PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/Qj60Fd-7CrA_postprocess.srt

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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to

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continue with adjectives in English and Arabic We

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spoke last time about the definition of adjectives

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And we mentioned that they modify nouns and

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pronouns. Okay? They can be predicative or

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attributive. In case of being predicative, they

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post-modify the noun or the pronoun. Say, the noun

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phrase. In case of being attributive, they pre

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-modify the noun phrase. Okay? And we cited

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examples as those which you see just now in the

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slide. We have different types of adjectives,

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different morphological types, either we have

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solid compounds or hyphenated compounds as you

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see, hyphenated adjectives or solid adjectives or

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one-word adjective. So morphologically, we have

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different types. Syntactically, we have adjectives

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in the form of a word, a noun, or adjective, or

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pronoun, either universal pronoun, or partitive

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pronoun, or possessive pronoun, or even numeral,

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number. As we've seen last time,

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For the position of the adjective, we mentioned

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that they can pre-modify, they precede the noun or

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they follow the noun. At that case, they are

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called predicative adjectives. In this regard, we

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mentioned just two adjectives as I said,

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attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives.

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We mentioned that we have some sort of exceptions

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for some adjectives which they always stand as

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predicative adjectives, such as general, secretary

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general, president-elect,

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court-martial, god-almighty, poet laureate,

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attorney general, director general,

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okay these partitive pronouns or universal

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pronouns that means something partitive pronoun

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everything this is universal pronoun okay plus

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other pronouns they stand as adjectives as we

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mentioned last time okay

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Regarding the types of adjectives, we mentioned

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the proper adjectives, I mean the nouns, the

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adjectives which are derived from nouns.

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Palestine, Palestinians. Norway, Norwegian.

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America, American. Iraq, Iraqi. Islam, Islamic.

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Okay? We also mentioned what is called the

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attributive adjective, number two.

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Then the predicative adjectives, and every one of

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these has its own types, okay?

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So these are the types of the attributive

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adjectives. For the order of adjectives also, we

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mentioned that we have specific system for the

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adjectives. They cannot be written spontaneously

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in the sentence. Here we have a point of

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difference between English and Arabic adjectives.

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In English, as you see, we have systematic order

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of adjectives starting with determiner then size

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etc however in Arabic we have yes

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the Arabic language the Arabic language doesn't

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have systematic system for the order of adjectives

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it depends on their importance in the sentence so

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we start with the most important adjective

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followed by the less important ones. Okay.

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As you see, we have the

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package is small and light. The weather is clear,

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cold and dry. Okay. The foot, the footstool is

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round and black. we have systematic system

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morphologically or syntactically we have to

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differentiate or to separate between these

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adjectives by using punctuation mark mainly the

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comma okay if you have two adjectives then we have

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to separate between them by using a comma if you

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have three then you use a comma between the first

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two then the conjunctions or the coordinator and

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okay

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It's for the predicative adjective. And this is

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also for... is applicable or it corresponds to

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what is called predicative adjective. However, if

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you have two adjectives standing as both modifiers

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of the noun, then we connect between them by using

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the connector and. The footstool is round and

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black. Teacher. Yes. What do you mean by order of

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adjectives exactly? The classification of the

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adjectives in the sentence. Sometimes you have

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three adjectives modifying one noun. How could you

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classify them? You classify them according to

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their semantic types. Okay? We have an adjective

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denoting size, another adjective denoting color,

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the third adjective denoting shape. Age, quantity

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for example, frequency, temperature, humidity,

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etc. So they are classified systematically.

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We have some adjectives that stand as predicative,

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as we mentioned last time, like afloat, asleep,

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alone, alive, afraid, aglow. Okay? These are

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always predicative. Okay?

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Okay? Now, once you have the predicative and

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attributive adjectives in the sentence, Okay? You

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have certain order for each one. Some nouns can be

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both modified and pre-modified by adjectives. Some

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nouns accept both predicative adjectives and

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attributive adjectives. But here, the position of

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the adjective changes the meaning of the sentence.

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The treasurer was present. The prison treasurer.

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So, we have different meanings in the two

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sentences. As we mentioned last time, Robin Harris

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was late. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris كان

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متأخرا. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris

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الراحل. Okay? So, yes. My friend is poor. صديقي

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فقير my poor friend صديقي مسكين okay so

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as you see the meaning changes according to the

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position of the adjective we terminated last time

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on what is called interpolated adjectives these

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adjectives which are stated or placed in the

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sentence spontaneously okay

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We don't check at last line picture this. Sorry?

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We don't check this thing. Yes. Yes. We are going

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to explain this just now. Okay? So we have

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adjectives denoting or indicating color. These can

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be placed elsewhere in a sentence. It cannot be

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put just after size or age. The child, happy and

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excited, ran along the beach. You can say the

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happy and excited child ran along the beach. Okay?

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The child, happy and excited. This is called

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interpolated adjectives. Yeah, you can put it

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wherever you like in the sentence. Okay? For the

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sake of focus or emphasis. Startled. This is at

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the beginning. We've seen it in the middle of the

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sentence, happy and excited. Then we see it in the

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beginning of the sentence, initial position,

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startle the small yellow bird, stop singing. Okay?

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So this is called focus. We focus on the

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adjective, the quality of the bird itself.

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Yes, it is an adjective. It's past participle

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form. Tense, expectant and alert, we waited to see

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what would happen. So, we focus on the status of

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the noun or of the person. tense, expectant and

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alert. We waited. Who are tense, expectant and

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alert? This is we. Okay? So, we put them in the

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beginning of the sentence. This is called focus.

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Okay? It's for emphasis. So, you have the quality

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of moving the adjective wherever.

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available in the sentence okay just for emphasis

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or say focus okay in that sense it is called

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interpolated adjective we

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have number five so interpolated adjectives are

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number four Okay, we spoke about proper

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adjectives, spoke about attributive, predicative,

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then interpolated, and now we are speaking about

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the adjectival phrases and clauses in the

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sentence. Yes. Interpolated. Yes. We can move the

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same adjective in the same sentence in the

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beginning Yes, it depends on the meaning you need

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to convey to the listener, to the receiver.

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It's up to you to use it wherever you like. For

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example, the happy and excited child ran along the

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beach. This is normal sentence. Okay. We can say

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the child happy and excited. We speak about his

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condition, his status. We focus only on, not on

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the child, but on his condition. Okay? So this is

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called interpolated. You move it wherever you

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like, but you change the meaning. Okay? Here, we

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have a difference between a happy and excited

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child.

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And we have a difference between the happy and

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excited child and the child happy and excited.

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Okay? So the focus is on the adjective in the

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second sentence. However, the first sentence is

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normal. The focus is on the child himself.

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Startled, the focus is on the condition. Okay? The

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adjective, small yellow bird stopped singing.

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Okay? So we, the listener, now the speaker draws

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the attention of the listener on the status of the

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bird started. The next sentence, as you see, we

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can say the small yellow started bird stopped

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singing. Okay? Tense, expectant and alert. These

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are modifiers for the noun phrase or the pronoun,

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we. Okay? So they come at the beginning of the

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sentence before the subject just for focus on the

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condition of the subject. You see?

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We have adjectives, phrases and clauses number

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five as you see. The one on the desk is mine. You

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see the one, this one is mine. We speak about the

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adverbial clause. It can be preposition phrase,

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can be a noun phrase, can have different form, the

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adverbial clause or phrase. So the one on the desk

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is mine. On the desk, represents semantically an

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adjective. The chair which was placed in front of

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the window was a higher loom. Okay? So, we have

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long adjectival phrase, adjectival clause, which

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was placed in front of the window. The chair which

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was placed in front of the window was a higherwas

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an heirloom, okay? موروث يعني. Those who decide to

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come will not be disappointed. Those who decide to

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come will not be disappointed. Okay? Who decide to

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come adjectives are closed.

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We have present participle number six standing as

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an adjective. The falling star. The barking dog.

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Falling. Barking. This is present participle.

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Standing here as adjective.

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So, for the order of adjectives, we speak about

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six types of adjectives. These can be ordered in

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the sentence in this form. We start with the

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terminal. The terminals are adjectives, then size,

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shape, age, color, origin, material, qualifier.

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We have adjectives coming in the form of past

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participle. The scattered leaves. The broken drum.

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The stolen ring.

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The readable sheet.

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Okay? The readable is different. Okay? We spoke

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about stolen. This is past participle. Scattered.

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This is past participle. Okay? The read article.

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Red is an adjective, past participle, okay? But

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not readable. We have what is called dangling

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participles.

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Okay? These adjectives are used as predicative and

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attributive adjectives.

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Once used in the beginning of the sentence, I mean

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the present participle or the past participle. The

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adjectives which come in the form of present

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participle or past participle, once coming at the

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beginning of the sentence, they are called

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dangling participles. Feeling hungry, the child

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ate an apple. Disconcerted by the news, we headed

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for the nearest farmhouse. Okay?

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Here, once you say feeling hangry, what does this

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adjective modify?

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The child. And this concerted by the news, we hid

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it for the nearest farmhouse. We is the noun which

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is pre-modified by this dangling participle

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adjective.

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Okay? As we mentioned, the description in the

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order of the adjective comes before the

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classification. An old political idea. An old

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political idea. Once we say old, this is

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description. Political idea, geographical idea.

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economical idea okay these are classifications so

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the description comes before classification we

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have description classification noun as an old

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political idea not political old idea it's wrong

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to say political old idea okay It's, you have to

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start with description, then classification. The

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latest educational reform. Educational

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descriptive. Sorry, latest. Latest description.

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Educational classification. Okay? So we cannot say

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the educational latest. We have to say latest

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educational. A green wine bottle. A green, while,

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wine bottle. So green again, it is description.

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It's color, but it refers here to description.

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Wine, this is classification.

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Not of wine, sorry. It's wrong to say wine, green

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bottle. Leather dancing shoes. Leather, this is

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Description then classification dancing not

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dancing leather shoes We have opinion before

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description a wonderful a wonderful old house

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Wonderful

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old house wonderful is opinion Okay How about the

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weather today I say it's fantastic Okay? It's

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cool. It's hot. It's fine. So this is my opinion.

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Okay? So we have opinion adjectives and

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description adjectives. The opinion comes before

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the description.

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So we have words which refer to opinion like

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lovely, definite, pure, absolute, extreme,

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perfect, wonderful, silly. A lovely, cool drink. A

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lovely, this is opinion, cool description.

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So we cannot say a cool, lovely drink.

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Now, the order of descriptive words is not

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completely fixed. We have words for origin and

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material usually come last. The words referring to

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origin or material come last if you have a number

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of adjectives modifying one noun. For example,

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size, age, shape, color, origin, material. These

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are adjectives pre-modifying one noun. So we call

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them predicative or attributive. Attributive.

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Attributive. A fat old horse.

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Okay. A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.

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Sorry, boots.

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A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.

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So they are classified as size, age, shape, color,

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origin, material, which they describe one now,

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boots. Okay? You have numbers.

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The number can stand, as I mentioned previously,

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as an adjective. Okay? At that sense, it must

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precede the adjective itself. So, we have six

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large eggs. We cannot say large six eggs. The

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second big shock. You cannot say the big second

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shock. Okay? So, if you have adjectives, you

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start, always the number comes first. The first

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three days. So, we have first three days. It is

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more common than the three first days. So we start

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with cardinal or ordinal number? Cardinal.

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Cardinal number first, then ordinal number, which

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they stand, both stand as adjectives. So if you

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have two numbers, one cardinal and the second

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ordinal, then we start with cardinal numbers,

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which they appear as adjectives. Okay. My last two

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jobs.

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Now we come after explaining six types of

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adjectives in English, we come to the adjectives

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of Arabic. We've seen the order of adjectives that

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is rule-based. We have systematic classification

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for the adjectives in English. You see? So it is

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rule-based system. Yani it is bound to rules, to

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grammatical rules. You have to follow. Okay?

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English? This is English. However, in Arabic, it

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depends. There is no rule for the adjective in

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Arabic. What we have is semantic rule relying on

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the importance of the adjective. Okay? So

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according to the, I mean, the adjectives here are

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semantically and contextually ordered according to

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their importance in the sentence. He is strong and

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honest.

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So the

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most important description is القوي. Then it

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comes, Al-Ameen. So we start with the most

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important. It depends on the speaker. Okay? In

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praising,

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the adjectives start with those which denote

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ethics.

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We speak about praising. So this means that we

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have to speak about or to describe things by using

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ethical adjectives or adjectives denoting ethics.

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So we start with these ethics or these adjectives

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denoting ethics. Okay?

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The ethical adjectives also rely on their

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importance. So we either start with the first

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ethical adjective or the second, the third. It

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depends on the importance of the ethical

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adjective.

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Okay? He's a worshipper or paying, trustful and

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charitable.

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عبد مطيع صادق أمين متصدق So the most important

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adjective is worshiper عابد مدامه عابد يقول أنا

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بتوقع أنه يكون أمين يكون صادق يكون متصدق So this

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is the most important. Then we have the other

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ethical adjectives following one after another

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according to their importance. This is what

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appears in Arabic.

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So in the Holy Quran, Surah At-Tawbah,

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التائبون العابدون الحامدون السائحون الراقعون

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الساجدون الآمرون بالمعروف وانهون عن المنكر

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والحافظون لحدود الله وبشر المؤمنين how many types

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of adjectives or how many adjectives appear in

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this verse that describes only one noun we speak

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about التائبون the repentants okay We have nine

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adjectives starting with العبدون. The worship.

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Yes, we start with التائبون. Yes. Okay, this is an

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adjective. Then عبد, then حامد. Okay, then follows

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the other adjectives. Okay, so we start Now we

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have two choices for the order of adjectives in

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Arabic. If you have a number of adjectives, it

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depends on their importance. We speak about normal

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adjectives. However, if you have adjectives

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denoting ethics, manners, then we start with the

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most important characteristic. followed by the

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next important characteristic and end with the

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least important characteristic. Okay? So, we have

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what is called importance. According to the

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importance of the adjective, we classify it in the

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sentence. This is Arabic. However, in English, we

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met with specific rules as we've seen. Okay? Yes.

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You start with

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the most generic adjective, then the most

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specific. No, all of them are specific. They

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modify one noun, okay? But the most important one

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comes first. The most important for this guy is to

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be repentant first. How it could be worshipper

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without being repentant?

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These are specific adjectives

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denoting or describing one noun. All of them

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modifying one noun. They are most important. They

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are all specific. They modify the same person. But

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we just classify them according to their

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importance. So all of them are specific, not

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generic.

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It depends on the speaker. You decide. You as a

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speaker, once you describe things, you start with

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the most important thing from your own viewpoint.

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You see? So, we have the speaker himself or the

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subject himself or the doer of the action himself

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who can decide. Okay, you are free to decide what

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about the importance of the adjective or the

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modifier. However, in English, you don't have any

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rule. The language decides. We have rules to

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follow. So English is rule-based system. It is a

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rule-based system. It differs from Arabic. So once

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you translate from Arabic to English, you have to

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consider, you have to be very familiar with the

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order of adjectives. Otherwise, you commit serious

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errors resulting from Negative interference

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because you are free in Arabic. Arabic is liberal

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language. It's more liberal than English in the

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field of the adjective order, okay? So you put the

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adjective in English wherever you like and that

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sense you commit a mistake resulting from Arabic.

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So is it called interlingual error or

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interlingual? Interlingual. Okay, you see? So

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that's it for the chapter of adjectives. We now

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would like to see some questions or some

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presentations from you about teaching adjectives.