PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/SOlLbIAz1Dk.srt

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Today we are going to speak about the prepositions

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of English and Arabic. This is a very tricky subject 

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since

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English has 150 prepositions,

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150 prepositions, while Arabic has only 20

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prepositions, six of them are widely used. So 

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there is no equivalence between the prepositions 

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of English and the prepositions of Arabic. The 

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meaning is conveyed straightforwardly in Arabic by 

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using only one preposition. However, the same 

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meaning can be conveyed in a number of

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prepositions in English. So this causes confusion 

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and makes our students, I mean the Arab students, 

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to commit serious errors in using prepositions. 

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Most of them are interlingual errors. They result

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from Arabic. The preposition of English has

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semantic function and syntactic function. Semantic

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function means it gives a meaning. It refers to

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place, time, a position, manner, etc. 

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Syntactically, it refers to case assignment. 

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The case I mean nominative, accusative, and

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genitive case. Mainly the genitive case and the

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dative case are assigned by prepositions in a

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certain places in a language. So we have, for 

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example, John gave Mary a book. John gave a book 

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to Mary. To Mary, Mary, John here is a subject

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assigned nominative case, while book is direct

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object assigned accusative case and to Mary, Mary

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is prepositional object assigned dative case. The 

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dative case is equivalent to accusative case, 

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fatha, but it is assigned by the preposition, the

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dative preposition too. At the same time, we have

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our other prepositions assigned genitive case, 

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completely like Arabic, kasra. So we have He 

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arrived in London. This means he dominantly lives 

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or stays in London. He arrives in London is 

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different from he arrives at London. Okay? At 

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London means transitional arrival. However, in

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London means dominant stay 

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in London. Okay, here he arrived in London or at 

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London, the prepositional noun London is assigned 

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genitive case by the prepositions at or in. Most 

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of the prepositions assign genitive case except

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the dative preposition to, which assigns dative

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case, which is equivalent to accusative case. 

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Okay. Semantically, we see that the prepositions 

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are of different semantic functions. We have 

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prepositions of time. So we have in, at, on,

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after, before, etc. Now in is related to, it

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precedes months, years, seasons, and parts of the 

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day. So we have in months, we say in July, in 

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September. For years, we say in 1985, 1999.

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Seasons, we say in summer, in the summer of 1969,

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for example. We say in the morning, in the

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afternoon, in the evening. But if you speak about 

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very, very specific time, we use at. I say at

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noon, at dawn, at sunset. I mean the moment which

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refers to the existence of dawn, noon, or sunset. 

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However, if you speak about long duration, you say

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in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

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Okay? Also durations we see in, I say in a minute, 

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in two weeks, in an hour, in a day, in a month, in

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15 days. This is duration. However, at refers to

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part of the day, as in we say at night, at six o

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'clock, at midnight. We speak about time, not

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duration. Also, we refer to celebrations by using 

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at. At Christmas, at Easter, at Ramadan feast, 

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etc.

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If you speak about fixed phrases, we use also at.

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So we say at the same time, not in the same time, 

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at the same time. 

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On refers to the days. Days of the week take on.

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Dates of the days also take on. I say on Sunday,

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on Friday, on 25th of December. The date and days 

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of the week receive on. Special holidays, we say 

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on Good Friday, on Easter Sunday, on my birthday.

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We mean the day. Okay? If you speak about special, 

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very special part of the day, I say on the morning 

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of September. So this is specific, not generic. 

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Okay? on the morning of September. We see in the

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morning. Which morning? In the afternoon. In the 

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evening. This is generic. However, speaking 

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specifically about one special morning becomes on.

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Okay, you see? On the morning of September the 

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11th. After refers also to time. I say, after

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something happened, later than something happened, 

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after school,

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after lecture, 

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after arrival, after the accident. It refers to 

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something happening after another thing. Pay 

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attention, please. 

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Ago. Ago refers to the past. Okay? So it comes 

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after time. Okay? It refers to how far something 

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happened in the past. Six years ago. Five days

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ago. Three hours ago. An hour ago. It refers to 

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past. Past simple. Before, it's the opposite of 

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after, but it refers to something that happened

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earlier than some other things. I say before 

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Christmas, before Ramadan feast, before Al-Adha

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Eid or feast, okay? Between, it refers also to

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separate two points. I say between Monday and

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Friday. So this is a duration of time between.

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We can use also by referring to time as well. So 

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we say not later than a special time by Thursday. 

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By Thursday. Okay, they are going to finish the

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project or they will have the project finished by 

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the end of April by the end of April Okay, not 

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later than a special time. Yeah, not not later 

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than the end of April Okay During

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So it refers to progressive action. Action will

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happen during a period of time, through the whole 

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period of time. We say, for example, during the

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holidays, most of us have picnics to the seashore. 

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Okay? 

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During the holidays. For, it refers also to the 

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period of time. for three weeks. This is duration.

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I stay in Gaza for six months. I have stayed in 

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Gaza for six months. I have stayed in Gaza for 

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five months. I have stayed in Gaza since last

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April. So for refers to duration. While since 

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refers to time. Okay. They are the key 

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prepositions used with present perfect Okay, 

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so I stay I have stayed for three weeks. From to

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from till until, these are our prepositions which 

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are mainly used to refer to time. Two points from

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a period, from Monday to Wednesday, for example.

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From two. From Monday till Wednesday. Two is 

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equivalent to till. From Monday until Wednesday.

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Two till until. They are of the same meaning. They 

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refer to two points from one period to another.

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From Monday to Wednesday. 

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Okay. Past. Past as a preposition. It refers to 

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time of the day. Twenty-three minutes past six.

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Okay. Half past six. Okay. So it refers to time, 

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the clock time. Okay. Since refers to point, not

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duration. Specific point. Okay. Point of time. I 

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say since Monday. I haven't seen them since they

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traveled to London. I haven't seen him since he 

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traveled to Egypt. The time he traveled. The point 

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of time he traveled. So this is referred to by 

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using since. Okay.

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Till and until also refer to time. I say till

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tomorrow, until tomorrow, the same thing.

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Too, it also refers to time of the day. Okay. So 

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we have twenty three minutes to six. Okay. Here we 

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have to and past. Past refers to after, and to 

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refers to before, okay. Up to and not more than 

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special time, up to six hours a day. Within. It's

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during a period of time, within a day. I will 

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finish the project within a day, within two days,

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within a month, within a year.

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These are the propositions of time. So we speak

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about different propositions, mainly in, on, at,

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for, since, after, before, till, until, ago, past, 

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to, up to, within, between, during. Okay.

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These refer to time. Okay. Now, if you translate

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them into Arabic, We speak about nearly 20

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prepositions, but if they are translated into Arabic, 

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they can be referred to by using Fi, one, or Men,

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two prepositions only versus 20 prepositions in

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English. So this faces or this makes difficulty 

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for your students to translate. And you yourself

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commit serious errors in translation, in the use

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of prepositions. Which to use? Which to use? On or 

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in or at?

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Between, for example, or among? So it's quite 

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difficult. You have to understand these

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prepositions, their semantic function, their

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lexical function, their syntactic function very 

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perfectly. Okay? And you have to use them 

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contextually. We have the prepositions of place 

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and direction.

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I traveled from Rafah to Gaza. أسكن في غزة من إلى

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في Okay, this refers to place in Arabic, however, in 

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English we have lots of Prepositions, as you see,

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let's see. We sit in the room now. We are in the 

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room. Okay, the laptop is on the table. Okay

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Here we have the 

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duster is under the table, on the table, okay? Now 

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it's on the board, on the board, okay? If I put it 

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overhead, it's at top of or in top of, sorry, in top 

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of, okay, so we have lots of prepositions of place

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in English, however in Arabic, you have at most

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three prepositions. This makes is this makes

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confusion and lead your students to commit serious 

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interlingual errors, not intralingual, 

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interlingual errors. And also we have intralingual

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errors committed in using prepositions. We sit in 

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the room. I see a house in the picture. You have 

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the picture containing lots of things, including a 

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house. So I see a house in the picture. There are

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trout in the river. He lives in Paris. I

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door. Look at the top of the page. The car stands

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at the end of the street. Can we meet at the

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corner of the street? I met John at a party. Pat

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wasn't at home yesterday. I study economics at

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university. So we study at the Islamic University

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of Gaza. We can't say we study in the Islamic

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University of Gaza. At the Islamic University of

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Gaza. Okay? It refers to your dominant study

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in this institution. It is aspectual

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meaning. It refers to aspectual meaning, not

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concrete meaning. So I say in the class, we are

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sitting in the class, okay? We are studying in the

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class. All the time we study in this class, the

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whole semester long. You understand?

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So we study at the class or at the university the

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whole semester long. We currently are studying

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comparative linguistics in the class. We speak

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about now a moment, okay? Specific place. Look at

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the top of the page. The car stands at the end of

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the street. I'm a Joan at a party. I study

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economics at university. The children are at

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grandmother's house. If you ask me about my

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children, I say to you that they are staying at

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home. Okay. So we speak about them. They are in

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Khan Yunus and we are now in Gaza. Okay. But if

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you ask me about them while I am at home, I say

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they are in the home. Okay. He always arrives late

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at school. At school. This is for learning. You

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see, I say at school. The map lies on the desk. So

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in translating the meaning of Fi, we met with lots

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of prepositions, mainly in and at. Now, on.

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So the map lies on the desk. The picture is on

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page 10. The photo hangs on the wall. He lives on

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a farm. Dresden lies on the river. Okay, on. On

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also refers to, as you see, on place. We spoke

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about in. I live in Gaza. She lives in London. You

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see?

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I'd like to refer to islands. So what prepositions

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could I use in places like islands? She lives in

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or on Cyprus? On Cyprus. Or are all islands take

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on? She lives on Cyprus. Okay. But I live in Gaza.

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Okay On a farm We speak about a specific place

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surrounded by fence. It's like the island Okay, so

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once you speak we speak about on referring to

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fields specific areas open areas it refers to

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islands. So regarding place, we say we live in

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Cyprus, sorry on Cyprus, but in Gaza, in London,

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etc. He lives on a farm. Dressed in lies on the

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river Elbe. Men's clothes are on the second floor.

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On, not in. He lives on Heligoland. Heligoland.

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The shop is on the left. My friend is on the way

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to Moscow. Okay? Write this information on the

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front of the letter. When she was a little girl,

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people saw a realistic cowboy film on television.

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On. Still, we have other propositions referring to

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a place. Okay. So you have above, across, after,

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against, along, among, around, behind, below,

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beside, between. Okay. We spoke about in, on, and

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now we have, we spoke about at yes, now we have

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above.

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So above refers to higher than something. The

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picture hangs above my bed.

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Above. The fan is above us. The ceiling is above

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00:27:25,540 --> 00:27:32,400
us. Above. You have a space between two objects.

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Okay?

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00:27:36,090 --> 00:27:41,890
across from one side to the other side. You must

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00:27:41,890 --> 00:27:46,610
not go across this road here. There isn't a bridge

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across the river. Across.

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00:27:51,970 --> 00:27:55,370
Okay, once you cross one point to another point,

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00:27:55,510 --> 00:27:59,170
you use once you pass one point to another point,

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you use across. After.

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00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:09,800
One follows the other. The cat ran after the dog.

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Chased the dog. Okay? After you. Against. This

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means directed towards something. The bird flew

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against the window.

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Directed towards something. The bird flew against

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the window. Along. In line with. From one point to

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another. They are walking along the beach. They

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are walking along the beach. Along the river.

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Along the

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university. Along the university walls.

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Among. I like being among people. So between,

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between, it refers to two people. However, among

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refers to plural.

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00:29:11,930 --> 00:29:17,010
Around, this is circular way. Circular way refers

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to circle. We are sitting around the campfire. The

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students circled around the teacher.

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Behind, at the back of. Our house is behind the

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supermarket. Behind the supermarket. Below, lower

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than something. This valley is 86 meters below the

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sea level.

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Jericho is below the sea level.

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Beside means next to our house is beside the

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supermarket Between and between two things By

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00:30:12,750 --> 00:30:17,590
means near he lives in the house by the river and

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he close to the river Okay close to also means

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00:30:22,930 --> 00:30:26,770
near our house is close to the supermarket and

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Down, he came down the hill. Up, he came up the

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stairs. From this place where it starts, the train

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or the bus came from Rafah to Gaza.

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Do you come from Tokyo? Where are you from? I'm

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from Palestine.

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In front of. Our house is in front of the

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supermarket. Inside. You shouldn't stay inside the

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00:31:11,530 --> 00:31:16,350
castle. Into. She came into the room. This means

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to the sudden coming of someone. She came into the

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room. You shouldn't go into the castle. Okay? Near

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00:31:28,420 --> 00:31:31,300
this is close to also our house is near the

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00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,880
supermarket next to our house is next to the

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supermarket We live in the next door Okay off and

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00:31:40,860 --> 00:31:45,360
away from something the cat jumped off the roof

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00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:51,200
Onto moving to a place the cat jumped onto the

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roof opposite On the other side, our house is

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opposite the supermarket. The cat jumped out of

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00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:04,960
the window. This is leaving something.

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00:32:07,820 --> 00:32:15,740
We have outside. Can you wait outside? It is the

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00:32:15,740 --> 00:32:21,750
opposite of inside. Over. this is above something

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00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:27,890
the cat jumped over the wall over the wall okay

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00:32:27,890 --> 00:32:31,410
jumped over the wall so there is no space once you

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00:32:31,410 --> 00:32:35,490
have a space it is above once there'll be no space

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or very specific space then becomes also over past

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go past the post office go near the post office

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Round, of course, circle. We are sitting around

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00:32:50,970 --> 00:32:56,490
the campfire. Through, you shouldn't walk through

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00:32:56,490 --> 00:33:02,650
the forest. عبر يعني. To refers to the verbs of

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00:33:02,650 --> 00:33:06,730
motion. Where do you have motion, حركة, you use

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00:33:06,730 --> 00:33:10,650
to. I like going to Australia. Can you come to me?

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00:33:11,480 --> 00:33:16,560
I've never been to Africa. Travel is motion. I go

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00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:21,540
to school every day. He came to London for the

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first time. Two. Towards. We ran towards the

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castle. This is the direction of something. Under

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is the opposite of up. The cat is under the table.

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He went up the hill. Okay?

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00:33:46,420 --> 00:33:55,640
Now semantically, prepositions of English have

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a meaning and this syntactically refers to some

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00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:06,520
syntactic function. So the preposition is a word

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00:34:06,520 --> 00:34:11,340
that is used to connect noun and noun. structure

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00:34:11,340 --> 00:34:14,520
to another structure in the sentence, I mean

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00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:20,940
syntactically. The girl is in the garden. The

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prepositional object can be Pronoun can be a

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pronoun, can be adjective, can be adverb, can be a

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00:34:31,990 --> 00:34:35,650
clause, can be a gerund. The girl is in the

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00:34:35,650 --> 00:34:40,170
garden. Ahmed is behind me. This is pronoun. He is

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00:34:40,170 --> 00:34:48,250
clever at tennis. Clever at. Adjective. Okay. An

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00:34:48,250 --> 00:34:52,910
adverb. He ran too quickly for his years. I don't

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00:34:52,910 --> 00:34:57,470
know. I don't care for what you are saying. What

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00:34:57,470 --> 00:35:01,870
you are saying. I don't care for what you are

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00:35:01,870 --> 00:35:04,930
saying. What you are saying is a close. We thought

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00:35:04,930 --> 00:35:08,310
about giving a present. Giving a present is a

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00:35:08,310 --> 00:35:08,670
gerund.

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Now we have The preposition can be used for making

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00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:25,800
phrasal verbs. Take after, get at, run out of, for

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00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:32,620
example. Come into, come in, come out. These are

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00:35:32,620 --> 00:35:37,380
phrasal verbs. They are also used for making

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00:35:37,380 --> 00:35:43,100
idiomatic adjectives like grateful to, angry with.

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00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:50,600
We have also prepositional phrases like the

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00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,100
soldier fought with great bravery with great

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00:35:54,100 --> 00:35:58,080
bravery Prepositional phrases the man or the men

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00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:03,080
The man in the brown coat is my friend in the

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00:36:03,080 --> 00:36:10,260
brown coat prepositional phrase Okay however in

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00:36:10,260 --> 00:36:14,340
Arabic The preposition is a kind of conjunction

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00:36:14,340 --> 00:36:18,220
that can connect two parts of the sentence with

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00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:24,740
each other. So they convey a syntactic relation

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00:36:24,740 --> 00:36:31,260
between noun and verb. This is in Arabic. So we

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00:36:31,260 --> 00:36:36,360
have وقع الكتاب من أحمد. وقع الكتاب من أحمد. This

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00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:40,720
is transitive or intransitive verb. intransitive

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00:36:40,720 --> 00:36:47,180
أخذت الكتابة من علي جلست على البسات وصلت في ساعة 

390
00:36:47,180 --> 00:36:52,240
كتبت بالقلم all of these sentences are

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00:36:52,240 --> 00:36:58,420
intransitive they contain intransitive there also

392
00:36:58,420 --> 00:37:03,520
we have derivational derivations

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00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:07,550
and their phrases In case of having derivation and

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00:37:07,550 --> 00:37:12,610
their phrases, we have the preposition. In, ana

395
00:37:12,610 --> 00:37:18,610
katibun bilqalam. Katib, this is derived. This is

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00:37:18,610 --> 00:37:22,410
nominal subject. Ism fa'al. Ana katibun bilqalam.

397
00:37:22,910 --> 00:37:26,550
Alqalamu maktubun bihi. Katib maktub. What do you

398
00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:30,670
call this? These are called derivations. You still

399
00:37:30,670 --> 00:37:31,810
recall morphology.

400
00:37:53,150 --> 00:37:58,770
These are derivations. We use the preposition ب

401
00:37:58,770 --> 00:38:01,670
which is equivalent to في.

402
00:38:04,820 --> 00:38:10,680
we have also abstract meaning or abstract semantic

403
00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:18,320
function for the prepositions okay لَيْسَ زَيْدٌ

404
00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:23,600
قَائِمٌ حقًا so the meaning is purely abstract

405
00:38:29,410 --> 00:38:32,930
Mostly the preposition as we the preposition in

406
00:38:32,930 --> 00:38:38,150
English Depends on the noun following it. I say on

407
00:38:38,150 --> 00:38:48,550
Sunday in July in winter on the island in London

408
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:54,360
at school so it depends on the prepositional noun

409
00:38:54,360 --> 00:39:01,100
or the I mean the post noun say that the we have

410
00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:05,540
preposition phrase so the modifier of the of of

411
00:39:05,540 --> 00:39:09,100
the preposition decides the use of this

412
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:12,580
preposition which preposition we could use it

413
00:39:12,580 --> 00:39:16,740
depends on the modifier following it okay on the

414
00:39:16,740 --> 00:39:21,000
noun following it You see? So this is the

4