban, babban jikan Paul Blanchy, magajin gari na farko na Saigon (1895-1901) kuma farkon mai samar da barkono na Vietnam. Shi ne kakan Rafael Larrain, Cardinal na Talca (Chile).
Larrain cikin sauri ya koyi harsuna da yawa a kowace shekara biyu kuma ya haɓaka fahimtar kansa cikin abubuwan da ya faru a duniya. Iliminsa ya ɗauki nauyin al'ada, wanda ya fara da Lycee Francais de New York (1954-1957). Ya sadu da matarsa ta farko, Anne-Marie Maluski, wadda mahaifinta ya kawo tayoyin Michelin zuwa Amurka. Ma'auratan sun sake saki bayan 'yan shekaru kuma Anne-Marie ta zama marubucin yara da aka buga a karkashin sunan, Anne-Marie Chapouton.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya karɓi baccalaureate na Faransa a Lycée Français, ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren lokaci a MIT da Jami'ar New York, kuma a ƙarshe a Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts a Paris inda ya karanta gine-gine kuma ya yi aiki a tsarin birni (1960-1965). Ya kuma ci gaba da zane da zane.
A cikin 1960s, Larrain ya kasance majagaba a cikin fasahar motsin rai, ta yin amfani da iska, hayaki, haske, tsarin inflatable, ruwa da bututun neon azaman hanyar magana. A cikin 1963, Larrain ya yi tafiya zuwa Oaxaca don yin karatu a Monte Alban da Mitla, inda ya fahimci zane bai isa ba don ɗaukar duk abin da ake buƙata don bayani daukar hoto ya zama mahimmancin matsakaici don yin tambayoyi masu dacewa da samun amsoshin da suka dace. Anan, Larrain ya koyi yin amfani da kyamarar don ƙirƙirar hotuna waɗanda ke haɓaka motsin rai. Daga wannan lokaci, ya yanke shawarar zama mai zanen hoton.
Auren Larrain na biyu shine Marie Christine Bon a 1965 kuma sun haifi 'ya mace, Olivia, a 1968. Auren sa na uku shine Isabella Coco Cummings a 1989 kuma tare suna da ɗa, Lasco, a 1991. A halin yanzu yana auren mai zanen yadi da kayan kwalliya, wanda aka sani da sunanta na farko, Louda, wanda ya aura a 2006
Aiki An gudanar da nunin zanen mutum ɗaya na Larrain na farko a birnin New York a dandalin Southampton East Gallery akan titin 72nd a 1966. Baya ga daukar hoto, Larrain ya fara ƙara ƙarin siffofin fasaha na gani. Hotunan nasa sun bincika sararin siffofi, launuka, da kayan aiki; fasahar motsinsa ya bincika sararin haske da kundin ta hanyar neons da tsarin inflatable, wanda ya nuna a Biennale de Paris na biyar "Espaces dynamiques en m mouvement" kuma ya lashe kyautar Les Levine tare da Francois Dallegret don aikin gama gari, Tubalair, a Biennale na shida a 1969.
A cikin 1968, Jaridar New York Post Daily Magazine ta gabatar da labarin game da Larrain wanda Nora Ephron ya rubuta. Har ila yau, ya bayyana a bikin Avant Garde na shekara-shekara na New York wanda aka kafa ta hanyar masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane, Charlotte Moorman, da kuma dan Koriya ta Amurka, Nam June Paik Larrain ya fara ɗaukar hoto na cikakken lokaci a cikin 1969, wanda ya haɗa da aikin kasuwanci ga abokan ciniki, irin su Club Med, GTE, Lavazza, Knoll International, Joel Name Wear, American Ballet Theater, Renault, da kuma mujallu, irin su Esquire, Vogue, Oui, Rolling Stone, Time, New York da sauransu
A cikin 1973, Larrain ya buga littafi mai nasara da rigima, Idols, wanda ya gabatar da hotuna na New York mafi hazaka, m, kyawawa transvestites, kuma mafi yawa gay mutane, wanda ya fito a cikin almara SoHo studio. Idols ne ingantaccen compendium na 1970s Warhol -era New York salon da hali, wanda ke nuna Holly Woodlawn, mambobi ne na San Francisco-based psychedelic ja sarauniya wasan kwaikwayo, da Cockettes, Taylor Meade, da John Noble
A cikin 1980s da kuma daga baya, Larrain's portrain's portraire style was always wanted after at attajiri abokan ciniki ciki har da Miles Davis, Sting, Billy Joel, John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Jerry Rubin, Glenn Close, Norman Mailer, Mikhail Baryshnikov Mawallafin Mawallafin Maurice na Iran, Maurice Maurice, Mawallafin Maurice, Mawallafin Maurice, Maurice Diaz Farah Diba Pahlavi da Salvador Dalí Har ila yau, an yi amfani da basirarsa don ƙirƙirar murfin kundi don mawaƙa. Batunsa sun fito ne daga masu rawa da mawaƙa zuwa masu fasaha da mashahurai zuwa abokai har ma da mai kisan kai, Michael Alig Larrain ya dage kan sarrafa dukkan tsarin daukar hoto daga daukar hotuna a kan kyamara har zuwa cikin dakin duhu, don haka maimakon haduwa da samfura a cikin nasu muhalli, batutuwa sun zo dakin studio na Larrain don daukar hoto. Larrain ya yi niyya don kama bayanan tunanin ban da haske, yana fitar da abin da yake so ya ciro. A cikin 1982, Larrain ya yi aiki tare da Robert Mapplethorpe, Deborah Turbeville, da Roy Volkmann a kan littafin, Exquisite Creatures, wanda William Morrow Company, Inc. ya buga a 1985, yana mai da hankali kan kyan gani mara kyau na mace ta hanyar jerin hotunan tsirara.
Zaɓaɓun jaridu The New York Daily Post, by Nora Ephron
Vice (Ryan McGinley)
Rebe Rebel
New York Times (1970s take and social disrobing)
Photographers Encyclopedia collections
Tablao Mag
S Magazine JPT
View Camera Rosalind
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29787 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99o%C6%99i%20Masu%20Kyau%20da%20Marasa%20Kyau | Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau | Hakkoki mara kyau da masu kyau, su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wajabta ko dai rashin aiki (munanan haƙƙoƙin) ko aiki haƙƙoƙi masu kyau Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga haƙƙin 'yanci da mutahallin shi.
Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya hana Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙi don x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian.
Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka mara kyau na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, 'yancin yin addini, habeas corpus, shari'a ta gaskiya, da 'yancin kada a bautar da su. wani
Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da haƙƙin 'yan sanda na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma ikon tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, gidaje, ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa, shiga yanar gizo, da mafi ƙarancin rayuwa A cikin lissafin "ƙarni uku" na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi.
Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci.
Karkashin ka’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da hakki ne na kada a yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya alal misali gwamnati yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi watsi da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin yin aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ƙara ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau.
Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan.
Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: kariyar kai. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya.
Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan sanda yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa.
Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da prima facie. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai babban wajibci na kare kai amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro na prima facie. Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da farko ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka:
A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam.
Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa Anarchy, State, and Utopia A cikin magani A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar zubar da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa Baxter v. Montana, Appel ya rubuta:
Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati".
Suka Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta kowane hakki kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta:
Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" don kada a hana su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga haƙƙin neman ilimi ko yancin kula da lafiya zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan.
Wasu abubuwan Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau
Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki
Tsarin tsarin mulki
Hakki
'Yanci da lasisi
Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka
Dokar Hakki na Biyu
Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam
Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau
Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki
Bayanai
Manazarta Mawallafa bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji Nozick, Robert (1975). Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia Oxford Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15680-1
Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi Maldan, MA Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238)
Hodgson, D. (1998). Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing
Hakki
Mutuwa
Yanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30167 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwace%20Ciwacen%20daji%20Surface%20epithelial-stromal | Ciwace Ciwacen daji Surface epithelial-stromal | Surface epithelial-stromal ciwace-ciwacen daji rukuni ne na neoplasms na ovarian wanda zai iya zama mara kyau ko m Neoplasms a cikin wannan rukuni ana tsammanin an samo su ne daga epithelium na ovarian (gyaran peritoneum ko daga ectopic endometrial ko tube na fallopian (tubal). Ciwon daji na irin wannan kuma ana kiransa ovarian adenocarcinoma Wannan rukuni na ciwace-ciwacen daji yana da kashi 90% zuwa 95% na duk lokuta na ciwon daji na ovarian duk da haka ana samun su ne kawai a cikin matan da suka shude amma ban da Amurka inda kashi 7% na al'amuran ke faruwa a mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 40.Serum CA-125 sau da yawa yana haɓaka amma yana da daidai 50% kawai don haka ba alamar ƙwayar cuta ba ce mai amfani don tantance ci gaban jiyya. 75% na mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna samuwa a cikin matakan ci gaba; duk da haka ƙananan marasa lafiya suna iya samun kyakkyawan tsinkaye fiye da tsofaffi marasa lafiya.
Rabewa Epithelial stromal ciwace -ciwacen daji an rarraba su akan nau'in Siffofin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙayyade ko ƙwayar cuta ta epithelial-stromal ba ta da kyau, ƙwayar iyaka, ko m (shaida ta malignancy da stromal mamayewa). Ciwon daji na kan iyaka yana da yuwuwar rashin tabbas.
Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi serous, mucinous, endometrioid, fili cell, da kuma brenner (transitional cell) ciwace-ciwacen daji, ko da yake akwai 'yan gauraye, undifferentiated da unclassified iri.
Ciwon daji mai tsanani Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen sun bambanta da girma daga ƙanana kuma kusan ba a iya gane su zuwa babba, suna cika rami na ciki.
iyaka, da kuma nau'in ciwon daji na ciwon daji suna da kimanin kashi 30% na dukan ciwace-ciwacen daji na ovarian.
Kashi 75% na marasa lafiya ne ko kuma na iyakoki, kuma kashi 25% na mugunya ne
Mummunan nau'i na wannan ƙwayar cuta, serous cystadenocarcinoma, yana da kimanin kashi 40 cikin dari na dukkanin carcinomas na ovary kuma sune mafi yawan ciwon daji na ovarian.
Ciwon daji mara kyau da kan iyakoki sun fi yawa a tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 50.
M serous ciwace-ciwacen daji faruwa daga baya a rayuwa a kan matsakaita, ko da yake da ɗan a baya a cikin iyali lokuta.
20% na benign, 30% na kan iyaka, da 66% na m ciwace-ciwacen daji ne na biyu (shafi duka ovaries).
Abubuwan da zasu iya haɗawa da:
wuraren cystic
wuraren cystic da fibrous
galibin wuraren fibrous
Damar mummunan ciwon ƙwayar cuta yana ƙaruwa tare da adadin wurare masu ƙarfi da ke samuwa, ciki har da tsarin papillary da duk wani nau'i na necrotic.
Pathology an yi layi da tsayi, columnar, sel epithelial ciliated
cike da ruwa mai tsabta
Kalmar serous wadda ta samo asali a matsayin bayanin ruwan cyst ya zo da bayanin irin nau'in kwayar halitta na epithelial da aka gani a cikin wadannan ciwace-ciwace.
na iya haɗawa da saman ovary
Ana tabbatar da rarrabuwa tsakanin benign, iyaka, da m ta hanyar tantancewa:
cellular atypia (ko sel guda ɗaya ba su da kyau)
mamayewa na kewayen stroma na ovarian (ko sel suna kutsawa kewayen nama)
Ciwon daji na iyaka yana iya samun atypia ta salula amma ba su da shaidar mamayewa
kasancewar jikin psammoma wani yanayi ne na ganowar cystadenocarcinomas
Hasashen Hasashen ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, kamar yawancin neoplasms, ya dogara da
mataki na bambanci
wannan shine yadda ƙwayoyin tumor suka yi kama da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
kumburin da ya bambanta da kyau yayi kama da ciwace-ciwacen daji
ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ba zata iya kama da nau'in tantanin halitta kwata-kwata ba
Ciwon daji mai matsakaicin matsakaici yakan yi kama da nau'in tantanin halitta, amma ya bayyana a fili.
tsawo na ƙari zuwa wasu sifofi
musamman tare da m malignancies, kasancewar m yada zuwa ga peritoneum yana da muhimmanci game da tsinkaya.
Adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da muggan ciwace- ciwacen da ke tsare a cikin ovaries sune 100% da 70% bi da bi. Idan peritoneum yana da hannu, waɗannan ƙimar sun zama 90% da 25%.
Yayin da shekarun rayuwa na shekaru 5 na ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka suna da kyau, bai kamata a ga wannan a matsayin shaida na magani ba, saboda sake dawowa zai iya faruwa shekaru da yawa bayan haka.
Mucinous ciwace-ciwacen daji Ciwon daji na mucinous Yi kama da takwarorinsu masu kama da juna amma da wuya su kasance na bangarorin biyu
Da ɗan ƙasa na kowa, yana lissafin kusan kashi 25% na duk neoplasms na ovarian
A wasu lokuta, ciwace-ciwacen daji na mucinous suna da alaƙa da ƙarin cysts masu girma dabam da ƙarancin sa hannu idan aka kwatanta da ciwace-ciwacen daji.
Hakanan idan aka kwatanta da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, ciwace-ciwacen mucinous ba su da yawa akai-akai, kusan kashi 5% na ciwace-ciwacen mucinous na farko na biyu ne.
Zai iya haifar da manyan ƙwayoyin cystic, tare da rikodin nauyi sama da 25 kg
Pathology Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji suna da alaƙa da rufin sel masu tsayi na columnar tare da apical mucin da rashin cilia, kama da bayyanarsa tare da ƙananan mahaifa ko epithelia na hanji. Siffar na iya kama da ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na ovarian, amma yawanci ya samo asali ne daga appendix (duba mucinous adenocarcinoma tare da yanayin asibiti Pseudomyxoma peritonei Ana amfani da mamayewar stromal bayyananne don bambance ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da ciwace-ciwacen daji.
Hasashen Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 10 don ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da ke ƙunshe a cikin ovary, ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ba tare da mamayewa ba, da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta masu haɗari sun fi 95%, 90%, da 66% bi da bi. Wani yanayin da ba kasafai ba amma abin lura da ke da alaƙa da mucinous ovarian neoplasms shine pseudomyxoma peritonei Kamar yadda ciwace-ciwacen mucinous na ovarian na farko yawanci ba su da alaƙa (a cikin kwai ɗaya), gabatar da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu yana buƙatar keɓance asalin wanda ba na ovarian ba, yawanci ƙari.
Ciwon daji na endometrioid Ciwon daji na endometrioid yana da kusan kashi 20% na duk cututtukan daji na ovarian kuma galibi suna da muni (carcinomas endometrioid). An yi su da glandan tubular masu kama da kamanni ko m endometrium. 15-30% na ciwon daji na endometrioid yana faruwa a cikin mutane masu ciwon daji na endometrium, kuma waɗannan marasa lafiya suna da kyakkyawan ganewa. Suna bayyana kama da sauran ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal, tare da wurare masu ƙarfi da cystic. Kashi 40% na waɗannan ciwace-ciwace suna da alaƙa da juna, lokacin da bangarorin biyu, metastases galibi suna nan.
Pathology Glandan da ke da kamanceceniya da nau'in glandon endometrial
Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suna da glandan da suka balaga da suka bayyana a cikin stroma fibrous
Ciwon daji na kan iyaka yana da hadaddun tsarin reshe ba tare da mamayewar stromal ba
Carcinomas (mummunan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji) suna da glandon da ke mamayewa tare da cunkoson sel, ƙwayoyin cuta, mitoses akai-akai. Tare da mafi ƙarancin bambance-bambance, ƙari ya zama mai ƙarfi.
Hasashen Hasashen sake yana dogara ne akan yaduwar ƙwayar cuta, da kuma yadda bambance-bambancen ciwon ya bayyana. Hasashen gabaɗaya ya ɗan fi muni fiye da ciwace-ciwacen daji ko mucinous, kuma adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 ga marasa lafiya da ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ovary kusan 75%.
Share ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta Bayyanannun ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta suna da manyan sel epithelial tare da ɗimbin fayyace cytoplasm kuma ana iya gani tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da endometriosis ko ciwon daji na endometrioid na ovary, yana da kama da share carcinoma cell na endometrium. Suna iya zama mai ƙarfi ko cystic. Idan daskararru, sel bayyanannun sun kasance ana shirya su cikin zanen gado ko tubules. A cikin nau'in cystic, ƙwayoyin neoplastic suna yin rufin cyst.
Hasashen Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen daji sun kasance masu tayar da hankali, tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa don ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ovaries kusan 65%. Idan ciwace-ciwacen ya yadu fiye da ovary a ganewar asali, tsinkayen ba shi da kyau
Brenner ciwon daji Ciwon daji na Brenner su ne ciwace-ciwacen kwayoyin halitta-epithelial stromal cell ciwace-ciwacen daji wanda kwayar epithelial (wanda ke bayyana wadannan ciwace-ciwacen daji) wani tantanin halitta ne na wucin gadi. Waɗannan suna kama da kamannin epithelia na mafitsara. Ciwon daji na iya zama ƙanana zuwa manya sosai, kuma yana iya zama da ƙarfi ko cystic. A ilimin tarihi, kumburin ya ƙunshi ƙuƙuka na sel na tsaka-tsakin da aka ambata a baya a cikin nama da ke kewaye da su wanda yayi kama da kwai na yau da kullun. Ciwon daji na Brenner na iya zama mara kyau ko mara kyau, dangane da ko ƙwayoyin tumor sun mamaye nama da ke kewaye.
Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta Kananan ciwon daji na kwai (SCCO) gabaɗaya ana rarraba su cikin ciwace-ciwacen epithelial masu alaƙa da keɓantattun siffofi na endocrin.
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da SCCO a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in huhu guda biyu: Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Hypercalcemic Type (SCCOHT) da Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Pulmonary Type (SCCOPT). Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta ba safai ba ne kuma masu tayar da hankali, suna ba da gudummawa ga kasa da 2% na duk cututtukan gynecologic. Matsakaicin shekarun ganewar asali shine shekaru 24, kuma yawancin marasa lafiya kuma suna da hypercalcemia (62%). Yawanci yana kasancewa tare da babban ƙari ɗaya ɗaya. Yawancin mata suna mutuwa a cikin shekara guda da ganewar asali.
Magani Don ƙarin bayani na gaba ɗaya, duba ciwon daji na ovarian Bincike ya nuna cewa a layin farko na maganin Ciwon daji na Ovarian Ovarian (EOC), Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin tare da Carboplatin wani zaɓi mai gamsarwa ga Paclitaxel tare da Carboplatin. A cikin mutanen da ke da EOC mai saurin dawowa, bincike ya gano cewa Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin tare da Carboplatin shine mafi kyawun magani fiye da Paclitaxel tare da Carboplatin.
Don ci-gaban ciwon daji na wannan tarihin tarihi, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar hanyar chemotherapy wanda ya haɗu da intravenous gudanarwa (IV) da intraperitoneal (IP). Abubuwan da aka fi so na chemotherapeutic sun haɗa da maganin platinum tare da haraji Metastases Don ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal, wuraren da aka fi sani da metastasis sune kogon pleural (33%), hanta (26%), da huhu (3%).
Tasiri akan haihuwa Haihuwa bayan jiyya na ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal ya dogara ne akan ilimin tarihi da matakin farko don raba shi zuwa farkon kan iyaka (ko fiye da mara kyau) tare da matakan ci gaba na kan iyaka (ko mafi muni). Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya (ba tare da oophorectomy na biyu ba) na farkon matakan ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka an kiyasta cewa zai haifar da damar sama da 50% na ciki na kwatsam tare da ƙarancin haɗarin sake dawowar ƙwayar cuta (0.5%). A gefe guda kuma, a lokuta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, an kiyasta yawan masu juna biyu da aka yi ba zato ba tsammani ya kai kashi 35 cikin ɗari kuma haɗarin sake dawowa mai mutuwa 2%.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Cutar |
20460 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Kebbi | Masarautar Kebbi | Masarautar Kebbi, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Masarautar Argungu, masarauta ce ta gargajiya wadda ta dogara da garin Argungu a cikin jihar Kebbi Najeriya. Magaji ne ga tsohuwar Daular Hausa ta kebbi. Masarautar tana daya daga cikin manyan masarautu hudu a cikin Jihar Kebbi, sauran kuma su ne Masarautar Gwandu, Masarautar Yawuri da Masarautar Zuru.
Wuri Masarautar Kebbi tana Arewa Maso Yamma na Jihar Kebbi ta zamani. A lokutan baya sun fadada Kudu da asalin Babban Birninta na Birnin Kebbi, wanda yanzu shi ne babban birnin masarautar Gwandu da kuma ita kanta jihar Kebbi. Yankin shimfidar wuri yawanci Savanna ne na Sudanian, a buɗe dazuzzuka tare da kuma bishiyoyi warwatse. Yankin ya hade da gangaren kogin Rima, wadanda suke cika ruwa lokaci-lokaci. Akwai rani tsakanin watan Mayu da watan Satumba, tare da ɗan ruwan sama a ragowar shekarar. Ruwan sama na shekara yana nufin 800mm. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi kusan 26 C, jere daga 21 C a cikin hunturu zuwa 40 C tsakanin watan Afrilu da watan Yuni. Birnin Kebbi yana da ƙoshin lafiya ta hanyar Kebbawa, ƙaramin rukuni na ƙasar Hausa.
Tarihi
Asali A al'adance ana daukar Kebbi mallakar Banza bakwai na kasar hausa. Dangane da labarin da aka sani a ƙasar Hausa, masarautar Kebbi na ɗaya daga cikin Banza Bakwai ("ban iska bakwai") ko "haramtattun" jihohi bakwai. Shugabanni na wadannan jihohi da aka kamata ya gano su jinsi zuwa wani ƙwarƙwarar na Hausa kafa uba, Bayajidda, Saboda haka da gida na kai lokaci Banza "shege"). Nassoshin tarihi na farko sun kasance zuwa lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Songhay a lokacin mulkin Sunni Ali (1464–1492). Kanta Kotal, wani Ba’amurke ne dan ci-rani daga Kuyambana a Kudancin Katsina ya zama a zahiri gwamnan soja na yankin Songhay da ke lardin Kebbi, kuma ya ayyana ‘yancin kai a 1516. A wannan lokacin Surame, wanda har yanzu manyan ganuwar ke rayuwa, shi ne babban birnin masarautar. Birnin kebbi ya zama babban iko a yankin, inda ya bijire wa hare-haren Songhay, ya fadada zuwa kasashen Yauri da Nupe zuwa kudu sannan ya kayar da yunkurin masarautar Bornu na mamayewa da mamayar jihohin Hausa. Koyaya, bayan mutuwar kanta a shekara ta 1556 sai jihohin Hausawa suka daina ba da tallafi, kuma ɗansa kuma magajinsa Ahmadu bai yi yunƙurin tilasta batun ba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha shida Kebbi ta zama ƙaramar masarauta.
Gwagwarmaya da Jihadin Fulani A lokacin jihadin Fulani, a shekarar 1808 Abdullahi dan Fodio (c. 1766-1828), kanin Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, ya yi nasara a kan sojojin Kebbi. Ya zama mai mulkin masarautar Gwandu, wadda ta mamaye Arewa Maso Gabas na Khalifancin Sakkwato. An kori Sarkin Kebbi, Muhammadu Hodi daga babban birninsa kuma an maye gurbinsa da wani mai tsana, Usman Masa. Duk da haka, Kebbawa sun cigaba da turjiya, kuma Abdullahi bai sami ikon kammala yakin ba. Muhammadu Hodi ya yi yaki a kwarin Zamfara, da wanda ya gaje shi Karari a Argungu da Zazzagawa. Bayan rasuwar Karari a 1831, dansa Yakubu Nabame ya mika wuya, kuma ya yi shekaru 16 yana gudun hijira a Sakkwato har sai da Sultan Aliyu Babba ya ba shi damar komawa Argungu a matsayin mai kula da Halifanci. A shekarar 1849 Yakubu ya yi mubaya'a ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Kebbi. Bayan fadace-fadace na gani-gani, gami da wani lokaci da sojojin Sakkwato suka yi wa Argungu kawanya, Sultan Aliyu na Sakkwato ya amince da 'yancin Masarautar Kebbi da ke Argungu. Yanzu haka Kebbi ta kulla kawance tsakanin Sakkwato da Gwandu, kuma yaƙin yaƙe-yaƙe ya cigaba har tsawon shekaru hamsin masu zuwa. A cikin 1859 dan'uwan Yakubu kuma magajinsa Yusufu Mainasara an kashe shi a cikin yaƙi a busasshiyar magudanan ruwa na Kogin Rima A 1860 aka kashe Sarkin Gwandu, Haliru a yaƙi a Karakara. A 1867 Fulanin sun amince da 'yancin kan Kebbi a cikin yarjejeniya. A shekarar 1875 yaki ya sake barkewa yayin da mutanen Fanna da ke ƙasan Rima suka yanke shawarar canza aminci ga Gwandu. Sarkin Kebbi Sama'ila ya sami nasarori da dama a kan Gwandu tsakanin 1883 da 1903, tare da wasu tsauraran matakai, har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa mulkin mallakar Burtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya a karshe ya kawo karshen yakin.
Mulkin mallaka A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1890 turawan Ingila da Faransa suka kulla wata yarjejeniya ta raba Afirka ta Yamma tsakanin kasashen biyu masu mulkin mallaka. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniyar, Biritaniya za ta mallaki dukkan yankuna har zuwa na Khalifanci na Sakkwato, yayin da Faransawa za su ci gaba da mallakar yankunan zuwa arewa. Ba a nemi shawarar mutanen yankin ba. An bawa Bafaranshe Parfait-Louis Monteil ragamar balaguro don gano iyakokin arewacin halifancin Sokoto. Da ya isa Argungu a lokacin rani na 1891, ya gano cewa masarautar ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga Sakkwato, duk da cewa za a fatattake ta daga Sakkwato a watan Maris na 1892 kuma a tilasta ta sake zama kasa mai mulkin mallaka. Monteil ya kuma sami ƙaramin shaidar kasancewar kamfanin na Royal Royal Niger da ke da'awar a yankin, ban da wasu rumbunan kasuwanci a Gwandu. Lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka ji labarin Monteil, sannan kuma suka ji cewa Faransawa sun daga tutarsu a Argungu, sai suka tura sojoji zuwa Argungu a shekarar 1898, inda ba su sami Faransawa ba. Birtaniyyawan sun kafa runduna ta dindindin a Argungu a cikin 1902 don ba da kariya ga ayarin Faransawan da ke ratsa yankin na Birtaniyya ta hanyar yarjejeniya, sannan kuma don kare hukumar iyaka da ke iyakance iyaka tsakanin bangarorin Faransa da Ingila. Da jin labarin cewa Sarkin Musulmi yana tattara rundunoninsa, an tura wannan runduna da sauran su zuwa Sokoto inda bayan wasu fadan sun sami babbar nasara. Sarkin Sama ya yi wa Burtaniya maraba saboda dalilai na siyasa, tunda a karkashin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya sami damar dawowa da karfafa ikonsa. Zuwa shekara ta 1908, ba a tambayi ikon Burtaniya ba. A wata durbar da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1908 ga gwamnan mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard, sarakunan Kebbi da Gwandu da Sarkin Musulmi sun fito kwansu da kwarkwata, tare da nuna mahaya da rakuma dubu goma sha biyar. Sarakunan sun ba Lugard ponies goma sha shida a matsayin haraji, kuma suka yi masa sujada. Birtaniyyawan sun kafa tsari inda aka baiwa masarautu babbar ikon gudanarwa bisa jagorancin Shugabannin Gundumomi. Ba a nemi layin Argungu ba. Sauro ba su da kyau sosai don haka dole DO ta kwana cikin keɓaɓɓiyar keji.
Masarautar a yau
Bikin Kamun Kifi Bikin Kifi na Argungu na shekara-shekara yana daga cikin manyan al'adun gargajiya a arewacin Najeriya. Bikin na da dadadden tarihi. An fara shi ne lokacin da mai alfarma Sarkin Musulmi, Hassan Dan Mu'azu, ya ziyarci Masarautar Argungu a shekarar 1934, kuma an gudanar da shi ne don nuna karfin Kabawa da Sarki Muhammed Sama. Har zuwa shekarun 1960 bikin ya kasance na gari ne, amma a shekarar 1972 ya samu halartar Shugaban kasar Najeriya, Janar Yakubu Gowon da takwaransa na Nijar, Hamani Diori Saboda dalilai na siyasa, bikin ya rasa goyon baya kuma babu wani biki da aka shirya daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2004. Bikin yanzu ya sake farfadowa kuma ya zama babban wurin jan hankalin 'yan yawon bude ido. Zuwa shekara ta 2009, bikin sake bikin Argungu na Duniya da Al'adu ya hada da wata babbar durbar tare da dawakai 500 da mahayansu, da rakuma 120 da mahayansu, wadanda ke dauke da tutar masarautar Argungu tare da mahalarta daga sauran kabilu da yawa. Babban kifi ya kai nauyin 55 Kg, kuma an bayar da kyaututtukan wannan kamun ludayin a wani bikin da Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua ya halarta, matar sa, gwamnoni shida da sarakunan gargajiya da yawa. Bikin na shekarar 2009 ya kuma hada da wasannin ruwa, gasar harbi da kibiya da kuma gasa cata, taron gangamin mota, wasan kwaikwayon da kungiyoyin raye-raye suka yi daga kasashen Nijar, Mali, Chadi da Benin, wasan kokawa da dambe, da kuma baje kolin kayan gona. Mahimmancin bikin ga tattalin arziki ya sa gwamnati ta adana kifin ta hanyar hana amfani da gidan sauro da raga.
Shirin ban ruwa An yi tunanin aikin Zauro polder a cikin shekara ta 1969 kuma an daɗe da jinkiri, amma da alama za a fara shi a cikin shekara ta 2009. Aikin zai yi ban ruwa mai girman hekta 10,572 a cikin kogin Rima tsakanin Argungu da Birnin Kebbi Amfanin gona zai hada da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar su kunun aya, albasa, tumatir, dankali mai dankali da dankalin Irish. Madatsar ruwan kuma za ta amfani masana'antar kamun kifi, mai mahimmanci a cikin jihar. Aikin ya yi alƙawarin fa'idodi masu yawa amma yana da sabani, tunda zai canza fasalin amfani da ƙasa, sanya wasu al'ummomin cikin muhalli da ambaliya a wurin bikin kamun kifin na shekara shekara. An yi wa Sarkin Argungu jifa a cikin zanga-zangar adawa da aikin.
Gidan kayan gargajiya A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009 Masarautar Argungu ta gabatar da wata shawara ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi don ba wa Surame mai tarihi jerin kayan tarihin Duniya. Surame shi ne babban birni na Masarautar Kebbi, wanda Mohammadu Kanta Kotal ya kafa. Sanata Umaru Abubakar Argungu ya kuma nemi taimako don sanya Gidan Tarihi na Kanta ba wai kawai abin tarihi ba har ma da kayan tarihin al'adu na jerin abubuwan tarihi na Duniya. Ginin gidan kayan tarihin, kusa da babbar kasuwa an gina shi ne a shekara ta 1831 wanda Yakubu Nabame ya gina kuma ya kasance a matsayin fadar Sarki har zuwa shekara ta 1942, lokacin da Turawan ingila suka gina sabuwar fadar mulki a lokacin mulkin Muhammed Sani. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1958, aka buɗe shi a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ke ba da damar fahimtar tarihin rayuwar jihar Kebbi Gidan kayan tarihin yana da tarin makamai, wadanda suka hada da layu, mashi, takuba, itace, duwatsu, bakuna da kibiyoyi, bindigogin cikin gida har ma da ganguna da ake nunawa. Gidan kayan tarihin sanannen wuri ne da ake binne matattun sarakunan karamar hukumar.
Sarakuna Sarakunan masarautar Hausawa kafin a sanya su a cikin Khalifanci na Sakkwato sune kamar haka:
Rulers of the Hausa Emirate established at Argungu:
Kasar da ta gaji kasar Hausa bisa dogaro da Argungu Sarakunan Masarautar Hausawa da aka kafa a Argungu sune kamar haka:
Bibliography Harris, PG: Jaridar lardin Sokoto, Sokoto 1938 [Cyclostyled].
Hogben, SJ da AHM Kirk-Greene Masarautar Arewacin Najeriya, Landan 1966.
Johnston, YA, Daular Fulani ta Sakkwato, Oxford 1967 (shafi na. 187–195).
Manazarta Sarakunan Fulani
Sarakuna
Tarihin Najeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Masarautu a Nijeriya
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40634 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaren%20magana | Bangaren magana | A cikin nahawu, wani sashe na magana ko juzu'i wanda aka gajarta da POS ko PoS, wanda kuma aka sani da ajin kalma ko nau'in nahawu wani nau'in kalmomi ne (ko, gabaɗaya, na abubuwan lexical waɗanda suke da makamantansu na nahawu Kalmomin da aka sanya su zuwa bangare ɗaya na magana gabaɗaya suna nuna halaye iri ɗaya (suna taka rawa iri ɗaya a cikin tsarin nahawu na jimlolin), wani lokaci kuma irin wannan dabi'ar ilimin halittar jiki ta yadda suke jujjuya dabi'u iri ɗaya har ma da dabi'un nahawu iri ɗaya. Yawancin sassa na magana da aka jera a Turanci sune suna, fi’ili, siffa, siffatau, wikilin suna, preposition, mai hadawa, interjection, numerical, article, da determiner.
Sauran kalmomin ban da ɓangaren magana— musamman a cikin rarrabuwar harsuna na zamani, waɗanda galibi ke yin madaidaicin bambance-bambance fiye da tsarin gargajiya—sun haɗa da ajin kalmomi, ajin ƙamus, da nau'in ƙamus Wasu mawallafa sun taƙaita kalmar ƙamus category don komawa ga wani nau'i na nau'in syntactic kawai; a gare su kalmar ta keɓe waɗancan sassan magana waɗanda ake ɗaukar su kalmomi ne masu aiki, kamar karin magana. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar nau'in nau'i, kodayake wannan yana da ma'anoni daban-daban masu karo da juna. Za a iya rarraba azuzuwan kalmomi a matsayin buɗe ko rufe buɗe azuzuwan (yawanci gami da sunaye, fi'ili da sifofi) suna samun sabbin membobi koyaushe, yayin da rufaffiyar azuzuwan (kamar karin magana da haɗin gwiwa) ke samun sabbin mambobi ba kasafai ba, ko basu samu ma duka.
Kusan duk harsuna suna da kalmar azuzuwan suna da fi'ili, amma bayan waɗannan biyun akwai gagarumin bambance-bambance tsakanin harsuna daban-daban. Misali:
Jafananci yana da kusan nau'ikan sifa guda uku, inda Ingilishi ke da ɗaya.
Sinanci, Korean, Jafananci da Vietnamese suna da nau'in nau'in nau'i na nau'i na nau'i Yawancin harsuna ba sa banbance tsakanin sifofi da fi'ili, ko tsakanin sifa da fi'ili (duba fi'ili na tsaye Saboda irin wannan bambance-bambance a cikin adadin rukunoni da abubuwan gano su, dole ne a yi nazarin sassan magana ga kowane harshe. Duk da haka, ana sanya alamun kowane nau'i ne bisa ka'idojin duniya.
Tarihi Ana samun rarrabuwar kalmomi zuwa nau'ikan ƙamus daga farkon lokaci a cikin tarihin ilimin harshe Indiya A cikin Nirukta, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarni na 6 ko na 5 KZ, ɗan Sanskrit nahawu Yāska ya ayyana manyan kalmomi guda huɗu: nāma suna (ciki har da sifa)
khyāta fi’ili
Upasarga pre-fi'ili ko prefix
nipāta barbashi, kalmar da ba ta bambanta ba (watakila preposition Waɗannan huɗun an haɗa su zuwa manyan azuzuwan guda biyu: marasa sassauƙa (suna da fi'ili) da mara sassauƙa (pre-verbs da particles).
Tsohon aikin kan nahawu na yaren Tamil, Tolkāppiyam, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an rubuta shi kusan shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata, ya rarraba kalmomin Tamil a matsayin peyar suna), vinai fi’ili), idai (ɓangare na magana da ke gyara alaƙar. tsakanin fi’ili da sunaye), da uri (kalmar da ta kara cancantar suna ko fi’ili).
Al'adar Yammacin Turai Ƙarni ko biyu bayan aikin Yāska, masanin Girkanci Plato ya rubuta a cikin maganganunsa na <i id="mwcQ">Cratylus</i>, "kalmomi sune, na ɗauka, hade da kalmomi rhêma da sunaye ónoma Aristotle ya kara da wani nau'i, "haɗin gwiwa" sýndesmos wanda ya haɗa da ba kawai kalmomin da aka sani a yau a matsayin haɗin kai ba, har ma da wasu sassa (fassarorin sun bambanta; a cikin fassarar guda ɗaya shine karin magana, prepositions, da labarin A ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ, masu ilimin nahawu sun faɗaɗa wannan tsarin rarrabawa zuwa rukuni takwas, waɗanda aka gani a cikin Art of Grammar, wanda aka danganta ga Dionysius Thrax 'Sunan' ónoma an fassara shi da Sunan wani yanki na magana da aka yi wa shari'a, yana nuna wani abu mai kama da abu. Ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sunaye, siffa, sunaye masu dacewa, ƙa'idodi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ƙa'idodi, lambobi da sauransu Verb rhêma wani sashe na magana ba tare da jujjuyawar shari'ar ba, amma an ƙirƙira don jin daɗi, mutum da lamba, yana nuna wani aiki ko tsari da aka yi ko aka yi.
Participle metokhḗ wani bangare na fasalin raba magana na fi’ili da suna
Labari arthron wani yanki na magana mai lalacewa, wanda aka ɗauka don haɗa da takamaiman labarin, amma kuma ainihin sunan dangi.
Pronoun antōnymíā wani sashe na magana da aka maye gurbin suna kuma aka yiwa mutum alama
Preposition próthesis wani ɓangare na magana da aka sanya a gaban wasu kalmomi a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma a cikin syntax
Adverb epírrhēma wani ɓangare na magana ba tare da jujjuya ba, a gyara ko ƙari ga fi’ili, siffa, sashe, jimla, ko wani karin magana.
Haɗin kai sýndesmos wani sashe na magana da ke ɗaure magana tare da cike giɓi a cikin fassararsa.
Ana iya ganin cewa waɗannan sassa na magana an bayyana su ta hanyar morphological, syntactic da ma'auni Priscian na nahawu na Latin fl. 500 CE) ya gyara tsarin da ke sama sau takwas, ban da "article" (tun da harshen Latin, ba kamar Hellenanci ba, ba shi da article) amma yana ƙara interjection Sunayen Latin don sassan magana, daga waɗanda madaidaitan kalmomin Ingilishi na zamani suka samo, sune nomen, verbum, participium, pronomen, praepositio, adverbium, conjunctio da interjecio Nau'in sunaye sun haɗa da abubuwa nomen substantivum, daidai da abin da ake kira suna a yau a Turanci), maƙallan (nomen adjectivum da lambobi (lambobin sunaye) Wannan yana bayyana a cikin tsofaffin kalmomin Turanci suna mai ma'ana, sifa da suna na lamba Daga baya sifa ta zama aji dabam, kamar yadda lambobi sukan yi, kuma kalmar suna na Ingilishi ta zo a yi amfani da su kawai.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22062 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Hellmann | Jessica Hellmann | Jessica Hellmann wata farfesa ce a fannin Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da kuma darakta a Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli a Jami'ar Minnesota An yarda da ita a matsayin "ɗayan manyan masu bincike kan al'adun duniya da sauyin yanayi". Hellmann ta kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya gano cewa rayuwa tare da canjin yanayi "yana da matukar mahimmanci ga makomar bil'adama da kuma halittun duniya kamar yadda suke tafiyar hawainiya da dakatar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli". Lab nata yana amfani da tsarin lissafi, dabarun tsarin halittar mutum don gano tasirin canjin yanayi akan yanayin halittu da halittu. Jessica Hellmann kuma tana da mata, Larry LaTarte (47) da 'ya mace, Ada LaTarte (14).
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Hellmann asalinta Ba'indiyace da Detroit ne, Michigan Hellmann ta ce ta zabi aiki ne a fannin ilimin halittu bayan ilham daga sansanin sararin samaniya, gonar kakanta da mahaifinta wanda ya yi aikin injiniyan injiniya a kamfanin General Motors Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halittu a jami’ar Michigan a shekara ta 1996. Ta yi karatun digiri na uku a fannin Biology daga Stanford Mai ba ta shawara a fannin digirgir, kuma abar koyi, ita ce Paul R. Ehrlich Ta kuma kasance abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai ta Duniya, inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa mahalli wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsaro. A Jami'ar Stanford, tana daga cikin Leopold Leadership Program Hellmann ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin dabbobi a Jami'ar British Columbia Ayyuka Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Notre Dame a shekara ta 2003, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba a Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu. Ta karɓi Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation a shekara ta 2006. Ta yi bincike kan tasirin asarar muhalli da rarrabuwa kan rarraba kwari da shuke-shuke da suke karbar su. Ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan itacen oak na Garry, da yadda za su iya yaɗuwa a cikin wani yanayi na gaba. Ta kafa ƙaramin dalibi na Notre Dame shine ci gaba.
A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba ta lambar zama ta zama daga Jami'ar Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study. A shekara ta 2012, ta wallafa littafin "Inganta Karbuwa A Cikin Garin Chicago". Ta gabatar da Lakca ta shekara ta 2012 Reilly Forum, "Gyara duk duniya: abin da dan Adam zai iya kuma ya kamata ya yi don taimakawa yanayi rayuwa da ci gaba ta hanyar canjin yanayi". A cikin shekara ta 2013, Hellmann ta taimaka wa Cibiyar Haɓakawa ta Duniya ta ƙaura zuwa Jami'ar Notre Dame A shekara ta 2015, ta zama Daraktan Bincike na shirin Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), wanda ke auna barazanar kasada da kuma shiri don daidaitawa da barazanar yanayi ga kasashen duniya. Ta damu matuka game da yi mata lakabi da "mutumin malam buɗe ido", yayin da take nazarin su sosai a matsayin wakilcin yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar kwari gaba ɗaya. An bayyana ta a matsayin "murya mai tasiri game da sauyin yanayi da yanayin". A shekara ta 2015, Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Minnesota a matsayin darektan Cibiyar kan Muhalli inda ta gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi, "Shin za mu iya tseratar da halittu masu yawa daga canjin yanayi?" Ita ce kuma Russell M. da Elizabeth M. Bennett Kujera a Kwarewa a Sashen Ilimin Lafiyar Jama'a, Juyin Halitta da Halayya. Ta buga littafinta na biyu, "A Review Of The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives a shekara ta 2016. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Jami'ar Minnesota. Ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da ND-GAIN a matsayinta na babban memba mai bincike da kuma ba da shawara ga wasu masu bincike na ND-GAIN. Ta rinjayi gwamnatoci da hukumomi, tana ƙarfafa su don saka hannun jari ta hanyar sauyin yanayi A cikin 2013 da 2014 ta yi rubuce-rubuce tare da theimar Canjin Yanayi ta Nationalasa. Tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Babban Filin Jirgin Sama, Majalisar Shawara kan Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Muhalli da Cibiyar Manufa da kuma kwamiti mai mulki na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya. Ta ba da gudummawa ga CNN, NPR, Fox News, The Telegraph da kuma Chicago Tribune Ta rubuta don Tattaunawa (gidan yanar gizo) A cikin 2017 an sanar da ita a matsayin Americanungiyar (asar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyyar Leshner Fellow. Hellman yana ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga mujallolin kimiyya masu zuwa: Ci gaba na Makarantun Kimiyya na Kasa, Frontiers a cikin Lafiyar Qasa da Muhalli, BioScience da KASHE DAYA Tana aiki a kwamitin edita na mujallar Aikace-aikacen Juyin Halitta kuma babban edita ce tare da Conservation Biology da Elementa. Ta hidima a kwamitoci domin th e Muhalli Society of America, cikin College Board, da kuma National Academy of Sciences Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Wannan Abubuwan masu zuwa shahararrun labarai ne waɗanda Hellman ya rubuta sune kamar haka:
2019: "Zaɓaɓɓu amma ƙasashe daban-daban suna rage raunin yanayi da hayaƙin CO2" 2018: "Tallafi biyar na kudi don farfado da Yankin Yankin Tekun Mexico da Missasashen Basin Mississippi" 2018: "An bayyana motsin yanki mai matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar yanayi tare da kwayoyin halittar mutum, tarin kayan tarihin, da kuma samfurin kwaikwaiyo" 2018: "Kwatanta tsarin tafiyar da mutane da ba mutane ba a karkashin canjin yanayi." 2017: "Misalan rarrabuwar kawuna a duk fadin kasa da yanayin halittar gado na wani yanki mai hade da malam buɗe ido wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin ɗan tudu" 2017: "Al'umma sun shirya tsaf don wani sabon nau'in ilimin kimiyya shine makarantar koyon ilimi?" 2016: "Canjin Yanayi a Yankin Birane: Cigaba, Ma'auni da Samun Natsuwa." 2016: "Rufi mai sanyi da sanyi don rage tasirin tsibirin zafi a cikin biranen Chicago: kimantawa tare da yanayin yanayin yanki" 2015: "Fahimta daga ilimin kimiyyar halittu na al'umma game da rawar da sakin makiya yake haifar da nasarar mamayewa: mahimmancin tasirin makiya na asali" 2013: "Ta amfani da taimakon mulkin mallaka don kiyaye halittu da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu karkashin canjin yanayi" 2011: "Sa hannun dan adam a gaba cikin halittu da muhimmiyar rawar halittar juyin halitta"
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Masana Ilimi
Mata Marubuta
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
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22784 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen%20Nyiragongo | Dutsen Nyiragongo | Dutsen Nyiragongo wani salo ne mai ɗauke da tsawa wanda ya kai tsawan 3,470 m (11,385 ft) a tsaunukan Virunga da ke hade da Rift Albertine yana cikin Filin shakatawa na Virunga, a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kimanin kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) arewa da garin Goma da Tafkin Kivu da yamma da iyaka da Rwanda. Babbar kogin tana da nisan kilomita biyu (mil 1) kuma yawanci tana ƙunshe da tabkin ruwa. A yanzu haka ramin yana da kujeru biyu masu sanyin ruwa masu kyau a bango ɗayan yana da kusan mita 3,175 (ƙafa 10,417) kuma ƙarami a kusan 2,975 m (9,760 ft).
Kogin Nyiragongo a wasu lokuta kuma ya kasance mafi shahararren sanannen lava a cikin tarihin kwanan nan. Zurfin tafkin ruwan ya banbanta sosai. An rubuta mafi tsayi na tafkin ruwa a kusan m 3,250 m (10,660 ft) kafin fashewar Janairu 1977 zurfin tafki na kusan 600 m (2,000 ft). Bayan fashewar Janairu na 2002, an rubuta tafkin lava a ƙasa da kusan 2,600 m (8,500 ft), ko 900 m (3,000 ft) ƙasa da baki. Matakin ya tashi a hankali tun daga lokacin. Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira da ke kusa suna tare da alhakin kashi 40 cikin 100 na dutsen dutsen na tarihi na Afirka.
Ilimin kasa Wani dutsen da ke wani bangare ya hadu da tsofaffin dutsen tsaunuka biyu, Baratu da Shaheru, kuma wasu daruruwan kananan dutsen da ke kunshe da dutsen da ke kewaye da dutsen suna kewaye da shi.
Nyiragongo mazugi ya ƙunshi pyroclastics da lava suna gudana. Nesaragongo's lavas ƙananan silica ne, masu wadatar alkali, maɗaukakiyar duwatsu masu ƙarancin gaske ba tare da feldspars ba. Sun kasance daga melilitites masu wadatar olivine ta hanyar leucites zuwa nephelinites, dauke da, a cikin nau'uka daban-daban musamman ma'adanai nepheline, leucite, melilite, kalsilite, da clinopyroxene. Wannan ƙaramin haɓakar silica yana haifar da fashewa tare da kwararar ruwa mai ƙaranci. Ganin cewa yawancin kwararar ruwa suna motsawa a hankali kuma ba safai suke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam ba, kwararar ruwan Nyiragongo na iya yin tsere zuwa ƙasa har zuwa kilomita 100 h (60 mph).
Tarihi mai aiki Ba a san da yawa game da tsawon lokacin da dutsen mai fitar da dutse yake aman wuta ba, amma tun daga 1882, ya fashe aƙalla sau 34, gami da lokuta da yawa inda ake cigaba da aiki tsawon shekaru a wani lokaci, galibi a cikin hanyar tafkin lava mai gurnani a cikin ramin. An jima ana zargin wanzuwar tafkin lava amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba a kimiyance har zuwa 1948. A wancan lokacin, an auna shi kusan kusan muraba'in mita 120,000 (1.3 106 sq ft). Balaguro da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa tabkin ya sauya cikin girma, zurfin, da yanayin zafi a kan lokaci.
Aikin tafkin lava yana gudana. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, galibin tabkin an killace shi a cikin babban kwanon ruɓaɓɓen gwangwani (kusan 18 m (60 ft) mai tsawo ta 180 m (600 ƙafa) mai faɗi) a cikin kwarin.
Fashewar ya fara a ranar 22 Mayu 2021; ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Mayu 2021, mutane 37 sun bata kuma ana zaton sun mutu, bayan kwararar ruwa da ta isa wajen garin Goma.
Fashewar 1977 Tsakanin 1894 da 1977 bakin ramin ya ƙunshi tafkin lava mai aiki. A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1977, katangar ganuwar ta karye, kuma tafkin lava ya malale a ƙasa da awa ɗaya. Lava ta gangaro zuwa gefen bangayen dutsen mai tsananin gudu har zuwa kilomita 60 a awa daya (37 mph) a kan gangaren sama, kwararar lava mafi sauri da aka rubuta zuwa yau, ta mamaye kauyuka tare da kashe akalla mutane 600. A tsakanin minti 30, tabkin lava ya wofintar, yana kwarara arewa, kudu, da yamma dutsen tsawa. Babu wani wuri a cikin duniya da irin wannan madaidaiciyar hanya ta ɗauke da tafkin irin wannan ruwan lava. Kusancin Nyiragongo zuwa yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a yana ƙaruwa da yiwuwar haifar da bala'i. Fashewa daga 1977 ya wayar da kan mutane game da irin hatsarin da Nyiragongo ke da shi, kuma saboda wannan, a cikin 1991 aka sanya shi tsaunin Dutsen Shekaru, wanda ya cancanci nazari na musamman.
Shekarar 1977 ta gabaci kirkirar sabon karamin iska mai karfin gaske, Murara, dan nesa kadan da gangaren Nyamuragira.
Fashewar 2002 Kogin Lava sun sake gyarawa a cikin rami a cikin fashewa a cikin 1982-1983 da 1994. Wani babban fashewar dutsen mai fitar da wuta ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga Janairun 2002, bayan watanni da yawa na karuwar girgizar kasa da kuma aikin fumarolic. Fississ mai nisan kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) ya bude a gefen kudu na dutsen mai fitar da wuta, yana yaduwa cikin 'yan awanni daga tsawan mita 2,800 zuwa 1,550 (9,190 zuwa 5,090 ft) kuma ya isa gefen garin Goma, babban birnin lardin a arewacin gabar Tafkin Kivu. Lava ya gudana daga kwallaye uku a ƙarshen fissure kuma ya gudana a cikin rafi 200 zuwa 1,000 mita (660 zuwa 3,280 ft) fadi kuma zuwa mita 2 (6 da 7 a cikin) zurfin Goma. An bayar da gargadi kuma an kwashe mutane 400,000 daga garin zuwa iyakar Rwandan zuwa makwabciyar Gisenyi yayin fashewar. Lava ta rufe ƙarshen arewacin titin sauka da tashin jiragen sama a Filin jirgin saman Goma, ya bar kudancin kashi biyu cikin uku, kuma ya isa Tafkin Kivu. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa lava na iya haifar da iskar gas mai zurfin gaske a cikin tafkin don tashi ba zato ba tsammani, tare da fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide da methane kwatankwacin bala'in da ya faru a Tafkin Nyos na Kamaru a 1986. Wannan bai faru ba, amma masana ilimin dutsen mai fitar da wuta sun cigaba da lura da yankin sosai.
Kimanin mutane 245 ne suka mutu a sakamakon fashewar iska daga iskar shaka da gine-ginen da suka rushe saboda lava da girgizar ƙasa. Lava ta rufe kashi 13 cikin 100 na Goma, kusan kilomita murabba'in 1.8 (4.7 km2), kuma kusan mutane 120,000 sun rasa matsuguni.
Nan da nan bayan fashewar, an ji yawan girgizar kasa a kusa da Goma da Gisenyi. Wannan aikin yawo ya ci gaba har kimanin watanni uku kuma ya haifar da rushewar ƙarin gine-gine.
Watanni shida bayan fara fashewar dutse a 2002, dutsen Nyiragongo ya sake barkewa.
Barazana mai ci gaba Gurbataccen iskar carbon dioxide, wanda aka fi sani da 'mazuku' a cikin gida, ya kashe yara har ma kwanan nan. A wuraren da iskar gas ke zubewa daga ƙasa a wasu matakai masu ƙima, ba tare da tarwatsa tasirin iska ba, tasirinsa na iya zama na kisa. A ranar 8 ga Maris din 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory ta gano wani sabon rami da aka bude a gefen arewa maso gabas na ramin, biyo bayan rahotannin cikin gida na ruri da ke fitowa daga dutsen. Wasu na fargabar cewa wannan na iya haifar da fashewar flank. Masu sa ido a cikin 2020 sun shaida tashin a cikin tafkin lawa da sauran alamun fashewar dutse mai zuwa.
Fashewar 2021 A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa dutsen ya sake yin aman wuta. Lava ta kusanci tashar jirgin saman Goma kuma ta koma tsakiyar garin gabashin Goma. Daga baya gwamnan soja na lardin Kivu ta Arewa ya tabbatar da cewa fashewar ta auku ne da misalin karfe 17:00 agogon GMT. Lava ta datse wata babbar hanya zuwa Beni, kuma hukumomi sun bukaci mazauna garin na Goma da su yi kaura, lamarin da ya sa dubban mutane barin gidajensu. Hakanan an yanke wutar lantarki a fadin manyan yankuna biyo bayan fashewar. Fashewar ta haifar da aƙalla mutuwar mutane 32, galibi sanadiyyar haɗarin mota a cikin fitowar da ta biyo baya.
Kulawa Kungiyar masana kimiyya ce ke sa ido kan dutsen mai fitar da wuta a Goma Volcanic Observatory (GVO). Ana cigaba da kulawa, tare da bayanan girgizar ƙasa da ke afkuwa kowane minti huɗu kuma bayanan zafin jiki ana samarwa kowane minti goma. Cigaba da bayar da tallafi ga GVO yana cikin shakku, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawara a cikin 2020 don dakatar da gudummawar da yake bayarwa.
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Bibliography
Hanyoyin haɗin waje HUGE Lava Eruption Burns Homes! Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo May 22, 2021
The Big Picture: Nyiragongo Crater
Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat? on France 24 TV (video missing)
Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat? on France 24 TV's channel, including the video, but missing the text
Tourism at Nyiragongo Volcano
Photos of Nyiragongo lava lake in January 2011
BBC News pictures of the destruction of Goma by the 2002 Eruption
PBS Nova: "Volcano Under the City"
Stromboli Online's expedition to Nyiragongo in May, 2005
Alkali Basalt Association of the Continents
Google Earth view
Mount Nyiragongo tourism |
22480 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Bada%20Shawara | Haƙƙin Bada Shawara | Hakkin bada shawara na nufin wanda ake kara na da damar samun taimakon lauya (watau lauyoyi kuma idan wanda ake kara ba zai iya daukar lauya ba, ya bukaci gwamnati ta nada daya ko kuma ta biya kudin da ake tuhumar. Hakkin yin nasiha galibi ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin shari'ar adalci Kodayake, a tarihance, ba duk kasashe bane ke amincewa da ikon bada shawara. Hakkin galibi yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Na 153 na kundin tsarin mulki na 194 a halin yanzu ana amfani da su suna da yare don wannan sakamako.
A duk duniya
Ostiraliya A Ostiraliya, waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da 'yancin samun wakilcin lauya yayin bincike da shari'a. Dokar kasar Ostiraliya ba ta amince da haƙƙin ba da kariya ga shari'a ba a bainar jama'a, amma ta yarda cewa idan babu lauya wanda ake tuhumar ba zai iya samun shari'ar adalci kamar yadda doka ta tsara ba. Jihohin Victoria da New South Wales ne kawai ke da tsarin kare jama'a Kotuna na da ikon dakatar da shari'ar lokacin da suka yanke hukuncin cewa akwai yiwuwar fuskantar shari'ar rashin adalci. Babbar Kotun Ostiraliya ta yanke hukunci a cikin Dietrich v Sarauniya cewa yayin da wadanda ake tuhumar ba su da hurumin kare kariya a matsayin haqqin da aka ba da tabbaci, ya kamata alqali yawanci ya bayar da buqatar a dage zaman ko kuma ya tsaya a cikin manyan laifuka na laifi inda mai gabatar da kara ba shi da wakilci, kuma yakamata ya ba da izini yayin da aka bar wanda ake zargi da aikata wani babban laifi ba tare da wakilcinsa ba don ci gaba kawai a cikin yanayi na musamman. Kowace jiha da yanki na Ostiraliya suna da Hukumar Taimako ta Shari'a don ba da sabis na shari'a a cikin lamuran masu laifi, na farar hula, da na dokokin dangi ga marasa galihu, amma za su taimaka kawai ga waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin ƙofar su, musamman game da kuɗin shiga. Duk wanda ake tuhuma da aikata wani laifi na Commonwealth, ko kuma wani laifi da ya fada karkashin ikon gwamnatin tarayya, yana da damar ya nemi alkali ya ba shi shawara a cikin makonni biyu bayan an yanke masa hukuncin, kuma alkalin na iya nada lauya idan har ya gamsu da cewa wanda ake kara ba zai iya daukar lauya ba. Hakanan akwai cibiyar sadarwar cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma don bayar da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga talakawa waɗanda ba su cancanci Tallafin Shari'a ba. Kodayake suna karɓar kuɗaɗen tarayya da na jihohi, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke dogaro da lauyoyi don yin aiki da su bisa aikin sa kai. Yawancinsu ba sa iya ci gaba da buƙatun su kuma dole ne su juya wasu mutane. Wadanda ba za su iya samun kowane irin taimako na shari'a na iya zuwa ba tare da wakilci ba idan ba za su iya biyan lauya ba.
Jamus A Jamus, ya zama wajibi duk wadanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi da ke dauke da hukuncin akalla shekara daya a kurkuku suna da lauya, koda kuwa su kansu ba sa so a same shi, kuma kotun za ta nada lauya da zai wakilci wanda ake kara wanda bai yi haka ba. Babu wani tsari na kare jama'a a cikin Jamus. Kotun na iya sanya kowane lauya a matsayin lauya ga takamaiman wanda ake kara, kuma mai kare zai iya zaban takamaiman lauya. Ba za a caji wanda ake tuhuma don ayyukan shari'a idan an sake shi ba, amma zai iya biyan kuɗin lauya idan an same shi da laifi sai dai idan kotu ta ga cewa wanda ake tuhumar ba shi da kuɗi. A cikin shari'o'in farar hula, jihar tana ba da wakilci na shari'a, shawarwarin shari'a, da taimako wajen rufe tsadar kotu ga waɗanda ba za su iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don ɗaukar lauya ba, amma sai lokacin da aka ga cewa akwai damar da ta dace ta nasara.
Indiya Mataki na 22 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya ce "Babu wani mutumin da aka kama da za a tsare a kurkuku ba tare da sanar da shi ba, da wuri-wuri, kan dalilin wannan kamarsa kuma ba za a hana shi damar tuntuba, da kuma kare shi ba by, wani lauya da ya zaba. A shekara ta 2011, Kotun kolin Indiya ta yanke hukuncin cewa kotu ba za ta iya yanke hukunci ba tare da lauya ya gabatar da wanda ake kara ba, kuma ta ba da umarnin cewa dole ne kotu ta sanya lauya alhali wanda ake kara ba zai iya biya ba. Ana bayar da taimakon shari'ar jama'a ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Kasa da kungiyoyin ayyukan shari'a na matakin jiha. Kotuna suna nada lauyoyi masu ba da taimakon shari'a a shari'o'in farar hula da na laifi.
Isra'ila Dukkanin wadanda ake kara, wadanda ake tsare da su, da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifi a cikin Isra’ila suna da damar samun wakilcin lauya a duk wata shari’a da ta shafi su kuma dukkan wadanda ake zargin suna da damar tuntubar lauya kafin a yi musu tambayoyi na ‘yan sanda. Koyaya, waɗanda aka ga sun cancanci ne kawai ke da ikon wakiltar kuɗin ƙasa idan ba za su iya biyan lauya ba. Ma’aikatar Shari’ar Isra’ila tana kula da bangaren Tsaron Jama’a don ba da shawarwari na shari’a ga wadanda suka cancanta. A shari’ar aikata laifuka, duk wadanda ake tuhuma da aikata babban laifi dauke da hukuncin akalla shekaru 10 a kurkuku da wadanda ba su da laifi da ake tuhuma da aikata laifin da ke dauke da hukuncin akalla shekaru 5 a kurkuku suna da damar wakilcinsu ta bangaren Tsaron Jama’a, kamar yadda yara da matasa naƙasassu Duk fursunonin da ba su da karfi da kuma tsarewa wadanda aka gabatar da bukatar a ci gaba da tsare su har zuwa karshen shari’ar su ma suna da damar wakilta daga Hukumar Kare Jama’a, haka nan fursunonin da ke fuskantar shari’ar sakin baki, duk wanda ke fuskantar shari’ar tasa keyar, da kuma yanke musu hukuncin da ake nema na sake shari’a a lokacin aka samu. Duk wadanda ake kara da ke fuskantar kararraki na gari suma suna da damar ba da shawara. Ma'aikatar Shari'a tana aiki da Sashin Ba da Tallafi na Shari'a don taimaka wa wadanda suka cancanci ba da tallafi na shari'a a shari'o'in farar hula. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'un farar hula don fannoni daban-daban, kuma masu nema dole ne yawanci su haɗu da gwajin cancantar kuɗi don karɓar taimakon shari'a. Koyaya, a wasu fannoni na shari'ar farar hula, ana bayar da taimakon shari'a ba tare da bincika cancantar kuɗi ba.
Japan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Japan ya ba da tabbaci ga ikon ba da shawara game da doka. Idan wanda ake kara karami ne ko kuma aka ga bai iya biyan kudin lauya ba, kotu na iya sanya daya ba tare da an biya wa wanda ake kara ba. Hakkin lauyan da kotu ta nada kawai yana wanzuwa bayan an kawo kara. Bayan kamun wanda ake zargin yana da damar zuwa kyauta kyauta daga lauya mai aiki wanda zai ba da shawara a kan doka, ya bayyana doka da hanyoyin da abin ya shafa, kuma ya tuntubi dangin wanda ake zargin, amma dole ne wanda ake zargin ya biya domin karin taimako daga lauyan. Wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da ikon samun lauya a yayin da ‘yan sanda ke yi musu tambayoyi.
Peru Mataki na 121 na kundin hukunta laifuka na kasar ta Peru ya ce kafin fara gabatar da karar, dole ne alkali ya sanar da wanda yake kare hakkinsa na yin lauya, kuma idan wanda ake kara bai zabi lauya ba, to za a sanya mutum a cikin karar. Idan babu lauya, dole ne "mutum mai daraja" ya maye gurbin lauya. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da 'yancin kin shawara sai dai idan ba su da ilimi ko kuma ba su kai karami ba, in da haka ne alkali zai iya sanya lauya a kan wanda ake tuhumar.
Rasha Duk wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifi da wadanda ake zargi a Rasha suna da 'yancin taimakon shari'a. Wanda ake zargi na da damar zuwa lauya tun daga lokacin da aka ayyana su a matsayin wanda ake zargi da aikata laifi. Codea'idar ƙa'idar aikata laifuka ta Rasha ta ba da umarnin cewa idan wanda aka tsare ba shi da lauya, to jami'in ɗan sanda, mai bincike, ko alƙali dole ne ya nemi ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta yankin da ta sanya lauya ga wanda ake zargin. Daga nan sai shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ya rarraba alƙawura tsakanin mambobinta, waɗanda ba su da ikon ƙi aikin da aka gabatar. Lauyan dole ne ya tambayi dangin wanda ake zargin idan sun nada wani, kuma idan ba mai binciken ko alkalin ya ba su ikon lauya ba. Koyaya, tsarin kare jama'a ya sha suka daga lauyoyin Rasha saboda yadda yake aiki a aikace. Masu bincike sukan sanya lauyoyi da kansu ba tare da jiran wadanda aka tsare su zaba ba, kuma sun fi son nada lauyoyi wadanda suke da kyakkyawar alakar aiki da su, don haka a aikace lauyoyin da aka nada a fili galibi za su taimaka wa masu gabatar da kara ta hanyar ba da karfi ga kare kwastomominsu da kuma sanya hannu kan takaddun da ake buƙata da kuma halartar shari'ar da ake buƙata, kuma masu binciken za su daina nada lauyoyi waɗanda ke damun waɗanda ake tuhuma. Waɗanda ake tuhuma na iya zaɓar shawara mai zaman kansa maimakon, duk da cewa akwai wasu matsaloli na gudanarwa. Game da shari’ar da Hukumar Tsaro ta Tarayya ko Babban Ofishin Bincike ke yi, akwai gamayyar rukunin lauyoyi da ke wakiltar wadanda ake kara.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales Kafin dokar Lauyoyin Fursunoni ta shekara ta 1836, wadanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi ba su da hurumin wakiltar lauya a kotunan Ingilishi duk da cewa, daga tsakiyar karni na 18 ana yin irin wannan halin a inda masu tuhuma za su iya biyansu. An yi tunanin, a lokacin, cewa kasancewar lauyan da ke kare shi ba zai haifar da komai ba a yayin shari'ar aikata laifuka, inda abin da ke magana ke yanke hukunci: wanda ake kara ya kamata ya fada wa kotun gaskiya kawai, ba tare da sa hannun wasu lauyoyi ba. William Hawkins a cikin <i id="mwig">Littafinsa na 'Yarjejeniyar Sarauta: ko tsarin manyan al'amura, dangane da wannan batun, narkewa a ƙarƙashin shugabanninsu na ƙwarai</i> Vol. II. na 1721 rubuta.
Manazarta Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Shawara
Ƙungiyoyi
Pages with unreviewed |
23323 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarin%20kasa%20na%20Singapore | Labarin kasa na Singapore | Kasar Singaphore kasa ce karama, wacce akwai mutane a tsiburinta dake birnin Kudu-maso gabacin Asia, tana nan a karshen Malayan Penninsula tsakanin Malaysia daIndonesia. Singapore tana da fadin kasa ona kimanim Yankin Singapore ya ƙunshi manyan ƙasashe da sauran tsibirai. Landasar ta Singapore tana da daga gabas zuwa yamma da daga arewa zuwa kudu tare da na bakin teku Wadannan alkaluman sun dogara ne akan High Water Mark cadastral iyakokin bincikenn. Tana da yanki na musamman na tattalin arziki na An raba Singapore da Indonesiya da Kogin Singapore da Malaysia daga Yankin Johor.
Tsarin kasa Babban yankin Singapore tsibiri ne mai kamannin lu'u-lu'u, kodayake yankinta ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai masu kewaye. Tsibiri mafi nisa daga nesa shine Pedra Branca. Daga cikin kananan tsibirai da yawa na Singapore, Tsibirin Jurong, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin da Sentosa sune manyan. Yawancin Singapore ba su fi meter 15 sama da matakin teku ba.
Matsayi mafi girma na Singapore shine Bukit Timah Hill, tare da tsayi daga ƙasa na 165 m (538 ft) kuma ya kasance daga dutse mai ƙyalli, dutse Tuddai da kwaruruka na dutsen da ke cike da arewa sun mamaye arewa maso yamma, yayin da yankin gabas ya ƙunshi yashi da ƙasa mai faɗi. Singapore ba ta da tabkuna na halitta, amma an gina tafkuna da wuraren tara ruwa don adana tsaftataccen ruwa don samar da ruwan Singapore Singapore ta sake mallakar ƙasa da ƙasa da aka samo daga tsaunukanta, da keɓewar teku, da ƙasashe maƙwabta. A sakamakon haka, yankin ƙasar Singapore ya girma daga 581.5 a cikin shekarun 1960s zuwa 725.7 a yau, kuma zai sami ƙaruwa kaɗan saboda ginin fatar teku da shinge don magance ƙimar tekun da ke ƙaruwa koyaushe.
Yanayi Singapore tana da na a degree daya da rabi daga arewacin kerjin, tana kwance gaba daya tsakanin daidaito na 1 da na 2 Yankin Singapore ana sanya shi azaman yanayi na gandun dazuzzuka mai zafi Köppen rabe-raben yanayi Af), ba tare da ingantattun yanayi ba. Saboda yanayin wurin da yake da yanayin yanayin teku, yanayinta yana da yanayin zafin jiki iri iri da matsin lamba, danshi mai zafi da yawan ruwan sama. Saboda haka, kusan kusan dumi ne da danshi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusan 24 da aka taba samu a tarihi shine 512.4 (2 Disamba 1978) a Paya Lebar, (1969) da kuma (19 Disamba 2006). A yanayin wuri hovers a kusa da wani diurnal kewayon m na da matsakaicin Mayu shine mafi tsananin watan shekara a Singapore, sannan Yuni zai biyo baya. Wannan saboda iska mai haske da hasken rana mai ƙarfi a cikin waɗancan watanni. Mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1983. Mafi ƙarancin zazzabi da aka rubuta shi ne a cikin 14 Fabrairu 1989 a Paya Lebar Zazzabi yakan wuce sama da kuma zai iya kaiwa a wasu lokuta.
Yanayin damshi yana da zangon diurnal a cikin manyan 90s da sanyin safiya zuwa kusan 60% a tsakiyar rana, amma yana ƙasa da 50% a wasu lokuta. A lokacin tsawan ruwan sama mai zafi, dangin danshi yakan kai 100%. Gabaɗaya, akwai mafi yawan ruwan sama a yammacin tsibirin fiye da gabashin gabashin Singapore, sakamakon tasirin inuwar ruwan sama.
Don haka, gabashin Singapore ya fi yammacin Singapore bushe da ɗan zafi kaɗan. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin daidaiton yanayi daga wannan gefen tsibirin zuwa wancan. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a kula saboda koda karamin tsauni kamar Bukit Timah Hill na iya haifar da wannan lamarin. Duk da ƙaramar girman Singapore, akwai yiwuwar akwai hasken rana a gefe ɗaya yayin da ake ruwan sama a ɗaya gefen.
Karin haske kan abunda ke hana daidaituwar duk shekara gaskiya sune lokacin damina wanda ke faruwa sau biyu a kowace shekara. Na farkon shine Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas wanda yake faruwa daga tsakiyar Nuwamba zuwa farkon Maris. Na biyu shine lokacin Yammacin Kudu maso Yamma wanda yake faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Lokaci tsakanin lokutan damina yana samun karancin ruwan sama da iska. A lokacin Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, iskoki na arewa maso gabas suna nasara, wani lokacin sukan kai Akwai yanayin gajimare a watan Disamba da Janairu tare da yawan ruwan sama da rana.
Lokuta na yaɗuwar matsakaici zuwa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa daga kwana 1 zuwa 3 a tsawance. Yana da ɗan bushe a cikin Fabrairu har zuwa farkon Maris duk da cewa ruwan sama har yanzu ya wuce 120mm. Hakanan galibi ana iska tare da saurin iska wani lokacin yakan kai a cikin watannin Janairu da Fabrairu. A lokacin Yankin Kudu Maso Yamma, iskar kudu maso gabas ta mamaye. Kebewa zuwa warwatse ruwan sama yana faruwa da sanyin safiya da kuma wayewar gari. Washe gari "Sumatras" layin squall wanda ya samo asali akan kusa da Sumatra na kowa ne.
Manufofin canjin yanayi Singapore ta san cewa canjin yanayi a cikin shekarun da ke tafe zai sami babban tasiri ga tsibirin. Ya ɗauki matakai uku-uku game da batun yin bincike kan yadda ƙasar za ta shafa a cikin takamaiman bayanai, aiwatar da matakan ragewa da dacewa da canje-canje masu zuwa. Don binciken, an kafa Cibiyar Bincike kan Yanayi ta Singapore (CCRS). Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa dala biliyan 100 za a kashe sama da shekaru 100 don magance matsalar. A cikin kasafin kudin 2020 ta ware dala biliyan 5 na farko zuwa Asusun Kare Gaban gabar Kasa da Ruwan Tsufana. Ga yawan jama'a, zai samar da kwarin gwiwa ga masu mallaka su canza zuwa motocin lantarki (EVs), kamar ragi akan ƙarin Kuɗaɗen Rajista da faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa ta cajin EV. Zuwa 2040, tana sa ran dakatar da motocin mai da dizal (injin ƙone ciki). Manufofin sufurin kasar na ci gaba da mai da hankali kan makomar "mota-Lite" tare da akasarin matafiya da ke amfani da jigilar jama'a (jiragen MRT, motocin safa, motocin haya) a maimakon haka. Singapore ita ce kasa ta farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ke karbar harajin carbon, a 5 a kowace tan, ana amfani da ita ga manyan kamfanonin fitar da hayakin da ke samar da sama da tan 25,000 na carbon dioxide a shekara. Don rage dogaro da kasar kan burbushin halittu, tana gina daya daga cikin manya-manyan gonakin hasken rana a duniya a Tengeh Reservoir a Tuas, tare da karfin 60MW.
Yankin lokaci Koda yake Singapore ba ta kiyaye lokacin tanadin hasken rana (DST), tana bin yankin UTC 8, awa ɗaya gaba da yankin don yanayin yankinsa.
Ilimin kasa da kasa Ana samun duwatsu marasa kyau a cikin Bukit Timah da Woodlands da tsibirin Pulau Ubin Dutse yana yin girma daga dutsen mai walƙiya. Ana kuma samun Gabbro a yankin kuma ana samun sa a wani yanki da ake kira Little Guilin mai suna saboda kamannin ta da Guilin a Kudancin China. Wannan yankin yana cikin Bukit Gombak. Ana samun duwatsu masu bakin ciki a yammacin Singapore kuma galibi ana yinsu ne da dutsen yashi da laka Hakanan ya hada da yankin kudu maso yamma. Ana samun duwatsun Metamorphic a yankin arewa maso gabashin Singapore da kuma kan Pulau Tekong da ke gabashin gabashin Singapore. Duwatsu galibi sun kasance ne daga ma'adini kuma sun hada da Tsarin Sajahat Aikin girgizar kasa Singapore ba ta da aminci daga aikin girgizar ƙasa a yankin, saboda manyan laifuka mafi kusa (Laifin Sumatran da Laifin megathrust) suna da nisan ɗaruruwan kilomita a Indonesia. Koyaya, yawan jama'a da gine-ginen suna iya kasancewa da ɗan tasiri kaɗan ta kowane aiki kamar rawar jiki, wanda baƙon abu bane, amma gabaɗaya baya cutarwa kuma an iyakance shi da ƙananan juzu'i ko girgiza abubuwa.
A ƙarshen 2004, yankuna da yawa na Asiya da Afirka sun fuskanci girgizar kasa ta Tekun Indiya ta 2004 da kuma sakamakon tsunami. Singapore ta yi sa'a saboda an kiyaye ta ta hanyar yankin Sumatra, wanda ya dauki nauyin tsunami; Tasirin kan Singapore ya iyakance ga girgizar ƙasa da aka ji a cikin wasu manyan dogayen gine-gine na can.
Matsayin siyasa da na mutane Lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fara mallakar Singapore, Birnin Singapore ya kasance a gefen kudu, kusa da bakin Kogin Singapore Wannan yankin ya kasance Babban Yankin Singapore. Sauran tsibirin ya kasance ƙasar noma da kuma gandun daji na farko. Koyaya, tun daga 1960s gwamnati ta gina sabbin garuruwa da yawa a wasu yankuna, don haka a yau kusan tsibirin ya kasance an gina shi kuma an gina shi cikin birni, in banda 'yan kaɗan, kamar gundumar Lim Chu Kang ko kuma ƙasar da aka kwato a cikin aikin da ake ci gaba.
Hasasar tana da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa, galibi ana amfani da su don gudanarwa ko dalilai na ƙididdiga. A siyasance, an kasa Singapore zuwa gundumomin gudanarwa guda biyar, sannan kuma an kara rarraba su cikin majalisun gari wadanda galibi ke kunshe da mazabun siyasa ko fiye. Koyaya, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba inda ake amfani da ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi don ambaton wurare, irin wannan al'adar galibi baƙon abu ne a Singapore. Iyakokin siyasa suna canzawa tare da kowane babban zaɓe don haka, wuraren da suka rufe ba lallai bane suyi daidai da fahimtar gida na wuri. Yawancin yankuna, gundumomi da maƙwabta a cikin jihar-birni galibi suna kewaye kuma ana iya bayyana su wani lokacin ba da izininsu ba. Tsare-tsare da iyakan kidaya, wadanda ake kira wuraren tsarawa Hukumar Bunkasa Birane ta yi amfani da ita wajen ayyana wasu gundumomi da unguwanni, kodayake wadannan iyakokin ba lallai ne su yi daidai da yadda kowa yake fahimta ba. Duk da yake akwai iyakokin sabbin garuruwa, akwai lokutan da za'a iya gano wasu unguwanni daban da garin da yake. Misali Tiong Bahru, galibi ana gano shi daban da garin HDB wani yanki ne na, Bukit Merah A matsayinta na babbar hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin tsara biranen Singapore, Hukumar Bunkasa Birane na neman aiwatar da ingantaccen amfani da filaye da rage kazanta tare da kiyaye hanyoyin zirga-zirga masu sauki, wadanda suka fi damun Singapore saboda halin da take ciki na gari-gari. Tsarin Jagora na Ci gaba ga kowane yanki yanki na tsarawa 55 an sake shi cikin aikin.
Don rage cunkoson ababen hawa, an sanya farashin hanyar Lantarki (ERP) a kusa da mashigar shiga Yankin Tsakiya. A wasu sassa na Singapore ne kasa m, kuma m, kuma sukan cika da gidaje kadarori kamar daga gidaje da raya Board (HDB) ko condominiums, da na kasuwanci gundumomi suna kasa mai karfi. Koyaya, don rage damuwa akan Yankin Tsakiya, an haɓaka cibiyoyin yanki da yawa, kowannensu yana ƙunshe da gundumar kasuwanci mai mai da hankali.
Masana'antar haske ana rarraba su ne a kusa da tsibirin a matsayin filayen masana'antu kuma suna cikin gidaje, kwatankwacin HDB, kuma suna ba da izinin antsan haya ne kawai waɗanda ke samar da kusancin gurɓataccen nil, yayin da masana'antun masu nauyi ke kusa da Jurong da Jurong Island Jerin irin wadannan kadarorin ana iya samun su anan Akwai hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu zuwa jihar Johor, Malaysia. A arewa akwai hanyar hanyar dogo da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, wanda ya haɗu da garin Johor Bahru A yamma akwai gada ta hanya Tuas Second Link wanda ya haɗu da Johor, don zirga-zirgar hanya kawai. Haɗin haɗin yana da mahimmin haɗin haɗin tattalin arziƙi zuwa Malesiya, wanda ana iya gani azaman ƙasan bayan gari.
Hanyar hanyar (tsayin mita 1,038) Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson da Mitchell na Westminster ne suka tsara kuma Topham, Jones Railton Ltd na Landan suka gina. An fara shi a cikin 1909 azaman hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar Johor State Railway don haɗa Johor Bahru zuwa Singapore, sannan hedkwatar gudanarwa na bukatun Burtaniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. An fara aikin sashin hanya a cikin 1919 kuma an kammala shi a 1923.
Hanyar hanyar ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli, galibi tarin daskarewa a cikin Johore Strait. Wannan ya haifar da rashin jituwa da Malaysia. Singapore ta ki amincewa da shawarar Malaysia na maye gurbin hanyar da gada, kuma tun daga lokacin Malesiya ta gabatar da shawarar abin da ya zama sananne da "gadar rabin gada", tana sauka rabi don danganta ta da karamar hanyar.
Since Singapore lacks natural freshwater rivers and lakes, the primary source of domestic water is rainfall. Demand for fresh plants around the island to help meet Akwai wuraren shakatawa sama da 300 da keɓaɓɓun yanayin 4 a cikin Singapore. Hakanan akwai bishiyoyi da yawa da aka dasa, kuma kusan kashi hamsin cikin 100 na ƙasar an rufe shi da ciyayi. Saboda wannan, ana kiran Singapore da yawa 'Garden City'. Singapore ta kasance mai matukar rauni ga tasirin canjin yanayi musamman, hauhawar matakan teku na iya zama babbar barazana ga rayuwar kasar nan ta hangen nesa. Wuri mafi girma
Duba kuma Hanyoyin haɗi tsakanin Singapore da Johor
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hidimar Yanayi na Singapore
Hasashen Yanayin Singapore
Climatology na Singapore Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa
CNN.com Yanayi Singapore
Taswira:
http://www.worldexecutive.com/cityguides/singapore/maps.html
http://www.urbanrail.net/as/sing/singapore.htm
http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/singapor.htm
Manazarta Labarin |
13593 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese%20Gibson | Tyrese Gibson | Tyrese Gibson (an haife shi 30 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1978), wanda kuma aka sani da suna kamar yadda ake kiransa Tyrese, mawaƙi Ba'amurke ne, marubuci, mawaki, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, VJ kuma marubucin screen. Ya yi wasa amatsayin Joseph "Jody" Summers a cikin Baby Boy, Angel Mercer a cikin 'yan'uwa hudu, Roman Pearce a cikin fina-finai na Fast Furious, da Robert Epps a cikin jerin fina-finai na Transformers. Bayan sakewa da kundin wayoyi da yawa, ya canza zuwa fina-finai, tare da jagorar jagora cikin manyan fitowar Hollywood A cewar Billboard Tyrese ya sayar da kundin album miliyan 3.69 a cikin Amurka.
Farkon rayuwa Gibson an haife shi ne kuma ya girma a Watts, Los Angeles, California. Mahaifiyarsa, Priscilla Murray Gibson né e Durham), ta raine shi tare da manyan 'yan'uwansa uku a matsayin mahaifi ɗaya bayan mahaifin Gibson, Tyrone Gibson, ya barsu.
Ayyukan kiɗa
Farkon kiɗa Aikin Gibson ya fara aikinsa ne lokacin da ya kirkiri izinin kasuwanci na Coca-Cola a lokacin shawarar malamin makarantar sakandaren. Bayyanar a cikin tallan Coca-Cola a shekarar 1994, suna kuma rera taken "Always Coca-Cola", ya haifar da babban yin suna. Hakan kuma ya kai shi ga wasu wasannin, kamar na Guess da Tommy Hilfiger 1998—1999: Tyrese Gibson an sanya shi a matsayin gwarzon RCA Records a farkon shekarar 1998. Bayan haka, ya sake halarta ta farko Nobody other Yana da sauri tashi a kan <i id="mwNw">Billboard</i> Hot 100 ginshiƙi, peaking a 36. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1998, ya saki waƙar da ya yi wa lakabi da suna Tyrese a lokacin yana da shekara 19. An yi kwatankwacinsa akan allon kwalliyan akan lamba na 17. A ƙarshen 1998, Gibson ya zama sabon mai watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo na mako-mako mai nuna MTV Jams akan MTV da mai masaukin da VJ don tashar. Bayan haka, ya sake saki na biyu daga cikin kundin Kwanannan Ya sanya shi zuwa 56 akan allon katin Bayan haka, fim ɗin ɗayan na ukun kuma mafi girma na charting Mace Mai Zaman Lafiya ya zama mafi girman kundin album ɗin, wanda ya kai 9 akan kwalliyar R&B. Earnedayan guda ya sami Gibson a zaɓi na Grammy don Mafi kyawun &aƙwalwar Motsa R&B Na Maza Kundin karshe ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai ingancin Platinum Gibson tare da mawaƙa Ginuwine, RL na Next da Case aka nuna su a waƙar sauti na Mafi Kyawun mutum akan ɗayan Mafi Kyawun Thean da Zan Iya Zama 2000-2001: 2000 Watts A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2001, Gibson ya saki album ɗinsa na biyu mai lamba, 2000 Watts Single na farko da aka kashe waƙar ita ce Ina Son Su 'Yan Matan wanda ya kai 15 a kan taswirar waƙoƙin Billboard Hot R & B Hip-Hop An cigaba da kasancewa da kundin kundin Gold, yana sayar da kwafi 500,000. Na uku da aka kashe a kundin, "Kamar Yaro Yaro," tare da Snoop Dogg da Mr. Tan, an nuna su a waƙar sauti zuwa fim ɗin Baby Boy, babban aikin farko na Gibson.
2002 --2004: I Wanna Go can Bayan da aka watsa RCA Records Gibson ya ci gaba da rattaba hannu zuwa J Records A can ne ya fito da kundin shirye-shirye na uku na I I Go Go Can a 10 ga watan Disamba shekarar, 2002. Farkon ɗayansa daga cikin kundin kundin kuma ya bayar da hujja ga mafi girman nasarar sa har zuwa yau Yadda kuke Sabar Dokar Ka Thatwarai ta yi sharhi akan ginshiƙi mai zafi na R B Hip-Hop a 7.
2005–2010: Canji Ego da hiatus A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2006, Gibson ya fito da kundin shirye-shiryen sa na hudu Alter Ego, kundin wakoki na farko na biyu. Hakanan ma kundin sa na farko wanda yake fitar da hotonsa na rapping persona. Singleaya na farko da aka kashe a kundin album ɗin shine ""aya daga" yin debuting akan ginshiƙi na R B Hip-Hop Songs a 26. Kundin da kanta ana daukar mafi kyawun sayarwar Gibson zuwa yau. A cikin 2007, Gibson, Ginuwine da Tank sun kafa TGT 2011–2012: Gayyatar budewa Bayan da ya dauki lokaci daga kiɗa don maida hankali kan iyalinsa da kuma rawar da ya taka sosai, Gibson ya yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da za a koma kiɗan. A cikin 2011, ya rattaba hannu tare da kansa da sabon lakabin Voltron Recordz ga EMI kuma ya sanar da cewa yana aiki kan sabon kundin waƙoƙin mai suna Open Invitation A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2011, Gibson ya fito da jagorar fim din "Dawwama" .Ta bidiyon kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo na aboki wanda aka nuna, aboki da kuma abokin wasa na Son Boy wanda aka fi sani da Taraji P. Henson Ya zana hoton kwalliyar Amurka ta Hot R & B Hip-Hop a lambar 11. Na biyun wanda ya yi Sauki mai sauƙi an nuna ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, aboki kuma mai fati Ludacris Ya zana hoton kwalliyar Amurka ta Hot R B Hip-Hop a 38. Na ukun guda daya "Babu Abin Kun A kanku" ya zana taswirar waƙoƙin R&B Hip-Hop na Amurka a 61. Bude Gayyata budewa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011. An yi katabus a kan kwalliyar kundin kundin kundin kundin lamuni na Amurka ta Amurka ta 9, ta sayar da kwafin 130,000 a cikin makon farko kuma ta ci gaba da sayar da kwafin 400,000. A cikin 2013, kundin ya sami Gibson nadinsa na Grammy na uku a Grammy Awards na 2013 don Mafi kyawun R&B Album.
2013 yanzu: TGT da Black Rose A farkon 2013, an ba da sanarwar kuma aka tabbatar bayan jita-jita mai yawa cewa Gibson, Ginuwine, da Tank za su sake fitar da kundin haɗin gwiwar su na farko, wanda Atlantic Records za su rarraba. A cikin 2014, Gibson ya fito da kundin kundin album mai taken Black Rose An sake saita kundi biyu a cikin shekarar 2015. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2015, an saki Black Rose kuma ya yi muhawara a lamba ta 1 akan Billboard 200, tare da tallan sati na farko na kwafin 77,000, wanda ya mai da shi kundin farko na Gibson na farko na aikinsa.
2017 –da ke nan: Satar Shafi A cikin Oktoba 2017, Gibson ya yi aiki a kan wani shiri mai taken Asalin sata, kuma ya sake komawa zuwa alter ego Black Ty, kundin wakoki ya fi mai da hankali ga asalin hip hop. Ya annabta cewa zai "canza hip hop".
Yin aiki Gibson yana da rawar da ke maimaituwa a cikin jerin fina-finai mafi girma guda biyu: Fast & Furious da Transformers Babban aikinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin Jaririn Yaro na John Singleton a cikin shekarar 2001. A cikin shekarar 2005, Gibson ya kasance tare da tauraron dan adam cikin wasan kwaikwayon na aikata laifi-'Yan'uwa hudu tare da Mark Wahlberg, kuma daga baya ya buga wasan kwaikwayon-wasan Waist Deep tare da Meagan Good A shekara ta 2008, ya kasance yana wasa a gaban Jason Statham a Mutuwa Mai sauri Furious Gibson yana wasa da Pearce Roman a cikin jerin fina-finai na Fast & Furious Ya fara wasa da Pearce tare da babban aboki, marigayi Paul Walker a cikin 2003 na 2 na 2 na fushi, haɗin gwiwarsa ta biyu tare da Singleton. Ya dawo a matsayin Pearce na Roman a cikin Fast 5 (2011), Fast & Furious 6 (2013), Fast 7 (2015), and The Fate of the Furious (2017).
Masu Canji Gibson ya nuna hoton Sergeant Robert Epps a jerin finafinan <i id="mwzg">Transformers</i> A shekara ta 2007, tare da gungu simintin na Josh Duhamel, John Turturro, Megan Fox, Anthony Anderson da kuma Jon Voight, tare da star Shi'a LaBeouf, gidajen wuta suka tafi a kan yin kusan 710 da miliyan a dukan duniya. Michael Bay ne ya gabatar da shi kuma ya samar da shi. Steven Spielberg ya yi aiki a matsayin mai aiwatarwa. Gibson ya ba da izinin rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin masu kawo canji: Yin ramuwar gayya (2009) da Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011). Gibson ya kamata ya dawo a matsayin Epps a cikin Transformers: The last Knight (2017), amma ya kasa fitowa saboda shirya rikice-rikice tare da The Fate of the Furious Sauran finafinai A shekara ta 2005, Singleton da Gibson sun yi aiki tare a karo na uku lokacin da Gibson suka yi hadin gwiwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na aikata-laifuka na Brothersan’uwa huɗu tare da Mark Wahlberg Gibson ya ci gaba da tauraruwa cikin wasan kwaikwayo-wasan kwaikwayo na Waist Deep tare da Meagan Good A shekara ta 2008, ya kasance yana wasa a gaban Jason Statham a Mutuwa A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, Gibson ya haɗu da Jared Leto a cikin Sony Spider-Man spinoff Morbius Rubutu A shekara ta 2009, Gibson ya kirkiro wani littafi mai ban al'ajabi mai lamba 3 mai taken MARHEM na Tyrese Gibson! bayan an yi masa wahayi daga ziyarar Comic Con A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2012, Gibson ya fito da littafinsa na farko, mai taken Yadda za a fita daga Hanyarku An ci gaba da kasancewa mai <i id="mwARY">cinikin New York Times</i> mafi kyau A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 2013, Gibson ya sake wallafa littafinsa na biyu tare da abokinsa Rev. Gudun mai taken Ilmin Addinai: Bayyanannin Sirrin Mutuminku, wanda kuma ya kasance dan kasuwa ne mafi kyawu a New York Rayuwarsa Gibson ya auri Norma Mitchell daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekarar 2009, kuma ma'auratan suna da ɗiya guda, ɗiya mace, an haifeta a 2007. Ya auri Samantha Lee a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2017. An haifi 'yarsu a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2018.
Wakoki Albums Nawa (1998) 2000 watts (2001) I Wanna Go (2002) Canji Ego (2006) Gayyatar Buɗewa (2011) Black Rose (2015) Sata asali (TBA) Sarakuna Uku (with TGT (2013)
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Bidiyoyin kiɗa
Theme parking ride
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Kyautar Muryar Amurka Bidiyon Gasar fim Kyautar baƙi ta Kyauta Kyautar Grammy Kyautar Hoto ta NAACP Locarno International Film Festival Soul Train Music Awards
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Tyrese Gibson on IMDb
Tyrese Gibson at AllMovie
Pages with unreviewed |
26052 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC | ABC | ABC sune haruffa uku na farko na rubutun Latin da aka sani da haruffa.
ABC ko abc na iya nufin to:
Zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai
Watsawa Kamfanin Watsawa na Amurka, mai watsa shirye -shiryen TV na Amurka
Rukunin Gidan Talabijin na Disney ABC, tsohon sunan ƙungiyar iyaye ta ABC Television Network
Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ostiraliya, ɗaya daga cikin masu watsa shirye -shiryen watsa shirye -shirye na Ostireliya
Gidan talabijin na ABC (gidan talabijin na Australiya), gidan talabijin na ƙasa na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya
ABC TV (tashar talabijin ta Ostiraliya), tashar talabijin ta flagship na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australia
ABC (tashar TV), Canberra, da sauran tashoshin gida na ABC TV a manyan biranen jihohi
ABC Ostiraliya (tashar talabijin ta kudu maso gabashin Asiya), tashar talabijin ta duniya mai biyan kuɗi
ABC Radio (disambiguation), tashoshin rediyo daban -daban ciki har da ABC na Amurka da Ostiraliya
Associated Broadcasting Corporation, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin sunayen TV5 Network, Inc., kamfanin talabijin na Philippine
ABC 5, tsohon sunan TV5 (Philippines), cibiyar sadarwa ta Filifin kyauta
<i id="mwKw">ABC</i> (shirin TV na Sweden), tsohon shirin labarai na yankin Sweden
ABC Weekend TV, tsohon kamfanin talabijin na Burtaniya
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, gidan talabijin na kasuwanci na Japan da gidan rediyo
Associated Broadcasting Company, tsohon sunan Associated Television, wani gidan talabijin na Burtaniya
Kiɗa
Ƙungiyoyi ABC (band), sabuwar ƙungiyar igiyar igiyar Ingilishi
ABC-Z (ABC har 2008), wani saurayi ɗan ƙasar Japan wanda Johnny's da Associates ke gudanarwa
Acid Black Cherry, ƙungiyar dutsen Japan
Alien Beat Club, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Danish
Wani mummunan Halitta, R&B na Amurka da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na rap
Lakabi ABC Classics, alamar rikodin Australiya
ABC Records, alamar rikodin Amurka
Kundaye <i id="mwSQ">ABC</i> (The Jackson 5 album), kundi na 1970 na The Jackson 5
<i id="mwTQ">ABC</i> (Jin album), kundi na 2007 na mawaƙin Ba-Amurke Jin
<i id="mwUA">ABC</i> (Kreidler album), kundi na 2014 ta ƙungiyar Kreidler
Sauran amfani a cikin kiɗa Waƙar ABC (disambiguation), waƙoƙi daban-daban tare da wannan take
Sanarwar ABC, harshe na kiɗan kiɗa
O2 ABC Glasgow, wurin kiɗa
Lokaci -lokaci <i id="mwXQ">ABC</i> (mujallar), mujallar Italiyanci da aka buga tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1977
<i id="mwYA">ABC</i> (jarida), jaridar yau da kullun ta Mutanen Espanya wacce aka kafa a 1903
<i id="mwYw">ABC</i> (jaridar Monterrey), jaridar Mexico ce da aka kafa a 1985
ABC Color, jaridar Paraguayan da aka kafa a 1967
Sauran amfani a zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai ABC Cinemas, sarkar sinima ta Burtaniya
Littafin haruffa, kowane ɗayan littattafan yara da yawa waɗanda ke nuna haruffa
Mafi kyawun Comics na Amurka, alamar DC Comics
Wurare Kasashen ABC, Argentina, Brazil, da Chile
Tsibirin ABC (Alaska), Admiralty Island, Baranof Island, da Tsibirin Chichagof
Tsibirin ABC (Leeward Antilles), Aruba, Bonaire, da Curaçao
Yankin ABC, yankin masana'antu a wajen São Paulo, Brazil
Filin jirgin sama na Albacete, filin jirgin sama na farar hula/soja mai hidimar Albacete, Spain (IATA: ABC)
Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Altnabreac, Scotland, ta lambar lambar ƙasa
Appa Balwant Chowk, yankin Pune, Indiya, sananne ga ɗakunan littattafai
Sanfuri da kamfanoni
Kamfanoni
Mai kudi Bankin Aikin Noma na China, banki ne a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin
Bankin Bankin Arab, babban bankin duniya wanda ke da hedikwata a Bahrain
Abinci da abin sha ABC (abinci), sashen abinci na Indonesiya na Kamfanin HJ Heinz
Kamfanin Aerated Bread Company, shahararren gidan burodi na Burtaniya da sarkar ɗakin shayi
Kamfanin Appalachian Brewing Company, wani kamfanin giya na Amurka
Sufuri ABC (motar 1906), motar Amurka
ABC (motar 1920), motar Ingilishi
ABC (motar 1922), motar Amurka da aka shirya
Babura ABC, wani kamfanin kera babur na Burtaniya
ABC Motors, Ingilishi ne ke kera jiragen sama, injunan iska da motoci
ABC Rail Guide, Jagorar layin dogo na Burtaniya da aka buga tsakanin 1853 da 2007
Sauran kamfanoni Cibiyoyin Ilmantarwa na ABC, tsohon kasuwancin kula da yara na Australia
ABC Stores (Hawaii), sarkar shagunan saukakawa a Hawaii
Majalisar Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama, mai ba da inshora na alhaki na kayayyakin jiragen sama
Kamfanin Anglo Belgian Corporation, mai kera injin dizal
Ofishin Audit of Circulations (disambiguation), kamfanonin binciken rarraba littattafai
Ofishin Audit of Circulations (Indiya), ƙungiya mai ba da labari mai ba da riba
Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (Arewacin Amurka)
Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (UK)
Lissafi <i id="mwtw">abc</i> zato, ra'ayi a ka'idar lamba
Tsarin ABC
Kimanin lissafin Bayesian, dangin dabarun ƙididdiga
Ƙungiyoyi
Kungiyoyin siyasa da kungiyoyin kwadago ABC (Cuba), ƙungiyar siyasa ta Cuba 1931–1952, mai suna bayan tsarin don yiwa lakabi da ɓoyayyun sel
Duk Babban Taron Basotho, jam'iyyar siyasa a Lesotho
Alliance for Barangay Concerns, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Philippines
American Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union, wanda ya gabaci Bakery na zamani, Masu Shaye -shaye, Ma'aikatan Taba da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Grain Millers.
American Battling Communism, wanda aka kafa 1947
Anarchist Black Cross, ƙungiyar siyasa
Komai Amma Mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamfen din siyasa na Kanada na 2008
Associationungiyar Barangay Captains, ƙungiyar duk barangays (ƙauyuka) a cikin Filipinas yanzu da aka sani da League of Barangays a Philippines
Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Biritaniya, na gundumomin tarihi
Kungiyoyin addini Yarjejeniyar Baftisma ta Amurka, tsohon sunan Ikklisiyoyin Baptist na Amurka
Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya Baptist a Ireland, a Ireland da Ingila
Kungiyoyin wasanni ABC Futebol Clube, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa) da ke Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
American Bowling Congress, wanda ya haɗu a 2005 tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa don kafa Majalisar Bowling Congress (USBC)
Associationungiyar Kwamitin Dambe, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun dambe da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mayaƙa (MMA) masu ba da riba don Arewacin Amurka
ABCs na Indianapolis, ƙungiyar ƙwallo ta Indianapolis ABCs
Sauran ƙungiyoyi Academia Británica Cuscatleca, makaranta ce a Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Ƙungiyoyin Littattafai Masu Ruwa, ƙaramin ƙungiya ta Ƙungiyar Kayayyakin Hikimar Duniya
Hadin gwiwar Baƙar fata na Afrikan, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Jami'ar California
American Bird Conservancy, ƙungiyar memba mai zaman kanta
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
Ƙididdigar Tsuntsaye na Ostiraliya, aikin ƙungiyar Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
Ma'aikatar Kula da Abin Sha ta Virginia, Virginia, Amurka
Kimiyya da fasaha
Biology da magani ABC (magani), mnemonic don "Airway, Breathing, Circulation"
Abacavir, maganin rigakafin cutar kanjamau da ake amfani da shi wajen maganin cutar kanjamau
Tsarin ABC na haɓaka fure, ƙirar kwayoyin halitta
Zubar da ciki hasashen kansar nono, alaƙa mai dacewa tsakanin kansar nono da zubar da ciki
Babban baƙo, babban kato a waje da iyakarta
Aneurysmal ƙashin ƙashi, wani irin rauni
Mai safarar kaset na ATP, furotin transmembrane
Hardware ABC, layin kwamfutoci ta Dataindustrier AB
Kwamfutar Kasuwancin Acorn, jerin ƙananan kwamfutoci da aka sanar a ƙarshen 1983 ta kamfanin Burtaniya Acorn Computers
Atanasoff Kwamfutar Berry, kwamfuta ta dijital ta farko
Wasu amfani a cikin kwamfuta ABC (kwayar cutar kwamfuta), mazaunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwayar cuta mai cutar fayil
ABC (yaren shirye -shirye), yaren shirye -shirye da muhalli
ABC (rafi cipher), rafi cipher algorithm
.abc, Fayilolin Code Byte na ActionScript; duba kwatankwacin aikace -aikacen injunan kama -da -wane
.abc, ko Alembic (graphics computer) format file
Abstract base class, tsarin yaren shirye -shirye
Artificial bee colony algorithm, wani bincike algorithm
Tattalin arziki Binciken ABC, fasahar rarrabuwa ta kaya
Kudin tushen aiki, hanyar lissafin kuɗi
Aiki don amfanin masu ba da bashi, ra'ayi a cikin dokar fatarar kuɗi
Tarin bayanai na ABC, hanyar tantance halayyar halayyar aiki a cikin nazarin halayyar ɗabi'a
Samfurin tasiri-halayyar-fahimi (ABC), ƙirar ɓangaren halaye
Sufuri Active Body Control, wani nau'in fasahar dakatar da mota
Ma’auratan Buffer na atomatik, nau'in ma’auratan jirgin ƙasa
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha ABC busasshen sinadarai, wakilin kashe wuta
Makamin ABC, makamin hallaka mutane
Hanzarta gina gadar, dabarar gina gadoji
Haɗin kebul na sama, don layin wutar lantarki
Airborne Cigar, tsarin ƙirar lantarki na sojan Burtaniya wanda aka yi amfani da shi lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II (WWII) don toshe hanyoyin sadarwar mayaƙin dare na Luftwaffe.
Atomic, biological, and chemical defense, yanzu an mai da shi azaman sinadarai, nazarin halittu, rediyo da kare makaman nukiliya
Sauran amfani Andrew Cunningham, Viscount Cunningham na Hyndhope na farko (1883 1963), wanda ake wa lakabi da ABC, Admiral na WWII na Burtaniya
Dabarun ABC, don "Kauracewa, zama masu aminci, yi amfani da kwaroron roba", dabarun ilimin jima'i
Gwajin ABC na Crispin Aubrey, John Berry da Duncan Campbell a 1978 a Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sirrin Ma'aikata na 1911
Bahaushe ɗan asalin Amurka, mutanen ƙabilar China da aka haifa a Amurka
Sinawa haifaffen Australiya, mutanen ƙabilar China da aka haifa a Ostiraliya
Ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniya Ta Ci gaba, nau'in balaguron iska
Air batu campur, wanda kuma ake kira ais kacang, kayan zaki na Malaysia
Gine -gine, gini da gini, masana'antu; misali duba azuzuwan Gidauniyar Masana’antu
Duba |
40600 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic%20Chemistry | Inorganic Chemistry | Inorganic Chemistry yana hulɗar da synthesis da halayyar mahaɗan inorganic da organometallic mahaɗi. Wannan filin ya ƙunshi mahaɗan sinadarai waɗanda ba su da tushen carbon, waɗanda su ne batutuwan sinadarai na halitta. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu ya yi nisa da cikakkiya, saboda akwai rugujewa da yawa a cikin subdiscipline na organometallic chemistry. Yana da aikace-aikace a kowane fanni na sinadarai masana'antu, ciki har da catalysis, kayan kimiyya, pigments, surfactants, coatings, magunguna, man fetur, da noma.
Key concepts Yawancin mahaɗi na inorganic sune mahaɗi na ionic, sun ƙunshi cations da anions waɗanda ke haɗawa da haɗin gwiwar ionic. Misalan gishiri (wanda shine mahaɗi na ionic) sune magnesium chloride MgCl 2, wanda ya ƙunshi magnesium cations Mg 2+ da chloride anions Cl; ko sodium oxide Na 2 O, wanda ya ƙunshi sodium cations Na da oxide anions O 2-. A cikin kowane gishiri, adadin ions sun kasance kamar yadda cajin lantarki ya soke, ta yadda babban fili ya zama tsaka tsaki na lantarki. Ana bayyana ions ta yanayin yanayin iskar oxygen kuma ana iya samun sauƙin samuwar su daga yuwuwar ionization (da cations) ko daga alaƙar electron (anions) na abubuwan iyaye.
Ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa a cikin mahadi na ionic ana kiransa makamashin lattice. Ana iya siffanta shi azaman zafin da aka saki lokacin da ions na cajin kishiyar a lokacin gas don haɗawa zuwa wani ƙarfi na ionic. Misali, idan muka dauki sinadarin sodium da chlorine atom mu hada su<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s) </math>Na+(g) Cl- (g)-> NaCl(s)za mu samu saboda wannan lambar ba ta da kyau za mu sami amsawar exothermic, idan wannan lambar ta kasance tabbatacce zai zama halayen endothermic. Wata hanyar kwatanta makamashin lattice ita ce makamashin da ake buƙata don raba mole guda na ion mai ƙarfi zuwa iskar gas, wannan shine juzu'in bayanin da ya gabata. Ba zai yiwu a ƙayyade waɗannan ƙididdiga ta gwaji ba saboda yawan yanayin da zai iya rinjayar abin da ya faru amma ana iya ƙididdige shi ta amfani da zagayowar Born-Haber.
Muhimman nau'ikan mahaɗi na inorganic sune oxides, carbonates, sulfates, da halides. Yawancin mahaɗan inorganic suna da alaƙa da manyan abubuwan narkewa. Gishirin da ba a iya gani ba yakan kasance poor conductors a cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi amma yana tashi kaɗan yayin da ya narke. Sauran mahimman siffofi sun haɗa da babban wurin narkewa da sauƙi na crystallization. Inda wasu gishiri (misali, NaCl ke narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, wasu (misali, FeS ba sayi.
Mafi sauƙaƙan halayen inorganic shine ƙaura sau biyu lokacin da aka haɗa gishiri biyu ana musanya ions ba tare da canji a yanayin iskar oxygen ba. A redox halayen daya reactant, da oxidant, lowers ta hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar da kuma wani reactant, da reductant, da hadawan abu da iskar shaka yanayin ya karu. Sakamakon net shine musayar electrons. Musanya electron na iya faruwa a kaikaice kuma, misali, a cikin batura, mahimmin ra'ayi a cikin ilimin electrochemistry Lokacin da mai amsawa ɗaya ya ƙunshi atom ɗin hydrogen, ana iya ɗaukar martani ta hanyar musayar protons a cikin sinadarai na acid-base. A cikin ma'anar gabaɗaya, kowane nau'in sinadari da ke da ikon ɗaure nau'ikan electron ana kiransa Lewis acid; Akasin haka, duk wani kwayoyin halitta da ke son ba da gudummawar nau'in electron ana kiransa tushen Lewis. A matsayin haɓakar hulɗar tushen acid, ka'idar HSAB tana la'akari da polarizability da girman ions.
Ana samun mahaɗan inorganic a cikin yanayi kamar ma'adanai. Ƙasa na iya ƙunshi ƙarfe sulfide kamar pyrite ko calcium sulfate kamar gypsum. Hakanan ana samun mahaɗan inorganic suna aiki da yawa azaman biomolecules: azaman electrolytes (sodium chloride), a cikin ajiyar makamashi (ATP) ko a cikin gini (kashin baya na polyphosphate a cikin DNA).
Muhimmin fili na farko da mutum ya yi shi ne ammonium nitrate don takin ƙasa ta hanyar Haber. An haɗa mahaɗan inorganic don amfani azaman masu haɓakawa kamar vanadium (V) oxide da titanium (III) chloride, ko azaman reagents a cikin sunadarai na halitta kamar lithium aluminum hydride.
Rukunin sunadarai na inorganic sune sunadarai na organometallic, cluster chemistry da sunadarai na bioinorganic. Waɗannan fagagen fage ne masu aiki na bincike a cikin sinadarai na inorganic, waɗanda ke nufin sabbin abubuwan haɓakawa, superconductors, da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ibn%20Muhammad%20Al-Fulani%20Al-Kishwani | Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani | Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani ya kasance a farkon ƙarni na 18 masanin ilmin lissafi, masanin taurari, sufi, da kuma masaniya daga Katsina, Arewacin Najeriya ta yanzu Al-Kishwani ya yi karatu a Gobarau da ke Katsina kafin ya tashi zuwa Alkahira, Misira a 1732, inda ya wallafa littafi a cikin larabci wani aiki mai taken, "Yarjejeniyar kan Maganganun Amfani da Haruffa" wanda shi ne rubutun ilimin lissafi na tsarin aiki don gina filayen sihiri har zuwa tsari 11.
Rayuwar Muhammad Al-kishnawi Al-Kishnawi malamin fulani ne haifaffen garin Dan Rako dake cikin garin Katsina (a jihar Katsina ta zamani). Dan Rako ya shahara wajen hada kai da ’yan kasuwar Wangara daga kasar Mali, wadanda suka kafa yankin. Daga baya Muhammad Bello ya kori garin kuma babu shi[4]. An haife shi a cikin iyali musulmi kuma ya yi karatun addini da littafinsa mai tsarki, al-Qur'ani. Daga cikin malamansa akwai Muhamamd al-Wali al-Burnawi, sanannen malami daga Kanem-Bornu, Muhammad Fudi, mahaifin Usman dan Fodio, da Muhammad al-Bindu "Booro Binndi", wani mashahurin malami daga Kanem-Bornu. sanannen malami wanda ya shahara a kasar Hausa da Bornu kuma ya ja hankalin dalibai da dama. aikin hajji zuwa Hijaz. Yana rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da Mai Qaddara Ya kubutar da ni, kuma mai rahama ya umarce ni da in ziyarci AnnabinSa, mafificin salati da salati a gare shi, da yin hajjin xakinSa mai tsarki. Na zauna a can na dan lokaci kuma na girma ta hanyar wadannan addu'o'in [kuma] na ciyar da aikina na gode masa, Mai rahama don variegating a areborrum a gare ni, ƙaramin magana [sha'rat lisanan] lalle ne ga wannan mafi girman falala [ni'am] da Ya yi mani….[6]: 249
Kamar kalmomin ƙarfafawa ga mai karatu ya rubuta:
Kada ku yi kasala, domin wannan jahilci ne kuma ba bisa ƙa'idodin wannan fasaha ba. Kamar masoyi, ba zaku iya fatan samun nasara ba tare da juriya mara iyaka ba.
Tafiya zuwa Makka ta kasance mai wahala, kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga mahajjatan Afirka ta Yamma suna hutu a birnin Alkahira kafin su ci gaba da tafiya. Wannan al'ada ce da fitattun mutane irin su Mansa Musa, shahararren sarkin Mali, suka yi a lokacin aikin hajji a karni na 14. Bisa irin wannan hanya, al-Kishnawi shi ma ya tsaya a birnin Alkahira kafin ya zarce zuwa Makka daga karshe ya zauna a Madina. A lokacin da yake Hijaz al-Kishnawi ya samu damar ganawa da kuma koyi da malamai daga sassa daban-daban na duniyar Musulunci. A cikin shekarun 1733-1734, ya koma birnin Alkahira, inda ya samu masauki a kusa da jami'ar Azhar. Ya sadaukar da kansa wajen rubuce-rubuce, kuma a cikin shekaru hudu na farko a Alkahira, ya kammala fitattun ayyuka, da suka hada da Al-Durr al-manẓūm, Bahjat al-āfāq, Bulūgh al-arab, da Durar al-yawāq
Al-Kishnawi ya shahara a Masar, daga baya ya zama malamin Hassan al-Jabarti, mahaifin fitaccen masanin tarihin Masar Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti.[7] Abd al-Rahman ya rubuta cewa mahaifinsa "ya koyi fasaha na lambobi da wuraren sihiri na zahiri da fasahar juzu'i" daga al-Kishnawi. A shekara ta 1741, Al-Kishnawi ya rasu yana da shekaru 42 a duniya a gidan Hassan al-Jabarti a birnin Alkahira. An binne shi ne a dakin taro na malamai da ke birnin Alkahira[8
Al-Kishwani ya mutu a Alkahira, Masar a 1741. Yana da shekaru 42.
Sanannan ayyukan shi Yawancin ayyukansa yanzu suna a ɗakin karatu na al-Azhar a Alkahira. Wasu ana adana su a Darul-kutub, wasu kuma wuraren adana bayanai a Morocco, Nigeria da London.[5]: 15 A matsayin kalmomin karfafa gwiwa ga masu karatu ya rubuta cewa: Kada ku bari, domin wannan jahilci ne ba bisa ka'ida ba. wannan fasaha Kamar masoyi, ba za ka iya fatan samun nasara ba tare da juriya mara iyaka ba.[9] Wasu daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa su ne: Bulugh al-arab min kalām arab: aikin nahawun larabci wanda aka yi kwanan nan a wajajen shekara ta 1736-7. Bughyat al-mawāli fī tarjamat Muḥammad al-Wāli: a biography of Muhamamd al-Wali al-Burnawi (one of his teacher). Manḥ al-qudū: waƙa ce mai aiki da hankali da aka ɗauko daga Mukhtasar al-Sanusī. Izālat al-’ubū ‘an wajh minaḥ al-quddūs: sharhin Mukhtasar al-Sanusi. Sharhin Kitāb al-durr wa'l-tiryāq fī 'ilm al-awfāq na Abd al-Rahman al-Jurjani kan ilimin haruffa da sunayen Allah masu girma, wanda aka kammala a ranar 6 ga Satumba 1734. Littattafai uku akan Durar al- yawaqit fi 'ilm al-huruf wa'l asma'. Mughnī al-mawāfi 'an jamī' al-khawāf: a numerological work on the magic square da aka kammala ranar 29 ga Janairu 1733. Al-Durr al-manẓūm wa khulāṣat al-sirr al-maktūm fī 'ilm al-ṭalāsim wa'l-nujūm Shahararren sharhinsa akan bangarori uku na "ilimin asiri", wanda aka kammala a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1733.[6]: 264-265 [10]: 141
Manazarta Mutanen |
57902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallakar%20Najeriya | Mallakar Najeriya | An gudanar da shirye-shiryen sabon kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya don samun ‘yancin kai a wajen taron da aka gudanar a gidan Lancaster House da ke Landan a shekarun 1957 da 1958,wanda Rt. Hon. Alan Lennox-Boyd,MP,Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya na Turawan Mulki.An zabo wakilan Najeriya da za su wakilci kowane yanki da kuma nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban.Tawagar Balewa na NPC ne ya jagoranta kuma ta hada da shugabannin jam'iyyar Awolowo na Action Group, Azikiwe na NCNC,da Bello na NPC; sun kuma kasance shugabannin yankunan Yamma,Gabas da Arewa,bi da bi.An samu 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
An gudanar da zaɓe na sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai girma a cikin Disamba 1959; Kujeru 174 daga cikin kujeru 312 an ware wa yankin Arewa ne bisa yawan al'ummarsa.Jam’iyyar NPC,ta shiga ’yan takara ne kawai a yankin Arewa,ta takaita kamfen ne kawai ga al’amuran cikin gida amma ta ki amincewa da kara sabbin gwamnatoci.NCNC ta goyi bayan samar da jaha ta tsakiya tare da ba da shawarar kula da harkokin ilimi da kiwon lafiya na tarayya.
Kungiyar Action Group,wacce ta gudanar da yakin neman zabe,ta nuna goyon baya ga gwamnati mai karfi da kuma kafa sabbin jihohi uku yayin da take ba da shawarar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Yamma wacce za ta hada Najeriya da Ghana da Saliyo.NPC ta samu kujeru 142 a sabuwar majalisar.An kira Balewa ya jagoranci gwamnatin hadakar NPC da NCNC, kuma Awolowo ya zama shugaban ‘yan adawa a hukumance.
Najeriya mai zaman kanta (1960) A dokar majalisar dokokin Burtaniya, Najeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960.An nada Azikiwe a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na tarayya, Balewa ya ci gaba da zama shugaban majalisar da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya,amma a yanzu mai cikakken iko,gwamnati.Gwamna-Janar ya wakilci sarkin Burtaniya a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma masarautar ta nada shi bisa shawarar firaministan Najeriya tare da tuntubar shugabannin yankin.Shi kuma Gwamna-Janar shi ne ke da alhakin nada firaminista da kuma zabar dan takara daga cikin shugabannin da ke takaddama a lokacin da babu rinjaye a majalisa.In ba haka ba,ofishin Gwamna-Janar na da gaske ne.
Gwamnati ce ke da alhakin Majalisar da ta kunshi wakilai 312 da aka zaba da kuma Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 44, wadanda majalisun yankin suka zaba.
Gabaɗaya,kundin tsarin mulkin yanki sun bi tsarin tarayya,na tsari da kuma aiki. Tafiyar da ta fi daukar hankali ita ce yankin Arewa,inda tanadi na musamman ya kawo tsarin mulkin yankin ya dace da shari’ar Musulunci da al’ada. Kamanceceniya tsakanin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayya da na yanki ya kasance yaudara,duk da haka,kuma yadda ake tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsakanin yankuna.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1961,an gudanar da taro don tantance ra'ayin Kudancin Kamaru da Arewacin Kamaru,waɗanda Birtaniyya ke gudanar da su a matsayin yankin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Da gagarumin rinjaye,masu kada kuri'a a Kudancin Kamaru sun zabi shiga kasar Kamaru karkashin mulkin Faransa a da,domin hadewa da Najeriya a matsayin wani yanki na daban.A Arewacin Kamaru, duk da haka, mafi yawan al'ummar Musulmi sun zabi hadewa da yankin Arewacin Najeriya.
Duba kuma Ƙungiyoyin Forcados da Badjibo
Bandele Omoniyi
Bayanan kula
CanNassoshi
Bayanan kula
Sources Karatun Ƙasa Akan Layi Najeriya a ɗakin karatu na Congress
Kara karantawa Afeadie, Philip Atsu. "Hannun Hidden na Ƙarfafa Mulki: Wakilan Siyasa da Kafa Mulkin Mulkin Biritaniya a Arewacin Najeriya, 1886-1914". An karɓi karatun digiri na PhD a Tsarin Digiri a Tarihi, Jami'ar York, Ontario. Satumba 1996.
Asiegbu, Johnson UJ Nigeria da Maharanta na Biritaniya, 1851–1920: Tarihin Takardun Marubuciya New York Enugu: Nok Publishers International, 1984. ISBN 0-88357-101-3
Ayandele, Emmanuel Ayankanmi. Tasirin mishan akan Najeriya ta zamani, 1842-1914: Nazarin siyasa da zamantakewa (London: Longmans, 1966).
Burns, Alan C. Tarihin Najeriya (ed. London, 1942) kan layi kyauta Carland, John M. Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, 1898–1914 Hoover Institution Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8179-8141-1
Dike, KO "John Beecroft, 1790-1854: Consul na Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 1849-1854" Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1#1 (1956), shafi. 5-14, kan layi
Fafunwa, A. Babs. Tarihin ilimi a Najeriya (Routledge, 2018).
Falola, Toyin, Matthew M. Heaton, Tarihin Najeriya (Cambridge UP, 2008, akan layi kyauta don aro
Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, da Matthew M. Heaton. Kamus na tarihi na Najeriya (Rowman Littlefield, 2018).
Isachei, Elizabeth. Tarihin Najeriya (Longman, Inc., 1983). ISBN 0-582-64331-7
Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. "Asusun Ta'aziyyar Sojojin Najeriya, 1940-1947: 'Hakin Gwamnatin Najeriya Na Bada Kudade Don Jin Dadin Sojojinta'." Itinerario 43.3 (2019): 516-542.
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier (ed. Daga Kasuwancin Bayi zuwa Daular: Turai da mulkin mallaka na Baƙar fata Afirka 1780-1880s Abingdon, Birtaniya, da kuma New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-714-65691-7
Tamuno, TN Juyin Halittar Ƙasar Najeriya: Matakin Kudancin, 1898–1914 New York: Jaridar Humanities, 1972. SBN 391 00232 5
Tamuno, TN (1970). "Rikicin 'yan aware a Najeriya tun 1914." Jaridar Nazarin Zamani na Afirka, 8 (04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cibiyar Al'adu ta Google: Haihuwar Turawan Mulkin Najeriya, 1851-1914 Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic, Makarantar Watsa Labarai da |
30263 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20ilimi | Ƴancin ilimi | ’Yancin ilimi hakkin iyaye ne su samawa ‘ya’yansu tarbiya dai-dai da addini da sauran ra’ayoyinsu, wanda hakan zai ba wa kungiyoyi damar tarbiyyantwr yara ba tare da takura wa kasa ba.
'Yancin ilimi ra'ayi ne na tsarin mulki (doka) wanda aka haɗa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, yarjejeniya ta 1, Mataki na 2, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da 'Yancin Al'adu Mataki na 13 da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa da yawa, misali tsarin mulkin Belgium (tsohon tsarin mulki). labarin 17, yanzu labarin 24) da tsarin mulki na Holland (labarin 23).
Turai An kafa dandalin 'yanci a Turai a cikin shekarata 1989 kuma yana da mambobi 69 a cikin kasashe 13. Bukatunsu na hukuma sun hada da bukatar cin gashin kai ga dalibai da malamai. Kuma Har ila yau, ya tabbatar da mahimmancin bambancin ilimi, don ba da damar iyaye su zabi tura 'ya'yansu makarantar da ta dace da ra'ayoyinsu.
Netherlands A cikin Netherlands, yaƙin siyasa ya barke a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara game da batun keɓancewar gwamnati kan ilimin kyauta. Kuma An yi adawa da shi a ƙarƙashin tutar "'Yancin Ilimi" da Rarraba Coci da Jiha Yaren mutanen Holland sun kira shi De Schoolstrijd (Yaƙin Makarantu). Maganin Yaren mutanen Holland shine rabuwar makaranta da jiha ta hanyar ba da kuɗin duk makarantu daidai, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu daga shekarata 1917. 'Yancin ilimi ya haifar da kafa sabbin nau'ikan makarantu da yawa a cikin jimillar ilimi a cikin Netherlands An gabatar da sababbin hanyoyin ilimi ta hanyar tunani akan ilimi (kamar na Maria Montessori, Rudolf Steiner, Jenaplan An kuma tallafa wa makarantu bisa addini. Bayan kwararowar ma'aikata daga kasashen Musulunci, an bullo da makarantun Islamiyya. A shekarar 2003, gaba daya makarantun islamiyya 35 ne ke aiki. Sai dai wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa bullo da sabbin makarantun sakandare na da wahala. Al'ummomin yankin, sannan gami da makarantun yankin da ake da su, sun ki amincewa da bullo da sabbin makarantu, misali ta hanyar jinkirta tsarin neman wurin da za a kafa sabuwar makaranta. A halin yanzu, ’yancin koyar da addini a makarantu hakki ne da aka kayyade, ga daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyi su koyar, da kuma mutum ya koya. Kuma Duk da yake wannan a sarari yana nufin yara, ana kuma iya fassara shi don a shafi haƙƙin iyaye don a koya wa yaro imaninsu mai kima ko ƙa'idodinsu. An sami batutuwa game da iyakance iyawar makarantun addini a cikin Netherlands. Wannan ya haɗa da babbar barazana ga makarantun Yahudawa na addinin Islama na 'yancin cin moriyar wannan 'yanci. Bayan wani sauyi na gaba ɗaya a cikin Netherlands an sami cece-kuce game da daidaita ƴancin ilimi da sauran haƙƙoƙin rashin wariya da ake iya gani, Kuma musamman ga mata a makarantun Islamiyya masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Yawancin makarantun addini a cikin Netherlands suma tun daga lokacin sun daina aiki a cikin rukunin cibiyoyinsu, don haka rage ikonsu a cikin tsarin ilimi. Haɗe da haɓaka a cikin bambance-bambancen, da mahimmancin mahimmanci na rashin nuna bambanci, ikon ƙungiyoyin addini masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin Netherlands don ilmantar da 'ya'yansu a cikin hanyar da aka ba su.
Halin da ake ciki a Turai (2013) Wani binciken Jami'ar Amsterdam na shekarata 2013 ya sanya kasashe mambobin kasashe shida ta hanyar ilimin da suka dace (ikon ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin addini na son rai wanda za'a iya taimakawa hana shi ta hanyar kudade) don ba da alamar 'yancin ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane don cusa imaninsu ta hanyar addini. ilimi. An jera abubuwan ƙarshe a ƙasa.
Denmark Denmark ta sami babban kima. Kundin tsarin mulkin Denmark yana buƙatar aikin ilimi, amma ba wanda ake nufi da makarantar ba. Wannan yana haifar da zaɓi don ilimi mai zaman kansa ko makarantar gida Makarantu masu zaman kansu suna karɓar tallafi wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 3/4 na farashi. Kuma A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Denmark ta haɓaka matakin sa ido kan waɗannan makarantu da wajibcin da ke kan makarantun na daidaita kansu.
Netherlands Netherlands ta sami babban matsayi; Makarantun addini a cikin Netherlands waɗanda ke masu zaman kansu ana ba da kuɗaɗe dai-dai ga makarantun gwamnati kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya. Fiye da rabin makarantun Netherlands an gina su bisa tushen addini. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Holland (shafi na 23) ya kare ‘yancin ilimi kuma yana nufin dole ne gwamnati ta rike makarantu masu zaman kansu da na jiha daidai gwargwado. Yayin da makarantu masu zaman kansu ke buƙatar ɗaukar ƙwararrun malamai, Kuma za su iya zaɓar malamansu ko ɗaliban bisa ga imaninsu na ruhaniya ko ɗabi'u Ireland Ireland ta sami babban kima. Kashi 95% na firamare da kashi 57% na makarantun sakandaren Irish na ɗarika ne, kodayake wannan adadin yana raguwa. Ilimi yana samun tallafi mafi yawa daga Katolika amma kuma Furotesta, Bayahude, da cibiyoyin musulmi da amintattu. Har ila yau, Kuma akwai makarantun harshen Irish ga iyayen da ke son koyar da 'ya'yansu ta harshen ƙasa, saboda yawancin jama'ar Ireland suna jin Turanci. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen nahiyar, kungiyoyin ilimin addini sun sami 'yanci mai karfi, Sannan kuma sun sami damar kafa makarantun da ke samun kudade masu yawa na jihohi.
Italiya Italiya ta sami matsakaicin ƙima. Makarantun addini a Italiya masu zaman kansu ne, waɗanda za su iya neman zama kamar makarantun gwamnati. Idan har suka cimma hakan, za su kasance karkashin dokokin makarantun gwamnati. Suna iya samun kuɗi, to amma a mafi yawan lokuta masu nasara makarantun Katolika ne kawai waɗanda ƙungiyoyin Katolika suke gudanarwa, addini mafi rinjaye a ƙasar.
Spain Spain ta sami matsakaicin ƙima. A ka'idar tsarin mulkin Spain yana kare 'yancin ƙirƙirar makaranta bisa wani imani. Koyaya, a aikace, sannan kafa makarantu don ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye na iya zama matsala galibi saboda wadatar albarkatu. Kasa da makarantu goma a kasar a zahiri suna koyar da kungiyoyin tsirarun addini.
Sweden Sweden ta sami babban kima. 'Yancin makarantun Sweden masu zaman kansu daidai yake da na makarantun jiha. Yayin da makarantun addini za su iya zaɓar ma'aikatansu ko ɗalibai, dokokin ƙasa sun bayyana a fili abin da za a iya kuma ba za a iya barin koyarwa ba, kamar jinsi Kuma An ba da izinin ƙa'idodin da ke kewaye da sutura ko ɗabi'a muddin sun bi cikin babbar doka. Ikon koyar da ingantaccen manhajar Islama yana da iyakancewa, duk da haka, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙimar Sweden ta kusa ragewa zuwa matsakaici.
Amirka ta Arewa
Amurka Kusan kashi 17% na makarantu a Amurka suna da tushen bangaskiya. Koyaya, Amurka ba ta ba wa iyalai wani tallafi na jama'a don halartar irin waɗannan makarantu akai-akai. Wasu dokokin jihohi suna buƙatar makarantun gwamnati su ilimantar da ɗalibansu ta hanyar boko don kada su amince da wani takamaiman addini. Koyaya, yawancin makarantun jama'a a Amurka sun zama masu karɓar buƙatun abinci iri-iri, Sannan kamar zaɓin na goro ko zaɓin cin ganyayyaki, kuma ana barin yara su keɓe daga ayyukan da yawanci ba su dace da koyarwar addininsu ba.
Sai dai duk da cewa babu wani matsin lamba da tsarin mulki ya yi wa 'yancin iyaye na zabar ilimi, har yanzu al'ummar Amirka na adawa da ilimin addini a wasu jihohin. Rahotannin da ba su dace ba haɗe da ɗabi'ar ƴan ƙasar Amirka na matsa lamba kan iyayen da ke son tura 'ya'yansu makarantu masu zaman kansu na addini. Kuma Ko da yake makarantu masu zaman kansu babban tushen ilimin addini ne ga waɗanda ba su da ra'ayi da ra'ayi ɗaya, shiga makarantar masu zaman kansu ba zai zama zaɓi ɗaya ba.
Kudancin Amurka Ana tallafawa 'yancin makarantu na addini ta hanyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na yawancin ƙasashen Kudancin Amirka A cikin Chile, ana ba da kuɗi ga makarantun jihohi da masu zaman kansu a kowane zamani. Sannan Babu koyarwar da ba ta Katolika ba a yawancin makarantu a cikin wannan yanki, duk da haka. Duk da yake har yanzu akwai wasu lokuta na nuna wariyar addini a Kudancin Amirka, an shawo kan hani na doka da na al'umma ta hanyar tasirin tasirin Vatican, yaduwar Furotesta da Canjin Tsarin Mulki. 'Yancin ilimi ta hanyar imani ba tare da bangaskiyar Kirista ba har yanzu ya kasance batun da ake gwabzawa a duk Kudancin Amurka.
Afirka Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ‘yancin addini da ‘yanci sashe na 15 ya ba da damar gudanar da bukukuwan addini a makarantun gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu, matukar dai sun bi wasu dokoki.
Ostiraliya Akwai tallafin doka don ilimin addini kyauta kuma buɗe a cikin tsarin makarantun jama'a na Ostiraliya, amma ainihin aikace-aikacen sa ba kasafai ba ne. Shiyasa Duk da haka, akwai kuma goyon baya ga hanyar "ikirari" na ilimin addini wanda ya zama ruwan dare tun karni na 19. Wannan hanyar tana ba wa majami'u damar ziyartar coci don ba da darussan addini a makarantu. Hakanan akwai makarantun Islama da na Yahudawa da yawa a duk faɗin ƙasar, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a New South Wales da Victoria Kuma Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da kuɗi ga makarantu masu zaman kansu, fiye da rabin waɗanda tushen bangaskiya ne.
Asiya
Isra'ila A halin yanzu Isra'ila tana ba da ɗimbin yawa na Haredi da makarantun Larabawa, da kuma makarantu masu zaman kansu na musamman waɗanda ke nuna wasu aƙidar iyaye, ko kuma sun dogara ne akan tsarin karatun ƙasar waje, misali, Makarantar Duniya ta Kudus American Duk da haka, nasarar da daliban Haredi suke samu a matakin kasa ya ragu matuka. Isra'ila kuma tana gudanar da tsarin ilimin Larabawa ga tsirarunsu, gami da darussa kan al'adunsu da tarihinsu don tallafawa iyayen Larabawa. Duk da haka, an yi zargin samun ingantattun kudade da aka karkata ga tsarin ilimin Yahudawa. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Isra’ila na kashe dala 192 a kowace shekara kan kowane dalibin Larabawa, idan aka kwatanta da dala 1,100 ga kowane dalibi Bayahude. Watch na shekarata 2001 ya yi iƙirarin cewa ɗaliban makarantar Larabawa suna samun ƙarancin ilimi daga ƙarancin albarkatu da cibiyoyi marasa kyau.
Kasashen Larabawa Har yanzu ana iya hana mata a kasashen Larabawa daidaiton damammaki, duk da cewa rashin karfin da suke da shi shi ne muhimmin abin da ke gurgunta kasuwannin kasashen Larabawa don komawa fagen farko na shugabannin duniya a fannin kasuwanci na taurari, koyan matasa da al'adun gargajiya, a cewar wani sabon salo. Rahoton da Amurka ta tallafa a cikin shekarar 2012. Ilimi a kasashen Larabawa ya samu ci gaba cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Sai dai kuma har yanzu darajar ilimi ba ta tabarbare, har yanzu yara da dama suna barin makarantun firamare da wuri kuma jahilci ya yi yawa, a cewar wani sabon rahoton hukumar kula da ilimi da kimiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNESCO.
'Yancin ilimi da ilimi Shirin 'yancin samun ilimi ya bayyana 'yancin ilimi a matsayin 'yancin iyaye na tabbatar da addini da tarbiyyar 'ya'yansu bisa ga imaninsu na zabar makarantu baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnati Dole ne Gwamnati ta mutunta wannan 'yancin a cikin ilimin jama'a. Kuma 'Yancin ilimi ya haɗa da 'yancin kowa ya kafa da jagorantar cibiyoyi waɗanda ke bin ƙa'idodin Jiha na koyo. Kwamitin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (General Comment 13) ya bayyana cewa dole ne Jiha ta tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin ba ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na damar ilimi ga wasu ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma. 'Yancin ilimi ya shafi 'yancin kai na membobin al'umma na ilimi don aiwatarwa, haɓakawa, da sadar da ilimi da ra'ayoyi ta hanyar bincike, koyarwa, tattaunawa, takardu, samarwa, da rubutu ko dai a haɗin gwiwa ko ɗaiɗaiku. Sannan 'Yancin ilimi yana kira ga 'yancin kai na manyan makarantun ilimi. 'Yanci a fannin ilimi na nuni da bukatar iyaye su zama masu alhakin tarbiyyar 'ya'yansu. Gwamnatoci ba su da iko ko ikon tilastawa iyalai da daidaikun jama'a ko ba da tallafin ilimin ɗalibai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.
Duba wasu abubuwan 'Yancin ilimi
Madadin ilimi
Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi
Wariya a cikin ilimi
Zabin makaranta
Ilimin addini
Ilimin addini a makarantun firamare da sakandare
Hakkin ilimi
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50200 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Brock | Alice Brock | Alice May Brock (an haife ta ashekarar (1941)watan Fabrairu 28, Yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke ce, marubucin lokaci-lokaci kuma tsohon mai gyaran fuska. Mazaunan Massachusetts don dukan rayuwarta ta girma, Brock ta mallaki kuma tana sarrafa gidajen abinci uku a cikin Berkshires The Back Room, Take-Out Alice da Alice's a Avaloch a jere tsakanin 1965 da 1979. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan ya zama abin ƙarfafawa ga waƙar Arlo Guthrie mai suna Alice's Restaurant wanda hakan ya zaburar da fim ɗin 1969 mai suna iri ɗaya Kuruciya ta An haifi Brock Alice May Pelkey a Brooklyn, New York City, ga mahaifiyar ta ta kasance Bayahudiya kuma uwar Al'ummai Iyalin Pelkey sun kasance masu kyakkyawan aiki da dabi'u kuma galibi suna ciyar da lokacin bazara a lardin Provincetown, Massachuset,. Duk iyayenta sunkasance ba mabiya addini bane su, ko da yake mahaifiyarta Bayahudiya ce a al'adance kuma ita da kanta sheda wa jama'a ta bayyana a matsayin Bayahude Daga baya ta bada labarin rayuwar ta da danginta a matsayin rashin aiki kuma mahaifinta a matsayin mai cin zarafi, lura da cewa har yanzu tana son iyayenta amma tana samun wahalar faranta musu rai. Bayan ta yi karatu a makarantar gyara, ta halarci Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence Brock ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai fafutuka a siyasance tun tana matashiya.
Bayan ta kammala karatun ta a jami'a, ta yi a kankanin lokaci a ƙauyen Greenwich, inda a cikin 1962, ta sanu, sannan ta auri Ray Brock, ma'aikacin katako, malamin shago, kuma flipper daga Virginia wanda ke tsakiyar 30s a lokacin. sama da shekaru goma da girmi man Alice. A shekara ta nada1964, sun sami aiki tare a Makarantar Stockbridge a Stockbridge, Massachusetts, tare da Ray yana aiki a matsayin malamin shago da Alice a matsayin ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu. Tare da amincewa daga mahaifiyarta, sun sayi cocin da aka tsarkake a cikin Great Barrington, wanda ma'auratan suka canza zuwa wurin zama don kansu da wurin taron abokai da masu ra'ayin bohemians Daga baya ta bayyana zabin coci ga kungiyar ta a matsayin wani nau'i na sacrilege, ta yi amfani da alamar al'ada da kafa addini don ci gaba da dabi'un ta. A cikin 1991, an sake dawo da ginin da aka daɗe ba a kula da shi ba kuma aka canza shi zuwa Cibiyar Guthrie a Old Trinity Church, cibiyar bautar addinai da wurin yin aiki.
Abinda ya faru Ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Brocks a Makarantar Stockbridge ya kasance Arlo Guthrie, a lokacin mai son gandun daji, dashen rabin Yahudawa na New York kamar Brock, da kuma ɗan gunkin da mutane ke fama da rashin lafiya a lokacin Woody Guthrie Lokacin da Arlo Guthrie ya bar Kwalejin Rocky Mountain a Montana don hutun godiya a watan Nuwamba 1965, ya zauna a mazaunin Brocks don abincin dare na godiya na shekara-shekara., Guthrie da abokinsa Richard Robbins sun amince su zubar da dattin da suka taru a cikin cocin, ba tare da sanin cewa an rufe juji na gida don hutu ba. Guthrie da abokinsa sun zubar da kayansu a kan wani dutse a kan kadarorin masu zaman kansu. Lokacin da aka sanar da shugaban ‘yan sanda na Stockbridge William "Obie" Obanhein game da zubar da jini ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya kama Guthrie da abokinsa, kuma ya tsare su a gidan yari. Alice ta bada belinsu bayan awanni da yawa; fushin da ta yi game da lamarin ya kusan sa Obanhein ya kama ta. (Brock ya kasance abokan taka da Obanhein, yana la'akari da shi "mutum mai dadi sosai, kuma dan sanda mai kyau." A ƙarshe, an ci tarar Guthrie da Robbins kaɗan kuma sun karɓi datti a ƙarshen mako.
Gun cin abinci na farko Mahaifiyarta ta shawo kan Brock don buɗe gidan abinci, wanda ya gaza siyan a matsayin wata dama ga 'yarta ta zama ta tsaya da kafan ta mai cin gashin kanta. Ta riga ta kasance Mai son yiwa kawayen ta hidima tana yi a cocin girki da yawa, abin da ya bata mata rai. Alice ta sayi filin kasuwanci mara komai a bayan jere na kantuna a Amurka<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYA"> </span>7 a Stockbridge kuma ya canza shi zuwa ɗakin Baya a cikin 1965, jim kaɗan kafin ziyarar Guthrie. Akwai wasu sabani akan daidai lokacin da aka bude dakin Baya; Brock zai yi iƙirarin a cikin 2008 cewa bai kasance ba sai bayan da ya faru, amma waƙar Guthrie game da ita tana nufin an riga an buɗe gidan abincin a lokacin. A wani zaman da Guthrie ya yi da Brocks a lokacin ziyararsa, shi, Ray da Alice sun fara tsara tushen abin da zai zama rabin farko na "Alice's Restaurant". (Rabi na biyu na waƙar zai zo daga baya. Brock za ta yi tunani a kan buɗewar wannan gidan abincin yayin da aka fara rashin jituwa tsakaninta da mijinta. A cewarta, saboda a halin yanzu tana rayuwarta a matsayin mace mai zaman kanta kuma tana buƙatar San farin nata dan yin aiki a gidan abinci, Ray ba shi da ikon kula da ita ta hanyar kuɗi kafin wannan kawai ya ba ta ɗan ƙaramin alawus ne wanda ya ƙara tashin hankali a tsakanin. biyu. Alice kuma Sabanin abin da aka yi a cikin fim din game da Gidan Baya, Alice ta ce ta kasance da aminci ga Ray a duk lokacin auren kuma ba ta da lalata; ba ta kwana da Guthrie ba, alal misali. Guthrie ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Alice ta kasance da ta aminci ga Ray a cikin mawaƙa na ƙarshe na waƙar, lura da cewa abokin ciniki zai iya "sami duk abin da kuke so ban da Alice" a gidan cin abinci, kuma wanda ake tuhuma, Richard Robbins, ya bayyana ra'ayin Alice. samun al'amura a matsayin "cikakken bijimin." Brock ya rufe gidan abincin a watan Afrilu 1966 kuma ya koma yankin Boston tare da abokai. Za ta koma Great Barrington kuma ta yi sulhu da Ray jim kadan bayan haka, ta kammala tare da babban bikin aure na hippie da aka rubuta a cikin fim din, amma su biyun za su sake saki na dindindin a 1968. Ray ya koma kasar su Virginia ya mutu sakamakon ya ya gamuda ciwon bugun zuciya,( 1979). Alice ba ta da yara tare da shi, kuma bata sakeyin aure ba bayan rabuwar su da ita. sun yin sharhi a cikin 2020 cewa tana da ra'ayi marar kyau game da dangin nukiliya saboda kaɗan daga cikin waɗanda ta san suna da lafiya, rayuwar dangi.
Fim Brock ya yarda zai shiga cikin samar da fim din Alice's Restaurant, ciki har da shiga cikin tallace-tallace da kuma yin bayyanai a cikin fim din kanta; Ba kamar Guthrie da sauran mutane da yawa a cikin labarin ba, ta ƙi tayin nuna kanta a cikin fim kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Pat Quinn ta taka rawar Alice. Brock ba ta sami kusan kome ba daga aikinta na talla kuma ya damu bayan ya koyi cewa Arthur Penn, darektane na a fim din kuma marubucin, ya shigar da kayan a cikin labarin da ta ji "ba ta bayyana ba, ta kunyata ni, kuma ta sanya ni cikin wani abu." Ta musanta cewa "Ba na kwana da kowa a duniya, alal misali ba Arlo Guthrie ba! Kuma ban san wanda ya harbi tabar heroin ba." Bugu da ƙari, nasarar ban mamaki na waƙar da fim ɗin ya sa Brock ya zama mashahurin da ba ya so. Ta bayyana fim din a matsayin tushen shaharar da ba a so kuma ta bayyana a baya jim kadan bayan fitowar ta cewa yakamata ta yi duk abin da za ta iya don hana shirya fim din. Tun daga watan Yuni 1970, tana zaune ita kaɗai a gidan haya a Lenox, Massachusetts, tare da shirya zama a can na dogon lokaci.
A matsayin hanyar rama Brock, ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya fim ɗin ya shirya mata ta rubuta littafin dafa abinci, The Alice's Restaurant Cookbook, wanda aka buga a 1969. Daga baya Brock ya yarda cewa yawancin girke-girken da aka nuna ita da mahaifiyarta ne suka kirkiro su musamman don littafin, maimakon sun samo asali a gidan abinci, kuma ba a gwada su ba kafin a buga su; ta mai da shi falsafar rayuwa don yin gwaji akai-akai tare da sabbin girke-girke. Littafin ya tabbatar da nasara a tsaka-tsaki kuma ya bi ta cikin bugu huɗu.
Rayayyun |
13638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hajar%20al-Asqalani | Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani | Dan Hajar al-'Asqalani, ko Ibn Hajar Arabic cikakken suna: Shihāb al-Dīn Abū 'l-Faḍl Aḥmad dan Nūr al-Dīn Alī dan Muḥammad dan Ḥajar Asqalānī (18 Fabrairu 1372 2 Fabrairu 1449 [852 AH]), ya kasance masanin ilimin Musulunci na zamani. "wanda aikinsa ya kasance shine hadaddin karshe na kimiyyar Hadith Ya wallafa wasu ayyuka 150 a cikin hadisi, tarihi, tarihin, tafsiri, waƙoƙi, da kuma hukunce-hukuncen Shafi'ite, wadanda suka fi daraja wadanda kasancewarsa sharhin Sahih Bukhari ne, mai taken Fath al-Bari Farkon rayuwa An haife shi a Alkahira a 1372, ɗan malamin Shafi'i kuma mawaƙi Nur al-Din 'Ali. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu tun yana karami, kuma shi da 'yar uwarsa, Sitt al-Rakb, sun zama sanannun mahaifin matar mahaifinsa na farko, Zaki al-Din al-Kharrubi, wanda ya yi wa Ibn Hajar karatun Alqurani tun yana dan shekara biyar. A nan ne ya yi fice, yana koyon karatun Suratul Maryam a rana guda tare da haddace Alqur’ani gab da shekara 9. Ya sami ci gaba cikin haddace ayoyin kamar fasalin ɗaukar hoto na aikin Ibn al-Hajib akan tushe na fiqh Ilimi A lokacin da ya raka al-Kharrubi zuwa Makka tun yana dan shekara 12, an dauke shi wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci sallar Tarawih a lokacin Ramadan Lokacin da mai kula da shi ya mutu a shekara ta 1386, Ibn Hajar ya yi karatu a Misra wanda aka danƙa wa malamin hadisi Shams al-Din ibn al-Qatta, wanda ya shigar da shi cikin darussan da Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (d. 1404) da Ibn al- Mulaqqin (d. 1402) a cikin Shafi'i fiqh da Abd al-Rahim bn al-Husain al-'Iraqi (d. 1404) a hadisi, bayan haka ya tafi Damascus da Kudus, don yin karatu a karkashin Shams al-Din al -Qalqashandi (d. 1407), Badr al-Din al-Balisi (d. 1401), da Fatima bint al-Manja al-Tanukhiyya (d. 1401). Bayan kara ziyartar Makka da Madina da Yemen, ya koma Masar Al-Suyuti ya ce: "An ce ya sha ruwan Zamzam ne domin ya kai matsayin al-Dhahabi cikin haddace wanda ya yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, har ma ya zarce shi."
Rayuwarsa A 1397, yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar, Al-'Asqalani ya aure shahararriya gwanar hadisai Uns Khatun, wanda aka gudanar ijazas daga Hafiz al-Iraqi, kuma ya ba jama'a da laccoci ga taro masu yawa na Malamai, ciki har da al-Sakhawi Matsayi Ibn Hajar ya cigaba har zuwa ga nada shi matsayin babban alkalin Masar Qadi a lokuta sau da yawa a rayuwarsa.
Mutuwa Ibnu Hajar ya mutu bayan Isha (sallar dare) a ranar 8 ga Dhul Hijja 852 (2 Fabrairu 1449), yana da shekara 79. Kimanin mutane dubu 50 ne suka halarci jana'izar sa a Alkahira, wadanda suka hada da Sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1373-1453 AZ) da Halifa na Alkaimak-Mustakfi II (r. 1441-1451 AZ).
Ayyuka Ibn Hajar ya rubuta kamar 150 ayyukansu a kan hadisi, hadisi terminology, sada kimantawa, tarihi, Kur'ani mai tafsirin, shayari kuma Shafi'i fikihu Fath al-Bari Sharhin Ibn Hajar na Sahih Bukhari Jami` al-Sahih (817/1414), ya kammala wani aikin da ba a kammala ba wanda Ibn Rajab ya fara a shekara ta 1390. Ya zama mafi shahararren aikin da aka fi girmamawa akan marubucin. Masanin tarihi Ibn Iyaas (d.930 AH) ya ba da labarin "Cerebra" kusa da Alkahira a littafinsa (Rajab 842 Disamba 1428). Yawancin manyan mashahuran Masar suna cikin taron, Ibn Hajar da kansa ya ba da karatu, mawaƙan sun ba da halayen ilimi kuma an rarraba zinari. al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba ingataccen kamus na Sahabbai al-Durar al-Kamina ƙamus ɗin tarihin rayuwa na manyan mutane na ƙarni na takwas. Tahdhib al-Tahdhib raguwa da Tahdhib al-Kamal, kundin tarihi na hadisi daga Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi Taqrib al-Tahdhib warwarewar Tahthib al-Tahthib. Ta'jil al-Manfa'ah tarihin rayuwar masu riwayar <i id="mwcA">Musnads</i> na imamai huɗu, ba a sami cikin al-Tahthib ba. Bulugh al-Maram min adillat al-ahkam akan hadisi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Shafi'i fiqh. Nata'ij al-Afkar fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Adhkar Lisan al-Mizan sake duba littafin Mizan al-'Itidal ne daga al-Dhahabi Talkhis al-Habir fi Takhrij al-Rafi`i al-Kabir al-Diraya fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Hidaya Taghliq al-Ta`liq `ala Sahih al-Bukhari Risala Tadhkirat al-Athar al-Matalib al-`Aliya bi Zawa'id al-Masanid al-Thamaniya Nukhbat al-Fikar tare da bayanin sa mai taken Nuzhah al-Nathr a cikin ilimin ilimin hadisi al-Nukat ala Kitab bn al-Salah sharhin <i id="mwjg">Muqaddimah</i> na Ibn al-Salah al-Qawl al-Musaddad fi Musnad Ahmad tattaunawar hadisi na ingantacce a cikin <i id="mwlA">Musnad</i> Ahmad Silsilat al-Dhahab Ta`rif Ahl al-Taqdis bi Maratib al-Mawsufin bi al-Tadlis
Duba kuma Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Biodata a MuslimScholars.info Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani da Sharhinsa Littattafan Ibn Hajar |
50000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Sudan | Fam na Sudan | Fam Sudan Larabci gajarta: LS a cikin Latin, da Larabci, a tarihi kuma Sd ISO code SDG kudin Jamhuriyar Sudan ne. An raba fam ɗin zuwa piastres 100 (ko qirsh da Larabci). Babban bankin kasar Sudan ne ke bayar da shi.
Fam din ya fadi a karon farko tun shekarar 1997 bayan da Amurka ta kakabawa Sudan takunkumin tattalin arziki Fam na Sudan ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa adadin da ba a taba gani ba, inda ya fado zuwa LS 53 akan dollar. Wannan lamarin da ya kawar da duk wasu matakan tattalin arziki, ya haifar da asara mai yawa a sakamakon illar da Sudan gaba daya ta ke fuskanta, bisa la'akari da matakin da gwamnatin kasar ta dauka, sakamakon wasu ayyukan da babban bankin kasar Sudan ya sanar, ya katse shi, lamarin da ya haifar da karanci mai tsanani. na liquidity.
Fam Sudan ya fadi da dalar Amurka bayan da babban bankin kasar Sudan ya sanar da dage ajiyar kudaden da ake ajiyewa domin dakile hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta yi fama da karancin kudaden musanya na ketare, sakamakon asarar kashi uku cikin hudu na albarkatun mai da kashi 80% na albarkatun kasashen waje. Gwamnatin Sudan ta nakalto farashin dala a hukumance daga LS 6.09 zuwa LS 18.07 a cikin kasafin kudin 2018 da LS a ranar Maris 2021 ya kasance 375.11 Yuro.
Tarihi
Fam na farko (SDP) Fam na farko da ya fara yawo a Sudan shi ne fam din Masar Marigayi shuwagabannin karni na 19 Muhammad ibn Abdalla Mahdi da Abdallahi ibn Muhammad Khalifa duk sun fitar da tsabar kudi da ke yawo tare da kudin kasar Masar. Lokacin da mulkin Anglo-Masar ya ƙare a Sudan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1956, kuma Sudan ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in kudin Sudan (fam na Sudan), wanda ya maye gurbin fam na Masar daidai.
An raba fam ɗin Masar zuwa 100 piastres (Larabci: qirsh mufuradi, Turanci: piastre, taƙaitaccen bayani: PT An rarraba piastre zuwa kashi 40, amma raguwa bayan sake fasalin kudin Masar na 1886 ya kafa PT, wanda aka fi sani da millim (wanda aka rage zuwa mm/mms a Sudan) mufuradi: Saboda wannan gado, an raba fam na Sudan bayan 1956 zuwa 100 PT, kowanne an raba shi zuwa 10mms.
A lokacin 1958-1978 an lissafta fam zuwa dalar Amurka akan dalar Amurka 2.87156 a kowace LS. 1. Bayan haka, fam ɗin ya sami raguwa a jere.
An maye gurbin fam ɗin a cikin 1992 da dinari (SDD) a ƙimar SD 1 LS 10. Yayin da dinari ke yawo a arewacin Sudan, a Kudancin Sudan, har yanzu ana yin shawarwarin farashin akan fam, yayin da a Rumbek da Yei, shilling na Kenya ya fi karbuwa a matsayin biyan.
fam na biyu (SDG) Bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sudan da kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan, babban bankin kasar Sudan (CBOS) zai amince da shirin fitar da sabon kudi da zarar ya fara aiki a cikin wa'adin wucin gadi. Zane na sabon kudin zai nuna bambancin al'adun Sudan. Har sai an fitar da sabon kudi tare da amincewar Jam'iyyun bisa shawarwarin CBOS, za a amince da kudaden da ke yawo a Kudancin Sudan. Fam na biyu ya fara gabatarwa a ranar 9 ko 10 ga Janairu 2007, kuma ya zama kawai kwangilar doka kamar na Yuli 1, 2007. Ya maye gurbin dinari a farashin LS 1 SD 100 (ko 1 SDG 1,000 SDP).
Fam na uku A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2011 ne aka kafa bugu na uku na kudin fam din Sudan bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu daga Jamhuriyar Sudan. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2011, fam na Sudan ya daina zama na doka a Sudan ta Kudu.
Don ƙarin tarihin da ke kewaye da kuɗi a yankin, duba kuɗin Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya
An rage darajar laban Sudan ta Kudu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2021, tare da hukuma (alamar alama) farashin musaya da aka saita zuwa LS. 375.08 a kowace dalar Amurka (daga ƙayyadadden ƙimar LS 55), rufe gibin da ke tsakanin farashin canji na kasuwanci da bakar fata.
Tsabar kudi
Kudin gida a Sudan: batutuwan Mahdi da Khalifa da na Darfur A cikin 1885 Mahdi ya ba da tsabar azurfa 10 PT da 20 PT da zinariya 100 PT Wadannan sun biyo bayan mas’alolin Khalifa a mazhabobi na 10 para, 1 PT, 2 PT PT, 4 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT An fara fitar da waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin azurfa a cikin 1885. A cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya da suka biyo baya, an sami rashin ƙarfi mai tsanani, wanda ya kai ga billon, sannan aka wanke tagulla da azurfa kuma a ƙarshe an ba da tsabar kudi tagulla. Tsabar kudin ya ƙare a 1897.
A cikin 1908-1914, an ba da kuɗin gida a Darfur a yammacin Sudan. An fitar da wadannan ne a karkashin ikon Ali Dinar kuma sun yi kama da tsabar kudin Masar na zamani.
Fam na farko A cikin 1956, an gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1mm, 2mms, 5mms da 10mms, 2 PT, 5 PT da 10 PT An buge ƙungiyoyin millim a cikin tagulla, yayin da ƙungiyoyin piastre suke cikin kofin-nickel. 2mms, 5mms da 10mms an yi su da siffa mai siffa, kodayake an gabatar da zagaye 5mms a cikin 1971. An buga 1mm da 2mms na ƙarshe a cikin 1969, milimi 5 na ƙarshe a 1978. A 1983, Brass 1 PT, 2 PT da 5 PT, rage girman 10 PT da kofin nickel 20 An gabatar da PT A cikin 1987, aluminum-bronze 1 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT, 20 PT, 25 PT da 50 PT da LS An gabatar da 1, tare da 25 PT da 50 PT kasancewar murabba'i da siffar octagonal, bi da bi. A cikin 1989, bakin karfe 25 PT da 50 PT da LS 1 aka bayar. Wannan shi ne tsarin gaba ɗaya, ban da waɗannan tsabar kudi akwai batutuwan da suka dace da masu tattarawa da maɓalli iri-iri. Dubi shahararrun kasidar tsabar kuɗi don cikakkun bayanai.
Dinar Sudan Duba Dinar Sudan Fam na biyu Coins a cikin darika 1 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT, 20 PT da 50 An gabatar da PT tare da tsabar kuɗin dinari da ke yawo. Babban bankin kasar Sudan ya bayyana cewa 5 PT tsabar kudi masu launin rawaya (watakila aluminum tagulla da 10 PT launin azurfa ne (wanda aka yi da bakin karfe Na 20 PT da 50 PT tsabar kudi bi-metallic ne, tare da 20 PT yellow mai zobe tare da tsakiyar launin azurfa da 50 PT akasin haka.
Takardun kuɗi
Fam na farko A cikin Afrilu 1957, Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Sudan ta gabatar da bayanin kula na 25 PT, 50 PT, LS 1, LS 5 da LS 10. Bankin Sudan ya karbe ikon samar da bayanan kula a shekarar 1961. LS An gabatar da bayanin kula guda 20 a cikin 1981, sannan kuma ƙungiyoyin LS 50 a cikin 1984 da LS 100 a cikin 1988.
Dinar Sudan Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1992, dinari na Sudan ya maye gurbin fam na Sudan na farko a adadin 1:10.
Sabbin bayanin kula masu tambaya A shekara ta 2005, gidan rediyon jama'a na Amurka ya ba da rahoton cewa sojoji a kudancin Sudan suna buga takardun fam mai suna "Bank of New Sudan", amma babu irin wannan banki. Bugu da kari, lambobi na takardun banki suna da lambobi iri-iri. Halaccinsu yana da shakku.
Fam na biyu Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2007, fam na Sudan na biyu ya maye gurbin dinari na Sudan a farashin 1:100. Wannan sabon kudin dai ya kasance ne bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka cimma a shekarar 2005 tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan domin kawo karshen yakin basasar da aka kwashe shekaru 21 ana yi a kasar. Mataimakin gwamnan jihar Badr-Eddin Mahmoud ya ce kudin buga sabon kudin ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 156. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na LS 1, LS 2, LS 5, LS 10, LS 20 da LS 50 aka bayar. Farashin LS An maye gurbin 1 bayanin kula da tsabar kudi a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2011.
Fam na uku Bayanan banki na fam na uku suna kama da na fam na biyu amma tare da canje-canje a tsarin launi, cire wasu alamomin da ke da alaƙa da kudanci da kuma sake fasalin taswirar ƙasar bayan ballewar kudanci.
Sabbin takardun kudi A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, Babban Bankin Sudan ya sanar da fam na Sudan na LS 100, LS 200 da LS Za a saki 500 a wannan watan yayin da kasar ke fama da matsananciyar matsalar tattalin arziki da karancin kudade. Wani sabon LS Babban Bankin Sudan ya kaddamar da takardar kudi 100 a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2019. Wani sabon LS Babban Bankin Sudan ya gabatar da takardar banki 200 Fam Sudan a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2019. Wani sabon LS An ba da takardar banki 500 mai kwanan wata Maris 2019 a cikin 2019 da LS An ba da takardar banki 1,000 mai kwanan wata Yuni 2019 a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2022
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sudan ta kaddamar da sabon fam
Bayanan banki na Sudan (fam na Sudan) Bayanan banki na Sudan (dinar Sudan) Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26963 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Gajerun%20Fina-finai%20da%20aka%20dauka%20a%20Moroko | Jerin Gajerun Fina-finai da aka dauka a Moroko | An yi fina-finan ƙasashen waje da dama a Maroko. Na farko shine majagaba na fim na Faransa Louis Lumière Le chevrier Marocain. Orson Welles ya yi fim ɗin Othello nasa a can, wanda ya lashe kyautar Palme d'Or a Cannes Film Festival. A cikin 1955, Alfred Hitchcock ya jagoranci mutumin da ya san da yawa, wanda aka kafa a Marrakech da Casablanca, yayin da a cikin 1962 David Lean ya ɗauki wuraren hamada na Lawrence na Arabiya a Maroko.
Dubawa Waɗannan sune jerin wasu fina-finan da aka yi gaba daya ko wani ɓangare a ƙasar Maroko:
1951: Othello, directed by Orson Welles
1953: Flight to Tangier, directed by Charles Marquis Warren
1956: The Man Who Knew Too Much
1962: Lawrence of Arabia, starred Peter O'Toole, Omar Sharif
1967: The Burning, directed by Stephen Frears, starring Mark Baillie and Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies
1967: Oedipus Rex, directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini, starred Franco Citti
1970: Patton, directed by Franklin Schaffner
1975: The Man Who Would Be King, directed by John Huston
1976: Emanuelle in Bangkok, directed by Joe D'Amato
1977: Jesus of Nazareth, directed by Franco Zeffirelli
1977: The Arms of Venus, directed by Mircea Drăgan
1981: Rollover, directed by Alan Pakula, starred Jane Fonda
1985: Harem, directed by Arthur Joffé, starred Nastassja Kinski
1985: The Jewel of the Nile, directed by Lewis Teague, starred Michael Douglas
1987: The Living Daylights, directed by John Glen, starred Timothy Dalton and Maryam d'Abo
1988: The Last Temptation of Christ, directed by Martin Scorsese, starred Willem Dafoe
1989: Marrakech Express, directed by Gabriele Salvatores
1990: The Sheltering Sky, directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, starred John Malkovich and Debra Winger
1994: Highlander III: The Sorcerer, directed by Andrew Morahan, starred Christopher Lambert
1997: Kundun, directed by Martin Scorsese
1998: Hamilton, directed by Harald Zwart
1998: Hideous Kinky (Marrakech Express)
1999: The Mummy, directed by Stephen Sommers, starred Brendan Fraser
2000: Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott, starred Russell Crowe
2000: Rules of Engagement, directed by William Friedkin, starred Tommy Lee Jones, Samuel L. Jackson and Guy Pearce
2001: Black Hawk Down, directed by Ridley Scott
2001: The Mummy Returns, directed by Stephen Sommers, starred Brendan Fraser
2001: Spy Game, directed by Tony Scott, starred Robert Redford and Brad Pitt
2002: Astérix et Obélix: Mission Cléopâtre (France), directed by Alain Chabat, starred Gérard Depardieu and Jamel Debbouze
2002: Live from Baghdad, directed by Mick Jackson, starred Michael Keaton
2004: Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone
2004: Exorcist: The Beginning, directed by Renny Harlin, starred Stellan Skarsgård
2004: Hidalgo, directed by Joe Johnston
2004: Les temps qui changent, directed by André Téchiné
2005: Kingdom of Heaven, directed by Ridley Scott
2005: Sahara, directed by Breck Eisner, starred Matthew McConaughey, Steve Zahn, Penélope Cruz and William H. Macy
2006: Babel, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu
2006: The Hills Have Eyes, directed by Alexandre Aja
2007: Arn The Knight Templar, directed by Peter Flinth
2007: The Bourne Ultimatum, directed by Paul Greengrass
2007: The Hills Have Eyes 2, directed by Martin Weisz
2008: Arn The Kingdom at Road's End, directed by Peter Flinth
2008: Body of Lies, directed by Ridley Scott, starred Leonardo DiCaprio and Russell Crowe
2009: Pope Joan, directed by Sönke Wortmann, starring John Goodman and Johanna Wokalek
2010: Inception, directed by Christopher Nolan
2010: Of Gods and Men, directed by Xavier Beauvois
2010: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, directed by Mike Newell
2010: Sex and the City 2, directed by Michael Patrick King
2011: Captain Phillips, directed by Paul Greengrass
2011: Hanna, directed by Joe Wright
2011: The Source, directed by Radu Mihăileanu
2013: The Bible, produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett
2013: Only Lovers Left Alive, directed by Jim Jarmusch
2014: American Sniper, directed by Clint Eastwood
2014: Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation, directed by Christopher McQuarrie
2014: Son of God, produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett
2015: A.D. The Bible Continues, produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett, starring Juan Pablo di Pace, Babou Ceesay, Richard Coyle and Vincent Regan
2015: Spectre, directed by Sam Mendes
2016: The Yellow Birds
2016: Damascus Cover
2016: Watch Them Fall
2016: War Dogs
2016: Whiskey Tango Foxtrot
2016: 13 Hours
2016: A Hologram for the King
2016: Our Kind of Traitor
2017: Raees
2017: Tiger Zinda Hai
2019: John Wick: Chapter 3 Parabellum
2021: Redemption Day, directed by Hicham Hajji
Sauran fina-finai Ali baba et les quarante voleurs, Fernandel
Cleopatra
An Haska Jerin Talabijin Na Waje A Maroko Cleopatra
The Young Indiana Jones Tarihi
Game Of Thrones Season 1 da 2
Ƙasar Gida (lokaci na 3)
Hutun gidan yari (TV) (2016)
Azzalumi (jerin TV) (2016)
Jack Ryan (jerin TV) (2018)
Vagabond (jerin TV) (2019)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jerin fina-finai masu yawa da aka harba a Maroko imdb (Haɗi ba shi da inganci, Maris 2015)
Wuraren fina-finai na Maroko (Haɗi ba shi da inganci, Maris 2015)
Fina-finai
Sinima a |
17645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Kano%2C%201953 | Rikicin Kano, 1953 | Boren Kano na 1953 bore ne, wanda ya barke a cikin tsohon birnin Kano, tana Arewacin Nigeria. a watan Mayu 1953. Yanayin tarzomar rikici ne tsakanin 'yan Arewa da ke adawa da' Yancin Najeriyar da 'yan Kudu da suka kunshi galibin Yarbawa da Ibo wadanda ke goyon bayan samun' yanci kai tsaye ga Najeriya. Rikicin da ya dauki tsawon kwanaki hudu ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan ‘yan Kudu da yan Arewa da dama kuma wasu da dama sun jikkata.
Babban abinda ya haifar da tarzomar shi ne rashin kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin shugabannin siyasa na Arewa da na Kudancin kan batun cin gashin kai a 1956. Wannan tsattsauran alakar ta fara ne da kudirin neman mulkin kai na Nijeriya a shekarar 1956 wanda dan kungiyar Action Group (AG), Cif Anthony Enahoro ya gabatar a gaban majalisar wakilai. 'Yan Arewa ba su yarda da kudirin ba. Shugaban kungiyar mutanen Arewa (NPC) da Sardaunan Sakkwato, Alhaji Ahmadu Bello, a wani yunkuri na nuna adawa, ya maye gurbin "a shekarar 1956" da kalmar "da zaran za a iya aiwatarwa". Wani dan majalisar wakilai daga Arewa ya gabatar da bukatar a dage zaman, kudirin da mambobin Kudancin AG da Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) suka kalli a matsayin dabarar jinkiri. Duk mambobin kungiyar AG da NCNC da ke cikin gidan sun fita ne sakamakon yunkurin dage zaman.
Lokacin da wakilan Arewa suka bar majalisar, sai suka yi kicibis da taron mutane masu kiyayya a Legas wadanda suka yi ta zagi, izgili tare da kiran su da sunaye iri-iri kaman siffanta Yan'arewa da siffan dabbobi don cin mutunci su (Yan'arewa). Mambobin wakilan Arewa sun fusata kuma a cikin shirinsu na Takwas Mai Magana a cikin majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa, sun nemi ballewa. Bugun karshe da ya karya bayan rakumin shi ne rangadin da tawagar AG da NCNC karkashin jagorancin Cif Samuel Akintola suka yi Wannan rangadin wanda aka yi niyyar kamfen din neman mulkin kai ya zama sanadin rikicin Kano nan da nan. Ya haifar da rashin bin doka da Oda wacce ta ƙare da hargitsi. Rikicin ya faru ne a Sabon Gari yankin da galibi ‘yan kudancin Najeriya suka mamaye.
Tuni akwai rikice-rikice a Arewa lokacin da rangadin kungiyar Action Group arewa suka zo Kano a karshen mako na 15-17 Mayu, tashin hankalin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙiyayya ga wakilan Arewa a Legas. Wata zanga-zangar cikin tsari da magoya bayan Jam’iyyar Northern Peoples Congress suka yi a kan taron kungiyar Action Group da aka gabatar ya gudana a ranar 15 ga Mayu. Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe washegari. Rikicin da ya haifar da tarzomar ya fara ne a Colonial Hotel, a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1953 wanda ya kamata ya kasance wurin taron da kungiyar Action karkashin jagorancin Akintola za ta gudanar da taro. Kafin taron, hukumar ‘yan asalin Kano ta janye izinin ta na ba taron. Wasu gungun mutane sun taru a wajen otal din sun fara jifan mutanen da ke kusa da otal din, a yayin rikicin, mutane biyu da ake jin ‘yan kudu ne suka mutu, daga baya gungun sun yi yunkurin samun shiga Sabon Gari amma‘ yan sanda na Hukumar ’Yan Nasa sun ci karfinsu. Lamarin ya zama mafi muni kuma ya zama rikicin kabilanci a ranar 17 ga Mayu lokacin da wasu gungun 'yan iska daga sashin Arewacin Kano, musamman Fagge suka yi yunkurin kutsawa zuwa Kudancin kuma Ibo suka mamaye yankin Sabon Gari tare da samun nasarori, duk da cewa wakokinsu na asali sun sabawa Yarbawa, wadanda aka kashe a yankin Sabon Gari galibi ‘yan kabilar Ibo ne. An saci shaguna a kasuwar Sabon Gari kuma an kai munanan hare-hare. Amma an yi kira ga 'yan sanda na Hukumar Native da Soja tare da hana kara shigowa da wasu' yan daba zuwa yankin Kano. Rikicin ya kara zubewa zuwa yankuna na asali na Kano kamar Fagge inda kananan kungiyoyi marasa tsari na kabilu daban daban suka gwabza. Mahaifina, Dennis William Lyndon, ya gaya mana kwarewar sa game da jagorancin wasu sojoji. Umurninsa ya yi tsauri game da iyakance manufofin kariyar dukiya da rashin tsokanar wani tashin hankali. Tare da sanya bayon dinsu ya rike mutanensa tsayayye kamar yadda aka kawo mata da yara a gabansa, hannayensu suka yanke da adduna da man fetur da aka zuba a kansu kafin su tashi. Wannan ɗayan mafi munin abubuwan da ya samu ne a matsayinsa na hafsan sojan Birtaniyya.
ItAn yi musayar fursunoni don rage tashin hankali, an saki ‘yan Kudu da aka kama kuma‘ yan Arewa sun sake su; An nemi ‘yan Arewa da ke yankin Sabon Gari su bar wurin sannan aka nemi‘ yan Kudu da ke yankin Fagge su koma Sabon Gari kafin lokacin. Kimanin ‘yan Najeriya 46 galibi‘ yan Arewa da Igbo sun mutu yayin arangamar kuma sama da mutane 200 sun yi jinyar raunuka. Duk da cewa nan da nan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya ta kira shi rikicin kabilanci, amma shugabannin siyasa sun kira shi rikicin siyasa tsakanin mutanen da ke son mulkin kai a 1956 da kuma wadanda ke son mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba.
Alaka tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ta tabarbare.
Action group da Majalisar NCNCsun yi ƙawance na ɗan lokaci don adawa da Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Arewa don haka sun haɓaka alaƙa.
Bada ikon mallakar yankuna zuwa yankuna uku.
Cire ikon shiga tsakani ta cikin dukkan batutuwan da suka saura
Sir Oliver Lyttelton, Sakataren Jiha na Kasashen, ya sanar da cewa ba zai yiwu ba ga yankunan su yi aiki tare, saboda haka za a gayyaci wakilai daga kowane yanki don tattaunawa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya.
hakan ya haifar da amincewa da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya.
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10177 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington | George Washington | George Washington (Febrelun 22, 1732 zuwa Febrelun 11, 1731) an haife shi a February 11, 1731.) Ya kasance ɗan siyasan ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka, janar ɗin soja, Baban ƙasa, kuma Waɗanda suka ƙafa Tarayyar Amurka wanda ya zama Shugaban Tarayyar Amurka na farko (1789–1797). Ya jagoranci Patriot forces a muhimmiyar American Revolutionary War kuma ya kai su ga samun nasara akan Britaniya. Washington ya zauna a Constitutional Convention a shekara ta 1787, wacce ta kafa sabuwar kasar. Saboda jarumtarsa da jajircewa a American Revolution, ake kiransa da "Father of His Country".
George Washington ɗa ne ga Mary Ball da Augustine. an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabirairu, 1732. Shine ɗa na uku ga mahaifan sa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin Amurka. Yana ɗan shekara 11 Mahaifinsa, Augustine, ya rasu, wanda hakan ya kawo tasgaro ga neman ilimin sa. Saboda haka, George ya shafe yawancin shekarunsa ƙarƙashin kulawar ɗan uwan sa Lawrence, shine ɗan'uwansa da ya fi so. Ya kuma koyi ilimin kimiyar fasaha a wajan sa, kuma ya fara sana'a tare da taimakon makwabtansu. Mutuwar Lawrence a 1752 ta sake canza rayuwar George. Bayan mutuwar Lawrence ne George ya tafi Virginia ya shiga aikin soja inda ya samu matsayin Laftanar Kanal George ya jagoranci sojoji zuwa yamma kwarin Ohia. A jagorancin sa na biyu inda suka kai farmaki ga sojojin faransa. Inda a Fort Necessity sojojin Faransa suka tsare su George na ramuwar gayya wanda hakan tasa su mika wuya. Inda kuma ake zargin George da kisan kai.
Daga nan George ya shiga gidan Janar Edward Braddock a matsayin mataimakin sa. Lokacin da Braddock ya sha kayi a yakin Monongahela a 1755, George yayi abin azo a gani, saboda haka Laftanar Robert Dinwiddie ya nada shi a matsayin kwamandan Regiment na Virginia. Ya yi aiki a matsayin har zuwa ƙarshen 1758. A farkon shekarar 1759, George ya auri Martha Custis, Ta taba yin aure kuma tana da arziki), kuma ya lashe zaɓen Gida na Burgesses na Virginia. George da Martha sun koma Dutsen Vernon. Inda suka fara rayuwa tare da yayan da ta haifa a auren ta na baya, John Parke Custis da Martha Parke Custis. Matsayin George a cikin House of Burgesses ya kara mahimmanci yayin da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mazauna Burtaniya ta taɓarɓare bayan ƙarshen yaƙin shekaru bakwai. Gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta ci bashin manyan basusuka a fadin duniya kuma ta fuskanci tsadar soji don kare sabbin yankuna a Arewacin Amurka da ta samu a sulhu da sukayi da Faransa Don biyan wadannan kuɗaɗen, Majalisar Biritaniya ta zartar da wasu sabbin matakan haraji kan yankunanta, wanda har yanzu suna biya sai dai yayi ƙasa da wanda 'yan ƙasa ke biya a Ingila. Amma da yawa daga cikin yan mulkin mallaka sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa sun riga sun ba da gudummawar su a yaƙi don haka bai kamata a tilasta musu su sake biyan kuɗi ba, musamman tunda ba su da wata hanya a cikin tsarin doka. George ya goyi bayan zanga-zanga akan wannan batu a cikin House of Burgesses, kuma a cikin 1774, ya yarda da nadin da aka mai a matsayin wakilin Virginia zuwa Majalisar Nahiyar Farko, inda yasa matakai, kamar kauracewa siyan kayayyakin Burtaniya. A shekara mai zuwa, ya koma Majalisar Nahiya ta Biyu, bayan da sojojin Biritaniya da sojojin sa kai suka yi arangama a Lexington, da Concord. Ya amince da shawarar Majalisa kan ƙirƙirar sojoji a watan Yuni 1775 kuma an nada shi Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Nahiyar.
A cikin shekaru takwas dasu ka gabata, George ya jagoranci sojoji, a yake yake da dama wanda bai samu nasara sosai ba, amma a ƙarshe yayi nasara a cikin 1783 lokacin da yarjejeniyar Faransa ta ƙare a yakin juyin juya hali. Nasarar George a matsayin kwamanda ya samo asali ne daga abubuwa uku. Na farko, bai taba kalubalantar ikon farar hula ba. Sabuwar al’ummar ba ta amince da ikon soja ba sosai, kuma ya yi biyayya yana danne wasu abun shi yasa shi ya zama shugaba. Na biyu, sojoji suna girmama shi. Sojojin sun saukar da kai ga kwamandansu George, ya fito fili har wasu ’yan majalisa suka ce ba Sojojin Nahiyar bane, sojojin George Washington ne. A ƙarshe, George ya fahimci cewa idan sojojin sun tsira, haka ma dalilin samun 'yancin kai. Bai kamata ya doke Sojojin Burtaniya ba, dole ne kawai ya guje wa halaka gaba daya. A karshen yakin, George ya mayar da hukumarsa zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma yaci gaba da rayuwa a matsayin dan kasa mai zaman kansa a Virginia. A zamanin mulkin kama-karya da rikon sakainar kashi, mika mulkin da ya yi da son rai ba tare da wani ya tilas ta masa ba ya bawa duniya mamakin almararsa. Bayan yan shekaru shugabannin jihohi suka fara tattaunawa game da sake fasalin gwamnati, sun san cewa George yana da mahimmanci a samun nasarar su.
A shekara ta 1786, majalisar dokokin Virginia ta ba da jerin sunayen wakilai don wakiltar jihar a Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki. Abokin George, Gwamna Edmund Randolph, ya tabbatar da cewa an sa da sunan George. A cikin Mayu 1787, George ya tafi Philadelphia inda anan ne zasuyi taron, Kuma shine ya zama shugaban taron. Taron ya amince da sake tsarin mulki. George yayi imanin cewa sabon kundin tsarin mulkin zai warware da dama daga cikin matsalolin da suka addabi jam'iyyar Confederation Congress, amma kuma ya san cewa idan jihohi suka amince da kundin tsarin mulkin, za'a sake jefa shi cikin aikin gwamnati. Ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1788, New Hampshire ta zama jiha ta tara a Amurka, wanda dama ana bukatar karin jaha dan tabbatar da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya tilasta kowace jiha ta tsara zaɓe don sababbin ofisoshin tarayya. An zabi George a matsayin shugaban kasa,na wanda ya ksance shine na farko. Ya yi rantsuwar kama aiki a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1789.
A matsayinsa na shugaban farko, George ya gina ofishi, wanda hakan cigaba ne. Saboda haka, George ya kafa abin koyi don, martaba ce zama a ofishi, da hidimar jama'a. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, George ya kula da kafa tsarin hada-hadar kudi, da maido da martabar al'umma, da fadada yankin Amurka, da yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin tattalin arziki da daulolin Turai, da kare ikon zartarwa, kan harkokin diflomasiyya da na cikin gida. George ya kafa misalan ƙididdiga, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙirƙirar majalisar ministoci, damar zartarwa, adireshin ƙungiyar. Yayi ritayar bayan wa'adi biyu a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1796, George ya buga takaddar sa ta ritaya inda ya sanar a wata jaridar Philadelphia. Ya gargadi Amurkawa da su taru su yi watsi da nuna bangaranci na kasashen waje da suke kokarin raba su, gargadin da suka rike shi da muhimmancinsu har zuwa karni na ashirin da daya. Lokacin da George ya bar ofis, mutanen zamaninsa suna kiran sa da (UBAN KASA). Babu wani mutum da zai iya riƙe Sojojin Nahiyar har na tsawon shekaru takwas, kuma ya ba da izinin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki, kuma ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi tunanin kirkirar Amurka ba tare da shi ba. An ƙirƙira Amurka bisa ra'ayin cewa "dukkan maza an halicce su daidai, amma ga ga mata yazam zalunci domin ana cin zarafin mata da mutane masu banbanci launin fata. George Washington ya mutu a ranar 14 ga watan disamba 1799, a Mount Vernon.
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18259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih%20Muslim | Salih Muslim | Salih Musulmi Muhammad (Kurmanji Kurdish, shi ne tsohon mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Democratic Union Party (PYD), babbar jam'iyyar da ke gudanar da mulkin kanta ta Arewa da Gabashin Siriya. A matsayinsa na mataimakin mai kula da Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasa na Canjin Dimokiradiyya, ya kasance fitaccen wakilin Kurdawa a yawancin yakin basasar Siriya.
Harkar siyasa
Ayyukan siyasa na farko Musulmin ya fara shiga kungiyar Kurdawa ne a lokacin shekaran 1970 lokacin da yake karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Istanbul bayan ya samu tasirin tasiran yakin da Mustafa Barzani ke yi da gwamnatin Iraƙi, wanda gazawar tasa ta sa shi ya kara himma.
A shekara ta 1998, ya shiga Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDP-S), reshen Siriya na Iraqi Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP). Ya bar KDP-S a shekara ta 2003 bayan ya fidda rai da gazawar jam'iyyar wajen cimma burinta.
Jam'iyyar Democratic Union (PYD) A shekarar 2003, Muslim ya shiga sabuwar jam’iyyar Democratic Union Party (PYD), ya zama memba na majalisar zartarta, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jam’iyyar a shekarar 2010. Bayan da aka daure shi da matarsa Ayşe Efendi a Siriya, sai ya gudu zuwa sansanin Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) da ke Iraki a shekarar 2010. Ya koma Qamishli ne a cikin watan Maris na 2011, bayan fara Yakin Basasar Siriya. A karkashin shugabancin Muslim, PYD ya zama jagorar jam'iyyar siyasa kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin bayyanar Gwamnatin Kai ta Arewa da Gabashin Siriya. A watan Yulin 2013, yayin tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin Kurdawa da Turkiya, an gayyace shi zuwa Istanbul don tattaunawa da gwamnatin Turkiyya game da makomar Siriya, ya sake dawowa a wasu lokuta uku don tattaunawa tsakanin lokacin a watan Oktoba 2014.
Harkokin waje na TEV-DEM A watan Satumba na shekarar 2017, an gudanar da babban taro na 7 na PYD a Arewacin Siriya, inda aka zabi sabbin kujeru biyu. Musulmin tun yana aiki a matsayin jami'in hulda da kasashen waje na kungiyar Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM) ta hadin gwiwar Democratic Federation of Northern Syria. A cikin wannan damar, Muslim ya jaddada sakon cewa "matsalar Kurdawa a Turkiyya da ta Kurdawa a Syria batutuwa biyu ne daban kuma za a warware su daban. Don warware matsalarmu a Siriya, dole ne mu zauna mu tattauna da ’yan uwanmu na Siriya, tare da Larabawa, Turkmen da sauransu. Ba tare da Turkiyya ba."
Rayuwar mutum Musulmi, ɗan ƙasar Siriya, an haife shi a wani ƙauyen Siriya kusa da Kobani a shekara ta 1951. Bayan ya yi karatu a Siriya, ya yi karatu a tsangayar Injiniyan Injiniya ta Jami'ar Fasaha ta Istanbul daga shekara ta 1970 har zuwa kammala a shekarar 1977. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren aiki a Landan, ya yi aiki a Saudi Arabia tsakanin shekara ta 1978 da shekara ta 1990, kuma ya buɗe ofishin injiniya a shekara ta 1993 a Aleppo. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2013, dan Salih Muslim Shervan, wani mayaki a Kungiyoyin Kare Jama'a (YPG), an kashe shi a yammacin Tell Abyad yayin artabu da kungiyar al-Nusra ta al-Qaeda. An binne shi a garin iyayensu na Kobanê a cikin jana'izar jama'a wanda dubban mutane suka halarta. A cewar Muslim da kansa, yana da izinin zama a cikin Finland.
Alakarsu da kasashen waje
Turai Musulmi sanannen fuska ne a manyan biranen Turai inda manyan jami'ai ke karɓar bakuncin sa. Ya kasance babban bako kuma mai magana a cibiyoyin siyasar Turai da abubuwan da suka faru, inter alia a cikin watan Satumbar shekara ta 2016 an gayyace shi don yin jawabi ga Majalisar Turai. Da yake jawabi ga dubban mutane yayin bikin Newroz a Frankfurt, Jamus, a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2017, Muslim ya ce "akwai babban turjiya duk da duk hare-haren. Babu wanda ya isa ya yi shakkar cewa nasara da nasara namu ne. Musulmi ya soki Jamus kan hana alamun Kurdawa, tana mai cewa "Yakamata Jamus ta hana tutocin Turkiyya da kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda maimakon tutocinmu da alamominmu saboda muna fada ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya ba don kanmu kadai ba, muna fada ne da ISIS da ta'addanci ga dukkan bil'adama. Tsayin dakanmu na Turai ne, na Yamma da kuma dukkanin bil'adama."
Turkiya Tsakanin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2015, Muslim ne babban mai tattaunawa a Ankara a cikin PYD na Kurdawan Siriya, wanda tsohon shugaban kungiyar Kurdistan (PKK) Abdullah Ocalan ya yi wahayi. A wata hira da ta yi da wakilin labarai na BBC Orla Guerin a watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Muslim ya musanta duk wani "alakar aiki" da PKK. Turkiyya ta karbi Salih Muslim don tattaunawa a shekara ta 2013 da shekara ta 2014, har ma da nishadantar da ra'ayin bude ofishin wakilcin Rojava a Ankara "idan ya dace da manufofin Ankara." Koyaya, bayan watan Yunin shekara ta 2015 na zaben AKP a Turkiya, yawanci saboda hawan jam'iyyar Kurdawa HDP, Tsarin Magani (2013-2015) ya rushe a watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, wanda ya canza yanayin alaƙar AKP da batun Kurdawa. A cewar kungiyar masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Daily Sabah, "Kamar yadda ake yin sulhu da PKK tsakanin shekara ta 2012 da shekara ta 2015, Ankara ta yi kokarin shawo kan PYD da ta daina nuna kiyayya ga Turkiyya, bude hanyoyin hadin gwiwa da kawo karshen alakarta da Bashar Assad tsarin mulki. A yayin da PKK ta sake komawa kai hare-hare ba tare da bata lokaci ba a watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, PYD da reshenta na makamai, Kungiyoyin Kare Jama'a (YPG), sun bai wa PKK 'yan ta'adda, abubuwan fashewa, makamai da alburusai. Tawaye masu dauke da makamai lokaci guda sun barke a kusan dukkan garuruwa da biranen da ke kan iyaka da Syria; alhali 'yan ta'adda da aka horar a arewacin Siriya sun kai harin kunar bakin wake a biranen Turkiyya." Ana zargin Gwamnatin Turkiyya da neman kashe Musulmi. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2016, Turkiya ta ba da sammacin kame Salih Muslim a cikin wani yunƙurin da aka yi niyyar sanya Ankara a kan hanyar karo da ƙawayenta na Yamma. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, kwana biyu bayan sanya Muslmi a cikin 'yan ta'adda da aka fi nema' 'daga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Turkiyya kuma an ba shi kyautar Lira miliyan 4 ta Turkiyya (kimanin dala miliyan 1.5US a lokacin) a kansa, ya gudanar da taron manema labarai a wurin zama na cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai a Brussels. An tsare shi a taƙaice bisa buƙatar Turkiyya a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2018 a Prague, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech, amma an sake shi bayan kwana 2, yana jawo zanga-zangar adawa daga Turkiyya. A ranar 17 ga watan Maris din shekara ta 2018, hukumomin Czech suka yi watsi da bukatar Turkiyya. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, Muslim ya ce "idan na waiwaya, sai na kammala da cewa Turkiyya ba ta taba yin gaskiya da son yin sulhu da Kurdawa ba. Da a ce Turkiyya ta yi magana da Kurdawa, ta yi aiki tare da Kurdawan, da ta zama kasa mafi karfi a Gabas ta Tsakiya.”
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
32845 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Ojude%20Oba | Bikin Ojude Oba | Bikin Ojude Oba wani dadadden biki ne da kabilar Yarbawa mazauna Ijebu-Ode, wani gari a jihar Ogun da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ke gudanarwa. Ana gudanar da wannan biki na shekara-shekara kwana na uku bayan Eid al-Kabir (Ileya), domin nuna girmamawa da kuma girmama mai martaba Sarkin Awujale na Ijebuland. Yana daya daga cikin bukukuwan ruhi da kyawawa da ake yi a Ijebuland da ma jihar Ogun baki daya.
Biki ne da ake kiran kungiyoyin al’adu daban-daban da sunan regberegbe, ’yan asali, abokansu, da abokan zamansu na nesa da kusa da fareti a kofar fadar sarki a rana ta uku na bikin idin Kabir da aka fi sani da “Ileya” a harshen Yarbawa. Oba Adetona shi ne wanda ya dawo da kungiyoyin masu shekaru a karni na 18 cikin al’amarin da ake samun karbuwa a cikin Ijebus na yau, kuma wannan ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na bikin Ojude Oba na shekara a Ijebu. Dalilin kafa kungiyoyin shekaru shine don kawo ci gaba da ci gaba ga al'umma.
Ojude Oba wanda ke nufin kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe a harshen Yarbanci yawanci mutane kusan 1,000,000 ne daga sassa daban-daban na duniya da Najeriya ke gudanar da bukukuwan bukukuwan murnar cika shekara guda, musamman wadanda suka fito daga kabilar Yarbawa musamman mutanen Ijebu a duk fadin duniya.
Tarihi Ojude Oba wanda ke wakiltar "kotun sarki ko gaban gaba", ana iya fassara shi da "Majestic outing". A baya dai wani karamin taro ne na al’ummar addinin Musulunci da aka faro sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata, lokacin da farkon musulman Ijebu-Ode suka kai wa Awujale na Ijebuland mubaya’a, inda suka nuna jin dadinsu da ba su ‘yancin gudanar da ayyukansu da kuma lura da su. addini.
A lokacin mulkin Awujale Ademiyewo Afidipotemole a aikin 1878, wani bawa da aka bayyana sunansa da Alli wanda daga baya ya zama Alli-Tubogun ya fara da addinin musulunci a fili. Ya sami albarkar ubangijinsa na yin amfanisa ba tare da shamaki, cikas da tsoron wata fitina ba. Saboda wannan kokari na mutum daya tare da taimakon ubangijinsa, Musulunci ya fara girma, inda ya jawo musulunta da dama, kuma a aikin 1880, an gina masallata a unguwanni da dama a Ijebu-Ode.
A shekarar 1896, wani lamari da wasan kwaikwayo ya faru a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, lokacin da wasu limamai biyu, Rev. R.A Conner da Rev. E.W George suka yi wa mazaje Ijebu-41 baftisma tare da shelarsu ta hana mace daya daga cikin dimbin matan da suka aura a baya. Wannan lamari ya sa wani basarake mai suna Cif Balogun Kuku, wani fitaccen dan kabilar Ijebu ya bar addinin Kirista ya rungumi addinin Musulunci wanda ke karfafa auren mata fiye da daya saboda yana da mata sama da talatin, bayi sama da 200 da sauran masu kishin addini. Tsananin dukiyar sarki tare da girmama Ijebus ya jawo musulunta da dama.
Bikin Ojude Oba shi ne wanda ya gaji bikin Odeda, wanda kuma shi ne taron shekara-shekara inda mabiya addinan gargajiya da dama irin su Sango, Egungu, Osun, Ogun, Yemule da dai sauransu suke taruwa don baje kolinsu ta hanyar raye-raye. ganguna da wakoki a gaban Awujale, Olisa, sauran manyan sarakuna daban-daban da jama'ar gari.
Cif Balogun Kuku, wanda ya kasance jam’iyyar Odeda har sai da ya musulunta, ba zai iya shiga wannan biki ba, sannan ya yanke shawarar sauya bikin Odeda da wani sabo wanda zai dace da sabon addininsa. Wannan ya haifar da bikin Ita-Oba wanda a yanzu ya koma abin da ake kira Ojude Oba Festival. Tun daga lokacin ba ‘yan kabilar Ijebus a gida kadai suka karbu ba, har ma da miliyoyin jama’a a ciki da wajen Najeriya. Bikin yana samun halartar sama da mutane 250,000 a yankuna shida na siyasar Najeriya.
Bikin Ojude Oba na shekara ta 2013 ya karbi bakuncin manyan baki da dama, irin su Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, Gwamna Ibikunle Amosun, Gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa, Hon. Seriake Dickson, wanda ya samu wakilcin sakataren gwamnatin jihar, SSG, uwargidan gwamnan jihar Ogun, Mrs. Olufunsho Amosun, mataimakin gwamnan jihar, Prince Segun Adesegun, sakataren gwamnatin jihar Ogun, Mista Taiwo Adeoluwa da mambobin kungiyar. majalisar zartarwa ta jiha.
A bikin 2017 mai taken: “Al’adunmu, Alfaharinmu,” ya samu karrama Gwamnan Jihar Ogun a lokacin Gwamna Ibikunle Amosun da Majalisar zartarwarsa ta Jihar Otunba Subomi Balogun, Otunba Tunwashe na Ijebu kuma wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Monument na First City Monument Group. Adegunwa, fitaccen dan kasuwa kuma tsohon shugaban bankin Sterling PLC, Cif Kola Banjo da tsohon gwamnan jihar, Otunba Gbenga Daniel.
Bikin Ojude Oba na 2018 ya samu halartar tsohon shugaban majalisar dattawa, Dr. Bukola Saraki a matsayin babban bako, wanda ya samu rakiyar wasu sanatoci bakwai da suka hada da; Sanata Ben Murray-Bruce, Sanata Dino Melaye, Sanata Biodun Olujimi, Sanata Duro Faseyi, Sanata Sam Anyanwu, Sanata Rafiu Ibrahim da Sanata Shaba Lafiaaji da dai sauransu. Har ila yau, ana sa ran gwamnan jihar Ogun na lokacin, Sanata Ibikunle Amosun amma ya samu wakilcin mataimakiyarsa, Misis Yetunde Onanuga a wajen taron. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka dauki nauyin buga wannan bugu na 2018 shine shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa Globacom Otunba Mike Adenuga. Jarumin Nollywood, Odunlade Adekola, DJ Top da ’yan Uku na Mista Real, Idowest da Slim Case suma sun halarci bikin inda suka baiwa ‘yan asalin jihar da baki gasar 2018 Glo Miss Ojude Oba Beauty gasar da aka gudanar a Equity Hotel.
Sarkin Awujale da Paramount na Ijebuland, Oba (Dr) Sikiru Adetona, ya soke bukin Ojude Oba na 2020 saboda cutar covid-19 da kuma bukatar kiyaye nisantar da jama'a da ta jiki a yayin barkewar cutar amai da gudawa.
Hakanan an soke bugu na 2021 saboda saurin bullar cutar ta coronavirus. Masu shirya taron sun ce ya fi kyau a kauce wa illolin da za a iya rigakafin su da kuma kare rayuka.
Adetoun Sote ya rubuta littafi kan bikin Ojude Oba na Ijebu-Ode a yammacin Najeriya. Littafin farko da za a rubuta akan wannan bikin.
Biki Bikin Ojude-Oba biki ne na yini guda na al'adu, kayan ado, kyawawa, kyan gani, kyan gani da sarauta a matsayin 'ya'ya maza da mata na Ijebuland. A kodayaushe ana fara bikin ne da addu’o’i daga Limamin Ijebuland, sannan aka yi wa taken kasa, sai wakar Jihar Ogun da wakar Awujale, daga karshe kuma sai yabon kabilar Ijebus. Bayan duk wadannan, an fara faretin shekaru daban-daban da aka fi sani da Regbe regbe mai suna irin su Obafuwaji, Bobagbimo, Bobakeye, Gbobaniyi da Gbobalaye.
Wannan shi ne jigon bikin domin kowace kungiya da takwarorinsu maza da mata sun bambanta ko dai ta yanayin kamanni da salon shigarsu ko kuma ta salon rawa. Wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin sun hada da manyan manajoji, manyan jami’an gudanarwa, shugabannin masana’antu da fitattun masu rike da mukaman gargajiya. Kungiyoyin kowanne na da fuskar da za a iya gane su, kamar Gbobaniyi, gungun maza masu matsakaitan shekaru, masu sanya tufafin gargajiya na gargajiya na Aso-Oke, da sandunan tafiya da raye-raye kamar masu cin nasara, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Ogun, Gbenga Daniel a matsayin mataimaki, yayin da Mata Gbobaleye an sansu da son gai da rawa kuma a matsayinta na memba fitacciyar tauraruwar waka, Sarauniya Salawa Abeni.
A taƙaice, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna yin bi da bi tare da masu ganga don yin mubaya'a ta hanyar raye-rayen da suke yi, da kuma gabatar da kyaututtuka da kyautai a ƙafar Sarki. Suna yi masa addu'a tare da yi masa fatan Allah ya ba shi lafiya da tsawon rai.
Mahimman bayanai
Hawan Doki Iyalan masu hawan doki daban-daban na karkashin jagorancin Balogun. Zuriyar jaruman yakin Ijebu ana daukarsu a matsayin Balogun. Wasu iyalai masu hawan doki sun hada da; Balogun Odunuga, Balogun Bello Odueyyungbo Kuku, Balogun Agboola Alausa, Balogun Alatishe, Balogun Otubu, Balogun Adesoye, Balogun Odejayi, Balogun Adesoye Onasanya, Balogun Towobola, Balogun Aregbesola da Balogun Ajibike Odedina. Ana amfani da harbe-harbe na lokaci-lokaci wajen sanar da shigowar su, lamarin da ya jefa mutane da dama cikin rudani.
Kyawun Fasaha Na Bikin Ojude Oba Daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mutane daga al’adu daban-daban ke ganin bikin Ojude oba yana da matukar ban sha’awa shi ne saboda Art na taka rawar gani sosai a bikin. Domin ganin yadda bikin Ojude Oba ya kayatar da gaske, a yi la’akari da salo da yadda ake sanya tufafin masu shekaru daban-daban, da kade-kade da kade-kade, har ma da zanen dawakan iyalan Balogun, da dai sauransu.
Tufafi Shekaru masu shekaru suna gasa don mafi kyawun sutura. Saboda haka, dalilin da ya sa rukuni ya fita don tufafi mafi tsada na kakar. Tufafin da aka yi a baya ba za a iya sake sawa a sabon bikin Ojude Oba, suna sanya tufafi daban-daban a kowace shekara wanda ke yin bayani kan matsayin tattalin arziki da arzikin masu shekaru da kuma yadda suke da kyau. Za a iya cewa, babu inda za a iya nuna hazakar Yarabawa na tufafin gargajiya kamar yadda ake yi a Ojude Oba. A al'adance, launukan tufafin Yarbawa sun haɗa da; tan, sautin yanayin siliki da aka fi sani da sanyan, da shuɗi, kama daga palest zuwa mafi zurfin baƙar shuɗi mai zurfi da ake samu daga tukwanen rini na indigo.
Masu tallafawa da Magoya baya Bikin Ojude Oba yana samun tallafi da goyon bayan mai ci Awujale, mutanen Ijebu-Ode, daidaikun mutane da wasu manyan kungiyoyi a Najeriya. Daya daga cikin manyan masu daukar nauyin bikin shine Globacom. Katafaren kamfanin sadarwa ya kasance mai daukar nauyin taron har tsawon shekaru 10, shekara bayan shekara, inda ya ba da kyautuka, kyautuka da kofuna ga kujeru masu alama da kuma fa'idodi daban-daban. Taimakon da suka yi wajen daukaka bikin Ojude oba ba shi da iyaka. Sauran masu daukar nauyin bikin shine; First City Monument Bank [FCMB], UAC of Nigeria, Fan Milk, The Seven-Up Bottling Company da MultiChoice da dai sauransu.
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53731 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney%20Spears%20discography | Britney Spears discography | Mawaƙin Amurka Britney Spears ya fito da kundi na studio tara, albums ɗin tattarawa guda takwas, akwatin akwatin tara, wasan kwaikwayo guda uku (EPs), 51 mawaƙa (ciki har da biyu a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo), 11 na tallatawa, ƴan agaji biyu, kuma ya yi baƙon baƙi uku. A cikin 1997, Spears ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodi tare da lakabin rikodin rikodin Amurka Jive Records don ƙaddamar da aikinta. Spears ta fara wasanta na farko a watan Nuwamba 1998 tare da Baby Karin Lokaci Daya wanda ya biyo bayan fitowar albam din ta na farko, Baby Karin Lokaci Daya (1999). Rikodin ya buɗe Chart Albums na Kanada da <i id="mwHA">Billboard</i> 200 na Amurka a lamba ɗaya, wanda ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Amurka (RIAA) ta ba da shaidar platinum sau goma sha huɗu daga baya. Kundin studio na biyu na mawaƙin, Kash! Na Sake Yi an samar da shi don amfani a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2000, kuma ya zama rikodin siyar da sauri ta hanyar mace a Amurka, wanda ya kawo tallace-tallace na makon farko na raka'a 1,319,193 da lu'u-lu'u da aka tabbatar a Amurka. Ya haifar da guda huɗu—“ Kash! Na Sake Yi Sa'a Ƙarfafa da Kada Ni Na Kasance Na Ƙarshe Don Sani A watan Nuwambar 2001, kundi na uku na mawaƙin da ya fito a duk duniya ya buga Ni Bawa 4 U wanda masu sukar kiɗan suka yi nuni da kasancewar ta tashi daga kayanta na baya. Spears ta saki kundi na studio na hudu, A cikin Yankin, a cikin Nuwamba 2003, wanda ya nuna Ni Against the Music haɗin gwiwa tare da Madonna wanda ya kai matsayi mafi girma na Turai Hot 100 Singles da Toxic wanda ya sami Spears Grammy na farko a cikin mafi kyawun rikodin rawa, kuma ya sami amincinta a tsakanin masu sukar. Kundin na farko na mawaƙin, Mafi Girma Hits: Prerogative na, an sake shi a shekara mai zuwa.
Bayan fuskantar gwagwarmaya ta sirri ta hanyar 2007, Kundin studio na biyar na Spears, Blackout, an sake shi a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Ba kamar duk bayanan da mawaƙin ya yi a baya ba, Blackout ya kasa samun ci gaba sosai ta hanyar tambayoyin mujallu, bayyanuwa na magana, ko wasan kwaikwayon talabijin ban da wasan kwaikwayo a MTV Video Music Awards na 2007 kuma ba a tare da yawon shakatawa mai goyan baya ba. Tare da sakin kundi na studio na shida Circus, Spears ya zama kawai aiki a zamanin Nielsen SoundScan daga 1991 zuwa yanzu, don samun rikodin rikodi guda hudu da aka yi muhawara tare da 500,000 ko fiye da kofe da aka sayar a Amurka. An goyi bayan fitowar manyan nasarorin kasuwancin duniya kamar Womanizer da Circus ya sami nasarar siyar da kwafi miliyan huɗu a duniya. Kundin na uku na mawakiyar, Tarin Singles, ta fito da lamba ta uku ta daya a Amurka, 3 A cikin 2011, ta fitar da waƙar Rike Against Ni wanda ya sa Spears ya zama mai fasaha na biyu a cikin tarihin Billboard Hot 100 na 52 na shekaru 52 don fara halarta a lamba ta ɗaya tare da waƙa biyu ko fiye, a bayan mai yin rikodin Amurka Mariah Carey An haɗa waƙar a kan kundi na studio na bakwai, Femme Fatale, wanda ya fara halarta a lamba daya a wannan ƙasa. Har ila yau albam ɗinta na farko da ta taɓa yin fice guda uku a cikin Amurka, gami da wakoki masu nasara na kasuwanci kamar Till the World Ends da I Wanna Go Kundin studio na takwas na Spears, Britney Jean, an sake shi a cikin 2013. Yana nuna babban babban aiki na Spears na farko a ƙarƙashin RCA Records tun lokacin da aka rushe tambarin rikodinta na dogon lokaci, Jive Records, a cikin 2011. Karɓar ra'ayoyin gauraye daga masu sukar kiɗan, ta sami ƙananan nasarar kasuwanci, don haka ta zama rikodin siyarwa mafi ƙasƙanci na aikinta. Spears ta fara aiki a kan kundinta na tara a cikin 2014; ta kuma sabunta yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da RCA Records. An saki Glory a cikin 2016 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar kiɗa. Kundin da aka yi muhawara a lamba uku akan Billboard 200 na Amurka tare da raka'a 111,000 daidai album, gami da kwafin 88,000 da aka sayar, kuma ya haifar da wakoki na Make Me da Slumber Party wanda ya kai 17 da 86 akan Hot 100, kuma ya mamaye Wakokin Rawa a Amurka.
Spears ya sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 100 a duk duniya, gami da rikodin miliyan 70 a cikin Amurka (waɗanda miliyan 36.9 na dijital da kundin dijital miliyan 33.6), yana mai da ita ɗayan mafi kyawun masu fasahar kiɗan siyar a kowane lokaci Billboard ya sanya ta a matsayi na takwas na gabaɗaya Artist na Goma, kuma ya gane ta a matsayin mafi kyawun siyar da faifan mata na shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni na 21, da kuma na biyar gabaɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Amurka ta amince da Spears a matsayin mai fasaha na mata na takwas mafi sayarwa a Amurka, tare da takaddun shaida miliyan 34.5. Spears yana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan zane-zane a tarihi don samun kundi ɗaya-daya da kundi a cikin kowane shekaru talatin na aikinsu-1990s, 2000s, da 2010s. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an ba da rahoton cewa Spears ya zana biliyan 25 a cikin yawan masu sauraron rediyon iska da biliyan 2.6 akan buƙatun sauti da rafukan bidiyo na |
36659 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halima%20Begum | Halima Begum | Dr Halima Begum ta kasan ce ita ce shugabar zartarwa kuma Darakta na Runnymede Trust, babbar cibiyar nazarin daidaiton launin fata ta kasar Burtaniya. Begum ta rike manyan mukamai na jagoranci tare da gwamnati,da wadansu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, masu ba da agaji da ƙungiyoyin jama'a na duniya ciki har da Sashen Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya na Burtaniya, Majalisar Burtaniya da Gidauniyar LEGO A cikin shekarar 2021 Shaw Trust Disability Power 100 mai suna Begum daya daga cikin nakasassu masu tasiri a kasar Burtaniya. Wannan ya biyo bayan shigar da ita cikin jerin sunayen masu tasiri na kasar Burtaniya-Bangladesh.
Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi An haifi Begum a Sylhet, Bangladesh bayan yakin 'Yanci Ta girma a Brick Lane a cikin gundumar London na Tower Hamlets inda ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Thomas Buxton da Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Tsakiya Lokacin da take matashiya, ta haɗu da Haɗin kan Mata masu Yaƙi da Wariyar launin fata don yaƙar karuwar wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama a Gabashin kasar London, gami da Millwall da tsibirin Kare Wannan lokacin a farkon shekarar alif 1990s ya gan ta musamman a cikin yaki da matsananci hakkin National Front da Derek Beackon, jam'iyyar ta farko zaba kansila, tare da Begum fama da yawa hari a cikin tsari. Ta yi digirinta na farko a fannin Gwamnati da Tarihi, sannan ta yi digirinta na biyu a fannin hulda da kasa da kasa a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziki ta kasar Landan, kafin ta kammala digiri na uku a Jami’ar Queen Mary ta kasar Landan Nakasa Tun tana karama Begum tana da wani yanayi na rashin lafiya da ba kasafai ba wanda ya kai ga cire mata ido na hagu. A cikin shirin BBC World Service na Emotional Baggage, wanda aka sadaukar don rayuwarta da abubuwan da suka faru na ƙaura, Begum ta ba da labarin karbar bakuncin Farfesa Henrietta Bowden-Jones yadda NHS da farko suka ƙi ba iyayenta damar samun magani ga yarsu, duk da matsayin iyali. a matsayin 'yan kasar Birtaniya A lokacin an yi bayanin wannan ta hanyar kuskure amma ɗan jinkirin yaduwa don ba wa baƙi baƙi damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a ciki har da kiwon lafiya saboda ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare a cikin doka, gami da Dokar Shige da Fice ta shekarar alif 1971 Begum ta bayyana wa BBC yadda mahaifinta da ya yanke kauna, ma'aikacin masana'antar masaku, ya mika wa Limamin Masallacin Brick Lane rikon diyarsa 'yar shekara biyu. Limamin da jama'ar masallacin da kuma al'ummar Bangaladash na Landan da har yanzu ba a san su ba sun shirya gangamin farar hula don tabbatar da Begum irin jinyar da ta bukata. Ko da yake likitocin tiyata a asibitin St Bartholomew sun kasa ceto idonta na hagu, Begum na da sauran hangen nesa a bangaren dama kuma har yau tana karkashin kulawar sanannen asibitin ido na Moorfields na duniya.
Sana'a A cikin Shekarar Alif ta1998 an nada Begum a matsayin Manazarta Siyasa tare da Hukumar kan makomar Biritaniya mai yawan kabilu Shugaban Hukumar Lord Parekh, Hukumar ta ba wa gwamnatin Kasar Burtaniya shawarwari Guda 130 don kalubalantar rashin daidaiton launin fata a cikin al'umma. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki don Action Aid, yana taimakawa wajen kafa Ƙungiya ta Duniya don Ilimi, kuma ta rubuta rahoton Social Capital a Action na LSE Center for Civil Society. A cikin Shekarar 2003 Begum ya shiga Sashen Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya na Burtaniya. Daga cikin manyan ayyuka, ta tsara shirin aiwatar da shirin Sin da Burtaniya kan matsalar karancin abinci, da yin aiki tare da gwamnatin kasar Sin karkashin firaministan kasar Wen Jiabao, kuma ta goyi bayan sake gina kasar Nepal bayan rikice-rikice, yayin da yakin basasa ya ragu daga shekarar 2006. A Pakistan ta jagoranci tayin ilimi na Burtaniya, inda aka kashe fam miliyan 600 kuma ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka hada da ilimin 'ya'ya mata. A matsayinsa na babban jami'in kasar Biritaniya, Begum ya wakilci Birtaniya a wasu manyan tarurrukan kasashen biyu da suka hada da UNESCO EFA a birnin Alkahira, da dandalin raya zaman jama'a na Sin da ASEAN, da shirin rage fatara da ASEAN+3. A cikin Shekarar2012 an nada Begum Daraktan Ilimi a Majalisar Biritaniya, mai alhakin tsara dabarun ilimi a gabashin Asiya. A cikin shekara ta 2017 an ɗauke ta zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Gidauniyar LEGO kuma a cikin shekarar 2020 an nada ta Shugabar Runnymede Trust. Kafofin watsa labarai na duniya da cibiyoyin koyo suna neman ra'ayin Begum akai-akai game da 'yancin jama'a da daidaito tsakanin Financial Times, New York Times da Harvard 's Kennedy School of Government Martanin Gaggawa na Covid Ta hanyar cutar ta Covid Begum ta kasance sananiyar mai ba da shawara don faɗaɗa matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a don tallafawa tsirarun ƙabilanci da al'ummomin masu aiki. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon adadi mai yawa da rashin daidaituwar adadin mutuwar Covid tsakanin waɗancan ƙungiyoyin. Shawarwari na Begum sun haɗa da haɓaka gwajin Covid, fifikon rigakafin da ƙaddamar da rigakafin rigakafin ga ƙungiyoyin BAME Ta kuma ba da tallafi mai yawa ga saƙon gwamnati game da shirin rigakafin a cikin jinkirin da wuri da ƙarancin ɗauka tsakanin al'ummomin Baƙar fata da Asiya. Bukatun bincikenta a lokacin bala'in ya kai ga gwajin tasirin Covid akan majinyatan musulmi masu azumi a cikin watan Ramadan, da wajibcin hada kabilanci a matsayin wani abu mai zaman kansa na hadarin Covid a cikin tsara manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A cikin Watan Fabrairun shekara ta2021, Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya Chris Witty ya tabbatar da cewa za a dauki kabilanci a matsayin abin hadarin Covid a cikin Burtaniya, tare da rashi na zamantakewa da kididdigar jiki. Wannan matakin ya ga ƙarin 'yan Birtaniyya miliyan biyu an ƙarfafa su don yin garkuwa da ƙarin 800,000 da aka sa ido don yin rigakafin. A cikin watan Satumba shekara ta 2020, an kira Begum zuwa Majalisa don ba da shaida na ƙwararru game da mummunan tasirin Covid akan yaran ƙananan makarantu, gami da rashin daidaituwa game da samun damar IT da koyo daga nesa A cikin New York Times a cikin watan Maris shekarata 2021 Begum ya yi tambaya kan shawarwari don karɓar fasfo na dijital na dijital ta Amurka, Burtaniya da EU. Da take magana game da yuwuwar fasfo din Covid na haifar da "wariya, wariya da kyama", ta yi nuni da kwarewar samarin kananan kabilu a Burtaniya wadanda tuni suka fuskanci matsalar tsayawa da bincike da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi sakamakon tsauraran ka'idojin kulle -kulle. farkon annoba. Yayin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fara tunanin kawo karshen kulle-kullen a karshen shekarar 2021, Begum ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar bullo da shirin rigakafin gida-gida na kasa don tabbatar da cewa an kare kungiyoyin marasa galihu daga Covid, musamman a cikin biranen ciki.
Board da Shawara Begum ta kasance mai ba da shawara ne ga kungiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da Kwalejin Burtaniya, Nuffield Foundation, Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, ITV da Gwamnatin Scotland Ta zauna a Hukumar NHS Race and Health Observatory, da Toynbee Hall Tare da tsohon shugaban Kotun Koli Baroness Hale da tsohon Sakataren Shari'a Robert Buckland, Begum ƙwararre ne mai ba da shawara ga Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Biritaniya wanda Cibiyar Gwamnati da Cibiyar Bennett ta Jami'ar Cambridge ta kira. A da, ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Muhalli ta Mata ta Burtaniya, mai kula da Tower Hamlets Environment Trust da kuma gwamnan Kwalejin Tower Hamlets.
Rayuwa ta sirri Begum ta girma a layin Brick a cikin babban al'ummar Bangladesh, Ita ce diya ta uku cikin yara shida. Mahaifiyarta mai yin gida ce. Mahaifinta, Mohammed Abdul Kadir, ma'aikacin East End ne ma'aikacin yadin da ya yi gwagwarmaya a gwagwarmayar Bangladesh a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci An yi imanin sunan Kadir yana cikin wadanda suka sanya hannu a kan hayar Masallacin Layin Brick, wani wurin tarihi wanda a da ake kira Masallacin Jamme da kuma, a cikin abubuwan da suka gabata tun daga gininsa a Shekarar alif 1743, duka coci da majami'a. Begum ta yi magana a bainar jama'a game da rashin matsuguni na iyayenta a lokacin ƙuruciyarta da kuma shigarsu daga baya a cikin ƴan ƴan sandan Bangladesh a cikin shekara ta1970s a kasar London. A cikin wata hira da BBC da Robert Carlyle, Begum ta bayyana babban cin zarafi na launin fata da ta jiki wanda kungiyar National Front ta yi mata tun tana karama, wanda ke rike da kantin sayar da littattafai a wajen gidan iyayenta a Brick Lane. A cikin tattaunawa daban-daban a gidan rediyon BBC 4 tare da masu hira da suka hada da Farfesa Henrietta Bowden-Jones da Samira Ahmed, Begum ta bayyana cewa an kai ta makaranta tare da mahaifiyarta da ’yan’uwanta, sanye da rigar riga kuma ta tura ta cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Neo-nazi a wajen gidan iyali. Ta kira wannan tafiya, "Ayyukan juriya na yau da kullum na kananan yara hudu na Birtaniya-Bangladesh". Kazalika da Ingilishi, Begum kuma yana jin Bengali-Sylheti, Hindi da Urdu.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
22144 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Gonz%C3%A1lez | Paula González | Sister Paula González, SC, Ph.D., (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 1932 ta mutu a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016) ta shiga cikin Sisters of Charity na Cincinnati a cikin shekara ta 1954. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Katolika da ke Washington, DC, kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Mount St. Joseph da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, tsawon shekaru 21. Tun shekara ta 1972, Sister Paula an freelancing matsayin futurist da kuma muhalli, aiki fiye da shekaru talatin da ya inganta orewar rai Ta kuma goyi bayan aikin ƙungiyar Alternate Energy Association na Kudu maso Yammacin Ohio, gami da yin shugaban ƙasa na ɗan lokaci. Ta kirkiro kwasa-kwasan kaset na kaset a-warkar da Duniya; ta rubuta labarai da yawa da kuma surori na littafi game da yanayin rayuwa, kiyayewa, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimin halittar ruhaniya; kuma ya isa dubban mutum ta hanyar gabatarwa sama da 1800.
Sista Paula ta tsara kuma tayi yawancin aikin canza tsohuwar gidan ajiyar kaji zuwa "La Casa del Sol," babban insulated, passive-solar house da take rabawa tare da wata Sister of Charity. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da sifili a cikin hunturu na 1985, zafin gidan ya sauka ƙasa da ƙasa da digiri 50 ba tare da mai hita yana gudana ba. Nasarar ‘Yar’uwa Paula tare da amfani da hasken rana ya sanya mata sunan“ Solar Nun. Sista Paula ta kafa EarthConnection, cibiyar koyon muhalli inda aka gudanar da rangadi, horaswa, da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa kan muhalli. Located a kan filaye da ta taro ta motherhouse, da EarthConnection Center aka kammala a 1995 da kuma ci gaba da Showcase daban-daban sabunta-makamashi fasahar ciki har da daylighting, m da kuma aiki da hasken rana thermal, Grid-daura photovoltaic, kuma geoexchange makamashi tsarin. Tsarin ba wai kawai ban sha'awa bane a cikin ire-iren su, amma kuma sananne ne ga tsarin "tsarin taimakawa hasken rana" wanda ba a saba gani ba, inda ake canza zafin rani daga masu tara hasken zafin rana zuwa wani gado mai rufin ƙasa kewaye da ginin don amfani dashi lokacin hunturu mai zuwa.
Ohioungiyar Soungiyar Solar Energy ta Amurka ta Ohio, Green Energy Ohio, ta ba Sister Paula lambar yabo ta samun nasarar rayuwa a cikin shekara ta 2005.
A shekara ta 2007, Sister Paula da Keith Mills sun kafa Ohio Interfaith Power and Light, gamayyar masu addinin da ke amsa rikicin sauyin yanayi. Interarfin addinai da haske na addinai na Ohio reshe ne na kamfen ɗin Sabuntawa na Powerarfin faarfin Addini da Haske na Addinai na faasa, wanda ke da shirye-shirye a cikin jihohi 26 da suka shafi ikilisiyoyi 4000 (daga Mayu 2008).
Ayyuka Litattafan Littattafai, da dai sauransu.
A cikin "Nursing-M Nursing by Shafer et al." Lafiyar Qasa da Lafiya, St. Louis: Mosby, 1975.
"Jagorar Nazari don Shiga Littafin Rubutu na Anatomy da Physiology", Reith, Breidenbach, Lorenc, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
A cikin "Makomar Nukiliya ta Duniya", Tsarin Nukiliya na Duniya: Wasu Sauran Makomar Nan gaba, New York: Dabarun Hadin gwiwa da Kwamitin Aiki, Inc., 1985.
A cikin "Rungumar Duniya: Hanyoyin Katolika na Ilimin Ilimin Lafiya", Ikklesiyoyin annabci na Eco?, AJ LaChance da JE Carroll, eds., Maryknoll, NY: 1994.
A cikin "Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da Addini: Masana kimiyya sunyi Magana", Koyo daga Duniya: Mabuɗin Ci gaba mai dorewa, JE Carroll da KE Warner, eds., Quincy IL: Franciscan Press, 1998.
A cikin "Duniya a Hadari: Tattaunawar Muhalli tsakanin Addini da Kimiyya", anaddamar da Ethabi'a don Communityungiyoyin Dorewa, DB Conroy da RL Petersen, New York: Littattafan Dan Adam, 2000.
Shirye-shiryen Sauti
"Warkar da Duniya: Ruhaniya mai tasowa", (12-zaman minicourse), Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 1991.
"Me muke Yi a Duniya?" (Awanni 5), Kansas City, MO: Credence Cassettes, 1994.
Shirye-shiryen Bidiyon
"Karanta alamomin Zamani: Adalci, Ilimin Halitta da Rayuwar Kirista", (awanni 2), Laurel MD: Sadarwar Duniya, 1995.
A cikin "Babban Sarkar Kasancewa: Sauƙaƙa Rayukanmu", Farkawa ga Mai Tsarki (1 hr) da Zuwa Makoma Mai Dorewa (1 hr), Albuquerque, NM: Cibiyar Ayyuka da Taron Zaman Taro, 2007.
Jarida Labaran Mujallar (Zabi)
A cikin "Lokacin" (NCEA Journal), "Sabon" 3Rs "don Malamin 1990s", Disamba, 1986.
A cikin "InFormation", "Motsawa cikin Sabuwar Millennium: Kalubale ga Addini", Maris, Afrilu, 1998.
A cikin "Takaddun Lokaci" (Taron Jagoranci na Mata Masu Addini), "Canjin Abokai", Afrilu, 1999.
A cikin "Radical Grace" (Cibiyar Aiki da Tunani), "Kowace Rana Ya Kamata Ta Zama 'Ranar Duniya'", Afrilu –Yuni, 2001.
A cikin "Hasken Duniya" (Jaridar Rayuwa da Rayuwa ta Ruhaniya), "Rayuwa a cikin Eucharistic Universe", Guga, 2004.
A cikin "Wa'azi", "An kira shi don kula da alfarma", Satumba Oktoba, 2004.
A cikin "Hasken Duniya", "Zuwa Sabuwar Zuhudu" Guga, 2005.
A cikin "Radical Grace", "Tis Kyauta don Zama Mai Sauƙi", Guga, 2007.
A cikin "St. Anthony Messenger", "Ubanmu: Addu'ar Mu ta Yanayi", Oktoba, 2007.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haɗin Hill Interarfin Addini na Ohio da Haske
Yan Uwan Matan Sadaka na Cincinnati
EarthConnection
La Casa Del Sol
Aikin farfadowa
Green Energy Ohio
Shaidar Partyungiyar Sha'awar Keith Mills (PDF) <span title="Dead link since March 2018">mahada madawwami</span> Pages with unreviewed |
31436 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Muhalli%20na%20Aikin%20Gona | Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona | Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona shine tasirin da ayyukan noma daban-daban ke da shi a kan yanayin muhallin da ke kewaye da su, da kuma yadda za a iya gano irin wannan tasirin zuwa ga waɗancan ayyukan. Tasirin muhalli na noma ya bambanta sosai bisa la'akari da ayyukan da manoma ke yi da kuma ma'aunin aiki. Al'ummomin noma waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage tasirin muhalli ta hanyar gyara ayyukansu za su ɗauki ayyukan noma masu ɗorewa. Mummunan tasirin noma wani tsohon al'amari ne wanda ya cigaba da damuwa yayin da masana ke tsara sabbin hanyoyin da za su rage lalacewa da haɓaka haɓakar muhalli. Ko da yake wasu makiyaya suna da kyau ga muhalli, ayyukan noman dabbobi na zamani sun kasance sun fi lalata muhalli fiye da ayyukan noma da aka mayar da hankali kan 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da sauran halittu. Fitar da ammonia daga sharar shanu na cigaba da haifar da kuma damuwa kan gurɓacewar muhalli. A lokacin da ake tantance tasirin muhalli, masana suna amfani da alamomi iri biyu: “manufa”, wanda ya dogara da hanyoyin noman noma, da “tasirin tasiri”, wanda shine tasirin da hanyoyin noma ke da shi ga tsarin noma ko kuma fitar da hayaki. yanayi. Misali na ma'anar ma'anar zai zama ingancin ruwan ƙasa, wanda adadin nitrogen da ake amfani da shi ya shafi ƙasa. Alamar da ke nuna asarar nitrate zuwa ruwan karkashin kasa zai dogara ne akan tasiri. Ƙididdigar da aka dogara da ita tana duba ayyukan noma na manoma, kuma kimantawar da ta dogara da tasiri ta yi la'akari da ainihin tasirin tsarin noma. Misali, bincike mai tushe zai iya duba magungunan kashe qwari da hanyoyin haɗi da manoma ke amfani da su, kuma binciken da ya dogara da tasiri zai yi la'akari da adadin CO2 da ake fitarwa ko menene abun ciki na nitrogen na ƙasa.
Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona ya ƙunshi tasiri akan abubuwa daban-daban: ƙasa, zuwa ruwa, iska, nau'in dabba da ƙasa, mutane, shuke-shuke, da abinci da kansa. Noma yana ba da gudummawa ga yawancin al'amuran muhalli da ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli ciki har da: sauyin yanayi, sare gandun daji, asarar ɗimbin halittu, yankunan da suka mutu, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, matsalolin ban ruwa, gurɓataccen ƙasa, lalata ƙasa, da sharar gida. nep.org/resources/making-peace-nature</ref>
Saboda muhimmancin aikin noma ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli na duniya, al'ummomin duniya sun himmatu wajen haɓaka ɗorewar samar da abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba mai dorewa na 2: "Ƙarshen yunwa, cimma wadatar abinci da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da inganta aikin noma mai ɗorewa" Rahoton na Shirin Samar da Zaman Lafiya tare da yanayi na 2021 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana aikin noma a matsayin direba da masana'antu da ke fuskantar barazana daga lalata muhalli.
Ta hanyar aikin noma
Noman dabbobi
Ban ruwa
Ta hanyar batun muhalli
Canjin yanayi Sauyin yanayi da aikin noma matakai ne masu alaƙa da juna, duka biyun suna faruwa ne a sikelin duniya. Ana hasashen ɗumamar yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin da ya shafi aikin noma, gami da zafin jiki, hazo da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun ƙayyade ƙarfin ɗaukar kwayar halitta don samar da isasshen abinci ga yawan mutane da dabbobin gida. Haɓaka matakan carbon dioxide shima zai sami tasiri, duka masu lahani da fa'ida, akan amfanin amfanin gona. Yin la'akari da kuma illolin sauyin yanayi na duniya kan aikin noma na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda ya kamata da daidaita aikin noma don bunƙasa noma Ko da yake babu tabbas kan tasirin sauyin yanayi ga noma, akwai yuwuwar zai canza yankunan da suka dace don amfanin gonaki guda. Daidaita wannan canjin yanayi zai ƙunshi tsadar tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa.
A lokaci guda kuma, an nuna aikin noma yana haifar da gagarumin tasiri kan sauyin yanayi, musamman ta hanyar samarwa da sakin iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide, methane, da nitrous oxide Bugu da ƙari, aikin noma da ke yin aikin noma, da takin zamani, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari kuma yana fitar da ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, da sauran magungunan kashe ƙwari da yawa waɗanda ke shafar ingancin iska, ruwa, da ƙasa, da kuma bambancin halittu Har ila yau noma yana canza murfin ƙasa, wanda zai iya canza ikonsa na sha ko nuna zafi da haske, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga tilastawa mai haske Canjin amfani da ƙasa kamar sare gandun daji da kwararowar hamada, tare da amfani da albarkatun mai, sune manyan tushen ɗan adam na carbon dioxide; noma da kanta shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙara yawan methane da nitrous oxide a cikin yanayin duniya Mafi yawan hayaƙin methane yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da dabbobi, musamman ma naman dabbobi kamar shanu da aladu. Sauran dabbobi, irin su kaji da kifi, suna da tasiri kaɗan. Ana samar da wasu hanyoyin magance fitar da naman naman sa. Dabarun sun hada da yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga taki, zabin kwayoyin halitta, rigakafi, rumen defaunation, cin nasara na methanogenic archaea tare da acetogens, gabatarwar kwayoyin methanotrophic a cikin rumen, gyaran abinci. da kula da kiwo da sauransu. Wasu canje-canjen abinci (irin su Asparagopsis taxiformis suna ba da damar rage har zuwa kashi 99 cikin 100 na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Saboda waɗannan mummunan tasirin, amma kuma saboda dalilai na ingantaccen aikin noma (duba Abinci vs. ciyarwa wani hasashe ya ambaci raguwar dabbobi aƙalla wasu dabbobi (watau shanu) a wasu ƙasashe nan da 2030.
sare itatuwa Sararin dazuzzukan na kawar da dazuzzukan duniya da yawa a duniya kuma yana haifar da barna da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka shine cire ƙasa don kiwo ko amfanin gona. A cewar wani masanin muhalli dan Burtaniya Norman Myers, kashi 5% na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne sakamakon kiwo, kashi 19% saboda yawan sare itatuwa, kashi 22% saboda noman dabino da ake nomawa, sannan kashi 54% saboda saran dazuka Sake sare dazuzzuka na haifar da asarar muhallin miliyoyin nau'in halittu, kuma shi ne ke haddasa sauyin yanayi. Bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman nutsewar carbon wato, suna ɗaukar carbon dioxide, iskar da ba a so ba, daga sararin samaniya. Cire bishiyoyi yana fitar da carbon dioxide cikin yanayi kuma yana barin bishiyu kaɗan don ɗaukar adadin carbon dioxide a cikin iska. Ta wannan hanyar, sare dazuzzuka na ƙara tsananta canjin yanayi. Lokacin da aka cire bishiyoyi daga dazuzzuka, ƙasa takan bushe saboda babu inuwa, kuma babu isassun bishiyoyi da za su taimaka a cikin yanayin ruwa ta hanyar mayar da tururin ruwa zuwa yanayin. Ba tare da bishiya ba, shimfidar wurare da dazuzzuka a da za su iya zama hamada mara kyau. Tushen bishiyar kuma yana taimakawa wajen riƙe ƙasa tare, don haka idan an cire su, zabtarewar laka kuma na iya faruwa. Har ila yau, kawar da bishiyoyi yana haifar da matsanancin yanayi a yanayin zafi. A shekara ta 2000 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta gano cewa "rawar da yawan jama'a ke takawa a cikin wani yanki na iya bambanta daga yanke hukunci zuwa ga sakaci," kuma sarewar dazuzzuka na iya haifar da "haɗuwar matsin lamba na yawan jama'a da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. yanayin fasaha."
Injiniyan halitta
Masu gurɓatawa
Lalacewar ƙasa Lalacewar ƙasa ita ce raguwar ingancin ƙasa wanda zai iya zama sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, musamman daga aikin gona. Ƙasar ce ke riƙe da mafi yawan nau'ikan halittu na duniya, kuma ƙasa mai kyau tana da mahimmanci don samar da abinci da isasshen ruwa. Halayen gama-gari na lalata ƙasa na iya zama gishiri, zubar ruwa, tarawa, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, raguwar ingancin tsarin ƙasa, asarar haihuwa, canje-canje a cikin acidity na ƙasa, alkalinity, salinity, da zaizayar ƙasa Zaizayar ƙasa ita ce kawar da ƙasa ta sama ta hanyar ruwa, iska, ko ayyukan noma. Ƙasar ƙasa tana da albarka sosai, wanda ya sa ya zama mai daraja ga manoman noma. Lalacewar ƙasa kuma tana da babban tasiri a kan gurɓacewar halittu, wanda ke shafar al'ummar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa kuma yana iya canza hawan keke na gina jiki, rigakafin ƙwari da cututtuka, da abubuwan canza sinadarai na ƙasa.
Yazawar noma
Sharar gida Plasticculture shine amfani da ciyawa na filastik a cikin aikin gona. Manoma suna amfani da zanen robobi a matsayin ciyawa don rufe kashi 50-70% na ƙasa kuma su ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin ban ruwa mai ɗigo don samun ingantaccen iko akan kayan abinci na ƙasa da danshi Ba a buƙatar ruwan sama a cikin wannan tsarin, kuma ana gina gonakin da ke amfani da robobi don ƙarfafa kwararar ruwan sama mafi sauri. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari tare da filastik yana ba da damar jigilar magungunan kashe ƙwari cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan saman saman zuwa wuraren dausayi ko raƙuman ruwa. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga magungunan kashe qwari da sinadarai a cikin robobi na iya haifar da naƙasu mai tsanani da kuma mutuwa a cikin kifi kamar yadda ruwan ke ɗauke da sinadarai zuwa tekuna. Baya ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa da ke fitowa daga robobi, akwai kuma matsalar ƙaruwar yawan sharar da ake samu daga robobi da kanta. Amfani da ciyawa na filastik don kayan lambu, strawberries, da sauran layuka da amfanin gona na gonakin gona ya wuce fam miliyan 110 a shekara a Amurka. Yawancin robobi suna ƙarewa a cikin mazugi, ko da yake akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓukan zubarwa kamar su zubar da mulch a cikin ƙasa, binne kan layi, ajiyar wuri, sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, da ƙonawa. Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙonawa da sake yin amfani da su suna da rikitarwa da nau'ikan robobi da ake amfani da su da kuma ta hanyar tarwatsa filayen filastik. Filastik kuma sun ƙunshi na'urori masu ƙarfi da rini da kuma ƙarfe masu nauyi, waɗanda ke iyakance adadin samfuran da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan samar da ciyawa masu iya lalacewa ko kuma zazzagewar hoto. Yayin da aka samu ƴar ƙaramar nasara a kan haka, akwai kuma matsalar tsawon lokacin da robobin ke ɗauka don rage lalacewa, saboda yawancin kayayyakin da za a iya lalata su suna daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su lalace.
Batutuwa ta yanki Tasirin muhalli na noma na iya bambanta ya danganta da yankin da kuma nau'in hanyar samar da noma da ake amfani da su. An jera a ƙasa wasu takamaiman batutuwan muhalli a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. Cire shinge a Burtaniya.
Salinization na ƙasa, musamman a Ostiraliya Aikin haƙar ma'adinai na Phosphate a Nauru
Methane ke fitarwa daga dabbobi a New Zealand. Duba Canjin Yanayi a New Zealand Masana muhalli sun danganta yankin hypoxic a cikin Tekun Mexico kamar yadda ake ƙarfafa su ta hanyar haɗewar nitrogen na furen algae Haɗaɗɗen tsarin daga cinikin noma wanda ke haifar da tasirin yanki daga tasirin barna da tsarin zubewa. Halin Muhalli (Sashin Direbobin Tattalin Arziki)
Noma mai dorewa Noma mai ɗorewa shine ra'ayin cewa noma ya kamata ya kasance ta hanyar da za mu ci gaba da samar da abubuwan da suka dace ba tare da cin zarafi ga al'ummomin da ke gaba su yi haka ba.
Yawan ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a cikin ƴan shekarun nan ya kara yawan al'adar canza filayen noma don biyan bukatun abinci wanda hakan ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli. Har yanzu yawan al'ummar duniya na karuwa kuma a karshe za su daidaita, yayin da wasu masu sukar lamirin ke shakkun cewa samar da abinci, sakamakon ƙarancin amfanin da ake samu daga dumamar yanayi, zai iya tallafawa al'ummar duniya.
Noma na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan bambancin halittu kuma. Noman ƙwayoyin halitta tsari ne mai ɗorewa na aikin noma da yawa wanda zai iya yin tasiri kaɗan ga muhalli a ƙaramin sikelin. Koyaya, a mafi yawan lokuta noman ƙwayoyin halitta yana haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona ta fuskar samarwa kowane yanki ɗaya. Don haka, yaɗuwar aikin noma zai buƙaci ƙarin ƙasa da za a share shi da kuma fitar da albarkatun ruwa don cimma daidaiton matakin samarwa. Binciken meta-bincike na Turai ya gano cewa gonakin ƙwayoyin halitta suna son samun babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa da ƙarancin asarar abinci mai gina jiki (nitrogen leaching, iskar nitrous oxide, da hayaƙin ammonia) a kowane yanki na filin amma mafi girman hayaƙin ammonia, nitrogen leaching da iskar nitrous oxide kowace ɗaya. naúrar samfurin. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa tsarin noma na al'ada yana haifar da ƙarancin ɗimbin halittu fiye da tsarin halitta. Noman halitta ya nuna yana da wadatar nau'i) 30%. Tsarin halitta a matsakaita kuma suna da ƙarin 50% ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan bayanan yana da wasu batutuwa saboda akwai sakamako da yawa waɗanda suka nuna mummunan tasiri akan waɗannan abubuwa yayin da suke cikin tsarin noman ƙwayoyin halitta. Masu adawa da aikin noma sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ba su da kyau suna da matsala tare da tsarin noma. Abin da ya fara a matsayin ƙaramin ma'auni, aikin kula da muhalli ya zama ci gaban masana'antu kamar aikin noma na al'ada. Wannan haɓakar masana'antu na iya haifar da batutuwan da aka nuna a sama kamar sauyin yanayi, da sare bishiyoyi.
Dabaru
Noman kiyayewa Noman kiyayewa wata hanya ce ta noma don noma wacce ta fi ɗorewa ga ƙasa da muhallin halittu. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar barin ragowar amfanin gonakin da aka girbe a baya su kasance a cikin ƙasa kafin shuka amfanin gona na gaba. Noman adanawa ya nuna yana inganta abubuwa da yawa kamar riƙe danshin ƙasa, da rage zaizayar ƙasa. Wasu rashin amfani shine gaskiyar cewa ana buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada don wannan tsari, ƙarin magungunan kashe qwari za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su, kuma sakamako mai kyau yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a iya gani. Abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da manufar noman kiwo shine yadda manoma ba sa son canza hanyoyin su, kuma za su nuna adawa da tsarin noman da ya fi tsada, da cin lokaci fiye da yadda suka saba.
Ƙwarin ƙwayoyin halitta
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Miller, GT, Spoolman, S. (2012). Kimiyyar muhalli. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-25716-0
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Holistic Management International
Matsalolin Muhalli a cikin Noman Dabbobi Labarin mujallu na zaɓi
Yanar Gizon Waterlog.info tare da labarai da software kyauta akan tasirin muhalli na noman ban ruwa kamar zubar ruwa da salinization
Shirye-shiryen Muhalli akan Ayyukan Kiwo da Kaji da aka Archived ya bayyana matakai daban-daban na tsare-tsare waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a gonaki. Hakanan ya haɗa da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da yawa. Wani Sashe na Cibiyar Koyon Muhalli na Dabbobi da Kaji da aka Archived Muhalli
Noma
Noman Zamani
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30266 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi%20na%20muhalli | Yanayi na muhalli | Halin muhalli, yanayi Na muhalli, ya kasance yanayi shine kowane abu, abiotic ko biotic, wanda ke rinjayar rayayyun halittu. Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin yanayi, adadin hasken rana, da pH na ƙasan ruwa wanda kwayoyin halitta ke rayuwa. Abubuwan da suka shafi halittu zasu haɗa da samuwar kwayoyin abinci da kasancewar ƙayyadaddun ilimin halitta, masu fafatawa, mafarauta, da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bayanin Genotype na kwayoyin halitta (misali, a cikin zygote) wanda aka fassara zuwa cikin phenotype na manya ta hanyar haɓakawa yayin tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana ƙarƙashin tasirin muhalli da yawa. Sannan kuma A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya kallon nau'in phenotype (ko yanayin phenotypic) azaman kowane siffa mai ma'ana da ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta, kamar yawan jikinsa ko launin fata.
Baya ga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na gaskiya na monoogenic, abubuwan muhalli na iya ƙayyade cigaban cuta a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙayyadaddun yanayin. Damuwa, cin zarafi na jiki da tunani, abinci, fallasa zuwa gubobi, ƙwayoyin cuta, radiation da sinadarai da aka samu a kusan duka. Da samfuran kulawa na sirri da masu tsabtace gida sune abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke ƙayyade babban ɓangaren cututtukan da ba na gado ba.
Idan tsarin cuta ya ƙare ya zama sakamakon haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli, ana iya kiran asalinsa na etiological a matsayin yana da nau'i mai yawa Ciwon daji galibi yana da alaƙa da kuma abubuwan muhalli. Kula da nauyin lafiya, Kuma cin abinci mai kyau, rage barasa da kuma kawar da shan taba yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, a cewar masu bincike. Hakanan an yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli don asma da Autism Bayyanawa Exposome ya ƙunshi saitin yanayin muhalli na ɗan adam (watau waɗanda ba kwayoyin halitta ba) fallasa tun daga tunanin gaba, wanda ya cika kwayoyin halitta Sannna Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji Christopher Paul Wild ya fara gabatar da wannan fallasa ne a shekara ta 2005 a wata kasida mai suna "Complementing the genome with an"exposome": fitaccen kalubalen auna bayyanar da muhalli a ilimin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta. Manufar bayyanar da yadda za a tantance shi ya haifar da tattaunawa mai raɗaɗi tare da ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin shekarata 2010, 2012, 2014 2021. A cikin labarinsa na shekarata 2005, Wild ya bayyana cewa, "A mafi cikakke, bayyanar ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na rayuwa (ciki har da abubuwan rayuwa tun daga lokacin haihuwa." An fara gabatar da ra'ayin ne don jawo hankali ga buƙatun samun ingantacciyar bayanai da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin muhalli don bincike mai haɗari, don daidaita saka hannun jari a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A cewar Wild, ko da sigogin da ba su cika ba na fallasa na iya zama da amfani ga ilimin cututtuka A cikin shekarar 2012, Ƙirar daji ta ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin, gami da na'urori masu auna firikwensin mutum, na'urorin biomarkers, da fasahar omics don mafi kyawun ayyana bayyanar. Ya yi bayanin yanki guda uku masu ruɓani a cikin fallasa:
yanayi na waje na gaba ɗaya ciki har da yanayin birane, ilimi, abubuwan yanayi, zamantakewar jama'a, damuwa, wani yanayi na musamman na waje tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta, radiation, cututtuka, abubuwan rayuwa (misali taba, barasa abinci, motsa jiki, da dai sauransu.
yanayi na ciki don haɗawa da abubuwan ilimin halitta na ciki irin su abubuwan da ke faruwa na rayuwa, hormones, microflora gut, kumburi, damuwa na oxidative A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayyana wannan ma'anar a cikin zurfin zurfi a cikin littafi na farko a kan fallasa. A cikin shekarata 2014, marubucin wannan mawallafin ya sake sake fasalin ma'anar don haɗawa da martanin jiki tare da tsarin rayuwa na ƙarshe wanda ke canza sarrafa sinadarai. Kwanan nan, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayyanar cututtuka a ciki da kuma kusa da lokacin daukar ciki, bayyanar cututtuka na mahaifa ya haɗa da bayyanar cututtuka irin su kiba na uwa kiba da ciwon sukari, da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ciki har da abinci mai kitse mai yawa calorie mai girma, wanda ke hade da matalauta tayi., Kuma Girman jarirai da yara, da ƙara yawan kiba da sauran cututtuka na rayuwa a rayuwa ta gaba.
Aunawa For complex disorders, specific genetic causes appear to account for only 10-30% of the disease incidence, but there has been no standard or systematic way to measure the influence of environmental exposures. Some studies into the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of diabetes have demonstrated that "environment-wide association studies" (EWAS, or exposome-wide association studies) may be feasible. However, it is not clear what data sets are most appropriate to represent the value of "E".
Ayyukan bincike Tun daga shekarata 2016, maiyuwa ba zai yiwu a aunawa ko ƙirar cikakkiyar bayyanar ba, amma yawancin ayyukan Turai sun fara yin ƙoƙari na farko. A cikin shekarar 2012, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da manyan tallafi guda biyu don ci gaba da bincike mai alaƙa. An ƙaddamar da aikin HELIX a Cibiyar Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Barcelona a kusa da shekarata 2014, kuma da nufin haɓaka bayyanar farkon rayuwa. Aiki na biyu, Exposomics, tushen a Imperial College London, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin a shekarata 2012, da nufin yin amfani da wayoyin hannu ta amfani da GPS da na'urori masu auna muhalli don tantance abubuwan da ke faruwa. A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an fara wani babban shiri mai suna "Ƙungiyoyin Lafiya da Muhalli- Faɗin Ƙungiyoyin da suka dogara da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙimar Ƙwararrun Ƙididdiga kuma ta fara. Kuma An zana shi a matsayin mafi girman binciken da ke da alaƙa da muhalli a Turai, HEALS yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da yanayin da aka ayyana ta hanyar hulɗar tsakanin jerin DNA, gyare-gyaren DNA na epigenetic, bayyanar kwayar halitta, da abubuwan muhalli. A cikin Disamba Shekarata 2011, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta {asa ta {asar Amirka, ta gudanar da wani taro mai suna "Emerging Technologies for Measuring Personal Exposomes." Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka bayyani, "Exposome and Exposomics", ya zayyana wurare uku masu fifiko don yin bincike kan abubuwan da suka shafi sana'a kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta gano. Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa (NIH) sun saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin da ke tallafawa bincike mai alaka da abubuwan da suka hada da biosensors, kuma suna tallafawa bincike kan hulɗar mahalli Proposed Human Exposome Project (HEP) An gabatar da ra'ayin wani Project Exposome Project, mai kama da Human Genome Project, kuma an tattauna shi a cikin tarurrukan kimiyya da yawa, amma kamar na shekarar 2017, babu irin wannan aikin. Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin fayyace yadda kimiyya za ta bi wajen aiwatar da irin wannan aikin, an yi rashin tallafi. Rahotanni kan lamarin sun hada da:
wani bita na shekarata 2011 game da ilimin kimiyya mai ban sha'awa da bayyanar da Paul Lioy da Stephen Rappaport, "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa da Bayyanawa: damar samun daidaituwa a cikin ilimin lafiyar muhalli" a cikin mujallar Muhalli na Lafiya Rahoton a shekarata 2012 daga Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka "Kimiyyar Bayyanawa a cikin Ƙarni na 21st: A Vision and A Strategy", yana bayyana ƙalubalen da ke cikin ƙididdiga na yau da kullum na exosome.
Filaye masu alaƙa Ma'anar ƙaddamarwa ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarwarin shekarata 2010 na sabon tsari a cikin nau'in cututtuka, "ka'idar cuta ta musamman": Kowane mutum yana da tsarin cututtuka na musamman da ya bambanta da kowane mutum, la'akari da bambancin bayyanar da tasirinsa na musamman akan kwayoyin halitta. pathologic tafiyar matakai ciki har da gyare-gyare a cikin interactome An fara bayyana wannan ka'ida a cikin cututtukan neoplastic a matsayin "ka'idar ƙwayar cuta ta musamman". Dangane da wannan ƙa'idar cuta ta musamman, filin interdisciplinary na ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (MPE) ya haɗu da ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan cututtuka.
Direbobin tattalin arziki Sauye-sauyen duniya yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa; duk da haka manyan abubuwa guda biyar da ke kawo sauyi a duniya su ne: karuwar jama'a, karuwar tattalin arziki, ci gaban fasaha, halaye, da cibiyoyi. Wadannan manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin duniya guda biyar suna iya samo asali ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma wanda kuma, ana iya ganin waɗannan a matsayin direbobi ta fuskar su. Abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi na zamantakewar al'umma na iya haifar da buƙatun zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki na albarkatu kamar buƙatun katako ko buƙatar amfanin gona. Kuma A cikin saran gandun daji na wurare masu zafi alal misali, babban abin tuƙi shine damar tattalin arziƙin da ke tattare da hakar waɗannan albarkatun da mai da ƙasar zuwa amfanin gona ko kiwo. Ana iya bayyana waɗannan direbobi a kowane mataki, daga matakin duniya na buƙatar katako har zuwa matakin gida.
Ana iya ganin misalin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki ke shafar sauyin yanayi a cinikin wake tsakanin Brazil da China. Kasuwancin waken waken soya daga Brazil da China ya karu matuka a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Wannan ci gaban da ake samu a harkokin kasuwanci tsakanin wadannan kasashen biyu ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga direbobin tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikin masu tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki a nan sun hada da karuwar bukatar waken waken soya na kasar Sin a kasar Sin, da Kuma karuwar canjin amfanin gona a fannin noman wake a Brazil, da kuma muhimmancin karfafa cinikayyar waje tsakanin kasashen biyu. Duk waɗannan direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa suna da tasiri a canjin yanayi. Alal misali, haɓakar ci gaban noman waken soya a Brazil yana nufin akwai buƙatar ƙarin filaye da aka samar don wannan albarkatu. Wannan ya sa gaba dayan dazuzzukan ya koma gonakin noma wanda a nasa bangaren ke da tasiri ga muhalli. Wannan misalin canjin amfani da ƙasa wanda buƙatun albarkatu ke haifarwa, ba wai yana faruwa ne kawai a Brazil tare da samar da wake ba.
Wani misali kuma ya fito ne daga The Renewable Energy Directive 2009 Union lokacin da suka ba da umarnin bunƙasa albarkatun man fetur ga ƙasashen da ke cikin membobinsu. Tare da direban tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa na haɓaka samar da albarkatun halittu yana tasiri ga amfani da ƙasa a waɗannan ƙasashe. Lokacin da ƙasar noma ta koma ƙasar noman makamashin halittu, wadatar amfanin gona ta asali tana raguwa yayin da kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona ke ƙaruwa. Wannan yana haifar da direban tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa don buƙatar ƙarin filayen noma don tallafawa buƙatun girma. Duk da haka, tare da rashin wadataccen fili daga maye gurbin amfanin gona zuwa man fetur, Kuma dole ne kasashe su duba yankunan da ke nesa don bunkasa wadannan filayen noman na asali. Wannan yana haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin ƙasashe inda wannan sabon ci gaba ya faru. Misali, kasashen Afirka suna mayar da savannas zuwa gonakin noma kuma wannan duk ya samo asali ne daga tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na son samar da makamashin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, direban zamantakewar tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da canjin amfani da ƙasa ba duka ke faruwa a matakin duniya ba. Waɗannan direbobin suna iya samun gogewa har zuwa matakin gida. Sauya amfanin gona ba wai kawai ya fito ne daga canjin yanayin noma ba, babban canji ya zo daga Tailandia lokacin da suka canza aikin noman poppy na opium zuwa amfanin gona marasa narko. Kuma Wannan ya haifar da bunƙasa fannin noma na Tailandia, amma ya haifar da tasiri a duniya maye gurbin opium Misali, a Wolong China, mazauna wurin suna amfani da gandun daji a matsayin itacen mai don dafawa da dumama gidajensu. Kuma Don haka, direban zamantakewar tattalin arzikin da ke cikin wasa anan shine buƙatar katako na gida don tallafawa rayuwa a wannan yanki. Da wannan direban, jama’ar yankin na rage kayan aikin da suke samu na itacen mai don haka sai su ci gaba da yin nesa da su domin kwato wannan albarkatun. Wannan motsi da buƙatun katako yana taimakawa ga asarar pandas a wannan yanki saboda yanayin yanayin su yana lalacewa. Duk da haka, lokacin da ake binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gida an mayar da hankali kan sakamako maimakon yadda canje-canje a cikin direbobi na duniya ke shafar sakamako. Tare da wannan ana faɗin, ana buƙatar aiwatar da tsare-tsare na al'umma yayin da ake nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin zamantakewar al'umma.
A ƙarshe, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki a kowane mataki suke taka rawa a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam a kan muhalli. Waɗannan direbobin duk suna da tasiri a kan ƙasa, mutane, albarkatu, da muhalli gaba ɗaya. Kuma Tare da wannan ana faɗin, mutane suna buƙatar cikakken fahimtar yadda direbobin tattalin arzikinsu za su iya canza salon rayuwarmu. Misali, idan muka koma misalin waken waken soya, a lokacin da wadata ta kasa biyan bukatar waken waken, kasuwannin duniya na wannan amfanin gona na karuwa wanda hakan ke shafar kasashen da suka dogara da wannan amfanin gona don samun abinci. Wadannan tasirin na iya haifar da tsadar waken soya a shaguna da kasuwanninsu ko kuma na iya haifar da rashin wadatar amfanin gona gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙasashen da ake shigo da su. Sannan Tare da waɗannan sakamakon biyun, matakin na gida yana shafar matakin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙin ƙasa na karuwar buƙatun waken soya na Brazil a China. Daga wannan misali ɗaya kaɗai, mutum zai iya ganin yadda direbobin tattalin arziki na zamantakewa ke yin tasiri ga canje-canje a matakin ƙasa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin canje-canje na duniya, yanki, al'umma, da matakin iyali. Babban manufar da za a cire daga wannan ita ce ra'ayin cewa komai yana da alaƙa kuma cewa ayyukanmu da zaɓin mu a matsayinmu na mutane suna da manyan abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ke tasiri ga duniyarmu ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "TAU Kwararru Yana Bitar Abubuwan Haɗin Muhalli (hairspray! Lipstick! Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta Labaran Likitan Yau Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17660 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara%20United%20F.C. | Kwara United F.C. | Kwara United Football Club ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ne a Najeriya wanda ke da mazauni a Ilorin.Suna taka leda a manyan rukuni a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya,Rukunin ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan sun sami ci gaba a 2017 daga theungiyar Nationalasa ta Najeriya.Filin wasansu shine filin wasa na jihar Kwara.
Tarihi Tushen kulob din ya koma ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Kamfanin Ƙwallon Ruwa a 1974. Ya kamata ya zama kulob a cikin gida don ma'aikatan Kamfanin Ruwa. Sakamakon sakamako da zurfin baiwa a cikin kulab ɗin,an buɗe fagen kuma a shekarar 1979 sun cancanci yin wasa a rukuni na biyu na Leagueasar tare da Bankin Farko na Legas. A waccan shekarar,kulob din ya kai matakin kwata-fainal na Kofin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (in ba haka ba ana kiransa Kofin Kalubale) inda ta sha kashi a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bendel Insurance ta kasar Benin da ci 2-1. A cikin 1985,saboda canjin sunan mahaifan kamfanin zuwa Kwara Utility Board,kungiyar ta sauya sunanta zuwa Kwara Utility Bombers na Ilorin .An sake sanya shi zuwa rukuni na uku a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Tare da cire hannun kamfanin daga daukar nauyin kungiyar a 1990, kungiyar ta sauya sunanta zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kwara Bombers ta Ilorin. Ya gamu da matsalar kuɗi, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen faduwa ta zuwa rukuni na uku a cikin 1996. Sabuwar gwamnatin jihar karkashin jagorancin Kanar Peter Asum Ogar ta jagoranci sayan a watan Maris na 1997 na Exide Club na Ibadan, ta tura su zuwa Ilorin kuma suka dauki matsayinsu a Sashi na Biyu. Ogar ya yiwa sabon kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kwara United Kwallon kafa ta Ilorin Kulob ɗin ya zo na uku ne a ƙarshen wasan 2006 na Super Four a bayan Ocean Boys da Nasarawa United FC kuma ya samu damar zuwa gasar cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup na 2007 Masu horarwa na kakar 2006-07 sun hada da ‘yan Sweden Roger Palmgren da Johan Eriksson (dan tsohon manajan Ingila da Mexico Sven-Göran Eriksson Tsoffin ‘yan wasan kungiyar ne suka horar da kungiyar: Toyin Ayinla, Tunde Sanni da Aliyu Muzambilu (mai koyar da tsaron raga) bayan rasuwar mai ba da shawara kan fasaha Kafaru Alabi a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2008. Koyaya, sun fice daga Premier League a ranar ƙarshe ta kakar 2007/08 akan bambancin burin. Sun sake dawo da matsayi zuwa matakin farko a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin Champions of Division 1-A. The tawagar nada wani Investment Consultant, Goldenwing33 Nigeria Limited, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban Nijeriya na kasa da kasa da kuma tsohon mataimakin edita (Sports) na Aminiya jarida, Olajide Ayodeji Fashikun Mai ba da Shawarwarin Zuba Jari shi ne ya tsara keɓaɓɓen kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin kuɗaɗen ƙungiyar cikin shekaru biyu. Magoya bayan kulob din suna da daya daga cikin munanan suna a Najeriya, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin mummunan duka da aka yi wa alkalan wasa bayan kunnen doki 0 da 0 a 2008. Kwara ta buga wasu lokutan 2010/11 a Offa da Abeokuta yayin da aka gyara kasa. Bayan koma baya a 2013 sun sake samun nasara a shekarar 2014. Bayan wasansu na karshe tare da Ranchers Bees an yi watsi da su a Kaduna tare da minti 28 don wasa kunnen doki a 2-2, sun sake buga wasa a wani tsaka tsaki inda Kwara ke bukatar nasara da maki uku zuwa tsallake Ranchers don ci gaba. An sake yin sake sakewa lokacin da 'yan wasan Bees suka afkawa alkalin wasan kuma ma'aikatan kungiyar suka mamaye filin. Leagueungiyar ta yanke hukuncin ƙudan zuma da laifi, ta ci tarar kulob ɗin kuma ta ba da nasara ga Kwara United, don haka ta sami ci gaba.
Ƙungiyar Gona Kulob din shi ne mamallakin kungiyar Kwara United Feeders Team of Ilorin.
Sunayen Kulob 1974–85: Kungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kwara Water Corporation
1985–90: Kwara Utility Bombers of Ilorin
1990–97: Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Bombers ta Ilorin
1997–: Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta United ta Ilorin
Nasarori Firimiyan Nigeria 1
2006 Zakarun Yan wasa na yau da kullun, na 3 a wasan Super Four
Rukuni na Biyu na Kasa 1
1997
Ayyuka a cikin gasan CAF CAF Confederation Cup bayyanuwa 1
2007 Matakan rukuni
CAF Cup bayyanar 1
1999 Kwata kusa dana karshe.
Rukunin yanzu Tsoffin masu horarwa Kafaru Alabi
Toyin Ayinla
Johann Eriksson
Kosta Papić
Roger Palmgren (2006–07)
Kadiri Ikhana (1997), (2010–11)
Tunde Sanni (2011–12)
Samson Unuanel (2012–13), (2013–14)
Babatunde Abdulrahmon (2014–2015)
John Sam Obuh (2015–2017)
Abubakar Bala (2017–2019)
Bayanan kula Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar |
61417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas | Hamas | Hamas Ƙungiya ce mai sarƙaƙƙiya a cikin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Hamas, a taƙaice cikakken sunan shine Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyya" ko kuma Islamic Resistance Movement, ƙungiya ce ta Falasdinawa mai kokarin kare martabar Falasdinawa. An kafa shi a cikin, shekara ta alif 1987, a lokacin Intifada na farko (yunwar Falasdinu) kan mamayar Isra'ila, Hamas ta zama fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin hadadden rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu.
Tarihi Don fahimtar Hamas, dole ne mu fara bincika tarihin da ta samo asali. Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya samo asali ne tun a karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 lokacin da Yahudawa 'yan ci rani suka fara isa kasar Falasdinu, a lokacin Daular Usmaniyya Rikicin ya tsananta ne da kafa kasar Isra'ila a shekara ta alif 1948, wanda ya haifar da guguwar kaura da korar Falasdinawa, wanda aka fi sani da Nakba bala'i). A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, wannan rikici ya rikide zuwa gwagwarmayar bangarori daban-daban kuma mai zurfi don neman yanki, 'yancin kai, da kuma asalin kasa.
Kafuwa Hamas an kafa shi ne a tsakiyar Intifada ta farko, wani shahararren boren Palasdinawa na adawa da mulkin Isra'ila. yankunan da aka mamaye. Da farko, Hamas ta mayar da hankali kan samar da ayyukan jin kai da kuma samun karbuwa a tsakanin Falasdinawa saboda ayyukan agaji. Wadanda suka kafa ta, wadanda suka hada da Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, sun nemi hada karfi da karfe wajen yakar mamayar Isra’ila tare da sadaukar da kai ga ka’idojin Musulunci. Ƙirƙirar Hamas ta nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Falasɗinawa, yayin da ta ba da wani zaɓi ga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa (PLO) da Yasser Arafat ke jagoranta.Wings na siyasa da na soja: Hamas na aiki tare da manufar duality. Tana da reshen siyasa, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da mulki da diflomasiyya, da kuma wani reshe mai dauke da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, mai alhakin ayyukan soji. Wannan tsari guda biyu ya baiwa Hamas damar shiga cikin juriya da makamai da kuma shiga harkokin siyasa.
Harkar Siyasa da na Soja Hamas na aiki da manufa biyu. Tana da reshen siyasa, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da mulki da diflomasiyya, da kuma wani reshe mai ɗauke da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, mai alhakin ayyukan soji. Wannan tsari guda biyu ya baiwa Hamas damar shiga cikin juriya da makamai da kuma shiga harkokin siyasa.
Matsayin Siyasa Yunkurin siyasar Hamas ya zo ne ta hanyar zaɓen demokraɗiyya a shekara ta 2006, lokacin da ta sami rinjayen kujeru a Majalisar Dokokin Falasɗinu. Wannan nasara ta haifar da gagarumin kalubale ga shugabancin Palasdinawa na gargajiya karkashin jagorancin kungiyar Fatah ta PLO. Sai dai takun sakar siyasa tsakanin Hamas da Fatah ya haifar da rabuwar kai a yankunan Falasdinawa, inda Hamas ke iko da yankin Zirin Gaza, kuma Fatah ke rike da madafun iko a yammacin gabar kogin Jordan.
Saka Hamas a kungiyar ta'addanci Amurka, Isra'ila, da Turai. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ayyana kungiyar Hamas a matsayin kungiyar ta’addanci saboda yadda take da hannu wajen cin zarafin fararen hula da suka hada da hare-haren kunar bakin wake da kuma hare-haren rokoki da aka kai kan garuruwan Isra’ila. Wannan ayyana ta dagula alakar kungiyar ta kasa da kasa da kuma damar shiga harkokin diflomasiyya.
Manufofi
Manufofin Hamas da aka bayyana sun hada da kafa kasar Falasdinu mai cin gashin kanta a yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye, tare da gabashin Kudus a matsayin babban birninta. Ta yi watsi da halaccin kasar Isra'ila tare da yin kira ga 'yancin komawa ga 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu. Don cimma manufofinta, Hamas tana amfani da haɗin gwiwar gwagwarmayar siyasa, diflomasiyya, da juriya na makamai.
Rikici da Tsagaita wuta
Hamas ta shiga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa tare da Isra'ila, musamman a shekarar 2008-2009, 2012, da 2014, wanda ya haifar da hasarar rayuka a duka biyun. bangarorin. Wadannan rikice-rikice na faruwa sau da yawa saboda dalilai kamar hare-haren rokoki daga Gaza ko ayyukan sojojin Isra'ila. Tsagaita bude wuta na lokaci-lokaci da kokarin shiga tsakani, wanda Masar da masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa da kasa suka dauki nauyi suka yi, sun rage tashin hankali na wani dan lokaci amma ba su kai ga warware rikicin ba.
Halin Jin kai a Gaza Zirin Gaza da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hamas, ya fuskanci kalubalen jin kai da suka hada da matsalar tattalin arziki, rashin isassun hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da ilimi, da hana zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki. Ci gaba da kulle-kullen da Isra'ila ta yi, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Masar, ya ta'azzara wahalhalun, wanda ke haifar da mummunan yanayin rayuwa ga Gazan.
Jujjuyawar yaƙe-yaƙe Dangantakar Hamas da sauran masu fafutuka na yankin ta samo asali a tsawon lokaci. Yayin da ta samu goyon baya daga kasashe irin su Iran, Qatar, da Turkiyya, kawancen nata ya koma mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayin yankin. Hamas ta kuma fuskanci kalubale, kamar tabarbarewar dangantakarta da Siriya sakamakon yakin basasar kasar Siriya.
Shirye-shiryen Diflomasiya Kokarin kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai dorewa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu an shafe shekaru da dama ana ci gaba da yi, wanda ya kunshi bangarori daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da kasashen Larabawa makwabta. Shigar da Hamas ta yi a cikin wannan yunkurin na diflomasiyya ya kasance wani batu mai cike da cece-kuce, domin sau da yawa ba a cire shi saboda ayyana ta ta'addanci.
Kalubale da Al'amura Matsayin Hamas a rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya kasance wani al'amari mai sarkakiya mai sarkakiya. Yayin da wasu ke kallonta a matsayin halastacciyar kungiyar gwagwarmaya mai fafutukar kare hakkin Falasdinu, wasu kuma na Allah wadai da ita saboda amfani da tashin hankali da kuma kin amincewa da kasar Isra'ila. Kalubalen cimma matsaya mai ɗorewa kan rikicin suna da yawa kuma sun haɗa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa, rigingimun yanki, da kuma labaran tarihi masu gasa.
2006 zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisa Hamas ta kauracewa babban zaben Falasdinawa na shekarar 1996, da zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu na shekarar 2005, amma ta yanke shawarar shiga zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Falasdinu a shekara ta 2006, wanda shi ne na farko da ya gudana bayan rasuwar Yassir Arafat. EU ta yi fice a cikin shawarar cewa za a gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya a yankunan. A dai dai lokacin da ake shirin gudanar da zaben, Condoleezza Rice ta gwamnatin Amurka, da Tzipi Livni ta Isra'ila da kuma firaministan Birtaniya Tony Blair, duk sun bayyana ra'ayinsu dangane da kyale Hamas ta yi takara a tsarin dimokuradiyya. Hamas ta yi gudu a kan wani tsarin gwamnati mai tsafta, da yin garambawul ga tsarin tafiyar da almubazzaranci, da kuma batun rashin bin doka da oda. Jam'iyyar PA wadda ta yi kaurin suna da cin hanci da rashawa, ta zabi Marwan Barghouti a matsayin dan takararta na kan gaba, wanda ke zaman daurin rai da rai a Isra'ila. Amurka ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan biyu ga PA don inganta yanayin watsa labarai. Isra'ila ta kuma taimaka wa PA ta hanyar barin Barghouti ya yi hira da shi a gidan yari ta gidan talabijin na Larabawa da kuma barin Falasdinawa 100,000 a Gabashin Kudus su kada kuri'a.
Muhimmin zaben dai ya gudana ne jim kadan bayan da Isra'ila ta kwashe matsugunan ta a Gaza Ficewar, wanda aka aiwatar ba tare da tuntubar Fatah ba, ya ba da kuɗi ga ra'ayin Hamas cewa tsayin daka ya tilasta Isra'ila barin Gaza. A cikin wata sanarwa da kungiyar Hamas ta fitar ta bayyana hakan a matsayin tabbatar da dabarunsu na tsayin daka da makami ("Shekaru hudu na tsayin daka ya zarce shekaru 10 na cinikin") kuma Muhammed Deif ya danganta "Yancin Gaza" ga 'yan uwansa "ƙaunar shahada"
Kungiyar Hamas dai da niyyar nuna karfinta ta hanyar amincewa ba wai ta hanyar tashin hankali ba, tana mai sanar da cewa za ta kauracewa kai hare-hare kan Isra'ila idan har Isra'ila ta daina kai hare-hare kan garuruwa da kauyukan Falasdinawa. Shirin nata na zaben ya yi watsi da tsarin Musulunci, ya yi magana game da ikon mallakar yankunan Falasdinawa, ciki har da Kudus (tabbatacciyar amincewa da samar da kasashe biyu), yayin da ba ta amince da komai ba game da ikirarinta ga dukkanin Falasdinu. Ya ambaci "juriya da makamai" sau biyu kuma ya tabbatar a cikin labarin 3.6 cewa hakki ne a tsayayya da "ta'addanci na mamaya". Wani Kirista Bafalasdine ya fito cikin jerin 'yan takara.
Hamas ta samu kujeru 76, ban da hudu da masu zaman kansu da ke goyon bayan Hamas suka samu, sai Fatah 43 kawai Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun yi la'akari da zaben da cewa ya kasance "mai gasa da dimokiradiyya na gaske". Kungiyar ta EU ta ce an gudanar da su fiye da yadda aka gudanar da zaben wasu kasashe mambobin kungiyar, kuma ta yi alkawarin ci gaba da bayar da tallafin kudi. Masar, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun bukaci Amurka da ta baiwa Hamas dama, kuma bai dace a hukunta Falasdinawa kan zabin da suka zaba ba, matsayin da kungiyar kasashen Larabawa ta amince da shi wata guda bayan haka. Alkawarin EU bai dade ba; Bayan watanni uku, ta keta ka'idojinta game da zaɓe na 'yanci, ba zato ba tsammani ta dakatar da tallafin kuɗi ga gwamnatin Hamas, ta bin misalin Amurka da Kanada. A maimakon haka ta dauki nauyin bayar da kudade kai tsaye ga mutane da ayyuka, da biyan albashi ga mambobin Fatah kawai, masu aiki ko akasin haka. Hamas ta dauki nauyin gudanar da mulkin Gaza ne bayan nasarar zaben da ta yi, tare da kawo sauye-sauye. Ya gaji halin da ake ciki na rashin bin doka da oda, tun da takunkumin tattalin arziki da Isra'ila, Amurka da Quartet suka kakaba, sun gurgunta albarkatun gudanarwa na PA, wanda ya haifar da bullar ƙungiyoyin mafia da yawa da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci waɗanda aka tsara bayan Al Qaeda Da yake rubutu a cikin Harkokin Waje, Daniel Byman ya ce daga baya:
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20516 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Olympic%20Committee | Nigeria Olympic Committee | Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Najeriya NOC shine Kwamitin Wasannin Kasa na Najeriya, wanda ke da alhakin daidaitawa da tallafawa masu fafatawa a Najeriya a wasannin Olympics Hakanan ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin wakilcin Najeriya a wasannin Commonwealth Shugabanci Shugaban NOC har zuwa shekara ta 2011 shine Sani Ndanusa wanda ya kasance Ministan Wasanni daga ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara t 2008 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. Ndanusa ya fara cewa yana da burin zama Shugaban NOC a lokacin da yake Ministan Wasanni, amma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009 kwamitin binciken NOC ya kuma soke shi bisa hujjar cewa takardun da ya gabatar ana zargin "na jabu ne, an kuma canza su kuma ba su kwanan wata".
Don samun cancanta ga Shugaban NOC dan takarar dole ne yayi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban zartarwa a tarayyar kungiyoyin wasanni na duniya. NOC ta ce har yanzu Ndanusa bai yi aiki ba na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Tennis ta Afirka, kuma ya yi zargin cewa zaben nasa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Tennis ta Najeriya bai dace ba tunda bai halarci zaben ba. Ndanusa ya mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatar da shugaban NOC mai ci Habu Gumel daga mukaminsa na shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwallon Volley ta Najeriya tare da kafa kwamitin bincike kan zarge-zargen. An zabe shi ne a watan Satumban 2010 domin maye gurbin tsohon shugaban kasa Habu Gumel, sannan an zabi Tunde Popola a matsayin Sakatare Janar da kuri’u 21 a kan kuri’u biyu na mai ci Banji Oladapo. Da farko, IOC ta bayyana cewa zaben bai inganta ba tunda Shugaban mai barin gado da Sakatare Janar na NOC ba su halarci taron ba. An gudanar da zabe na biyu inda Ndanusa ne kadai dan takarar kuma IOC ta amince da sakamakon.
Ayyuka Saboda karuwar kararraki a kotu da suka shafi wasanni a Najeriya, a watan Janairun 2011 NOC ta fara aiwatar da kafa wani reshe na kotun sasanta wasanni Injiniya Sani Ndanusa ya ce "Mun damu matuka da yawan kararraki a kotu da ake yi a wasannin Najeriya. Idan ba mu bincika wannan mummunan lamarin ba, wasannin Najeriya za su ruguzo zuwa kwarin A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2011, NOC ta sake jinkirta bikin rantsar da sabon shugaban hukumar kwallon Rugby ta Najeriya (NRFF) lokacin da manyan mambobin kwamitin NRFF suka kasa zuwa. A ranar 14 ga Yulin 2011 NOC a ƙarshe ta tattara ƙungiyoyin adawa na NRFF, ta ƙaddamar da sabon kwamiti. Magatakardar NOC, Honorabul Tunde Popoola ya share hawaye a wajen bikin. Najeriya ba ta taka rawar gani ba a wasannin Satumba na 2011 na Afirka a Maputo, Mozambique, ta zo ta uku bayan Afirka ta Kudu da Masar. Sai dai kuma mataimakin shugaban NOC na 1 Jonathan Nnaji ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda zabin abubuwan da mai shirya taron ya yi ba tare da son kai ba, ban da wasanni kamar daga nauyi, kokawa da dagawa wanda Najeriya ta yi fice a al’adance. Ya ce bai kamata a dauki sakamakon yana nuna irin rawar da kasar za ta taka a wasannin Olympics ba. A watan Oktoban 2011, an kori Super Eagles, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, daga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2012 da za a yi a Equatorial Guinea da Gabon. Sani Ndanusa, Shugaban NOC, ya yi kira da a kara samun horo sosai domin tabbatar da nasara a gasa nan gaba.
Gasar Olympics A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 NOC ta sanar da cewa ta zabi Jami'ar Loughborough a matsayin sansanonin horar da Team Nigeria gabanin wasannin Olympics na London na shekara ta 2012, wurin da kuma 'yan wasan na Japan za su yi amfani da shi. A watan Yunin 2011 NOC ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don ƙungiyarta su horar a Jami'ar Surrey Da yake jawabi a wurin bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Ndanusa ya ce Najeriya a shirye take ta tunkari Duniya. Ya ce "A wasannin Olympics da suka gabata, mun kasance muna shiga amma mun zo shekara ta 2012, za mu yi gogayya da sauran Kasashe". A watan Yulin 2011 aka nada Youdees Integrated Services Limited (YISL) a matsayin Kawancen Jami'ai na NOC don kula da shirin tallata Wasannin Olympics na 2012 Masu ba da shawara kan harkar kasuwanci sun kasance sun sake sanya matsayin kungiyar tare da samar da kudade don wasannin shekara ta 2012 a Landan. A waccan watan ne aka sanar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Bankin Masana’antu da kwamitin Gasar Olympics na Najeriya. Manufar ita ce amfani da duk damar kasuwancin da za a samu kafin, lokacin da bayan Gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012. Shugabar Bankin, Evelyn Oputu, ta ce "Aikin zai samar da ayyukan yi, fallasa damar saka jari da kuma samar da sabon hoto da muke so ga Najeriya". A watan Agustan 2011 NOC ta ce tana da kasafin kudi na 220,000 tare da burin samun lambobin zinare 11 a Gasar Olympics ta shekara ta 2012. NOC ta ce 'yan wasa 11 kowannensu zai karbi 4,000 duk bayan watanni uku a kan gaba a wasannin, kuma wadannan kudaden sun fara ne a watan da ya gabata. Ba a ambaci sunayen 'yan wasan ba, amma an zabo su ne daga wasannin motsa jiki, daga nauyi, kwale-kwale da taekwando.
Crest
Haɗa kai NOC tana da alaƙa da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na duniya (IOC) kuma memba ne na ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta ƙasa (ANOC) da ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta Afirka (ANOCA). Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa a Najeriya sun hada da: Tarayyar Dambe ta Amateur ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kokawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya
Leungiyar Wasanni ta Najeriya
Nigeria Baseball & Softball Federation
Hawan keke na Tarayyar Najeriya
Fungiyar Wasannin Zangon Najeriya
Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Gymnastics
Ballungiyar kwallon ƙwallon hannu ta Nijeriya
Tarayyar Hockey ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kwallon kafa ta Rugby ta Najeriya
Tableungiyar Wasannin Tebur ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Taekwondo ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Tennis ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Nauyin Nauyin Najeriyar
Rolungiyar Wasannin Roller ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kwallon raga ta Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo
Tarihin Najeriya
Najeriya
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40871 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston%20Churchill | Winston Churchill | Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 Nuwamba 1874)24 Janairu 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924.
Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1900, ya koma Liberals a 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki.
Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin Mayu 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a 1945 Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da Tarayyar Soviet ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1965, an yi masa state funeral.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar farkisanci. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na daular.
Ƙuruciya
Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895 An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka. A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17]
Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899 A cikin watan Fabrairun 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot. Domin ya yi marmarin shaida ayyukan soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa don sanya kansa a yankin yaƙi. A cikin kaka na 1895, shi da abokinsa Reggie Barnes, wanda a lokacin subaltern, sun je Cuba don kallon yakin 'yancin kai kuma sun shiga cikin fadace-fadace bayan shiga sojojin Spain da ke yunkurin murkushe mayakan 'yancin kai. Churchill ya aika da rahotanni game da rikicin zuwa Daily Graphic a London. Ya ci gaba zuwa birnin New York kuma, cikin sha'awar Amurka, ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne Amurkawa!". Tare da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a watan Oktoba 1896. An kafa a Bangalore, ya kasance a Indiya tsawon watanni 19, ya ziyarci Calcutta sau uku kuma ya shiga balaguro zuwa Hyderabad da Arewa maso Yamma. A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, yana karanta yawancin marubutan da suka haɗa da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta aika masa da litattafan, wanda ya kasance tare da su akai-akai lokacin da suke waje. Domin sanin siyasa, ya kuma nemi mahaifiyarsa ta aiko masa da kwafin rijistar shekara-shekara, almanac na siyasa. A cikin wata wasiƙa ta 1898 zuwa gare ta, ya yi nuni ga imaninsa na addini, yana mai cewa: "Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau'i na addini ba". An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila amma, kamar yadda ya fada daga baya, ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai bin Allah. A wata wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin ’yan uwansa, ya kira addini a matsayin “narcotic mai daɗi” kuma ya bayyana fifiko ga Furotesta akan Roman Katolika saboda yana jin “mataki ne kusa da Dalili”.
Manazarta Mutuwan 1965
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22575 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Ogunlesi | Adebayo Ogunlesi | Adebayo "Bayo" O. Ogunlesi (An haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1953), Ya kasan ce wani lauya ne dan Najeriya kuma ma'aikacin banki ne na saka jari. A yanzu haka shi ne Shugaba da Manajan Abokin Hulɗa a kamfani mai zaman kansa na Kamfanin Infrastructure Partners (GIP). Ogunlesi shi ne tsohon shugaban Bankin Zuba Jari na Bankin Duniya a Credit Suisse First Boston kafin a kara masa girma zuwa Client Officer da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa..
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Ogunlesi ya fito ne daga Makun, Sagamu, jihar Ogun a Najeriya Shi ɗa ne ga Theophilus O. Ogunlesi, farfesa ne kuma a fannin ilimin likita na farko a Nijeriya a Jami'ar Ibadan. Iyalinsa asalinsu Yarabawa ne.
Ogunlesi ya tafi King's College, Lagos, makarantar sakandare a Legas, Najeriya Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Oxford da dake Ingila A cikin shekara ta 1979, Ogunlesi ya karɓi JD magna cum laude daga Harvard Law School da MBA daga Harvard Business School, wanda ya bi a lokaci guda. A lokacin da yake Harvard, ya kasance kan Harvard Law Review.
Ayyuka Daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1981, Ogunlesi ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na lauya na Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall na Kotun Koli ta Amurka Ogunlesi ya kasance kuma lauya ne a rukunin kamfanoni na lauyoyi na New York City na Cravath, Swaine & Moore, inda ya kasance abokin hulɗa a lokacin rani yayin karatun MBA. A shekarar 1983, Ogunlesi ya shiga bankin zuba jari na First Boston a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan aikin iskar gas na Najeriya. A Farkon Boston, yayi aiki a cikin Financeungiyar Gudanar da Kuɗi, yana ba abokan ciniki shawara game da ma'amaloli da kuɗi kuma ya yi aiki a kan ma'amaloli a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, Caribbean, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka da Asiya Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2002, shi ne Shugaban Global Energy Group na wancan lokacin wanda aka sake masa suna Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) A shekara ta 2002, Ogunlesi aka nada Global Head of CSFB's Investment Banking Division.Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2002, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Suitse na Kwamitin Zartarwa da Kwamitin Gudanarwa. Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2006, Ogunlesi ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Gudanarwa kuma Babban Jami'in Abokin Ciniki na CSFB.
A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, Ogunlesi ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa, Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), wani hadin gwiwa wanda masu saka jari na farko suka hada da Credit Suisse da General Electric Yanzu haka yana matsayin Shugaba da kuma Manajan Abokin Hulɗa.
A cikin shekara ta 2006, GIP ta sayi Filin jirgin saman London A cikin shekara ta 2009, GIP ta sami rinjaye a Filin jirgin saman Gatwick na London a yarjejeniyar da ta kai 1.455 biliyan. Jaridun Najeriya sun ba shi laƙabin, "Mutumin da Ya sayi Filin Jirgin Sama na Gatwick. GIP kuma ta mallaki Filin jirgin saman Edinburgh, wanda suka siya a shekara ta2012, da Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, wanda suka siya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018..
karin aiki Ogunlesi memba ne na Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Gundumar Columbia. Yayin da yake aiki a Credit Suisse First Boston, ya kasance malami a Harvard Law School da Yale School of Management, inda ya koyar da darasi kan ayyukan saka hannun jari na kasashen duniya a kasashe masu tasowa.
A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2012, an naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban Daraktoci a Goldman Sachs. A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an nada shi Daraktan Darakta.. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Ogunlesi, tare da sauran shugabannin kasuwanci, za su kasance wani bangare na Dabarun Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Donald Trump wanda aka watse a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2017.
Rayuwar mutum Ogunlesi an yi aure to Birtaniya-haife likitan ido, Dr. Amelia Quist-Ogunlesi tun shekara ta 1985. Suna da yara biyu. A cikin waƙar Ban mamaki, Burna Boy ya yaba wa Adebayo yana mai faɗin kwazonsa.
Kyauta da girmamawa Mai karɓar Cibiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya a Kyautar Kyauta ta New York. Ogunlesi ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan Afirka 100 da mujallar New African ta wallafa a shekara ta 2019.
Membobinsu Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard Memba, Kwamitin Mashawarcin Dean
Harvard Law School Memba, Majalisar Shugabanci na New York
Jami'ar Harvard Memba, Majalisar Shawara ta Duniya
NAACP Tsaron Doka da Asusun Ilimi Memba, Hukumar Daraktocin Kasa
NewYork Presbyterian Hospital Memba, Kwamitin Amintattu
Kawance don Asusun Birnin New York Memba, Kwamitin Daraktoci
King's College Old Boys Association Memba
Manazarta Submitted to: Professor C. Clyde Ferguson, Jr. [for the] Seminar: Legal Problems of the New International Economics Order (Harvard third year paper)
Duba kuma Kawancen Kayayyakin Duniya.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Adebayo O. Ogunlesi a Bloomberg LP
Adebayo O. Ogunlesi a Goldman Sachs.
Manazarta Yarbawa
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Lauyoyi yan Najeriya
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14788 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugaban%20kasar%20Ghana | Shugaban kasar Ghana | Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana: Shine zababben shugaban kasa kuma shugaban gwamnatin Ghana, sannan kuma babban kwamandan askarawan Ghana. Shugaban Ghana na yanzu shi ne Nana Akufo-Addo, wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2016 tare da shugaba mai ci, John Dramani Mahama, da tazarar kashi 9.45%. An rantsar da shi kan ofis a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2017.
Cancanta Dangane da Fasali na 8, Mataki na 62 na Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1992, mutum ba zai cancanci zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar ta Ghana ba sai:
(a) shi/ta ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne ta haihuwa
(b) ya/ta kai shekara arba'in; kuma
(c) mutum ne wanda ya cancanci zaɓen ɗan majalisa, sai dai kawai rashin cancantar da aka bayyana a sakin layi (c), (d), da (e) na magana (2) na sashi na 94 na wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba za a cire shi ba, game da kowane irin mutum, ta hanyar yin afuwa ta shugaban kasa ko kuma jinkirtawar lokaci kamar yadda aka tanada a sashi na (5) na wancan labarin.
Rantsuwa akan ofis Dole ne alkalin alkalan kasar ya rantsar da shugaban na Ghana a gaban ‘yan kasar ta Ghana a dandalin‘ yanci da ke Accra. Shugaban da aka zaba dole ne ya maimaita mai zuwa:
"Ni, da aka zaɓa zuwa babban ofishin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana na yi (da sunan Allah Maɗaukaki duka) (na tabbatar da gaske) cewa zan kasance mai aminci da gaskiya ga Jamhuriyar Ghana; cewa a kowane lokaci zan kiyaye, kiyayewa da kare Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Ghana; kuma na sadaukar da kaina ga aiki da jin dadin mutanen Jamhuriyar Ghana da yin adalci ga kowane irin mutum.
Na kara (rantsuwa sosai) (tabbatacce na tabbatar) cewa a kowane lokaci zan karya wannan rantsuwar ta ofishi; Zan miƙa kaina ga dokokin Jamhuriyar Ghana kuma in sha wahala a kanta. (Don haka ku taimake ni Allah)".
Shigarwa Bayan zababben shugaban kasa ya sha rantsuwar aiki, sai a mika wadannan alamun alamun ga shugaban. Ana amfani da waɗannan na'urori don nuna matsayin ofishin sa kuma ana amfani da su a lokuta na musamman.
Takobin shugaban kasa (hoto) da kujerar shugaban kasa. Kujerun katako da aka sassaka shi da zinariya.
Ikoki da ayyukan shugaban ƙasa Babi na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana ya bayyana ayyuka da ikon shugaban. Ana buƙatar shugaban ya:
mutunta Tsarin Mulki
gudanar da ikon zartarwa
kiyaye aminci da mahaifar Ghana.
Hakanan, an bawa shugaban ƙasa iko:
a matsayin shugaban bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati
a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji
ayyana yaki
don gudanar da raba gardama game da batutuwan da suka shafi mahimmancin ƙasa
bayar da umarnin zartarwa
bayar da lambobin girmamawa don yi wa kasa aiki
don ba da gafara
ayyana dokar ta baci ta dakatar da duk wasu dokoki ko sanya dokar ta-baci.
Shugaban na iya aiwatarwa ko sa a aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyi, yarjejeniyoyi ko yarjejeniyoyi da sunan Jamhuriyar Ghana. Shugaban zai yi fifiko kan yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Ghana kuma yana iya mika muhimman batutuwan siyasa zuwa kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasa, ayyana yaki, kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da sauran yarjejeniyoyi, nada manyan jami'an gwamnati, da kuma yin afuwa (tare da hadin gwiwar Majalisar Ghana). A lokacin tsananin rikici na ciki ko na waje ko barazana, ko rikicin tattalin arziki ko na kuɗi, shugaban ƙasa na iya karɓar ikon gaggawa "don kiyaye tsaron ƙasa ko zaman lafiyar jama'a da oda".
Za a tsige shugaban daga mukaminsa idan aka same shi, bisa tanadin da tsarin mulki ya yi, Fasali na 8 sashi na 69 (ii) nuna bambanci ko rashin dacewa da tattalin arziki ko tsaron Jamhuriyar Ghana. Shugaban zai daina tsayawa ofis a ranar da Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta yanke hukuncin cire shi ta daga mukamin sa.
Mazaunin Shugaban gidan na Ghana shine Osu Castle (wanda aka fi sani da Fort Christiansborg ko Christianborg Castle) a Accra. A shekara ta 2007, 'yan majalisar adawa a Ghana sun fice daga muhawarar majalisar kan ko za su karbo bashin 50m don gina sabuwar fadar shugaban kasa 'Yan majalisa daga jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party ta Shugaba John Kufuor sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da karbar lamunin daga Indiya.
Sun yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata shugaban ya kasance a cikin Osu Castle ba, inda a da ake ajiye bayi. Jam’iyyar adawa ta National Democratic Congress ta ce za a fi kashe kudin a wani wuri. Ana gyara gidan tsohon tutar gidan da shugaban kasar Ghana na farko yayi amfani dashi a matsayin masauki zuwa gidan adana kayan tarihi, yayin da aka gina filin da yake tsaye a matsayin wani katafaren ofishin ofishin zamani da gidan shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana da kuma ma'aikatansu. Sabon Fadar Shugaban kasar ana sa ran kammala shi a watan Agustan 2008 amma a karshe aka kammala shi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008. A yayin bikin bude sabon fadar shugaban kasar, shugaba John Kufuor ya bayyanawa manema labarai cewa sabon sunan fadar zai kasance gidan Golden Jubilee. An zabi sunan ne dangane da bikin cikar Ghana shekaru 50 da samun 'Yancin kai.
An bai wa Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen wani bangare na ofis din lokacin da ya kamata a sauya shi saboda wata gobara da ta mamaye ofisoshinta. Gwamnatin NDC ta ƙi motsawa zuwa wurin taron bayan ta hau mulki a shekara ta 2009 lura da cewa wasu ayyukan a cikin mazaunin ba a kammala su ba. Gwamnatin Shugaba Atta Mills kuma ta lura cewa Ofishin Tsaro na Tsaro na Kasa (BNI) na son tabbatar da cewa an inganta tsaro a wurin kafin gwamnati ta shigo. John Atta-Mills ne ya canza sunan zuwa Flagstaff House ta yunƙurin da mutane da yawa ke gani don rufe mahaɗinsa zuwa bikin cika shekaru 50 da Ghana a ƙarƙashin Sabuwar rioungiyar Patriotic. A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun 2013, daga ƙarshe aka ƙaura da ofishin fadar shugaban ƙasa zuwa Flagstaff House.
Sunan ya koma gidan Jubilee.
Sufuri Sabis ɗin jigilar ƙasa na Shugaban ƙasar Ghana sune:
Limousines
Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupé (ciki har da Ghosts)
Mercedes-Benz S-Class
Maybach
Rakiyan motoci
Bentley
Maserati
Cadillac Escalade
Rakiyar girmamawa (babura)
BMW
Sabis ɗin jigilar sama na shugaban ƙasar Ghana sune:
Jirgin sama don tafiya mai nisa
Dassault Falcon 900 (dogon zango) babba jirgin sama na jet
Embraer Jet 190 (dogon zango)
Jirage masu saukar ungulu
Mil Mi-17
Jirgin saman shugaban yana amfani da tsarin launi kamar tutar Ghana a cikin ratsi, banda amfani da rigar makamai ta Ghana akan masarauta maimakon tutar Ghana.
A cikin Oktoba 2012 an samo jirgin sama a cikin gidan Golden Jubilee. A cewar Babban Jami'in Hukumar Kula da Kadarorin Gidan na Golden Jubilee ya sayi jirgin sama samfurin Embraer 190 ga shugaban kasa kan cedis miliyan 105 (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 55). Wurin da jirgin saman da aka shirya zai kasance a cikin Gidan Shugaban kasar Ghana na 'Peduase Lodge'.
Zababben shugaban kasa Zababben shugaban kasar Ghana shine wanda ya lashe zaben, kamar yadda shugaban hukumar zaben kasar ta Ghana ya tabbatar, biyo bayan babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba.
A tsakanin lokacin zaben shugaban kasa da rantsar da shi, shugaban mai barin gado ya kasance gurguwa, yayin da shugaban mai zuwa zai jagoranci tawagar masu sauya shekar don tabbatar da mika mulki yadda ya kamata. Idan shugaba mai ci ya sake cin zabe, ba za a ambaci shugaba mai ci a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa tunda shi ko ita tana kan karagar mulki kuma ba ya jiran zama shugaban kasa. Hakanan, idan mataimakin shugaban kasa ya yi nasarar zuwa fadar shugaban kasa ta hanyar mutuwar shugaban, murabus ko cire shi (ta hanyar tsige shi) daga mukaminsa, wannan mutumin ba zai taba rike mukamin zababben Shugaban kasa ba, kamar yadda za su zama shugaban kasa kai tsaye. Shugaban da aka zaba na baya-bayan nan shi ne tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Nana Akufo-Addo na New Patriotic Party, wanda ya ci zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 9 ga Disambar 2016.
Mataimakin shugaban kasa zababben dan kasar Ghana shine abokin takarar dan takarar shugaban kasa wanda ya lashe zabe. Farkon wanda aka kafa bayan an amince da Tsarin Mulki na 3 na Ghana, wanda ya fara rike mukamin shine Joseph W.S. deGraft-Johnson. Mataimakin shugaban kasar na yanzu Mahamudu Bawumia. Har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriya ta 3 ta Ghana, matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa bai kasance ba.
Firayim Minista Kwame Nkrumah ya zama dan Ghana na farko da aka zaba a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana. Shugaba Limann na riƙe da tarihin kasancewa mafi tsayi lokacin miƙa mulki daga zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa zuwa shugaban ƙasa. Lokacin mika mulki nasa ya kwashe kwanaki 78. Shugaba Rawlings kafin zaben shugaban kasa a 1992, ya riga ya zama shugaban kasar Ghana. Ya kasance shugaban Provisional National Defence Council. Saboda Ghana ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1992, matsayin shugaban Jamhuriya babu kowa. Shugaba John Kufuor da Shugaba John Atta Mills duk suna rike da tarihin samun mafi kankantar lokacin miƙa mulki daga zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa zuwa shugaban ƙasa tare da duk lokacin miƙa mulki na tsawon kwanaki 10 ne kawai. Wannan duka shuwagabannin biyu suna buƙatar yin zaɓe zagaye na biyu (2000, 2008) don cin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa.
Duba kuma Chief of Staff (Ghana)
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50455 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20Creek | Binciken Creek | Binciken Creek: Labarin Gaskiya littafi ne na 2017 wanda Jacqueline Briggs Martin ya rubuta kuma Claudia McGehee ya kwatantaYana ba da labarin wani aikin maido da rafi na Michael Osterholm, wanda ya sayi filaye a arewa maso gabashin Iowa inda aka karkatar da rafi shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.Yayin da aka maido da rafin,namun daji,gami da naman rafin,a hankali sun koma yankin kuma suka bunƙasa.
Littafin ya kwatanta sake dawowa da raƙuman ruwa tare da taimakon mai tono, wanda aka gabatar a matsayin"na'ura mai kwakwalwa"Jami'ar Minnesota Press ne ta buga shi a ranar 1 ga Maris,2017, kuma an karɓe ta sosai. Masu sukar sun yaba da mayar da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli da kuma zane -zane na McGehee, kuma a cikin 2018 ta sami lambar yabo ta Riverby,wacce ta fahimci littattafan da ke da alaƙa ga yara,daga Ƙungiyar John Burroughs.
Fage da bugawa A cikin 2002,Michael Osterholm ya sayi na ƙasa kusa da Dorchester,Iowa.Osterholm,masanin cututtukan cututtuka,jikan maigidan na baya ya gaya wa cewa kakansa ya kasance yana kamun kifi a cikin rafi a can. Ya binciki yankin kuma ya tabbatar da wanzuwar rafi ta hanyar amfani da tsoffin hotuna na iska.An karkatar da kogin a cikin 1949 don samar da hanyar dasa masara a cikin ƙasa mai albarka,kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙasƙanta kuma ya ɓace. Osterholm,ɗan asalin Iowa wanda ya yi kamun kifi a cikin raƙuman ruwa na kusa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa,ya yanke shawarar maido da rafin. Maidowa na asali rafi ya faru a cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa. Osterholm ya fara ne ta hanyar share filayen masara da ke akwai don buɗe kogin na asali,kuma ya sake dasa ciyayi masu tsayi irin su manyan shuɗi. An ƙara manyan motoci da yawa na duwatsu tare da bankunan rafi don tallafi. Bayan lokaci,tsire-tsire na asali,kwari,da sauran namun daji sun dawo yankin.A cikin 2009,Sashen Albarkatun Ƙasa na Iowa ya ƙara 500 yatsan yatsa na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa,nau'in kifi ne kawai da ke tsira a cikin jihar.Tushen ya bunƙasa a cikin sabon kogin da aka dawo da shi,wanda Osterholm ya kira Brook Creek.
Binciken Creek:Labari na Gaskiya yana nuna yadda Osterholm ya maido da Brook Creek da dawowar namun daji zuwa yankin. Marubucin,Jacqueline Briggs Martin,ya yanke shawarar rubuta littafi game da Osterholm bayan karanta wani labarin Nuwamba 2011 game da aikinsa da aka buga a The Gazette.Ta yi magana da Osterholm yayin da ta rubuta Creekfinding,ko da yake ba ta ziyarci Brook Creek da kansa ba sai bayan an kammala littafin.Martin ya riga ya kasance abokai tare da mai zane Claudia McGehee, kuma ya nemi McGehee ya ba da misalai na littafin.A cewar McGehee,yayin da "marubuci na al'ada da mai zane ba sa haɗuwa a lokacin ƙirƙirar littafin hoto,"su biyun sun yi aiki tare a duk lokacin ci gaba da littafin,ciki har da binciken yanayin yanayin rafi.
Sadaukarwa ga"waɗanda ke kula da wuraren korenmu",Jami'ar Minnesota Press ta buga littafin mai shafi 36 a ranar 1 ga Maris,2017. Baya ga labarin, littafin ya ƙunshi kalamai daga Martin, McGehee,da Osterholm.
Takaitaccen bayani Littafin ya gabatar da na'urar tona a matsayin"na'ura mai ganowa"wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano raƙuman ruwa da suka ɓace.Ya nuna ana karkatar da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa kamar yadda manomi ke amfani da buldoza don cika shi da datti don shuka masara.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka,Mike ya koyi game da tsohon kogin kuma ya yanke shawarar maido da shi duk da shakkar wasu.Ya yi alamar tsohuwar hanyar rafin kuma ana amfani da injin tona don tono ƙasa don gano shi.Mike ya jira har lokacin sanyi ya sa manyan motoci su kai duwatsun da za su jera rafin,ta yadda kasa ta daskare a lokacin kuma manyan motocin kada su lalata kasar.Tsire-tsire,kwari,da sculpins suna komawa rafi,kuma ana kawo trout a cikin wata motar.Shekaru biyu bayan haka,kifin ya kan sa ƙwai waɗanda ke ƙyanƙyashe a lokacin hunturu.Littafin ya ƙare da haɓakar yanayin muhalli da kuma godiya "ga Mike da manyan injunan da suka samo rafin".
Rubutu da misalai An tsara labarin zuwa sassa dabam-dabam,tare da lakabi kamar"Scraping and Digging"da"Lokaci don Kayayyaki". Renée Wheeler na Jagoran Littafin ƙaho ya kwatanta rubutun Martin a matsayin"mai haske da"bayani",kuma a cikin littafin, ana yin tambayoyi game da tsarin maidowa sannan a amsa don nuna sha'awar mai karatu.Ana amfani da mutum-mutumi don kwatanta ayyukan mai tonawa da kuma komawar ruwa zuwa wurin.Martin ta ce ta shafe watanni da dama tana gano yadda za a fi kwatanta yanayin halittu, kuma daya daga cikin layin da ta fi so a littafin shine"korama ya fi ruwa".A wani lokaci yayin aiwatar da rubutun,daftarin ya kasance tsawon kalmomi 1200,amma an gyara shi zuwa kusan kalmomi 400 a cikin sigar ƙarshe. McGehee ta ce ta ziyarci Brook Creek kafin ta samar da misalai saboda"tana son sake ƙirƙirar laushi da launuka [ta] ta gani,don haka masu karatu za su iya 'tafiya'tare da Brook Creek yayin da suke koyo game da maidowa.An ƙirƙiri misalan ta ta hanyar amfani da dabarar allo (wanda mai zanen ya zare tawada mai duhu don bayyana launi a ƙasa) tare da launin ruwa da rini, tare da sakamakon kama fentin itace mai kauri mai kauri. Wani mai bita don Kirkus Reviews ya ji cewa tsallake launi daga yadawa ɗaya yana da tasiri musamman don ƙirƙirar yanayin ji injuna kamar masu tonawa da juji sun kasance mafi ƙalubale saboda ba ta da ƙwarewar kwatanta su,idan aka kwatanta da yanayin yanayi.Baya ga babban labari,ƙananan bayanai game da tsarin gyare-gyare da namun daji suna ƙunshe a cikin abubuwan hotuna,kamar ruwan ciyayi.
liyafar Masu suka sun yaba wa Creekfinding don mayar da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli.Yin bita don Jaridar Makarantar Makaranta, Barbara Auerbach ya rubuta cewa littafin zai"samar da masu kula da duniyarmu a nan gaba",kuma masu bita da yawa sun bayyana shi a matsayin"zurfafa"hoton sake dawowa kogin. Wani mai bita na mako-mako na Publishers ya kuma yaba da bayanin da Osterholm ya bayar a ƙarshen littafin da ke ƙarfafa masu karatu su ɗauki mataki da kuma taimakawa wajen dawo da ɓarna na muhallinsu. Masu bita kuma sun rubuta gaskiya game da zane-zane na McGehee.Kirkus Reviews ya lura cewa cikakkun hotuna,tare da"layi mai lankwasa da ke cike da rayuwa",har yanzu za a iya gani idan an karanta littafin ga ƙaramin rukuni,kuma Auerbach ya bayyana zane-zane a matsayin"mai ban mamaki". An jera littafin a kan"Littattafai Mafi Kyau don Yara 100"na New York Public Library a cikin 2017. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Riverby,wanda ke gane littattafan da ke da alaƙa ga yara,daga Ƙungiyar John Burroughs a cikin 2018.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizo
Hira da Jacqueline Briggs Martin da Claudia McGehee akan |
57941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Razak%20Ahmad | Abdul Razak Ahmad | Abdul Razak Ahmad (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1939 12 ga Agusta, 2007) lauya ne na kare hakkin dan adam kuma ɗan siyasa ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Parti Rakyat Malaysia a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Ya yi takara a babban zabe daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 2004 amma bai lashe kujerar a cikin gasa 14 ba, kodayake ya taɓa zuwa cikin kuri'u 22 na kayar da abokin hamayyarsa. Ya kuma sami sananne a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda nuna rashin amincewa da ziyarar da shugaban Isra'ila ya kai Singapore ta hanyar kwance a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Razak ya mutu a asibitin Sultanah Aminah a Johor Baru inda aka kwantar da shi bayan ya sha wahala daga ciwon kirji. A lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 2007, ya bar matarsa Kintan Mohd Amin da yara hudu Zulkifli, Juliah, Faizal da Azlina.
Yunkurin siyasa Dan asalin Kudancin Malay na jihar Johor, Abdul Razak ya halarci Sekolah Melayu, Makarantar Ngee Heng da Kwalejin Turanci ta Johor kafin a shigar da shi a 1963 zuwa abin da ke Jami'ar Malaysia ta Singapore a lokacin 1963 shine shekarar da Singapore ta shiga Tarayyar Malaysia.
An ba Abdul Razak tallafin karatu na jihar Johor don nazarin doka, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban kungiyar Socialist ta Jami'ar, ƙungiyar ɗaliban hagu wacce a 1954 ta fuskanci gwajin farko na tayar da kayar baya a Malaysia da Singapore bayan yakin.
A shekara ta 1966, lokacin da yake kammala shekararsa ta ƙarshe, Singapore ta riga ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Malaysia kuma Gwamnatin Singapore ta tsare shi kuma ta kore shi, bisa zargin inganta tashin hankali na dalibai da ayyukan kwaminisanci na gaba.
Kamar yawancin 'yan gurguzu na Malaysia da Singapore waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya kuma ba magoya bayan haramtacciyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malaysia ba, Abdul Razak koyaushe ya musanta wannan zargi. A sauran rayuwarsa, ba zai yi farin ciki da an hana shi shiga Singapore ba, musamman yayin da yake zaune a gefen hanyar a Johor.
A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar siyasa da lauya, ya zama jagora a Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia (PSRM) a Johor An san Abdul Razak da goyan bayan dalilin mutum na yau da kullun, kamar masunta, ma'aikata da mazauna birane. A shekara ta 1975, an tsare shi na tsawon watanni biyu a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta Malaysia don jagorantar zanga-zangar kan haƙƙin ƙasa ga masu zaman kansu. Ya kafa sansani tare da mutane 200 a waje da ginin gwamnati a Johor Bahru kuma an tsare shi saboda wannan. Bayan an sake shi daga tsare, an sanya shi a ƙarƙashin ƙuntataccen motsi wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin gida mafi yawan rana na tsawon shekaru biyu.
A wannan lokacin Abdul Razak ya zama babban mai goyon bayan PSRM a matakin kasa, musamman yayin da aka tsare wasu fitattun shugabannin biyu, Kassim Ahmad da Syed Husin Ali, a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida na shekaru biyar da shida bi da bi.
A shekara ta 1986 ya zama babban labari lokacin da ya kwanta a kan hanyar jirgin kasa a Johor Baru a cikin ƙoƙari na dakatar da jirgin kasa da ke zuwa Singapore don nuna rashin amincewa da ziyarar shugaban Isra'ila na lokacin Chaim Herzog zuwa jamhuriya. Wani mataki ne da ya yi a cikin hadin kai tare da dalilin Palasdinawa da aka zalunta kuma ya dace da mafi girman shahararsa tare da masu jefa kuri'a.
Gasar zabe Abdul Razak ya yi takara a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don duka majalisa da kujerun jihohi a Johor kuma an ci shi a lokuta 14 a cikin takarar 'yan majalisa takwas da tseren kujerun jihar shida. Sau da yawa yakan gudanar da kamfen na kasa da ministocin Umno kamar su Mohamed Rahmat, Shahrir Abdul Samad da Mohamed Khaled Nordin A shekara ta 1974, a zabensa na farko, Abdul Razak ya yi takara a cikin Pulai (mazabar tarayya) a matsayin dan takarar PSRM wanda ya sha kashi a hannun Mohamed Rahmat wanda ya samu kuri'u 18,835 yayin da Abdul Razak kawai ya sami 6,015 wanda ya sha wahala da kashi 12,820.
A cikin babban zaben Malaysia na 1982, ya yi takara a Johor Bahru (mazabar tarayya) a kan Shahrir Samad Shahrir wanda ke wakiltar Umno ya sami kuri'u 47,825 kuma Abdul Razak ya sami u 21,288, ya rasa kuri'u 26,537 a kan wanda ke aiki.
1986 ya ga Abdul Razak a saman shahararsa yayin da ya ji daɗin kashi 16 cikin dari na juyawa da Shahrir a gasar don kujerar majalisa ta Johor Bahru. A wannan lokacin Shahrir ya samu kuri'u 19,349 kuma Abdul Razak ya samu u 17,114, don haka ya rage mafi rinjaye zuwa kuri'u 2,235. Ya kuma kusan kusan zabarsa sau biyu a zaben mazabar jihar Tanjung Puteri ta Johor a shekarar 1986. A karo na farko, ya rasa da kuri'u 22 kawai kuma ya ci gaba da kalubalantar sakamakon a kotu, ya tilasta wani zabe inda ya sha wahala.
A watan Agustan 1988 rabuwa a cikin mulkin Umno ya haifar da Shahrir ya yi murabus daga kujerar Johor Bahru kuma ya tilasta zaben. Shahrir ya gudu a matsayin mai zaman kansa kuma ya ci nasara da kuri'u 23,581, yayin da Mas'ud Abdul Rahman na Umno ya samu 10,968 kuma Abdul Razak, a takararsa ta ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin tutar PSRM, ya sami kuri'u 2,260 kawai kuma ya rasa ajiyarsa. A cikin 1990, Abdul Razak ya koma Pulai don yin takara kuma Mohamed Rahmat ya sake kayar da shi. A wannan lokacin yana wakiltar jam'iyyar Parti Rakyat Malaysia Mohamed Rahmat ya samu kuri'u 29,855 don samun nasara na 12,272 a kan Abdul Razak wanda ya samu 17,583. Ya kuma sake rasa a Tanjung Puteri, a wannan lokacin ga Mohamad Kasbi na Umno wanda ya sami 14,708 yayin da Abdul Razak ya sami 10,787, ya rasa da kuri'u 3,921.
A shekara ta 1995, Abdul Razak ya yi takara a Gelang Patah (mazabar tarayya). Ya rasa kuri'u 24,219 ga Barisan Nasional's Chang See Ten wanda ya samu kuri'u 35,459 zuwa adadin kuri'u 11,240 kawai. Ya kuma kasance dan takarar da aka ci nasara a Stulang yana zuwa na uku a cikin gasa ta hanyoyi uku a bayan Long Hoo Hin na MCA da Yap Kok Sin na DAP.
A shekara ta 1999 ya kasance dan takarar PRM a Johor Bahru (mazabar tarayya) a matsayin wani ɓangare na hadin gwiwar Barisan Alternatif Ya sha kashi a hannun Mohamad Khaled Nordin na Umno wanda ya samu 38,707 yayin da Abdul Razak ya samu 14,149, wanda ya haifar da nasarar nasara 24,558. Komawa a Tanjung Puteri don takarar jihar, Mohamad Kasbi ya sake kayar da shi wanda ya sami kuri'u 17,103 yayin da Abdul Razak ya sami u 7,260 da ya rasa kuri'u 9,843. A cikin yakin neman zabe na karshe a shekara ta 2004, Abdul Razak ya yi takara a karo na farko a karkashin tutar sabuwar jam'iyyar Parti Keadilan Rakyat Koyaya, ya sha wahala sosai ga Khaled a cikin sake gwagwarmaya kodayake a wannan lokacin dukansu suna gudana a cikin Pasir Gudang (mazabar tarayya). Khaled ya samu kuri'u 38,123 yayin da Abdul Razak ya samu 7,002, ya rasa da rinjaye 31,121.
Ya kuma rasa a kujerar jihar Puteri Wangsa ga Abdul Halim Suleiman na Umno wanda ya samu kuri'u 14,677 yayin da Abdul Razak ya samu 2,338, ya rasa da 12,340.
Manazarta Matattun 2007
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
47973 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20dan%20Adam%20a%20Aljeriya | Hakkin dan Adam a Aljeriya | A shekara ta 2011, shugaban Aljeriya na wancan lokacin Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya ɗaga dokar ta baci wacce ta kasance tun bayan karshen yakin basasar Aljeriya a shekara ta 2002, sakamakon zanga-zangar Larabawa da ta faru a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa.
Babban kalubalen ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a Aljeriya sun haɗa da ƙuntatawa mai yawa na 'yancin tarayya, taro da motsi, tare da ikon gwamnati kan' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na manema labarai, cin hanci da rashawa mai yawa, rashin hukunci na hukuma, yawan amfani da tsare-tsare kafin shari'a, rashin daidaito na kurkuku, cin zarafin fursunoni, tashin hankali da nuna bambanci ga mata, iyakance haƙƙin ma'aikata, da kisan da jami'an gwamnati suka yi. A cikin 2017, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta kara yin shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, 'yan jarida, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai don magana ta zaman lafiya, ta hanyar labarai a cikin dokar azabtarwa ta kasar da ke aikata laifukan "ƙaryata shugaban kasa", "tsaryata jami'an gwamnati" da "ƙaryatãwa ga Islama", ban da korar zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a matsayin "taro da ba tare da izini ba".
Bouteflika ya yi murabus a shekarar 2019 bayan watanni na zanga-zangar bayan da ya bayyana niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a karo na biyar a matsayin shugaban kasa. Bayan wani lokaci na wucin gadi, an zabi Abdelmadjid Tebboune a matsayin shugaban kasa, wanda ya yi magana don goyon bayan masu zanga-zangar. Duk da wannan, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a cikin 2021 cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya ta ci gaba da kamawa da kuma ɗaure masu zanga-zangar, masu gwagwarmaya, da 'yan jarida daga ƙungiyar Hirak, tare da yin gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin kasar don ƙuntata' yancin magana da ci gaba da rage' yancin shari'a.
Tarihi Freedom House ta rarraba Aljeriya a matsayin "ba kyauta ba" tun lokacin da ta fara buga irin wannan ƙididdigar a cikin 1972, ban da 1989, 1990, da 1991, lokacin da aka lakafta ƙasar "a wani ɓangare kyauta". Har zuwa inda akwai dimokuradiyya a Aljeriya ta yau, an kafa shi a cikin dokoki uku:
Dokar Jam'iyyun Siyasa (1989, an gyara 1997), wanda ya ba da izinin jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa
Dokar Ƙungiyoyi (1987, an yi gyare-gyare 1990), wanda ya ba da izinin kafa ƙungiyoyi
Dokar Bayanai (1990), wanda ya shirya hanya ga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu
An gudanar da zabubbuka na kyauta a kasar tun daga shekarar 1988, amma nasarar da kungiyar 'yancin Islama (FIS) ta samu a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1991 ya haifar da juyin mulkin soja da kuma sanyawa, a watan Fabrairun 1992, na dokar ta baci wanda aka dakatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. An hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya, da taro sosai, kuma an kama mutane da yawa ba tare da tuhuma ba kuma an tsare su ba tare da shari'a ba. Yaƙin basasa ya ɓarke daga 1991 zuwa 1999, kuma tun lokacin da ya ƙare babu wani bincike na hukuma game da manyan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka faru a lokacin rikici.
Babbar abokiyar hamayyar gwamnati a cikin yakin shine Armed Islamic Group (GIA), kungiyar ta'addanci ta Islama da kuma ƙungiyar Al Qaeda wacce John R. Schindler ya bayyana a cikin The National Interest a watan Yulin 2012 a matsayin "mai yawan tashin hankali" kuma a matsayin mai aikata "tsarin bama-bamai a Paris a lokacin rani na 1995" wanda shine "harin farko na Al Qaeda a Yamma". Schindler ya lura cewa "shekaru masu ban tsoro na Aljeriya na 1993-191997 sun kasance abin da al'ummar kare hakkin dan adam na duniya suka mayar da hankali ga al'ummar 'yancin dan adam na kasa da kasa" amma "mummunar kisan gillar da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ya sami karamin ɗaukar hoto a kafofin watsa labarai na Yamma, duk da cewa mai yiwuwa ya yi ikirarin sau biyu fiye da rikicin Bosnian, wanda ya gudana a lokaci guda kuma ya sami kulawa ta Yamma ba tare da tsayawa ba. Schindler ya kara da cewa "yaƙin basasar Aljeriya, wanda ya fara shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, bai ƙare ba".
Disamba 2010 ta nuna farkon lokacin zanga-zangar da ake yi akai-akai da na kasa da kasa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira "Arab Spring" kuma ya haifar da fushin da ya yadu game da rashin aikin yi, ƙarancin gidaje, farashin abinci mai yawa, cin hanci da rashawa mai yawa, da kuma ƙuntatawa mai tsanani kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yancin ɗan adam.
Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa domin Canji da Dimokuradiyya (CNCD) kungiya ce ta jam'iyyun adawa, kungiyoyi, da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a watan Janairun 2011 bayan tashin hankali na zanga-zangar da aka kashe mutane da yawa kuma ɗaruruwan suka ji rauni ko aka kama su.
CNCD ta shirya tafiya a Algiers a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2011, don neman kawo karshen dokar ta baci da maido da dimokuradiyya da 'yanci. Gwamnati ta nemi hana zanga-zangar ta hanyar toshe hanyoyi zuwa Algiers, dakatar da jiragen kasa zuwa Algièrs, kafa wuraren dubawa da shingen a cikin Algiers، kin amincewa da biza ga wakilan kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, tsare abokan adawar gwamnati da 'yan jarida, da rufe Intanet. Duk da haka, zanga-zangar ta ci gaba, tare da hukumomi suna kimanta yawan mahalarta a 800 kuma masu shirya suna kimanta adadin a 2000. An yi wa masu zanga-zangar da yawa duka kuma an kwace kyamarori.
An ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, amma ƙuntatawa mai yawa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, shugaban kasar Abdelaziz Bouteflika, wanda ya kasance a cikin mukamin tun 1999, ya yi murabus bayan zanga-zangar jama'a bayan ya sanar da niyyarsa ta tsaya takara a karo na biyar. Abdelmadjid Tebboune ne ya gaje Bouteflika, wanda ya yi magana da yardar rai ga masu zanga-zangar.
A lokacin annobar COVID-19 ta 2020 a Aljeriya, gwamnati ta yi amfani da lafiyar jama'a don tabbatar da warwatsewar zanga-zangar Hirak ta hanyar aiwatar da kulle-kulle. Lokacin da aka ɗaga kulle-kulle a watan Yunin 2020, an dakatar da zanga-zangar a manyan biranen Aljeriya, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a Béjaïa.
Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Aljeriya tun 1972 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".1
A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Aljeriya a matsayin 32 daga cikin 100 (ba kyauta ba).
Hakki na asali Nuna bambanci bisa ga haihuwa, kabilanci, jinsi, da sauran halaye da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kodayake mata, musamman, suna fuskantar nuna bambanci mai yawa da tsarin.
Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, gwamnati tana sa ido kan sadarwa na abokan adawar siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da masu zargin ta'addanci. Ana bincika gidaje ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma tabbatar da 'yancin magana da na' yan jarida, amma tare da gargadi daban-daban. Magana ta jama'a game da halin da sojojin gwamnati ke yi a cikin shekarun 1990 ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kamar yadda zargi da Islama, jawabin da ke zagi shugabannin gwamnati, ko duk abin da ke barazanar "haɗin kan kasa" ko kuma ya ɓata wa "girman mutum".
Gwamnati tana matsa lamba a kan kafofin watsa labarai, galibi ta hanyar kama 'yan jarida don ɓata suna, wanda aka bayyana shi sosai kuma aka hukunta shi da tsanani a karkashin dokar Aljeriya. Censorship na kai da wasu 'yan jarida suka yi ya zama ruwan dare, kodayake wasu' yan jarida ba sa jinkirin sukar gwamnati a bayyane. Rediyo da Talabijin, waɗanda gaba ɗaya mallakar gwamnati ne, suna ba da ɗaukar hoto mai laushi kuma suna hana samun dama ga abokan adawar gwamnatin. Yawancin jaridu ana buga su a na'urorin buga littattafai na gwamnati, kuma gwamnatin tana amfani da wannan gaskiyar don yin tasiri ga editoci da manema labarai. Har ila yau, yana nuna tasiri ta hanyar amfani da ikon kamfanin talla na gwamnati don sanya ko a sanya tallace-tallace a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban.
Samun damar yanar gizo yawanci ba matsala ba ce, kodayake gwamnati tana sa ido kan asusun imel da ɗakunan tattaunawa. Taron ilimi da makamantansu wani lokacin suna ƙarƙashin tsangwama na gwamnati, tare da biza wani lokacin ana hana su ga malaman kasashen waje waɗanda aka gayyace su shiga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan.
Masana ilimin Aljeriya suna buƙatar amincewar hukuma kafin su halarci tarurruka a kasashen waje, kuma galibi ana hana su wannan amincewar.
Kodayake kundin tsarin mulkin Aljeriya ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin ibada, ya kuma ayyana Islama addinin jihar kuma ya haramta ayyukan da ba su dace da dabi'un Islama ba, kuma a zahiri 'yancin addini ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba an iyakance shi da dokoki da ayyuka da yawa. Yin rajistar kungiyoyin da ba Musulmai ba yana da wahala, ana iya hukunta masu tuba har zuwa shekaru uku a kurkuku, kuma kungiyoyin Kirista galibi suna da matsala wajen samun biza, kodayake wannan matsala ta ƙarshe a bayyane ta ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Cocin Protestant na Aljeriya an yi niyya musamman, tare da goma sha takwas daga cikin majami'unsu rufe tsakanin Nuwamba, 2017 da Oktoba, 2019. Wannan ya sanya shakku game da yanayin 'yancin addini a Aljeriya. Gabaɗaya, waɗanda ba Musulmai ba ana jure su a cikin al'umma, amma akwai wasu nuna bambanci da cin zarafi, kuma Kiristoci da yawa suna da ƙarancin matsayi.
Kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da haƙƙin taro da na ƙungiya, an rage su sosai a aikace. An dakatar da zanga-zangar a Algiers tun shekara ta 2000. Ana buƙatar izini don tarurrukan jama'a, kuma sau da yawa suna da wuyar samun su. Ana buƙatar amincewar hukuma don kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da sauran kungiyoyi da yawa, kamar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.
Yayinda yake taya Aljeriya murna don ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun 2011, Human Rights Watch ta bukaci gwamnati har yanzu tana buƙatar "maido da 'yanci na asali" ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na "dokoki masu yawa da kuma kawo karshen ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ba su da tushe na doka". Sarah Leah Whitson ta HRW ta ce ɗaga dokar ta baci ya yi "ƙananan tasiri ga 'yancin farar hula saboda dukkan dokoki suna kan littattafan da za su iya zama masu zalunci, ko kuma a yi amfani da su a hanyar zalunci". 'Yancin taro, HRW ya lura, "har yanzu an hana shi a Algiers, kuma ba tare da daidaituwa ba kuma an zaɓi shi a larduna".
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, HRW ta koka cewa gwamnatin Aljeriya tana amfani da "kama da sauran dabaru don hana mutane yin zanga-zanga a babban birnin a lokacin da ya kai ga zaben 10 ga Mayu, 2012". Ana tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a Algiers, ciki har da akalla dan takara daya don zaben, kuma an hana wasu mutane shiga birnin. HRW ta lura cewa yayin da aka ɗaga dokar ta baci a watan Fabrairun 2011, jami'an tsaro har yanzu suna aiwatar da "dokokin zalunci kan tarurrukan jama'a, gami da haramtacciyar tarurruka a Algiers". HRW ta bayyana wadannan dokoki a matsayin "sun saba wa Aljeriya ta tilasta wa'adin kare hakkin dan adam a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa" kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnatin kasar da ta "kawar da takunkumin da ba daidai ba game da 'yancin taro a Algiers".
Hakazalika, kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da motsi na 'yanci, wannan ma, an ƙuntata shi a aikace. Akwai iyakoki kan tafiya zuwa da kuma ta lardunan kudancin kasar. Ministan cikin gida yana da ikon sanya mutane a tsare gida. Matasa da har yanzu suna bin aikin soja na kasar ba za su iya barin kasar ba tare da izini ba. Mata masu aure ba za su iya tafiya kasashen waje ba tare da izinin mazajensu ba.
Dokar dokar ta baci ta 1992 ta ci gaba da aiki, kuma gwamnati ta damu musamman game da aiwatar da ƙuntatawa kan taro da ƙungiya. Wadannan ƙuntatawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don iyakance ayyukan jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin, suna daga cikin manyan matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Aljeriya.
A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun daure masu kare hakkin dan adam, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, 'yan adawa da' yan jarida don yin amfani da hakkinsu na yin magana da taro.
A ranar 2 ga Maris 2022, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun kara kai hari kan jama'a, tare da masu kare hakkin dan adam 27 da masu fafutuka masu zaman lafiya da aka kama a watan Fabrairu. A cewar rahotanni, hukumomi sun nemi murkushe zanga-zangar Hirak, sun kama daruruwan masu gwagwarmaya, masu kare hakkin dan adam da 'yan jarida, kuma sun tsare su kafin a yi musu shari'a ko kuma sun yanke musu hukunci a karkashin tuhume-tuhumen da ba a fahimta ba.
Ƴancin mata Dokar Iyali ta Aljeriya ta 1984, a cewar Amnesty International, "ta sanya iyakoki masu yawa kan haƙƙin mata, gami da haƙƙin daidaito a gaban doka da haƙƙin ƙaddamar da kai".
A karkashin dokar Aljeriya, fyade ba tare da aure ba ba ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma fyade na aure ba haka ba ne. Mata galibi suna zaɓar bayar da rahoton fyade, amma tabbacin na iya zama da wahala a samu, abubuwa sun inganta a waɗannan bangarorin tun daga shirin kasa na 2007-2011 don yaki da tashin hankali ga mata. Matan da mazajensu suka yi wa zalunci ba za su iya gabatar da tuhuma ba sai dai idan za su iya ba da tabbacin likita cewa ba su iya aiki aƙalla kwanaki 15. Yawancin kungiyoyin mata suna gudanar da cibiyoyin rikicin fyade kuma suna ba da shawara ga matan da aka zalunta, amma suna da iyakantaccen albarkatu kuma suna da matsala wajen cin zarafin ma'aurata da gaske. Cin zarafin jima'i laifi ne wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da tarar. Mata suna samun kulawa mai kyau a lokacin daukar ciki da haihuwa.
Kodayake maza da mata sun yi daidai a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki, akwai abubuwa masu nuna bambanci na shari'a a cikin dokar Aljeriya. Mata Musulmi ba za su iya auren wadanda ba Musulmai ba, alal misali. Mata suna da ikon samun saki kuma galibi ana ba su kula da yara, kodayake wasu yanke shawara game da rayuwar yara sun kasance a hannun uba. Maza na iya auren mata huɗu, kodayake ana zaton an ba da izini ne kawai idan matar farko ta amince kuma idan namiji zai iya biyan shi. Mata na iya zaɓar mazajensu. 'Ya'ya mata suna gaji ƙasa da' yan'uwansu ta hanyar doka. Ana nuna wariya ga mata a wurin aiki. A cikin birane, ana ƙarfafa mata su nemi ilimi, kuma 'yan mata da yawa fiye da maza sun shiga makarantar sakandare. Yawancin masu kula da kiwon lafiya da masu sana'a na kafofin watsa labarai mata ne, kamar yadda alƙalai da masu kasuwanci da yawa suke.
A cikin wani rahoto na 2012, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata ya yi kira ga Aljeriya da ta dauki mataki don inganta daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kawar da halayen shugabanci da kuma zurfin ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci game da matsayi da nauyin mata da maza a cikin iyali da al'umma". Ya tambayi Algeria musamman don inganta daidaito a wurin aiki, don kawar da ra'ayoyin jima'i daga tsarin karatun makaranta, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma tsakanin shari'a, don aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata, tabbatar da cewa ma'anar fyade ta haɗa da fyade na mata.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, kashi 66% na masu jefa kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a cikin raba gardama, tare da yawan masu jefa a na kasa da kashi 23%, ƙarancin tarihi. Sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya haɗa da kariya ga mata daga "duk nau'ikan tashin hankali a kowane wuri da yanayi" ban da samar da "mazauna, cibiyoyin kulawa, hanyoyin da suka dace na gyarawa da taimakon shari'a kyauta". Duk da wannan, an ruwaito cewa kisan mata ya ci gaba zuwa 2020, tare da akalla kisan mata da 'yan mata 36.
Hakkin yara Yaro na iya gaji 'yan asalin Aljeriya daga kowane iyaye. Yaron mahaifin musulmi Musulmi ne ta atomatik. Ilimi ta hanyar makarantar sakandare kyauta ne kuma, har zuwa shekaru 16, tilas ne. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba, cin zarafin yara matsala ce, wanda aka danganta da "al'adun tashin hankali".
Ƴancin Taron Human Rights Watch ta ce a cikin rahoton shekara-shekara -2015-2016- cewa hukumomin Aljeriya sun ci gaba da murkushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya ta hanyar hana kowane irin taron da aka gudanar ba tare da amincewar da ta gabata ba. Dangane da Mataki na 97 na dokar hukunci, shirya ko shiga cikin taron da ba a ba da izini ba, koda kuwa yana da zaman lafiya, game da laifi ne kuma yana sanya hukuncin har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku. A watan Fabrairu, kotun ta yanke wa mambobi takwas na Kwamitin Kasa na Tsaro na 'Yancin Ma'aikatan Rashin Aiki hukuncin shekara guda a kurkuku bayan da ta yanke musu hukunci kan "taro mara izini" da kuma "matsi kan yanke shawara na majistare".
Hakkin nakasassu Nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma wannan dokar ba a aiwatar da ita sosai ba, kuma nuna bambanci na zamantakewa ya zama ruwan dare.
Hakkin yan Luwadi da Madigo Ana iya hukunta luwadi da maɗigo da shekaru 3 a kurkuku tare da tarar har zuwa dinar 10,000, azabtarwa, duka, ko kisa. 'Yan sanda sun shiga cikin hare-haren, suna da hannu, ko kuma sun yi watsi da ido. Akwai nuna bambanci mai tsanani na zamantakewa, kuma 'yan luwadi kalilan ne ke rayuwa a bayyane. An haramta nuna jima'i kuma nuna bambanci yana da yawa.
Hakkin HIV AIDS Akwai nuna bambanci mai tsanani ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau AIDS.
Yancin ƴan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka Kasar tana da tanadi don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka, kuma tana aiki tare da Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira (UNHCR) da sauran kungiyoyi. Aljeriya ta taimaka wa wasu irin wadannan mutane daga Afirka ta kudu da Sahara yayin da ta juya wasu da yawa. A cikin 2020, an kori 'yan gudun hijira 17,000 mafi yawa daga yankin Sahara daga kasar, gami da wasu masu neman mafaka.
ƘasarHakkin ma'aikata Ana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati don kafa ƙungiyoyi, kuma ƙungiya na iya rasa matsayinta na doka saboda dalilai daban-daban. Ana ba da izinin yajin aiki, amma yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati, kuma ana ba da izini ne kawai bayan makonni biyu na sulhu ko sulhu. An ba da izinin yin ciniki tare. An haramta aikin tilas. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ya kamata ta tilasta haramtacciyar aikin yara, amma yara miliyan 1.5 na Aljeriya suna aiki, galibi a gonaki da shaguna. Akwai ƙananan albashi, amma tilasta shi ba daidai ba ne. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Aljeriya tana taimaka wa ma'aikata da fa'idodi. Akwai dokoki game da lokutan aiki da makamantansu waɗanda aka fi aiwatar da su a cikin jama'a fiye da a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da tsaro na aiki yadda ya kamata ba, ko dai.
Manazarta Yancin dan Adam a Afrika
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30393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Mata%20a%20Koriya%20ta%20Arewa | Haƙƙoƙin Mata a Koriya ta Arewa | Haƙƙoƙin mata a Koriya ta Arewa sun bambanta a tarihi. A cikin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, manyan abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarni na 20, irin su Rarraban Koriya da kuma daga baya na shekara ta 1990s yunwar Koriya ta Arewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita dangantakar jima'i.
Mahallin tarihi Kafin shekara ta 1945, a Koriya ta Arewa, mata suna da 'yanci kaɗan. Ana sa ran za su haifi magada maza su raya su; don tabbatar da ci gaba da layin iyali. Mata ba su da damar shiga cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ta al'umma. A cikin al'ummar Koriya ta gargajiya, ba a la'akari da ilimin ilimi da mahimmanci ga mata, kuma kaɗan ne kawai suka sami ilimi na yau da kullun. A ƙarni na 19, Kiristoci masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka kafa makarantun ’yan mata, don haka suka ba wa ’yan Koriya mata damar samun ilimin zamani. Akwai 'yan keɓantawa ga waɗannan iyakoki. Misali, an yi kira ga ’yan shaman mata su yi maganin cututtuka ta wajen korar aljanu, su yi addu’a don ruwan sama a lokacin fari, ko kuma su yi duba da duba. Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin mata ya canza sosai bayan shekara ta 1945. Ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1946, hukumomi a arewacin layi na talatin da takwas sun zartar da Dokar Daidaiton Jima'i. Kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 1972 ya tabbatar da cewa "matansu suna da matsayi daidai da zamantakewa da 'yancin maza." Kundin tsarin mulki na 1990 ya tanadi cewa jihar ta samar da yanayi daban-daban domin ci gaban mata a cikin al’umma. Bisa ka'ida, dokar Koriya ta Arewa ta goyi bayan daidaiton jima'i. Akwai ƙalubale da yawa duk da haka. Ko da yake sabon tsarin ya sa mata su kasance daidai gwargwado a cikin ma'aikata a wajen gida da kuma samun damar samun ilimi, an ci gaba da daukar mata a matsayin kasa da maza. Misali shi ne fifikon da namiji mai karfi, da nauyin da ke kan mata don yin mafi yawan ayyukan gida, da kuma bambancin jinsin da aka tabbatar ta hanyar yadda ake raba maza da mata a matakin firamare da manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare. Wasu fannonin manhajojin karatu na yara maza da mata su ma sun bambanta, tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin motsa jiki ga yara maza da kuma tattalin arzikin gida ga 'yan mata. Koyaya, a cikin tsarin jami'a na shekaru huɗu, matan da suka shahara a fannin likitanci, ilmin halitta, da harsunan waje da adabi suna da yawa musamman. Koriya ta Arewa ta kasance wata al'umma mai kishin addini, kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a fannin iyali da na jama'a ya canza sau da yawa daga karshen yakin duniya na biyu zuwa yau. Bayan yakin, mata sun shiga cikin tattalin arzikin gurguzu da yawa, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake gina kasar. Amma yayin da tattalin arzikin ya inganta a cikin shekarun baya, mata ba su da buƙatuwa a cikin ma'aikata, kuma an sami yunƙurin yin wasu ayyuka na gargajiya. An bai wa ma’aikatan jihar abinci kuma yawancin iyalai za su iya rayuwa a kan hakan. Amma a lokacin yunwar Koriya ta Arewa na shekarun 1990, waɗannan rarrabuwa, waɗanda aka fi sani da Tsarin Rarraba Jama'a, sun bushe kuma iyalai sun nemi wani wuri don tallafin kuɗi. Maza, duk da cewa ba a biya su, har yanzu ana bukatar su halarci ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnatin da ke fama da kuɗaɗen kuɗi ta dogara kacokan akan aikin ƴancin da suke samu daga mazaje kuma da wuya ta daina wannan al'ada nan ba da jimawa ba. Domin maza su sami ’yanci daga aiki, a zahiri dole ne su biya ma’aikacin su albashin su sau 20 zuwa 30 na wata-wata, a basu damar yin wasu ayyuka masu fa’ida, kamar aikin gyara. Ana buƙatar wannan biyan kuɗi ko da mutum ba zai iya cin abincin da zai ci ba, idan ba haka ba za a yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Shigar da mata ke yi a kasuwannin ƙwadago a halin yanzu ba shi da tabbas, saboda tsarin tattalin arziƙin launin toka mara ka'ida wanda ya karu tun bayan yunwar. A cewar ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, mata ‘yan kasuwa a sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba suna da rauni ga cin zarafi da cin zarafi, kuma "aiwatar da ƙa'idoji da ƙa'idoji game da ayyukan kasuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma jami'an gwamnati na iya neman cin hanci da cin zarafi da kuma tilasta mata ba tare da wani hukunci ba."
Cin zarafin mata Ko da a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci na tsarin songbun, tsarin ƙabilanci na Koriya ta Arewa, mata suna fuskantar tashin hankali na musamman. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu fama da talauci su koma karuwanci da shan muggan kwayoyi, har ma wadanda suka yi nasarar tserewa daga ƙasar ta China suna fuskantar cin zarafi ko fataucinsu.
Karuwanci a Koriya ta Arewa Yunwar da aka yi a shekarun 1990 ta canza al'ummar Koriya ta Arewa sosai cewa har yanzu duniya tana ƙoƙarin fahimtar fa'ida da zurfin wannan canji. Lokacin da bayan yunwar, miliyoyin mutanen Koriya ta Arewa sun fahimci duk wata dabarar rayuwa da ta dace don ciyar da kansu. Wadanda ba su canza ba, kuma jihar ba ta ciyar da su ba, sun mutu. Ga dubban matan Koriya ta Arewa, karuwanci ita ce dabarar rayuwa ta hanya ta ƙarshe don ciyar da kansu, kuma galibi, 'ya'yansu. A Koriya ta Arewa Kim Il Sung, cinikin jima'i bai ganuwa ga duniyar waje. Hakan ya fara canzawa lokacin da masu safarar Sinawa da johns suka tilastawa dubban mata 'yan gudun hijira shiga cikin cinikin jima'i. A ƙarshen babban yunwa, karuwanci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Koriya ta Arewa. Haka kuma ya zama mai tsari da farauta, inda jami’an jahohin ke taka rawar gani wajen ganin an ba su kariya da kariya. A Hamheung a shekara ta 2008, an zargi wasu manyan jami'an jam'iyyar da laifin kula da wani gidan shayi da kuma sayar da jima'i, da kuma kare shi daga tsoma bakin 'yan sanda. A cikin Hyesan a shekara ta 2009, an kama manajan wani masaukin gwamnati da jami’an jam’iyyar tsakiya ke yi wa jama’a hidima da laifin yin lalata da mata da ‘yan mata, wasu a tsakiyar shekarun su. Kuɗin Koriya ta Arewa na shekara ta 2009 “sake fasalin” ya kori ƙarin mata cikin cinikin jima'i. A shekara ta 2010, "manjoji ma'aurata" sun shirya karuwanci a Chongjin wadanda suka dace da abokan ciniki, galibi sojoji, da masu yin jima'i, yawancin daliban jami'a mata, da kuma wasu lokuta matan da suka dogara da kwayoyi. A shekara ta 2014, an zargi manajan wata masana'anta ta Koriya ta Arewa da ke China da laifin korar mata ma'aikatan masana'anta. Rahotannin ba su nuna cewa jihar da sane ta zaɓi yin haƙuri ko riba daga cinikin jima'i a matsayin al'amari na siyasa. Jami’an tsaro lokaci-lokaci suna murkushe sana’ar jima’i, amma babu makawa, lokacin da hukumomi masu cin hanci da rashawa suka yi yunkurin ‘yan sanda wani ciniki mai fa’ida, hukumomi sukan fara ganin wannan sana’ar wata hanya ce ta kara musu albashi. Mafi mahimmanci, a cikin al'ummar da jami'ai ke zama doka, inda ake aiwatar da doka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma inda jihar ke samun riba daga kasuwanci a kalla a fakaice, zai yi wuya a iya bambanta tsakanin cin hanci da rashawa da manufofin jihohi. A yau, jaridar Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa, ’yan kasuwa masu alaka da su na karuwa da karuwanci da jami’an da ke da alaka da su. Wani dan Koriya ta Arewa da ya sauya sheka ya sanar da Ha Tae-kyung, dan majalisa na jam'iyyar Saenuri kuma mawallafi kwararre a Koriya ta Arewa, cewa karuwai kusan 500 ne a birninsu, mai yawan jama'a mutum 400,000. "Idan [mu] ya dogara da lissafin lissafi mai sauƙi kuma muka sanya yawan mutanen Koriya ta Arewa a matsayin miliyan 20, za mu iya ɗauka cewa ya kamata a sami karuwai kusan 25,000 a Koriya ta Arewa," Ha ya gaya wa Sieff..
Duba kuma Mata a Koriya ta Arewa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton da Jami'ai suka yi game da cin zarafin mata da Human Rights Watch, 2018
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Dokoki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Werikh | Michael Werikh | Michael Werikhe (25 Mayu 1956 9 ga Agusta 1999), wanda kuma aka fi sani da "Mutumin karkanda" ɗan Kenya ne mai kiyayewa. Ya shahara ta hanyar dogayen tafiye-tafiye da ya yi na tara kuɗaɗe a yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka da kuma kasashen ketare. Ya fara kamfen ɗinsa ne bayan ya koyi yadda Black Rhinos suka ragu sosai a Afirka. Duk inda ya dosa, isowar nasa ya samu karɓuwa da jama’a da kuma lura da kafafen yaɗa labarai. Wannan ya taimaka wajen tara kuɗaɗe don kiyaye Rhinos da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa na Afirka da ke cikin karewa.
Ayyukan aiki Tafiya ta farko ta Werikhe ta fara ne a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, 1982. Tafiyarsa daga garinsu na Mombasa zuwa Nairobi ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 27. A cikin watan Maris 1985 ya fara tafiya ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa daga Kampala zuwa Dar es Salaam, daga ƙarshe kuma Mombasa, inda ya isa ranar 25 ga watan Mayu.
Bayan shekaru uku a cikin shekarar 1988, Werikh ya bi ta ƙasashe da yawa a Turai, ciki har da Italiya, Switzerland da Jamus ta Yamma Tafiyarsa mai tsawon kilomita 3000 ya ƙare a matakalar shiga gidan kayan tarihi na tarihi a London ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, 1988.
Werikh kuma ya ziyarci Amurka a shekarar 1991, inda ya gudanar da tafiya yana gamawa a gidan Zoo na San Diego Ya gudanar da "tafiya na karkanda" guda biyu a shekarar 1993 a ƙasar Taiwan, wata fitacciyar kasar masu amfani da kahon karkanda.
Ko da yake Weriche yakan yi tafiya shi kaɗai, sau da yawa yana da abokan tafiya da jagorori tare da shi.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sami goyon bayan Nehemiah Rotich (a lokacin shugaban ƙungiyar namun daji ta Gabashin Afirka (EAWLS)), Richard Leakey, Juanita Carberry, Prince Philip da Prince Bernhard, da sauransu.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Michael Sampson Werikh ranar 25 ga watan Mayun 1956 a Mombasa, ɗan Emanuel Werikh. Ya ƙare farkon rayuwarsa a Nairobi tare da ƴan uwansa Maryamu, Susan da David. Ƙarƙashin irin tasirin kulawa da jagoranci na Emanual Werikh matarsa ta biyu haifaffiyar Biritaniya ce, Sheila Margaret Werikhe (née Lewis sha'awarsa ta rayuwa cikin al'amuran kiyayewa ta fara.
A lokacin yana ɗan shekara 11 Werikh yana da tarin macizai da aka ceto, dabbobi masu rarrafe da hawainiya da ke zaune a cikin alkalami a gidan mai ɗaki biyu na dangi a yankin mazaunin Westlands na Nairobi Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Firamare ta Hill (a gundumar Parklands a Nairobi), inda sha'awarsa ga dabbobi masu rarrafe, ko da a wancan shekarun, ya ga shigar da macizai a cikin makarantar, tare da tabbatar da cewa abokansa da yawa na makarantar sun kasance. ya koyar da yadda ake 'koyar da' wasu dabbobinsa masu rarrafe a cikin tsoffin teburan makarantarsu (an san macizai fiye da ɗaya ya faɗo kansa ta cikin ramin tawada a lokacin aji! Ya yi makarantar sakandare a St. Georges High School, Giriama wata makarantar Katolika da ke tallafawa a Mwabaya Nyundo Kaloleni.
Tsakanin shekarar 1972-1975 Werikh ya yi aiki a Fort Jesus, Mombasa. Ya lissafta babban kantin sayar da giwayen giwaye da kahon karkanda da aka sace ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Shaida tarin giwaye da kahon karkanda ya sa Werikh ya fara tara kuɗaɗen sa.
Werikh ya yi imanin cewa hanyoyin kiyayewa za su yi aiki ne kawai tare da sa hannun mazauna yankin. 'Yan Kenya sun kasance suna rayuwa tare da namun daji a ko da yaushe, yayin da manufar kashe dabbobi don wasa ko farauta don riba ta kasance ta hanyar tasiri fiye da iyakokin ƙasar Kenya. A yayin tattaki na tara kuɗaɗe a faɗin yankin manyan tafkunan Afirka, Werikh bai taɓa ɗaukar kuɗi ba amma ya dogara da kyakkyawar fata na talakawan Kenya da ke zaune a daji don ciyar da shi da kuma ba shi mafaka. Mutanen karkara su ne farkon rukunin da Werikh ya yi. Mutanen karkara da suka san abin da ke faruwa a yankinsu sun ba da matakin farko na kariya daga mafarauta.
Werikh ya mutu a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan 1999 bayan ya sami raunuka a wani hari kusa da gidansa lokacin da yake barin aiki. Ya kasance mai takaba a lokacin rasuwarsa kuma ya bar ‘ya’ya mata biyu (Acacia da Kora). An binne shi a maƙabartar Emmanuel, Kisauni, Mombasa. An kafa Micheal Werikh Trust don tunawa da shi. Bugu da ƙari, EAWLS tana ba da kyautar Michael Werikh Award na shekara-shekara.
Kyauta Michael Werikh ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da lambar yabo guda 500 ta duniya ta UNEP Guinness Stout Effort Award (1983)
David Sheldrick Memorial Award (1984)
Kyautar Ayyukan Boots (1985)
EAWLS Kiyaye Kyauta (1986)
Kyautar UNEP ta Duniya na 500 (1989)
Kyautar Muhalli ta Goldman (1990)
Eddie Bauer Heroes na Duniya (1991)
Lambar Kare Ƙungiyar Zoological ta San Diego (1991)
African of the Millennium" lambar yabo ta BBC (1999) bayan mutuwa
Manazarta Karatun Karatu, Oktoba 1990 (Bugu na Finnish)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tunawa da Mutumin karkanda
Kyautar Goldman Michael Werikh
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27152 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaji%20na%20Hadin%20Kai | Gwaji na Hadin Kai | Gwajin Solidarity don jiyya gwaji ne na asibiti na ƙasa da ƙasa na Mataki na III-IV wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da abokan haɗin gwiwa suka shirya don kwatanta jiyya huɗu waɗanda ba a gwada su ba ga mutanen da ke asibiti masu fama da cutar COVID-19 An sanar da gwajin a ranar 18 ga Maris 2020, kuma har zuwa 6 ga Agusta 2021, an dauki marasa lafiya 12,000 a cikin kasashe 30 don shiga gwajin.
A watan Mayu, WHO ta ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa don samar da alluran rigakafin 'yan takara da yawa a lokaci guda don hana cutar COVID-19, tana mai kiran wannan kokarin gwajin hadin kai na alluran rigakafi Magungunan da ake binciken sune remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir hade, lopinavir/ritonavir hade da interferon-beta, da hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine An dakatar da binciken Hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine a watan Yuni 2020 saboda yanke shawarar cewa bai bayar da fa'ida ba.
Gwajin hadin kai don masu neman magani Gwajin yana da niyyar tantance dubunnan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 cikin hanzari don yuwuwar ingancin magungunan rigakafin da ba a tantance ba tukuna musamman don cutar COVID-19, wani tsari da ake kira "sakewa" ko "sakewa" magani da aka rigaya ya amince da shi. ga wata cuta daban.
An tsara aikin Solidarity don ba da saurin fahimta ga mahimman tambayoyin asibiti:
Shin ɗayan magungunan yana rage mace-mace?
Shin ɗayan magungunan yana rage lokacin da majiyyaci ke kwance a asibiti?
Shin maganin yana shafar buƙatun mutanen da ke fama da cutar huhu ta COVID-19 don samun iska ko kiyaye su cikin kulawa mai zurfi Shin za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan magungunan don rage rashin lafiyar kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani?
Ana sauƙaƙa yin rajistar mutane masu kamuwa da cutar ta COVID-19 ta hanyar amfani da bayanan shigar da bayanai, gami da sanarwar da aka sani, akan gidan yanar gizon WHO. Bayan ma'aikatan gwajin sun tantance magungunan da ake samu a asibiti, gidan yanar gizon WHO ya keɓanta wanda ke kwance a asibiti zuwa ɗayan magungunan gwaji ko ma'aunin kulawa na asibiti don kula da COVID-19. Likitan gwaji ya rubuta kuma ya ba da bayanan biyo baya game da matsayin batun da jiyya, yana kammala shigar da bayanai ta hanyar yanar gizo ta WHO Solidarity. Tsarin gwajin Solidarity ba makafi biyu ba ne wanda yawanci shine ma'auni a cikin gwajin asibiti mai inganci amma WHO na buƙatar sauri tare da inganci don gwajin a duk asibitoci da ƙasashe da yawa. Kwamitin sa ido kan aminci na duniya na likitocin WHO suna nazarin sakamakon wucin gadi don taimakawa yanke shawara kan aminci da ingancin magungunan gwaji, da canza ƙirar gwaji ko ba da shawarar ingantaccen magani. Irin wannan binciken na tushen yanar gizo zuwa Solidarity, wanda ake kira "Gano", an fara shi a cikin Maris a cikin ƙasashe bakwai ta INSERM Paris, Faransa Gwajin Solidarity yana neman aiwatar da daidaituwa a cikin ɗaruruwan wuraren asibitoci a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban gami da waɗanda ke da ƙarancin haɓaka kayan aikin gwajin asibiti duk da haka ana buƙatar aiwatar da su cikin sauri. Kamar yadda John-Arne Røttingen, shugaban zartarwa na Research Council of Norway kuma shugaban Solidarity fitina duniya kwamitin shirya, da fitina za a yi la'akari tasiri idan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ake yi niyyar su "rage yawan marasa lafiya da bukatar ventilators ta, ka ce, 20 hakan na iya yin tasiri sosai ga tsarin kula da lafiya na kasa."
Zane mai daidaitawa A cewar Darakta Janar na WHO, makasudin gwajin shi ne "a rage lokacin da ake bukata don samar da kwararan hujjoji game da abin da kwayoyi ke aiki", wani tsari ta amfani da "tsari mai daidaitawa". Haɗin kai da Gwajin Ganowar Turai suna amfani da ƙira mai daidaitawa don canza sigogin gwaji da sauri lokacin da sakamako daga dabarun gwajin gwaji guda huɗu suka bayyana.
Zane-zane masu dacewa a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti na Mataki na III-IV mai gudana kamar Haɗin kai da ayyukan Gano iya rage lokacin gwaji da amfani da ƴan batutuwa, maiyuwa haɓaka yanke shawara don ƙarewa da wuri don adana farashi idan sakamakon wucin gadi ya kasance mara kyau. Idan aikin Solidarity ya nuna farkon shaidar nasara, za a iya yin canje-canjen ƙira a duk wuraren aikin na duniya cikin sauri don haɓaka sakamakon gaba ɗaya na mutanen da abin ya shafa da kuma hanzarta amfani da magungunan warkewa.
Masu neman magani a ƙarƙashin karatu Mutum ko haɗin magungunan da ake nazari a cikin ayyukan Solidarity da Discovery an riga an yarda da su don wasu cututtuka. Su ne: Remdesivir
Lopinavir/ritonavir a hade
Lopinavir/ritonavir hade da interferon-beta
Hydroxychloroquine ko chloroquine (an daina saboda babu fa'ida, Yuni 2020)
Sakamakon damuwa na aminci da shaidar cututtukan zuciya da ke haifar da hauhawar mace-mace, WHO ta dakatar da hannun hydroxychloroquine na gwajin Solidarity a ƙarshen Mayu 2020, sannan ta dawo da shi, sannan ta sake janye ta lokacin wani ɗan lokaci. Binciken da aka yi a watan Yuni ya nuna cewa hydroxychloroquine bai ba da wani fa'ida ga mutanen da ke kwance a asibiti da suka kamu da cutar ta COVID-19 ba.
A watan Oktoba na 2020, gwajin hadin kai na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya fitar da wani rahoto na wucin gadi wanda ya kammala cewa "remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir da interferon sun bayyana ba su da wani tasiri ko kuma ba su da wani tasiri a kan COVID-19 na asibiti, kamar yadda aka nuna ta gaba daya mace-mace, fara samun iska da tsawon lokaci. na zaman asibiti." Gileyad wanda ya kera remdesivir soki tsarin gwajin Solidarity bayan bai nuna wani fa'idar jiyya ba, yana mai da'awar cewa yanayin gwajin Solidarity na duniya rauni ne, yayin da masana da yawa ke kallon binciken na kasa da kasa a matsayin karfi. Yarjejeniyar siya tsakanin EU da Gileyad don sake gyarawa da ba da izinin Amfani da Gaggawa ta FDA ta Amurka a watan Oktoba masana kimiyyar gwajin Solidarity sun yi tambaya ba bisa ingantattun bayanan gwaji na asibiti ba, lokacin da bincike na wucin gadi na gwajin Solidarity ya gano remdesivir ya kasance. m.
Taimako da shiga A cikin Maris, kudade don gwajin hadin kai ya kai daga gudummawar mutane 203,000 na daidaiku, kungiyoyin agaji da gwamnatoci, tare da kasashe 45 da ke da hannu wajen bayar da kudade ko sarrafa gwaji. Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli 2020, kusan marasa lafiya 5,500 a cikin ƙasashe 21 na 39 waɗanda ke da izinin ɗaukar aiki an ɗauke su don shiga cikin gwajin. Fiye da kasashe 100 a duk yankuna 6 na WHO sun nuna sha'awar shiga.
Gwajin hadin kai don masu neman rigakafin WHO ta haɓaka haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyyar rigakafin rigakafi na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ma'anar Bayanan Samfurin Target na Duniya (TPP) don COVID-19, suna gano kyawawan halaye na amintattun alluran rigakafi a ƙarƙashin manyan nau'ikan guda biyu: "alurar rigakafi don dogon lokaci na kariya ga mutanen da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma. na COVID-19, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya", da sauran alluran rigakafi don samar da rigakafin gaggawa don sabbin barkewar cutar. An kafa ƙungiyar TPP ta ƙasa da ƙasa don 1) tantance ci gaban mafi kyawun rigakafin rigakafin ɗan takara; 2) Taswirar rigakafin 'yan takara da gwajin asibiti a duk duniya, suna buga "tsarin yanayi" akai-akai na maganin rigakafi a cikin ci gaba; 3) kimantawa da sauri da kuma bincika mafi kyawun allurar rigakafin ɗan takara lokaci guda kafin a gwada su a cikin ɗan adam; da 4) ƙira da daidaita rukunin yanar gizo da yawa, gwajin sarrafa bazuwar duniyaGwajin Solidarity don rigakafindon ba da damar kimanta fa'idodi da kasada na 'yan takarar rigakafin daban-daban a ƙarƙashin gwajin asibiti a cikin ƙasashen da ke da hauhawar cutar COVID-19, tabbatar da fassarar sauri da raba sakamako a duniya. Ƙungiyar rigakafi ta WHO za ta ba da fifiko ga waɗanne alluran rigakafin da ya kamata su shiga cikin gwaji na asibiti na Mataki na II da na III, da kuma ƙayyade ƙa'idojin da suka dace da Mataki na III don duk allurar rigakafin da za su cimma matakin gwaji mai mahimmanci Gwajin Solidarity Plus Hukumar ta WHO ta sanar a watan Agustan 2021 cewa za ta kaddamar da gwajin hadin kai na gaba a karkashin sunan gwajin Solidarity PLUS a kasashe 52. Gwajin za ta yi rajistar marasa lafiya a asibiti don gwada sabbin magunguna uku don yuwuwar maganin COVID-19. Wadannan kwayoyi sun hada da artesunate, imatinib da infliximab Wani kwamitin kwararru mai zaman kansa na WHO ne ya yi zaben wadannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. An riga an yi amfani da waɗannan magungunan don wasu alamomi: ana amfani da artesunate don zazzabin cizon sauro, imatinib don ciwon daji, da infliximab, ana amfani da wakili na TNF don cutar Crohn da cututtuka na rheumatoid. Za a ba da gudummawar magungunan don manufar gwaji ta masana'antun su.
Duba kuma COVID-19 magani mai mayar da bincike
Ci gaban magungunan COVID-19 Gwajin gwaji na Mataki na III-IV
Gwajin FADAWA
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gwajin asibiti na 'Solidarity' don maganin COVID-19 ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
COVID-19 Tambayoyi Amsoshi na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya
COVID-19 Q&A ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC)
Coronaviruses ta Cibiyar Nazarin Allergy da Cututtuka ta Amurka
COVID-19 Q&A ta Cibiyar Kariya da Kula da Cututtuka ta Turai
COVID-19 na Hukumar Lafiya ta China
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21619 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20military%20college | Nigerian military college | Nigerian military college An kafa NDA a watan Fabrairun a alif1964 a matsayin sake fasalin Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Soja ta Ingila (RMFTC), wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Najeriya (NMTC) kan ’yancin kai. Cibiyar soja tana horas da hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya, Navy da Air Force.
Tarihi
Ajin farko yana da ɗalibai 62 ne kawai, kuma masu horarwa galibi jami'ai ne a cikin Sojojin Indiya. Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta kasa (NDA) ta bi tsarin kwatankwacin NDA a Khadakwasla, Pune, Indiya. Babban kwamandan NDA shi ne Birgediya M.R Verma na Sojan Indiya. NDA ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan ma'aikatan horar da 'yan Najeriya kawai a cikin 1978.A cikin 1981 kanta ta fara horar da bangarorin biyu na sojojin kasashen waje.
Matakin karatu
A cikin 1985 makarantar ta fara ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko ga Jami'an Sojoji A cikin Horarwa kuma yanzu haka a halin yanzu ana ba da karatun digiri na biyu don Msc da Ph.D ga duka sojoji da ɗaliban farar hula iri ɗaya. Babban aikin ya kasance horar da matasa jami'ai a cikin shekaru 5 na "Regular Combatant Course" wanda a ke horar da 'yan boko a fannin Soja, Ilimi da Hali don karantar da da'a da dabarun jagoranci bisa dacewa da kyawawan halaye na duniya, wanda ya kai ga samun lambar yabo ta digiri digiri da aikin shugaban kasa zuwa mukamin na laftan na biyu na rundunar sojan kasa ko makamancin haka a cikin Sojojin Ruwa da na Sojan Sama na daban. Har zuwa shekarar 2011 wannan kwas ɗin ya kasance na maza ne kawai, rukunin farko na mata ya fara horo a watan Satumban 2011. Zuwa shekarar 2019, jimlar ɗaliban ɗalibanta sun kai kimanin 2500.
Babban kwamandan na yanzu shi ne Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro. Kafin nadin nasa, Yaro shi ne babban manajan darakta, Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Sojojin Nijeriya ta Guarantee (NAWLG)
Jerin Kwamandojin NDA
Birgediya M.R. Varma 1964–1969 (dan kasar Indiya kuma Kwamanda na NDA na 1)
Manjo Janar David Ejoor 1969–1971 (Kwamandan Nijeriya na 1)
Manjo Janar Adeyinka Adebayo 1971
Manjo Janar E.O. Ekpo Maris 1971 Fabrairu 1975
Brigadier Illiya Bisalla Fabrairu 1975 Agusta 1975
Brigadier Gibson Jalo Agusta 1975 Janairu 1978
Birgediya E.S Armah Janairu 1978 Yuli 1978
Birgediya Joseph Garba Yuli 1978 Yuli 1979
Birgediya Zamani Lekwot Yuli 1979 1982
Birgediya Abdullahi Shelleng 1982–
Manjo Janar Paul Tarfa 1984–1985
Manjo Janar Peter Adomokai 1986 1988
Laftanar Janar Salihu Ibrahim 1988–1990
Laftanar Janar Garba Duba 1990–1992
Laftanar Janar Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 1992–1993
Laftanar Janar Mohammed Balarabe Haladu 1993 1994
Air Marshal Al-Amin Daggash 1994 1998
Manjo Janar Bashir Salihi Magashi 1998–1999
Manjo Janar TL Ashei 2000-2002
Manjo Janar Okon Edet Okon (2002-2003)
Manjo Janar Akpa (2004)
Laftanar-Janar Abel Akale (2004-2006)
Manjo Janar Harris Dzarma (2006–2008)
Manjo Janar Mamuda Yerima (2008–2010)
Manjo Janar Emeka Onwuamaegbu (2010–2013) [4]
Manjo Janar Muhammad Inuwa Idris (Disamba 2013 Agusta 2015)
Manjo Janar M.T. Ibrahim (Agusta 2015 Oktoba 2017)
Manjo Janar A Oyebade (Oktoba 2017 Nuwamba 2019)
Manjo Janar Jamilu Sarham (Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019 Maris 2021)
Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro (Maris 2021 Yanzu)
Tsoffin Dalibai
Wasu sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da;
Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau, tsohon Shugaban hafsan sojan kasa
Alexander Ogomudia, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja
Sani Abacha, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a Najeriya
Muhammadu Buhari, shugaban kasar Najeriya kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa na mulkin soja
Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa
Dangiwa Umar, tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kaduna
Gideon Orkar, Afrilu 1990 shugaban juyin mulkin
Tukur Yusuf Buratai, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya
Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan ruwa, Navy
Kayode Are, tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro kuma Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha
Maxwell Khobe, tsohon kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, Saliyo
Emeka Onwuamaegbu Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA
Muhammad Inuwa Idris, Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA
Oladipo Diya, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro
Owoye Andrew Azazi, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja
Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar, Sultan of Sokoto
Sambo Dasuki, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na kasa
Tunji Olurin, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Oyo
Victor Malu,tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa
John Michael Ogidi, tsohon jami'in ECOMOG kuma Kwamandan Corps of Signals Hedkwatar Legas
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Https:www.nigeriandefenceacademy.edu.ng (2008), an isa ga 2009-04-20
Manazarta
Ahmadu-Suka, Maryam. "Janar Jamilu ya karbi matsayin Kwamandan NDA na 29". Aminiya. Aminiya.
Owolabi, Femi (11 ga Maris, 2021). "Sojoji sun nada Sagir Yaro a matsayin kwamandan NES". www.the cable.ng. "Girgiza a cikin soja". Kasar. An dawo da 19 ga Yuli, |
23665 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Mole | Filin shakatawa na Mole | Filin shakatawa na Mole shine babbar mafakar namun daji a Ghana. Gandun dajin yana cikin yankin Savannah na Ghana a kan savanna da tsibiran a tsayin mita 150, tare da katanga mai kaifi wanda ke yin iyakar kudancin wurin shakatawa. Ana isa ƙofar wurin shakatawa ta cikin garin Larabanga da ke kusa. Kogin Lovi da Mole koguna ne da ke gudana ta cikin wurin shakatawa, suna barin ramukan sha kawai a lokacin damina. Wannan yanki na Ghana yana samun sama da mm 1000 a kowace shekara na ruwan sama. An yi nazari na dogon lokaci a Mole National Park don fahimtar tasirin mafarautan ɗan adam akan dabbobin da ke cikin kulawa.
Tarihi An kebe filayen gandun dajin a matsayin mafakar namun daji a shekarar 1958. A shekarar 1971, an mayar da kananan mutanen yankin wurin kuma aka sanya filaye wurin shakatawa na kasa. Gandun dajin bai ga babban ci gaba a matsayin wurin yawon shakatawa ba tun lokacin da aka sanya shi na asali. Gandun dajin a matsayin yanki mai kariya ba a samun isasshen kuɗi kuma akwai damuwar ƙasa da ƙasa game da farauta da dorewa a cikin wurin shakatawa, amma kariyar mahimmancin muhallin mazaunin mazaunin ya inganta tun farkon kafuwar ta.
Gidan shakatawa muhimmin wurin nazari ne ga masana kimiyya saboda kawar da yawan mutane daga cikin dajin da ke ba da damar yin karatu na dogon lokaci, musamman, na wuraren da ba a samu tashin hankali ba idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan yanki na Yammacin Afirka mai yawan jama'a. Studyaya daga cikin binciken akan mazaunan yawan giwaye 800, alal misali, ya nuna lalacewar giwa akan manyan bishiyoyi ya bambanta da nau'in. A cikin Mole, giwaye suna da babban haɗari na cutar da muhimman nau'ikan tattalin arziƙi kamar Burkea africana, muhimmin katako na wurare masu zafi, da Butyrospermum paradoxum, tushen man shanu, akan ƙarancin Terminalia spp.
Kwanan nan, zuma da aka yi da furanni a cikin gandun dajin Molé ta zama kayan ciniki na farko na yankin. A kusa, mazauna ƙauyen suna girbe zuma ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, waɗanda ba na ɓarna ba, kuma sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da wani kamfani na Utah don sayar da zuma azaman kari da lafiya a Amurka. Cif Ashanti Cif Nana Kwasi Agyemang ne ya kirkiro shirin, wanda ke fatan sake kunna sha'awar gida a cikin zumar sannan daga karshe ya fitar da shi zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka.
Flora Irin bishiyoyin dajin sun haɗa da Burkea africana, Isoberlinia doka, da Terminalia macroptera. Ganyen savanna suna da ɗan bambanci a cikin bambancin amma nau'ikan da aka sani sun haɗa da spikesedge, Kyllinga echinata, Aneilema, Aneilema setiferum var. pallidiciliatum, da kuma mambobi biyu na asclepiadaceae subfamily, Gongronema obscurum, da geophyte mai cin abinci, Raphionacme vignei.
Bishiyoyi
Diospyros mespiliformis
Feretia apodanthera
Flueggea virosa
Tinnsea spp.
Urginea spp.
Ganyen ganye masu tsire:
Abutilon ramosum
Aneilema umbrosum
Atylosia scarabaeoides
Blepharis maderaspatensis
Desmodium velutinum
Mariscus alternifolius
Ruellia
Sida urens
Triumfetta pentandra
Wissadula amplissima
Gandun daji:
Andropogon spp., gami da Andropogon gayanus var. squamulatus (ciyawa mai tsayi)
Brachiaria spp.
Loudetiopsis kerstingii
Sporobolus pyramidalis (kawai a cikin wuraren kariya)
Setaria barbata (kawai a wuraren da aka kiyaye)
Fauna Gidan shakatawa yana gida sama da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 93, kuma manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da yawan giwaye, hippos, buffalo, da tsutsotsi. An yi la'akari da gandun dajin a matsayin tushen Afirka na farko don nau'in dabbobin da suka haɗa da kob, defassa waterbuck, roan, hartebeest, oribi, gandun daji, da duikers biyu, jan duiker da duiker mai goyan baya. Birai na zaitun, birai masu launin baki da fari, koren vervet, da birai na patas sune sanannun nau'in birai mazauna wurin shakatawa. Daga cikin nau'ikan 33 da aka sani na dabbobi masu rarrafe masu siriri da dogayen kada ana samun su a wurin shakatawa. Ganin kuraye, zakuna da damisa ba sabon abu bane, amma waɗannan masu cin nama sun fi yawa a wurin shakatawa. Daga cikin nau'in tsuntsaye 344 da aka lissafa sun hada da gaggafa, da fararen kawuna da ungulu na dabino, da ramukan da aka sanyawa doki, dawakai, da egrets, da Abiliyanci, da violet turaco, da shrikes iri-iri da kuma mai cin kudan zuma.
Filin shakatawa na Mole, kamar sauran kayan wasan Ghana, ba a kashe kuɗi sosai don rigakafin farauta. Duk da haka, ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun dajin suna kula da namun dajin, kuma mafarautan suna cikin haɗarin gaske don a tsare su. Mafarautan suna rayuwa a tsakanin kilomita 50 daga iyakokin dajin. Wannan tazarar kilomita 50 ita ce mafi girman maharbin da aka ruwaito sun yarda yin tafiya tare da farauta. An cire ragowar yawan mutanen dajin a cikin 1961, yana barin duk mafarautan farauta a waje da keɓaɓɓen ajiya, ma'ana yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa a gefen dajin sun fi shafar farauta fiye da yawan mutanen cikin gida.
Yawon shakatawa Bayan inganta hanyoyin da ke zuwa wurin shakatawa, adadin masu ziyartar dajin ya karu daga 14,600 a 2014 zuwa 17,800 a 2015. Dangane da shekarar, kashi 20-40% na baƙi baƙi ne. Farouk Umaru Dubiure, Manajan Gandun Dajin, ya ce, “duk da mun samu baƙi da yawa, kuɗin da aka samu sun yi ƙasa kaɗan saboda kashi 70 cikin ɗari na ɗaliban ɗaliban Ghana ne da ba sa biyan kuɗi kaɗan don ziyartar dajin. Waɗannan ɗaliban kuma suna ziyartar dajin a rana ɗaya kuma suna dawowa, idan aka kwatanta da baƙin da ke ƙara ƙarin kwanaki don kallon dajin sosai.”
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28389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin%20Tarihi%20na%20Ahmadabad | Birnin Tarihi na Ahmadabad | Birnin tarihi na Ahmadabad ko Tsohon Ahmedabad, birni mai katanga na Ahmedabad a Indiya, Ahmad Shah I na Gujarat Sultanate ne ya kafa shi a shekara ta 1411. Ya kasance babban birnin Sultanate Gujarat kuma daga baya muhimmiyar cibiyar siyasa da kasuwanci ta Gujarat. A yau, duk da kasancewar cunkoson jama'a da rugujewa, har yanzu tana zama alamar zuciyar ɗan birni Ahmedabad. UNESCO ta sanya shi a matsayin Garin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Yulin shekarar 2017.
Tarihi Mazaunan farko sun kasance a kudancin tsohon birni na yanzu kuma a bakin kogin Sabarmati. An san shi da Ashaval ko Ashapalli. Asha Bhil ta kasance sarkin Ashaval. A ƙarni na sha ɗaya, Karna na daular Chaulukya da ke mulki daga Anhilwad Patan (1072-1094) ya mai da garin babban birnin kasar kuma ya sanya masa suna Karnavati (garin Karan) ko Shrinagar (birni mai wadata) da Rajnagar (garin sarki).
Ahmed Shah I ya aza harsashin ginin Bhadra Fort wanda ya fara daga Manek Burj, tushe na farko na birnin a shekara ta 1411 wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1413. Ya kuma kafa dandalin farko na birnin Manek Chowk, dukansu suna da alaƙa da almara na Hindu saint Maneknath. Sultanatensa na Gujarat (1411-1573) ya yi mulki daga birnin har zuwa 1484. Jikansa Mahmud Begada ya canza sheka babban birnin kasar daga Ahmedabad zuwa Muhammadabad daga 1484 zuwa 1535 amma ya yi katanga na biyu na birnin. Daga baya Ahmedabad ya sake zama babban birnin sultan har sai da ya fada hannun Mughals a shekara ta 1573. A lokacin mulkin Mughal (1572-1707), Bhadra Fort ya zama kujerar Gwamnan Gujarat. Garin ya bunƙasa tare da ƙara ƙauyuka da dama a cikin birnin da kewaye. Daga cikin mutanen birnin ba a tantance kiyasin ba. Akwai wasu kiyasin girman birni a cikin ayyukan lokacin: Ferishta, Ain-i-Akbari, da Mirat-i-Ahmadi. A cewar Ain-i-Akbari (1580), akwai puras 360, daga cikinsu tamanin da huɗu ne kawai suke bunƙasa; A cewar Ferishta akwai, a cikin 1600, 360 mahalla, kowane kewaye da bango; Mirat-i-Ahmadi a wani nassi yana cewa, irin wannan ta kasance da yawan al'ummarta cewa tana dauke da puras 380, kowanne pura kwata ne kusan gari; A wani nassin kuma ya ambaci unguwanni goma sha biyu na gari da sauran su a waje, kuma a cikin cikakken bayanin birnin ya ambace su da sunaye 110 da 19 daga cikinsu suka zauna karkashin mulkin Mughal. Bajamushe matafiyi Mandelslo (1638) ya ambata ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu dogaro kusan wasannin lig guda bakwai. A lokacin gwagwarmayar Mughal da Maratha (1707-1753) don sarrafa birnin, an cutar da birnin kuma an lalatar da yankuna da dama. Ganuwar birnin ta lalace a fadace-fadace kuma cinikin ya shafa. An raba kudaden shiga na birni tsakanin sarakunan Mughal da Maratha. Daga baya a lokacin mulkin Maratha (1758-1817), an raba kudaden shiga na birni tsakanin Peshwa da Gaekwad. Wadannan sun shafi tattalin arzikin birnin saboda karin haraji. A cikin 1817, Ahmedabad ya faɗi ƙarƙashin mulkin Kamfanin Burtaniya wanda ya daidaita birnin a siyasance kuma ya inganta kasuwancin. Yawan jama'a ya tashi daga 80,000 a 1817 zuwa kusan 88,000 a shekara ta 1824. A cikin shekaru takwas da suka biyo baya an ba da haraji na musamman kan man ghee da sauran kayayyaki kuma a kan £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000) an gyara ganuwar birnin. A daidai wannan lokaci ne aka kafa wani kantom a wani wuri da ke arewacin birnin. Yawan jama'a ya tashi (1816) zuwa kusan 95,000. Sauran kudaden jama'a bayan an gama katangar an yi amfani da su don ayyukan gundumar. Tsohon birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar harkokin siyasa a lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya karkashin Mahatma Gandhi.
Garuruwa da kofofi
Garuruwa Fada a cikin tsari, wanda ya rufe yanki mai girman eka arba'in da uku, Bhadra sansanin yana da kofofi takwas, manya uku, biyu a gabas daya kuma a kusurwar kudu maso yamma; matsakaita uku, biyu a arewa daya kuma a kudu; da ƙanana biyu, a yamma. An kammala ginin Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad a shekara ta 1423. Yayin da birnin ya fadada, an fadada katangar birnin. Don haka katanga na biyu Mahmud Begada ya yi shi a shekara ta 1486, jikan Ahmed Shah, wanda ke da katanga na waje mai tsawon kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) a kewayensa kuma ya kunshi kofofi 12, bassoshi 189 da kuma sama da fadace-fadace 6,000 kamar yadda aka bayyana a Mirat-i- Ahmadi. Ganuwar katangar birni na biyu, tana gudana a yamma na kusan mil mil da kwata uku tare da bankin Sabarmati, da kuma shimfida gabas a siffa mai madauwari, sun haɗa da yanki mai nisan mil biyu a baya.
Kofofi Yawancin mutane sun yi imanin cewa Ahmedabad yana da kofofi 12 amma wasu masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar samun 16. Daga baya wani masanin ilimin halitta ya gano cewa Ahmedabad yana da kofofi 21. Bhadra Fort yana da kofofi takwas, manya uku, biyu a gabas daya kuma a kusurwar kudu maso yamma; matsakaita uku, biyu a arewa daya kuma a kudu; da ƙanana biyu, a yamma. A cikin garun birni na kagara na biyu, akwai ƙofofi goma sha takwas, manya goma sha biyar, ƙanana uku. Daga cikin goma sha biyar, an rufe daya, kuma an kara biyu daga baya. Waɗannan ƙofofin sun fara ne daga kusurwar arewa maso yamma, uku a bangon arewa, Shahpur a arewa maso yamma, Delhi a arewa, da Dariyapur a arewa maso gabas; hudu a bangon gabas, Premabhai, kofa da Birtaniyya ta gina, a arewa maso gabas, da Kalupur a gabas, da Panchkuva, kofar da Birtaniya ta gina, a gabas, da Sarangpur a kudu maso gabas; hudu a bangon kudu, Raipur da Astodiya a kudu maso gabas, da Mahuda, rufaffiyar kofa, da Jamalpur a kudu; bakwai a bangon yamma, Khan Jahan, Raikhad da Manek a kudu maso yamma; Ƙofofi uku na kagara, Ganesh, da Ram, da Baradari a tsakiya. da kuma kofar Khanpur dake arewa maso yamma. Sabbin ƙofofi biyu, Prem Darwaja da Ƙofar Panchkuva da Birtaniyya ta ƙara bayan buɗe layin dogo a 1864.
Unguwa A Pol shi ne irin rukunin gidaje na tsohon birni. Akwai kusan 356 pols da aka kwatanta a cikin ayyukan tarihi. An kafa tsarin rukunin gidaje a lokacin mulkin Mughal-Maratha da aka raba (1738-1753) saboda rikicin addini tsakanin Hindu da Musulmai. Bayan haka (1780-1832), lokacin da ganuwar birnin ta daina fakewa daga 'yan fashi, ƙofar pol da agogon ya zama kariya mai mahimmanci. Chabutro wani shinge ne na musamman kamar tsari don ciyar da tsuntsaye wanda za'a iya samuwa a cikin Pols da yawa.
Tafiya ta gado Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation tare da haɗin gwiwar CRUTA Foundation, suna shirya yawo a cikin tsohon birni daga Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir da kuma ƙarewa a Jama Masjid kowace safiya. Tafiya ta ƙunshi wurare da yawa na zamantakewa, addini da gine-gine masu alaƙa da tarihi da al'adun Ahmedabad.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai |
23486 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Larabanga | Masallacin Larabanga | Masallacin Larabanga wani masallaci ne da aka gina da salon gine-ginen Sudan a ƙauyen Larabanga, Ghana. Masallaci ne mafi tsufa a kasar kuma daya daga cikin mafi tsufa a Yammacin Afirka, kuma an kira shi "Makka na Yammacin Afirka". An sake sabunta shi sau da yawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1421. Asusun Tarihin Duniya (WMF) ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga maido da shi, kuma ya lissafa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shafuka 100 Mafi Hadari. Ayyukan maidowa sun farfado da ilimin kula da adobe.
Masallacin yana da tsohon Alƙur'ani, wanda mutanen yankin suka yi imanin cewa an ba shi kyauta daga sama a shekara ta 1650 ga Yidan Barimah Bramah, Imam a lokacin, sakamakon addu'o'in da ya yi. Masallacin, wanda aka gina ta hanyar amfani da adobe na Afirka ta Yamma, yana da dogayen hasumiyai guda biyu a cikin sifar pyramidal, ɗaya don mihrab wanda ke fuskantar Makka yana yin facade a gabas ɗayan kuma a matsayin minaret a kusurwar arewa maso gabas. Waɗannan su ne buttressed ta hanyar sifofi guda goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka haɗa da abubuwan katako.
Wuri Masallacin yana cikin garin Musulunci na Larabanga, kusa da Damongo a gundumar Gonja ta Yammacin Savannah na Ghana. Garin yana kusan kilomita 15 arewa da Damongo, kuma kilomita 4 kudu da ƙofar Filin shakatawa na Mole.
Tarihi Dangane da wani labari, a cikin 1421, wani ɗan kasuwa Islama mai suna Ayuba ya yi mafarki yayin da yake zama a nan, kusa da "Dutsen Mystic", yana ba shi umarnin gina masallaci. Wani abin ban mamaki, lokacin da ya farka, ya tarar da cewa asusu sun riga sun fara aiki sannan ya ci gaba da gina masallacin har sai an kammala. Akwai imani cewa ya bar umarni cewa a binne shi kusa da masallaci kuma bayan kwana uku, baobab wanda zai harba kan kabarinsa za a kiyaye shi daga tsara zuwa tsara. Itacen baobab kusa da masallaci a yau an yi masa alama don nuna wurin kabarin Ayuba. Mutanen garin na Larabanga ana tsammanin sun dogara da ganyayyaki da gindin wannan bishiyar baobab don warkar da cututtuka.
Ba kamar masallatai da ke cikin biranen Yammacin Afirka ba, Masallacin Larabanga yana da ƙanƙanta. Masallatan karkara, kamar na Larabanga, galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar marabout guda ɗaya kuma a hankali akan salo da aka gani a wani wuri kamar a Babban Masallacin Djenné. Domin cimma kamanceceniya ta zahiri da tsarin gine -ginen da ake amfani da shi a wani wuri, dole ne Masallacin Larabanga ya haɗa manyan bututu don biyan diyyar ƙarancin kayan gini. Larabanga yana daya daga cikin tsoffin masallatai takwas da ake girmamawa a Ghana, kuma shine mafi tsufa. Wuri ne na aikin hajji kuma ana ɗaukarsa Makka ta Yammacin Afirka.
A shekarun 1970, an sanya cakuda yashi da siminti a fuskokin masallacin da nufin kare masallacin daga lalacewar iska da ruwan sama. Koyaya, wannan jiyya ya haifar da lalacewar ginin sosai yayin da danshi ya makale a cikin bangon da aka gina na adobe kuma ya fara lalacewar tsarin, tare da ƙanƙara da ke mamaye tallafin katako a ƙarƙashin yanayin danshi. Wannan ya haifar da wani ɓangare na masallacin ya rushe kuma yayin aikin gyara ya haifar da wasu murdiya na abubuwan tsarin da na waje na masallacin.
Sakamakon tasirin iska da ruwan sama a jikin bango, masallacin ya buƙaci gyare -gyare da aikin sabuntawa da yawa waɗanda a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun canza wasu ƙirar sa ta waje. A watan Satumba na 2002, guguwa mai ƙarfi ta lalata mihrab da minaret. A sakamakon haka, Asusun Tarihin Duniya (WMF) ya sanya masallacin a kan 2002 World Monuments Watch, kuma idan aka yi la’akari da barnar da aka samu bayan gyara da bai dace ba a shekarun 1970. Hukumar Gidajen Tarihi da Siffar tunawa ta Ghana ta yanke shawarar mayar da masallacin tare da neman shawara daga CRAterre, wani kamfanin gine -gine da ke Grenoble, Faransa wanda ke da gwaninta wajen gina gine -ginen kasa. WMF ta tallafa wa aikin gyaran, tare da tallafin tallafin dalar Amurka 50,000 daga American Express. Al’ummar yankin ma sun bada tallafi. Tsarin kiyayewa ya haɗa da cire farar siminti na farko daga saman masallacin, an maye gurbin kayan aikin katako, an sake gina minaret da mihrab, an sake gyara tashar, an kuma yi filaye na ciki da na waje kamar yadda aka saba. Gyaran ya haifar da sake tantance yanayin kiyayewar wurin, wanda ya haɗa da ƙungiyar masu sana'ar hannu da kwadago. Ya taimaka wajen dawo da abin tunawa tare da ba da fifiko na musamman kan farfado da ilimin kula da Adobe.
Siffofin Kamar sauran masallatai a Yankunan Arewa da Savannah na Ghana, Masallacin Larabanga an gina shi ne a cikin tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na Sudanic-Sahelian, ta amfani da kayan gida da dabarun gini. An gina masallacin da wattle da daub, kuma ya kai kimanin mita 8 (26 ft) da mita 8 (26 ft). Tana da hasumiyai guda biyu a siffar pyramidal, ɗaya na mihrab wanda ke fuskantar Makka yana yin facade a gabas ɗayan kuma a matsayin minaret a kusurwar arewa maso gabas. Bugu da ƙari, ginshiƙai 12 na siffa mai siffa a kan bangon waje suna ƙarfafawa ta hanyar abubuwan katako masu daidaitacce. Tsarin gine-ginen kuma ana kiranta da "gine-ginen adobe flat-footed". Ana ba duk tsarukan fararen wanki. Masallacin yana da tsohon Alƙur'ani, wanda mutanen yankin suka yi imanin cewa an ba shi kyauta daga sama a shekara ta 1650 ga Bramah, Imam a lokacin, sakamakon addu'arsa. An kuma tallafa wa al’ummar yankin a wani aikin hannu da na yawon bude ido don samar da kudade ba wai kawai don biyan kudin kula da masallacin ba har ma da inganta yanayin tattalin arzikin mutane.
Manazarta
Bibliography
Hanyoyin waje "Larabanga Mosque: A Ghanaian Treasure Reborn," ICON Magazine, Winter 2003/2004, p. 37. (archived at the Wayback |
30561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20Habasha | Sare dazuzzuka a Habasha | Sare dazuzzuka a kasar Habasha ya samo asali ne sakamakon saran dazuzzukan kasar domin bukatunsu na kashin kansu wato buƙatun yau da kullum, kamar su man fetur, farauta, noma, da kuma wasu dalilai na addini. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka a kasar Habasha su ne sauya fasalin noma, da kiyon dabbobi da kuma mai a wuraren da ba su bushewa. Sake saran gandun daji shine tsarin kawar da yanayin dazuzzuka ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi da canza fasalin kasa don dacewa da amfani daban-daban.
Fage Habasha tana da wadataccen arziki a tarihi, da kuma bambancin al'adu da halittu. Gida ce ga daya daga cikin kakannin kakannin jinsin dan Adam, kusan harsuna 80 ne kabilu daban-daban ke magana da su, kuma gida ne ga wurare biyu masu muhimmanci a duniya. Duk da haka, ana fuskantar barazana ga wannan al'adun gargajiya da na halitta, musamman ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi Kasar ƙasar Habasha ita ce kasa ta biyu a yawan al'umma a Afirka kuma ta sha fama da yunwa saboda karancin ruwan sama da kuma karancin albarkatun kasa.kuma Kila saran gandun daji ya kara rage karancin ruwan sama. Bercele Bayisa, wani manomi dan kasar Habasha dan shekara 30, ya ce gundumarsa tana da dazuzzuka sosai kuma cike da namun daji amma, yawan jama'a ya sa mutane suka zo wannan kasa mai albarka suna fitar da ita don shuka amfanin gona, suna yanke duk itatuwa suna sayar da itacen wuta". Yawan jama'a na karuwa da sare itatuwa wanda ke kai kasar ga yunwa Yayin da yawan jama'a ke cigaba da Kuma karuwa, bukatun jama'a na karuwa. Kasar ta yi asarar kashi 98% na yankunan dazuzzukanta a cikin shekaru 50 da suka wuce.
Dazuzzuka a Habasha Dazuzzuka a Habasha suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare zaizayar kasa, kamar yadda tushen bishiya ke kariya daga wanke-wanke. Sannna Bishiyoyi kuma suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa a cikin ƙasa da rage ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar ɗaukar carbon dioxide. Domin babu isassun bishiyoyi, kogin Nilu na dauke da dukkan kasa da abubuwan gina jiki da ke cikin ruwa zuwa kasashe makwabta na Sudan da Masar.
A tarihi, gandun daji na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummar Habasha. Kuma Mutanen Habasha sun yi amfani da itace wajen yin katako don yin gini, da kuma hura wutar girkinsu. Har ila yau, sun yi magungunan gargajiya daga bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire na daji. Dazuzzuka kuma suna da mahimmanci a akidar addinin Habasha; mutanen sun gaskata da ruhohi masu tsarki a cikin dajin da suke bi da su kamar yadda ’yan adam suke bi. Mitchell Page ya bayyana cewa sama da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 6603 suna rayuwa a Habasha, wanda kusan kashi ɗaya na biyar ba 'yan asalin wasu ƙasashe bane.
A farkon karni na ashirin kusan kilomita murabba'i 420,000 (kashi 35% na kasar Habasha) bishiyoyi ne suka rufe su amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa yawan gandun daji a yanzu bai kai kashi 14.2% ba saboda karuwar yawan jama'a. Duk da karuwar bukatar filayen dazuzzuka, sannan Kuma rashin ilimi a tsakanin mazauna yankin ya haifar da raguwar gandun daji.
Gaggauta lalacewa Yanayin duniya ya kiyasta cewa a cikin shekarata 2000 Habasha tana da 43,440 na yankin daji na dabi'a, wanda shine kashi 4% na yawan fadin kasar. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka, adadin sare dazuka na Habasha ya kai matsakaicin matsakaici. Sai dai kuma, yawan sare dazuzzuka a Gabashin Afrika shi ne na biyu mafi girma a nahiyar. Haka kuma, tana da mafi ƙanƙanta yanki na gandun daji da aka keɓe da farko don kiyayewa. Baya ga Arewacin Afirka, sannan kasashen gabashin Afirka sun nuna na biyu mafi girman koma bayan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan nahiyar.
A cikin kimanta albarkatun gandun daji na Habasha, Reusing ya gano cewa a cikin shekaru 17 (1973-1990) yawan gandun daji ya ragu daga 54,410 zuwa 45,055. ko daga 4.72 zuwa 3.96% na yankin ƙasar. Ya ƙididdige adadin sare dazuzzuka na 1,630 a kowace shekara, wanda ke nufin sare gandun daji a daidai wannan adadin zai bar kusan 18,975 daga cikin 45,055. a cikin shekarata 2006. FAO (2007) ta kiyasta adadin sare dazuzzuka na 1,410 a kowace shekara.
Dereje ya gudanar da wani bincike a yankunan dajin kofi na kudu maso yammacin kasar Habasha domin kimanta canjin dazuzzukan tsakanin shekarar 1973 da 2005. Yankin binciken ya ƙunshi yanki 3,940 da 2,808 na manyan dazuzzukan (kashi 71% na yankin) ya zarce gundumomi biyar Bench, Sheko, Yeki, Guraferda, da Godere a cikin jahohin biyu na Gambela da na Kudanci Binciken nasa ya nuna cewa yankin dajin ya ragu zuwa 1,907 wanda yayi daidai da 67% na gandun daji a cikin shekarata 1973. Tsakanin 2001 da 2005 wani 55.4 na ƙasar daji an ware don samar da kofi mai zaman kansa da 20 don gonakin roba.
Gessesse ya yi nazarin yankin dajin da ke kan tudu mai yawan 3,060 a cikin ruwan Awasa na kudu ta tsakiya Great Rift Valley, 280 km kudu da Addis Ababa. Ya kiyasta adadin sare dazuzzuka tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 2000 ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gano nesa. Bugu da ƙari, zai iya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru 28 na shekaru 80% (400 na murfin gandun daji na shekarata 1972 (489.24 ya ɓace. Ya bayyana cewa a cikin dajin da aka rufe a baya, ɓangarorin sun haifar da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun facin gandun daji marasa alaƙa.
Duk da alkalumman da aka yi na sare dazuzzuka a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Habasha, Kuma idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ake saran gandun daji a kasar, kasar za ta yi asarar bishiyar dazuzzukan kasar na karshe cikin kimanin shekaru 27. Kuma tare da shi za su tafi kawai na asalin daji na duniya na Coffea arabica Asarar tattalin arzikin waccan albarkatun kwayoyin halitta tsakanin 0.4 da US $1.5 biliyan shekara.
Dalilan sare itatuwa Dereje ya bayyana saran gandun daji a yankin dajin kofi da ya yi nazari ta hanyar danganta shi da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi a wasu lokuta. Daga shekarar 1973 87 murfin gandun daji ya ragu da 11%. Wannan lokacin ya kasance da tsarin sake tsugunarwa da shirye-shiryen ƙauye da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gonakin jiha. Kashi 24 cikin 100 na asarar dazuzzukan ya faru ne sakamakon mayar da dazuzzukan masu fadin murabba'in kilomita murabba'i 101.28 zuwa gonakin kofi. Daga baya an ci gaba da mayar da gandun daji zuwa tsarin noma da gandun daji, filayen noma da wuraren zama. Gudun da tsari ya bambanta dangane da nisa zuwa sa ido na jihar kuma ya yi daidai da canje-canje a cikin gwamnati.
Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1974 an inganta mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu ta hanyar bayar da tallafin filaye ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma tsoffin sojojin yaki. Sannan Kuma A wannan lokacin noman injiniyoyi ya zama abin ban sha'awa. Sakamakon haka, an raba ɗimbin mutanen karkara su ma zuwa gandun daji. Kwanan nan matsin lamba ya fito ne daga kulawa mai zurfi na kofi na gandun daji da kofi na gandun daji wanda ke canza tsari da ayyuka na gandun daji na asali. Ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri da hanyoyin sadarwa kuma ta yadda za a samu kasuwa mai kyau yana samar da saukin sare itatuwa. Kuma An gano ƙarin canjin gandun daji kusa da wuraren da ke da kyawawan hanyoyin sadarwa da kewayen ƙauyuka.
Gessesse Dessie da Carl Christianson sun gano gabaɗayan haɗe-haɗe na yanayin rayuwa da zamantakewa da siyasa don raguwar gandun daji a yankin ruwan Awassa. Kaddarorin yanki, sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da siyasa, haɓakar al'umma, rashin tsaro na filayen ƙasa, haɓaka aikin gona da haɓaka hanyoyin sufuri na daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. Sakamakon rashin ikon siyasa a lokutan mika mulki na siyasa, an yanke manyan gandun daji.
Wadancan dalilai na kusa suna tare da musabbabin sare itatuwa. Fuskantar rashin wadataccen abinci ƙasar noma ta fi kima ga manoma. Manoman ɗaya ɗaya ba su da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa fiye da mayar da dazuzzuka zuwa ƙasar noma idan sun fuskanci matsanancin rashin abinci. Kuma Matsakaicin fifikon lokacin su yana da ƙasa wanda ke nufin sun fifita abinci yau fiye da gobe kuma tabbas ba za su iya ɗaukar kuɗaɗen kula da gandun daji ga al'ummar ƙasa ko ta duniya ba.
Yanke gandun daji da samar da kofi Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan afromontane na kudu maso yammacin Habasha sune wurin haifuwar Coffea arabica a duniya kuma suna dauke da yawan daji na karshe. Bambance-bambance a cikin jurewarsu ga cututtuka da fari yana nuna babban bambancin kwayoyin halitta na yawan kofi na daji. Sannan kuma An kiyasta darajar su tsakanin 0.42 da 1.458 dalar Amurka biliyan a shekara. A duk duniya ana sha kusan kilogiram biliyan 5 na kofi a kowace shekara a cikin ƙasashen da ake shigo da su. Gidajen kofi sun zama sananne kuma kasuwar kofi ta musamman tana haɓaka. Dazuzzukan da ke da kima a fannin tattalin arziki a Habasha, wadanda ke dauke da dajin Coffea arabica daya tilo a duniya suna raguwa kuma, a halin yanzu na sare dazuzzuka, za a yi asarar gaba daya cikin shekaru 27. Kuma Sare dazuzzuka a Habasha na faruwa ne sakamakon sauye-sauyen gwamnatoci da hukumomi da suka gabata, rashin tsaro na filaye, shirye-shiryen sake tsugunar da jama'a, matsin lamba, ayyukan noma da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa Manoman na fama da talauci gami da karancin abinci kuma ba za su iya daukar nauyin kula da gandun daji ba. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Habasha da na duniya suna shiga cikin gasa don albarkatu, haƙƙoƙi da umarni. Wannan yana hana hada kai da hadin gwiwa don hana sare itatuwa. Baya ga kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ya dace, ilimin muhalli, sannan Kuma wayar da kan jama'a da hada-hadar jama'a na bukatar karfafawa da kuma sake gina amana tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Dole ne a gina iyawar kiyayewa ta hanyar iko. Duk da kasancewar wurin haifuwar Coffea arabica kuma tushen ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kofi a duniya, sadaukarwar masana'antar kofi ta duniya a halin yanzu na kiyaye gandun daji ba komai bane.
Yankunan damuwa na musamman Lokacin da mulkin soja na Dergi ya karbe mulki a shekarar 1975, an ayyana tsarin gurguzu a matsayin akidar shiryarwa ga kasar Habasha, aka mayar da dukkan yankunan karkara da dazuka kasa. Kwarewar Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai ta koya mana cewa mallakar filaye na jahohi yana da ban sha'awa don sarrafa shi cikin amfani kuma mai dorewa. Kuma Duk da haka, ita ma gwamnati mai ci ta amince da kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995 inda aka ayyana gandun daji (filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa) a matsayin mallakar kasa. Har ila yau, ya ce duk wanda yake son yin aikin gona yana da hakkin ya sami fili ba tare da biya ba. Ko da yake ana iya aiwatar da wannan buri ta hanyar rabon filaye, kusan tabbas zai ci karo da zaman lafiyar masu amfani da filaye. Wannan shi ne saboda tsarin sake rarraba filaye da haƙƙin amfani (a duk yankuna banda Amhara ya dogara ne akan wurin zama na zahiri, adadin ƙasar da za a yi hayar da kuma haramcin jingina da siyar da filaye. Kuma "Wannan yana haifar da rudani kuma yana ba da damar yin la'akari da bureaucratic." A cikin shekarata 1994 wata shela ta banbance tsakanin mallakar gandun daji na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, inda aka ayyana dazuzzukan a matsayin mallakar gwamnati tare da barin dazuzzukan da aka dasa su zama na sirri. Sanarwar mai lamba 94/1994 ta haramtawa kowane mutum amfani ko girbi bishiyu, zama, kiwo, farauta ko ajiye satar kudan zuma a dajin jihar.
Tare da niyyar inganta zaman tsaro, an fara shirin ba da takardar shaidar ƙasa na farko a 1998 a Tigray kuma kashi 80 ne kawai aka kammala (saboda yakin da Eritrea Jim kadan kafin zaben 2005 ya ci gaba da ba da takardar shaidar filaye a wasu yankuna na Habasha. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lallai takardar shedar ta inganta tsaro da saka hannun jari a filaye. Kuma Duk da haka, takaddun shaida na haƙƙin ƙasa ba zai iya kawar da rashin tabbas na tsarin irin matsalar da aka ambata a baya ba a cikin mahallin hukuncin gudanarwa na ƙasa. Har ila yau, shugaban kungiyar Habasha Forum for Social Studies ya nuna shakku kan cewa "...takarda za ta samar da (tsaro) tsaro domin ya bar dukkan sauran bangarorin tsarin mallakar filaye (a halin yanzu), kamar tsoma bakin hukumomi." A shekara ta 2000 an ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar mallakar gandun daji tare da taimakon hukumomin agaji na duniya. Wannan tsarin da ake kira tsarin tafiyar da mulki ya ginu ne kan yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnati da al’ummomin da suka dogara da sarrafa gandun daji domin rayuwarsu. An kafa ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da gandun daji kuma ana ba da haƙƙoƙin amfani da gandun dajin ga membobin ƙungiyar. Kuma Kwangilar ta tabbatar da iyakokin gandun daji, ta bayyana ikon mallakar da amfani da wasu takamaiman yanayi. Babban ra'ayin da ke bayan tsarin gudanarwar haɗin gwiwar shine cewa amintattun haƙƙoƙi muhimmin abin ƙarfafawa ne don gudanarwa mai dorewa. Bayan sakamako na farko masu ban sha'awa, dorewar wannan hanyar har yanzu tana buƙatar a tantance.
sare itatuwa da fari Mummunan yunwa ta faru a kasar Habasha a shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, musamman a yankin arewacin kasar inda aka yi mummunar fari. Dubban mutane ne suka mutu. na iya ta'azzara matsalolin da fari ke haifarwa domin ruwan sama ba ya iya jikewa cikin kasa da kuma cika ruwan kasa.
Halayen sare itatuwa a Habasha Yana da tsada don dakatar da sare itatuwa. Kamfanonin kofi sun gano kasuwar kofi na gandun daji daga Habasha kuma a shirye suke su biya farashi mai yawa ga kungiyoyin manoma a yankunan dajin kofi. Sannan kuma An yi alƙawarin cewa siyan kofi ɗin zai inganta kuɗin shiga na manoma don haka manoma suna zage-zage don sarrafa dazuzzukan kofi na kofi. Kuma A al'adance manoma sun yi watsi da tarin kofi na daji lokacin da farashin kofi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa. Ko farashin kofi na gandun daji ko a'a wani abin ƙarfafawa ne ko dai don girbi fiye da kima ko girbi mai dorewa, ya kasance a buɗe tambaya. A halin yanzu babu wata shaida ta kimiya da ta nuna cewa hauhawar farashin kofi na gandun daji shine abin ƙarfafawa ga ayyukan girbi mai dorewa. A gaskiya ma, ko kuma da ilimin game da adadin kofi na daji da za a iya tattarawa ta hanyar da ta dace ba ta da yawa.
Saboda sarkakkiyar yanayin matsalar sare dazuzzuka, gwamnatin Habasha ita kadai ba ta iya hana sare itatuwa. Ya zuwa yanzu mun kuma san cewa kasuwanni kadai ba za su iya hana hakan ba. Daga ƙarshe za a buƙaci shiga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki na gida. Sannan Yawancin kasafin kudin kasar Habasha yana kunshe da taimakon raya kasa na kasa da kasa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ya kamata hukumomin agaji na kasa da kasa su ma su taka rawar gani wajen kula da gandun daji mai dorewa. Gwamnatin Habasha ta bukaci hukumomin kasa da kasa da dama, kamar ICA na Japan, da Jamusanci Technical Cooperation (GTZ) da FARM-Africa da su shiga cikin Gudanar da gandun daji. Irin wadannan ayyuka na da nufin bunkasa tsare-tsare na kula da gandun daji da sanya hannu kan kwangiloli tsakanin al’ummomin yankin da gwamnati. Kuma An raba yankuna daban-daban na sauran dazuzzuka a tsakanin hukumomin agaji na kasashen waje, inda suke gudanar da ayyukan "su" a madadin gwamnati. Abin da ake buƙata, duk da haka, dangantaka ce kai tsaye, dacewa, amintacciyar dangantaka tsakanin masu amfani da albarkatun gida da hukumomin tarayya: sabis na fadada gandun daji mai aiki da inganci.
Wata matsala kuma ita ce, lamurran da suka shafi muhalli a Habasha ba su da wani yanki (ko mai rauni sosai) kuma yanayin halin da ake ciki na halin yanzu na siyasa da zamantakewa don hulɗar jama'a yana da illa ga ilimin muhalli, wayar da kan jama'a, bayar da shawarwari da kuma gina ƙungiyoyin jama'a da aka ba da karfi kadarorin da suka wajaba don adanawa da amfani da dazuzzukan Habasha ta hanya mai dorewa. Kyautar Gasar Ƙwararru ta Habasha ta shirya.
Gwamnati da sare itatuwa A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fahimci cewa idan aka ci gaba da saran dazuzzuka, yanayin kasa baki daya zai kara tabarbarewa. Kuma Don haka ne gwamnati ta fara koya wa al’umma amfanin dazuzzuka tare da karfafa wa jama’a gwiwa wajen dasa itatuwa da kuma kare abin da suke da shi ta hanyar samar musu da sauran kayan aikin gona. Idan kowane mutum ya yanke itace, yana buƙatar shuka ɗaya don maye gurbinta. Gwamnati mai ci da al’ummarta suna aiki tukuru domin ganin kasarsu ta samu ci gaba.
Hana mutanen Habasha yanke itatuwa, musamman mazauna karkara, zai cutar da rayuwar yau da kullum tun lokacin da biyan bukatun yau da kullun ke dada wahala. Sannan kuma Gwamnati na kokarin samarwa al'ummar Habasha man fetur da injinan lantarki don haka bukatar albarkatun dazuzzukan bai kai haka ba. Bugu da kari, gwamnati na samar da fili mai fadi da babu dazuzzukan da ake da su a baya don bunkasa aikin noma ta yadda sare dazuzzuka ba zai zama dole ga noman zamani ba. Akwai ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na sa-kai da ke aiki tare da gwamnati don kare ƙasar. Ƙungiyoyi irin su SOS da Farm Africa suna aiki tare da gwamnatin tarayya da ƙananan hukumomi don samar da kyakkyawan tsarin kula da gandun daji. Haka kuma gwamnati na kokarin tsugunar da mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan busassun wuraren da za su samu fili mai albarka domin noma, ta yadda za su iya dogaro da kansu ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba. Tare da asusun da EC ta bayar (kimanin Yuro miliyan 2.3) an horar da mutane don kare ƙasar daga zaizayar ƙasa da kuma koyar da amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa, wanda ya inganta rayuwa da muhalli. Kuma Yanzu haka mazauna yankin sun fahimci cewa bishiyoyi na bukatar amincewar doka, kuma dole ne a kare su ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Sannan Daya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen kare itatuwa ita ce zayyana wasu wuraren da za a iya sare bishiyar a yi amfani da su, da sauran wuraren da doka ta tanada.
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