PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/CwFequR3Y5g.srt

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You.

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Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Today we are going

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to continue with infinitive and gerund in English

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versus overt and covert derived nominal in Arabic.

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Last time we saw the function, we've seen the

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function of the syntactic function of infinitive

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in English. We mentioned that the syntactic

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function covers four points. The infinitive can be

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a subject.

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Yes. Can stand as a subject, as object, as subject

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complement, and object complement. Okay? This is

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in English. It is also the same in Arabic. We have

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the derived nominal, derived nominal stands as a

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subject, as object, as subject complement, or

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object complement.

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Then we shifted to what is called sensation verbs.

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We've seen that the sensation verbs like see, hear,

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touch, notice. Look, these only accept bare

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infinitive. Bare infinitive. Yani infinitive

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without to. Okay? I heard them talk about the

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plan. I heard them talk about the plan. I saw Ali

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stand at the gate. I noticed her pick a flower.

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Okay? However, in Arabic, we don't have bare

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infinitive. We have the present imperfect

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indicative form of the verb. This means that the

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verb stands with inflections. We have persons

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added to the verb. Samaatuhu yatakellamu 3an

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alkhatta. Samaatuhu yatakellam. Okay, so

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yatakellam, this is present. Verb present in

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perfect indicative form. Yeah this is third person

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inflection in Arabic يتكلم تكلم أتكلم sorry يتكلم

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أتكلم نتكلم تتكلم so we have four inflections

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representing persons in Arabic okay it's different

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from English which has only one inflection that is

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the subject verb agreement us okay

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still we have three verbs in English which are

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related to sensation verbs these are like help let

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and and make yes let help and make these accept

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both their infinitive and to infinitive now this

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cannot be corresponded to Arabic since Arabic has

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the inflections added to the verb okay دعه يتكلم

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عن الخطة

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present in perfect indicative form of the verb now

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we have a problem with infinitives and gerunds

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verbs which accept infinitives infinitive or

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gerund we just have

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this point Very tricky just for it appears very

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tricky for our students since they confuse just in

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using either infinitive or gerund. So they commit

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serious mistakes in this side. Most of them are

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interlingual or interlingual? Interlingual. These

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are interlingual. Interlingual.

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Most of them are intralingual. So we try to solve

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this problem by having a new account. a theory

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that accounts for the use of infinitive or gerund.

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But before introducing this theory, we need to

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introduce the previous theories in this or the

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previous principles in this regard. We have

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Bollinger's principle, okay, in which the choice

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of infinitive correlates in some degree with

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events that are theoretical or hypothetical. Okay,

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or hypothetical, all hypothetical actions are in,

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they take infinitive. However, the vivid or actual

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or already fulfilled actions are gerund. Okay, so

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speak about real actions that take gerund. We have

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hypothetical actions which only take infinitive.

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Speak about things which will happen. This is

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infinitive. Things which have already happened or

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are in progress, they take gerund as well. Okay?

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But applying this principle on the verb, for

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example, start, comes out with negative results.

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It stands to rain. Sorry, it's start. It starts to

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rain. It starts raining. Is there any difference

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in translation? There's no difference. Okay?

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There's no difference. Richard continued to work.

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Richard continued working. Okay? We don't have

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dissimilarities or any difference just in

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translating these two sentences. I prefer to eat

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sandwiches. I prefer eating sandwiches. So, these

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verbs start, prefer, continue

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cannot accept Bollinger's principle. This

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necessitates thinking of a new principle that can

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be applied on all the verbs of English which

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accept either infinitive or gerund or both we are

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in front of some verbs which accept both the

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alternate between infinitive and gerund and some

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other verbs only accept gerund we have verbs only

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accept infinitive so

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I came with a new account which divides the verbs

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accepting infinitive and gerund or either one of

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them. I divided them into four categories. Okay.

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First of all, the emotive verbs, aspectual verbs,

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reactive verbs and forward oriented verbs. Okay?

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So for emotive verbs, these

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verbs are not associated with time. Okay? They are

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like dread, hate, like, love, lose, prefer, and

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rejoice. These verbs are not connected to time.

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Okay? So they accept both infinitive and gerund. I

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hated to meet the boss. I hated meeting the boss.

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We have difference in translation here. The first

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sentence refers to an action that has not

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happened. Okay? Future action. Okay? The second

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one refers to an action which happened. Okay?

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Would you like to see my dad? Would you like

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seeing my dad?

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Here we have also some sort of difference between

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the two sentences. The first one, the verb see,

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refers to, I mean, the infinitive to see refers to

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future action, hypothetical action. However, the

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second one refers to real action, okay? Do you

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prefer to read the daily or watch the TV? Or to

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watch the TV? Do you prefer reading the daily or

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watching the TV? Again, the first sentence is

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hypothetical. It is theoretical, refers to an

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action that is to happen. However, the second one

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refers to a habit which actually happens every

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day. I mean action which already happened. We

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speak about vivid or real action which is

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fulfilled.

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Do we have emotive verbs in Arabic? What about

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their structure? Yes, we have emotive verbs in

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Arabic like يفضل يخاف يبغض يكره يحب يخشى يعجب يعشق

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etc These are emotive verbs They touch the feeling

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They are not related to time influence. Okay? We

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have يحب زيد قراءة القرآن. يحب زيد أن يقرأ القرآن.

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So they accept both. So the emotive verbs of

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Arabic are the same like the emotive verbs of

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English.

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Yes. We have يكره الولد اللعب في الشارع يكره الولد

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اللعب في الشارع So we have the first sentence it

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is of overt derived nominal while the second one

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is of a modified derived nominal يفضل

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زيدن شرب الشاي Overt, derived nominal, as you see.

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يفضل زيد أن يشرب الشاي.

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يخاف المؤمن ارتكاب الكبار. يخاف المؤمن أن يرتكب

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الكبار. So we have overt derived nominal and

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covert derived nominal within the same time. So

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this, I mean the emotive verbs, the emotive verbs

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are alternating between infinitive and gerund.

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What about aspectual verbs?

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They are associated with time. Yes. The aspectual

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verbs are associated to time. They refer to a

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variety of time. Okay? So these refer to a variety

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of time aspects like initiation, continuation,

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repetition, termination. So we have verbs like

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begin.

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This is initiation. Resume.

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Resume. This is repetition. Okay.

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It is more related to repetition. You repeat the

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action. Okay? Remain. Continuation. Commence.

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Initiation. Finish. Continue. Discontinue.

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Termination. End up. Seize. Repeat. Complete. Give

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up. Postpone. Proceed. Continuation. Quit. Keep.

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Keep on. Start. Initiation. Stay. Continuation.

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Stop. Termination. Okay, so we have these verbs

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refer to refer to a variety of time aspects okay

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so we have either initiation continuation

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repetition or termination these verbs in English

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almost accept both infinitive and gerund except

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only in termination we have some words related to

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this matter. Okay? Mostly they accept only gerund.

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Okay? He began to answer the question. He began

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answering the question. We have a slight

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difference between the two sentences. The first is

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hypothetical. It is to happen. It's about to

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happen. Okay? However, the second one already

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happened or in progress. Okay?

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The emotive verb does not refer to time.

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Semantically, there is some sort of difference

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between them. Okay. But it's the same meaning. I

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know that the first one is not related to time and

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the second one is not related to time. But we can

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mingle between them or mix between them and have

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the same meaning. The first category is a special

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category. No, no. They are similar. They are

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similar in their syntactic function. But

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semantically they differ. Okay. And here we have a

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big question that appears in this point why does

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this verb accept infinitive or gerund and that

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verb does not accept infinitive or does not accept

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gerund okay so this is semantic question it needs

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semantic interpretation that will be available

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just later Okay? He began to answer the question.

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He began answering the question. Having said that

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he would be frank, we all commenced to listen to

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him.

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We all commenced to listen to him. Having said

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that he would be frank, we all commenced listening

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to him. Okay? So we speak about theoretical

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actions and vivid or real actions. Okay?

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So we have some verbs which refer to duration of

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time, okay? That end with what is called

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termination. These verbs which have this meaning

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only accept gerund. John finished doing his

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homework at midnight. We cannot say John finished

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to do his homework. He quit smoking cigarettes. He

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quit smoking.

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The committee postponed making the decision on the

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from Arabic to English.

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Okay, or from English to Arabic.

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Now, semantically,

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the emotive verbs and aspectual verbs have

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difference in meaning just in the use of

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infinitive and gerund. So a sentence like, I love

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to eat sandwiches. I love eating sandwiches. The

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two sentences are different in meaning. The first

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one is hypothetical. The second one is not fulfilled,

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yes. And the second one is actual, achieved. Okay,

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it's real. He stopped to smoke. He stopped

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smoking. Could you translate?

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He stopped to smoke.

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Hard luck. Yes.

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Yes.

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The first sentence, Mary stopped to eat. I stopped

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to smoke. He stopped doing an activity to smoke.

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Yes. So he stopped to smoke. This means that he

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stopped some action. He terminated, he quit some

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action in order to have another action to smoke.

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He stopped smoking. This means that he quit. So 

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you have difference in meaning you have to take

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care of that John forgot to buy the linguistics 

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book John forgot to buy Sorry if John forgot 

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buying the linguistics book. Is there any

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difference? No, no difference at all.

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So how can you interpret the two sentences? John

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forgot to buy the linguistics book. John forgot

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buying the linguistics book. Yes. He forgot to buy 

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this

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means that he forgot to buy this book, he has He 

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hasn't bought it. However, the second one, he

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bought the book, but he forgot that he bought it.

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Okay?

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Mary quit to cook. Mary quit cooking. Mary quit

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cooking. Is there any difference? Yes. What about 

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this group? Yes? that means Mary's stopped

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activities but doing now in order to go and cook.

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While Mary quit cooking, that Mary doesn't cook

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anymore. Very good. Excellent. John remembered to

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wash the plates. John remembered washing the

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plates. Still, we have difference between the two

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sentences semantically. So in translation, the two

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sentences are different, are divergent. Who could 

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translate them? John stopped to wash the plates.

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John stopped washing the plates. It is the same.

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Marco.

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Iman? Yes, number two, that he, in the action 

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order two, The first action is hypothetical, is

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theoretical, that has not happened. Okay? He

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remembered to wash. He did not wash. But the 

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second one, he has already washed them, but he

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forgot. Good.

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Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped eating. Mary 

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stopped to eat or Mary stopped eating? The second 

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00:24:55,130 --> 00:25:01,710
one is that Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped in

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00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:08,910
order to eat. However, the second one, she

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00:25:08,910 --> 00:25:13,430
finished or quit eating. Okay.

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00:25:17,350 --> 00:25:20,850
Do we have semantic distinction between the 

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00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:24,070
emotive verbs and aspectual verbs in Arabic? Do 

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00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:26,450
you have this semantic distinction in Arabic? Is 

284
00:25:26,450 --> 00:25:30,830
this applicable to Arabic or not? Let's see. Okay,

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00:25:30,830 --> 00:25:35,790
I think that it corresponds to Arabic. The first 

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00:25:35,790 --> 00:25:36,470
one

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00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,060
refers to an action that has not happened. The 

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00:25:51,060 --> 00:25:54,380
second one refers to an action that happened but

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00:25:54,380 --> 00:25:58,240
forgotten. Okay? It's like English.

290
00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:06,140
Now we come to the third category that is reactive

291
00:26:06,140 --> 00:26:11,840
verbs. It refers to actions that are in progress.

292
00:26:13,710 --> 00:26:20,030
The verbs which refer to reactive meaning only

293
00:26:20,030 --> 00:26:25,390
accept gerund. They only accept gerund. Okay?

294
00:26:31,390 --> 00:26:32,350
Yes.

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00:26:37,710 --> 00:26:40,210
These verbs only accept gerund. 

296
00:26:44,270 --> 00:26:51,770
These are like resist, resent, repent, remember,

297
00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:58,570
reject, regret, recommend, recall, abhor, enjoy,

298
00:26:59,210 --> 00:27:05,950
dislike, detest, deny, consider, confess, okay?

299
00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:09,470
Imagine, mind, and propose.

300
00:27:13,430 --> 00:27:16,430
These verbs refer to what's called continuity, 

301
00:27:17,370 --> 00:27:21,970
okay? Continuity of action or continuity in 

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00:27:21,970 --> 00:27:27,670
meaning. These only accept gerund. We discussed 

303
00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:29,850
going to the zoo in the weekend. 

304
00:27:32,390 --> 00:27:37,210
We can say we discussed to go to the zoo. The 

305
00:27:37,210 --> 00:27:39,990
family has seriously considered selling the house. 

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00:27:42,220 --> 00:27:45,280
is not available to say the family has seriously

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00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:49,100
considered to sell the house. The suspect denies 

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00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:54,980
ever committing the crime. The suspect denies ever

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00:27:54,980 --> 00:28:00,980
to commit? No. He repented having shot the dog. He 

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00:28:00,980 --> 00:28:05,380
repented having shot it, not to have. Okay, 

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00:28:05,380 --> 00:28:09,300
because the action happened. So reactive verbs

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00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:14,040
refer to real actions, to vivid actions, to

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00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:20,140
actions which have been already done. Okay? Or at 

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00:28:20,140 --> 00:28:25,980
least in progress. So they only accept gerund.

315
00:28:26,860 --> 00:28:29,860
Okay? Yes.

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00:28:37,540 --> 00:28:46,980
Yes. These emotive verbs, you see, they are in the

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00:28:46,980 --> 00:28:50,820
process of continuity. We speak about habitual

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00:28:50,820 --> 00:28:56,040
actions. Yes. We speak about habitual actions or 

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actions which are more or less related to habits 

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00:28:59,740 --> 00:29:05,960
and customs. Okay? Actions which are associated

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00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:11,640
with daily work. I mean, the action already or 

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00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:15,680
always happens every day as accustomed by the 

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00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:19,320
subject or the doer of the action. Okay? So in 

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00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:22,960
that sense, we consider them reactive verbs. But

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00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,120
if you speak hypothetically or theoretically about

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00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:33,370
the verb as emotive verb, it takes both. Okay? He

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00:29:33,370 --> 00:29:38,530
detests socializing with students at school. He 

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00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:42,310
detests to socialize. This is a custom, permanent

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00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:45,510
custom with the speaker. I mean, his mood is like

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00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:53,570
this. The suspect confessed murdering the man. We

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00:29:53,570 --> 00:29:56,430
can't say that the subject confessed to murder the

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00:29:56,430 --> 00:29:59,230
man because the action happened.

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00:30:02,820 --> 00:30:08,460
We have Arabic, the Arabic reactive verbs. These

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00:30:08,460 --> 00:30:26,700
are like يثمن يناقش يقدر يقيم يقاوم يتذكر ينسى 

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00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:32,660
يتخيل And these verbs, as you see, accept both. 

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00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,980
Overt derived nominal and covert derived nominal.

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00:30:37,580 --> 00:30:40,700
They accept both. However, in English, they only

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00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:48,180
accept gerund. قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَن يَتِمَّ ذَلِكَ 

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We can say also, قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَتْمَامَ ذَلِكَ 

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لَنَ 

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00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:04,550
تَسَوَّر أن نقبل الظلم لا نتصور قبول الظلم so we

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00:31:04,550 --> 00:31:13,650
accept here we both are accepted يفضل 

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00:31:13,650 --> 00:31:18,810
عليهم أن يرفض

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عليهم أن يظلم الناس يرفض عليهم ظلم الناس

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يفترض زيدن أن يجيء عمرن يفترض زيدن ماجيء عمرن

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يتطلب

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النجاح الاشتهاد أو أن أشتهد يتطلب النجاح الاشتهاد 

348
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okay, now the derived nominal in Arabic 

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00:31:51,530 --> 00:31:56,370
syntactically works as a verb, it assigns case

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00:31:57,790 --> 00:32:02,890
Mostly it assigns genitive case. It has the 

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00:32:02,890 --> 00:32:05,870
requirements of a verb. You know, the verb assigns

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00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:12,710
accusative case. كتب زيدن الدرسة. الدرسة is an

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00:32:12,710 --> 00:32:16,330
object. John wrote the lesson. The lesson is an 

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00:32:16,330 --> 00:32:23,430
object assigned accusative case. Okay? Now يفضل

355
00:32:23,430 --> 00:32:32,260
زيدن كتابة الدرسي. الدرسي is an object, but here it

356
00:32:32,260 --> 00:32:35,940
is we have the genitive case assigned to this noun,

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00:32:35,940 --> 00:32:40,120
this directly comes from the derived nominal, the

358
00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:48,820
overt derived nominal. Okay, we

359
00:32:48,820 --> 00:32:51,360
have some reactive verbs in Arabic only accept

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00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:57,760
nouns, not derived nominal like لا يثمن تعب

361
00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:04,900
الوالدين بالنقود. Ta'ab is referred to as a noun 

362
00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:13,080
in Arabic. لا يثمن أن يتعب الوالدين بالنقود. This

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00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:16,660
is not accepted. In case of having a noun coming 

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00:33:16,660 --> 00:33:22,880
after the reactive verb, then we have only the

365
00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:24,580
overt derived nominal accepted. 

366
00:33:30,650 --> 00:33:39,410
Okay? يقاوم الجنود هجوم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم

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العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن 

368
00:33:39,870 --> 00:33:44,370
يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود 

369
00:33:44,370 --> 00:33:45,370
أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم

370
00:33:45,370 --> 00:33:48,090
الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو

371
00:33:48,090 --> 00:33:48,490
يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم

372
00:33:48,490 --> 00:33:50,850
يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود

373
00:33:50,850 --> 00:33:56,150
أن يهجم العد not a noun following the reactive

374
00:33:56,150 --> 00:34:00,890
verb, then we have both derived nominal overt and 

375
00:34:00,890 --> 00:34:03,170
covert or modified derived nominal.

376
00:34:05,850 --> 00:34:10,710
We have the last category that is forward oriented

377
00:34:10,710 --> 00:34:11,190
verbs.

378
00:34:14,020 --> 00:34:17,200
These verbs refer to theoretical actions, to

379
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:22,060
hypothetical actions, to actions that will be 

380
00:34:22,060 --> 00:34:29,860
fulfilled in future. Okay. So 

381
00:34:29,860 --> 00:34:34,780
all the verbs here are hypothetical, and they 

382
00:34:34,780 --> 00:34:41,280
accept only infinitive. Okay,

383
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:47,860
we expected to stop the security disorder soon.

384
00:34:48,660 --> 00:34:56,700
Expect, hope, imagine. Okay? These verbs refer to

385
00:34:56,700 --> 00:35:03,320
action that is to happen. Okay? We expect to stop

386
00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,080
the security disorder. We cannot say we expect

387
00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:12,320
stopping. We hope to submit the paper soon. We 

388
00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:16,880
cannot say, we hope submitting. Okay? Because it

389
00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:21,200
refers to action that has not happened. Okay? They

390
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:25,140
planned to spend the vacation in London. We cannot

391
00:35:25,140 --> 00:35:29,340
say they planned spending because the action has

392
00:35:29,340 --> 00:35:30,160
not happened yet.

393
00:35:35,860 --> 00:35:39,900
Mary aspired to be a famous advocate. 

394
00:35:42,350 --> 00:35:46,110
تتصور أنها ستكون. We speak about things which have

395
00:35:46,110 --> 00:35:49,890
not been happened. So, the verbs like these are

396
00:35:49,890 --> 00:35:57,890
like Britain, persuade, urge, tend, tell, order, 

397
00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:04,750
learn, aspire, ask, force, fear, decline, agree,

398
00:36:05,770 --> 00:36:12,230
we have managed, long seek, remind, refuse, swear,

399
00:36:13,670 --> 00:36:19,850
mean, offer, strive, and vow. Okay? Of course, we

400
00:36:19,850 --> 00:36:29,070
have hope as well. Own, and expect. Okay? Ahmed was

401
00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:34,730
obliged to attend the

402
00:36:34,730 --> 00:36:35,050
meeting. 

403
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:47,880
The suspect abstained to answer the detective's

404
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:52,480
questions. The action has not happened.

405
00:36:56,220 --> 00:37:00,200
Now, if you look to Arabic, we also have forward 

406
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:06,460
-oriented verbs. Okay? They accept both modified 

407
00:37:06,460 --> 00:37:15,040
and overt derived nominal. يتوقع يعني expect يخطط

408
00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:24,200
يريد ينوي يصمم These verbs are forward oriental

409
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:28,400
verbs. They still have the meaning that has not

410
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:30,420
been fulfilled.

411
00:37:33,660 --> 00:37:43,040
So يتوقع زيدن أن يصل أخاه من السفر اليوم أن يصل 

412
00:37:44,570 --> 00:37:48,030
يتوقع زيدون وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم يتوقع زيدون 

413
00:37:48,030 --> 00:37:51,510
وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم So they have both forward 

414
00:37:51,510 --> 00:37:5

445
00:40:39,850 --> 00:40:46,010
other times we have only infinitive. This relies

446
00:40:46,010 --> 00:40:51,200
on the lexical entry of the verb. The lexical

447
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:53,860
entry of the verb, the lexical capacity of the

448
00:40:53,860 --> 00:40:59,480
verb. Okay? So it either accepts infinitive, it

449
00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:04,380
either accepts gerund, it may accept both. Okay?

450
00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:09,960
So it depends on the lexical capacity. Completely

451
00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:12,900
like the verbs of giving, once accepting double

452
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:18,990
object construction. John gave Mary a book. John

453
00:41:18,990 --> 00:41:21,430
gave a book to Mary. So we have double object

454
00:41:21,430 --> 00:41:29,350
construction and we have dative construction. Okay.

455
00:41:29,350 --> 00:41:32,750
Still

456
00:41:32,750 --> 00:41:36,090
we have one object, the direct object plus the

457
00:41:36,090 --> 00:41:41,220
dative object. John gave a book to Mary. Okay, so we

458
00:41:41,220 --> 00:41:44,280
have this verb, the verbs of giving alternate

459
00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:47,900
between double object construction and dative here.

460
00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:51,580
We have these verbs. Some of them alternate between

461
00:41:51,580 --> 00:41:55,160
accepting overt derived nominal in Arabic or

462
00:41:55,160 --> 00:42:00,620
covert derived nominal, or gerund, or infinitive, or

463
00:42:00,620 --> 00:42:07,360
both. This is attributed to the lexical entry of

464
00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:11,490
the verb. Okay. The semantic capacity as well can

465
00:42:11,490 --> 00:42:14,990
be considered. Okay. That's it for today. Thank

466
00:42:14,990 --> 00:42:15,130
you.