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1
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ุฃุนูˆุฐ ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูŠุทุงู† ุงู„ุฑุฌูŠู… ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู†
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00:00:04,410 --> 00:00:10,630
ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูˆุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุจุฑูƒุงุชู‡ ุฃูˆุฏู‘ ุฃู† ุฃูู„ู‚ูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุดุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงุก ููŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ
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ู…ูุณุงุจู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
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00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:30,330
ุณู†ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ุชู‚ูˆู… ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุนู…ู„ resistance ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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resistance ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู€ antimicrobials ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช
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ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุชุณุชุณู„ู… ู„ู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ
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ูˆ ู„ุง ู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุขู„ูŠุงุช ู„ุฑูุถ ุงู„ุงุณุชุณู„ุงู…ุŸ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุดูˆู
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00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:51,560
ุงู„ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ drug inactivationุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ
10
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inactivation ุฅู†ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆ activation ุชู†ุดูŠุทุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุซุจูŠุช
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ุชุซุจูŠุชู‡ ุฃูˆ modification ุฃูˆ ุชุญูˆูŠุฑู‡ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูŠุดุชุบู„
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00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:06,020
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุฃู†ุง ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ penicillin
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ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู…ุนุฑูˆูุŒ ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจูŠุฌูŠุจ ุจุนุถ
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ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุชูุฑุฒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงุณู…ู‡ ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุงุฒุŒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ู…ู†
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00:01:17,420 --> 00:01:22,520
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู€ beta-lactamasesุŒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
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00:01:22,520 --> 00:01:27,640
ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุงุฒ ุจุชููƒูƒ ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ useless ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ
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ู†ุงูุนุŒ ููŠ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชุถูŠู ุฃุณูŠุชุงู„ ุฃูˆ phosphate
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group ู„ู„ู€ antibioticุŒ ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ use this ุจุฑุถู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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00:01:37,570 --> 00:01:44,830
ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ููŠู‡ ู‡ูŠุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
20
00:01:44,830 --> 00:01:49,010
ูŠูุณุฏู‡ ูˆ ูŠุฎู„ูŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ุงูุนุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุชุงุจุน
21
00:01:49,010 --> 00:01:55,440
ู„ู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุชุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ reduction ู„ู„ู€ ability ุจุชุงุน
22
00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:58,720
ุงู„ู€ antibiotic ู‚ุฏุฑุชู‡ to bind to bacteria ribosomes
23
00:01:58,720 --> 00:02:03,880
ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุญุฏ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ ribosome ูˆ ูŠุนู…ู„ ูˆู‚ู ู„ู„ู€ protein
24
00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:08,360
synthesis ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ribosomesุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก
25
00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,760
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ู€ drug
26
00:02:11,760 --> 00:02:15,800
inactivation ุฃูˆ modificationุŒ ุงู„ู€ activation ู‚ู„ู†ุง
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00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:18,680
inactivation ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุณุงู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุทูŠุจ ูˆ ุงู„ู€
28
00:02:18,680 --> 00:02:21,700
modification ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
29
00:02:21,700 --> 00:02:25,880
ุจุชุถูŠู ู„ู‡ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ acetyl or phosphate group ูŠุนู†ูŠ
30
00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:29,380
ุจุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ ุงุซู†ูŠู†
31
00:02:29,380 --> 00:02:36,460
alteration of target siteุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู…ุง ุจูŠุดุจู‡ูˆุง ุฃู†
32
00:02:36,460 --> 00:02:44,780
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุงุซู†ุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ู€ ribosome
33
00:02:44,780 --> 00:02:54,400
ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูู„ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูู„ ุจุชุงุน ุงู„ุจุงุจุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูู„
34
00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:59,690
ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ุจูŠูุชุญุŒ ุฅู† ู…ุง ุฌู‡ุฒ ุจูŠูุชุญุดุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ุฃู† ู‡ูˆ
35
00:02:59,690 --> 00:03:03,250
ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃู† ูŠุฎุด ูˆ ูŠูุชุญุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
36
00:03:03,250 --> 00:03:08,790
ู…ู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู€ ribosomeุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุชุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุนู…ู„ุŸ ุชุนุฑู
37
00:03:08,790 --> 00:03:15,650
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุดูƒู„ู‡ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ุชุฑูˆุญ ู‡ูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ ribosome ุชุบูŠุฑู‡
38
00:03:15,650 --> 00:03:22,050
ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠูุจุทู„ ูŠู„ุจุณ ููŠู‡ ูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠูุชุฑุถ ูŠุณุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡
39
00:03:22,050 --> 00:03:25,510
ู‡ุฐุง alteration ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ target site ููŠ
40
00:03:25,510 --> 00:03:31,170
ุงู„ู€ ribosomeุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ุงู„ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู€ target site ุจุชุงุนู‡ ููŠ
41
00:03:31,170 --> 00:03:35,550
ุงู„ู€ ribosome ุจูŠุชุบูŠุฑุŒ ูˆ ู‡ู†ุดูˆูู‡ ุฅุญู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒูŠู
42
00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:41,170
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠู‡ ูƒุงู† ุฌุงูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ู€ antibiotic ู„ุฐุฑูƒ ูƒูŠู
43
00:03:41,170 --> 00:03:47,430
ุงู„ู€ target ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ ุงุชุบูŠุฑุŒ ุจุทู„ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ู„ุฃ
44
00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:52,200
ุตุงุฑ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ุจุฏู„ ู…ุง ู„ู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†
45
00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:57,740
ูŠูƒูˆู† ูŠูŠุฌูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ูˆ ูŠูŠุฌูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ูˆ ูŠูŠุฌูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ูˆ ูŠูŠุฌูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€
46
00:03:57,740 --> 00:04:03,920
ribosomeุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ุญุงู„ู‡ุŒ ุตุงุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณู†ุงู† ูุจุทู„
47
00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:10,280
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูŠุดุชุบู„ุŒ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
48
00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:15,180
ุงุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠ ุจุชุงุนู‡ุงุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
49
00:04:15,180 --> 00:04:21,370
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุชุงุฎุฏูˆุง ุงู„ู€ folic acid ู…ุด ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ folic
50
00:04:21,370 --> 00:04:24,290
acid ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุŒ ุจุชุงุฎุฏู‡ ู…ู† ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡
51
00:04:24,290 --> 00:04:29,850
ุจุงุจุงุŒ ุงู„ุจุงุจุง ุจุงุฑุง ุฃู…ูŠู†ูˆ ุจู†ุฒูŠูˆูƒ ุฃุณุฏุŒ ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ู„ู…ุง ุชุงุฎุฏู‡
52
00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:34,930
ุจุชุทู„ุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ folic acidุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงูƒุชุดู
53
00:04:34,930 --> 00:04:41,930
ุงู„ู€ sulfonamide ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุŒ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
54
00:04:41,930 --> 00:04:45,750
ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุธุจุท ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุจุงุจุงุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุดูƒู„ู‡ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ
55
00:04:45,750 --> 00:04:50,630
ุชุฑูƒูŠุจู‡ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุจุงุจุงุŒ ุตุงุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุฑูˆุญ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุชุญุณุจู‡
56
00:04:50,630 --> 00:04:53,870
ุจุงุจุง ุชุงุฎุฏู‡ ุชู…ูˆุชุŒ ูุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงูƒุชุดูุช ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
57
00:04:53,870 --> 00:04:58,850
ุงุณุชุบู†ุช ุนู† ุงู„ุจุงุจุงุŒ ุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ metabolic
58
00:04:58,850 --> 00:05:02,790
pathway ุจุชุงุนู‡ุงุŒ ูˆ ุตุงุฑุช ุชุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ู€ folic acid directly
59
00:05:02,790 --> 00:05:08,290
ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงุฑุชู‚ุงุกุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุตุงุฑุช ุฃู†ู‡ ุงุชุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ู€ folic acid ุตุงุฑุช
60
00:05:08,290 --> 00:05:11,910
ูƒุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠุŒ ุงุณุชุบู†ุช ุนู† ุงู„ูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุจุชุงุนุฉ
61
00:05:11,910 --> 00:05:18,230
ุงู„ุจุงุจุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฌูŠุจู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุดุจู‡ ุจุงู„ู€
62
00:05:18,230 --> 00:05:23,690
sulfonamide ูˆ ุจู‚ุชู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
63
00:05:23,690 --> 00:05:32,770
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ resistance ุฃูˆ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
64
00:05:32,770 --> 00:05:36,790
ุจุชุนู…ู„ efflux ุฃูˆ pumping outุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง pumping out ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ
65
00:05:36,790 --> 00:05:44,530
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุญู†ุง ุจู†ุดุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจูŠุชู‡ ุฃุณูู„ ุดุงุฑุน ู…ู†ุฎูุถ
66
00:05:44,530 --> 00:05:50,140
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุงุฑุน ู‡ูŠูƒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจูŠุช ูƒุงู† ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ูˆ ุตุงุฑ ู…ุทุฑ
67
00:05:50,140 --> 00:05:55,660
ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุงุฐุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑุŸ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุชุนุฏู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑุŒ ู„ู…ุง ุจุชุนุฏู‰
68
00:05:55,660 --> 00:05:58,440
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑุŒ ุฃู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑ ุจูŠุตุญูˆุง ุจูŠู„ุงู‚ูˆุง ุฃู† ููŠ ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ
69
00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:02,980
ุฏุงุฑู‡ู…ุŒ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑูˆุง ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง pumping out ุจุงู„ุฌูุดุทุงุช
70
00:06:02,980 --> 00:06:09,490
ุจุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุณ ุจุฃูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉุŒ ุตุญูˆู† ูŠุทู„ุนูˆุง ุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุฑุฉุŒ ูุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
71
00:06:09,490 --> 00:06:14,510
ู„ู…ุง ุฎุดู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจุชุญุณ ุจุงู„ุฎุทุฑุŒ ุจุชุนู…ู„ู‡ ู‚ุฏุฑ ุฅู„ู‰
72
00:06:14,510 --> 00:06:19,110
ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌุŒ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ุดุงูŠู ู‡ูŠ efflux ุฃูˆ pumping out
73
00:06:19,110 --> 00:06:24,190
ุฎุด ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ูˆ ุทู„ุน ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง pumping outุŒ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅุญุฏู‰
74
00:06:24,190 --> 00:06:31,290
ุงู„ุทุฑูู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจุชุฎู„ุต ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ู…ูุนูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
75
00:06:31,290 --> 00:06:34,630
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ any damage ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง
76
00:06:34,630 --> 00:06:41,430
ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฃูŠ ุฃุซุฑ ุชุฎุฑูŠุจูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก
77
00:06:41,430 --> 00:06:45,470
ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณ resistance through undergoing bacterial
78
00:06:45,470 --> 00:06:51,230
mutationุŒ bacterial mutation ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุทูุฑุฉ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ
79
00:06:51,230 --> 00:06:56,760
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆ ุฃูƒุชุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฌูŠุฑูˆุณุงุชุŒ ููŠ ุทูุฑุงุช ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡
80
00:06:56,760 --> 00:07:01,440
ุงู„ุทูุฑุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน
81
00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:06,900
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ DNA ูˆ ุงู„ู€ RNAุŒ ุงู„ู€ DNA ูˆ ุงู„ู€ RNAุŒ ูุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
82
00:07:06,900 --> 00:07:13,780
ู„ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุฌุงูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู…ุนูŠู†
83
00:07:13,780 --> 00:07:20,170
ูŠู‚ุชู„ู‡ ุฃูˆ ูŠุบูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุŒ ูˆ ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุชุนุฏู„ ูˆ
84
00:07:20,170 --> 00:07:25,270
ุชุถู„ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุชุถู„ูŠู„ ูˆ ุจุชู‚ุฏุฑุด ุชุตู„ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ
85
00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:33,690
ูู‡ุฐู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ
86
00:07:33,690 --> 00:07:38,990
limitationsุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูƒูŠู ุชุตู†ุน ุงู„ู€ micro
87
00:07:38,990 --> 00:07:43,550
organisms ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
88
00:07:43,550 --> 00:07:49,460
ุฎู…ุณ ุทุฑู‚ุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุจู†ุง ู†ู„ุฎุต ู…ูˆุถูˆุน synergism ูˆ antagonism
89
00:07:49,460 --> 00:07:53,120
between antimicrobials ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
90
00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:57,940
ู„ูˆ ุงุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
91
00:07:57,940 --> 00:08:02,020
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ูŠุตูŠุจู‡ุง reactionุŒ reaction
92
00:08:02,020 --> 00:08:07,160
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠู‡
93
00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:12,220
independent reactionุŒ ููŠ additive reactionุŒ ูˆ ููŠ
94
00:08:12,220 --> 00:08:16,300
synergistic reactionุŒ ูˆ ููŠ antagonistic reactionุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง
95
00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:21,920
ูŠุนู†ูŠุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ A ูˆ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ BุŒ ุจูŠู‡
96
00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:26,120
ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ุฃู† ุญุงู„ุชู‡ ุจุชุณุชุฏุนูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุงุฎุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ
97
00:08:26,120 --> 00:08:30,500
ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุนู…ู„ ู„ูˆุญุฏู‡ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐุง
98
00:08:30,500 --> 00:08:40,090
independent ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุŒ additive ู„ุฃ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฒูŠ A
99
00:08:40,090 --> 00:08:49,110
ุฒูŠ B ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ AB ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ูˆู‘ ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุดูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุทูŠุจ
100
00:08:49,110 --> 00:08:55,850
synergistic ุถุนูู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ A ุฒูŠ B ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ 2A
101
00:08:58,630 --> 00:09:06,490
ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุงุซู†ูŠู† PุŒ ู‡ุฐุง synergistic ุชู‚ูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุชู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูˆ ุชุนุงุถุฏ
102
00:09:06,490 --> 00:09:11,810
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ู€ antagonistic ุฃูˆ antagonize ู„ุฃ ู‚ุถุงุก ูŠุนู†ูŠ
103
00:09:11,810 --> 00:09:18,850
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ A ุฒุงุฆุฏ P ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ
104
00:09:18,850 --> 00:09:21,110
A
105
00:09:21,870 --> 00:09:28,970
ุฒุงุฆุฏ B ู†ุงู‚ุต ุงุซู†ูŠู†ุŒ ู†ุต ูŠุนู†ูŠุŒ ู†ุต ุงู„ู…ูุนูˆู„ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุตุงุฑ
106
00:09:28,970 --> 00:09:33,950
antagonismุŒ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ู„ุณูŠู†ุฑุฌูŠุฒู…ุŒ ุงู„ุชุชุฑุง ุณุงูŠูƒู„ูŠู† ูˆ
107
00:09:33,950 --> 00:09:37,370
ูƒู„ูŠุฑู… ูุงู†ูŠูƒูˆู„ุŒ ู„ูˆ ุญุทูŠู†ุงู‡ู… ุจูŠุฌููˆุง ุจุนุถุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง
108
00:09:37,370 --> 00:09:41,620
ุงู„ุงู†ุชุงุฌูˆู†ูŠุฒู… ุงู„ุจู†ุณุงู„ูŠู† ูˆ ูƒู„ูŠุฑู… ูุงู†ูŠูƒูˆู„ ุจูŠุถุงุฏู‘ูˆุง
109
00:09:41,620 --> 00:09:45,840
ุจุนุถุŒ ูˆ ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ู„ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุงูŠูƒุชุจุด ุจู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูˆ ูƒู„ู‡ู…
110
00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:50,640
ููŠ ู†ูƒูˆู„ุŒ ูˆ ููŠู‡ ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ
111
00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:56,300
ุจูŠุนุทู„ูˆุง ุจุนุถุŒ ูˆูŠู† ุจูŠุถุงุฏู‘ูˆุง ุจุนุถุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุขุฎุฑ ุดูŠุก
112
00:09:56,300 --> 00:09:59,900
Antibiotics and Stiffness TestุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู„ูˆ ุฃูŠ ุฌูˆุงู†
113
00:09:59,900 --> 00:10:05,260
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูˆุถุนู‡ ุตุนุจ ู…ุน ู†ูŠูˆู…ูˆู†ูŠุงุŒ ู†ูŠูˆู…ูˆู†ูŠุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
114
00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:08,880
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุฑุฆูˆูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุฅู†ุฐุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุณุญุงุฆูŠ ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ
115
00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:11,780
ุงู„ู…ุฎ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจุŒ ุฅุญู†ุง ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนูŠุงู„ ู„ู…ุง ุฏุฎู„ู†ุง
116
00:10:11,780 --> 00:10:16,720
ุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุญุทู‡ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ู‡ ู…ุฒุงุฑุน ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุชู„ุช
117
00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:22,950
ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ูˆ ุงูŠุด ู„ุฃุŸ ุฅุญู†ุง ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ุฃู† ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุญุณุจ
118
00:10:22,950 --> 00:10:28,130
ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉุŒ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏุฉุŒ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ
119
00:10:28,130 --> 00:10:32,610
ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง ู„ู€ pneumonia ุฃูˆ ู„ู€ meningitis ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู„ู€
120
00:10:32,610 --> 00:10:37,050
gastroenteritisุŒ ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุฅุญู†ุง ู‚ุจู„
121
00:10:37,050 --> 00:10:40,490
ู…ุง ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ุณุญุจู†ุง ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆู„ ุฃูˆ
122
00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:45,930
ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฏู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุดูˆูƒูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุบู„ุบู…ุŒ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
123
00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:49,510
ู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจู†ุงุฎุฏ ู…ู†ู‡
124
00:10:49,510 --> 00:10:56,040
ุนูŠู†ุฉุŒ ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ
125
00:10:56,040 --> 00:11:00,860
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู†ุฌูŠุจ ูˆุณุท ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง agar ุฃูˆ blood agar
126
00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:05,720
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุณุท ููŠู‡ ุทุนุงู… ู…ุนูŠู†ุŒ ูˆ ููŠ ูˆุณุท ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู…ุนูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ
127
00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:11,160
ู„ุงุฒู… ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ูˆ ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ูˆ ู†ูƒุจ ููŠ
128
00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:16,930
ุงู„ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ุงู‡ ููŠ ุฌูˆ ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ุชู„ุงุช ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ูˆ ุจุนุฏ
129
00:11:16,930 --> 00:11:21,470
ุชู„ุงุช ุฃูŠุงู… ุจู†ุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู†ุนู…ู„ isolationุŒ ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ุชุญุช
130
00:11:21,470 --> 00:11:25,210
ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจุŒ ู†ุดูˆู ุงูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŸ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ step
131
00:11:25,210 --> 00:11:30,010
ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุงูŠุฉุŒ step ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุงูŠุฉุŒ guanoุŒ ูƒูˆูƒุงูŠุฉ ุงูŠุด ุฑุงุดูŠุฉ ุงู‡ุŸ
132
00:11:30,010 --> 00:11:35,490
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
133
00:11:35,490 --> 00:11:40,840
ุงู„ูู„ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจู†ุจุฏุฃ ุฅุญู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ู†ู…ู‘ุช
134
00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:44,380
ููŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุน ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูƒูˆูŠุณ ูƒูˆูŠุณุŒ ุจู†ุจุฏุฃ ู†ู†ู‚ู„ู‡ุง
135
00:11:44,380 --> 00:11:48,920
ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุน ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑุŒ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
136
00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:54,140
ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุฑุงุจุนุฉุŒ ุชุงู„ุชุฉุŒ ุฑุงุจุนุฉุŒ ุฎู…ุณุฉุŒ ุงูŠุด ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ู…ุช
137
00:11:54,140 --> 00:11:58,000
ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุจู†ุญุท ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠุŒ ABCDุŒ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุนู†
138
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:03,510
ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠุŒ ู†ุญุท ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุŒ ุจูŠููุถู„ ู‡ุฐุง
139
00:12:03,510 --> 00:12:07,470
ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃูŠุงู… ู†ุฑุฌุน ุฅุญู†ุง ู†ูƒุดู ูˆูŠู†
140
00:12:07,470 --> 00:12:14,670
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู…ุงุชุช ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ู… ุชู…ูˆุชุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู…ูˆุช
141
00:12:14,670 --> 00:12:20,030
ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฒูŠ ู‡ุงู†ุง ู…ุซู„ุง ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅูŠุด ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ
142
00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:24,010
ูŠู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ู„ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุซู„ุง ู‡ุงู†ุง ู…ุด
143
00:12:24,010 --> 00:12:28,270
ู…ูŠุชุฉ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ุฃ ู‡ุฐุง resistant ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุชู‚ุงูˆู… ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
144
00:12:28,690 --> 00:12:33,570
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ุจุตูŠุฑ ุฅู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุนู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
145
00:12:33,570 --> 00:12:37,490
ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ A ูˆB ูˆC ูˆD ูˆE ููŠ ู†ุงุณ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง
146
00:12:37,490 --> 00:12:42,070
ุนุดุฑูŠู† ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุฌุฏูˆู„ุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ู‡ู†ุง
147
00:12:42,070 --> 00:12:47,450
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู… ู†ุณุจุฉ ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฎู…ุณ
148
00:12:47,450 --> 00:12:52,570
ุฏุฑุฌุงุชุŒ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฏุฑุฌุงุชุŒ ุชู„ุช ุฏุฑุฌุงุชุŒ ุฏุฑุฌุชูŠู†ุŒ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุชู„
149
00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:57,760
ุงู„ุขู† ุจู‚ู‰ ุชู„ุช ุฃูŠุงู… ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ู„ู„ุนูŠุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณูƒูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู† ุงุญู†ุง
150
00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:00,420
ู„ุฌูŠู†ุง ุญุงู„ุชู‡ ุงุชุญุณู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถูŠ
151
00:13:00,420 --> 00:13:03,960
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุจุชุฎู„ูŠู‡ ูŠูƒู…ู„ ุจู‚ู‰ ุฌู„ ุฃุณุจูˆุน ู…ุซู„ุง
152
00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:09,240
ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุฌูŠู†ุง ุญุงู„ุชู‡ ุตุนุจุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ุงุชุญุณู†ุด
153
00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:12,680
ุจู†ุนู…ู„ ุดูŠุก ุงุณู…ู‡ re-adjustment
154
00:13:16,130 --> 00:13:20,270
ุญุชู‰ ู†ุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุงู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ
155
00:13:20,270 --> 00:13:24,510
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทู„ุน ู‚ูˆูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉ
156
00:13:24,510 --> 00:13:28,830
ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠูƒ ุงุญู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุนูŠุงู† ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก
157
00:13:28,830 --> 00:13:32,970
ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ู‡ุง ู…ุถุงุฏ ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุญุงุฌุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅู†ู‡
158
00:13:32,970 --> 00:13:39,900
ุงุญู†ุง ู…ุง ุชูˆู„ู†ุงุด ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชู„ุช ุฃูŠุงู… ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง
159
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:43,440
readjustment ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุงุณุชูุงุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ
160
00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:44,800
ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„