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ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุณูˆู ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู‚ุตุฉ ุชุงุฑูŠ ูˆุงู† ุชุงุฑูŠ
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ูˆุงู† ุชุงุฑูŠ ูˆุงู† ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ู‚ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุชู†ู‚ู„ ูˆุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ูˆู„ูƒู†
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุณูˆู ู†ุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ูู‡ู… ู…ุตุทู„ุญ
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุช ูˆู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุงุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุช
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ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุชู†ู‚ู„ ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌุŸ
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this is the compression force ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุบุท
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ูƒูˆูŠุณ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ุจู†ูุฎ
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูˆ get crushed ุงู„ compression ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„
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crushing ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุทุจู‚ ุงู„ุดุบู„ tension ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนุงูŠุด
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ุจู†ุนู…ู„ bowling ุดุฏ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู‡ุงู†ุŸ to get thinner
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this
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is called bending ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠุŸ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููˆู‚ุŸ
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ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู‡ู†ุง compression ูˆ ุชุญุช ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุฅูŠุดุŸ stretching
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง .. ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ
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compression ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุญุช ุจูŠุญุตู„
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ููŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ stretching ุชู…ุบุท
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุขู† ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง Torsion force ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูˆูŠ
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twisting an object ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠู„ู ููŠู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„
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object ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ ู‡ุชู„ุงุญุธูŠู‡ุง ุจุนุถ
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ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู‡ุชุตูŠุฑ ุถุนูŠูุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุญุตู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‡ุง
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ุจุชู†ูƒุณุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุชุงู„ุช ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ Shear force shear
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force ู‚ูˆุชูŠู† ุฌุงูŠุงุช ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ุด ู…ุชุนุงู…ุฏุงุช ุฌุงู†ุจ ุจุนุถูˆ
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ููˆู‚ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ .. ู‡ุงุฐ ุงูŠุด ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู†ู‡
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ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู†ูƒุณุฑ Now
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we gonna go into details
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type of forces and deformation type of failures
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then we gonna do couple of exercises now we have
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non technical words technical words adjectives and
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the meaning of them stretching ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุด ุดุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู†ุง ุฃูŠุด technical tension/Tensile stress
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the objective it will extend in length ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุทูˆู„
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ุชุจุญู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุณูˆูŠ ุจูŠู‡ุง ุจุงุฒุฏุงุฏ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณูƒ
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ุงู„ู…ุบูŠุทุฉ ูˆุงุณุญุจูŠู‡ุง ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ุชุจุญู‡ุง ุฒุงุฏ
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squashing ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ not ุบุทุฎุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจู† .. ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุจู‚ูˆู„
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ุจู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุฒุบุฑ ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง high squash/compression
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compressive stress it will compress ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ get
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shorter ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชู‚ุตุฑ ุจู†ู‚ุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ bending ุงู„ non
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technical ุงู„ technical bending/bending stress it
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will bend we can also say it will deflect or ุชู„ุนู†
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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู‡ุงูŠ deflect or flex deflect ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ุฃ ุจุช
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.. ุจุช .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุชุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„
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ุงู„ู…ุนุงูƒุณุฉ ู‡ูŠ flex beams usually sag ุฅูŠุด sagุŸ ุชู†ุฒู„
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ู„ุชุญุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุช ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุญุงุฌุฉ ูˆุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุŒ ุฅูŠุด
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ู‡ุชู„ุงุญุธ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠุชูŠ ุญุจู„ุŒ ุฃุจุณุท ุดูŠุกุŒ ุดุฏุชูŠู‡ุŒ ุฅูŠุด
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ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุตุŸ ู…ุด ุฎุท ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู…ุŒ ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต
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ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ุฃูˆุทุฉ ูˆู„ูˆ ุจู…ู„ูŠู…ุชุฑุงุช ุนู† ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ
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ููŠ ูุนู„ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุจุชุฃุซุฑ ููŠู‡ ูุจุชู†ุฒู„ู‡ุŒ ูุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุฅูŠุด
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ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ SagุŒ ุงู„ู€ voltage ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ู„ู…ุง ุชุฌูŠุณูŠู‡ ููŠ
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ุงู„ุจูŠุช ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุช ุจุนูŠุฏ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Trans ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
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ุงู„ู€ 220 ู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุฅูŠุดุŸ Sag ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู†ุฒู„ุช
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deflecting downwards in some cases deflection on
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the flexure is upward the beam hugs ุงู„ beam
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ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ hugs ู„ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ deflection upward
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ scissoring ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุตุŒ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุต ุจูŠุนู…ู„
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ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุญุงุฌุชูŠู†ุŒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุชุทู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุชุญุชุŒ ุจุชุถุบุท ู„ููˆู‚ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ุจุชุถุบุท ู„ุฅูŠุดุŸ ู„ุชุญุชุŒ ุงู„ุชู†ุชูŠู† ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุต
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ู…ุด ู…ุชุนู…ุฏุงู† ุฌู† ุจุนุถุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง share or
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sharing ูˆ Shear stress it will deform very little
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failing suddenly ูุฌุฃุฉ ุชู†ู‚ุทุน twisting ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู„ูู‡ุง
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ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง torsion/torque ุงูˆ Torsional stress it will
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twist ุจุชู„ู ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ูˆู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‰
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ู‡ุงุฏู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุดูุชูˆู‡ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู‡ุงุฏู‰ ุจู†ุดุฏ ููŠู‡
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ู‡ู†ุง ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ุถุบุท ู‡ู†ุง ุจู†ุนู…ู„ bending ู‡ู†ุง ุจู†ุนู…ู„ torsion
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ุจู†ู„ู ููŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง shear ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ููˆู‚ ูˆ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุชุญุช
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Bending compromises two opposite stresses, tension
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and compression. This is shown in the diagram of
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a simply supported beam ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจูŠุณู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ top ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ bottom ุงู„ู€ top ุนู†ุฏูŠ
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compression stress ูˆ ุงู„ bottom tensile stress ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู‡ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุดุฏ ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุถุบุท ุฎุท ุงู„ู†ุต ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ neutral
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axis ู…ุงููŠุด ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃูŠ stress ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุนุฏุฏ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุณูู„
73
00:06:26,660 --> 00:06:30,880
ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ููŠ ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
74
00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:34,020
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
75
00:06:34,020 --> 00:06:34,040
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
76
00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:36,340
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
77
00:06:36,340 --> 00:06:37,020
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
78
00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:37,600
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
79
00:06:37,600 --> 00:06:41,120
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
80
00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:41,200
ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน ุงู„ู…ุฏูุน
81
00:06:52,730 --> 00:06:57,730
ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ู†ุง and progressively decreasing to zero at a
82
00:06:57,730 --> 00:07:01,610
neutral zone ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
83
00:07:01,610 --> 00:07:05,230
ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุชุนุฏุฏ and an imaginary line along the center of
84
00:07:05,230 --> 00:07:09,190
the beam which is free from stress ู…ุงููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ุฃูŠ
85
00:07:09,190 --> 00:07:14,050
ุถุบุท types of failure ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุนุฏุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูุดู„
86
00:07:14,050 --> 00:07:17,270
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูุดู„ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ultimate failure of a
87
00:07:17,270 --> 00:07:20,150
component or structure member depends on the type
88
00:07:20,150 --> 00:07:25,040
of force intention it will fracture ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ
89
00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:30,420
fractureุŸ ุจุชู†ูƒุณุฑ ุฃูˆ ุจุชู†ู‚ุทุน ู„ูˆ ุดุฏูŠุช ุฃุญู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง
90
00:07:30,420 --> 00:07:34,920
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุต ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุชุฑูุน ู„ุญุฏ
91
00:07:34,920 --> 00:07:38,920
ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฅูŠุด ุจุชู‚ุทุน ู„ูˆ ุดุฏูŠุชู‡ ู…ุบูŠุทุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ
92
00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:43,800
ู‡ุชู†ู‚ุทุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุต ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ in compression if it's
93
00:07:43,800 --> 00:07:47,900
a stick it will crush or squash ู„ูˆ ุงู†ุช ุชุนู…ู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด
94
00:07:47,900 --> 00:07:53,760
ุจุฏู‡ุง ุชุชุทุจู‚ ุตุญุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ crush ู„ู…ุง ุงู†ุช ุชุนู…ู„ crush
95
00:07:53,760 --> 00:08:01,320
ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุจุช .. ุจุชุนุตุฑูŠู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงูŠูˆู‡ if it's slender
96
00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:07,380
ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ slenderุŸ ุดุทุฑุงุช ู„ุงุฒู… ููŠู‡ุง slender ุจุชุจู‚ู‰
97
00:08:07,380 --> 00:08:11,320
ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ูˆ ุฑููŠุนุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุช ุฏุงูŠู…ุง slender
98
00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:16,190
girl ุจูŠุญูƒูˆู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุฑููŠุนุฉ ูุจุฏูƒูˆุง ุชุญูุธูˆู‡ู„ูˆ ุญุฏ
99
00:08:16,190 --> 00:08:19,610
ูŠุชูƒู„ู… ุนู†ูƒู… ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุชูƒู„ู… ู slender
100
00:08:19,610 --> 00:08:24,110
ุทูˆูŠู„ ูˆุฑููŠุน it will buckle/bend out of shape ุฅูŠุด
101
00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:28,550
ุจุชุชุณุงูˆูŠ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ู„ู…ุง ุชุณุงูˆูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ู„ูˆ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ
102
00:08:28,550 --> 00:08:32,730
ูˆุฑููŠุนุฉ ูˆ ุจุชุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑุŸ ู…ุด ุจุชูƒุณุฑุŒ ุจุชู†ุทุฌ
103
00:08:32,730 --> 00:08:37,510
ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุชู†ุทุฌ ูˆ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ buckle
104
00:08:37,510 --> 00:08:41,990
buckle ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชู†ุทุฌ ูˆ ุจุชูŠุฌูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ููŠ
105
00:08:41,990 --> 00:08:48,360
ุงู„ู†ุต ุฌุงูŠุฉ ุฌุฑุจูŠู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ in bending it will fracture
106
00:08:48,360 --> 00:08:54,240
ุฅูŠุด ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณูˆูŠ ุงู„ fractureุŸ ุชุดุฌู‚ ุชุดุฌู‚ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุฅูŠุด
107
00:08:54,240 --> 00:09:00,480
ุจุชุณูˆูŠุŸ ุชุญุณูŠ .. ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุชุดู‚ู‚ุงุช ุงู„ fracture in the
108
00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:03,220
side .. in the side of the component which is in
109
00:09:03,220 --> 00:09:06,900
tension or crush on the side which is in
110
00:09:06,900 --> 00:09:10,500
compression ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ุช ุนู…ู„ุชูŠู‡ุงุŒ ุถุบุทูŠุŒ ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุดุฌู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
111
00:09:10,500 --> 00:09:14,200
ุงู„ู…ุถุบูˆุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุชุญุช ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุดุฌู‚ ุงู„ุดุฌู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููˆู‚ ุฅูŠุด
112
00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:18,790
ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ุจุชุญุณ ุฅู† ููŠู‡ ุถุบุท ุตุงุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุชู†ุนุตุฑ ุฃูˆ
113
00:09:18,790 --> 00:09:23,430
ุชุชุฌู…ุน ุฌุงู†ุจ ุจุนุถุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููˆู‚ ุฌุฑุจุช
114
00:09:23,430 --> 00:09:27,870
ู„ุจุนุถ ูˆุตุงุฑุช ุฎู…ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุญุช ููŠู‡ ุชุดู‚ู‚ุงุช ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
115
00:09:27,870 --> 00:09:32,650
ุนู†ุฏูŠ or fail due to the compression of both ุงูˆ
116
00:09:32,650 --> 00:09:38,630
ุจุชูุดู„ ูƒูƒู„ู‡ุง and shear if it will shear or break in
117
00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,790
to shear forces ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุจุชุณูˆูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุณุฑ
118
00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:47,970
and torsion it will fracture or shear ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
119
00:09:47,970 --> 00:09:53,390
ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุงู†ูƒุณุฑุช ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ when vertical members
120
00:09:53,390 --> 00:09:59,370
can no longer resist a load they either crush or
121
00:09:59,850 --> 00:10:04,070
buckle ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุจุช ุญุงุฌุฉ ุนู…ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ุฃุดูˆู ุฃู†ู‡
122
00:10:04,070 --> 00:10:08,230
ู…ุงุจุชู‚ุฏุฑุด ุชุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง
123
00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:14,930
ุจุชู„ุชูˆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุจุชู†ุทุฌ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ
124
00:10:14,930 --> 00:10:19,630
ุชุทุจูŠู‚ crush ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ุชุชุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ุฅูŠุด
125
00:10:19,630 --> 00:10:23,510
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุณู„ูƒ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ู‡ุŸ ุจู†ุชู† ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ
126
00:10:23,510 --> 00:10:28,300
ุดุงูŠูุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ุง buckle ุชู†ุชู†ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„
127
00:10:28,300 --> 00:10:31,340
slender ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุชุงู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุช ุจุชุถุบุท ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุชุฑูˆุญ
128
00:10:31,340 --> 00:10:38,120
ุชู†ุชู†ูŠ ุฃูŠูˆุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„
129
00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:42,120
buckling ุงู„ุขู†
130
00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:46,880
ุงู„ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† .. ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ุช ุฎุจุฑุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู‡
131
00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:54,720
ุญุฏุง ููŠูƒูˆุง ุงุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุจู†ุช downward ุฅูŠุด
132
00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:58,360
ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ voltage ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ ู„ู…ุง
133
00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:04,220
ู†ู†ุฒู„ ุฅูŠุด ูƒู„ู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ sag ูุฃู†ุช ู„ู…ุง ุชู†ุฒู„ ู‡ุงูŠ
134
00:11:04,220 --> 00:11:10,220
ุงู„ุญุจู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุดุฏู‡ ู„ู…ุง ู†ู†ุฒู„ ู„ุชุญุช ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ sag ูู‡ุฐุง
135
00:11:10,220 --> 00:11:17,320
ุจู†ุญุท ูƒู„ู…ุฉ sag ุทูŠุจ
136
00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:20,120
a twisting force ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ
137
00:11:29,340 --> 00:11:35,200
take a force without a breaking ู„ุฃ
138
00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:42,360
ู„ุฃู† ุฃู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ุงุถุบุท ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู†ูƒุณุฑุช
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ู‡ุฐู‡ resist ุชู‚ุงูˆู… resistance ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุฃุฎุฐุชู‡ุง ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุงู„ู€
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Resistance ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู…ุฑุช ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุจุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุง ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก
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ูˆู…ุฑุช ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุจุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ Palestinian
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Resistance ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ูู€ Resist
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูƒ Increase
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in length due to tension ู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู…ู„ increase ุฃู†ุง
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ุจุณุญุจ ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ expand ู‡ูŠ stretch ุงู‡ ุจุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ
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ู‚ุงู„ increase in length ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ increase ุฅูŠุด
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ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง expansion ู expand
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ุฏู‡ ุชุทู„ุน ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุงุนุฏ ุจุนู…ู„ ุจูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุฏุง long
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and thin likely ุฅูŠุด slender ุฃูŠูˆุฉ
150
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ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุจุชุญูุธูˆู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ู…ุด ู‡ุชู†ุณูˆู‡ุง ุนุดุงู†
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ู‡ูŠ ุญูƒูŠุชู„ูƒ ุฅูŠู‡ุง ุนุดุงู† ุฅูŠุด ุชู„ุฒู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ memory
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scissoring force ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ shear ุฅูŠุด
153
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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ stress ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ุฒุฌุช
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ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ ูุงู„ุชู…ุฑูŠู† ุจูŠุตุญุตุญู†ุง ู„ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู†ุฌูŠ ู„ู„ูŠ ุจุนุฏู‡
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ุงู„ุขู† what we need the question below which was
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posted on a form ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ formุŸ ุฃู†ุชูˆ ุดุงุทุฑูŠู† ุฃูŠูˆุฉ
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ู…ู„ุชู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ุชูˆ ุจุชุทู„ุนูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ net ุงู„ู…ู„ุชู‚ูŠุงุช
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on a construction website contains a mistake about
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technical fact can you find the mistake look at
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ I was under the impression that concrete
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and steel parts were used together in reinforced
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concrete ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ I was under the
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impression ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ ุฃู†ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ุจุฏู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ู†ุงุฎุฏ
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ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุญุฑููŠุฉุŒ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ู‚ูˆู„ุŸ ุฃู†ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ under the
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impression ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠ ูู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ุช ุจุฏูƒ
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ุชุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ุด ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ under the impression
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ุฃู† ุฃู†ุง ุชุญุช ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏุŒ ู„ุฃ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠ
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that concrete and steel ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฎุฑุณุงู†ุฉ were used
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together ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ู…ุน ุจุนุถ in reinforce concrete ููŠ
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ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ุญ because concrete is good at
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resisting compression ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ concrete
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ุจู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุถุบุท while ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ and poor at
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resisting its tension ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุทูˆู† ู„ูˆ ุดุฏุชู‡ ุจูŠุฌุนุจ
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ุจุณ ู„ูˆ ุถุบุทู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจูŠุธู„ูˆุง ุจู‚ุงูˆู… whereas ุงู„ steel is
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strong in tension ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู„ู…ุง ุฃุณุญุจู‡ ุฌูˆูŠ ุจุชุญู…ู„ ูุงุญู†ุง
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ุงู„ุชู…ุชูŠู† ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุจู‚ุงูˆู… ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ bending force I also
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taught that the steel always went at the bottom of
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the reinforced concrete beam ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุจู‚ุงู‡ู…ุŒ ุฃู†ุง
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ุจุนุฑู ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏูŠ hand ููŠ ุงู„ุณุทุญุŒ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ุŸ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏูŠ tension ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ compressionุŒ ุตุญุŸ
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ูุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ concrete ููˆู‚ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุชุญุชุŒ ูู‡ูˆ
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ always went at the bottom of a
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RC reinforced beam because that's the part that's
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in tension whereas the top of the beam is free
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from stress ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุงููŠุด ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุถุบุท But if
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that's the case when you see reinforcements being
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fixed in the big RCB why are there bars both at
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the bottom and the topุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูŠุด ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง
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ุจุดูˆูู‡ู… ููˆู‚ ู„ูŠุด ุนู†ุฏู‡ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ููˆู‚ ูˆุญุฏูŠุฏ ุชุญุชุŸ ุฅูŠุด
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ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ุนู†ุฏูŠุŸ
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ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏูŠ because that's the part in tension ูˆูŠู†
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ part ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู†ู‡ุŸ
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I thought that the steel always went at the bottom
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of the .. because that's the part in tension
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whereas the top of the beam is free from stress
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ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญุŸ ุงู„ู€ top ุฅูŠุด ู…ุด free ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุฅูŠุด compression
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ู…ุธุจูˆุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง if the .. but if that
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the case when you see the reinforcements being
200
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forced in .. fixed in big RCBM why are there bars
201
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at both the bottom and the top ูุงุญู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ .. ุงู„
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.. ุงู„ top ู…ุด free of ุฅูŠุด stress ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
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ุทุจ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ the top of the
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beam is compression the part of the beam which is
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free from stress is the neutral axis ู…ุด ุงู„ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„
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top of the .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุงู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง
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free stress ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุงู† ุงู„ neutral
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ู‡ุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ compression ูˆู‡ู†ุง
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tension
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ุทูŠุจุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ exercise ุงู„ุชุงู„ุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ in the box ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุญุท ููŠุงู‡ู… ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูุชูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†
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ุฅูŠู‡ุŸ ูˆ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ูƒ ุงุฎุชุงุฑูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ู†ุงู‡ุงุด ู‡ุฐู‡
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ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ูุงุฏูŠุŒ ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ู„ุฃ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตุนุจุฉ ู†ุณูˆูŠู‡ุง
216
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ูุญุทูŠู†ุง multiple choice ู„ูƒู…ุŒ ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุณู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู‡ ุจุณ
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ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุชูƒ ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุชุฎุชุงุฑ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒุฉ
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ุจู†ุญุทู„ูƒ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุฃูˆ match ุจู†ุนู…ู„ูƒู…ุŒ ู„ุฃ ุงู„
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matching ุณู‡ู„ุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ .. ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุทู†ุงู‡ุง ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
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hand ูˆุนู‚ู ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ hand ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุชุนู…ู„ูŠ matchingุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ
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ุงูŠูˆุฉ let me start by clarifying somethingุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฅูŠุด
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ุจูŠุญูƒูŠุŸ let me start by clarifying something ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ุฅูŠุดุŸ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญ ุดูŠุก when a beam is
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subjected to ุฅูŠุด stress? bending stress ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ ุงู„
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bendingุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„
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forces bending stress ูˆู‡ูŠ bending ุทูŠุฑู†ุงู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุนู†ุฏูŠุŸ
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the bottom part is generally in tension ุงู„ุฌุฒุก
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ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ุฅูŠุด ุนู†ุฏู‡ุŸ tension as
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you rightly say but the top part is not free from
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stress ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุงุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง as you suggest
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it's in compressionุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŒ ู‡ุฐุง tensionุŒ ู‡ุฐุง
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bendingุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ compression ูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ
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ุงุซู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุณู‡ู„ุŒ ู‡ุงุฏ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุจุนุถ
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ุงู„ุขู† only the horizontal central line of
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the beam a zone called neutral axis
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is not stressed it's also important to be clear
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about the strengths of concrete and steel you're
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right that concrete is poor at resisting tension
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ shed ุฅูŠุด ุจุธุจุทุด ููŠู‡ ูˆู‡ูŠ tension ู‡ุงูŠ
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ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŸ
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stress as it's born to failure by ุฅูŠุด suddenly ุฅูŠุด
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ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ุง fracture ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูˆูŠู† fracture ู‡ูŠู‡ุง to
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fracturing ุงู„
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ุฅูŠุด tensile
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tensile ูˆูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ููˆู‚ ุงู‡ ุทูŠุจ ููˆู‚ ุชู†ุตุงู„ ุฎู…ุณุฉ fracturing
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ุทูŠุจ it's also true that concrete is a good at
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resisting stress compression ุฃูˆ compressive stress
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณุชุฉ ุงู„ compression ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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ุงู„ noun compressive ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ adjective ูˆู„ูƒู†
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ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ intention
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุทู†ุงู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูŠู† ุฃู† ุชุดูŠุฑ
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ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญุทู…ุฉุŒ
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ูุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุชู…ุถูŠ ููŠ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุชุณุจุจ
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ุจุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุนุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุทู…ุฉุŒ ู‡ูˆ ููŠู‡ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…
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ุจุฑุถู‡ ูƒูˆูŠุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€
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.. ุงู„ู€ .. ุฎู„ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ compression ุนุงู„ูŠ ุฌุฏุง ุงู„ู€
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concrete ู„ุญุงู„ู‡ ู…ุด ูƒุงููŠ ุจู†ุญุท ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุณู‚ูˆูุฉ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุจุทูˆู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ุฃุณูู„ ูˆ
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ููˆู‚ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠู‡ ุถุบุท ูƒุชูŠุฑ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠู€
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ูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุดูŠู„ ุงู„ู€
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weight meaning that the concrete requires
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reinforcing to prevent it from ุงูŠุด and failing
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crushing and failing ุงู„ู€ crushing ุงูŠุดุŸ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ุง
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ุชุทุจูŠู‚ another possible reason for a beam having
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steel in the top is to take tension ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูŠุงุฎุฏ
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ุงู„ุถุบุท why would you get tension in the top of a
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beam it's true that most beams want to ุงูŠุด deflect
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downward ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงูŠุด ู…ุนุธู… ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ุณูƒู ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ where
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downward ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ deflect ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ because
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of gravity ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุชุจุนู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุงูŠุด ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุชุถุบุท
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ู„ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ู„ู„ุฃุณูู„ because gravity causes them to ุงูŠุดุŸ
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ุณุงุฌ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุฒู„ ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ gravity ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ุจุชู†ุฒู„
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ู„ุฃุณูู„ ุณุงุฌ ู‡ูŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุทู„ุน ุงุญู†ุง
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ุจู†ุชุณุงูˆู‰ ููŠู‡ ููŠ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ู€ bending force ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฅุฐุง ุจุชุทู„ุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ putting only the bottom of
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the beam in tension but in some structure there
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are beams or part of the beams that want to ุงูŠุด to
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hug
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ุงู„ู€ hug ุฅูŠุด .. ุฎู„ู‘ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃุญูƒูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด .. ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€ hug
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ุฅูŠุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุฏูŠ ูŠุฏูุน ุญุฏู‡ ูˆ ุจุฏูŠุด
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ุฃุฑุฌุน ุฅูŠุด ุจุฃุนู…ู„ุŸ
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ุจุชู…ุณูƒู‡ุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ hug ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณูƒุŒ ุงู„ุญุถู† ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ู„ูˆ
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ุจุชุณูƒุจ ูู‡ูˆ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏุŸ ุงู„ู€ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุฏูŠ ูŠุฑูุน ู„ู‡ ู‡ุงูŠุŒ
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ูุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ูุนู„ ู…ุนุงูƒุณุฉ
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ุฃูŠูˆุฉ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุงูŠ ูู‡ู†ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ูƒ ู‡ุง force into
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00:25:13,830 --> 00:25:18,530
upward deflection ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุงูƒุณุฉ ู„ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู€
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deflection ู‡ุงูŠ ูุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจุทูˆู† ู„ู…ุง ุชุถุบุท
288
00:25:24,170 --> 00:25:28,550
ุน ุญุงุฌุฉ ูˆ ุชุณูŠุจูŠู‡ุง ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุชุฑุชูุน ู„ููˆู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
289
00:25:28,550 --> 00:25:32,890
ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ููŠู‡ ูุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุงูŠ ูู‡ูŠ ุจุชู…ุณูƒ ูุงู†ุช ุจุชุฒุนู„ ุฒู…ุจุงุฑูƒ
290
00:25:32,890 --> 00:25:39,660
ุชุถุบุท ุชุณูŠุจูŠู‡ ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงูƒุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ high
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00:25:39,660 --> 00:25:43,400
ูุงู†ุชูˆุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุฅูŠุด ุฃูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู€ type
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of forces ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุชูƒู„ู…ู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ู€ deformation ุฅูŠุด ูƒู„
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00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:52,060
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุชุจุนุชู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุชุจุนู‡ุง ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ู€
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tension ุจุชูˆู„ expand ุงู„ู€ length ุงู„ู€ compression ุฅูŠุด
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ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ shorten ุงู„ู€ length ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
296
00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:08,680
shear ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ุฃูŠูˆุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฃู†ุช ุถุบุท ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ูŠู†
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ุงู„ู€ torsion ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุนู…ู„ุŸ ุจู†ู„ูˆูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุจุชู„ุงุญุธูˆุง ุงู„ู€
298
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failure ุชุจุนู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ tension ุงูŠุด ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุงุŸ ุจุชุดู‚ู‚ ุฃูˆ
299
00:26:19,920 --> 00:26:26,500
ุจุชู†ู‚ุทุน ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ู€ compression ุชุชุทุจู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูˆ
300
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:30,740
ุจุชู†ุซู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงูŠุด buckle ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ุงูŠุด ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
301
00:26:30,740 --> 00:26:33,920
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชูƒู„ู… ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช slender ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ buckle ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช
302
00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:39,870
heavy ุฃูˆ thick ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง crush ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุง ุงุชูƒู„ู… ุนู„ู‰
303
00:26:39,870 --> 00:26:44,550
torsion ุฅูŠุด ุจูŠุญุตู„ ู„ู‡ุงุŸ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง fracture ุฃูˆ
304
00:26:44,550 --> 00:26:49,490
shear ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ shear ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ุฅูŠุดุŸ ูƒุณุฑ
305
00:26:49,490 --> 00:26:53,890
broken ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุชุจุนุชู†ุง