PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/TDnUSeo1_6c_postprocess.srt

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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to

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continue with futurity once again. We need to see

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futurity in English and futurity in Arabic. We

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have already spoken about future simple, future

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continuous, future perfect, future perfect

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continuous. And we've seen that these

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constructions are available in both English and

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Arabic. However, the constructions are different

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in both languages. The syntactic construction of

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future simple is different from the syntactic

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construction of future simple in English. Its

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usage is of more functions, more semantic

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functions in English rather than it in Arabic.

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However, we have Other constructions like future

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continuous, future perfect, future perfect

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continuous, they are represented in Arabic

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lexically. Okay? And grammatically. However, in

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English, we have specific rules for each

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construction. These are not verbs. They consist of

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different parts of inflections or inflection

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phrase. Future simple consists of, once I go, I

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will travel to London. okay this has some sort of

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persistence when I say I will or I say once I say

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I shall travel this is neutral open and colorless

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future okay it consists of shall travel what does

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shall refer to tense and what does travel refer to

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aspect which simple aspect okay so for future

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simple what are the semantic functions of this

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construction the semantic functions of this

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concept we have willingness yes offer

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determination or persistence, promise, request,

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and threat. Okay? Here we have different usages of

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the modal auxiliaries shell or will. In case of

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willingness, we use shell with what? With the

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second and third person. however in case of offer

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we use shall with the first and third person okay

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in case of determination we use will with all

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pronouns however in case of request okay we use

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what well okay in case of promise and threat. We

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use shell with the second and third person. So we

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have different semantic functions for the future

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simple. However, in English, in Arabic, we have

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some sort of limitations semantically. We have

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willingness in Arabic, we have requests, we have

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all these meanings, okay? But we find that Future

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simple is available once expressing willingness.

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We use سوف يرجع البضاعة. سوف يرجع. سوف, this is

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the future particle in Arabic, which refers to

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remote future or near future? Remote future. Okay.

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سوف يرجع. This is imperfect indicative form of the

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verb. Imperfect indicative form of the verb Okay

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We have inflection here personal inflection يرجع

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Okay, you know that we have four inflections in

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Arabic for person however

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in English we have bare infinitive shall travel

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okay we can say shell travels shell travel okay

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this is this is one point of difference between

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both languages in this specific field okay so it

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seems that we have future sample in Arabic but the

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Errorism mistakes are always committed in the

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other constructions, future continuous, future

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perfect, future perfect continuous, et cetera. So,

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how

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could

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you translate this into English?

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سيكون الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخمسة مساء will

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have slept will have been will be sleeping

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children will have been sleeping for two hours by

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five o'clock PM or at the evening. It refers to an

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action that started in the past, continues at a

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specific point of time. Okay. And will continues

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on later. Okay. So it will be in progress in

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future at a certain point of time.

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Okay.

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سيكونوا نائمين أو سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند

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الساعة الخامسة it is the same thing with future

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continuous future perfect continuous it refers to

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an action that will be continuous after a point of

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time in future okay in 2014 I'll have been

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teaching English for 20 years this means that I'm

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going to continue okay after 2014 for example okay

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today we are going to touch the other construction

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the other futurity constructions we spoke about

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going to we spoke about about to be to not yet

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okay so going to okay i'm going to act in your

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graduation in June, okay? You are expected to

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graduate in June, so I am going to attend your

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graduation ceremony, okay? Or celebration. Here I

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have intention, I have intention to attend, okay?

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Hoda is going to have a baby next month. Okay.

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Going to. She has a cause. Okay. She has a cause.

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She's pregnant and she will deliver according to

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the plan next month. Okay. So we say she's going

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to. She's going to have a baby next month. Okay.

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I'm going to attend your graduation party next

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June. This is my intention. Okay. I'm going to

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attend Ahmed's party tonight. We have intention to

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do that. Okay. So going to refers to intention and

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cause. It will rain soon or it's going to rain.

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What was it? It's going to rain because we have

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cloudy weather. So we have cause. Okay. So going

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to refers to cause and intention. Okay. ستمطر

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الدنيا حالا سيمطر الجو or yes ستمطر حالا ستمطر

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this is Arabic س we have the near future particle

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س plus the present imperfect indicative form of

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the verb يمطر Not amtara, yumtara. About to. We

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are about to start explaining the rest of the

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lecture about futurity. We're about to leave. We

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are about to quit. Okay, we are about to quit

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about to على وشك We have the same equivalent in

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Arabic على وشك أن أبدأ المحاضرة على وشك أن نبدأ

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المحاضرة على وشك بدء المحاضرة نحن على وشك بدء

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المحاضرة is accepted. So we have So we have على

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وشك أن نبدأ Okay this refers to imminent future

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Imminent future. Okay. Very near future. Imminent

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future. Okay. The taxi is there at the gate and we

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are about to leave. The taxi is there at the gate

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and we are about to leave. Okay. After a few

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minutes, about to leave. We have about plus the

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infinitive in English. In Arabic, نحن على وشك أن

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نمشي. أو النغادر على وشك N نغادر يعني we have على

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وشك plus mean over derived nominal or covert

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derived nominal يعني

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مصدر مؤول ولا مصدر صريح على وشك N نغادر مؤول this

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is called covert derived nominal طب نحن على وشك

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المغادرة

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Overt derived nominal okay

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We spoke about the present simple denoting future

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and present progressive denoting future as well.

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Sheikh?

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Okay. He leaves for Egypt tomorrow. She arrives by

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ten o'clock train this evening. So we have the

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present simple denoting future if we have a plan

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or program. or a timetable. We have this also

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available in Arabic. سأسافر عندما يأتي أحمد. We

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mentioned that we have the present simple just in

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the structure of adverbial clauses of time and

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condition. This is what we mentioned in the last

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lecture. Okay. سو سافر عندما يأتي أحمد. I'll

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travel when Ahmed comes. When Ahmed comes. Don't

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say when Ahmed came or will come. It's wrong. Once

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Ahmed comes. Okay. What do you say if I stay here

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for another two hours? What do you say if I stay?

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What will you say if I stay? So the conditional

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clause also contains the present simple which

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refers to future action.

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We have present continuous as well. which refers

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to an action that has been planned for the future.

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I'm traveling by seven o'clock flight to Egypt

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this evening. I'm taking the children to the

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seashore tomorrow evening.

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Okay, so we have plan or timetable program. Okay,

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we have this in Arabic. أنا قادم لزيارتكم اليوم.

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أنا قادم. What do you say about قادم? This is

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nominal subject. اسم الفاعل. Okay.

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We mentioned going to, I'm going to. So we have

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there to be M is R plus going to infinitive. Okay.

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She's going to get married. We have cause. Okay.

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There is an engagement that is followed by

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marriage. Julie is going to have a baby. So we

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have causes. I'm going to attend Ahmed's party.

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This is intention. Okay.

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Be about to. The taxi is there at the gate and we

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are about to leave. About to. So you have about,

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verb to be, about, then the infinitive. Okay? It

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refers to an action or construction that will be

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fulfilled, an action that will be fulfilled in the

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near future.

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We have equivalence of be about to, this is

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alawashak, as we mentioned. Okay.

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على وشك أن يأتي أحمد. على وشك أن يأتي. So we have

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على وشك plus covert derived nominal.

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Okay. We have B2. B plus infinitive.

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This construction shows command and arrangement.

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We are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. So we

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arranged this meeting or we arranged this action.

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So we are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. We

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are to be ready by nine o'clock. We arranged that,

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okay? You are to be ready by nine o'clock. You are

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to be ready by nine o'clock. This is command.

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Okay.

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Just in translation, we say, for example, once we

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say for example, Hind is to marry soon or to get

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married soon. Hind is to get married soon. Okay.

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ستتزوج هند قريبا. So we have the near future

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particle س plus the imperfect indicative form.

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This means that we don't have equivalent for ب

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infinitive in Arabic. Going to and ب to are the

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same. We use س plus the imperfect indicative form

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of the verb.

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ساحضر حفلة التخرج اليوم مساء I planned for that

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okay, so we have س plus the imperfect indicative

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form of the verb Once I translate this into

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English What do I use? Be to or go to No, no. We

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have intention here.

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So if you have intention, this means going to. If

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there be cause for the action that will happen in

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future, this is going to. Okay. If there'll be

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command or arrangement, we use be to. It depends

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on the meaning of the sentence. So the difference

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between them is only semantic difference. Okay.

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According to this meaning, you can configure or

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choose what to use, either going to or B2, or

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about to, which refers to imminent future.

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About to, yes. We don't

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have equivalence for B2 or going to in Arabic,

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okay? This is future continuous.

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The same construction of future continuous.

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However, about to has lexical equivalence. We have

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على وشك. We don't have, yes.

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Now we need to see Future in the past. Planned

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actions which were not fulfilled in the past. I

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arranged to see you yesterday, but I could not.

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How could I express that? I was to travel

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yesterday, but I didn't. Okay?

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I arranged to come to the university for teaching

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you another lecture yesterday, but I could not

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come. So how could I express this in future

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constructions? Okay, we have the same

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constructions. For example, he was later to regret

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his bad behavior. Was to, meaning be to. But

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instead of using SMR we use was, it refers to the

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past. I made the needed maintenance to my car so

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that it would pass the safety inspection. He had

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it because he knew that he was going to be late. I

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was about to miss the train. I was meeting him at

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the Islamic University of Gaza the next day. Now

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we need to translate these into Arabic. So I

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wonder if you could manage to translate them into

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Arabic here or not. They all refer to future in

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the past, actions which did not happen, which were

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planned to happen, but did not happen. Okay. So

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you are given only three minutes for translation.

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He was later to regret his bad behavior. Yes.

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كان عليه أن يندم على سلوكي السيء. Did he regret?

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No. Okay. I made the needed maintenance to my car

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so that it would pass the safety inspection.

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لقد؟ لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد

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لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لك لقد أجريت

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التصليحات الصيانة اللازمة لسيارتي لكي تجتاز امتحان

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السلامة الأمنية okay does it happen or not it

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doesn't happen okay يعني the action does not

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happen okay it was expected to happen but it was

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cancelled Okay, so you can paraphrase this

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sentence at the end. It's called

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paraphrasing in translation. He hurried because he

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knew that he was going to be late.

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Yes.

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He hurried.

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I was about to miss the train. Yes? Did I miss it?

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No. Okay. I was meeting him at the Islamic

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University of Gaza the next day. Yes.

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Okay.

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Okay.

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But that did not happen. So we speak about actions

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that were to happen, but not happened. Okay. So we

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use the same constructions, but in the past.

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We have them, we have their equivalence in Arabic,

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but lexically. كان عليا أن أقابله. Okay? So we

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don't have equivalence for B2 and Gong2 as we

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mentioned, but we have على وشك. Okay? And كان عليا

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أن أقابله. I was meeting him at the Islamic

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University of Gaza the next day.

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He hurried because

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he knew that he was going to be late. This means

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that he was not late. He reached his Yes, he

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reached his place or his He reached his work or

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whatever just on time Okay, he reached his

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destination on time Fine

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Now we have future and the past as you see in

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Arabic The

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future and the past is always preceded by or

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sometimes preceded by Hamza a the morpheme Hamza

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كان على زيدا كان نعم

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sorry

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كان على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى كان

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على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى okay

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it was for zayd to attend if agreed you or not

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agreed you and it was for zayd to attend if you

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agreed or not Okay. This is called

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transliteration. Once you translate a sentence

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from Arabic to English, you have to write the

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sentence, the original sentence in Arabic using

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English alphabet. Then you write transliteration

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word by word. Then you translate the sentence.

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Okay.

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What do you understand from this? Does the action

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happen? No.

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What refers to the past?

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It refers to an action that was to happen in the

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past.

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My father or dad recommended me to do good all

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over my life.

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Now, we have the exemplative قد which refers to an

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action that is expected. Its construction is in

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the past, but it refers to future. قد قامت الصلاة

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قد قامت الصلاة The prayer is to be performed.

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The action as you see, the form of the sentence is

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in the past. However, its meaning refers to

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imminent future, imminent future.

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استجيبوا لله والرسول إذا دعاكم لما يحييكم

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Surah Al-Anfal, verse 24 from the Holy Quran. Give

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your

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response to Allah and his messenger when he calls

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you to that which will give you life.

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What do you call da'a? What do you call it? Past

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or future? It is past, but it refers to the past,

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present and future. This construction is only

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available in Arabic, but not in other languages.

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Okay?

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We can say, كاد زيد أن يأتي. How could you

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translate this? كاد زيد أن يأتي.

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زيد was about to come.

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كاد أو كان زيد على وشك أن يأتي. زيد was about to

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come. Okay.

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So both are translated by about two.