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1
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ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุญู…ุฉ ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ chapter
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ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุฌุฒุก ู†ุธุฑูŠ ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡
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ุณู†ู†ุงู‚ุด ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณุงุนุฉ
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ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ู‰ ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ Chapter 8 ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ
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ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ู€ product external direct ู‡ูˆ ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุณุคุงู„
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ุงู„ุณุงุฏุณ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ prove by comparing orders of the
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element ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจูŠู†
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ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู„ุฅุซุจุงุช ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฅุซุจุงุช ุฃู† Z8 external direct
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product ู…ุน Z2 is not isomorphic
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ุฅู„ู‰ Z4
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ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฏู„ู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ orders ู„ู„
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element ููŠ ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ู€ two groups ู„ู„ุญูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ group
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู„ูŠุณุช isomorphic ู„ู„ู€ group ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ู„ูˆ
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ุฌูŠุช ู„ู„ู€ group ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‡ู„ ููŠู‡ุง element of order
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ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ Z ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ร— ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ direct product ู…ุน Z
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ุงุซู†ูŠู†
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ุจุณ ููŠู‡ุง .. ููŠู‡ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุฌุฒุงูƒุŸ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
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ูˆุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ
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ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ
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ูƒูˆูŠุณุŒ ููŠ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุŸ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงู„ุตูุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุจุฏู„ ุงู„ู€
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element ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู€ orders ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู… ูŠุณุงูˆูˆุง ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
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ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Z ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€
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zero ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู€ least common
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multiple ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุธุจูˆุท
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ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ element ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ zero ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ Z
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ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ external direct product with order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
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ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ element ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ุจู†ุฌูŠ ู„ู€
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Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ direct product ู…ุน Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‡ู„ ุจุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ููŠ
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element ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุณุชุฉ
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ุนุดุฑ ุนู†ุตุฑ ู‡ุง ููŠ element Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ู… ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูŠุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู†
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ูˆุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‡ู„ ููŠ least common multiple ููŠู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†
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ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ู„ุชู‚ุจ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ order ููŠู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†
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ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ูˆุด ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุงุฌูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู‡ ุจุทูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
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external product ู…ุน Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ has no element of
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order ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ because
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The maximum order in Z4 is 4
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู„ู€ element ุจูŠู‚ุณู… ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู„ู€ group
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ุฅุฐุง Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ู€ elements ุงู„ู€ order
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ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ identity ูˆุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ
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ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ
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ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุฃู‚ุตู‰ order ุนู†ุฏูŠ ููŠ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ direct
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product ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฒูŠ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู‡ุฐูˆู„ ู…ุง ู„ู‡ู… isomorphic ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฒุงู… ููŠ
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ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุงู„ูŠ ูˆุตู„ุช ู„ู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุฑูˆุญ ู„ุณุคุงู„
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ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุณุคุงู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ suppose ุงู„ู€ G1
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isomorphic ุฅู„ู‰ G2 ูˆ group ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ H1 isomorphic ู„ู…ู†ุŸ
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ู„ู€ H2 ู‡ูˆ H1 isomorphic ู„ู€ H2 prove that ุงุซุจุช ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€
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G1 external direct product ู…ุน H1 isomorphic ู„ู€ G2
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external direct product ู…ุน H2 ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุฑูˆุญ
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ู†ุซุจุชู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง ูˆุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ุจู†ุญุงูˆู„ ู†ุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุฅุซุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ู‡ุฐูˆู„ two groups are
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isomorphic ู‡ุฐูˆู„ two groups are isomorphic ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงู„ู€
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external product ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ group ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ group
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุน
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ุงู„ุฌุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุซุจุช ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ external
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product ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู„ู‡ isomorphic ู„ู„ู€ external product
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ solution
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ุฃูุชุฑุถ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Alpha ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ G1 ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ G2 ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Beta
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ H1 ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ H2 ู‡ู… isomorphism
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ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃูุชุฑุถ ุฅู† ู‡ุฐูˆู„ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† isomorphism ุงู„ุขู†
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดุงู† ุฃุซุจุช ุฅู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† isomorphism ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุนุฑู
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function ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃุซุจุช
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง one to one and one to one ูˆุชุฎุฏู… ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ isomorphism
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ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู‡ define
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A function ููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ G1 ูˆ H1 ูƒู€ external direct product
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ู…ู†
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ุงู„ู€ G1 ูˆ H1 ู„ู…ูŠู†ุŸ ู„ู€ G2 ูƒู€ external direct product ู…ุน H2
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ุจู€ ููŠ of ุจุฏูŠ ุขุฎุฐ element ู…ู† G1 ูˆู„ูŠูƒู† G ูˆ H ูุนู„ูŠ ู…ุง
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ุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ G ูˆ H ุจุฏูŠ ุฃูˆุฏูŠู‡ุง ูˆูŠู†ุŸ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ group G2 ูˆ H2
71
00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:31,280
ุทูŠุจ G2 ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠ G2 ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตุญุŸ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู€ element ุงู„ู„ูŠ
72
00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:37,350
ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู€ element ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูุงู†ูƒุดู† ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู„ู‡ู†ุง
73
00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:44,510
ุดูˆ ุณู…ูŠุชู‡ุง Alpha ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุขุฎุฐู‡ุง Alpha of G
74
00:07:44,510 --> 00:07:52,690
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ Alpha of G ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู† Alpha of G G
75
00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:59,210
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ G1 ูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง G ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ G1 ูŠุจู‚ู‰
76
00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:04,350
ู‡ู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ููŠ G2 ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง ููŠ G2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ Alpha of G
77
00:08:05,900 --> 00:08:12,960
ุจุชุฏุงุฌุฑ ู„ู„ู€ H ุงู„ู€ H ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ H1 ุชู…ุงู… ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ
78
00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:18,140
Beta ู…ู† H1 ุฅู„ู‰ H2 ูŠุจู‚ู‰ H ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ H1 ุตูˆุฑุชู‡ุง
79
00:08:18,140 --> 00:08:25,520
ุชุจู‚ู‰ Beta of H ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง Beta of H ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
80
00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:32,520
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุนุฑูุช ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุชุนุฑูŠูู‹ุง ุณู„ูŠู…ู‹ุง ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐู‡
81
00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:37,400
ุงู„ุฏุงู„ุฉ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃุซุจุช ุฃู†ู‡ุง one to one and onto
82
00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:42,120
ูˆุชุฎุฏู… ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ isomorphism ุฅู† ุชู… ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง
83
00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:45,660
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู‡ุฐูˆู„ are isomorphic ูˆุจูƒูˆู† ุฃู†ุช ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู† ู‡ุงู„ุดุบู„
84
00:08:45,660 --> 00:08:51,020
ู‡ุงุฏู‰ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฏูŠ ุขุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุซุจุช ู„ู‡ ุฅู† ูุงูŠ
85
00:08:51,020 --> 00:08:58,240
is one to one ู…ุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุฏูŠ ุขุฎุฐ ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุชูŠู†
86
00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:08,360
Assume Phi of G ูˆ H ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุณุงูˆูŠ Phi of X ูˆ Y ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุฅุฐุง
87
00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:14,420
ู‚ุฏุฑุช ุฃุซุจุช ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ ordered pair G ูˆ H ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ ordered pair X
88
00:09:14,420 --> 00:09:16,540
ูˆ Y ุจูƒูˆู† ุงู†ุชู‡ูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุบู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
89
00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:25,740
ุจุชุฏุงุฌูŠ ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ element ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ูŠุจู‚ู‰
90
00:09:25,740 --> 00:09:35,420
Alpha of G ูˆ Beta of H ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุจู‚ู‰ Alpha of G ูˆ
91
00:09:35,420 --> 00:09:41,760
Beta of H ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Phi of X ุจู†ูุณ
92
00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:51,500
ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุงุฏูŠ Alpha of X ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ Beta
93
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:53,920
of Y ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง
94
00:09:57,060 --> 00:10:01,740
ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ two ordered pair are
95
00:10:01,740 --> 00:10:05,240
equal ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‡ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
96
00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:10,020
ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก
97
00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:17,900
ุนู„ูŠู‡ Alpha of G ุจุฏูŠู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Alpha of X and Beta of
98
00:10:17,900 --> 00:10:24,180
H ุจุฏูŠู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Beta of Y ุดูˆู ู‡ุฐุง ุดูˆ ุจุฏูŠู‡ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุขู†
99
00:10:24,180 --> 00:10:29,940
ุงู„ู€ Alpha ู‡ุฐูŠ isomorphism ูŠุจู‚ู‰ one to one and onto
100
00:10:29,940 --> 00:10:34,960
ุฅุฐุง ู…ุฏุงู… one to one ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ G ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
101
00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:42,960
ุงู„ู€ X ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ G ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ X and ุงู„ู€ H
102
00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:51,920
ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ Y ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† Alpha ูˆ Beta ู‡ู… one
103
00:10:51,920 --> 00:10:57,500
to one ู…ุง ุฏุงู… ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุชูŠู† ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู„ุฃู†
104
00:10:57,500 --> 00:11:02,000
ุงู„ู€ Alpha one to one ูˆ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู€ Beta is one to one
105
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:08,360
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฏูŠู‡ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงู„ู€ G ูˆ ุงู„ู€ H
106
00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:15,900
as an ordered ุงู„ู€ G ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ูŠู†ุŸ X ูˆ ุงู„ู€ H ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
107
00:11:15,900 --> 00:11:20,420
ู…ูŠู†ุŸ Y ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Y ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุฎุฐ
108
00:11:20,420 --> 00:11:26,890
ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุชูŠู† ูˆุงุซุจุช ุฅู† ุฃุตู„ ู‡ู…ุงู„ู‡ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ
109
00:11:26,890 --> 00:11:28,630
ูุงูŠ is one to one
110
00:11:34,980 --> 00:11:43,220
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃู†ุง ุจุฃุฎุฐ element ููŠ ุงู„ู€ G2 ูˆ X2 ูˆ H2 ูŠุจู‚ู‰
111
00:11:43,220 --> 00:11:50,340
ุจุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงู„ู€ X ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ G2
112
00:11:50,340 --> 00:12:00,280
external product ู…ุน H2 ุจุดูƒู„ ู„ุนูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ then ุจุฏูŠ
113
00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:06,570
ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ element ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู€ element X
114
00:12:06,570 --> 00:12:12,370
ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ element ู…ู† G2 ูˆ element ู…ู† H2
115
00:12:12,370 --> 00:12:20,370
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ element ูˆู„ูŠูƒู† G2 ูˆ H2 ู…ู†
116
00:12:20,370 --> 00:12:30,200
H2 ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ G2 ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ G2 ุชู…ุงู… ูˆ
117
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:38,180
Alpha is onto ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ element ู„ู‡ ุฃุตู„ ููŠ G1
118
00:12:38,180 --> 00:12:43,260
ุตุญูŠุญ ูˆู„ุง ู„ุฃ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃุดูŠู„ ุงู„ู€ G2 ูˆ
119
00:12:43,260 --> 00:12:51,940
ุฃูƒุชุจู‡ุง Alpha of G1 ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ูˆ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃูƒุชุจ ู‡ุฐุง Beta of
120
00:12:51,940 --> 00:12:57,180
each one ุดูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† Alpha and Beta are
121
00:12:57,180 --> 00:13:10,440
onto ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง since ุงู„ู€ Alpha and Beta are onto ู‡ุฐุง
122
00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:15,400
ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ู„ูˆ ุฑุฌุนุชู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุตู„ู‡ ุจู„ุงู‚ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุง
123
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:21,100
ู‚ุงูŠู„ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุงุจุนู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Phi
124
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:28,960
of G1 ูˆ H1 ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ element ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุฎุฏุชู‡ ููŠ G2 ูˆ H2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ
125
00:13:28,960 --> 00:13:36,600
ุฌุงุช ู„ู‡ ุฃุตู„ ููŠ G1 ูˆ H1 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ G1 ูˆ H1 ุตุบูŠุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ Phi
126
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:41,600
is in two ุถุงูŠู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุซุจุช ุฃู† Phi is an isomorphism
127
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:50,020
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„ Phi is an isomorphism ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃู†ุง
128
00:13:50,020 --> 00:13:55,920
ุขุฎุฐ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€Phi of ุญุงุตู„ ุถุฑุจ two elements ุงู„
129
00:13:55,920 --> 00:14:01,100
element ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฃุฎุฐู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู†
130
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:08,120
ูŠูƒูˆู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูˆ ุฌุฆุช ู‚ู„ุช G ูˆH ู…ุถุฑูˆุจ ููŠ element ุซุงู†ูŠ
131
00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:14,720
ูˆู„ูŠูƒู† ู…ุซู„ุง G prime ูˆH prime ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง
132
00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:21,390
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Phi of ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถุฑุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡
133
00:14:21,390 --> 00:14:25,770
ุจู†ุถุฑุจ component wise ุญุณุจ ู…ุง ุนุฑูู†ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุถุฑุจ ุนู„ู‰
134
00:14:25,770 --> 00:14:32,350
ุงู„ external product ูŠุจู‚ู‰ G G prime ูˆ H H prime
135
00:14:32,350 --> 00:14:39,440
ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ Phi ู„ู…ุง
136
00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:43,900
ุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ element ูŠุจู‚ู‰ Alpha ู„ู„ุฃูˆู„ ูˆ Beta
137
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:52,700
ู„ู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง Alpha of G G prime ูˆ Beta of H H
138
00:14:52,700 --> 00:14:58,950
prime ุงู„ุฃู„ู ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุชุง ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ู… isomorphism ู…ุฏุงู…
139
00:14:58,950 --> 00:15:04,790
ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠู‡ู… isomorphism ุฅุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ Alpha of G ูˆู‡ุฐู‡
140
00:15:04,790 --> 00:15:14,430
Alpha of G' ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ Beta of H ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ Beta of H' ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„
141
00:15:14,430 --> 00:15:19,000
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ order pair ุงู„ุณุคุงู„
142
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:25,600
ู‡ูˆ ู‡ู„ ุงู„ order pair ู‡ุฐุง ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃูƒุชุจู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุญุงุตู„
143
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:31,240
ุถุฑุจ two ordered pairsุŸ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ูƒูŠูุŸ ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ
144
00:15:31,240 --> 00:15:36,140
ุดูˆููˆุง ูŠุง ุณูŠุฏุชูŠุŒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุงุฌูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง Alpha of G ุจุฏูŠ
145
00:15:36,140 --> 00:15:43,870
ุขุฎุฐู‡ุง ู…ุน Beta of H ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ูˆู‡ู†ุง Alpha of G
146
00:15:43,870 --> 00:15:50,450
prime ุจุฏูŠ ุขุฎุฐู‡ุง ู…ุน Beta of H prime ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุงูŠ ูƒุชุจุชู‡ู…
147
00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,830
ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุญุงุตู„ ุถุฑุจ ู‚ูˆุณูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
148
00:15:55,830 --> 00:16:04,650
ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฌุฆุช ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุณ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง Phi of GH ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง
149
00:16:04,650 --> 00:16:16,880
Phi of GH ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Phi of G' ูˆH' ุฃุทู„ุน ุจุฏุฃุช
150
00:16:16,880 --> 00:16:22,020
ุจุญุงุตู„ ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุณูŠู† ูˆุตู„ุช ู„ู€Phi ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุถุฑูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ู…ูŠู†
151
00:16:22,020 --> 00:16:26,700
ููŠ Phi ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ Phi is an
152
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:29,640
isomorphism ูŠุจู‚ู‰
153
00:16:34,510 --> 00:16:42,450
Isomorphism that is ุฃูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ G1 external product
154
00:16:42,450 --> 00:16:51,850
ู…ุน H1 isomorphic ู„ G2 external product ู…ุน G2 ูˆู‡ูˆ
155
00:16:51,850 --> 00:16:57,590
ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ุดุบู„ ู…ุด ุตุนุจ ุณู‡ู„ ุจุณ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏู‡
156
00:16:57,590 --> 00:17:07,460
ุชู…ุดูŠ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุทูŠุจ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุฑู‚ู… 14 ุฎุฐ ู„ูŠ
157
00:17:07,460 --> 00:17:15,260
16 ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ group Z 40 Z 30 ู‡ุงุช ู„ูŠ two subgroups
158
00:17:15,260 --> 00:17:20,980
of order 12 and
159
00:17:20,980 --> 00:17:24,360
ู‡ุฐุง
160
00:17:24,360 --> 00:17:33,400
ุณุคุงู„ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงูŠุด ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŸ 16 16 ูŠุจู‚ู‰ in z 40 external
161
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:42,880
product ู…ุน z 30 find two subgroups
162
00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:47,780
of order 12
163
00:17:57,100 --> 00:18:02,960
ุทูŠุจ ุฌุงู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ group ู‡ุฐูŠ Z 30 Z 40 Extended like a
164
00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:07,480
project ู…ุน Z 30 ู‡ุงุช ู„ูŠ two sub groups of order 12
165
00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:11,720
ู„ุง ุฌุงู„ูŠ Cyclic ูˆู„ุง ุบูŠุฑ Cyclic ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุณู‡ู„ ู„ูŠู‡ ุฃู†
166
00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:17,660
ุฃุฌูŠุจ Cyclic ุฅู† ุฌุฏุฑุชู‡ุง ุทูŠุจ ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูƒูˆูŠุณุฉ ุทุจ ูƒูŠู ุจุฏูŠ
167
00:18:17,660 --> 00:18:21,440
ุฃุฌูŠุจ Cyclic ุงู„ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุณูˆูŠุฉ 12 ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูƒูˆูŠุณุฉ
168
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:27,530
ุฅุฐุง ุจุชู‚ุฏุฑูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃุฌุฑุจ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู€ element ููŠู‡ุง
169
00:18:27,530 --> 00:18:30,910
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ least common
170
00:18:30,910 --> 00:18:35,270
multiple ุงู„ู…ุฌุฏุงุด ุงุชู†ุงุด ูˆูƒูู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ุชู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„
171
00:18:35,270 --> 00:18:40,390
element ูˆูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ subgroup ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุจุฏูŠ
172
00:18:40,390 --> 00:18:46,710
ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู…ู† ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู†
173
00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:53,750
ุฌุฏุงุด ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุตุญุŸ ุทูŠุจ ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ Z ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู†
174
00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:59,530
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ order ู„ู‡ู… ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุญุฏ ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุฌูŠุจ ู„ูŠ ูˆู„ูˆ
175
00:18:59,530 --> 00:19:07,200
ุนู†ุตุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนุดุฑุฉ ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ ุฌุฏุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนุดุฑุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ Z
176
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:14,560
ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ูˆุงู„ order ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ ุฌุฏุง
177
00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:21,220
ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุจุฏู‡ ุฃุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ Z ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ูƒู…ุงู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุทูŠุจ
178
00:19:21,220 --> 00:19:27,980
ุงู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ Z ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† and ุงู„ order ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจุฏู‡
179
00:19:27,980 --> 00:19:34,370
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูƒุฏู‡ุด ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ element ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
180
00:19:34,370 --> 00:19:40,370
ุนุดุฑุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ Z ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† External Direct
181
00:19:40,370 --> 00:19:50,070
Product ู…ุน Z ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุงู„ order ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ
182
00:19:50,070 --> 00:19:55,130
ุนู† ุงู„ least common multiple ู„ู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
183
00:19:55,130 --> 00:20:00,470
ู‡ูˆ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู‚ุฏุงุด ุงุชู†ุงุด ุฅุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ element ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„
184
00:20:00,470 --> 00:20:02,910
cyclic subgroup of order ุงุชู†ุงุด
185
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:14,800
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ (ุนุดุฑุฉุŒุนุดุฑุฉ) (ุนุดุฑุฉุŒุนุดุฑุฉ) ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
186
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:26,480
Cyclic Subgroup Cyclic Subgroup of order ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ
187
00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:34,000
ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ูƒู…ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุนู†ุตุฑ ุซุงู†ูŠ
188
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:47,730
ูƒูŠูุŸ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุณุชุฉ .. ู„ุง ุจุฏูƒ .. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุงุดูŠ ..
189
00:20:47,730 --> 00:20:51,470
ุณุชุฉ ูˆุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุงุดูŠ .. ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ ู…ุงุดูŠ .. ุจุณ ูŠู„ุง
190
00:20:51,470 --> 00:20:55,250
ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ .. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฑูˆุญ ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰
191
00:20:55,250 --> 00:21:04,750
orders ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ order ุชุจุน ุงู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ
192
00:21:04,750 --> 00:21:10,550
ู†ุฌูŠุจ ู…ู† z ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ order ุฅู„ู‡ ุณุชุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุณุชุฉ
193
00:21:10,550 --> 00:21:13,250
ุงู„ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุตูŠุฑ ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ least common multiple
194
00:21:13,250 --> 00:21:21,010
ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุฑุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ also ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„
195
00:21:21,010 --> 00:21:28,440
order ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ููŠ z ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ุขู†
196
00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:37,500
ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ order ุฅูŠู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ู‚ุฏุงุดุŸ ุณุชุฉ ู…ุธุจูˆุท
197
00:21:37,670 --> 00:21:45,150
ุงู„ order ู„ู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุณุชุฉ ููŠ Z ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„
198
00:21:45,150 --> 00:21:51,910
order ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ูˆุฎู…ุณุฉ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ least common
199
00:21:51,910 --> 00:21:58,630
multiple ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณุชุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุฏู‡
200
00:21:58,630 --> 00:22:04,970
ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ sub group generated by ุนุดุฑุฉ
201
00:22:04,970 --> 00:22:19,620
ูˆุฎู…ุณุฉ is a cyclic group of order ุงุซู†ุง ุนุดุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก
202
00:22:19,620 --> 00:22:24,000
ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุงูŠ ุทู„ุนู†ุง ู„ู‡ ุงุซู†ุชูŠู† subgroups ูˆุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‡
203
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:28,120
ู…ุง ุงุดุชุฑุทุด ูˆู‚ุงู„ ู‡ุงุช ู„ูŠ subgroups ูˆุฎู„ุตู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃู†ุง
204
00:22:28,120 --> 00:22:33,620
ุฌุจุช ู„ู‡ subgroups ูˆุฌุจุชู‡ู… ู„ู‡ ุงุซู†ุชูŠู† ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุงู„ ุฃู†ู‡
205
00:22:33,620 --> 00:22:39,160
ุงุซู†ุชูŠู† cyclic subgroups ุงู„ order ู„ู‡ู… ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 12
206
00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:45,120
ุงุนุชู…ุฏุช ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ order ู„ู„ elements ูˆู‡ู…
207
00:22:45,120 --> 00:22:48,540
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฑุงูŠุญูŠู† ููŠ ู…ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู„
208
00:22:51,060 --> 00:23:04,520
ุทูŠุจ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุณุชุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุฎุฐ ู„ูŠ ุณุคุงู„ ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณุคุงู„
209
00:23:04,520 --> 00:23:12,180
ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ ู‡ุงุช ู„ูŠ ุงู„ subgroup ู…ู† z
210
00:23:12,180 --> 00:23:16,400
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุฏูŠ ู…ุซู„ุง subgroup
211
00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:28,460
of subgroup ู…ู† ู…ูŠู† ู…ู† z4 external direct product
212
00:23:28,460 --> 00:23:35,640
z4 external direct product ู…ุน z ุฏูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† that is
213
00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:46,880
not of the form not in the form ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ H external
214
00:23:46,880 --> 00:23:59,480
product ู„ K ุญูŠุซ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ where ุงู„ H subgroup ู…ู†
215
00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:10,530
Z4 and ุงู„ K subgroup ู…ู† main subgroup ู…ู† z2 ูˆ ุงู„ k
216
00:24:10,530 --> 00:24:17,230
sub group ู…ู† ู…ู† z2
217
00:24:17,230 --> 00:24:27,190
ุดูˆููˆุง ูŠุง ุณูŠุฏูŠ ู†ุฑุฌุน ู…ุฑุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ z4
218
00:24:27,190 --> 00:24:33,250
external direct product ู…ุน z2 ู‡ุฐู‡ group ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฏูŠ
219
00:24:33,250 --> 00:24:39,410
subgroup ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ group ุจุญูŠุซ ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ H
220
00:24:39,410 --> 00:24:45,890
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ external product ู…ุน K ุญูŠุซ H subgroup ู…ู† Z
221
00:24:45,890 --> 00:24:51,590
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ K subgroup ู…ู† ู…ู† ู…ู† Z ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏูŠ ุฌูŠุจ ู„ูŠ ุงู„
222
00:24:51,590 --> 00:24:56,910
subgroup ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ external product ุชุจุน ู‡ุฏูˆู„
223
00:24:58,090 --> 00:25:03,850
ุชุนุงู„ ู†ุดูˆู ูƒูŠู ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุญู„ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰
224
00:25:03,850 --> 00:25:09,720
ุชููƒูŠุฑ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ูˆุตู„ ู„ู„ู…ุทู„ุจ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
225
00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:14,100
external product ู„ Z ุงุซู†ูŠู† not in the form ู„ูŠุณุช ููŠ
226
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:17,840
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงุญู†ุง ุฏู‡ ุฌุจู†ุง ุงู„ subgroup ูˆุฌุจู†ุง ุงู„
227
00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:20,820
subgroup ุจู†ุฌูŠุจ ู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ external product ุจู†ุทู„ุน
228
00:25:20,820 --> 00:25:25,200
subgroup ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ subgroup ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจุฏูŠุด ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง
229
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,830
ูˆู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ุช ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู‚ู„ุช ู„ู‡
230
00:25:28,830 --> 00:25:32,410
ุชุนุงู„ ู†ุดูˆู ู…ูŠู† ู‡ู… ุงู„ subgroups ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจุตูŠุฑ ุฎูŠุฑ
231
00:25:32,410 --> 00:25:38,710
ุชู…ุงู… ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฌุฆุช ุนู„ู‰ z4 ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ู…ูŠู† ู‡ู… ุงู„
232
00:25:38,710 --> 00:25:44,990
subgroups ุชุจุนุงุช z4 ูุจู‚ู‰ ุงุฌูŠุจ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ the only
233
00:25:44,990 --> 00:25:56,370
subgroups of z4 are ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ
234
00:25:56,370 --> 00:25:59,590
ุงู„ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
235
00:25:59,590 --> 00:26:06,190
ู…ุธุจูˆุท ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ identity
236
00:26:06,190 --> 00:26:12,170
ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ sub group
237
00:26:12,170 --> 00:26:18,630
generated by ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงูŠุด ุถุงู„ ุนู†ุฏูŠุŸ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ
238
00:26:18,630 --> 00:26:23,230
ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจูˆุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ subgroup z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฏูˆู„
239
00:26:23,230 --> 00:26:28,650
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุณ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
240
00:26:28,650 --> 00:26:37,930
ู‡ูŠ main z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ itself ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† also the
241
00:26:37,930 --> 00:26:51,930
only subgroups only subgroups of z2 are ุทุจุนุง ุงู„
242
00:26:51,930 --> 00:26:56,950
identity ูˆู…ูŠู† ูƒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ subgroup
243
00:26:56,950 --> 00:27:04,350
generated by one ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ z2 itself z2 itself ุทูŠุจ
244
00:27:04,350 --> 00:27:09,850
ู„ูˆ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุงู„ external product ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฏูŠ
245
00:27:09,850 --> 00:27:18,330
ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ zero ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠุด
246
00:27:18,330 --> 00:27:23,570
ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ู…ูŠู† ุนู†ุตุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุตุญูŠุญ ุงู„ cyclic ูˆููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง
247
00:27:23,570 --> 00:27:28,730
ุฃู‚ู„ ุนู†ุตุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃู…ุณูƒ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„
248
00:27:28,730 --> 00:27:35,230
zero ู†ูุณู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ subject ุงู„ zero ู†ูุณู‡ุง ู…ุน z2
249
00:27:35,230 --> 00:27:41,450
standard product ู…ุน z2 ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
250
00:27:41,450 --> 00:27:46,710
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ subgroup generated by ุงุซู†ูŠู† external like
251
00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:55,350
product ู…ุน ู…ู†ุŸ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ zero ุงู„ู€ subgroup generated by
252
00:27:55,350 --> 00:28:01,390
ุงุชู†ูŠู† external like product ู…ุน ู…ู†ุŸ ู…ุน ุฒุฏ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุขู†
253
00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:07,950
ุงู„ู€ z4 external product ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ zero ุขุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€
254
00:28:07,950 --> 00:28:16,830
z4 external product ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ z2 ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ูƒู„ ุงู„ู€
255
00:28:16,830 --> 00:28:20,990
subgroups ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง
256
00:28:20,990 --> 00:28:25,480
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏูŠุด ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูˆู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ
257
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:29,080
ุจูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ subgroup ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุงู‡ูŠุงุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
258
00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:34,180
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ูŠ ู†ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฌุงู„ุณ ู„ู‡ ู‚ูˆู„ู‡
259
00:28:34,180 --> 00:28:39,780
consider ุฎุฏ ู„ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู€ subgroup ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง
260
00:28:39,780 --> 00:28:46,750
ุงู„ู€ identity element identity element ุชู…ุงู… ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ
261
00:28:46,750 --> 00:28:58,130
ุฌูŠุช ุฃุฎุฏ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุซู„ุง ุงู„ู€ zero ูˆ ุงู„ู€ one ุงู„ู€ zero
262
00:28:58,130 --> 00:29:04,650
ุฃุฎุฏุชู‡ ู…ู† z ูˆู„ุง ุฃุฎุฏุช ุฎู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุนุงูŠุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฎุฏูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ
263
00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:11,500
ุงู„ู€ zero ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุฒูŠุฑูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ external
264
00:29:11,500 --> 00:29:16,300
product ู„ุฒูŠุฏ ุฏูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุฒูŠุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู„ุฒูŠุฏ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
265
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:25,590
ุงุชุงูƒุฏ ู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ ุณุคุงู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุดูˆ ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ
266
00:29:25,590 --> 00:29:32,910
ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†
267
00:29:32,910 --> 00:29:40,130
..ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ
268
00:29:40,130 --> 00:29:40,870
ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†
269
00:29:40,870 --> 00:29:41,150
ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†
270
00:29:41,150 --> 00:29:42,010
..ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ
271
00:29:42,010 --> 00:29:47,740
ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุณุชุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู†.. ุทูŠุจ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†
272
00:29:47,740 --> 00:29:54,880
ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฎุฏ ุงู„ู€ element zero ูˆ zero ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฎุฏ element
273
00:29:54,880 --> 00:30:01,140
ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ zero ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงุชู†ูŠู†
274
00:30:01,140 --> 00:30:05,380
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุฏู‡ ุงุณุชู†ู‰ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู„ุฃ ู„ุฃ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฌูŠุจ ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ
275
00:30:05,380 --> 00:30:08,840
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุท ู…ุงู‡ูŠุงุด ููŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู„ ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€
276
00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:13,480
subgroup ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ subgroup ุตุญูŠุญ ุจุณ ุงุณุชู†ู‰ ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ
277
00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:14,440
ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ูˆู„ุง ู„ุฃ
278
00:30:17,170 --> 00:30:23,010
ู„ุฃ ู„ุฃ ู„ุฃ ุงุณุชู†ู‰ ุดูˆู ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู‚ูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ
279
00:30:23,010 --> 00:30:30,790
ูˆุฒูŠุฑูˆ ูˆุฒูŠุฑูˆ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
280
00:30:30,790 --> 00:30:38,370
ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ูˆู„ุง ู„ุฃ ู„ุฃ
281
00:30:38,370 --> 00:30:42,970
ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง Zero ูˆุงุชู†ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ Zero Zero
282
00:30:42,970 --> 00:30:49,360
Zero ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุง ููŠุด ุฅู„ุง ุนู†ุตุฑูŠู† ููŠู‡ุง ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡
283
00:30:49,360 --> 00:30:57,140
ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ููŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู„ุง ุฒุช ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุนู†ุตุฑูŠู† ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐู‡
284
00:30:57,140 --> 00:31:02,130
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฒุช ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุน ุฒุช ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠูƒุจุฑู‡ ููŠ
285
00:31:02,130 --> 00:31:07,050
ุงู„ู€ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ู€ identity Zero ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงุชู†ูŠู†
286
00:31:07,050 --> 00:31:12,130
ุจุณ ุนู†ุตุฑูŠู† ู…ุน ุนู†ุตุฑูŠู† ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู… ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู…
287
00:31:12,130 --> 00:31:21,090
Zero ูˆ Zero Zero ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจูŠุฌูŠู†ูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุงุชู†ูŠู†
288
00:31:21,090 --> 00:31:27,180
ู…ุด ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงู„ู€ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
289
00:31:27,180 --> 00:31:31,720
ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุทุจุนุง ู…ุด ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ู€ Z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุน Z two ุทุจุนุง
290
00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:36,140
ู…ุงู‡ูŠุงุด ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ูˆู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
291
00:31:36,140 --> 00:31:41,120
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ sub group ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช
292
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:43,660
ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠู† ุฃูŠูˆุฉ
293
00:31:49,130 --> 00:31:54,590
ู„ูˆ ุจุฏูƒ subgroup ู…ู† ู‡ุฏููƒ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู‚ุตุฉ
294
00:31:54,590 --> 00:31:59,850
ุจุชุทูˆู„ุŒ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ููŠ ุชู„ุงุชูŠู†ุŒ
295
00:31:59,850 --> 00:32:04,850
ุฃู„ู ูˆู…ูŠุชูŠู† ุนู†ุตุฑุŒ ู…ุด ุณู‡ู„ุฉุŒ ุจุณ ุฏูˆู„ ุชู…ุงู† ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู…ุด
296
00:32:04,850 --> 00:32:08,890
ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฒูŠ ุฃู„ู ูˆู…ูŠุชูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญู„
297
00:32:08,890 --> 00:32:12,690
ู„ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุนุฑุงุจุŒ ุงูŠู‡ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฒู‡ุฌุŒ ุจุตุฏู‚
298
00:32:17,470 --> 00:32:27,870
ุฃู†ุง ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ ุทุจ ุดูˆู ุงู„ู‡ุฏู
299
00:32:27,870 --> 00:32:32,630
ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุฃู†ุช ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ุด ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง
300
00:32:32,630 --> 00:32:37,490
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ูƒุชุจู†ุงู‡ุง ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฌูŠุจ ุฃูŠ subgroup ุชูƒูˆู†
301
00:32:37,490 --> 00:32:42,490
ุชุณุชุจุนุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู€ subgroup ูŠุงู„ order
302
00:32:42,490 --> 00:32:47,530
ุฅู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุง ุงุชู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูŠุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉุŒ ูŠุง ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฒุฏ
303
00:32:47,530 --> 00:32:51,950
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุจุชู…ุงู† ุนู†ุงุตุฑุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฌูŠุจ ู„ูƒ
304
00:32:51,950 --> 00:32:57,210
ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ุŒ ุฃูŠ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู„ูˆ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุณุงู…ุฏ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
305
00:32:57,210 --> 00:33:02,370
ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุณูˆู‰ ุชู…ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ูŠ ู‡ูŠู‡ุŒ
306
00:33:02,370 --> 00:33:06,630
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุตู ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฌุฑุฉุŒ ุจุฏูƒ ุชุฌูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุŒ
307
00:33:06,630 --> 00:33:11,430
ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูŠู‡ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุตู ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฌุฑุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุถู„
308
00:33:11,430 --> 00:33:14,710
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุงุฑุจุนุฉ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู‡ุงูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุถู„ุด ุฅู„ุง ุงู„ุงุฑุจุนุฉ
309
00:33:14,710 --> 00:33:20,150
ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฌุจุงุฑูŠ ุฅูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠูˆุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุด ู…ุบู†ู‚ุฉ
310
00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:27,000
ู„ูˆ ุนู…ู„ุช ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ูุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ูƒ
311
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:34,560
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจุนุง
312
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:39,960
ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุชุฌู…ุน ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุตูŠุฑ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุณุชู†ู‰
313
00:33:39,960 --> 00:33:45,400
ุดูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงุชู†ูŠู†.. ู„ุฃ ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡
314
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:51,400
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุทุจ
315
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:58,760
ุงุณุชู†ู‰ ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
316
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:04,200
ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุด ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูƒู…ุงู† ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู†ูŠุง
317
00:34:04,200 --> 00:34:13,600
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู‡ ุงูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุตูุฑ ูุนู„ุง ุดูˆู ุทุจ
318
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:19,180
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชุฑุจูŠุน ุจุตูŠุฑ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ุฒูŠุฑูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู†
319
00:34:19,180 --> 00:34:25,340
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุตูŠุฑ ุฒูŠุฑูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒูŠุฑูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุตุญูŠุญ ูˆู‡ุฐุง
320
00:34:25,340 --> 00:34:29,260
ู„ูˆ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุฑุจุนู‡ุง ุจุตูŠุฑ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฒูŠุฑูˆ ุฒูŠุฑูˆ ู…ุธุจูˆุท
321
00:34:29,260 --> 00:34:36,500
ุตุญูŠุญ ุงูŠุด ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ุฃ ู„ุฃ ู…ุงุดูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู…ุงุดูŠ ู…ู‚ุจูˆู„
322
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:41,880
ูุตุญูŠุญ ูˆูŠู†
323
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:47,260
ุตูุฑ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏุŸ ุถุฑุจ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ุด
324
00:34:47,260 --> 00:34:51,380
ุถุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู‡ ุงู‡ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู‡ ุงู„ู€ operation ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
325
00:34:51,380 --> 00:34:59,970
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ูƒุฏู‡ ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุณุชุฉ ูˆ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฎุฏูŠ
326
00:34:59,970 --> 00:35:05,470
ุณุคุงู„ 28 ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ ู‡ุงุช ู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู€ subgroups ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ order
327
00:35:05,470 --> 00:35:12,450
ุฅู„ู‡ุง 4 ููŠ z 4 external direct product ู…ุน z 4 ูŠุจู‚ู‰
328
00:35:12,450 --> 00:35:23,690
ุณุคุงู„ 28 28 ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูŠ find all subgroups ุจุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ all
329
00:35:23,690 --> 00:35:25,970
subgroups
330
00:35:28,190 --> 00:35:38,450
of order ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ in z ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ external product ู…ุน z
331
00:35:38,450 --> 00:35:39,030
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
332
00:35:41,620 --> 00:35:45,240
ุณุคุงู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุชูŠุฑ ู†ุถุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ู€ product ู…ุน
333
00:35:45,240 --> 00:35:50,940
ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุณุชุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุนู†ุตุฑุŒ ู…ุธุจูˆุทุŸ ุงู„ุขู† ุจุฏูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู€
334
00:35:50,940 --> 00:35:54,520
sub groups ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ู… ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
335
00:35:54,520 --> 00:36:01,040
ุชุนุงู„ู‰ ู†ููƒุฑ ุงุญู†ุง ูˆุฅูŠุงูƒู… ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ
336
00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:08,500
ุฌูŠุช ู„ู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ zero ูƒุฏุงุด ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุŸ
337
00:36:12,150 --> 00:36:17,190
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠูˆู„ุฏ ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ sub group ุงู„ู€ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง
338
00:36:17,190 --> 00:36:24,710
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู„ู€ zero ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
339
00:36:24,710 --> 00:36:32,030
ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู„ู…ูŠู† ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ
340
00:36:32,030 --> 00:36:39,710
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ subgroup generated by ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
341
00:36:39,710 --> 00:36:44,290
ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ subgroup generated by ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงุชู†ูŠู†
342
00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:47,950
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
343
00:36:47,950 --> 00:36:54,390
ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ subgroup generated by ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ
344
00:36:54,390 --> 00:36:55,370
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
345
00:36:58,860 --> 00:37:06,840
ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ subgroup generated by ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
346
00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:15,150
ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ subgroup generated by ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ
347
00:37:15,150 --> 00:37:18,010
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ group ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุณู‡ู„
348
00:37:18,010 --> 00:37:23,530
ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠ ู†ุนู… ุฌุฏุงุด ุตุงุฑูˆุง ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฃุฑุจุน ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆ
349
00:37:23,530 --> 00:37:28,910
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุณุจุนุฉ ุทูŠุจ ุฎุฏ ู„ูƒ ู‡ุงู„ group ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุด ุฒูŠู‡ู… cyclic
350
00:37:28,910 --> 00:37:35,170
ุนุงุฏูŠ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุฌูŠุจู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ zero ูˆ zero ูˆ
351
00:37:35,170 --> 00:37:41,510
zero ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ zero ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชุนุงู„
352
00:37:41,510 --> 00:37:45,370
ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง subgroup ูˆู„ุง ู„ุฃ ุทุจุน ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ
353
00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:51,150
ู‡ูŠู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุชู…ุงู… ู„ูˆ ุฌุงุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู†
354
00:37:51,150 --> 00:37:58,190
ุฌู…ุนู†ุง ุจุตูŠุฑ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู†ุฑุจุนู‡ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุจุชุถุฑุจ
355
00:37:58,190 --> 00:38:04,450
ุงู„ุนู†ุตุฑ ููŠ ู†ูุณู‡ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุทู„ุน 00 ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุทุจุนุง ุทุจ ู„ูˆ
356
00:38:04,450 --> 00:38:10,590
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุจุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ zero ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ zero
357
00:38:10,590 --> 00:38:17,320
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ zero ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูŠ zero ูˆ
358
00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:21,400
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠุฑูˆ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ
359
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:24,640
ุทุจ ู„ูˆ ู‡ุฏู‡ ุถุฑุจุช ุจู†ูุณู‡ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‡ูŠ zero ูˆ zero
360
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:29,360
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ sub group ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุฎุท ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฏู‰ ู…ุด ุฒูŠู‡ู…
361
00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:34,860
ู…ุงู‡ูŠุงุด cyclic ุชุนุงู„ ุงู…ุณูƒ ุฃูŠ element ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†
362
00:38:34,860 --> 00:38:39,370
ุชู„ุงู‚ูŠ ูŠุฌูŠุจูƒ ุงูŠู‡ ุงุด ุฃุฑุจุน ุนู†ุงุธุฑ ูู…ุซู„ุง ู‡ุงุช ู„ูŠ ุฃูŠ
363
00:38:39,370 --> 00:38:43,330
element ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏุงู…ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ group ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ุดูˆู ูˆูƒู…
364
00:38:43,330 --> 00:38:50,030
ุนู†ุตุฑ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุฌูŠุจ ูŠู„ุง ุงุฎุชุงุฑูˆุง ุฃูŠ ุฑู‚ู… ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุฑู‚ุงู… ุฃูŠ
365
00:38:50,030 --> 00:38:56,070
ุนู†ุตุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ
366
00:38:56,070 --> 00:39:03,230
ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุชุฑุจูŠุน ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุณุชุฉ ูˆ ุณุชุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุณุชุฉ ูˆ ุณุชุฉ
367
00:39:03,230 --> 00:39:09,010
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูƒุนูŠุจ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ
368
00:39:10,910 --> 00:39:17,470
ุชุณุนุฉ ูˆ ุชุณุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุทูŠุจ
369
00:39:17,470 --> 00:39:25,890
ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช ู‚ูˆู„ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูˆ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุชู„ุงุชุฉ
370
00:39:25,890 --> 00:39:28,310
ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู…ุธุจูˆุท ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
371
00:39:28,310 --> 00:39:33,010
identity ูƒู…ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูˆู„ุง ู„ุง ุงู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทู„ุนุช ูƒู…ุงู†
372
00:39:33,010 --> 00:39:39,700
ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู€ sub group ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุทุจ
373
00:39:39,700 --> 00:39:46,380
ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ
374
00:39:46,380 --> 00:39:49,860
ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุฅู†ูƒ ุชุญุท ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู‚ุฏุงู…ูƒ ูˆ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ููŠู‡ู… ููŠุด
375
00:39:49,860 --> 00:39:51,200
ุดุบู„ุฉ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ
376
00:40:00,460 --> 00:40:03,360
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุณู‡ู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
377
00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:07,620
ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุจุชุฌูŠุจู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฃูŠู†ุŸ ุฃู†ุง ุจุญุท ู‚ุฏุงู…ูŠ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ
378
00:40:07,620 --> 00:40:09,980
ุงู„ู€ group ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช
379
00:40:09,980 --> 00:40:10,200
ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ
380
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:12,500
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ
381
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:12,720
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ
382
00:40:12,720 --> 00:40:13,140
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ
383
00:40:13,140 --> 00:40:17,680
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
384
00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:23,570
ูƒุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูƒุงู„ุญูŠู† ุฏู„ุช ู…ู†ู†ุง ู†ุงู„ู‡ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ
385
00:40:23,570 --> 00:40:29,030
ุงู„ุขู† ูƒู…ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู†ุณูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ sub
386
00:40:29,030 --> 00:40:33,650
group generated by ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุทูŠุจ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠู‡
387
00:40:33,650 --> 00:40:37,850
ู‚ุจู„ู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ูƒู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู† ู„ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู€
388
00:40:37,850 --> 00:40:40,770
order ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู€ sub groups
389
00:40:40,770 --> 00:40:47,050
ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุทูŠุจ ู„ูˆ ุฌุงุก ุตูุฑ ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ
390
00:40:54,230 --> 00:40:59,930
ุฃู‡ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู„ูŠุด ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ุด ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ู€ ุตูุฑ ูˆุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
391
00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:05,650
ูˆุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุตูุฑ ูƒู…ุงู† ุฃู‡ ุญุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู€ ุตูุฑ ูˆ
392
00:41:05,650 --> 00:41:13,310
ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ and ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุตูุฑ ุทุจ ู„ูŠุด ุงุฎุชุงุฑุช ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
393
00:41:13,310 --> 00:41:17,310
ู„ูŠุด ู…ุง ุงุฎุชุงุฑุช ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู„ุฃู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ุฏูˆู„
394
00:41:17,310 --> 00:41:24,600
relatively prime ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ main ู…ุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฏูˆู„
395
00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:29,020
ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุงุด ู…ุง ุชุงุฎุฏ ุตูุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุตูุฑ ุฃุฎุฏู†ุงู‡ ู…ุด
396
00:41:29,020 --> 00:41:32,440
ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ุงูŠ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุจุงุฏุฆู†ุง ููŠู‡ู… ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุง ููŠุด ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒ
397
00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:36,700
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ subgroups ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ order
398
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:40,480
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ group ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
399
00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:57,420
ุทูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณุคุงู„ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุซู„ุงุซูŠู†
400
00:41:57,420 --> 00:42:04,380
find a subgroup ู…ู† z12, z4, z15 ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
401
00:42:04,380 --> 00:42:17,760
ุชุณุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุณุคุงู„ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุจุฏู†ุง subgroup of z12
402
00:42:19,790 --> 00:42:25,210
External Direct Product ู…ุน ุฒุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ External
403
00:42:25,210 --> 00:42:31,710
Direct Product ู…ุน ุฒุฏ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุนุดุฑ
404
00:42:31,710 --> 00:42:38,590
that has order
405
00:42:38,590 --> 00:42:48,190
ุชุณุนุฉ ุฎู„ูŠ
406
00:42:48,190 --> 00:42:52,930
ุจุงู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุง ูƒูˆูŠุณ ุฎู„ูŠู†ูŠ ุฃุณุฃู„ูƒู… ุณุคุงู„ ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ู‡ู„ ููŠ
407
00:42:52,930 --> 00:42:58,470
element ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ order ุฅูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉุŸ ูˆู„ุง ุจุฏูŠ
408
00:42:58,470 --> 00:43:02,850
ุฃุดูˆูุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุจุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุจุณุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุชุณุนุฉ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุด
409
00:43:02,850 --> 00:43:07,200
ุงุซู†ุงุด ูˆู„ุง element ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ order ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ ูˆู„ุง
410
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:11,520
element ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ order ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠุด ูˆู„ุง
411
00:43:11,520 --> 00:43:15,920
element ุงู„ู€ order ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ group
412
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:20,920
ุงู„ู…ู†ูุฑุฏุงุช ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทูŠุจ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุด ู‡ู†ุฌูŠุจ
413
00:43:20,920 --> 00:43:25,300
ุงู„ู€ order ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ุด ู‡ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุงู„ู€ order ุชุณุนุฉ ุชุจุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€
414
00:43:25,300 --> 00:43:33,410
sub group ุจุฏูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
415
00:43:33,410 --> 00:43:35,850
ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ
416
00:43:35,850 --> 00:43:39,370
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
417
00:43:39,370 --> 00:43:42,410
ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ
418
00:43:42,410 --> 00:43:43,570
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
419
00:43:43,570 --> 00:43:44,930
ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ
420
00:43:44,930 --> 00:43:53,390
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ
421
00:43:53,390 --> 00:43:56,850
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
422
00:43:57,140 --> 00:44:01,440
ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช group ุงู„ู€ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ order
423
00:44:01,440 --> 00:44:05,140
ุฅู„ู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
424
00:44:05,140 --> 00:44:12,590
ู‚ุฏ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู„ู€ external product ุชุณุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ order
425
00:44:12,590 --> 00:44:17,110
ู„ู„ู€ group ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุตูŠุฑ ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ุด ุจุงุฎุฏุด elements ุจุงุฎุฏ
426
00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:21,150
group ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ sub group ุชู…ุงู…
427
00:44:21,150 --> 00:44:27,370
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู„ุงู‚ูŠ sub group ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
428
00:44:27,370 --> 00:44:32,150
groups ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ุด ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู†
429
00:44:32,150 --> 00:44:36,750
ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุญุงูŠู„ ุจุงู„ุฏุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฎุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู€
430
00:44:36,750 --> 00:44:41,020
sub group ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€
431
00:44:41,020 --> 00:44:45,020
subgroup ุงู„ู€ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ููŠ ุดูŠุก
432
00:44:45,020 --> 00:44:48,760
ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ุซู„ุง ูˆุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุจุชุงุฎุฏ subgroup ุงู„ู€
433
00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:51,760
order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฏูˆู„ ู„ูˆ ุถุฑุจุชู‡ุง ู…ูƒูˆู†
434
00:44:51,760 --> 00:44:57,300
ุฌุฏูŠุด ุชุณุนุฉ ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชุฌูŠุจ ุฃู‡ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู„ูŠุด ู„ุฃู† ุฒุฏ ุงุซู†ุงุด ูˆุฒุฏ
435
00:44:57,300 --> 00:45:01,820
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุฒุฏ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุนุดุฑ ูƒู„ู‡ู… cyclic group ูˆููŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ
436
00:45:01,820 --> 00:45:06,840
chapter ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ูŠ ุฃูŠ subgroup ู…ู† cyclic group
437
00:45:06,840 --> 00:45:11,380
ุจุชูƒูˆู† cyclic ุชู…ุงู… ุจุงุฌูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูƒูˆูŠุณุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูˆ ุฌูŠุช
438
00:45:11,380 --> 00:45:26,980
ุฃุฎุทุท ุงู„ู€ HBA subgroup of Z12 with order ู…ุซู„ุง with
439
00:45:26,980 --> 00:45:39,970
order ุซู„ุงุซุฉ and k is a subgroup ู…ู† z4 with order
440
00:45:39,970 --> 00:45:49,510
ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงู„ู€
441
00:45:49,510 --> 00:45:59,370
subgroup ู…ู† z15 with order ูˆุงุญุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุทุจุนุง ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู†
442
00:45:59,370 --> 00:46:04,030
ู„ุฃู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจุชุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุนุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ
443
00:46:04,030 --> 00:46:11,990
ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจุชุฌุณู… ุงู„ุงุซู†ุงุด ูŠุนู†ูŠ for example for
444
00:46:11,990 --> 00:46:17,190
example ุงู„ู€
445
00:46:17,190 --> 00:46:21,450
group generated by ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุงูŠุด ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
446
00:46:21,450 --> 00:46:21,810
ู‡ู†ุง
447
00:46:24,580 --> 00:46:30,860
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ุงูŠ ู„ูŠุด ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ ุตูุฑ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
448
00:46:30,860 --> 00:46:37,000
ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุง ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆุงู„ู€ ุตูุฑ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡
449
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:43,230
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงูŠุด ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ู†
450
00:46:43,230 --> 00:46:48,510
ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ group generated by ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ู€ order
451
00:46:48,510 --> 00:46:54,250
ูƒู…ุงู† ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูƒู…ุŸ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ order ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
452
00:46:54,250 --> 00:46:58,670
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ least ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€
453
00:46:58,670 --> 00:47:04,610
order ู„ู„ู€ external direct product ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู„ู€
454
00:47:04,610 --> 00:47:13,540
external direct product ู…ุน ู…ู†ุŸ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ ุตูุฑ ู…ุน ู…ู†ุŸ
455
00:47:13,540 --> 00:47:18,280
ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ subgroup generated by ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู‡ุง
456
00:47:18,280 --> 00:47:23,140
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู„ู€ subgroup generated by ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู„ู…ู†
457
00:47:23,140 --> 00:47:28,100
ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ ุตูุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ order ู„ู„ู€ subgroup
458
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:34,100
generated by ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆ
459
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:38,660
ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุฌุจุชู„ู‡ subgroup ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ group
460
00:47:38,660 --> 00:47:44,260
ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ order ุฅู„ู‡ุง ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุชุณุนุฉ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„
461
00:47:44,260 --> 00:47:46,360
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุซู„ุงุซูŠู†