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Hello everyone, nice to have you yet again to

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continue our journey into this course, an

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introduction to English literature for Palestinian

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students at the English department at the Islamic

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University of Gaza. Again, the course introduces

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us to major literary movements, major literary

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events, major literary texts, and major literary

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figures in English. We understand these texts. We

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study them in their historical context. And again,

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I have to repeat this because this is a literature

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course. literature in its historical context

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because we need to understand the relationship

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between history and literature. And I said this

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before, it's not a one-way thing. It's not people

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only think that literature influences history, but

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we here also examine how literature influences

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life. So how this is a mutual relationship in a

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way or another. We finished last time talking

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about Middle English. We've seen how England

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started to become the England we know now, how the

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English language was developing, how English

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literary figures, especially people like Geoffrey

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Chaucer, how they were looking for the English

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identity because they wanted to be special in a

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way different from other European countries. Today

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we move to speak about one of the major eras in

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the history of English literature. It's the

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Renaissance. In the Renaissance, we have so many

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things to speak about. But in general, the

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subtitle here reads as The Age of Shakespeare, The

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Age of Drama. So we'll have an introduction and

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see what the Renaissance means to England, to the

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United Kingdom, and to English literature. And

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then we'll talk about Shakespeare and take Hamlet

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as an example. Now, the Renaissance, as you can

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see, it is said that the Renaissance started

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earlier in Europe, and then, in a way, England

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followed up. Around 1485, that's the late 15th

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century to the mid-17th century is considered the

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Renaissance. The Renaissance means rebirth, means

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renewal. It's the rebirth. It's New England. It's

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New Britain. Now, in the book, And in most English

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texts, they usually introduce us to this era, the

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Renaissance. And they speak all, you know, they

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say all good things about England, about the

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United Kingdom, about the British Empire. We hear

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and read all these important, fascinating

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discoveries, inventions, and technological,

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scientific advances. which all these are in a way

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or another are true. But usually these books that

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speak about how England became England usually

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forget something very important. Remember, England

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became, you know, the British Empire, right? The

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British Empire that controlled large areas around

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the world. England became the most powerful

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country in the world. London became not only the

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capital of Britain, of England, but it became the

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most important city in the world. What does that

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mean? It means the English people in a way became

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richer. They discovered new areas. They reached

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different areas around the world. Again, however,

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when we speak about this, when English books speak

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about this, they usually forget two important

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things. And I will focus on these things. In a

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way, they are interchangeable. They are

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imperialism and colonialism. Imperialism and

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colonialism. What does it mean? What is

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imperialism? What is colonialism? Can you tell me

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someone? What is imperialism or colonialism? Have

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you ever heard about the term colonies, colonial,

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colonizer, colonizer? Yeah? Imperialism. Do you

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have any idea?

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Yes.

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OK. So again, I say in a way, colonialism is part

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of imperialism, the British Empire, where a

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country generally controls another country,

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politically, economically, et cetera, et cetera.

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Now colonialism is like an occupation, colonized

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to occupy. When we speak about the British

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colonies in Africa, in Asia, and even some parts

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of America, it becomes part of the British Empire,

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not by right, but by force. So what happens in

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colonialism is that the British Empire sends its

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armies, sends its soldiers to occupy areas of the

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world in Africa and in Asia. And when they occupy,

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what happens to this country? What happens to

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Asia? What happens to Australia? What happens to

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India, for example, or Pakistan? It's that the

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British Empire takes all the good things, the raw

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materials, the treasures, the materials. It brings

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money. It brings riches to the English people in

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England. But what happens to the natives? What

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happens to the colonizers? It's something that

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this book doesn't touch upon. And we need to pay

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attention to this. It means colonialism means if

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England was getting richer and richer, Africa and

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Asia were getting poorer and poorer. It means

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oppression. It means the destruction of these

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countries. It means that these countries are

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massacred. Because of the British Empire, millions

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and millions of people were massacred. Because of

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the British Empire, countries even today as

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Palestinians, we were for some time under the

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British mandate of colonialism. And because of the

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British Empire, we're still paying this heavy

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price. Israel gifted Palestine to the Zionists.

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And we're still suffering now. Most of the

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problems about borders in Pakistan, in India, and

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Kashmir, in Africa, are thanks to the British

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Empire. So don't forget, when you read an English

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book praising again the advancements, the

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achievements of the British Empire, don't always,

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don't forget, don't ever forget the fact that the

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other people that colonized paid the heaviest

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price. They're killed. They're destroyed. Their

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countries, their nations are destroyed for

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centuries and centuries. And as Palestinians, we

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still pay for this. So one interesting thing is

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that these new worlds that were discovered are not

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actually, in fact, new. Because look at America,

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for example, the Native Americans. There were

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Native Americans that the Europeans called Red

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Indians because they thought they were discovering

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India. Now Columbus discovering America in 1492 is

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mentioned here as an achievement, right?

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Something, wow, cool, because Europeans started

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migrating to America and made America. But this

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doesn't mention the fact that tens of millions

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were massacred, Native Americans, just brutally

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destroyed and massacred.

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their land and everything. They had their land,

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their life, their futures, and everything. So

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that's number one. So the Renaissance is

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characterized, yes, by new discoveries around the

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world. But we know these are not new, because

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there were people already there. The lands

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belonged to other people. And everything else

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belonged to those people. So that's number one.

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And then when we speak about religion during this

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era, we speak about Henry VIII. Now, generally in

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Europe, the king follows the Catholic church in

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Rome, the Pope. The Pope is the most important man

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in Europe. He was God's spokesperson on Earth. He

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gives blessings to the kings. The kings ask for

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things, ask for his permission sometimes, and he

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gives them his blessings, or he says no. And if he

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says no, it's no. Now, King Henry, Whose brother

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died, he succeeded him. He became the king of

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England. He married his brother's wife. And he

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didn't love her. He didn't like her. And he said,

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OK, I want to divorce her. Divorce her. But can

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you divorce your wife in Catholicism? You can't.

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It's for eternity.

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Yeah? And this is, again, Catholicism. So what

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should the king do here? Should he listen to the

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Pope? Because England, again, remember England was

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working very hard to be different, to gain its own

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identity, to be its own master. He said, OK, thank

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you, Pope. We'll have our own church. And then we

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started something called the Church of England.

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And who's the head of this church? The king. The

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king became the most important man in England. He

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was God's person, God's representative on earth.

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Okay? But when we speak about this, we speak again

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about the Church of England. Religion was, in a

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way, becoming different. And here we have, we can

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speak about Catholicism, the Pope, and

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Protestantism. You know a Protestant? He's a

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Protestant or a Catholic. A Protestant from the

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word to protest because they were protesting some

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teachings of the Catholic Church. Now this is

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important to our understanding of literature and

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English history here because New ways of thinking

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in terms of religion and God and man means new

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thinking about life, about how to write, how you

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understand life. Now, a very important point here

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is what is called the great chain of being. Look

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at this.

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This pyramid shape, the triangle, is what we know

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as the great chain of people, where people were

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ranked according to their importance. God is the

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creator, but here we have, who's here? The king.

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The king of England. He became God's spokesperson,

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the most important person, which means everything

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the king says, you have to obey. You can't disobey

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the king. You can't hurt the king. You can't trash

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the king. And then probably the royal family, the

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church people, important people, rich people, et

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cetera. And then here we have the masses, the poor

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people. And at the end, we have insects, animals,

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and everything else. So man became important. But

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who's the most important man? The king. He became

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God's speaker, God's spokesperson on Earth. So

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this is in terms of religion. In terms of thought,

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three. Again, everything is advancing. New ideas,

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new thoughts about life, about man, about the

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relationship between man and God and man and man.

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Now, this person, his name is Erasmus. He's a

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Dutch. a thinker and philosopher, he came with

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this idea that is now known as humanism. Humanism

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is from human. It's a concept that focuses on man,

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man and woman, okay? Man as the center of the

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world. Man, not anything else, became the most

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crucial person in the world. People started to

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realize that man is not only because of his

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intelligence, but also because of man's ability to

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distinguish bad from good, or good from bad, or

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evil from good. Man is intelligent. Man is smart.

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Man is the center of the world, can control his

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fate in a way, and can choose to do good and not

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to do bad. Now again, Erasmus and his statement,

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this is a paraphrase, that man is the center of

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the world. This is the concept of humanism, man as

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the center of the world, as the most important

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center figure in the world, more important than

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any other creatures. In addition, it talks about

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man's ability to change. to the better, to choose

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the good rather than the bad or evil. Now if we

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speak about changes in politics, in economics,

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intellectualism and life and religion and God,

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necessarily there is what? Change in literature.

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So whether literature is adapting, to include more

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characters and more themes and more issues. Or

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life is influencing literature. Or literature

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influencing life is, again, a matter of

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discussion. Sometimes it's not easy to follow. But

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again, literature is so important that it also

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makes a difference. It also creates a difference

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and makes a difference. This is our major point.

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Literature during the Renaissance And when we

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speak about literature at that time, we speak

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about the most important genre. Remember, so far,

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we only have poetry and then some drama, the

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miracle drama, remember, from the Bible, okay, in

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the Middle Ages. And now drama became more

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important because there were theaters and people

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would go pay money to watch actors act on the

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stage, et cetera. But don't forget that drama was

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written also in verse. Here, it was written in

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poetry. Shakespeare's plays are mainly written in

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poetry. Don't forget this. So it's still poetry.

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But the major difference between poetry and drama

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is that poetry is written to be sung, like songs

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in a way. But drama was written to be acted on

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stage. Please don't forget this. When you think of

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Shakespeare and dramatists of that time, they

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wrote their plays to be acted, performed on stage.

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This is important. That's why sometimes you love

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the play more when you watch it. Because it comes

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to life. It wonderfully comes to life when it is

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performed on stage. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare,

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Shakespeare.

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What do you know about Shakespeare? He's a great

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writer. He wrote plays and poems.

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What do you know about Shakespeare? What is the

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impression you already have about Shakespeare? He

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wrote 37 plays.

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More than four, but tragedies, comedies, and

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histories. There are other divisions, but we'll

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come to this later on. What do you know about

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Shakespeare? Forget about the slides. Romeo and

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Juliet. Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet. King Lear. The

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most famous line in English history, in English

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literature, is to be or not to be from? Hamlet.

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From Hamlet. What else? What else do you know

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about Shakespeare?

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He wrote the sonnets. He wrote more than 150

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sonnets. 154, some say 52 sonnets. What is a

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sonnet? We'll have one more, one whole class for

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the sonnet. 14 line poems, sonnets, please. Okay,

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good. So originally he wasn't born in London. But

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he moved to London because London... Remember,

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London was the most important city in the world.

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So he moved to London because London is the city

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of culture, of literature, of politics, of

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economics, of money, of literature, of art, of the

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theatre, of success. I like that in the Kamoa

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papers because when Queen Elizabeth saw one of his

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tragedies and then the people... Even the queen

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would watch some of his plays. He has his own

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theater later on called The Globe. So let's talk a

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little bit about Shakespeare. Listen, now

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Shakespeare was not born in London. But at the

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age, around the age of 20, 18, he moved. He got

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married to a woman older than him. He had some

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kids. Some of them died in their infancy. And then

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he moved to London because He wanted to act, he

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wanted to do something, to write literature, to be

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part of the important world. Now Shakespeare, it

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00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,810
is said that he went to a grammar school where he

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learned some grammar, language, probably he read

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something, some Latin, Greek mythology, Greek

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literature probably. maybe some rhetoric, but he

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didn't go to university, he didn't go to college,

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so he wasn't a fancy rich boy whose parents sent

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him to university to learn. And this is something

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we'll talk about in a bit. Now Shakespeare, in his

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37 plays or so, is said to be one of the most

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important people throughout history. He's

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important. He's everywhere. His books were

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00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:03,090
translated. His plays were translated into almost

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00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:06,450
every language around the world. Everybody knows

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00:19:06,450 --> 00:19:08,270
Shakespeare. Everybody hears about Shakespeare.

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00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:10,710
Whatever you want to talk about, you find

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00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:12,650
Shakespeare. Business people quote Shakespeare.

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00:19:12,790 --> 00:19:14,650
Politicians quote Shakespeare. Teachers use

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00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:17,970
Shakespeare. Shakespeare's everywhere. It's not

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00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,250
only about... We'll talk about this also. Not only

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00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,390
about his stories. His stories are amazing.

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Wonderful. The plot, the tragedies, the people,

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00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,910
the character, the characters. Now in Shakespeare,

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the stories are usually taken from some book he

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read. But it's the language, it's the depiction,

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it's bringing the people and bringing the events

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alive to us. We watch Shakespeare now, almost 400

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00:19:44,010 --> 00:19:48,490
years later, and we feel that he belongs to this

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00:19:48,490 --> 00:19:54,910
age. We feel We feel that he is part of our life

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today, the way he talks to us, the way he

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00:19:58,390 --> 00:20:00,430
discusses his issues, the concerns, his

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characters. He touches our hearts. We'll see

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Hamlet for example here. Now, the point about

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Shakespeare being one of the most, if not the most

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00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:14,890
important figure in world literature is important

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because that's why we're studying Shakespeare

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00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:20,750
here. He's a canonical writer. He belongs to all

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00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:24,890
times and all places. As students of the English

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department here, we need to study Shakespeare. I

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know some of you might have a bad impression about

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Shakespeare for a reason or another. Please don't.

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00:20:33,150 --> 00:20:37,190
Try to read quotes. If you love anything about any

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00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,690
topic you have in mind, I don't know, friendship,

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00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:44,290
sisters, brothers, mothers, life, teachers,

333
00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:49,750
writing, language, war, battles, heroes, just look

334
00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:53,430
up. Shakespeare quotes on war. And you'll enjoy,

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00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,530
you'll be amazed. Shakespeare talks about

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00:20:56,530 --> 00:21:01,330
everything in the world. Sometimes if you want to

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00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:03,450
look for information about the relationships,

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00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:05,710
Shakespeare is there. About kings, Shakespeare is

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00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:08,870
there. If you want to quote a topic, I don't know.

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00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:12,450
Like there are references to the planets, to the

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00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:16,180
stars, to chemistry. to translation, to teaching,

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00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,780
to thinking, to philosophy. People are amazed how

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00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580
learned Shakespeare was and is. That's why some

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00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:29,000
people doubt. They say, can a boy from outside

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00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,640
London who only went to a grammar school be this

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knowledgeable? And we'll talk about this

347
00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,310
conspiracy. People say, no, Shakespeare is not

348
00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:41,430
Shakespeare. We'll see this in a bit. So we have

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37 plays. We have more than 150 sonnets. He's

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00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:50,830
translated to almost every main language around

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00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,750
the world. He's quoted. Shakespeare was constantly

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00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:56,690
experimenting. Because literature, for example,

353
00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:58,750
the sonnet, the sonnet came from Europe, from

354
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Italy. But he changed something. He added

355
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something. He doesn't only imitate. He takes and

356
00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,860
he adapts. Now talking about Shakespeare, the man

357
00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,800
himself, who is Shakespeare? This is, by the way,

358
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one of his famous pictures. Some people say, no,

359
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this is not Shakespeare. And I'll show you another

360
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:24,020
picture later on. If you remember Muammar Gaddafi

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00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:27,560
of Libya, he said Shakespeare is originally an

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00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:32,480
Arab man. His name is Sheikh Zubair. Because

363
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Sheikh is the same as Sheikh. And Shakespeare is

364
00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:43,280
Shakespeare. Sheikh Zubair.

365
00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:54,660
Could an Arab man travel to England, learn the

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00:22:54,660 --> 00:22:59,100
language and be this? efficient this professional

367
00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:03,810
this profound We don't know. It's very doubtable,

368
00:23:04,090 --> 00:23:08,270
unlikely. But it's interesting that people around

369
00:23:08,270 --> 00:23:10,270
the world want to claim Shakespeare for

370
00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:13,150
themselves. Now, some people say Shakespeare isn't

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Shakespeare. Shakespeare is just a name, because

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we don't know much about his life. Some claim that

373
00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:21,770
a guy named Francis Bacon. Others claim

374
00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,310
Christopher Marlowe. We study Christopher Marlowe.

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Shakespeare is Christopher Marlowe, because

376
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Christopher Marlowe died young, and he

377
00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,860
disappeared. So some people say, no, he didn't

378
00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,800
die. He just pretended to be someone else. Another

379
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,100
people believe he is Edouard Devier of Oxford.

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00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,360
This theory is interesting. Those people, it's

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00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,960
called the Oxford School. The Oxford School. It's

382
00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,680
a very famous university. Of course. So they claim

383
00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,860
that Shakespeare is someone who went to Oxford.

384
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that there's no way only a grammar school boy

385
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could write this. It has to be someone who went to

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00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:06,570
university like Oxford, knowledgeable, with a

387
00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:09,670
great background, a noble person with knowledge

388
00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,340
and experience. This is interesting. Some people

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00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:16,720
support this wholeheartedly. But this theory has

390
00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,140
some kind of elitism, condescending. It shows

391
00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:23,400
arrogance because they believe that only important

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00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,960
people, royal family, elite people, educated

393
00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,240
people can produce this amazing literature. See

394
00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,340
this? Okay? And some people even believe that

395
00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:37,160
Shakespeare could be one of the royal family if

396
00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:41,070
not the King James himself. I don't know. But some

397
00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,290
people in their reality did not want to be

398
00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,730
attached with producing plays because this, in a

399
00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:49,350
way, belongs to other people. And another

400
00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:52,690
interesting theory about who Shakespeare is, there

401
00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:56,210
was an article in Haaretz, probably seven years

402
00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:59,250
ago, wondering if Shakespeare is an Italian Jewish

403
00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:04,490
woman. So not only Italian, but also not only a

404
00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:07,820
Jew, but also a woman. Still interesting. Many

405
00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:11,220
people want to claim Shakespeare for them.

406
00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,380
Shakespeare for them. Some people, I had a

407
00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,300
discussion with this interesting guy who believed

408
00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,480
that Shakespeare could probably be a group of

409
00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,560
people. Because again, there is profound knowledge

410
00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:24,700
about the universe, the stars, the planets,

411
00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,180
peoples, histories, other cultures, language,

412
00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:34,290
chemistry, science, everything. So probably a

413
00:25:34,290 --> 00:25:36,970
group of people, in a way, and one with an amazing

414
00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:40,330
language skills put this together. We don't know.

415
00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:46,430
We don't know. This sounds silly, but for us here,

416
00:25:47,230 --> 00:25:52,410
we don't care who Shakespeare is. We'll take him

417
00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:56,780
as Shakespeare, the man, the person. But more

418
00:25:56,780 --> 00:25:58,740
important than Shakespeare and his life and what

419
00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:03,120
he did is the literature he's produced. Thank you

420
00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,840
very much. The text itself. Because sometimes it's

421
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:11,790
funny. Every couple of decades, they say, ah, this

422
00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:15,370
play was half written by Marlow. This sonnet that

423
00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:17,710
we thought that Shakespeare wrote was written by

424
00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,670
someone other than Shakespeare, or vice versa. So

425
00:26:20,670 --> 00:26:23,550
if the author changes, if somebody realizes that

426
00:26:23,550 --> 00:26:26,890
Shakespeare is a guy from Shijia, is someone from

427
00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:29,630
Gaza, who wrote all these wonderful things, who

428
00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:33,030
left Gaza because of a siege back then, and went

429
00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:35,070
to England and became the most famous person in

430
00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:39,790
England, Still, the text is more important. It's

431
00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:42,970
interesting to know something about the life of

432
00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:48,770
this person. Now, let's study in brief again

433
00:26:48,770 --> 00:26:53,630
Shakespeare's major literary work. Most important

434
00:26:53,630 --> 00:27:00,890
play. It is Hamlet. The play is Hamlet.

435
00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:07,670
See the character map here. Or probably before we

436
00:27:07,670 --> 00:27:11,390
do the character map. Listen to me. So OK, we

437
00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:14,350
agree that Shakespeare is everywhere, all around

438
00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:18,370
the world. Now look at this interesting critic who

439
00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:21,770
said, talking about Hamlet. And this is again,

440
00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:27,770
this is only Hamlet. One of 37 plays and let alone

441
00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:32,610
the sonnets. He said, any time of the day, Again,

442
00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,290
indicating how important Hamlet is. Any time of

443
00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:39,370
the day, someone somewhere around the world is

444
00:27:39,370 --> 00:27:41,730
talking about Hamlet, reading Hamlet, studying

445
00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,930
Hamlet, watching Hamlet, researching Hamlet,

446
00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:47,010
quoting Hamlet, cursing Hamlet, adapting Hamlet,

447
00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,650
writing about Hamlet, answering questions about

448
00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,970
Hamlet, thinking of Hamlet, dreaming of Hamlet, I

449
00:27:53,970 --> 00:27:57,570
don't know, anything, like so many things. And

450
00:27:57,570 --> 00:28:01,030
here, at the end of the world, in Gaza, besieged

451
00:28:01,030 --> 00:28:04,250
and occupied, we're studying Hamlet. We're

452
00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,570
studying Shakespeare because of how significant

453
00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:10,570
this person is. Hamlet was a prince, but he

454
00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:12,730
belongs to every time and every place.

455
00:28:13,610 --> 00:28:16,170
Hamlet—we'll talk about this in a bit— Hamlet has

456
00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:20,370
modern thoughts

457
00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:25,810
and ideas that even today, in the 21st century, we

458
00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,430
can relate to. His problems are problems of today

459
00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:34,410
and every day. Hamlet is a prince, but he's also

460
00:28:34,410 --> 00:28:37,030
an individual. When we read Hamlet, the

461
00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:39,650
relationship between him and his dad, his uncle,

462
00:28:39,810 --> 00:28:45,610
his mom, his friend, his girlfriend, his enemies,

463
00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:50,090
everything, oh my God, it's like it's part of us.

464
00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,890
And that's why many people identify with Hamlet.

465
00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:56,670
Hamlet was performed all over the world. And it's

466
00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:59,010
interesting how many people might adapt Hamlet.

467
00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,750
Sometimes in Africa, for example, they would take

468
00:29:01,750 --> 00:29:05,830
Hamlet and make the character You know, like a

469
00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:09,670
black African or in China, Chinese man. And there

470
00:29:09,670 --> 00:29:11,390
is, I think, a movie, I can't remember the name,

471
00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:16,370
where Hamlet is a 21st century or 20th century

472
00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:19,510
businessman from New York. But again, he has to

473
00:29:19,510 --> 00:29:22,270
come face to face with all these problems of the

474
00:29:22,270 --> 00:29:27,470
modern life. Now, Hamlet is a modern person, a man

475
00:29:27,470 --> 00:29:29,530
who goes to university, University of Wittenberg.

476
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,680
By the way, the play takes place in Denmark. The

477
00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,180
story could have happened in a way or another, but

478
00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:39,260
Shakespeare reproduced it. So again, Hamlet is a

479
00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:44,440
prince. He's a student. He's a son. He's supposed

480
00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,800
to succeed the throne. And then he gets the news

481
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,560
that his father died, passed away. He comes back

482
00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:58,300
sad, mournful, sorrowful. And then his uncle

483
00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,070
becomes the king. Hamlet does not succeed his

484
00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:05,010
father. His uncle becomes the king. And his

485
00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:09,890
mother, Hamlet's mother, marries his uncle. It

486
00:30:09,890 --> 00:30:12,050
wasn't allowed at that time. But because this is

487
00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:14,150
the king, nobody can talk to the king. Nobody can

488
00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:17,310
say no to the king. Remember, he's the top of the

489
00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:21,950
pyramid. And Hamlet is so sad. And all of a

490
00:30:21,950 --> 00:30:24,390
sudden, someone tells Hamlet, hey, Hamlet, there's

491
00:30:24,390 --> 00:30:27,800
a ghost that looks like your dad. Hamlet is a

492
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,680
university student. As we don't believe in ghosts,

493
00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:36,160
do you? We don't because they don't exist. But he,

494
00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,680
because he was desperate, he goes out with his

495
00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,080
friend Horatio and he sees he comes face to face

496
00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:47,640
with the ghost of his father. And he talks to him

497
00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,060
alone and he tells them, I was killed by your

498
00:30:51,060 --> 00:30:57,500
uncle and your mom kind of knew about this. And

499
00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:00,520
Hamlet was like, oh prophetic soul, I knew there's

500
00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:05,260
something wrong. What's the plan? Kill the king.

501
00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:11,780
To kill the king, revenge. But again, this is a

502
00:31:11,780 --> 00:31:15,160
modern person, a man of the world, a man who goes

503
00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,740
to university, seeking revenge belongs in a way

504
00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:19,820
belongs to the past. If you kill somebody who

505
00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:23,560
kills you, in modern life, you go to court now.

506
00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,340
You go to court. You go to the police or whatever

507
00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,640
represents the police here. So what happens is

508
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,300
that after a long time of Hamlet thinking and

509
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,600
hesitating and OK to do this or not to do this, he

510
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:45,300
kills. OK. Hamlet, remember, falls in love with or

511
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:51,600
is in love with Ophelia. Ophelia. OK? But

512
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:56,310
Ophelia's father, Polonius, And brother Laertes

513
00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:59,170
tells Ophelia not to love Hamlet. They are in

514
00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,450
love. They're a really cool couple. But because

515
00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:07,670
the woman was weak, was controlled by the parents,

516
00:32:07,770 --> 00:32:10,630
by the society, she says, OK, I'll obey my father.

517
00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:15,150
So sad, so heartbreaking. We feel sorry for

518
00:32:15,150 --> 00:32:19,010
Hamlet, because people should stand by him. How

519
00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,170
much do we blame Ophelia? How much do we blame her

520
00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,670
parents? It's an issue of discussion here. And

521
00:32:25,670 --> 00:32:28,830
Hamlet, in an act of rash, accidentally kills

522
00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:35,150
Ophelia's father. Yeah. He thinks he was the king,

523
00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:38,050
was hiding behind some curtain, and he stabs him.

524
00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,550
Oh, and he dies. And after that, Laertes is out.

525
00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:47,290
Ophelia, after that, in a way, goes crazy. And

526
00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:49,710
then she kills herself or dies accidentally.

527
00:32:53,650 --> 00:32:58,270
Laertes comes back, and the king, Claudius, tries

528
00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:02,410
to get rid of Hamlet, and they agree on a duel.

529
00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:06,610
Now, before this, it was the moment of Hamlet to

530
00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:11,070
be or not to be. That is the question. Because

531
00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,270
Hamlet was hesitant. Should I belong to the old

532
00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:15,350
age, or should I belong to the modern age? What

533
00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:17,210
should I do? Should I kill the king? Can I kill

534
00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:19,930
the king? Can the king be killed? Even if the king

535
00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:22,690
is a murderer, it wasn't easy to think about this.

536
00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,620
To die? To sleep? Should I kill myself? Should I

537
00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:29,960
just commit suicide? What should I do? Hesitancy

538
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:34,680
is a theme here. Deliberation. To be or not to be?

539
00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,700
That is the question. And then they agree on a

540
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,820
duel. In the old ages, if people had a problem or

541
00:33:42,820 --> 00:33:46,040
dispute, they resolved this by a duel. So if I

542
00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,960
steal your land, and you say, hey, bring my land

543
00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,560
back. I say, OK, let's duel. So if I kill you, the

544
00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:58,380
land is mine, basically, in simplistic terms. If I

545
00:33:58,380 --> 00:34:01,540
kill you, it means the land belongs to me. Now,

546
00:34:02,180 --> 00:34:08,330
Laertes and Hamlet agree on a duel. Because the

547
00:34:08,330 --> 00:34:11,690
king, King Claudius, Hamlet's stepfather, Hamlet's

548
00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:14,610
uncle, Hamlet's king, wants to get rid of Hamlet.

549
00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:20,310
He soaks, with the help of Laertes, Laertes's

550
00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:26,050
sword with deadly poison. And he also brings a

551
00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:29,970
glass of wine for Hamlet, and he puts poison

552
00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:34,810
inside the cup. So they're fighting and fighting,

553
00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:38,670
heroically, both of them. And then Laertes cuts

554
00:34:38,670 --> 00:34:43,290
Hamlet. And Hamlet, in a way, takes the sword and

555
00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:48,350
stabs Laertes. And then Laertes probably realizes

556
00:34:48,350 --> 00:34:51,790
he's wrong in a way, tells Hamlet, you're dead.

557
00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,580
The sword is poisoned. Your uncle did this. During

558
00:34:56,580 --> 00:34:59,480
this, or before this a little bit, Hamlet's mother

559
00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,760
wants to drink the wine that her husband prepared

560
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,320
for Hamlet. And he says, no, don't drink. And for

561
00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,380
the first time, she decides to disobey him.

562
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,100
It's interesting how she proves herself, but when

563
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,260
she does so, like Ophelia, she dies. She says, no,

564
00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,940
I am my own master in a way. And she drinks the

565
00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:26,030
poison. She dies. And Hamlet, when he knows that

566
00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:29,470
story, he takes the sword and he stabs his uncle.

567
00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:31,470
He doesn't think, he doesn't hesitate. There's no

568
00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:34,950
to be or not to be here. There is action. Hamlet

569
00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:41,030
dies. Laertes dies. Ophelia dies. Polonius dies.

570
00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:44,490
Gertrude, his mom, dies. Almost every, all main

571
00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:46,490
characters die. That's why Hamlet is a tragedy.

572
00:35:48,390 --> 00:35:51,730
It's a tragedy where all the main characters die.

573
00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,570
However, in Hamlet, there is hope for the future.

574
00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:03,850
His best friend Horatio is still alive, and Hamlet

575
00:36:03,850 --> 00:36:08,390
tells him, tell my story. In a way, if this is a

576
00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,670
novel, the narrator is Horatio. And then a new

577
00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,250
king is crowned.

578
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,720
And that's the story of Hamlet. It's a tragedy.

579
00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,040
But if you think this is cool, the story, you need

580
00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,280
to read the language. Really beautiful. Really

581
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,040
amazing. So many. I'll be posting some quotes on

582
00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,280
Facebook. They are optional. But all we need here

583
00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,380
is to be or not to be. So this is the character

584
00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:37,660
map. This is Hamlet. He's the center. And then the

585
00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,210
ghost and the skull. So many good things there. So

586
00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:44,010
why Hamlet? Hamlet, again, Hamlet's the person.

587
00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:47,570
When I don't use inverted commas, it means the

588
00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:51,470
character. Hamlet is a man of modern concerns,

589
00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:54,950
love, duty, revenge, relationships, brotherhood,

590
00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:58,870
friendship, et cetera. The struggle between the

591
00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:02,050
old and the young is there. Young Hamlet and the

592
00:37:02,050 --> 00:37:06,020
old system. Young Hamlet and old Hamlet. Many

593
00:37:06,020 --> 00:37:09,140
until this very day identify with him. When you

594
00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,660
read Hamlet, you'll find some of you in Hamlet. He

595
00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,380
looks like, I usually say, Hamlet in a way could

596
00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:18,500
be like a Palestinian young man living under

597
00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:22,080
occupation with the society, the rules, and the

598
00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,740
siege. We think about this. Hamlet is a tragedy

599
00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:30,580
because everybody, almost everybody dies there. So

600
00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:35,420
sad, but there's hope for the future. Now this is

601
00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:41,280
the to be or not to be quote. This is a soliloquy,

602
00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,380
basically it's a soliloquy. What is a soliloquy?

603
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,660
You know solo, solo, when we say solo? Okay, solo,

604
00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:55,960
soliloquy.

605
00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:01,400
Soliloquy means solo, originally it means I talk

606
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:01,980
to myself.

607
00:38:04,540 --> 00:38:07,360
Soliloquy is a literary device, a theatrical

608
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:11,300
device from drama, dramatical device where one of

609
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,040
the characters, mainly, sometimes or usually the

610
00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,400
main character is alone, alone, that's solo, on

611
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,920
the stage.

612
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:26,460
On the stage. What does he do? He talks to

613
00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:29,600
himself. Usually we do this all the time. Now I'm

614
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,380
sure some of you are talking to But here, because

615
00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,220
this is supposed to be heard by the audience, the

616
00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:41,160
audience, the people in the audience are very

617
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,920
important, they are part of the drama. So in a

618
00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:49,260
way, he speaks his mind out, shows us his inner

619
00:38:49,260 --> 00:38:51,480
conflict, what's going on in his mind. But he

620
00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,620
doesn't do it in movies and TV shows, sometimes

621
00:38:54,620 --> 00:38:57,660
it's done with a voiceover. The character doesn't

622
00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:00,840
move his or her lips. But we hear the voice, this

623
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000
is a voice over. But here, to be or not to be,

624
00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,300
that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the

625
00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,560
mind to suffer slings and arrows of outrageous

626
00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:19,920
fortune, or to take arms against a sea of trouble,

627
00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:26,780
and by opposing in them to die, to sleep,

628
00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:33,300
When Hamlet does this soliloquy and other six or

629
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,040
seven major soliloquies, he talks to the audience

630
00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:38,160
directly. What does that indicate? What does that

631
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,980
mean? How important is the soliloquy for the

632
00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,480
audience and for the play? Can you tell? Let's

633
00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,880
assume this is a stage. I'm all alone on the

634
00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,280
stage. And all of a sudden, instead of just

635
00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,600
talking with other people before, I come closer in

636
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,680
a way to the audience and I speak to the people

637
00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:02,060
next to me. Look them in the eye like this. What

638
00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:05,320
does this make the people I come closer to feel?

639
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:06,760
How does it feel to them?

640
00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:14,590
Very good. So they will know, try to understand

641
00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,850
the struggle and probably they will feel some of

642
00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:21,370
this, it's personal. Like he comes closer to you,

643
00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,130
he becomes your friend, it's like someone

644
00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:27,230
whispering in your ear, telling you his secrets,

645
00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:30,170
his conflicts. Don't we like people who tell us

646
00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:36,240
secrets more? In a way, we love them. They trust

647
00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:40,600
us. We have to share, to feel probably sorry for

648
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,300
them. Now, the soliloquy is important because it

649
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,120
makes the audience part of the play. It attracts

650
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,960
the audience. And the audience, the people, they

651
00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,320
identify, identify. Like they feel, oh my God,

652
00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,960
this is like me. I have similar fears or concerns

653
00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:00,880
or emotions to express. In Shakespeare, we have

654
00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,920
soliloquies everywhere, mainly in tragedies. In

655
00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,960
Hamlet, we have like seven main soliloquies.

656
00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,060
There's another thing to talk about here. It's an

657
00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:10,620
aside.

658
00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,600
We'll talk about this just with a bit. Okay, so

659
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,060
again, what is a soliloquy? It's a dramatic device

660
00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:23,260
when the actor is all alone on stage and directs,

661
00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:28,010
in a way, directs his or her speech to No, what is

662
00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:31,490
the importance of the soliloquy? To share

663
00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,110
feelings, to attract the audience, to make them

664
00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:40,010
grab attention, make them identify with you, feel,

665
00:41:40,190 --> 00:41:44,790
understand? Now the aside is also a literary

666
00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:50,870
device, a theatrical, dramatic device. An aside is

667
00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:55,980
usually short, one liner, one sentence. But the

668
00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,580
soliloquy is generally long. In a soliloquy, the

669
00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:06,380
actor is all alone, okay? But in Anasite, there

670
00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:11,260
are other actors. Again, in Anasite, there are

671
00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:14,100
other actors. What happens here is that in

672
00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,060
Anasite, there are other people here, and the

673
00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:19,280
character takes Anasite, like I'm talking to

674
00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,500
someone here, he does this, and he says something.

675
00:42:23,570 --> 00:42:27,690
Okay? So what happens? Let me say this again. In a

676
00:42:27,690 --> 00:42:30,630
soliloquy, it's usually a long speech. The actor

677
00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:35,070
is alone. In an aside, short, one sentence, and

678
00:42:35,070 --> 00:42:38,750
there are other actors on the stage who are not

679
00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:41,830
supposed to hear. Like you say something, okay,

680
00:42:41,970 --> 00:42:46,130
I'll do this, okay. I'll meet you outside, or

681
00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,750
something. Like directing, in a way, the talk to

682
00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:53,650
the audience, but not to the other characters. The

683
00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:56,550
significance is almost the same. But the soliloquy

684
00:42:56,550 --> 00:43:02,390
is deeper, more profound. To be or not to be, that

685
00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:05,650
is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind

686
00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,070
to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous

687
00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:11,270
fortune,

688
00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:15,080
or to take arms against a sea of troubles. and

689
00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:19,940
bioposing in them. We're focusing on this, OK? The

690
00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:22,520
most important line or verse in English

691
00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,120
literature. This is the Soliloquy and the Aside.

692
00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:30,820
And finally, I'll stop here. This is Shakespeare's

693
00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:31,480
The Globe.

694
00:43:35,060 --> 00:43:37,740
I'm not sure if this is very clear there. Look

695
00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:43,930
here. This is the stage. This is the stage. And

696
00:43:43,930 --> 00:43:48,190
these are the people near the stage that can talk

697
00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,650
to them. If you are rich enough, you can pay more

698
00:43:50,650 --> 00:43:54,690
money, and you sit here above. Here, you're

699
00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:58,930
usually standing. This is not the globe itself,

700
00:43:58,990 --> 00:44:02,010
but something similar to it. So this is the stage.

701
00:44:02,090 --> 00:44:04,310
People are very close. So the soliloquy is

702
00:44:04,310 --> 00:44:08,110
significant. You pay one penny. I don't know. But

703
00:44:08,110 --> 00:44:11,690
if you are rich, you can sit above. and knocked

704
00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:16,310
down, VIP, if you are royalties or something. And

705
00:44:16,310 --> 00:44:19,090
finally, this is again Shakespeare, a famous

706
00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:23,910
picture. Look at the ring here, the earring. And

707
00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:27,310
this is the picture that recently has been

708
00:44:27,310 --> 00:44:29,770
recently discovered, where people say this is the

709
00:44:29,770 --> 00:44:31,950
real Shakespeare. Who is the real Shakespeare?

710
00:44:32,430 --> 00:44:35,730
Sheikh Zubair, Marlow, Bacon, an Italian Jewish

711
00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,600
woman, a guy from Gaza, We don't know. We're not

712
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,980
sure. We don't care. It's good to know, but we

713
00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:47,280
don't care. All we care is about the texts, the

714
00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,020
plays and the sonnets. Thank you very much. We'll

715
00:44:50,020 --> 00:44:52,760
stop here. If you have questions, please do ask.