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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู† ูˆุตู„ูŠ
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ูˆุณู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุจูŠู†ุง ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุฑุญู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุจู†ุงุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
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ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุฃุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุณุนุฉ ููŠ
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงู‚ุŒ ุดูŠุกุŒ ูˆุฃุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนุฒ ูˆุฌู„ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุฏ
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ุฃุชู…ู…ุชู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุงุน ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง
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ูˆุชู„ุฎูŠุตู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู†ูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุนูƒู…ุŒ ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู…
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุนู…ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุน ู…ุตูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ meet ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุฌูŠุจ
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ุชุณุฃู„ูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ.
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ุณูˆู ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุงุณู…ู‡ุง
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antimicrobial agentsุŒ anti ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุถุฏุŒ microbial ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ micro organismsุŒ ูˆ agents ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„
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ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุถุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆุถุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
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ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณู…ูŠู†.
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ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุฅู„ู‰ Antibiotics ูˆ ChemotherapeuticsุŒ ุฃูŠู‡
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ุดู…ุนุงุช antibiotic ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„
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Antimicrobial ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„
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antibiotic ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูุธ
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ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ not surely
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present ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู…ุง ุฏูŠ
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ุฅุตู„ุงุญู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู…ุซู„ุงุŒ ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุฅูุฑุงุฒุงุช ูุทุฑูŠุฉ
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ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุฌู…ุนูˆู‡ุง ูˆ Alexander Fleming ุณู†ุฉ 1927
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ุทู„ุน ุฃูˆู„ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู„ู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ penicillin ูุฌุฃุฉ.
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antibioticุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ antibiotics ุจูŠุตู†ุนู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†
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naturally present ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ูˆุจุชุดุชุบู„
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชุŒ antimicrobial agents ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุณุจุญุงู† ุงู„ู„ู‡
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ุฒูŠ ุณู… ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจ ุถุฏ ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง ูุทุฑูŠุงุช ุชูุฑุฒ
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุถุฏ ู…ุซู„ุง ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุจุชู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง.
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ุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆุตุงุฑ ูŠุนุทูŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
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ูˆุตุงุฑ Antibiotic ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ can
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destroy ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠู‚ุชู„ ุฃูˆ inhibit the growth ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ูŠู…ู†ุน ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ู€ micro organismsุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
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ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุชุฑุงุณูŠูƒู„ูŠู†
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ุฅุฑูŠุซุฑูˆู…ุงูŠุณูŠู†ุŒ ูู„ูˆูƒุณุงุณูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณุชุฑุจุชูˆู…ุงูŠุณูŠู† ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช
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ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุณุชุฑุจุชูˆู…ุงูŠุณูŠู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ.
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ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ chemotherapeutic ู„ุฃุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุญุถุฑ ููŠ
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ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู…ู† ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
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Chemotherapeutic ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ุทูŠุจ ู‡ูŠ
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chemicals ู…ูˆุงุฏ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ produced artificially ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ุตู†ุงุนูŠุงุŒ ูˆู„ู‡ ุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชุŒ ุชู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุฒูŠ
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ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู€ sulfa ูƒู„ ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู€ sulfa ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุตู†ุงุนูŠุฉ
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ูˆantimicrobial ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ู€ sulfa ุฅุญู†ุง
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ู…ุตู†ุนูŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ ู†ุงู„ูŠุฏูƒุณูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ุขู‡ุŒ ุจุณ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ู€ sulfa ูˆู†ุงู„ูŠุฏูƒุณูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ู… ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุนู…ูˆู…ุง ุณูˆุงุก ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู€ micro organisms ุฃูˆ
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ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนุงูŠุดุฉ ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง
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ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุฆุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
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ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุฅุญู†ุง ู†ุนุทูŠ ุงู„ู€ sulfa ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‚ุชู„ ู„ู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆ ู‚ุชู„ ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
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ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ู‡ู†ุง
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ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุฎุชุงุฑ ุงู„ู€ Chemotherapy ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ุถุฑุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ Selective
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toxicity ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุณู…ูŠุฉ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช
55
00:04:34,450 --> 00:04:42,410
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุŒ Harmless ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ
56
00:04:42,410 --> 00:04:46,970
ุถุงุฑุฉ ุจุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ุฆุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู„ูƒู†
57
00:04:46,970 --> 00:04:51,570
ู†ุณุจุชู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ุชุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู…ุงู† ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€
58
00:04:51,570 --> 00:04:57,070
antibiotics ูˆุงู„ู€ chemotherapistsุŒ ุงู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู€
59
00:04:57,070 --> 00:05:03,570
antimicrobialุŒ ุญุงุจูŠู† ู†ู‚ุณู…ู‡ุง ู‚ุณู…ูŠู†ุŒ ู‚ุณู… ูˆุงุณุน ุงู„ุทูŠู
60
00:05:03,570 --> 00:05:08,770
broad spectrumุŒ ูˆู‚ุณู… ุถูŠู‚ ุงู„ุทูŠูุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู†
61
00:05:08,770 --> 00:05:15,590
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุฑูŠุถ ูˆูˆุงุณุนุŒ ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุฑูˆ ุถูŠู‚ุŒ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„
62
00:05:15,590 --> 00:05:19,570
ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€
63
00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:23,310
antibiotics ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ gram positiveุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุงู‡
64
00:05:23,310 --> 00:05:28,310
ููŠ ุตุจุบุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ gram negative ู…ุน ุจุนุถุŒ ู…ุซู„ุง
65
00:05:28,310 --> 00:05:34,710
ูู„ูˆุฑูˆูƒูŠู†ูˆู„ูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุดุชุบู„ ุชู…ุงู…
66
00:05:34,710 --> 00:05:38,510
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ ุฃู†ุจุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ูู„ูˆูƒุณุงุณูŠู† ุฌุฑูŠู…ุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช
67
00:05:38,510 --> 00:05:42,310
ูู„ูˆูƒุณุงุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูู„ูˆุฑุงุŒ ูˆูƒูˆู„ูˆู„ูˆู†ุฒุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ others ู‡ุฏูˆู„
68
00:05:42,310 --> 00:05:47,910
ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ูˆุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู…ุชุงุฒุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆุณุน
69
00:05:47,910 --> 00:05:52,010
ุทูŠุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุณูˆุงุก positive ุฃูˆ negativeุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑูˆ ู„ุฃ
70
00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,690
ุงู„ู†ุงุฑูˆ ูŠุง positive ูŠุง negativeุŒ ู…ุดุชุบู„ุด ุนู„ู‰ positive
71
00:05:55,690 --> 00:05:59,760
ูˆ negative ู…ุน ุจุนุถุŒ ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุณู…ูˆู‡ุง ู†ุงุฑูˆุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑูˆ ู…ุซู„ุง
72
00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:06,740
ุชุดุชุบู„ุŒ ุฅุฑูŠุซุฑูˆู…ูŠุณูŠู† ุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฑุงู… positiveุŒ ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†
73
00:06:06,740 --> 00:06:11,360
ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฑุงู… positiveุŒ ุงู„ุฑูŠุฏูƒุณูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุชุงู…ูŠุณูŠู† ู…ุซู„ุง
74
00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:15,800
ุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฑุงู… negativeุŒ ู„ุงุญุธูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุง positive
75
00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:21,280
ูŠุง negative ุขู‡ุŒ ู…ุงููŠุด positive ู…ุน negative ุฒูŠ ู‡ู†ุง
76
00:06:21,280 --> 00:06:25,900
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุฌุฑุงู… positive ูˆุฌุฑุงู… negative ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุนุดุงู†
77
00:06:25,900 --> 00:06:31,580
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏุŒ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุนุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุฌุฑุนุฉ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู†
78
00:06:31,580 --> 00:06:34,960
ุญุงู„ุชู‡ ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุฑุฆูˆูŠ ุฃูˆูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ู…ุถุทุฑูŠู† ุฃู† ู†ุนุทูŠู‡
79
00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:40,440
broad spectrumุŒ ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุฒู„ุฉ ุจุฑุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุถุนูŠูุฉ
80
00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:47,220
ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ narrow spectrumุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ effects of
81
00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:50,660
antibiotics on bacterial populationุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู…ุถุงุฏ
82
00:06:50,660 --> 00:06:56,440
ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ู„ู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŸ ูˆุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุฅู…ุง
83
00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:06,180
cidal effect ู‚ุงุชู„ุŒ ุณูŠุฏู„ ู‚ุงุชู„ุŒ ุฃูˆ static ูŠุนู†ูŠ static
84
00:07:06,180 --> 00:07:14,620
ู…ูุซุจุท ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูุฌู…ุฏุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง staticุŒ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
85
00:07:14,620 --> 00:07:18,620
staticุŒ antibiotics can kill ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ kill ูŠุนู†ูŠ
86
00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:22,120
ุชู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุชูˆู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ concentration
87
00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:26,430
concentration of antibiotic ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุŒ ูƒู„
88
00:07:26,430 --> 00:07:33,310
ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ุชู„ุงุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฃู‚ู„
89
00:07:33,310 --> 00:07:39,650
ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฃู‚ู„ ู‚ุชู„ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง
90
00:07:39,650 --> 00:07:48,650
ุฑุฌู„ ูˆุฒู†ู‡ 80 ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌุฑุนุฉ ุทูู„ ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ ุชูƒูˆู† aesthetic
91
00:07:52,650 --> 00:07:57,750
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุตู ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฑุจุน ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู„ูˆ
92
00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:02,990
ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุทูู„ ุฌุฑุนุฉ ุฑุฌู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† cidal ูˆุชูƒูˆู†
93
00:08:02,990 --> 00:08:07,750
overdose ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญุชู‰ ููŠู‡ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุงู„ู€
94
00:08:07,750 --> 00:08:14,050
bacteriostaticุŒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ can inhibit
95
00:08:14,050 --> 00:08:17,930
the growth and multiplication of bacteria ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูŠ
96
00:08:17,930 --> 00:08:27,480
ุจุณ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชู…ู†ุน ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุชู‚ุชู„ู‡ุง.
97
00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:33,600
ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตุงุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูˆุณุชุงุชูŠูƒุŒ ูˆู‚ูุช
98
00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:40,020
ู„ุง ุชู†ู…ูˆ ูˆู„ุง ุชุชูƒุงุซุฑุŒ ุชูŠุฌูŠ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู…
99
00:08:40,020 --> 00:08:47,540
immunity of the body ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ุชูƒุชู…ู„ ุงู„ู€
100
00:08:47,540 --> 00:08:52,240
destruction ุชู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุดุงุจ
101
00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:56,020
ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณุฉุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง static ูŠูƒููŠ.
102
00:08:56,020 --> 00:09:00,640
ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนุฌูˆุฒ ุฃูˆ ุทูู„ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุจุฏู‡ bactericidal ุจุฏู‡
103
00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:05,920
bactericidalุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู†
104
00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:12,980
ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ูˆุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ.
105
00:09:12,980 --> 00:09:20,620
ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ bactericidal antibiotic ูŠุนุทูŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง
106
00:09:20,620 --> 00:09:26,380
bactericide ูŠุนุทูŠู‡ุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุณุคุงู„ุŒ ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„
107
00:09:26,380 --> 00:09:32,040
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŸ mechanism of action
108
00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,300
of antibioticุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุฃู†ุง
109
00:09:35,300 --> 00:09:39,700
ุนุงุฑูู‡ุง ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† cell wall ูˆ
110
00:09:39,700 --> 00:09:43,260
cytoplasmic membrane.
111
00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:54,280
ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูƒุจุณูˆู„ุฉุŒ ุฃูˆู„
112
00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:58,060
ุดูŠุกุŒ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
113
00:09:58,060 --> 00:10:00,960
destruction of cell wallุŒ ู„ู‡ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฑู‚ู… ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
114
00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:08,780
Destruction of cell wallุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ุŸ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„
115
00:10:08,780 --> 00:10:09,680
ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ cell wall ู‡ุฐุง
116
00:10:13,170 --> 00:10:17,730
ุจูŠุญู…ูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุฅู† ุชู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฒู…ูˆุฒูŠูƒุง pressure
117
00:10:17,730 --> 00:10:20,330
relative to the surrounding mediaุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ cell
118
00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:25,730
wall ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุณุงู…ุฉ ูˆุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
119
00:10:25,730 --> 00:10:31,430
ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุถุบุท ุฃุฒู…ูˆุฒูŠ ุนุงู„ูŠ ุจุญูŠุซ ุฃู†
120
00:10:31,430 --> 00:10:34,470
ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุชูˆุงุฒู† ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุฎุงุฑุฌ
121
00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:39,690
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ูุงู†ูƒูˆู…ุงูŠุณูŠู† ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†
122
00:10:39,690 --> 00:10:46,220
ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ ุจูŠุญุทู… ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู€ cell wall
123
00:10:46,220 --> 00:10:50,800
ูˆูŠู…ู†ุน ุชูƒูˆูŠู†ู‡ ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุชู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ.
124
00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:54,340
ุงู„ู€ cell ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
125
00:10:54,340 --> 00:10:54,780
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
126
00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:54,920
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
127
00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:55,160
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
128
00:10:55,160 --> 00:11:00,660
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
129
00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:05,260
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
130
00:11:05,260 --> 00:11:09,030
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุณูŠู†ุŒ ุณูŠูุงู„ูˆุณุจูˆุฑูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ
131
00:11:09,030 --> 00:11:13,850
ุจุงู†ูƒูˆู…ุงูŠุณูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃุณู…ุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชูƒูˆู†
132
00:11:13,850 --> 00:11:17,670
ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ุจุชุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ cell wall ูˆ
133
00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:21,250
ุจุชุถุฑู‘ู‡ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ pressure
134
00:11:21,250 --> 00:11:27,450
ุจุชุงุนู‡ุง ุจูŠุฎุชู„ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุชูุฎ ูˆ ุจุชู…ูˆุชุŒ ุทูŠุจ ููŠ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช
135
00:11:27,450 --> 00:11:32,050
ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ Inhibition of cytoplasmic membrane
136
00:11:32,050 --> 00:11:35,990
function ุชู…ู†ุน ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasmic membrane ุงู„ู„ูŠ
137
00:11:35,990 --> 00:11:40,630
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasm ูˆุนู„ู‰
138
00:11:40,630 --> 00:11:47,750
ุงู„ู†ูˆุงู‚ู„ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุชูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุจุชู…ุฒู‘ู‚ู‡ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
139
00:11:47,750 --> 00:11:53,750
ุจุชุนู…ู„ Escape of ions ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasm ูˆุงู„ู€
140
00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:58,950
macromoleculesุŒ ุฏุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ ribosomes ุชุทู„ุน ุจุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง
141
00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:03,070
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ damage ุฃูˆ death damage ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู„ู ุฃูˆ ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ
142
00:12:03,070 --> 00:12:09,700
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠูŠู†
143
00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:14,700
ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€cytoplasmic membrane ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช
144
00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:18,120
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุถุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠ ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ
145
00:12:18,120 --> 00:12:22,880
ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง polymyxins polymyxin ู‡ูŠ ุฏู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰
146
00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:28,040
ุงู„ู€cytoplasmic membrane ูˆุงู„ุฌุฑุงู… ู†ูŠุฌุงุชูŠู ู„ู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
147
00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:33,440
ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฏูˆุจู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ุฒู‘ู‚ ุงู„ู€ lipid bilayer
148
00:12:33,440 --> 00:12:37,580
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุบุดุงุก ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุบุดุงุก ุทุจู‚ุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ cytoplasm
149
00:12:37,580 --> 00:12:40,740
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ brain ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชุทู„ุน ุงู„ ribosomes ูˆ
150
00:12:40,740 --> 00:12:43,840
ุงู„cytoplasm ุจุฑุง ูˆ ุจุชู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู„ุฐุง ุงู„
151
00:12:43,840 --> 00:12:46,660
polymyxin ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ gram negative
152
00:12:46,660 --> 00:12:51,660
ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจูŠุฃุซุฑ ุฅูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„cytoplasm ููŠ ุงู„ brain ุงู„
153
00:12:51,660 --> 00:12:56,440
polyene ู„ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุทุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุถุงุฏ ูุทุฑูŠ ูˆู‡ุฐุง
154
00:12:56,440 --> 00:13:01,600
ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„cytoplasm ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ูุทุฑ ุงู„ูู†ุฌุณ ู…ุงุดูŠ ุจุชุงุน
155
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:06,680
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงุณุชูŠุฑู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ brain ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ูู†ุฌุณ ุขุฎุฑ
156
00:13:06,680 --> 00:13:13,200
ุดูˆูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุงุณุชูŠุฑูˆู„ ูˆุจุฏูˆุจู‡ุง ูุจู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ
157
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:16,660
ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠู…ูŠูƒุณูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุณ ูˆุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠ ุฅูŠู„ูŠู†
158
00:13:16,660 --> 00:13:20,700
ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูู†ุฌุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุทุฑ ุจุณ ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง
159
00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:24,170
ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠู…ูŠูƒุณูŠู† ู„ู„ูุชุฑ ู…ุด ุชุดุชุบู„ุด ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠ
160
00:13:24,170 --> 00:13:27,930
ุฅูŠู„ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ุด ุชุฏู…ุด ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡
161
00:13:27,930 --> 00:13:32,630
ุงุณู…ู‡ุง selective toxicity selective toxicity ูŠุนู†ูŠ
162
00:13:32,630 --> 00:13:40,490
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุณู…ูŠุฉ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ู…ุถุงุฏ ู„ู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
163
00:13:40,490 --> 00:13:45,910
ูˆู…ุถุงุฏ ู„ู„ูุทุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุถุงุฏ ู„ู„ูุทุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู…ู† ุงู„
164
00:13:45,910 --> 00:13:51,460
antibiotics ูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ribosomes ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู†ูุณูŠ ู†ูู‡ู…
165
00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:58,560
ุฃู† ุฑุฌู„ู‡ู… ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ set of plasma ุญุจู„ ูˆููŠู‡ ูˆุญุฏุงุช ู…ู†
166
00:13:58,560 --> 00:14:04,180
ุงู„ amino acids ุงู„ amino acids ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
167
00:14:04,180 --> 00:14:13,220
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู€ 100 ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู€ 100 ููŠ ุซุจุช ุฃู†
168
00:14:13,220 --> 00:14:20,960
ุจุนุถ ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑู‚ู… 30 ููŠู‡ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„
169
00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:25,680
ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ 50 ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู†ุดุชุบู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ 30 ูŠุนู†ูŠ
170
00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:32,000
ุจูŠุฌูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุญุจู„
171
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:40,300
ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู† ูˆุฃุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ ribosomes ู…ุชู‚ุทุน ู…ุด ู…ุชุตู„ ูˆ
172
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:47,700
ุฅุฌุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ 50 ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู€ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ 6 ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู€ 50 ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
173
00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:49,260
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
174
00:14:49,260 --> 00:14:49,440
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
175
00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:49,520
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
176
00:14:49,520 --> 00:14:49,860
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
177
00:14:49,860 --> 00:14:51,120
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
178
00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:51,600
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
179
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:52,080
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
180
00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:59,140
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
181
00:14:59,140 --> 00:15:01,830
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ amino
182
00:15:01,830 --> 00:15:10,770
glycosides ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฌู†ุชุงู…ูŠุณูŠู† ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชูˆุจุฑุงู…ูŠุณูŠู† ู‡ุฐูˆู„ุง
183
00:15:10,770 --> 00:15:15,450
ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงุณู…ู‡ู… amino glycosides ู‡ุฐูˆู„ุง ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰
184
00:15:15,450 --> 00:15:22,230
ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 S sub unit ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ 30 S ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
185
00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:26,870
ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุงู„ ribosome ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตู†ุน ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุชุทู„ุน
186
00:15:26,870 --> 00:15:33,450
abnormal Non-functional proteins ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ
187
00:15:33,450 --> 00:15:40,870
ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†
188
00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:48,320
ูŠุคุฏูŠ ู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
189
00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:52,160
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ aminoglycoside ุจุชุงุนุฉ ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ุง ุนู†
190
00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:56,340
ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุญู‚ู† ุงู„ุนุถู„ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ู†
191
00:15:56,340 --> 00:16:00,720
ุงู„ุนุถู„ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏูŠ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุถุฏ ุฌุฑุงู… negative ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
192
00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:05,640
ุถุฏ ุฌุฑุงู… negative ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุทูŠ ุงู„
193
00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:09,940
aminoglycoside ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ ูˆูŠูƒูˆู†
194
00:16:09,940 --> 00:16:15,720
ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุฌุฑุงู… negative ูุฃู†ุง ุจู‚ุชู„ ุงู„
195
00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:21,620
ribosomes ููŠ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 ุทูŠุจ ููŠ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡
196
00:16:21,620 --> 00:16:26,760
tetracycline ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุงู‹ ุงุณู…ู‡ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุณุงูŠูƒู„ูŠู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐุง
197
00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:30,600
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 S ูˆุจุฑุถู‡ ุจูŠุทู„ุน ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†
198
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:35,260
ุฒุงุฆู ูˆ ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฎุณุฑ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจูŠู‚ุชู„ gram
199
00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:39,420
negative ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠุฑุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠุฑุง gram
200
00:16:39,420 --> 00:16:43,600
negative ูˆุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุณูŠู„ุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุงุฎุฏ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ูŠ
201
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:48,200
gram negative ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุงูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ of aminoglycosides ูˆ
202
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:52,520
ุงู„ู€ tetracyclines ุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„
203
00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:58,640
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุญู„ู‚ุงุช ู…ู†
204
00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:05,200
ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง amino acids ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุงูŠ ู…ุซุงู„
205
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:11,380
ู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆูƒูŠู ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ amino glycosides
206
00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:17,790
ุงุดุชุบู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 ู‡ู†ุง ุญุทู…ุช ููŠ
207
00:17:17,790 --> 00:17:21,670
ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑุงู…ููŠู†ูŠูƒูˆู„ ุงุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 50
208
00:17:21,670 --> 00:17:29,510
50 S ุญุทู…ู‡ุง ูˆุทู„ุน ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุฒุงุฆู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
209
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:33,890
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุงุชุช ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆุฑูˆู…
210
00:17:33,890 --> 00:17:39,860
ููŠู†ูŠูƒูˆู„ ุงุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ุงุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ 50 S sub unit ูŠุนู†ูŠ
211
00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:42,740
ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ ุฑู‚ู… 50 ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ูŠูƒุณุฑู‡ุง
212
00:17:42,740 --> 00:17:45,920
ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุจูˆุณูˆู…ุฒ
213
00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:51,280
ูŠุทู„ุน ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฒุงุฆูุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ
214
00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:55,980
ุงู„ู€typhoid bacilli ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฑุงู… ู†ูŠุฌุงุชูŠู ุฌุฑุงู… ู†ูŠุฌุงุชูŠู
215
00:17:55,980 --> 00:18:01,220
ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰
216
00:18:01,220 --> 00:18:05,020
ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูˆุณูˆู…ุฒ ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุดูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠุดุชุบู„
217
00:18:05,020 --> 00:18:09,610
ููŠ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 30 ูˆุฃุดูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ 50 ุขุฎุฑ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู…
218
00:18:09,610 --> 00:18:14,510
ุฃูˆ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„
219
00:18:14,510 --> 00:18:21,930
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ DNA ูˆRNA DNA ุฏูŠูˆูƒุณูŠ ุฑุงูŠุจูˆู†ูŠูƒู„ูŠูƒ
220
00:18:21,930 --> 00:18:28,000
ุฃุณูŠุฏ ูˆุฑูŠุจูˆ ู†ูŠูƒู„ูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„
221
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:33,460
rifampicin ูˆ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ ciprofloxacin ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู„ูุง ุงู„
222
00:18:33,460 --> 00:18:38,240
trimethoprim ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฏุงุฒูˆู„ ุจู‡ู…ุด ุงู„ุฃุณู…ุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู†
223
00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:42,820
ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุจุณ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ู„ุจ
224
00:18:42,820 --> 00:18:48,100
ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุฃูˆุฌุฒ ู‡ุงูŠ
225
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:52,180
ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุฃู†ุง ุฌุจุช ู„ูƒู… ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ
226
00:18:52,180 --> 00:18:55,520
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ cell wall ุฅุฐุง
227
00:18:55,520 --> 00:19:01,700
ุฃูุจุชู cell wall ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ
228
00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:05,720
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ cytoplasmic membrane ู„ุงุฒุฑู‚ ู‡ู†ุง
229
00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:09,340
cytoplasmic membrane ุจุชุฐูˆุจ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasmic
230
00:19:09,340 --> 00:19:12,360
membrane ูˆุงู„ู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุงุช ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุชุทู„ุน ุจุฑุง ูˆ ุจุชู…ูˆุช
231
00:19:12,360 --> 00:19:17,720
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
232
00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:24,220
ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ ribosomes ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ 30 sub
233
00:19:24,220 --> 00:19:31,140
unit ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ 30 sub unit ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ 30
234
00:19:31,140 --> 00:19:35,500
ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ 50 sub unit ุงู„ู„ูŠ
235
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:42,020
ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ 50 sub unit ุงู„ ribosomes ูˆุงูŠ ุงุณู…ู‡ู…
236
00:19:42,020 --> 00:19:51,060
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ RNA
237
00:19:53,260 --> 00:19:57,260
ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ DNA ุฏูŠูˆูƒุณูŠ ุฑุงูŠุจูˆู†
238
00:19:57,260 --> 00:20:03,820
ูŠูˆูƒู„ูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏ ุฏูŠูˆูƒุณูŠ ุฑุงูŠุจูˆู†ูŠูƒู„ูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏ ูˆู†ูˆุจูŠูˆุณูŠู† ูู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจุชุดุชุบู„
239
00:20:03,820 --> 00:20:12,160
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ RNA RNA ุฒูŠ ุฑุงู…ูู†ุจูŠู† ูˆุฒูŠ ุฃูƒุชูŠู†ูˆู…ูŠุณูŠู† ุชุดุชุบู„
240
00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:16,960
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ RNA ุจุชุญุทู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุฑุงูŠุจูˆู†ูˆูƒู„ูŠูƒ ุฃุณูŠุฏ
241
00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:21,220
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุชู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ูƒูŠู
242
00:20:21,220 --> 00:20:28,680
ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
243
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:32,300
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุขู† ุจุณ ู‡ุชูƒู„ู… ููŠ ุขุฎุฑ
244
00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:39,140
slide ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุชุณุชุณู„ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูˆู„ุง
245
00:20:39,140 --> 00:20:45,220
ู„ู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดุบู„ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุจู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู…ุน ุฃู†ู‡ุง
246
00:20:45,220 --> 00:20:52,840
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู„ุงู‚ูŠ resistance to antimicrobial agents ูŠุนู†ูŠ
247
00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:57,480
resistance from ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู„ู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช
248
00:20:57,480 --> 00:21:02,500
ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ุฃู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู€pathogenic
249
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,740
ุฃูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุจุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ pathogenic ุงู„ู…ุณุจุจ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุฒุงุฏุช
250
00:21:07,740 --> 00:21:11,500
ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
251
00:21:12,290 --> 00:21:18,110
ุฃุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุตุฏูŠู‡ ู„ู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ
252
00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:21,230
ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุชุนุทูŠู‡ ู„ู„ุทูู„ ูƒุฃู†ูƒ
253
00:21:21,230 --> 00:21:24,710
ู…ุง ุจุชุนุทูŠู‡ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏ
254
00:21:24,710 --> 00:21:29,510
ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุทู„ุนุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถูŠุฉ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงุณู…ู‡
255
00:21:29,510 --> 00:21:34,530
Penicillinase enzyme Penicillinase enzyme ู‡ุฐุง ุจููƒูƒ
256
00:21:34,530 --> 00:21:42,790
ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูˆุจูŠุฎู„ูŠู‡ ูŠุตุจุญ ุนุฏูŠู… ุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ุง ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ูˆุญุชู‰ ู„ู€
257
00:21:42,790 --> 00:21:46,310
Chloramphenicol ุทู„ุนุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ Acetylase
258
00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:51,470
ุฃูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ูˆุตุงุฑ ู‡ุฐุง useless ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุฏูŠู… ุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ
259
00:21:51,470 --> 00:21:56,050
ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅูุฑุงุฒุงุช ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช
260
00:21:56,050 --> 00:21:59,430
ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ
261
00:21:59,430 --> 00:22:04,650
ุจุชุฑูˆุญ ู‡ูŠ ุชูุฑุฒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู…ุนูŠู† ูŠุญู„ู„ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูˆูŠุฌุนู„ู‡
262
00:22:04,650 --> 00:22:08,650
ู„ุง ูุงูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุถุฑุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠู‡ ู†ูˆุน
263
00:22:08,650 --> 00:22:12,070
ุงุณู…ู‡ cross resistance cross resistance ุจู‚ูˆู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
264
00:22:12,070 --> 00:22:17,690
ุจู„ุบุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก ุจุญูŠุซ ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู…ู„ุช
265
00:22:17,690 --> 00:22:22,390
ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู„ antibiotic ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡
266
00:22:23,010 --> 00:22:28,030
ุชู…ุชุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ antibiotic ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ููŠ
267
00:22:28,030 --> 00:22:32,430
ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูุตูŠู„ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุจู† ุนู…ู‡
268
00:22:32,430 --> 00:22:38,970
ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ูƒูŠูู„ูŠูƒุณ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนุงู…ู„
269
00:22:38,970 --> 00:22:44,810
ู„ู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูŠุนู…ู„ ู„ูƒูŠูู„ูŠูƒุณ ูƒู…ุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุจุณ
270
00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:49,730
ู‡ูˆ ุงุจู† ุนู…ู‡ ูƒู…ุงู† ุจูŠุตุจุญ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง to antibiotic which
271
00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:55,570
they have not been exposed ู„ุณู‡ ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ูˆุด ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…
272
00:22:55,570 --> 00:23:00,290
it is usually found among antibiotics which are
273
00:23:00,290 --> 00:23:03,770
closely related chemically to tetracycline and
274
00:23:03,770 --> 00:23:08,790
erythromycin ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ
275
00:23:09,490 --> 00:23:15,330
ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ูˆ ุงูƒุชุดูุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูˆู„ูˆ ุจุนุฏ
276
00:23:15,330 --> 00:23:20,770
ูุชุฑุฉ ุณู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนุทู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒุณุฑู‡ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู‡
277
00:23:20,770 --> 00:23:28,570
ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุชูˆู‚ู
278
00:23:28,570 --> 00:23:35,410
ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ slide ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู†ูƒู…ู„
279
00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:43,620
ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ
280
00:23:43,620 --> 00:23:51,320
ุจุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุนุฏ ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ quiz ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชูƒู„ู…ุชูƒู… ุนู†ู‡ ูˆ
281
00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,480
ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุฃู†ุง ุจุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุณ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†
282
00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:58,100
ุณู‡ุฑ ุฑุจู†ุง ุฃู†ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุณ ุจุถุจุท ุจู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู… ูˆ ุจุฃูƒุฏ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆ
283
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:00,040
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‚ุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆ ุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡