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ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ู†ุดุชุบู„ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡
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ุนูŠู†ุฉ water ู…ุด ู…ุฎููุฉ ูู€undiluted sample ูˆุฑุงุญ ุฃุนู…ู„
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ู…ู†ู‡ุง serial dilution ู„ุง ุชุฎููŠู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃู‚ุตุงู„
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ุจูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃู‚ุตุงู„ ุจุงุชู†ูŠู† ุฑุงุญ ุฃุญุท ู„ูƒู„ ุชุฎููŠ ููŠู…ุง
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ููŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ุญุท ู„ู‡ู… ุฎู…ุณ ุฅุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ูˆูƒู„ ุฅุชูŠูˆุจ
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ููŠู‡ ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ media ู„ู€ broth ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุฃุนู…ู„ู‡ู…
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incubation ูˆ ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุดูˆู ู‡ู„ ููŠู‡ ุชุฑุจูŠุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃุงู„ุชests
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is a method to estimate the concentration of
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viable microorganism in sample ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ NPN
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ุจุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ุญุชู‰ ุฃูƒุดู ุนู† ุงู„ viable microorganism
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ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ูŠุชุฉ ู‡ู„ ุฑุงุญ
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ุฃุนุฑู ุฃุณุชุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุงุŸ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู„ุฃุŒ ู…ูŠุชุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ุฑุงุญ
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ุชุชู…ูˆู… ู…ุง ุฑุงุญ ุชุนุทูŠ ุนู‚ุงุฑุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุฑุงุญ ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู€ pH
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indicator by means of replicate liquid growth
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ุงู„growth in tin-fold dilutionsุจุนู…ู„ ุชุฎููŠูุงุช ูˆุจู†ู…ูŠ
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ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠู‡ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… Media Ebroth ู…ุชู‰ ุจุงุณุชุนู…ู„
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ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู€ NPN ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง it's particularly useful
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with samples that contain particulate material ู„ู…ุง
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ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช condensed sample ุนูŠู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง
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particles ูƒู…ุงู† ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ and useful for
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low concentration of organisms ู„ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉููŠู‡ุง
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ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ Low concentration ุฎุงุตุฉ ููŠ ุนูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู€
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liquid ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุชุฑ Most probable number
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analysis is a statistical method ู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุฉ
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ุจุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ู€ micro organism
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช Based on the random dispersion ุชูˆุฒูŠุน
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ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ู€ micro organismู„ู‡ูŠูƒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู†
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ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ุฅูŠุด ูŠุทู„ุน ููŠู‡ุง positive ูˆุฅูŠุด ูŠุทู„ุน
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negative ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู…ุง ุฃุงุฎุฏู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ
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ู…ู†ู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ุงูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡
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ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูู‡ูˆ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„
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micro organism ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุชIn this method, measured
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volumes of water ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุฎุฏ volumes ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุนูŠู†ุชูŠ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ water ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุญุทู‡ุง ููŠ ุชูŠูˆุจุงุช is added to
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a series of tube ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠูˆุจุงุช containing a liquid
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indicator ุงู„ growth media ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง media ุงู„
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growth ููŠู‡ุง BH indicatorุจุฏู†ุง BH Indicator ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ
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ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ู„ู†ุดูˆู ู‡ุฐูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุนู…ู„ุช fermentation ู„ุฃ
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ู„ูƒุชูˆุฒ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃ ุทูŠุจุŒ ุงู„ู€ media receiving one or more
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indicator bacteria show growth and characteristic
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color change ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ููŠู‡ุง indicator bacteria ุฃูˆ
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indicator organism ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ุงูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠูุงุฑูˆู…ุŒ
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ุงู„ููŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠูุงุฑูˆู…ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฑูŠุดุง ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุชูŠุฑูˆ ูƒูˆูƒุงุณ
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง Lomo ูˆูƒู…ุงู†
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ู‡ุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู€ BH Indicator ู„ุฃู† ุฃุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ูƒูŠู
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ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุณุชุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฅู…ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€
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turbidity ู„ูˆ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ุง BH Indicator ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„
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ุงู„ู€ change in color ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ุง BH IndicatorColor
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change is absent ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ู…ุชู‰
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ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ in those receiving an inoculum of
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water without indicator bacteria ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนูŠู†ุงุช
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ุงู„ูˆุทุฑ ู…ุงููŠู‡ุง indicator bacteria ู…ุงููŠู‡ุง ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
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ุจุชุนู…ู„ fermentation ู„ุงู„ูƒุชุงุฒ ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ
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ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ู„ู„ู€ BH indicator
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ูู‚ุท ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุนุฏู‡ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู€ NPN
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃูƒุดู ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ู„ุฅู† ุงู„ุทูˆู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุญูŠุฉ
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ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุจุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุฑุจูŠุช ุฃูˆ ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฅูŠู‡ ูƒุฏู‡
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ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ
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ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุจูŠุฑุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ูƒูˆุงุณ ุดูŠู† ู…ุฑุชุจุทin chains ุจู‚ูˆู„
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ู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุณู„ุงุณู„
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชู†ููƒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุนู…ู„ุช dilution ู„ุฅู„ู‡ุง not
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separated ู„ู‡ูŠูƒ ู…ุง ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ุฃุญูƒูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ
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ุงู„ NBN ู‡ูŠ coin forming unit per gram ุงูˆ ู…ู„ ุงู†ู…ุง
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ุจุญูƒูŠ ุดูˆ NBN coin forming unit ุงูˆ NBN growth unit
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from the number and distribution of positive and
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negative reaction the NPN of indicator organism in
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the sample may be estimated by reference to
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statistical tables ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุดุชุบู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
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ูู‚ุท ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Pre-Sumptive Test ุฑูˆุญ
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฅูŠุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ููŠู‡ู… growth media ุฑูˆุญ ุฃุดูˆู ู…ูŠู†
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ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง turbidity ู…ุซู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ู€undeluded
72
00:04:39,470 --> 00:04:46,070
ุทู„ุน ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฎู…ุณุฉุฅู† ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ู… ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุนุดุฑุฉ
73
00:04:46,070 --> 00:04:50,230
ุฃุณุงู„ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุซู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†
74
00:04:50,230 --> 00:04:55,310
ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃุณุงู„ุจ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ู‡ุงุฏ ูˆ
75
00:04:55,310 --> 00:04:58,130
ุจุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฏูˆู„ ูˆ ุจุดูˆู ู‚ุฏุงุด ุงู„ concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡
76
00:05:00,810 --> 00:05:05,070
ูุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุฒุฑุน ู‡ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ุชุงู†ูŠ ูŠูˆู… ุฃูˆ ุจุนุฏ 48 ุณุงุนุฉ
77
00:05:05,070 --> 00:05:07,310
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุดูŠ ุจุงุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ microorganism ุงู„ู„ูŠ
78
00:05:07,310 --> 00:05:09,630
ุจุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ ู‡ู„ ุจุจุญุซ ุนู„ู‰ ููŠูƒุงู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠูุงุฑู… ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€
79
00:05:09,630 --> 00:05:14,050
Escherichia coli ุฃูˆ ุจุงุจุญุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠูุงุฑู… ูุฅุญู†ุง
80
00:05:14,050 --> 00:05:16,770
ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Escherichia coli ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฑุงุญ
81
00:05:16,770 --> 00:05:19,630
ุฃุนู…ู„ incubation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุงุชุŒ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ุฑุจุนูŠู† ูˆ
82
00:05:19,630 --> 00:05:24,190
ู†ุต ุณูŠู„ูŠุฒูŠุง ุณู†ุฉ ู„ู…ุฏุช 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ู‡ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ
83
00:05:24,190 --> 00:05:27,950
ุทุจุนุง ุงุญู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ุง ุฑุงุญ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€meconic broth ูˆู„ุง
84
00:05:27,950 --> 00:05:31,580
ุงู„ุฃู„ ุฃุณุชูŠุฑุง ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู… ุฏูˆู„ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุงูุญู†ู„ุฌุฃ ู„ู€
85
00:05:31,580 --> 00:05:36,500
Nutrient Growth ุทุจุนุงู‹ ู‡ุงูŠ ู…ุงููŠู‡ุง pH Indicator
86
00:05:36,500 --> 00:05:39,940
ูุณุชุฏู„ุน ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ Turbidity ู‡ุดูˆู ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ
87
00:05:39,940 --> 00:05:43,660
ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ Turbidity ูˆ ุจูƒุชุจ ุนู†ุฏู‡ positive ูˆ ุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
88
00:05:43,660 --> 00:05:46,900
ุจุดูˆู ุฃูƒู… ู…ู† positive ููŠ ูƒู„ ุชุฎููŠู ูˆ ุจุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ
89
00:05:46,900 --> 00:05:49,080
ุฏูˆู„ ูˆ ุจุดูˆู ู‚ุฏุงุด ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ
90
00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,140
ู„ู‡ู… ูุงู„ู€ NBN ุฅู„ู‡ุง ุชู„ุงุช ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุงู„ู€ Brain Sumptive ุฃูˆ
91
00:05:53,140 --> 00:05:55,760
ุงู„ู€ Screening ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Confirm Test ูˆ ุงู„ุชุงู„ุช
92
00:05:55,760 --> 00:06:00,180
ุงู„ู€ Completed Testุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Pre-Sumptive ุฃูˆ
93
00:06:00,180 --> 00:06:03,300
ุงู„ู€ Skinny Test ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ detection ุฃูˆ
94
00:06:03,300 --> 00:06:08,820
estimation ู„ู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู… ููŠ ุนูŠู†ุช ุงู„ูˆุงุชุฑ for
95
00:06:08,820 --> 00:06:11,780
estimation of coliform ู„ูˆ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู…
96
00:06:11,780 --> 00:06:14,680
ูุฃู†ุง ุนุงุฑูุฉ ููŠ ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู„ู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„
97
00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:17,960
fermentation ู„ู„ู€ Lactose ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ุŒ ุงู„ู€medium of
98
00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:21,940
broth ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ู€ Lactose
99
00:06:21,940 --> 00:06:26,540
Lactose containing broth medium is usedุจุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ ุนู„ู‰
100
00:06:26,540 --> 00:06:29,420
ุงู„ู€ Broth media ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูƒุชูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู…ุง Conkey
101
00:06:29,420 --> 00:06:33,840
Broth ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠู‡ุง BH Indicator ุงุณู…ู‡ Bromocresol
102
00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:38,300
Purple ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ L-St-Lyral Sulfate
103
00:06:38,300 --> 00:06:43,160
Tryptose ุงู„ู€ Broth ุทูŠุจุŒ ุฅุญู†ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑ
104
00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:46,600
ุจุชุนู…ู„ fermentation ู„ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ู„ูƒุชูˆุฒุŒ ุจุชุทู„ุน ุนู†ู‡ acid
105
00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:52,870
weed gasุทูŠุจุŒ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ pH Indicator ุจุงู„ู„ุงุญุธ ุฃู†ู‡
106
00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:55,310
ุตุงุฑ fermentation ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู€ pH
107
00:06:55,310 --> 00:06:59,050
Indicator ุทูŠุจุŒ ุงู„ู€ Gas ูƒูŠู ุจุฏูŠ ุฃู„ุงุญุธู‡ุŸ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„
108
00:06:59,050 --> 00:07:02,510
ุจุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ Inverted Dermatope ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุญุท ุงู„ู€
109
00:07:02,510 --> 00:07:05,810
Dermatope ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ Incubation
110
00:07:05,810 --> 00:07:09,870
ูˆุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุญูŠู† ุญุฌุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Dermatope The
111
00:07:09,870 --> 00:07:12,690
color of media change into yellow ู„ู…ุง ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†
112
00:07:12,690 --> 00:07:16,110
ุฅู„ู‰ ู„ูˆู† ุฃุตุจุฑ ูˆุงู„ู„ุงุญุธ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠู‡ Gas ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Dermatope
113
00:07:16,110 --> 00:07:21,930
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง highุจู†ูุชุฑุถ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒูˆู„ูŠูุงุฑ ู„ูƒู†
114
00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:25,290
ู…ุด ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุฉ ู„ุฅู† ู‡ุงูŠ Scenic Test number of positive
115
00:07:25,290 --> 00:07:27,550
tubes are counted ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุดูˆู ุฃูƒุงู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠูˆุจ ุนู†ุฏู‰
116
00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:29,890
positive ุฃูƒุงู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠูˆุจ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ ุชุฑุจูŠุชูŠ ุงุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠู‡
117
00:07:29,890 --> 00:07:33,930
ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุดูˆู ุงู„ NPN ุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„
118
00:07:33,930 --> 00:07:40,930
number ู„ู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ water ู„ุนูŠู†ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ chart ู…ุนูŠู†
119
00:07:40,930 --> 00:07:45,370
ุฃูˆ ููŠ tables ููŠู‡ ุฌุฏุงูˆู„ ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุดูˆู ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ
120
00:07:45,370 --> 00:07:49,020
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ confirmed testู†ู„ุฌุฃ ู„ู„ู€ confirmed
121
00:07:49,020 --> 00:07:53,360
test ู„ุฃู† ููŠ ุจุนุถ ู„ุตุจุงุฑ forming ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง
122
00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:57,020
ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ pre-sumptive test ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ pre-sumptive
123
00:07:57,020 --> 00:08:00,780
media ูˆุจุชุนุทูŠ false positive ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ุง ู‡ูŠ ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู…
124
00:08:00,780 --> 00:08:06,150
ูˆู„ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃุดุฑูŠุดุง ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ positiveresult
125
00:08:06,150 --> 00:08:11,170
ูุจุชู„ูˆู† ุงู„ media ูˆ ุจุชุนุทูŠ ู„ูˆู† ุฃุตูุฑ ุงู„ุญู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงุฒู…
126
00:08:11,170 --> 00:08:16,750
ุฃุนู…ู„ confirmed test ู„ูŠุด ุจุฃุนู…ู„ู‡ู… ุนู„ุดุงู† ุฃุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู†
127
00:08:16,750 --> 00:08:20,510
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุดุฑูŠุดุฉ coli ุฃูˆ ู„ุงุŒ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ coliform
128
00:08:20,510 --> 00:08:24,430
ุฃูˆ ู„ุงุŒ ุดูˆ ุจุนู…ู„ุŸุงู„ุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทู„ุนุช ู…ุนูŠ positive ููŠ
129
00:08:24,430 --> 00:08:29,210
ุงู„ู€ pre-sumptive test ุจุฑูˆุญ ุจุฒุฑุน ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰
130
00:08:29,210 --> 00:08:33,630
Endo-agar ุฃูˆ EMB ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุนู…ู„ incubation ุญุณุจ ู‡ู„
131
00:08:33,630 --> 00:08:36,570
ุจุฏูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ total coliform ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุดุฑูŠุดุง ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ
132
00:08:36,570 --> 00:08:39,250
ู„ุฅู† ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ temperature ูˆุงู„terminal
133
00:08:39,250 --> 00:08:42,090
incubation ุจุฎุชู„ููˆุง ุญุณุจ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ micro organism ู„ูˆ
134
00:08:42,090 --> 00:08:45,850
ุทู„ุน ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุฃุฎุถุฑ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงุดุฑูŠุดุง ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ู„ูˆ ุทู„ุน ู…ู† ุฏุฑุฌุงุช
135
00:08:45,850 --> 00:08:48,330
ุงู„ pink to purple ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ had coliform
136
00:08:51,120 --> 00:08:53,640
Some spore-forming bacteria give false positive
137
00:08:53,640 --> 00:08:56,340
tests in a presumptive test ู„ู‡ูŠูƒ ูˆุฑูˆุญ ู†ุฑุฌุน ู„ู€
138
00:08:56,340 --> 00:09:02,580
Confirm Test ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุดูˆู ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู…ุŒ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ
139
00:09:02,580 --> 00:09:07,300
ููŠูƒุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู…ุŒ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุดุฑูŠุดูŠุง ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃ For this
140
00:09:07,300 --> 00:09:09,700
positive presumptive test are inoculated in
141
00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:14,000
selective media ุฃุฑูˆุญ ุฃุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ูŠุฏูŠุง selective EMB ุฃูˆ
142
00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:18,440
Endoagar ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ู… incubation ุญุณุจ ุงู„ temperature ู‚ู„ู†ุง
143
00:09:19,470 --> 00:09:21,830
Presence of typical colonies ุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑู‚ 37
144
00:09:21,830 --> 00:09:26,910
confirmed positive coliform ุน ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑู‚ 44.5 ุจุชุฃูƒุฏ
145
00:09:26,910 --> 00:09:31,710
ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู† ู‡ุงูŠ ู‡ูŠ Escherichia coli ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฃ ุงู„
146
00:09:31,710 --> 00:09:35,590
completed test ุจุฑูˆุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ colonies ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทู„ุนุช ู…ุนูŠ
147
00:09:35,590 --> 00:09:40,010
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„Indo agar ุฃูˆ ุงู„ EMB ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุงุฎุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุจุนู…ู„ sub
148
00:09:40,010 --> 00:09:44,370
culture ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุญุทู‡ุง ููŠ ุชู„ุช ุฅูŠุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ู…
149
00:09:44,370 --> 00:09:48,650
incubationูุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฏูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุดุฑูŠุดุฉ ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ
150
00:09:48,650 --> 00:09:53,870
ุญุฑู‚ 44 ูˆู†ุต ุงู„ุฅุดุฑูŠุดุฉ ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ู‡ุชุนู…ู„ fermentation ูˆ
151
00:09:53,870 --> 00:09:57,890
ู‡ูŠุทู„ุน ู…ุนู‡ุง ุฌุงุฒ ูุจู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ุฌุงุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑู‚ 44 ูˆู†ุต
152
00:09:57,890 --> 00:10:00,970
ุจู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุงูŠ ุฅุดุฑูŠุดุฉ ูƒูˆู„ุงูŠ ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญุทู‡ู… ููŠ ุชู„ุช
153
00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:05,870
ุฅูŠุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ุฃูˆู„ ุฅูŠุชูŠูˆุจ ุจุฏูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู„ุงุชุฉ ู…ู„ ู„ูƒุชูˆุฒ ุจุฑูˆุซ
154
00:10:05,870 --> 00:10:13,450
ุฃูˆ BGLB ุจุฑูˆุซ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุญุท ุนู„ู‰ slant ุฃุฌุงุฑุŒ slant
155
00:10:13,450 --> 00:10:18,220
ุจุฏูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุงุฆู„ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู†ู‡ ยซfor a gram stainยป ุฃุดุชุบู„
156
00:10:18,220 --> 00:10:22,460
ุงู„ุชุงู„ุชุฉ ุจุฑูˆุญ ุฃุญุท ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ ยซTrypton waterยป ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ
157
00:10:22,460 --> 00:10:25,020
ุดุฑุท ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ู…ุดุงู† ุฃุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ biochemical tests
158
00:10:25,020 --> 00:10:29,660
ูˆ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠููŠุฉ ู„ู€ ุงู„ micro organism ู…ุซู„ุง ูุญุต
159
00:10:29,660 --> 00:10:33,520
ู„ู„ู€ Indoleู‡ูŠุจุช ุจูŠูุณุฑ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€
160
00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:36,020
Brace Sumptive ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ Skinneck Test ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏ
161
00:10:36,020 --> 00:10:39,940
ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠุฉ Undiluted Sample ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงุนู…ู„ู†ุง
162
00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:45,280
ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎููŠู 1 ู„ 10 ูˆ 1 ู„ 100 ู„ูƒู„ ุชุฎููŠู ู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ู„ู€
163
00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:48,860
Undiluted Sample ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฎู…ุณ ุฅูŠุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ููŠู‡ู… ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ู„
164
00:10:48,860 --> 00:10:52,520
ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Broth Media ููŠู‡ุง Lactose ูˆูƒู…ุงู† ุญุทูˆุง ููŠู‡ุง BH
165
00:10:52,520 --> 00:10:56,980
Indicator ุงุณู…ู‡ PhenolRed ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุชุนู…ู„
166
00:10:56,980 --> 00:11:00,520
fermentation ู„ุฅู„ูƒุชูˆุฒ ู‡ุชุบูŠุฑ ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ูƒุฏู‡ ุงู† ุฏูƒุงุชุฑ
167
00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:03,760
ูˆ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฃุตูุฑ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ incubation
168
00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:07,500
ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ูƒุฏู‡ ุทู„ุน ู…ุนูŠ ู„ูˆู†ู‡ู… ุฃุตูุฑ ูˆ ุจู†ุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ูˆ
169
00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:12,180
ุจู†ุดูˆู ูƒุฏู‡ ุงู„ most probable number if one
170
00:11:12,180 --> 00:11:16,260
replicated tube of media receive a dilution of the
171
00:11:16,260 --> 00:11:19,460
sample that contains a bacteria cell ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡
172
00:11:19,460 --> 00:11:23,080
ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุซูŠูˆุจ ู‡ุฐุง ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠthat tube will turn
173
00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:26,000
turbid ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ turbidity ูุจุฃุณุชุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
174
00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:29,540
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ turbidity its neighbor an
175
00:11:29,540 --> 00:11:34,240
identical replicate ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฏุช ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ volume ู…ู† ู†ูุณ
176
00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:38,060
ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆุฑูˆุญุช ุฒุฑุงุนุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ tube ุชุงู†ูŠ may not
177
00:11:38,060 --> 00:11:40,980
receive any bacteria ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุงูŠูƒู† ููŠู‡ุง ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
178
00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:44,740
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ุงุฑุญ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ turbidity ู„ูŠุด ู‚ู„ู†ุง ู‡ุงุฏุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡
179
00:11:44,740 --> 00:11:49,080
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน random ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ู€ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
180
00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:53,180
ููŠ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ this information is particularly useful
181
00:11:53,180 --> 00:11:56,960
at low numbers of organism ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุชููŠุฏ ุญุชู‰
182
00:11:56,960 --> 00:12:00,800
ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูƒุชูŠุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‰ ุงู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู†
183
00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:04,300
ุงูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงุชูŠูˆุจ ูุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ูˆ ู…ุง ุทู„ุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู…ูƒู†
184
00:12:04,300 --> 00:12:08,790
ูŠุทู„ุน ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู€ Confidence Interval ุงู„ู„ูŠ
185
00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:12,590
ุจุฏูŠ .. ุจุฏูŠ ูŠุงูƒู… ุชูู‡ู…ูˆู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู€ NPN
186
00:12:12,590 --> 00:12:17,410
ุจุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุฃุซุจุช ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุนุฏู…ู‡ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ
187
00:12:17,410 --> 00:12:24,590
95% ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุซู‚ูŠู† ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ coliform ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃุŒ ู‡ู„
188
00:12:24,590 --> 00:12:28,730
ู‡ูŠ Escherichia coli ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 95% ู„ู…ุง ุฃุณุชุฎุฏู…
189
00:12:28,730 --> 00:12:33,640
ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู€ NPNุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ู‡ุงุฏ ุจูŠูˆุถุญ ุงู„ู€ advantages and
190
00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:36,580
disadvantages ู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ NBN ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„
191
00:12:36,580 --> 00:12:39,980
advantage relatively simple and sensitive ู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
192
00:12:39,980 --> 00:12:43,980
ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู…ุง ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง
193
00:12:43,980 --> 00:12:46,480
sensitive ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุชูƒุดู ุนู† low concentration
194
00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:50,470
of bacteria in samplecan count a specific type in
195
00:12:50,470 --> 00:12:53,630
the presence of others ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู†
196
00:12:53,630 --> 00:12:56,270
ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆุฃู†ุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃูƒุดู ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠููˆุฑู…
197
00:12:56,270 --> 00:13:01,330
ูุจุฃุฌูŠุจ ู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ุฎุงุตุฉ ููŠู‡ุง lactose ูุจุฃูƒุดู ุนู† ู‡ุงู„ู†ูˆุน
198
00:13:01,330 --> 00:13:03,910
ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„ fermentation ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃ
199
00:13:04,470 --> 00:13:07,810
Can use large sample volumes ุงุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„
200
00:13:07,810 --> 00:13:11,770
Meat Meal ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู€
201
00:13:11,770 --> 00:13:14,790
DisadvantageุŒ time-consuming and labor intensive
202
00:13:14,790 --> 00:13:20,090
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ูˆู‚ุช ูˆุฌู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุดุบู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ require
203
00:13:20,090 --> 00:13:23,350
large volumes of glassware ููŠู‡ุง ุฒุฌุงุฌูŠุงุชุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
204
00:13:23,350 --> 00:13:28,270
ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ูƒุชูŠุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุชุฎููŠู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ู…ู† 3 ุฅู„ู‰
205
00:13:28,270 --> 00:13:31,750
5 ุงุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ูƒู…ุงู† ู„ุฃ ู„ุชูŠูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ู… ู„ุฃ
206
00:13:31,750 --> 00:13:36,120
ุงู„ุชุฎููŠูุงุชdoesn't give the real value ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ
207
00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:39,300
ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ most probable number
208
00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:42,500
ุงู„ุนุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุง doesn't give isolated
209
00:13:42,500 --> 00:13:45,340
colonialism ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ุง ุจุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ isolated
210
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colonialism ู†ูŠุฌูŠ ู„ู„ summaryThe basic concept ู„ู„ู€
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MPN method ุฅู†ู‡ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุชุฎููŠู ู„ู„ู€ sample to such
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a degree that a niculum in that tubes ุจุนู…ู„ ุชุฎููŠูุงุช
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุชุฎููŠู ุฑุงุญ ุฃุฎุฏ ูˆ ุฑุงุญ ุฃุฒุฑุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงุชูŠูˆุจ
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ููŠ broth media ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุงุชูŠูˆุจุงุช sometimes but
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not always contain viable organism ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠู‡ุง
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ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุญูŠุฉ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‡ุชุบูŠุฑ ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ media
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ู„ูˆ ู…ุงููŠู‡ุง ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุญูŠุฉ not viable ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ
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ุฃูŠ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุจุนุถ ุงู„ู€ replicates ูˆ ุงู„ู€ dilution series
219
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ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุนุฏุฏ ู…ุคูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู€ most
220
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probable number ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ exact value ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
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ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุจุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„The
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outcome ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ number of nucleate producing a
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growth at each dilution ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡
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ุจุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ employ ุฑุญ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ู…ุคุดุฑ
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ู„ุฃุณุชู…ุชุน ู„ู„ original undiluted concentration of
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bacteria ู…ุคุดุฑ ู„ู‚ุฏุงุด ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู…ุด ู…ุฎููุฉ estimation not exact valuewhile this
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method is most commonly used ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€
229
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NPN ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ personal product ููŠ ุงู„
230
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medical device ููŠ ุงู„ quality control ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดูˆููˆุง
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ู„ู‡ ุงู„ water ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ูƒู…ุงู† it has
232
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significant potential for other applications ุฅูŠู‡ุง
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ูƒู…ุงู† ููŠ applications ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
234
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุจู‡ูŠูƒ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„