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PL9fwy3NUQKwYL4S5-iKy7cLnxO4VAOVnL/0Hnc-SfI61E.srt

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+1
+00:00:01,940 --> 00:00:06,400
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:12,080
+physical optics وتوقفنا عند موضوع ال
+
+3
+00:00:12,080 --> 00:00:19,560
+bacteriorhodopsin وإنه موجود في بكتيريا قديمة التي 
+
+4
+00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:23,300
+هي ال halobacterium halobium وقلنا هذا ال
+
+5
+00:00:23,300 --> 00:00:28,090
+bacteriorhodopsin هو العين بتاعة البكتيريا بمعنى هو
+
+6
+00:00:28,090 --> 00:00:32,850
+الجزيء الحيوي أو المركب الكيميائي داخل البكتيريا
+
+7
+00:00:32,850 --> 00:00:37,070
+التي يستطيع فهم الضوء وحكينا أن هذا البكتيريو
+
+8
+00:00:37,070 --> 00:00:42,190
+رودوبسين الموجود في الهالو بكتيريوم هالوبيوم مكون
+
+9
+00:00:42,190 --> 00:00:46,030
+من شقين الأوبسين بورشين أو الجزء البروتيني
+
+10
+00:00:46,030 --> 00:00:49,930
+والريتينال بورشين الذي هو أحد مركبات أو أحد أشكال
+
+11
+00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:53,970
+فيتامين A هذان الجزئان مع بعضهما بكونان البكتيريو
+
+12
+00:00:53,970 --> 00:01:00,400
+رودوبسين وقلنا كيف عرف العلماء أنه يتأثر ال
+
+13
+00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:05,800
+bacteriorhodopsin بالضوء فوجدوا العلماء أنه بمجرد
+
+14
+00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,860
+سقوط الضوء على هذا المركب أو هذا الجزء الحيوي الذي 
+
+15
+00:01:09,860 --> 00:01:14,440
+هو ال bacteriorhodopsin يحصل في شقيه .. في شقيه
+
+16
+00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:19,500
+يحصل تغير والتغير هذا بسرعة هائلة جداً ال obscene
+
+17
+00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:24,520
+portion .. ال obscene portion يتغير وال retinal
+
+18
+00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:28,260
+portion يتغير يبدأ التغير في ال retinal portion
+
+19
+00:01:28,260 --> 00:01:32,460
+الذي هو الجزء الذي هو عبارة عن شكل من أشكال .. من
+
+20
+00:01:32,460 --> 00:01:35,540
+أشكال vitamin A الذي هو جزء من مكونات ال
+
+21
+00:01:35,540 --> 00:01:42,740
+bacteriorhodopsin يصير فيه ..isomerization بمعنى
+
+22
+00:01:42,740 --> 00:01:48,000
+أن ال form تتحول إلى transform بسرعة شاهقة جداً
+
+23
+00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:54,980
+تقدر بعشرة أس سالب ستة عشر second يعني واحد على مليون
+
+24
+00:01:54,980 --> 00:02:00,100
+مليون ثانية واحد على أو جزء من مليون مليون جزء من
+
+25
+00:02:00,100 --> 00:02:06,260
+الثانية وهذا يتبع ال debrotonation إعطاء لبروتون
+
+26
+00:02:06,750 --> 00:02:12,170
+من ال obscene portion الذي هو الجزء البروتيني تمام
+
+27
+00:02:12,170 --> 00:02:17,210
+في عشرة أس سالب خمسة من الثانية يعني في واحد من
+
+28
+00:02:17,210 --> 00:02:21,590
+مائة ألف جزء من الثانية وهذا يُعتبر سرعة شاهقة أو
+
+29
+00:02:22,810 --> 00:02:27,090
+يعني شديدة السرعة في الاستجابة للضوء .. في
+
+30
+00:02:27,090 --> 00:02:31,850
+الاستجابة للضوء، إذاً ال bacteriorhodopsin يستجيب
+
+31
+00:02:31,850 --> 00:02:37,830
+لضوء والخلية تستفيد من استجابة bacteriorhodopsin و
+
+32
+00:02:37,830 --> 00:02:43,790
+تقوم بالعمليات الحيوية اللازمة لها وتوقفنا عند
+
+33
+00:02:43,790 --> 00:02:50,560
+هذه القضية طبعاً سألوا العلماء أنفسهم ال rodopsin أو
+
+34
+00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:53,940
+ال bacteriorodopsin الموجود في ال helobacterium
+
+35
+00:02:53,940 --> 00:02:59,040
+helobium  هل يستجيب لأي نوع من الطول أو لأي طول
+
+36
+00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:03,780
+موجي أكثر هل يستجيب للأحمر أو للبرتقالي أو للأصفر
+
+37
+00:03:03,780 --> 00:03:08,560
+أو للأخضر أو للأزرق يعني أي من الموجات الطيفية
+
+38
+00:03:08,560 --> 00:03:15,950
+تُستحثّ ال bacteriorhodopsin بشكل أكثر من غيرها و
+
+39
+00:03:15,950 --> 00:03:22,590
+وجدوا أن طول الموج الأزرق 495 نانومتر هو يعني
+
+40
+00:03:22,590 --> 00:03:26,910
+ينشّط معاه ال bacteriorhodopsin تتغير التفاعلات
+
+41
+00:03:26,910 --> 00:03:33,120
+أو تحدث التفاعلات الكيميائية فيه بشكل أنشط مما لو
+
+42
+00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:38,760
+تعرض لموجات ضوئية من أطوال موجية أخرى، إذاً this
+
+43
+00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:44,400
+early rodopsin absorbed light maximally at 495
+
+44
+00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:48,460
+nanometer but responded to almost all visible
+
+45
+00:03:48,460 --> 00:03:52,220
+light يعني هو يستجيب الـ bacteriorhodopsin يستجيب
+
+46
+00:03:52,220 --> 00:03:57,060
+لكل الأطوال الموجية لكن الأكثر استجابة لطول الموج
+
+47
+00:03:57,060 --> 00:04:02,560
+الأزرق لطول الموج الأزرق الذي هو تقريباً أربعمائة و
+
+48
+00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:06,540
+خمسة وتسعين نانو متر أربعمائة وخمسة وتسعين يعني
+
+49
+00:04:06,540 --> 00:04:11,660
+حوالي الأزرق estimates suggest that the ancestor
+
+50
+00:04:11,660 --> 00:04:16,560
+of human color pigment genes Diverged from the
+
+51
+00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:21,020
+rhodopsin gene about 800 million years ago and
+
+52
+00:04:21,020 --> 00:04:24,720
+eventually resulted in a series of pigments with
+
+53
+00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:28,740
+maximal absorption peaks in the blue, green and
+
+54
+00:04:28,740 --> 00:04:32,480
+red areas of the spectrum. These specially adapted
+
+55
+00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:35,380
+molecules are needed for accurate color vision
+
+56
+00:04:35,380 --> 00:04:40,700
+.الآن العلماء سألوا نفسهم  لفهم هذه الفقرة، يا
+
+57
+00:04:40,700 --> 00:04:48,610
+ترى أول ما بدأ يظهر الـRhodopsin أو أول ما خُلِق
+
+58
+00:04:48,610 --> 00:04:53,030
+الـRhodopsin أو الكائنات الأولية شديدة البداية
+
+59
+00:04:53,030 --> 00:04:58,590
+الـRhodopsin التي فيها هل هو يستجيب لطول موجي
+
+60
+00:04:58,590 --> 00:05:03,650
+معين أم يستجيب يعني أو في منه أنواع خلينا نقول
+
+61
+00:05:03,650 --> 00:05:06,730
+في منه أنواع مختلفة من الـRhodopsin كل واحد منها
+
+62
+00:05:06,730 --> 00:05:13,270
+يُستجيب لطول موجي بذاته فقدّر العلماء أن ظهور
+
+63
+00:05:13,270 --> 00:05:20,070
+الجينات ظهور الجينات طبعاً على الكروموسومات المسؤولة
+
+64
+00:05:20,070 --> 00:05:25,310
+عن إنتاج ال Rodopsin ممكن إنسان يقول ما علاقة
+
+65
+00:05:25,310 --> 00:05:28,910
+الجينات في الموضوع هذا، لا ننسى أن ال Rodopsin
+
+66
+00:05:28,910 --> 00:05:35,600
+مكوّن من جزء بروتيني وجزء vitamin E الجزء البروتيني
+
+67
+00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:40,560
+للبروتينات معروف أنها أحماض أمينية مترابطة مع
+
+68
+00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:47,300
+بعضها البعض ويعني تكون polypeptide chain وتكون
+
+69
+00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:51,420
+منها البروتين الذي هو طبعاً سلاسل التي هي عديدة ال
+
+70
+00:05:51,420 --> 00:05:56,030
+peptide  فبالتالي بروتين مكوّن من amino acids، معناته
+
+71
+00:05:56,030 --> 00:06:00,350
+هذه أنتجت في الريبوسومات، الريبوسومات من الذي 
+
+72
+00:06:00,350 --> 00:06:04,640
+أعطاها الإشارة؟ أنها تنتج الجينات أو الكروموسومات
+
+73
+00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:08,680
+الموجودة في النواة عبر ال messenger RNA أرسلت
+
+74
+00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:13,940
+رسالة عن طريق ال messenger RNA للريبوسومات التي هي
+
+75
+00:06:13,940 --> 00:06:18,320
+مصانع البروتينات فأنتجت التي هي ال amino acids أو
+
+76
+00:06:18,320 --> 00:06:21,900
+جمعت ال amino acids وكونت لي ال obscene portion
+
+77
+00:06:21,900 --> 00:06:25,640
+بتاعة ال bacteriorhodopsin العلماء عندما سألوا
+
+78
+00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:30,700
+أنفسهم سؤال هل في أكثر من نوع من ال Rodopsin يعني
+
+79
+00:06:30,700 --> 00:06:33,700
+نوع يستجيب مثلاً للطول الموجي أو يمتص الطول الموجي
+
+80
+00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:37,020
+الأزرق، نوع يمتص الطول الموجي الأخضر، نوع يمتص
+
+81
+00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:40,460
+الطول الموجي الأحمر وهكذا، هل في أنواع كثيرة يعني
+
+82
+00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:45,380
+أم هو نوع واحد وخلاص، فالدراسات
+
+83
+00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:52,160
+قادت إلى أن الجينات الجينات التي تتحكم في إنتاج
+
+84
+00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:57,200
+أنواع مختلفة من ال Rodopsin أنواع مختلفة من الـ
+
+85
+00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:03,110
+Rhodopsin يعني بدأت بالظهور تقديرياً تقريباً 800
+
+86
+00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:08,530
+مليون سنة قبل عصرنا الحالي يعني قبل عصرنا الحالي
+
+87
+00:07:08,530 --> 00:07:12,890
+يعني الحفريات أوجدت أو استطاع العلماء التوصل
+
+88
+00:07:12,890 --> 00:07:17,710
+لكائنات فيها أنواع متعددة من الجينات هذه الجينات
+
+89
+00:07:17,710 --> 00:07:23,070
+مسؤولة عن إنتاج أنو��ع مختلفة من الريدوبسين عندما درست
+
+90
+00:07:23,070 --> 00:07:27,330
+هذه الأنواع المختلفة وجدوا أن كل نوع منها يستجيب
+
+91
+00:07:27,330 --> 00:07:32,810
+لطول موجي معين وهكذا بدأ بالظهور يعني أنواع
+
+92
+00:07:32,810 --> 00:07:40,390
+مختلفة من الجينات واستنتجوا أنها تنتج
+
+93
+00:07:40,390 --> 00:07:45,470
+أنواع مختلفة من الريدوبسين وكل نوع منها حساس لطول
+
+94
+00:07:45,470 --> 00:07:49,830
+موجي معين فبالتالي بدأت قصة ال color vision في
+
+95
+00:07:49,830 --> 00:07:55,530
+الظهور منذ ذلك الوقت ووصلنا لأعلى الكائنات التي 
+
+96
+00:07:55,530 --> 00:08:01,970
+هو الإنسان الذي عنده سلسلة من الصبغات التي يصير
+
+97
+00:08:01,970 --> 00:08:05,910
+ال maximum absorption لل light فيها بعضها عند ال
+
+98
+00:08:05,910 --> 00:08:08,750
+blue بعضها عند ال green وبعضها عند ال red ولعشان
+
+99
+00:08:08,750 --> 00:08:13,300
+هي كذلك الإنسان عنده ثلاثة أنواع من ال cones التي هي
+
+100
+00:08:13,300 --> 00:08:18,200
+مستقبلات الألوان red sensitive cone و green
+
+101
+00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:21,800
+sensitive cone و blue sensitive cone، الآن بدأ
+
+102
+00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:26,320
+نتحدث عن قضية خارجة عن المحاضرة لكن مهمة جداً من الخطأ ..
+
+103
+00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:30,060
+من الخطأ أن أقول blue cones و green .. green
+
+104
+00:08:30,060 --> 00:08:34,500
+cones و red cones لأن هذه ليست ألوان لخلايا،
+
+105
+00:08:34,500 --> 00:08:39,940
+الخلايا ليست .. أو ليست ملونة وإنما ال pigment
+
+106
+00:08:39,940 --> 00:08:43,220
+التي فيها أو ال protein التي فيها أو الrodopsin
+
+107
+00:08:43,220 --> 00:08:48,090
+لكي نكون دقيقين جداً تركيبة ال Rodopsin هنا تختلف
+
+108
+00:08:48,090 --> 00:08:53,050
+عن تركيبة ال Rodopsin هنا تختلف عن تركيبة ال
+
+109
+00:08:53,050 --> 00:08:57,430
+Rodopsin هنا  ترتيب الأحماض الأمينية فيه
+
+110
+00:08:57,430 --> 00:09:01,710
+يجعله حساساً للطول الموجي الأزرق هنا ترتيب الأحماض
+
+111
+00:09:01,710 --> 00:09:06,150
+الأمينية التي هي قلنا عنها مئتين وثمانية وأربعين
+
+112
+00:09:06,150 --> 00:09:08,850
+حمض أميني في ال بكتيريو رودوبسين لكن في الإنسان
+
+113
+00:09:08,850 --> 00:09:12,750
+يعني تختلف التركيبة لكن أيضاً في ال obscene portion
+
+114
+00:09:12,750 --> 00:09:18,050
+مكوّن من عدد معين من الأحماض الأمينية ترتيبتها
+
+115
+00:09:18,270 --> 00:09:22,850
+ترتيبها وتشابكها مع بعضها البعض يجعل أحياناً بعض
+
+116
+00:09:22,850 --> 00:09:26,590
+الخلايا حساسة للطول الموجي الأزرق بعضها حساس للطول
+
+117
+00:09:26,590 --> 00:09:32,090
+الموجي الأخضر وبعضها حساس للطول الموجي الأحمر إذاً
+
+118
+00:09:32,090 --> 00:09:37,050
+الكلمة blue و green و red cones هذه كلمة خاطئة و
+
+119
+00:09:37,050 --> 00:09:41,150
+هنا أقول blue sensitive cone green sensitive cone
+
+120
+00:09:41,150 --> 00:09:45,730
+و red sensitive cone يعني حسب حساسيتها لأي طيف من
+
+121
+00:09:45,730 --> 00:09:53,030
+الضوء المرئي إذاً التقديرات تقول أن ال ancestor of
+
+122
+00:09:53,030 --> 00:10:00,310
+human color pigment genes أن الجد أو السلف بتاعه
+
+123
+00:10:00,310 --> 00:10:05,600
+human color pigment genes الجينات التي بدأت بالظهور
+
+124
+00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:10,020
+طبعاً هذه وفقاً لنظريات التطور عندهم لكن بالنسبة
+
+125
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:15,280
+للإنسان خلق الإنسان في أحسن تقويم ويعني معروف أن
+
+126
+00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:19,280
+من بداية خلق الإنسان من آدم عليه السلام أن هذه
+
+127
+00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:22,920
+الجينات كلها موجودة عند آدم عليه السلام وذريته
+
+128
+00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:28,100
+وصولاً لعصرنا الحالي وحتى يعني تقوم الساعة كلّه
+
+129
+00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:31,480
+يستطيع رؤية الألوان إلا إذا كان عنده مرض عمى
+
+130
+00:10:31,480 --> 00:10:36,980
+الألوان لكن كلّه موجود عنده ال genes بتاعة التي هي
+
+131
+00:10:36,980 --> 00:10:41,320
+الرؤية اللونية و كما نقول و نذكر ليست الجينات هي
+
+132
+00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:45,080
+التي ترى الألو��ن الجينات تتحكم في إنتاج ال
+
+133
+00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:49,600
+proteins التي هي تدخل في تكوين الأبسين بتاع ال
+
+134
+00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,180
+Rodopsin بتاع ال Rodopsin
+
+135
+00:10:54,170 --> 00:10:57,990
+عندما نقول أربعمائة وخمسة وتسعين نرجع للبكتيريو
+
+136
+00:10:57,990 --> 00:11:02,710
+رودوبسين أكثر حساسية البكتيريو رودوبسين الموجود في
+
+137
+00:11:02,710 --> 00:11:06,390
+الهالو بكتيريوم هالوبيوم عند الطول الموجي أربعمائة
+
+138
+00:11:06,390 --> 00:11:10,950
+وخمسة وتسعين نانومتر هي الأطياف من عند أربعمائة
+
+139
+00:11:10,950 --> 00:11:15,870
+تقريباً لسبعمية لو جئنا نقول تقريباً أربعمائة وخمسة
+
+140
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:20,330
+وتسعين نانومتر يعني هو جاي بين الأزرق والأخضر
+
+141
+00:11:20,330 --> 00:11:25,230
+بين الأزرق والأخضر بين اللون الأزرق والأخضر فهنا
+
+142
+00:11:25,230 --> 00:11:30,730
+يكون ال maximum .. ال maximum sensitivity ل ال
+
+143
+00:11:30,730 --> 00:11:35,070
+bacteriorhodopsin لكن نذكر أيضاً أنه حساس لكل
+
+144
+00:11:35,070 --> 00:11:40,240
+الأطياف الموجية .. لكل الأطياف الموجية thus early
+
+145
+00:11:40,240 --> 00:11:43,700
+animals used something akin to the original
+
+146
+00:11:43,700 --> 00:11:48,300
+rhodopsin and a very simple optical system to see
+
+147
+00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:53,900
+الآن قبل أن نشرح هذه الفقرة نقول كان أبسط ..
+
+148
+00:11:53,900 --> 00:12:00,260
+أبسط جزيء .. أبسط جزيء حساس للضوء ووجد في
+
+149
+00:12:00,260 --> 00:12:06,840
+الhalobacterium halobium وأطلقوا عليه العلماء اسم
+
+150
+00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:11,160
+bacteriorhodopsin هذه الصورة أو ال simulation بتاعه
+
+151
+00:12:12,660 --> 00:12:17,360
+نريد الآن أن ننتقل لكائنات أكثر تعقيداً قليلاً ليس كثيراً
+
+152
+00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:21,680
+أكثر تعقيداً ولكن أكثر تعقيداً بدرجة التي 
+
+153
+00:12:21,680 --> 00:12:27,300
+بعدها في التعقيد هنا هذا الجزيء موجود داخل خلية
+
+154
+00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:30,120
+الhalobacterium halobium وسمينا ال
+
+155
+00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:34,920
+bacteriorhodopsin بسيطاً للغاية لا يتطلب أي شروط
+
+156
+00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:40,580
+للتفاعل مع الضوء بمعنى آخر لو جاء ضوء من الناحية
+
+157
+00:12:40,580 --> 00:12:43,770
+هنا سيستجيب له، لو جاء الضوء من الناحية high،
+
+158
+00:12:43,770 --> 00:12:46,830
+سيستجيب له، لو جاء الضوء من الناحية high،
+
+159
+00:12:46,830 --> 00:12:49,890
+سيستجيب له، من أين ما جاء الضوء، من تحت، من فوق،
+
+160
+00:12:49,890 --> 00:12:53,510
+من شماله، من يمينه، من أين ما سقط الضوء على هذه
+
+161
+00:12:53,510 --> 00:12:57,210
+الخلية البكتيرية، سيصل إلى .. الذي هو ال
+
+162
+00:12:57,210 --> 00:13:01,950
+bacteriorhodopsin ويسبب التغيرات التي تحدثنا عنها
+
+163
+00:13:01,950 --> 00:13:05,870
+في الجزئين اثنين طيب ممكن إنسان يقول هل هذا يعني
+
+164
+00:13:05,870 --> 00:13:10,010
+.. ما علاقته؟ قضية أنه يستجيب من أين ما جاء
+
+165
+00:13:10,010 --> 00:13:16,330
+الضوء، معناته هذا الجهاز بسيط للغاية، يمكن أن نقول
+
+166
+00:13:16,330 --> 00:13:21,430
+هذا يعني أفضل، يعني نقول لا وكلما تم التعقيد
+
+167
+00:13:21,430 --> 00:13:26,230
+يصير شيء يُسمّى ال directionality أو الاستجابة
+
+168
+00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:30,230
+أو الاتجاهية في الاستجابة، بمعنى آخر الإنسان الذي 
+
+169
+00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:35,350
+هو أعلى الكائنات لو جاءه الضوء من خلف رأسه ليس
+
+170
+00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:41,340
+سيراه، ليس سيراه فبالتالي لماذا؟ لأنه عنده الاستجابة
+
+171
+00:13:41,340 --> 00:13:44,880
+directional بمعنى أن لكي يرى الضوء يجب أن يكون الضوء
+
+172
+00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:49,720
+موجّه باتجاه جهاز الإبصار لدى الإنسان وهو
+
+173
+00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:56,220
+العين .. وهو العين الآن نأتي إلى ال step الأعلى من ال
+
+174
+00:13:56,220 --> 00:14:00,260
+bacteriorhodopsin نقول thus early animals used
+
+175
+00:14:00,260 --> 00:14:03,940
+something akin to the original rhodopsin and very
+
+176
+00:14:03,940 --> 00:14:09,200
+simple optical system ��لآن ال rodopsin ال original
+
+177
+00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:13,500
+rhodopsin وال bacteriorhodopsin موجود في الخلية
+
+178
+00:14:1
+
+201
+00:15:57,060 --> 00:16:00,580
+.. هي صورة للمحارة، المحارة عبارة عن cup-like 
+
+202
+00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:05,040
+structures طبعًا مبطنة من الداخل .. مبطنة من
+
+203
+00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:08,770
+الداخل، طبعًا احنا ما بدنا .. يعني هذه اللي هي
+
+204
+00:16:08,770 --> 00:16:12,850
+الإفرازات المحارة أو شيء من هذا القبيل وإنما في
+
+205
+00:16:12,850 --> 00:16:16,370
+بطانة للمحارة تمام لتوضيح الفكرة طبعًا هذه
+
+206
+00:16:16,370 --> 00:16:21,150
+البطانة موجود فيها light sensing cells light
+
+207
+00:16:21,150 --> 00:16:24,650
+sensing cells بمعنى في خلايا حساسة للضوء ليش هذه
+
+208
+00:16:24,650 --> 00:16:28,930
+الخلايا اللي بتبطن هذا الـ cup؟ حساسة للضوء لأنه
+
+209
+00:16:28,930 --> 00:16:32,610
+موجود فيها الـ Rodopsin الآن مش هسميه Rodopsin
+
+210
+00:16:32,610 --> 00:16:35,730
+بكتيريو Rodopsin هسميه Rodopsin لأنه احنا أهداك
+
+211
+00:16:35,730 --> 00:16:38,810
+سميناه بكتيريو Rodopsin لأنه موجود ضمن البكتيريا
+
+212
+00:16:38,810 --> 00:16:43,710
+هذا الـ Rodopsin يشبه في التركيب ولكن مع إضافة هذا الـ
+
+213
+00:16:43,710 --> 00:16:47,110
+optical system ليش سميناها optical system؟ لأنه
+
+214
+00:16:47,110 --> 00:16:51,650
+بيلعب دور أنه الضوء إذا إجا من ورا مش هيصل للـ light
+
+215
+00:16:51,650 --> 00:16:55,730
+sensing cells فبالتالي مش .. مش هيستفيد هذا الكائن
+
+216
+00:16:55,730 --> 00:17:00,510
+الحقيقي أو هذا الحيوان منه بينما لو إجا مباشر ..
+
+217
+00:17:00,510 --> 00:17:05,970
+مباشر ووصل للـ light sensing cell إذا ساعتها
+
+218
+00:17:05,970 --> 00:17:10,490
+هيستجيب للضوء طب هذا إيش فادني؟ فادني في شغل ثاني
+
+219
+00:17:10,490 --> 00:17:16,080
+أنه في optical system أضيف الـ Bacteriorhodopsin مش
+
+220
+00:17:16,080 --> 00:17:20,560
+optical system مجرد جزء كيميائي .. جزء كيميائي أو
+
+221
+00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:24,060
+مركب عضوي داخل خلية وخلصنا، إذا هذا مش optical
+
+222
+00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:28,860
+system وإنما مركب عضوي يستطيع التأثر بالضوء أما
+
+223
+00:17:28,860 --> 00:17:34,900
+بالنسبة لـ المحار والديدان القديمة، في عنده غير
+
+224
+00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:38,260
+قضية الردوبسين الموجود في خلايا سميناها light
+
+225
+00:17:38,260 --> 00:17:42,540
+sensing cells، في عندي optical system، very simple
+
+226
+00:17:42,540 --> 00:17:46,760
+optical system، هو عبارة عن cup-like structure،
+
+227
+00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:50,600
+يعني تركيبة هيك بتشبه الفنجان أو بتشبه الصحن
+
+228
+00:17:50,720 --> 00:17:55,020
+بالإضافة إنه أضيفت قضية الـ directionality إنه
+
+229
+00:17:55,020 --> 00:17:58,820
+الضوء إذا إجا على الـ cup من وجهه بينشاف لأنه بيصل
+
+230
+00:17:58,820 --> 00:18:01,980
+للـ light sensing cells إذا ما إجا من .. من .. من
+
+231
+00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:06,580
+ظهر المحارة مش هينشاف أبدًا لأنه مش هيصل للـ light
+
+232
+00:18:06,580 --> 00:18:10,540
+sensing cells because each cell is shielded from
+
+233
+00:18:10,540 --> 00:18:13,620
+light that approaches the cup from the non-seeing
+
+234
+00:18:13,620 --> 00:18:17,420
+side ليش مش هينشاف؟ لأنه كل خلية من الخلايا
+
+235
+00:18:17,420 --> 00:18:22,730
+الحساسة للضوء يعني محمية من الضوء إذا إجا الضوء للـ
+
+236
+00:18:22,730 --> 00:18:27,970
+cup من الـ non-seeing side .. من الـ non-seeing side
+
+237
+00:18:27,970 --> 00:18:33,190
+تطورت الحياة أكثر أو خلينا نقول مش تطورت الحياة
+
+238
+00:18:33,190 --> 00:18:36,350
+أكثر يعني هي الحياة متطورة من .. من ذو بدء الخليقة
+
+239
+00:18:36,350 --> 00:18:40,550
+أو ننتقل لطبقة أعلى من الكائنات طبقة أعلى من
+
+240
+00:18:40,550 --> 00:18:44,950
+المحارات ومن الـ .. الديدان القديمة بنقول if the
+
+241
+00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:50,110
+cup is made deeper and the sides are turned over a
+
+242
+00:18:50,110 --> 00:18:54,710
+lensless pinhole system is produced نرجع للمحار
+
+243
+00:18:54,710 --> 00:19:00,570
+ونقول المحار أعقد من البكتيريا في شغلتين أنه الـ
+
+244
+00:19:00,570 --> 00:19:04,770
+light sensing cells اللي فيها الرضبسين محمية من
+
+245
+00:19:04,770 --> 00:19:08,750
+جهة بالـ optical system هذا اللي أنا بأشير عليه اللي
+
+246
+00:19:08,750 --> 00:19:12,550
+هو cup-like structure وتتمتع بخاصية الـ
+
+247
+00:19:12,550 --> 00:19:16,830
+directionality طيب لو هذا الـ cup سألوا العلماء
+
+248
+00:19:16,830 --> 00:19:22,670
+سؤال هل يوجد كائنات أعلى من المحار أعلى من المحار
+
+249
+00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:28,090
+فيها هذا الـ optical system أعمق؟ وحوافه متقاربة ليش
+
+250
+00:19:28,090 --> 00:19:31,990
+العلماء صاروا يدوروا على مخلوقات تتمتع بهذه
+
+251
+00:19:31,990 --> 00:19:38,930
+الخاصية لأنهم بدهم يقتربوا في التركيب بما يشبه
+
+252
+00:19:38,930 --> 00:19:42,590
+الإنسان .. بما يشبه عين الإنسان قالوا يا ترى الآن
+
+253
+00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:45,910
+لو في عندنا .. لو ش .. لو شفنا أو .. أو لجينا
+
+254
+00:19:45,910 --> 00:19:50,030
+مخلوقات أو كائنات عندها optical system يشبه الـ
+
+255
+00:19:50,030 --> 00:19:54,230
+optical system بتاع المحار بس أطور شوية منه بمعنى
+
+256
+00:19:54,230 --> 00:20:01,290
+آخر أنه الـ cup هذا صار عميق .. صار عميق وتقاربة
+
+257
+00:20:01,290 --> 00:20:05,650
+الحواف بتاعته يعني الـ light sensing cells الخلايا
+
+258
+00:20:05,650 --> 00:20:11,730
+الحساسة للضوء المبطنة للـ .. للـ cup هذا بدنا نجيلنا
+
+259
+00:20:11,730 --> 00:20:15,430
+أي كائن حي آخر غير المحار يكون فيه عنده نفس الفكرة
+
+260
+00:20:15,430 --> 00:20:19,810
+بس مع اختلاف بسيط إنه الـ cup عميق عشان يصير يشبه
+
+261
+00:20:19,810 --> 00:20:24,170
+العين وإن الحواف بتاعة الـ cup متقاربة مع بعضها
+
+262
+00:20:24,170 --> 00:20:27,750
+البعض عشان تصير تشبه الـ pupil بدناش crystalline
+
+263
+00:20:27,750 --> 00:20:30,910
+lens وبدناش قرنية احنا بدنا بس المرحلة اللي بعدها
+
+264
+00:20:30,910 --> 00:20:36,710
+فبالتالي if the cup is made deeper and the sides
+
+265
+00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:42,450
+الحواف are turned off over يعني متقاربة أو بدت
+
+266
+00:20:42,450 --> 00:20:46,820
+تتسكر على بعضها البعض بساعتها هيكون هذا الكائن الحي
+
+267
+00:20:46,820 --> 00:20:52,380
+عنده ما يسمى بالـ lensless pinhole system lensless
+
+268
+00:20:52,380 --> 00:20:56,600
+pinhole system يعني optical system عبارة عن
+
+269
+00:20:56,600 --> 00:21:01,150
+pinhole لأنه إذا تقاربت الحوافو سكرت ع بعضها هيصير
+
+270
+00:21:01,150 --> 00:21:06,130
+عندي كأنه pupil أو pin hole يعني مع شكل كروي مغلق
+
+271
+00:21:06,130 --> 00:21:09,790
+فقط مفتوح من عند الـ pin hole ومافيش crystalline
+
+272
+00:21:09,790 --> 00:21:14,030
+lens إذا بسميه lensless optical system بدنا نؤكد
+
+273
+00:21:14,030 --> 00:21:17,210
+على نقطة أن احنا هذا الكلام اللي أنا بحكيه مش
+
+274
+00:21:17,210 --> 00:21:21,850
+مقصود فيه المحار وإنما العلماء بدوروا على كائن ..
+
+275
+00:21:21,850 --> 00:21:27,600
+على كائن أرقى قليلًا من المحار وهم ما يقصدوا أن
+
+276
+00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:32,280
+المحار يتطور بذاته ويسير هذا المحار، هيضله محار
+
+277
+00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:35,980
+من حد ما يفلق لغاية ما تنتهي حياته، الآن هم ده
+
+278
+00:21:35,980 --> 00:21:39,240
+بدهم يدوروا على درجة أعلى من الحياة أو درجة أعلى
+
+279
+00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:43,060
+من الكائنات الحية، بمعنى إيش يعني أعلى؟ يعني
+
+280
+00:21:43,060 --> 00:21:46,660
+الجهاز الإبصار اللي ديها مطور أكثر، إيش يعني مطور
+
+281
+00:21:46,660 --> 00:21:52,120
+أكثر؟ يعني يشبه أكثر، جهاز يشبه أكثر قليلًا جهاز
+
+282
+00:21:52,120 --> 00:21:56,280
+الإبصار بتاع أعلى الكائنات وهو الإنسان، الإنسان
+
+283
+00:21:56,280 --> 00:22:02,800
+وأن ننساش أنه لين .. أنه لين عبارة عن كوب مغلق مغلق
+
+284
+00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:06,060
+وفي pinhole اللي هو الـ pupil تمام وفي
+
+285
+00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:09,920
+crystalline lens العلماء بدهم بس تطور قليل جدًا أو
+
+286
+00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:14,060
+كائن أرقى قليلًا من المحار بس أنه يكون الـ .. الـ cup
+
+287
+00:22:14,060 --> 00:22:17,920
+بتاعه more deep جهاز الإبصار بتاعه more deep و
+
+288
+00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:22,340
+الحواف تتقاربت عشان تشبه الـ pupil بدناش نسأل الآن
+
+289
+00:22:22,340 --> 00:22:25,240
+عن الـ .. الـ crystalline lens بدناش نسأل عن
+
+290
+00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:30,180
+القرنية وما إلى ذلك وجدوا العلماء طلبهم في كائن
+
+291
+00:22:30,180 --> 00:22:34,300
+يسمى الـ Nautilus الـ Nautilus اللي هو نوع من الـ
+
+292
+00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:39,760
+swimming mollusc اللي هي الحلزونات التي العائمة ..
+
+293
+00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:43,260
+الحلزون العائم واحنا جبنا صورة هنا لـ الـ
+
+294
+00:22:43,260 --> 00:22:48,100
+Nautilus Nautilus
+
+295
+00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:53,540
+هينوع من أنواع الحلزونات العائمة، هاي جهاز الإبصار
+
+296
+00:22:53,540 --> 00:22:57,900
+فيه، هاي جهاز الإبصار فيه، أنا كبرت جهاز الإبصار
+
+297
+00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:01,400
+عشان نشوف إنه عبارة عن كأنه عين بس بدون
+
+298
+00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:05,140
+crystalline lens أو قرنية، يعني مجرد .. يعني تجويف
+
+299
+00:23:05,140 --> 00:23:10,240
+عميق بالظبط زي كورة العين والحواف تقاربت لدرجة
+
+300
+00:23:10,240 --> 00:23:14,790
+أنه .. أصبح عندي ما يسمى بالـ lensless pinhole
+
+301
+00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:19,250
+system طبعًا هذا الكلام لجوه such a system is used
+
+302
+00:23:19,250 --> 00:23:22,590
+by a very primitive swimming mollusc طبعًا هذا الـ
+
+303
+00:23:22,590 --> 00:23:26,230
+mollusc مش .. مش رقي، very primitive، بداية جدًا بس
+
+304
+00:23:26,230 --> 00:23:33,080
+هو أرقى إبصاريا .. أرقى إبصاريا من المحار .. إذا
+
+305
+00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:37,780
+this system is used by a very primitive swimming
+
+306
+00:23:37,780 --> 00:23:41,760
+mollusc called Nutilus thus with visible light
+
+307
+00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:45,300
+falling .. الآن بدنا نلخص كل المحاضرات اللي ..
+
+308
+00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:51,960
+اللي سبقت بالفقرة هاي بنقول هكذا بمجرد عرفنا طبعًا
+
+309
+00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:55,260
+thus with visible light falling on the earth
+
+310
+00:23:55,260 --> 00:24:00,000
+and rhodopsin already present the stage was set for
+
+311
+00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,280
+the development from simple light sensing to
+
+312
+00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:08,130
+natural or living optics يعني الضوء وصل نقم من
+
+313
+00:24:08,130 --> 00:24:13,030
+مصدره اللي هو الشمس صار على سطح الأرض بشكل آمن الـ
+
+314
+00:24:13,030 --> 00:24:17,590
+Rodopsin اللي هو الجزء الحساس للضوء واللي هيقدر
+
+315
+00:24:17,590 --> 00:24:21,150
+يُترجم أن الضوء موجود في خلايا نقم .. خلايا
+
+316
+00:24:21,150 --> 00:24:25,270
+الإنسان، خلايا الحيوان، خلايا البكتيريا، الأخرى الـ
+
+317
+00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:30,320
+Rodopsin موجود، إذا الآن أصبح المرحلة أو الحياة
+
+318
+00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:35,000
+انتقلت لطور من الـ very simple light sensing اللي
+
+319
+00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:38,060
+هو موجود في الـ Bacteriorhodopsin مجرد light
+
+320
+00:24:38,060 --> 00:24:43,420
+sensing to natural or living optics يعني لـ .. اللي
+
+321
+00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:48,560
+هو الإبصار اللي بي .. بي .. بي .. بنستخدمه لتأدية
+
+322
+00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:54,050
+كل مهام الحياة أو الغالبية العظمى من مهام الحياة و
+
+323
+00:24:54,050 --> 00:24:58,250
+هيك احنا وصلنا للجزء الثاني اللي هو الـ physical
+
+324
+00:24:58,250 --> 00:25:02,030
+optics والصفات الفيزيائية للضوء والمرة القادمة
+
+325
+00:25:02,030 --> 00:25:06,530
+هنستكمل معه إن شاء الله تعالى ويعطيكم العافية

PL9fwy3NUQKwYL4S5-iKy7cLnxO4VAOVnL/S0f8t8A0Sfc.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+1
+00:00:01,820 --> 00:00:04,680
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:09,220
+physical optics ووصلنا للأثر الثاني من آثار ال
+
+3
+00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:13,040
+laser أو ال laser tissue interaction بين ال laser 
+
+4
+00:00:13,040 --> 00:00:16,560
+وأنسجة العين المختلفة اللي هو ال photo ablation
+
+5
+00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:20,940
+احنا سابقا حكينا أنه في أربع آثار ممكن يحدثها ال
+
+6
+00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:25,740
+laser اللي هي photo coagulation و photo ablation و
+
+7
+00:00:25,740 --> 00:00:29,840
+photo disruption و photo activation أربع حاجات
+
+8
+00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:34,730
+حكينا المرة الماضية عن ال photo coagulation ال
+
+9
+00:00:34,730 --> 00:00:37,310
+photo coagulation اليوم هنحكي عن ال photo ablation
+
+10
+00:00:37,310 --> 00:00:40,710
+ويبقى ال photo disruption و ال photo activation ما
+
+11
+00:00:40,710 --> 00:00:44,050
+هو ال photo ablation ما هو ال photo ablation هو
+
+12
+00:00:44,050 --> 00:00:49,370
+التبخير بواسطة ال laser التبخير بواسطة ال laser 
+
+13
+00:00:49,370 --> 00:00:55,330
+أنه ال laser بيعمل تناثر للتشو وبالتالي بي .. بي
+
+14
+00:00:55,330 --> 00:01:01,160
+.. بي ..يتم إزالة .. إزالة جزء من ال tissue بواسطة
+
+15
+00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:04,920
+العملية ال photoablation إذا الإزالة بالليزر 
+
+16
+00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:09,680
+photoablation إزالة بالليزر إيش بيستعمل ال 
+
+17
+00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:12,580
+photoablation photoablation uses high energy
+
+18
+00:01:12,580 --> 00:01:16,560
+ultraviolet photons to break covalent chemical
+
+19
+00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:21,660
+bonds إذا الليزر اللي هستعمله بيعمل أو بيشتغل في
+
+20
+00:01:23,310 --> 00:01:27,070
+الـ ultraviolet range يعني ليزر غير مرئي ليزر غير
+
+21
+00:01:27,070 --> 00:01:31,450
+مرئي إيش بده يعمل هذا ال laser لما أصلته على نسيج
+
+22
+00:01:31,450 --> 00:01:36,630
+من أنسجة العين بده يشوف ال ال equivalent chemical
+
+23
+00:01:36,630 --> 00:01:41,530
+bonds الروابط الكيميائية التساهمية بين الذرات ويعمل 
+
+24
+00:01:41,530 --> 00:01:46,050
+على تكسيرها عشان هذه الذرات تزال وتتبخر من هذا 
+
+25
+00:01:46,050 --> 00:01:50,730
+النسيج مثال على ال photoablation ال eximer laser
+
+26
+00:01:50,730 --> 00:01:55,810
+في نوع من laser بيسموه ال eximer laser for example
+
+27
+00:01:55,810 --> 00:02:00,820
+generates photons at a wavelength of 193 nanometer
+
+28
+00:02:00,820 --> 00:02:04,460
+إذا الـ excimer laser بيعطيني laser أو بيعطيني
+
+29
+00:02:04,460 --> 00:02:09,760
+فوتونات light بس طول الموجة 193 nanometer يعني مش 
+
+30
+00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:14,280
+مرئي لأنه المرئي من 400 nanometer ل 700 nanometer
+
+31
+00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:17,720
+أما هذا ال 193 nanometer جاي في range ال
+
+32
+00:02:17,720 --> 00:02:21,480
+ultraviolet light إذا هذا ال laser عبارة عن laser
+
+33
+00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:26,510
+من ال ultraviolet light يعني non visible laser هذه
+
+34
+00:02:26,510 --> 00:02:32,850
+الفوتونات تتم 
+
+35
+00:02:32,850 --> 00:02:37,250
+تسليط هذا اللازر على الكولاجين في القرنية،
+
+36
+00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:43,360
+القرنية فيها كمية كبيرة من الكولاجين طبعاً الروابط 
+
+37
+00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,240
+التساهمية في ألياف الـ collagen بتتم تكسيرها
+
+38
+00:02:47,240 --> 00:02:51,440
+بواسطة هذا ال laser وبالتالي اللي بيحصل
+
+39
+00:02:51,440 --> 00:02:55,120
+vaporization  للكولاجين molecules جزيئات ال
+
+40
+00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:58,500
+collagen اللي هو نوع من ال protein بتتبخر بعد ما
+
+41
+00:02:58,500 --> 00:03:03,440
+تتكسر الروابط اللي بينها وهذا الكلام هنشوفه بشكل 
+
+42
+00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:08,500
+فيديو إن شاء الله في هذه المحاضرة اللي بيحصل أن 
+
+43
+00:03:08,500 --> 00:03:13,840
+عندي في جزيئات جزيئات الـ collagen في عندي روابط 
+
+44
+00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:16,820
+تساهمية اللي لها طاقة معينة اللي هي ال binding 
+
+45
+00:03:16,820 --> 00:03:19,940
+energy مثلا هنا في المثال عندي ال binding energy
+
+46
+00:03:19,940 --> 00:03:23,840
+ثلاثة و نصف electron volt هذه واحدة لقياس الطاقة
+
+47
+00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:28,600
+على مستوى الجزيئات والذرات ال binding energy
+
+48
+00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:32,940
+between these two atoms ثلاثة و نصف electron volt
+
+49
+00:03:32,940 --> 00:03:37,200
+لما بيجي فوتون الفوتون اللي هو حصة من ال energy
+
+50
+00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:41,660
+يعني لما بيجي ال laser له عبارة عن فوتونات بطاقة 
+
+51
+00:03:41,660 --> 00:03:45,580
+أعلى أربعة وستة من عشرة electron volt يعني تقريباً
+
+52
+00:03:45,580 --> 00:03:49,740
+تقريباً أضعف بتكسر هذه الرابطة التساهمية ال
+
+53
+00:03:49,740 --> 00:03:56,090
+covalent bond وبالتالي بيتبخروا هدول الذرات المثال
+
+54
+00:03:56,090 --> 00:04:02,510
+هنا نفس المثال بس على مستوى العديد من الذرات اللي
+
+55
+00:04:02,510 --> 00:04:05,750
+هو ال corneal tissue المكوّن من الكولاجين طبعاً هنا
+
+56
+00:04:05,750 --> 00:04:10,970
+ال photon الواحد هو ممثل لل laser beam اللي هو 
+
+57
+00:04:10,970 --> 00:04:13,770
+laser غير مرئي بنؤكد لأنه في ال range ده ال
+
+58
+00:04:13,770 --> 00:04:19,690
+ultraviolet لما بيسلط على هذا الـ corneal tissue أو
+
+59
+00:04:19,690 --> 00:04:23,930
+على الكولاجين في الـ cornea بيعمل على تفكيك الروابط 
+
+60
+00:04:23,930 --> 00:04:28,430
+فبتتبخر الذرات و بتتناثر و بتتبعد و تزال من
+
+61
+00:04:28,430 --> 00:04:36,190
+النسيج هنا الـ Plume Effect بيؤدي للتناثر 
+
+62
+00:04:36,190 --> 00:04:43,030
+التناثر بتاع الذرات أو .. و بيصير مكانها .. يعني
+
+63
+00:04:43,030 --> 00:04:48,330
+مكان .. بتفرغ مكانها هنا بعمق خمسة و عشرين مايكرو
+
+64
+00:04:48,330 --> 00:04:52,790
+متر يمكن التحكم تماماً في العمق اللي ال laser بده 
+
+65
+00:04:52,790 --> 00:04:58,530
+يتم إعطاءه فيه بحيث يمكن التحكم في كمية الـ tissue
+
+66
+00:04:58,530 --> 00:05:01,470
+أو عمق الـ tissue اللي بدنا نزيله عمق الـ tissue
+
+67
+00:05:01,470 --> 00:05:05,290
+اللي بدنا نزيله ممكن نزيل 100 micron، 50 micron زي 
+
+68
+00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:08,510
+ما احنا محتاجين طب ليش احنا بنعمل هذه العملية
+
+69
+00:05:08,510 --> 00:05:12,690
+لتعديل سطح القرنية لمعالجة الـ refractive error
+
+70
+00:05:12,690 --> 00:05:16,670
+العملية المشهورة وشهيرة جداً على مستوى العالم اللي
+
+71
+00:05:16,670 --> 00:05:20,680
+هي الـ LASIK بأنواعه المختلفة هي عبارة عن photo
+
+72
+00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,840
+ablation الليزر هو عبارة عن photo ablation أو 
+
+73
+00:05:24,840 --> 00:05:28,740
+تعديل سطح القرنية بالليزر عبارة عن photo ablation
+
+74
+00:05:28,740 --> 00:05:33,100
+عشان نتخلص من ال refractive error زي ما احنا يعني 
+
+75
+00:05:33,100 --> 00:05:38,460
+سمعنا في هذه العملية إذا ال collagen molecules
+
+76
+00:05:38,460 --> 00:05:42,740
+بيصير لها vaporization تبخير بسبب تفكك الروابط
+
+77
+00:05:42,740 --> 00:05:50,280
+التساهمية بين ذراتها هنا عندنا وصف أو صورة بتوصف
+
+78
+00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:53,920
+لعملية ال laser ايش بيصير أول حاجة هي القرنية 
+
+79
+00:05:53,920 --> 00:06:00,140
+محدبة من المنتصف هذا إنسان عنده myopia أول جزء من
+
+80
+00:06:00,140 --> 00:06:05,020
+العملية أنه الجزء السطحي جداً للقرنية بينعمل flap
+
+81
+00:06:05,710 --> 00:06:10,210
+يعني بيرتفع كشريحة تمام بس بتظلها يعني متصلة
+
+82
+00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:15,250
+بالقرنية من جهة معينة هذا يسمى flap طبعاً هذا
+
+83
+00:06:15,250 --> 00:06:19,490
+بيحتوي على الـ epithelium و ال bowman layer و جزء من 
+
+84
+00:06:19,490 --> 00:06:23,510
+الـ stroma الآن بيجي ال laser بيعدل سطح الـ stroma
+
+85
+00:06:23,510 --> 00:06:27,000
+هنا فبيعمل على تبخير جزء من الـ tissue بتاع الـ
+
+86
+00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,260
+stroma اللي هي الطبقة الرئيسية أو الطبقة الأسمك من
+
+87
+00:06:30,260 --> 00:06:36,140
+الخمس طبقات للقرنية ثم بعد ما تكتمل عملية التعديل 
+
+88
+00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:43,510
+أصبح السطح الآن flat مش steep يعاد هذا الـ flap يعاد
+
+89
+00:06:43,510 --> 00:06:47,590
+هذا الـ flap عشان يغطي ال defect عشان يصير ال
+
+90
+00:06:47,590 --> 00:06:52,130
+healing أسرع بمعنى التئام الجروح أسرع هذه العملية
+
+91
+00:06:52,130 --> 00:06:57,450
+تسمى laser assisted incisor keratomylosis و اللي 
+
+92
+00:06:57,450 --> 00:07:02,250
+بنختصرها بكلمة laser اللي بدنا نختصرها بكلمة Lasik
+
+93
+00:07:02,250 --> 00:07:06,030
+إذا هذه صورة بتوضح طبعاً إيش اللي حصل اللي حصل إيه
+
+94
+00:07:06,030 --> 00:07:09,390
+العملية اللي حصلت عملية photo ablation تبخير
+
+95
+00:07:09,390 --> 00:07:13,750
+للنسيج وإزالة للنسيج بواسطة ال laser هذا ثاني أثر
+
+96
+00:07:13,750 --> 00:07:17,350
+من آثار ال laser على الأجزاء المختلفة من العين
+
+97
+00:07:17,350 --> 00:07:20,610
+حكينا عن ال photo coagulation المحاضرة السابقة 
+
+98
+00:07:20,610 --> 00:07:22,770
+وهنا احنا بنحكي عن ال photo
+
+99
+00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:36,120
+الطاقة المستخدمة طاقة بسيطة للغاية رغم أن هنا ضعف 
+
+100
+00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:40,060
+الروابط التساهمية تقريباً ضعف طاقة الروابط
+
+101
+00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:44,340
+التساهمية إلا أن الطاقة هي تعتبر قليلة للغاية
+
+102
+00:07:44,340 --> 00:07:49,920
+بيتكفي فقط لتفكيك هذه الروابط إذا مش هتأدي لارتفاع
+
+103
+00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:53,040
+درجة الحرارة no heat is produced في ال
+
+104
+00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:56,200
+photoablation and the technique does not scar
+
+105
+00:07:56,200 --> 00:08:04,010
+adjacent tissue ما بتعملش ندبة ندبة أو أثر مداوم مكان
+
+106
+00:08:04,010 --> 00:08:09,330
+ما تم تسليط الليزر عليه هذه مثلاً عندي صورة لإنسان عنده
+
+107
+00:08:09,330 --> 00:08:12,850
+corneal scar ندبة في القرنية طبعاً ال
+
+108
+00:08:12,850 --> 00:08:15,990
+photoablation ما بيعمل حاجة زي هيك بتظهر القرنية
+
+109
+00:08:15,990 --> 00:08:21,490
+محتفظة بصفائها وشفافيتها لأن الطاقة المستخدمة في 
+
+110
+00:08:21,490 --> 00:08:26,840
+ال photoablation هي طاقة بسيطة فقط just only to 
+
+111
+00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:30,580
+break bonds أن تكسر الروابط التساهمية واللي هي 
+
+112
+00:08:30,580 --> 00:08:34,700
+طاقتها تعتبر طاقة يعني نوعاً ما مش كبيرة مش كبيرة
+
+113
+00:08:34,700 --> 00:08:39,040
+presently photoablation is used only for kerato
+
+114
+00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:42,580
+refractive procedure ال photoablation مستعملوه في 
+
+115
+00:08:42,580 --> 00:08:43,980
+عمليات 
+
+116
+00:08:45,650 --> 00:08:50,030
+الجراحة الانكسارية للقرنية الجراحة الانكسارية يعني 
+
+117
+00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:54,110
+تغيير ال refractive error من myopia لامتروبيا أو 
+
+118
+00:08:54,110 --> 00:08:57,230
+من hypermetropia لامتروبيا أو من astigmatism 
+
+119
+00:08:57,230 --> 00:09:01,630
+لامتروبيا يعني تعديل ال refractive error وإلغاءه
+
+120
+00:09:01,630 --> 00:09:07,050
+إن أمكن بهذه القضية إذا ال photoablation بستعمله
+
+121
+00:09:07,050 --> 00:09:11,490
+في العمليات عمليات الليزك وما شابه وهذه العمليات 
+
+122
+00:09:11,490 --> 00:09:14,830
+بنسميها keratorefractive procedures أو
+
+123
+00:09:14,830 --> 00:09:19,610
+keratorefractive surgery keratorefractive surgery
+
+124
+00:09:19,610 --> 00:09:22,950
+نيجي احنا الآن نشوف أمثلة على ال keratorefractive 
+
+125
+00:09:22,950 --> 00:09:27,230
+surgery نيجي نشوف في الأول عملية الليزك كيف بالتمام 
+
+126
+00:09:27,230 --> 00:09:32,670
+عملية الليزك كيف بالتمام ونشاهد هذا الفيديو مع بعض
+
+127
+00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:39,100
+بواسطة الـ Eximer Laser اللي هو يستخدم في الليزك 
+
+128
+00:09:39,100 --> 00:09:48,000
+هنا بيوضح لمنشأ لحزمة الليزر وجريانها داخل جهاز
+
+129
+00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:53,340
+الليزك لغاية ما تصل هنا بيكون فيه سرير ومتمدد
+
+130
+00:09:53,340 --> 00:09:58,840
+للمريض والليزر بيكون مسلط على العين بجرعة معينة
+
+131
+00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:01,740
+بجرعة معينة نكمل مع بعض 
+
+132
+00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:11,320
+أول حاجة بنعمل الفلاب نرجع بس نشوف كيف الفلاب بيتم
+
+133
+00:10:11,320 --> 00:10:16,240
+إزالة ال Epithelium مع جزء من ال .. ال .. ال video
+
+134
+00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:26,340
+سريع شويّة سريع 
+
+135
+00:10:26,340 --> 00:10:34,240
+فعلاً .. نشوف الآن .. نتوقف عند الفلاب هذا الفلاب تم 
+
+136
+00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:39,200
+إزالته، لماذا لا نزيله بالمرة ونجعل القرنية تعمل
+
+137
+00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:42,860
+الـ healing لوحدها لأن هذا سيأخذ وقت كبير؟ بينما لما
+
+138
+00:10:42,860 --> 00:10:48,860
+نجعل الفلاب هذا، الالتئام سيكون أسرع إذا رجعنا هذا 
+
+139
+00:10:48,860 --> 00:10:53,280
+الـ flap هذه القشرة السطحية اللي أزلناها اللي فيها
+
+140
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,360
+الـ Epithelium و الـ bowman layer و جزء من الـ stroma
+
+141
+00:10:56,360 --> 00:11:00,340
+لو خليناها و خليناها متصلة من جهة عشان يتم ال 
+
+142
+00:11:00,340 --> 00:11:04,060
+healing و يتم التماسك تعاليف flap بيكون الالتئام 
+
+143
+00:11:04,060 --> 00:11:08,800
+سريع جداً يعني وبيحسش أو إحساس المريض بالقلم بيكون 
+
+144
+00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:14,520
+أقل بكثير مما لو أزلناها بالكامل الآن بدنا .. أصبحت 
+
+145
+00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:20,380
+الـ stroma exposed يعني معرضة لل .. لل .. لل ..
+
+146
+00:11:20,380 --> 00:11:24,460
+للغلاف الخارجي أو للهواء الخارجي يعني يمكن أن
+
+147
+00:11:24,460 --> 00:11:28,320
+يصلها ال laser مباشرة الآن هذا ال laser غير مرئي إيه
+
+148
+00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,500
+طبعاً هذا ال simulation بيوضح ليه بس عشان أشوف أنه 
+
+149
+00:11:31,500 --> 00:11:35,020
+ال laser قاعد بينعطق على سطح الـ stroma عشان 
+
+150
+00:11:35,020 --> 00:11:38,040
+يعدلها طبعاً الطريقة اللي بتم إعطاها بيسموها flying 
+
+151
+00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:44,010
+spot flying spot يعني multiple spots بيتم إعطاء ال
+
+152
+00:11:44,010 --> 00:11:52,430
+laser هاي .. هاي منظر حقيقي قبل قليل ورد هاي
+
+153
+00:11:52,430 --> 00:11:58,010
+ده منظر حقيقي تمام لأن هذا simulation بيوضح ليه
+
+154
+00:11:58,010 --> 00:12:03,410
+لغاية ما يتم تعديل سطح القرنية إلى الدرجة المطلوبة
+
+155
+00:12:04,390 --> 00:12:07,750
+ثم يعاد الفلاب هذا اللي أنا بأشير عليه يعاد مرة 
+
+156
+00:12:07,750 --> 00:12:11,730
+أخرى إلى مكانه وهيك بتكون تمت عملية ال lasik هذا
+
+157
+00:12:11,730 --> 00:12:19,990
+تسمى lasik طبعاً تم إعادة الـ flap 
+
+158
+00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:27,410
+إلى مكانه الصحيح نشوف العملية بصورة حقيقية نبدأها
+
+159
+00:12:27,410 --> 00:12:32,640
+مع بعض هنا بس عساس نرجع .. عساس .. هاي الآن بيشيل
+
+160
+00:12:32,640 --> 00:12:36,400
+ال flap هذه عملية حقيقية بيشيل ال flap واضح هذا ال
+
+161
+00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:40,160
+flap له عبارة قشرة ربما يكون سمكها كمية micron أو
+
+162
+00:12:40,160 --> 00:12:44,120
+مائة وعشرين micron في ال .. في ال .. في ال
+
+163
+00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:47,580
+average هذا بيسموه ال fixation beam اللي المفروض 
+
+164
+00:12:47,580 --> 00:12:51,640
+المريض يظل يتطلع عليه والآن هيبدأ إعطاء ال laser و
+
+165
+00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:55,700
+ربما نشوف التبخير بيحدث هاي .. هاي ال laser بدوا
+
+166
+00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:58,800
+يعطوه .. هاي .. هاي ال laser بدوا يعطوه طبعاً laser
+
+167
+00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:04,640
+غير مرئي يمكن بوسيلة معينة أنه نشوفه طبعاً بس هو
+
+168
+00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:09,920
+حقيقة laser غير مرئي لأنه ultraviolet laser لما 
+
+169
+00:13:09,920 --> 00:13:17,340
+بتخلص العملية بيتم إرجاع .. بيتم إرجاع ال flap 
+
+170
+00:13:17,340 --> 00:13:24,250
+لمكانه نشوف مرة ثانية الفيديو هذا يسمى photo
+
+171
+00:13:24,250 --> 00:13:29,250
+ablation photo ablation تعديل سطح القرنية بالليزر
+
+172
+00:13:29,250 --> 00:13:33,490
+تعديل سطح القرنية بالليزر بإزالة جزء من التشو
+
+173
+00:13:33,490 --> 00:13:37,090
+بإزالة جزء من التشو هذا ال fixation beam هذه
+
+174
+00:13:37,090 --> 00:13:39,670
+المنطقة كلها اللي بيسموها ال ablation zone
+
+175
+00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:43,330
+ablation zone المنطقة اللي هيتم إعطاء الليزر فيها 
+
+176
+00:13:43,330 --> 00:13:51,590
+هيبدأ إعطاء الليزر بدأ إعطاء الليزر وبالتالي واضح 
+
+177
+00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:52,830
+هذا الكلام 
+
+178
+00:13:56,480 --> 00:14:00,620
+ربما يكون في فيديو أوضح بنشاهد فيه التبخير تماماً 
+
+179
+00:14:00,620 --> 00:14:18,020
+بتاع ال ..
+
+201
+00:16:08,190 --> 00:16:11,990
+يعمل sloughing للظهارة الآن
+
+202
+00:16:13,820 --> 00:16:17,480
+عشان يخلّي خلايا الظهارة بتاعة القرنية إنه 
+
+203
+00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,540
+تنفصل عن ال قِسْمة تنفصل عن ال قِسْمة هالجيت
+
+204
+00:16:20,540 --> 00:16:24,680
+هنشوف كيف هيزيل ويجشر خلايا الظهارة بعد ما حط
+
+205
+00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:29,280
+عليها كحول بتركيز عشرين في المئة بتركيز عشرين في
+
+206
+00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:33,800
+المية هذه العملية بيسموها PRK photo refractive
+
+207
+00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:37,820
+keratectomy photo refractive keratectomy الآن
+
+208
+00:16:37,820 --> 00:16:42,280
+هيبدأ بإزالة بإزالة الظهارة زي ما احنا شايفين
+
+209
+00:16:42,280 --> 00:16:53,850
+بشكل واضح بشكل واضح ثم
+
+210
+00:16:53,850 --> 00:16:57,670
+عمل photo ablation للقِسْمة ثم عمل photo ablation
+
+211
+00:16:57,670 --> 00:17:01,670
+للقِسْمة لسه ما بدأ يعطي الـ laser ال excimer
+
+212
+00:17:01,670 --> 00:17:05,270
+laser هو جاعت بيزيل ما تبقى من أطراف ال epithelium
+
+213
+00:17:06,930 --> 00:17:09,970
+ما تبقى من أطراف الظهارة عشان بعديك يجون
+
+214
+00:17:09,970 --> 00:17:13,650
+بإعطاء الليزر في المنطقة الدائرية اللي أزال فيها
+
+215
+00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:16,230
+الظهارة هاي ال fixation beam اللي المفروض هاي
+
+216
+00:17:16,230 --> 00:17:22,010
+بدأ يعطي الليزر بدأ العملية بتستغرق ثواني لغاية
+
+217
+00:17:22,010 --> 00:17:25,750
+ما ينتهي حسب برمجة الجهاز كام درجة من القصر بدنا
+
+218
+00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:31,670
+نصلح أو الطول أو ما إلى ذلك لغاية ما تخلص العملية
+
+219
+00:17:31,670 --> 00:17:36,030
+هيك تقريبا انتهت العملية نشوف، هذه بيحط مادة
+
+220
+00:17:36,030 --> 00:17:42,090
+بيسموها الـ mitomycin-c عشان تمنع انه يصير فيه
+
+221
+00:17:42,090 --> 00:17:46,590
+scarring هذا للتأكيد انه مش هيصير فيه scarring ومش
+
+222
+00:17:46,590 --> 00:17:50,090
+هيصير فيه haze، corneal haze، غباش في القرنية،
+
+223
+00:17:50,090 --> 00:17:56,270
+نتيجة ال healing والتقام الجروحي الآن هذا بيسموه
+
+224
+00:17:56,270 --> 00:18:01,390
+PSS balanced salt solution محلول ملحي متعادل أو
+
+225
+00:18:01,390 --> 00:18:07,010
+متوازن بيغسل فيه اللي هو فتاة النسيج أو ما تبقى
+
+226
+00:18:07,010 --> 00:18:12,000
+بعد إعطاء ال laser لأن أصبح في عندي جرح كبير في
+
+227
+00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:14,740
+القرنية اللي هو ال laser أو ال .. ال epithelium
+
+228
+00:18:14,740 --> 00:18:18,640
+اللي تم إزالته بنحط contact lens هذه بتضلها لعدة
+
+229
+00:18:18,640 --> 00:18:22,140
+أيام لغاية ما يلتقم ال epithelium و يبني من
+
+230
+00:18:22,140 --> 00:18:28,580
+الأطراف و يسكر كل ال defect اللي احنا يعني صنعناه
+
+231
+00:18:28,580 --> 00:18:35,010
+عشان نعمل عملية ال PRK عملية ال PRK إذا هذه هي ال
+
+232
+00:18:35,010 --> 00:18:40,810
+photo ablation هو الأثر الثاني من الآثار المستخدمة
+
+233
+00:18:40,810 --> 00:18:46,270
+أو من آثار الليزر على أنسجة العين و ال photo
+
+234
+00:18:46,270 --> 00:18:51,330
+ablation تستخدم في عمليات الليزر و ال PRK و عموما
+
+235
+00:18:51,330 --> 00:18:54,350
+تستخدم في ال kerato refractive procedure اللي هو
+
+236
+00:18:54,350 --> 00:18:58,830
+تعديل سطح القرنية بالليزر للتخلص من ال refractive
+
+237
+00:18:59,190 --> 00:19:02,750
+error وبنتوقف عند هذه النقطة والمرة القادمة إن شاء
+
+238
+00:19:02,750 --> 00:19:06,430
+الله تعالى هناخد ال photo disruption والأثر الثالث
+
+239
+00:19:06,430 --> 00:19:10,510
+ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/0Ca8cjsIysc.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,570 --> 00:00:06,430
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم فينا مسألة اليوم برضه على
+
+2
+00:00:06,430 --> 00:00:12,350
+ال virtual object And we have a body that is one
+
+3
+00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:15,270
+meter away from the first lens. The force of the
+
+4
+00:00:15,270 --> 00:00:18,110
+first lens is plus three diopters. The distance
+
+5
+00:00:18,110 --> 00:00:20,270
+between the first and second lens is twenty-five
+
+6
+00:00:20,270 --> 00:00:23,130
+centimeters. The force of the second lens is plus
+
+7
+00:00:23,130 --> 00:00:24,830
+one diopters. The required distance between the
+
+8
+00:00:24,830 --> 00:00:28,450
+final image is the total transphase magnification.
+
+9
+00:00:28,710 --> 00:00:31,930
+The first rule is that we deal with each lens one
+
+10
+00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:32,210
+by one.
+
+11
+00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:38,580
+We will separate the two lenses between the two
+
+12
+00:00:38,580 --> 00:00:46,820
+lenses To make it possible to deal with each lens
+
+13
+00:00:46,820 --> 00:00:52,220
+one by one And we will try to delete the second
+
+14
+00:00:52,220 --> 00:00:59,820
+lens Temporarily
+
+15
+00:00:59,820 --> 00:01:00,480
+as if
+
+16
+00:01:11,010 --> 00:01:20,250
+so that we can deal with each lens one by one here
+
+17
+00:01:20,250 --> 00:01:23,990
+I have a list of examples we solve it and then we
+
+18
+00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:29,730
+see how the situation is for us now I have a body
+
+19
+00:01:29,730 --> 00:01:32,190
+with a distance of one meter, the lens plus three
+
+20
+00:01:32,190 --> 00:01:40,030
+diopters so we have a lens sorry, a body 1 meter
+
+21
+00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:50,130
+away from the lens, let's see the first picture U
+
+22
+00:01:50,130 --> 00:01:56,310
+is equal to negative N divided by O and
+
+23
+00:01:56,310 --> 00:01:58,710
+it is equal to negative, of course, because the
+
+24
+00:01:58,710 --> 00:02:02,070
+rays are divergent from the real body negative 1
+
+25
+00:02:02,070 --> 00:02:05,170
+divided by O is equal to 1 meter and it is equal
+
+26
+00:02:05,170 --> 00:02:10,370
+to negative 1 diopter minus one diopter, quickly I
+
+27
+00:02:10,370 --> 00:02:15,470
+go and put on the front of the lens minus one
+
+28
+00:02:15,470 --> 00:02:19,210
+diopter because the rays will reach the body with
+
+29
+00:02:19,210 --> 00:02:24,660
+a fluctuation of one diopter The lens will emit 1
+
+30
+00:02:24,660 --> 00:02:28,480
+diopter to cancel the oscillation Let's see what
+
+31
+00:02:28,480 --> 00:02:33,600
+will happen to the oscillation after it leaves the
+
+32
+00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:40,300
+lens u plus power equals v u minus one diopter
+
+33
+00:02:40,300 --> 00:02:50,100
+power three diopters equals v then v equals plus
+
+34
+00:02:50,100 --> 00:02:53,700
+two diopters plus 2 diopters means that the rays
+
+35
+00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:57,240
+that will come out of the lens will be positive
+
+36
+00:02:57,240 --> 00:03:03,460
+virgins or collected in the amount of 2 diopter so
+
+37
+00:03:03,460 --> 00:03:08,100
+it will form a real image somewhere in the space
+
+38
+00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:12,580
+to know where it is we have to get the I we
+
+39
+00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:19,460
+continue here we say V is equal to unconditional
+
+40
+00:03:19,460 --> 00:03:20,200
+over I
+
+41
+00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:34,100
+So I is equal to V divided by 1
+
+42
+00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:40,380
+divided by V which is plus 2 diopter which is
+
+43
+00:03:40,380 --> 00:03:46,820
+equal to plus half and the diopter is one meter
+
+44
+00:03:46,820 --> 00:03:49,980
+minus one which is one meter
+
+45
+00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,140
+plus half a meter, plus half a meter, it is
+
+46
+00:03:59,140 --> 00:04:01,440
+necessary to calculate the distances correctly now
+
+47
+00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:04,340
+I want to move away a little bit and say here
+
+48
+00:04:04,340 --> 00:04:07,640
+about 25 centimeters which is a quarter of a
+
+49
+00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:09,460
+meter, here also 25 centimeters, which means that
+
+50
+00:04:09,460 --> 00:04:12,120
+the picture will be formed in this place in this
+
+51
+00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:16,880
+place, we will go and draw this picture in the
+
+52
+00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,580
+place that we pointed out to him and we will draw
+
+53
+00:04:20,580 --> 00:04:23,860
+it a little bit because after a while we will say
+
+54
+00:04:23,860 --> 00:04:24,280
+why
+
+55
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:45,890
+so this image is 50 cm away from the lens so from
+
+56
+00:04:45,890 --> 00:04:49,650
+the first lens to the second lens is 50 cm before
+
+57
+00:04:49,650 --> 00:04:52,150
+we show the second lens and deal with it we bring
+
+58
+00:04:52,150 --> 00:05:01,210
+the TM1 TM1 is equal to U over V is equal to U
+
+59
+00:05:01,210 --> 00:05:06,810
+minus one this is greater over V plus two this is
+
+60
+00:05:06,810 --> 00:05:15,860
+greater and is equal to of course x minus half, x
+
+61
+00:05:15,860 --> 00:05:17,680
+minus half and the denominator with the
+
+62
+00:05:17,680 --> 00:05:22,580
+denominator they say what does x minus half mean?
+
+63
+00:05:22,580 --> 00:05:27,300
+it means the picture is upside down and half of
+
+64
+00:05:27,300 --> 00:05:30,360
+the object is upside down
+
+65
+00:05:35,630 --> 00:05:38,690
+means that the height is half of the height of the
+
+66
+00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:41,950
+object and half of the height of the object and
+
+67
+00:05:41,950 --> 00:05:43,850
+half of the height of the object this is how we
+
+68
+00:05:43,850 --> 00:05:45,630
+finish the work with the first lens, we want to
+
+69
+00:05:45,630 --> 00:05:51,090
+say as follows now we want to remove the tools
+
+70
+00:05:51,090 --> 00:05:57,390
+that we covered in them we say as follows since
+
+71
+00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:03,980
+the first picture اللي هنعتبرها جسم للعدسة التانية
+
+72
+00:06:03,980 --> 00:06:09,040
+تبعد خمسين صانطي عن العدسة الأولى اللى كونتها يعني
+
+73
+00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:12,440
+مسافة من هنا لهنا خمسين صانطي والمسافة بين
+
+74
+00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:16,940
+العدستين خمسة وعشرين صانطي اذا المسافة بين العدسة
+
+75
+00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:22,720
+التانية بين العدسة التانية والجسم بتاعها اللى هى
+
+76
+00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,600
+عيمينها جاى المرة هاى اللى هى ال virtual object
+
+77
+00:06:27,790 --> 00:06:34,570
+also 25, 25 and 25 means 50 cm this is the first
+
+78
+00:06:34,570 --> 00:06:36,890
+picture which is the body number 2, the body
+
+79
+00:06:36,890 --> 00:06:42,070
+number 2 I will draw me in two colors
+
+80
+00:06:57,220 --> 00:06:59,720
+I'm going to try it out. This is itself in two
+
+81
+00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:02,720
+colors. Why two colors? Because I'm going to say
+
+82
+00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:07,080
+something else. Colors help a lot in understanding
+
+83
+00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:13,820
+the topic. باللونين الأصفر و الأزرق كإني بقول طالما
+
+84
+00:07:13,820 --> 00:07:17,080
+اللون الأزرق موجود معناته هذا صورة بتاعة العدسة
+
+85
+00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:22,920
+الأولى الزرقى اللى ميعطينها اللون أزرق و في نفس
+
+86
+00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,860
+الوقت جسم للعدسة الصفر جسم للعدسة الصفر طيب الآن
+
+87
+00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:32,080
+هذه الصورة خلينا نحكي عنها كصورة كيف اتكونت بتجمع
+
+88
+00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:37,120
+الأشعة يعني الأشعة رايحة تتجمع عشان اتكونها الأشعة
+
+89
+00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:42,920
+رايحة تتجمع عشان تتكونها إذا الأشيعة و هي رايحة
+
+90
+00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:46,740
+تتكونها it has been collected to form the first
+
+91
+00:07:46,740 --> 00:07:50,260
+image of the first lens which we will consider as
+
+92
+00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:53,180
+the body of the second lens but before it is
+
+93
+00:07:53,180 --> 00:07:56,120
+formed it will collide with the second lens which
+
+94
+00:07:56,120 --> 00:07:58,420
+is convergent and we said that light if it
+
+95
+00:07:58,420 --> 00:08:01,160
+collides with any lens in front of it means that
+
+96
+00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,280
+it is coming from a virtual object because the
+
+97
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:09,660
+real object must be a divergent light from it now
+
+98
+00:08:09,660 --> 00:08:13,130
+let's separate the second lens or sorry the first
+
+99
+00:08:13,130 --> 00:08:15,890
+lens from the second lens and we start to draw
+
+100
+00:08:15,890 --> 00:08:21,530
+with each other with the second lens we want to
+
+101
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:27,070
+hide it to help us please use a piece of A4 paper
+
+102
+00:08:27,070 --> 00:08:30,150
+so that we don't get confused between the lenses
+
+103
+00:08:30,150 --> 00:08:33,470
+this is my body on the right this time and we want
+
+104
+00:08:33,470 --> 00:08:38,090
+to draw in the way that we are used to we say you
+
+105
+00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:45,420
+تساوي زائد انعلاوة Why plus? Because the light is
+
+106
+00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:49,520
+convergent ويساوي
+
+107
+00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:55,280
+.. ويساوي
+
+108
+00:08:55,280 --> 00:09:01,420
+زائد واحد او خمسة وعشرين صنطي خمسة وعشرين صنطي
+
+109
+00:09:01,420 --> 00:09:02,400
+يعني ربع متر
+
+110
+00:09:09,260 --> 00:09:16,120
+one over a quarter of a meter one over a quarter
+
+111
+00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:23,200
+of a meter and
+
+112
+00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:30,300
+it equals plus four diopters plus four diopters
+
+113
+00:09:30,300 --> 00:09:35,320
+quickly I put on the front of the lens plus four
+
+114
+00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:40,650
+diopters which means that the light that the light
+
+115
+00:09:40,650 --> 00:09:44,310
+will collide with the front of the lens which is
+
+116
+00:09:44,310 --> 00:09:49,210
+composed of 4 diodes plus 4 diodes
+
+117
+00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:05,590
+ضوق وصل للسطح الأمام من العدسة الصفراء، متجمع
+
+118
+00:10:05,590 --> 00:10:09,010
+بمقدار أربعة ديوبتر، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع
+
+119
+00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:10,430
+بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و
+
+120
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:15,490
+أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها
+
+121
+00:10:15,490 --> 00:10:18,210
+لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع
+
+122
+00:10:18,210 --> 00:10:23,430
+بزيادة، و أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و
+
+123
+00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:28,610
+أضافت قوتها لتجمعه، فتجمع بزيادة، و أض U plus 4
+
+124
+00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:37,810
+diopter plus 1 diopter is equal to V so V is equal
+
+125
+00:10:37,810 --> 00:10:43,590
+to plus 5 diopter plus 5 diopter quickly, on the
+
+126
+00:10:43,590 --> 00:10:46,490
+front surface of the lens, sorry the back surface
+
+127
+00:10:46,490 --> 00:10:50,430
+plus 5 diopter, it's like I'm saying that the
+
+128
+00:10:50,430 --> 00:10:57,910
+light entered with 4 diopters and came out with 5
+
+129
+00:10:57,910 --> 00:11:01,650
+diopters, which is more than the total because it
+
+130
+00:11:01,650 --> 00:11:04,850
+has been added to the power of the lens as long as
+
+131
+00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:07,830
+it is collected, it will form a real picture where
+
+132
+00:11:07,830 --> 00:11:15,750
+it happens v is equal to i is
+
+133
+00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:19,110
+equal to
+
+134
+00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:31,580
+ويساوي واحد على plus خمسة ديوبتر ويساوي plus اتنين
+
+135
+00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:38,160
+من عشرة متر اتنين من عشرة متر يعني عشرين سانت يعني
+
+136
+00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:43,100
+عشرين سانت الصورة النهائية الصورة النهائية هتكون
+
+137
+00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:50,830
+عشرين سانت اذا ملاحظينانا رسمتها باللون الأصفر
+
+138
+00:11:50,830 --> 00:11:55,970
+فقط، يعني صورة العدسة، صورة العدسة التانية، صورة
+
+139
+00:11:55,970 --> 00:12:01,650
+العدسة التانية هتكون على بعد عشرين سانتي من
+
+140
+00:12:01,650 --> 00:12:05,090
+العدسة، الجسم بتاع، بتاع العدسة التانية على بعد
+
+141
+00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:08,650
+خمسة وعشرين سانتي، و الصورة على بعد عشرين سانتي،
+
+142
+00:12:08,650 --> 00:12:11,930
+اذا الصورة أقرب من الجسم، التانين على اليمين،
+
+143
+00:12:11,930 --> 00:12:14,130
+التانين على اليمين، اذا الصورة على بعد
+
+144
+00:12:18,550 --> 00:12:22,350
+2 from 10 meters to the right, plus of course Ok,
+
+145
+00:12:22,450 --> 00:12:33,890
+let's get the TM2 TM2,
+
+146
+00:12:34,030 --> 00:12:42,370
+the magnification equals U over V equals U plus 4
+
+147
+00:12:42,370 --> 00:12:50,600
+diopters and V plus 5 diopters So, plus four is
+
+148
+00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,340
+better than plus five, which is better and is
+
+149
+00:12:54,340 --> 00:13:01,500
+equal to x plus eight
+
+150
+00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:06,240
+out of ten. What does x plus eight out of ten
+
+151
+00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:10,520
+mean? The picture is regular. Regular. What does
+
+152
+00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:14,580
+regular mean? Like its object. إذا هو تحت ال
+
+153
+00:13:14,580 --> 00:13:18,560
+optical axis، هي تحت ال optical axis، إذا هو فوق
+
+154
+00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:22,460
+ال optical axis، معناته هي فوق ال optical axis،
+
+155
+00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:28,320
+فبالتالي معتدلا، انشوف هذا الكلام، هاي الصورة، هاي
+
+156
+00:13:28,320 --> 00:13:35,350
+الصورة like its object, which is drawn in two
+
+157
+00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:38,210
+colors, which is drawn in two colors and shorter
+
+158
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,210
+than it or eight-tenths of it, four-fifths of its
+
+159
+00:13:41,210 --> 00:13:43,790
+length, if it is ten centimeters, it is eight
+
+160
+00:13:43,790 --> 00:13:46,310
+centimeters, eight out of ten, look at the TM
+
+161
+00:13:46,310 --> 00:13:46,790
+total
+
+162
+00:14:16,980 --> 00:14:25,080
+It is equal to Tm1 times Tm2 minus half multiplied
+
+163
+00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:31,080
+by plus eight tenths
+
+164
+00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:37,020
+It is equal to x minus minus multiplied by plus
+
+165
+00:14:37,020 --> 00:14:39,120
+multiplied by minus and half multiplied by eight
+
+166
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:43,320
+tenths gives me four tenths So the final
+
+167
+00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:54,270
+multiplication The final exponent is x
+
+168
+00:14:54,270 --> 00:14:57,230
+minus four out of ten. Why x minus four out of
+
+169
+00:14:57,230 --> 00:15:01,110
+ten? Because this doesn't have a need. And this
+
+170
+00:15:01,110 --> 00:15:04,670
+doesn't have a need. Now I have completed the
+
+171
+00:15:04,670 --> 00:15:06,930
+problem. This is the first picture, which is the
+
+172
+00:15:06,930 --> 00:15:07,130
+dimensions.
+
+173
+00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:12,920
+virtual object for the second lens which is the
+
+174
+00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:14,300
+final image
+
+175
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:22,640
+So, the final magnification, which is the last
+
+176
+00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:25,700
+image, is inverted for the original body, and four
+
+177
+00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:28,780
+tenths. So, if it is ten centimeters high, it will
+
+178
+00:15:28,780 --> 00:15:33,420
+be four centimeters high. Four centimeters high.
+
+179
+00:15:34,420 --> 00:15:40,180
+So, this issue should be clear to me. Some
+
+180
+00:15:40,180 --> 00:15:43,700
+questions may arise, especially in exams. For
+
+181
+00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:46,570
+example, the distance between the original body عن
+
+182
+00:15:46,570 --> 00:15:49,510
+الصورة النهائية The distance between the original
+
+183
+00:15:49,510 --> 00:15:51,690
+body and the final image. We need to calculate
+
+184
+00:15:51,690 --> 00:15:55,250
+meter and twenty-five centimeters. This is one
+
+185
+00:15:55,250 --> 00:15:57,310
+meter and twenty-five centimeters. And the
+
+186
+00:15:57,310 --> 00:15:59,650
+distance here is twenty centimeters. Two out of
+
+187
+00:15:59,650 --> 00:16:02,850
+ten meters. This twenty-five centimeters is the
+
+188
+00:16:02,850 --> 00:16:03,330
+distance
+
+189
+00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:16,390
+between the body of the second lens and the second
+
+190
+00:16:16,390 --> 00:16:19,530
+lens while the final image is away from the
+
+191
+00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,770
+original body the following distances one meter we
+
+192
+00:16:22,770 --> 00:16:

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/1wSSzKQRRNI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1868 @@
+1
+00:00:01,840 --> 00:00:06,080
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات البصريات
+
+2
+00:00:06,080 --> 00:00:09,520
+الهندسية وتوقفنا عند فيرمات ال principle أو مبدأ
+
+3
+00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:15,520
+فيرمات، طبعا فيرمات عالم يعني رياضي أو في
+
+4
+00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:19,260
+الرياضيات، the mathematician Pierre de Fermat
+
+5
+00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:22,580
+believed that natural processes occur in the most
+
+6
+00:00:22,580 --> 00:00:26,390
+economical wayI mean from his experience, his
+
+7
+00:00:26,390 --> 00:00:31,290
+experience, his work and his research, the
+
+8
+00:00:31,290 --> 00:00:34,190
+scientist Fermat concluded that natural phenomena,
+
+9
+00:00:34,330 --> 00:00:37,410
+including phenomena against them, occur in the
+
+10
+00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:40,410
+most economical way possible, meaning with the
+
+11
+00:00:40,410 --> 00:00:45,320
+least consumption of .. consumption of timeAnd the
+
+12
+00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,220
+Fermat principle as applied to optics, if we want
+
+13
+00:00:48,220 --> 00:00:51,920
+to apply the Fermat principle on the subject of
+
+14
+00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,120
+vision, the goal is that the light travels from
+
+15
+00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:58,320
+one point to another along the path requiring the
+
+16
+00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,760
+least time. That is, when the light travels from
+
+17
+00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:04,500
+one point to another, it will consume the least
+
+18
+00:01:04,500 --> 00:01:09,360
+time possible to reach the point or the next
+
+19
+00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:13,310
+target.Historically, the laws of reflection and
+
+20
+00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:16,270
+refraction were discovered by careful experimental
+
+21
+00:01:16,270 --> 00:01:18,670
+measurements before Fermat's time.
+
+22
+00:01:36,060 --> 00:01:42,920
+already مكتشف و العلماء بيعرفوا. However, both the
+
+23
+00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,720
+law of refraction and the law of reflection can be
+
+24
+00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:48,840
+mathematically derived from the Fermat principle
+
+25
+00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:52,670
+without the need for any measurement.If we imagine
+
+26
+00:01:52,670 --> 00:01:55,290
+a dispute that the law of reduction and the law of
+
+27
+00:01:55,290 --> 00:02:00,710
+inversion was not discovered before the time of
+
+28
+00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:04,270
+Fermat, and we will find that it is possible in a
+
+29
+00:02:04,270 --> 00:02:06,630
+mathematical way or mathematical calculationsby
+
+30
+00:02:06,630 --> 00:02:10,950
+using the principle of Fermat that we reach the
+
+31
+00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:12,690
+law of reflection and the law of contraction
+
+32
+00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:17,150
+without the need for calculations of the law of
+
+33
+00:02:17,150 --> 00:02:20,190
+reflection and the law of contraction, but by
+
+34
+00:02:20,190 --> 00:02:22,640
+using the principle of FermatOf course, the
+
+35
+00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:24,880
+details of this matter are outside the scope of
+
+36
+00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:27,980
+engineering perspectives, so we will not go into
+
+37
+00:02:27,980 --> 00:02:31,320
+it. But what we want to be sure of is that, as the
+
+38
+00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:33,780
+law of reflection and the law of contraction was
+
+39
+00:02:33,780 --> 00:02:37,320
+proven by experience and was calculated with
+
+40
+00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:42,660
+certain equations, if we use the principle of
+
+41
+00:02:42,660 --> 00:02:46,870
+Fermat,we can reach the conclusion of the two
+
+42
+00:02:46,870 --> 00:02:48,650
+laws, the law of refraction and the law of
+
+43
+00:02:48,650 --> 00:02:50,710
+contraction, using the principle of Fermat without
+
+44
+00:02:50,710 --> 00:02:55,350
+the need for the method that was proven to them
+
+45
+00:02:55,350 --> 00:03:01,950
+before that Suppose the law of refraction was
+
+46
+00:03:01,950 --> 00:03:06,070
+unknown, let's assume now that the law of
+
+47
+00:03:06,070 --> 00:03:06,590
+contraction
+
+48
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:13,800
+لسه مش معروف، لسه مش مكتشر and consider ..
+
+49
+00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:16,800
+consider a light travelling from a point source in
+
+50
+00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,500
+air across an optical interface to some point in a
+
+51
+00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:24,900
+glass بدنا نشوف أو بدنا نفترض أنه عندنا .. عندنا
+
+52
+00:03:24,900 --> 00:03:30,880
+ضوء أو قانون الانكسار .. قانون الانكسار مش معروف و
+
+53
+00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:34,240
+هي أن الضوء بدنا نفترض بيسافر من النقطة إيه في
+
+54
+00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:40,160
+الهواء عبر مسارات عديدةلا النقطة بيه داخل الزجاج,
+
+55
+00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:43,700
+لا النقطة بيه داخل الزجاج, نهاية الرحلة and بيه،
+
+56
+00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:48,180
+بداية الرحلة انطلق الضوء ��ن ايه؟ وبدنا نفترض جدلا
+
+57
+00:03:48,180 --> 00:03:51,500
+ان الضوء بياخد مسارات عديدة، ليش؟ لأن الضوء بينتشر
+
+58
+00:03:51,500 --> 00:03:55,400
+في جميع الاتجاهات، احنا هذه المسارات العديدة،
+
+59
+00:03:55,400 --> 00:04:01,380
+المسارات العديدة، لو حبنا نختصرها على تلت مسارات،
+
+60
+00:04:01,380 --> 00:04:05,780
+مسار مستقيمand two paths that are not straight,
+
+61
+00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:07,560
+that is, they come from angles, that is, the light
+
+62
+00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:10,760
+went and reached this point and then it broke or
+
+63
+00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:15,900
+the light goes in a straight way from A to B
+
+64
+00:04:15,900 --> 00:04:19,060
+because if it reaches B or path number one which
+
+65
+00:04:19,060 --> 00:04:24,420
+is the path number one now we are from the many
+
+66
+00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:28,200
+paths taken by light and from thousands and
+
+67
+00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,040
+hundreds of thousands and an infinite number of
+
+68
+00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:34,540
+paths taken by lightWe shortened it to study, to
+
+69
+00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:40,540
+see what firms will doOn three paths, a straight
+
+70
+00:04:40,540 --> 00:04:43,980
+path, a slightly curved path, a much curved path,
+
+71
+00:04:44,060 --> 00:04:49,260
+a much curved path And we come to see which path
+
+72
+00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:51,740
+is better for light What does better for light
+
+73
+00:04:51,740 --> 00:04:54,600
+mean? It means the path that will take the least
+
+74
+00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,240
+time possible to light in it The path that will
+
+75
+00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,780
+take the least time possible to light in it We say
+
+76
+00:05:01,780 --> 00:05:07,550
+as followsمفهوم ضمن واتعلمنا في المدارس أن أقصر
+
+77
+00:05:07,550 --> 00:05:12,070
+طريق بين نقطتين ..The shortest way between two
+
+78
+00:05:12,070 --> 00:05:16,210
+points is the straight line. So if we ask which of
+
+79
+00:05:16,210 --> 00:05:19,330
+the three paths, path one or path two or path
+
+80
+00:05:19,330 --> 00:05:25,370
+three is the shortest distance, we say path three.
+
+81
+00:05:25,610 --> 00:05:28,730
+So it is better for the light to take it. In fact,
+
+82
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:33,890
+mathematically speaking, without considering the
+
+83
+00:05:33,890 --> 00:05:38,600
+speed of light,بنقول نعم المسار هو الأقصى، بس هذا
+
+84
+00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:43,400
+المسار حقيقة غير مناسب للضوء، ليش؟ لأن جزء كبير من
+
+85
+00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:47,800
+المسار هذا، جزء كبير من المسار هذا، بيقع داخل
+
+86
+00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,790
+الزجاجةومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق
+
+87
+00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:59,890
+ومعروف
+
+88
+00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:02,950
+إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء
+
+89
+00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,550
+داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج
+
+90
+00:06:04,550 --> 00:06:08,570
+بيكون بطيق ومعروف
+
+91
+00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:12,130
+إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء
+
+92
+00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:13,630
+داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج
+
+93
+00:06:13,630 --> 00:06:16,250
+بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق
+
+94
+00:06:16,250 --> 00:06:17,270
+ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن
+
+95
+00:06:17,270 --> 00:06:20,870
+الضالجزء الكبير من هذا المسار اللي هو path رقم
+
+96
+00:06:20,870 --> 00:06:24,310
+تلاتة جاي داخل الزجاج ومعروف أن الطوارق لما بدخل
+
+97
+00:06:24,310 --> 00:06:28,790
+من الهواء لليجزاز بطبطأ سرعته، بطبطأ سرعته، طيب
+
+98
+00:06:29,570 --> 00:06:33,890
+Okay, if we say any of the remaining two paths,
+
+99
+00:06:34,850 --> 00:06:38,470
+any of the remaining two paths, meaning the length
+
+100
+00:06:38,470 --> 00:06:40,930
+of the glass is small, we will say path number one
+
+101
+00:06:40,930 --> 00:06:43,830
+Path number one is the shortest distance walked on
+
+102
+00:06:43,830 --> 00:06:47,310
+glass, if compared to path number two and path
+
+103
+00:06:47,310 --> 00:06:51,690
+number three Okay, so path number three, path
+
+104
+00:06:51,690 --> 00:06:55,580
+number three is the answerبنقول برضه لأ ليش لإنه
+
+105
+00:06:55,580 --> 00:06:58,740
+المصار رقم .. عفواً المصار رقم واحد هو ال answer
+
+106
+00:06:58,740 --> 00:07:03,800
+برضه هنقول لأ ليش لإنه المصار رقم واحد ..طوله الكل
+
+107
+00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220
+مفرض، يعني هو أطول التلاتة على الإطلاق، أنا عشان
+
+108
+00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:12,800
+أتجنب طريق متعرج، نفرض هذه طريق شديد التعريج،
+
+109
+00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,420
+بروحش أعمل التفاف كبير جدا جدا، لأن هذا مرهق جدا،
+
+110
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:20,900
+يعني .. يعني هيكون هندي أنا صحيحت، خلاصت، روحت على
+
+111
+00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,640
+طريق ممهد، بس هذا الطريق الممهد طريق التفافي و
+
+112
+00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:29,400
+بعيد جدا، بدل ما أنا أقطع kilometer متعرجI went to
+
+113
+00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,940
+cross twenty kilometers of paved roads. So why
+
+114
+00:07:32,940 --> 00:07:36,280
+don't I choose a middle road that is not too far
+
+115
+00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:37,900
+away, for example one and a half kilometers, two
+
+116
+00:07:37,900 --> 00:07:40,900
+kilometers long? So this is if I were driving a
+
+117
+00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:44,580
+car and moving between point A and point Bوهذا
+
+118
+00:07:44,580 --> 00:07:48,120
+حقيقة تبقى بيقول أنسب المسارات هو المسار رقم اتنين
+
+119
+00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:52,980
+لأن طوله في الزجاج مش كبير وطوله الكل مش مفرط
+
+120
+00:07:52,980 --> 00:07:57,500
+فبالتالي من ناحية مبدأ فرمات الضوء مفروض يتبع
+
+121
+00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:03,180
+الطريق رقم اتنين مش مفروض يتبع الطريق رقم واحد مش
+
+122
+00:08:03,180 --> 00:08:07,920
+مفروض يتبع الطريق رقم واحد لأن طوله في الزجاج او
+
+123
+00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:13,840
+طوله الكل مفرطit's very long and it's not supposed
+
+124
+00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:18,600
+to follow the path number three because its length
+
+125
+00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:23,020
+.. or its length inside the glass is big and
+
+126
+00:08:23,020 --> 00:08:25,380
+therefore it's the longest piece in the glass
+
+127
+00:08:25,380 --> 00:08:28,640
+number three the path number three is if the light
+
+128
+00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,480
+goes from here to here it will be longer than the
+
+129
+00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:33,180
+distance from here to here and longer than the
+
+130
+00:08:33,180 --> 00:08:35,350
+distance from here to herebecause if therefore ..
+
+131
+00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:37,210
+and therefore the length of the glass is complex,
+
+132
+00:08:37,390 --> 00:08:39,650
+therefore this way is not suitable. A person can
+
+133
+00:08:39,650 --> 00:08:41,970
+say no, the light as long as it reaches the point,
+
+134
+00:08:42,130 --> 00:08:43,890
+this means that it will continue. We will say no,
+
+135
+00:08:43,930 --> 00:08:46,250
+because the light fell in a curved way with
+
+136
+00:08:46,250 --> 00:08:49,130
+respect to the flat surface, then it will break,
+
+137
+00:08:49,390 --> 00:08:52,190
+it will not remain straight, that is, and if it
+
+138
+00:08:52,190 --> 00:08:55,310
+breaks, it will not reach point B. If it breaks,
+
+139
+00:08:55,530 --> 00:08:58,270
+it will remain on point B. Therefore, the light
+
+140
+00:08:58,270 --> 00:09:02,070
+will go in the way of Islam .. in the way of Islam
+
+141
+00:09:02,070 --> 00:09:08,930
+which is ..the path B, and this path is if we
+
+142
+00:09:08,930 --> 00:09:11,490
+calculate it in a mathematical way, we will find
+
+143
+00:09:11,490 --> 00:09:15,850
+that it exactly applies to the law of contraction,
+
+144
+00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:19,550
+so the mouse will take the shortest way in terms
+
+145
+00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,470
+of time, the shortest way in terms of time, so we
+
+146
+00:09:23,470 --> 00:09:28,010
+say, unaware of Snell's law, if we assume that we
+
+147
+00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:31,210
+are not aware of Snell's law, that Snell's law,
+
+148
+00:09:31,610 --> 00:09:33,470
+the law of contraction, has not been discovered
+
+149
+00:09:33,470 --> 00:09:38,030
+yetwe might consider various hypothetical paths
+
+150
+00:09:38,030 --> 00:09:41,190
+that light might follow as it moves from point A
+
+151
+00:09:41,190 --> 00:09:42,190
+to point B.
+
+152
+00:09:50,380 --> 00:09:54,200
+Path 3 is a straight line from A to B and is the
+
+153
+00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,860
+shortest total distance between points. طبعا path
+
+154
+00:09:57,860 --> 00:10:02,920
+3 يعتبر طريق مستقيم بين A و B مفروض أنه مسافة
+
+155
+00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:07,320
+يعتبر الأقصى. However, a large part جزء كبير of
+
+156
+00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:11,020
+path 3 inside glass where light travels more
+
+157
+00:10:11,020 --> 00:10:15,200
+slowly. إذا path 3 is not the fastest route مش هو
+
+158
+00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:19,460
+الأسرع أو مش هو الطريق الأسرعPath 1 is the longest
+
+159
+00:10:19,460 --> 00:10:22,920
+route from A to B, but has the shortest distance
+
+160
+00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:27,160
+in a class. It is true that path 1 is very long,
+
+161
+00:10:27,340 --> 00:10:30,120
+but it is the shortest distance in the three paths
+
+162
+00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:33,860
+in a class. His share in the class is very small,
+
+163
+00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:36,960
+so he will not get used to the class.
+
+164
+00:10:39,630 --> 00:10:43,110
+Nevertheless, على الرغم من ذلك, the extreme length
+
+165
+00:10:43,110 --> 00:10:46,430
+of the overall route makes this fairly slow path
+
+166
+00:10:46,430 --> 00:10:58,230
+.Path
+
+167
+00:10:58,230 --> 00:11:02,730
+2 is the best compromise between distance in glass
+
+168
+00:11:02,730 --> 00:11:06,990
+and total path length, and this is the path light
+
+169
+00:11:06,990 --> 00:11:11,100
+will actually follow.طبعا الطريق رقم اتنين هو
+
+170
+00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:15,660
+عبارة عن حل وسط بين طول المفرد، طبعا هو طول أقل من
+
+171
+00:11:15,660 --> 00:11:20,340
+مفرد، يعني طول معتدل و بين المسافة في الإجزاز اللي
+
+172
+00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:23,760
+هي طويلة، طبعا هو حل وسط بين اتنين و هو الحل
+
+173
+00:11:23,760 --> 00:11:27,160
+الأنسب، و هو الحل الأنسب Using mathematics beyond
+
+174
+00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:30,780
+the scope of this text, it can be shown that the
+
+175
+00:11:30,780 --> 00:11:35,660
+optimal path is the one predicted by Snell's lawOf
+
+176
+00:11:35,660 --> 00:11:39,300
+course, if we use mathematics, we will find that
+
+177
+00:11:39,300 --> 00:11:42,420
+the light travels in the best direction at any
+
+178
+00:11:42,420 --> 00:11:44,080
+given time, each ray, of course, depending on
+
+179
+00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:47,340
+where is the point where it happened, or the point
+
+180
+00:11:47,340 --> 00:11:49,520
+where it got stuck in the roof, and that this
+
+181
+00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:53,440
+speech applies exactly to the path that Snell's
+
+182
+00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:56,180
+law determined, that is, if I brought a ray of
+
+183
+00:11:56,180 --> 00:11:57,200
+light that went up, went down, went up and down,
+
+184
+00:11:57,380 --> 00:12:01,300
+each of them hit exactly the point of the roofI
+
+185
+00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:03,400
+mean, the letter C is here, and the letter S is
+
+186
+00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,840
+here, and the letter I is here, and I calculated
+
+187
+00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:10,060
+mathematically using Fermat's principle, I will
+
+188
+00:12:10,060 --> 00:12:12,880
+get that C will be like this, and S will be like
+
+189
+00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:15,900
+this, and I will be like this If I stop using
+
+190
+00:12:15,900 --> 00:12:19,400
+Fermat's principle, and I use Snell's law, I will
+
+191
+00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:24,040
+find that the path is the same path that Fermat's
+
+192
+00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:25,420
+principle defined, which means Fermat's principle,
+
+193
+00:12:25,620 --> 00:12:29,220
+I can use his method to get Snell's law
+
+194
+00:12:33,210 --> 00:12:36,770
+and that's why it produces that Snell's law is a
+
+195
+00:12:36,770 --> 00:12:39,190
+consequence of Fermat principle which means that
+
+196
+00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:43,790
+we can consider that the law of economics is one
+
+197
+00:12:43,790 --> 00:12:46,490
+of the fruits of Fermat's principle or it is
+
+198
+00:12:46,490 --> 00:12:51,750
+possible that I define the path of the light beam
+
+199
+00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:55,310
+inside the other substance by using either Snell's
+
+200
+00:12:55,310 --> 00:12:58,410
+law or Fermat's principle and this will lead to
+
+201
+00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:02,170
+the same result and it will be correct in both
+
+202
+00:13:02,170 --> 00:13:06,010
+casesOkay, what is the concept of Fermat in
+
+203
+00:13:06,010 --> 00:13:09,750
+general? The Fermat principle is an important
+
+204
+00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:13,110
+conceptual and practical tool. The concept of
+
+205
+00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:16,990
+optical path length enhances the practical utility
+
+206
+00:13:16,990 --> 00:13:19,590
+of this principle. Of course, the concept of
+
+207
+00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:23,830
+Fermat is a tool that explains many things. The
+
+208
+00:13:23,830 --> 00:13:29,240
+concept of Fermat is a toolan important process to
+
+209
+00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:32,520
+understand some things and among them we will have
+
+210
+00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:37,480
+a new term called optical path length طول الممر
+
+211
+00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:42,340
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+212
+00:13:42,340 --> 00:13:47,580
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+213
+00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:49,980
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+214
+00:13:49,980 --> 00:13:50,920
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+215
+00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:53,660
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+216
+00:13:53,660 --> 00:13:54,040
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+217
+00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:54,400
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+218
+00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,980
+البصري طول الممر البصري طووصل للنقطة B في الفراغ
+
+219
+00:13:56,980 --> 00:14:01,320
+معناته بانجيس المسافة بين A وB و هذا هو طول
+
+220
+00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:05,720
+المنارد البصري فنقول لأ الضوء لما سرق من النقطة A
+
+221
+00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:09,500
+وفي النهاية وصل للنقطة B عدى في طريقه على
+
+222
+00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,460
+different media على أوساط بصرية مختلفة يعني الضوء
+
+223
+00:14:13,460 --> 00:14:17,820
+مثلا سرق متر و نص في الهواء و بعدين دخل حوض مثلا
+
+224
+00:14:17,820 --> 00:14:21,520
+مليان ميه تمامThe distance of the whale is 40 cm,
+
+225
+00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:27,740
+then it left the whale and entered a third
+
+226
+00:14:27,740 --> 00:14:30,140
+substance, for example, glass or something of this
+
+227
+00:14:30,140 --> 00:14:33,680
+kind. So, we can't get a direct measurement and
+
+228
+00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:36,840
+say, by God, that this is the length of the eye
+
+229
+00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:39,120
+path that cut off the light. No. The purpose of
+
+230
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:42,760
+the optical path length is to unite the media.
+
+231
+00:14:42,860 --> 00:14:44,420
+What does it mean to unite the media? The light
+
+232
+00:14:44,420 --> 00:14:47,630
+went into three or fourvisual medium between
+
+233
+00:14:47,630 --> 00:14:50,470
+Sarayano in the air, then in the water, then in
+
+234
+00:14:50,470 --> 00:14:53,350
+the glass, then in the air again, for example, to
+
+235
+00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:55,790
+know exactly how much is Sarayano and how much is
+
+236
+00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:57,970
+the length of the visual path, it is necessary to
+
+237
+00:14:57,970 --> 00:15:00,690
+unify the media, to turn all the media into one
+
+238
+00:15:00,690 --> 00:15:04,270
+substance. What does this look like in our
+
+239
+00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:06,610
+practical life? We say this looks like a person,
+
+240
+00:15:06,690 --> 00:15:09,290
+for example, Ahmed and Mahmoud. Ahmed has ten
+
+241
+00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:13,120
+dollars and twenty shekels and fifty dinars.and
+
+242
+00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,480
+Mahmoud has for example 10 dananir and 50 dollars
+
+243
+00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:19,580
+and 70 shekels if we want to compare Ahmed and
+
+244
+00:15:19,580 --> 00:15:24,280
+Mahmoud, who has more coins, we have to unite the
+
+245
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:26,320
+coins, for example we turn all the coins into
+
+246
+00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:29,300
+shekels and the other person turns all the coins
+
+247
+00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:33,800
+into shekels and in the end he will share with
+
+248
+00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,440
+Ahmed a quantity of the shekels and share with
+
+249
+00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:39,870
+Mahmoud another quantity of the shekelsand we will
+
+250
+00:15:39,870 --> 00:15:43,490
+see which one of them has more money than the
+
+251
+00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:46,530
+other one here to see the length of the first
+
+252
+00:15:46,530 --> 00:15:48,590
+visual path that cut off the light and the length
+
+253
+00:15:48,590 --> 00:15:51,970
+of the visual path that cut off the light from
+
+254
+00:15:51,970 --> 00:15:54,310
+another source which one of them is longer, we
+
+255
+00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:56,870
+must unite the media what does it mean to unite
+
+256
+00:15:56,870 --> 00:15:59,770
+the media? to unite the media means to turn it all
+
+257
+00:15:59,770 --> 00:16:03,250
+into air to turn it all into air to understand
+
+258
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:10,220
+this case we will make a very simple exampleبنقول
+
+259
+00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:16,480
+نفرض عندي مصدرين للضوء مصدرين للضوء المصدر الأول
+
+260
+00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:19,820
+الضوء
+
+261
+00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:24,500
+light سرف
+
+262
+00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:32,620
+الهواء in air two meters و هنا بنجوسين هكتب رقم
+
+263
+00:16:32,620 --> 00:16:36,400
+واحد الرقم واحد هنا الان تساوي واحد الان يعني
+
+264
+00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:49,080
+refractive indexone equals one then then water for
+
+265
+00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:54,400
+example ninety centimeters of course now I want to
+
+266
+00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:59,860
+assume that the water is equal to one third of ten
+
+267
+00:16:59,860 --> 00:17:03,820
+then
+
+268
+00:17:03,820 --> 00:17:07,080
+glass
+
+269
+00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:17,960
+عشرين سانتي يعني صرف الزجاج عشرين سانتي طيب الزجاج
+
+270
+00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:22,160
+واحد و نص الان تعو يعني ال refractive index تعو
+
+271
+00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:26,660
+الان المطلوب يعني الضوء صرف الهواء مسافة مترين
+
+272
+00:17:26,660 --> 00:17:31,860
+بعدها دخل على حوض مية تسعين سانتي طوله قطع الماء و
+
+273
+00:17:31,860 --> 00:17:36,620
+بعدين صرفي الزجاج عشرين سانتي بدنا نحسب ال optical
+
+274
+00:17:36,620 --> 00:17:37,460
+path length
+
+275
+00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:48,320
+Calculate the optical path length. What does
+
+276
+00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:50,760
+calculate the optical path length mean? Calculate
+
+277
+00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:55,160
+the
+
+278
+00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,440
+optical path length.
+
+279
+00:17:59,340 --> 00:18:01,480
+When we say calculate the length of the visual
+
+280
+00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:06,880
+path, it means in time, in time, and I hope to
+
+281
+00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,870
+focus on the speech now.In the time that the light
+
+282
+00:18:09,870 --> 00:18:12,730
+cuts two meters in the air and ninety centimeters
+
+283
+00:18:12,730 --> 00:18:16,250
+in water and twenty centimeters in glass, if we
+
+284
+00:18:16,250 --> 00:18:20,270
+assume that the light became silent in the same
+
+285
+00:18:20,270 --> 00:18:23,370
+time, if the distance became in the air, how long
+
+286
+00:18:23,370 --> 00:18:26,710
+would it cut? If the light remained in the air, if
+
+287
+00:18:26,710 --> 00:18:29,970
+the light remained in the airIt was not a fraction
+
+288
+00:18:29,970 --> 00:18:31,570
+of a distance, it was a fraction of a distance.
+
+289
+00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:33,950
+The real distance that light travels is equal to
+
+290
+00:18:33,950 --> 00:18:37,350
+two meters, plus ninety centimeters, plus twenty
+
+291
+00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:40,110
+centimeters. That is, the distance that light
+
+292
+00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:43,210
+actually travels in this experiment is two meters
+
+293
+00:18:43,210 --> 00:18:45,930
+in the air, ninety centimeters in water, and
+
+294
+00:18:45,930 --> 00:18:48,110
+twenty centimeters in glass. That is, the total
+
+295
+00:18:48,110 --> 00:18:51,430
+distance is three meters and ten centimeters.تلاتة
+
+296
+00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:55,350
+متر و عشرة، لأن عشرين و تسعين يعني مية و عشرة
+
+297
+00:18:55,350 --> 00:18:58,830
+سانتي، يعني متر و عشرة سانتي، مية و عشرة سانتي
+
+298
+00:18:58,830 --> 00:19:01,890
+يعني متر و عشرة سانتي، بنضيف عليهم مترين، يعني
+
+299
+00:19:01,890 --> 00:19:08,340
+حقيقة القطع قطع3 meters and 10 centimeters. Okay,
+
+300
+00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,560
+if we assume that the light did not go into the
+
+301
+00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:13,400
+water or into the glass, but remained in the air,
+
+302
+00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:16,300
+in the same period of time that it passed two
+
+303
+00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:18,580
+meters in the air and 90 centimeters in the water
+
+304
+00:19:18,580 --> 00:19:22,560
+and 20 centimeters in the glass, how much did it
+
+305
+00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:25,290
+pass in the air in the same period of time?In
+
+306
+00:19:25,290 --> 00:19:27,710
+order to know, we need to unify the media. To
+
+307
+00:19:27,710 --> 00:19:30,010
+unify the media, we multiply each distance in the
+
+308
+00:19:30,010 --> 00:19:33,030
+refractive index of the material that has this
+
+309
+00:19:33,030 --> 00:19:36,070
+distance. We say the optical path length is the
+
+310
+00:19:36,070 --> 00:19:36,330
+answer.
+
+311
+00:19:39,170 --> 00:19:41,270
+The solution of this example is to say that the
+
+312
+00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:45,550
+optical path length is equal to two meters
+
+313
+00:19:45,550 --> 00:19:50,670
+multiplied by one because the refractive index is
+
+314
+00:19:50,670 --> 00:19:52,010
+one plus
+
+315
+00:19:55,310 --> 00:20:04,350
+90 cm means 9 out of 10 meters, 0.9 times, this is
+
+316
+00:20:04,350 --> 00:20:07,310
+in the water of course, so to change its path to
+
+317
+00:20:07,310 --> 00:20:09,890
+the water, as if it happened in the air, I need to
+
+318
+00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:13,950
+say times 1.3 out of 10 plus,
+
+319
+00:20:16,190 --> 00:20:17,610
+let's move away from the plus a little bit
+
+320
+00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:25,010
+in water 20 cm means 2 out of 10 meters multiply
+
+321
+00:20:25,010 --> 00:20:31,070
+by 1.5 equals
+
+322
+00:20:31,070 --> 00:20:39,510
+we
+
+323
+00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:45,650
+say as follows 2 meters in 1 remains 2 meters plus
+
+324
+00:20:45,650 --> 00:20:48,450
+9 out of 10 meters here
+
+325
+00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:57,960
+and here 2 out of 10 meters 2 out of 10 meters 2
+
+326
+00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:00,700
+meters multiplied by 1 remains 2 meters plus 9 out
+
+327
+00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:05,000
+of 10 multiplied by 1.3 out of 10 9 out of 10
+
+328
+00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:15,960
+meters multiplied by 1.3 so one meter and
+
+329
+00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,600
+seventeen out of 100 meters and seventeen out of
+
+330
+00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:31,570
+100one point seventeen hundred meters plus two
+
+331
+00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:34,770
+out of ten times one and a half two out of ten
+
+332
+00:21:34,770 --> 00:21:37,350
+times one and a half equals
+
+333
+00:21:50,710 --> 00:22:01,770
+3 out of 10, 3 out of 10 meters and
+
+334
+00:22:01,770 --> 00:22:08,330
+it equals we
+
+335
+00:22:08,330 --> 00:22:10,810
+want to combine these with each other the sum we
+
+336
+00:22:10,810 --> 00:22:16,010
+say as follows 2,1,3 point
+
+337
+00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:21,630
+seventeen out of one hundred and three out of ten
+
+338
+00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:25,150
+to forty-seven out of one hundred. Forty-seven out
+
+339
+00:22:25,150 --> 00:22:27,790
+of one hundred meters. This is the answer. It
+
+340
+00:22:27,790 --> 00:22:31,450
+means in time, in time that light passed through
+
+341
+00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:35,310
+ittwo meters in the air and ninety centimeters in
+
+342
+00:22:35,310 --> 00:22:39,330
+the water and twenty centimeters in the glass in a
+
+343
+00:22:39,330 --> 00:22:43,050
+full length of three meters and ten centimeters if
+
+344
+00:22:43,050 --> 00:22:45,170
+they stayed in the air, if they stayed to light in
+
+345
+00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:46,890
+the air, they would have crossed not three meters
+
+346
+00:22:46,890 --> 00:22:48,530
+and ten centimeters, they would have crossed three
+
+347
+00:22:48,530 --> 00:22:51,710
+meters and forty-seven centimeters this is the
+
+348
+00:22:51,710 --> 00:22:54,290
+optical path length, this is the optical path
+
+349
+00:22:54,290 --> 00:22:56,870
+length to light really crossed two meters, then
+
+350
+00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:59,690
+ninety centimeters and then twenty centimeters in
+
+351
+00:22:59,690 --> 00:23:05,670
+the glass, their totalمجموعهم المباشر مترين وتسعة
+
+352
+00:23:05,670 --> 00:23:08,570
+من عشرة متر واتنين من عشرة متر يعني تلاتة متر
+
+353
+00:23:08,570 --> 00:23:12,790
+وعشرة سانت لو الضوء فرضنا دال في الهواء ولا دخل
+
+354
+00:23:12,790 --> 00:23:17,100
+ميه ولا دخل اجزاز معناته الضوءin the same period
+
+355
+00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:20,060
+of time, the one who used to cut 2 meters in the
+
+356
+00:23:20,060 --> 00:23:23,340
+air and 90 centimeters in water and 20 centimeters
+
+357
+00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:27,940
+in glass would cut in the air 3 meters and 47
+
+358
+00:23:27,940 --> 00:23:30,620
+centimeters instead of cutting in these three
+
+359
+00:23:30,620 --> 00:23:33,540
+materials together 3 meters and 10 centimeters and
+
+360
+00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:36,260
+this is what is meant in the optical path length
+
+361
+00:23:37,620 --> 00:23:41,100
+tell me about what is it? The unification of media
+
+362
+00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:44,360
+exactly like we unify currency The unification of
+
+363
+00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:46,860
+media transforms all distances as if they happened
+
+364
+00:23:46,860 --> 00:23:49,420
+in the air How do I transform it? I multiply each
+
+365
+00:23:49,420 --> 00:23:52,140
+distance in a matter that is in the refractive
+
+366
+00:23:52,140 --> 00:23:56,040
+index of this matter and thus it turns out how
+
+367
+00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,220
+much light was going to happen in the air, was
+
+368
+00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:00,440
+going to happen in the air if it is multiplied by
+
+369
+00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,220
+that in the same time that happened in a certain
+
+370
+00:24:03,220 --> 00:24:05,780
+distance in the same matter, in the same matter
+
+371
+00:24:11,810 --> 00:24:14,370
+The following figure shows light from an object
+
+372
+00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:18,310
+point traveling along two different paths to the
+
+373
+00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:21,230
+image point. لو احنا اجينا هنقول ايش فايدة ال
+
+374
+00:24:21,230 --> 00:24:25,730
+optical path links احنا هناخد نقطة من ال object و
+
+375
+00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:29,690
+هاي صورتها في ال image بنقول الضوء هينتشر في جميع
+
+376
+00:24:29,690 --> 00:24:33,440
+الاتجاهات بس احنا هناخدTwo paths, two paths,
+
+377
+00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,340
+meaning the light followed them. To explain the
+
+378
+00:24:37,340 --> 00:24:40,500
+idea of optical path length, optical path length,
+
+379
+00:24:40,660 --> 00:24:43,140
+we say that the first path, the light started from
+
+380
+00:24:43,140 --> 00:24:46,440
+point A and broke at the front surface and broke a
+
+381
+00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,580
+little at the back surface and reached I which is
+
+382
+00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:54,540
+the emissionand it also took another ray or a
+
+383
+00:24:54,540 --> 00:24:58,000
+group of rays took the second path If we notice,
+
+384
+00:24:58,260 --> 00:25:01,220
+if we notice, the first path is much shorter and
+
+385
+00:25:01,220 --> 00:25:05,060
+the second path is much longer So, for the picture
+
+386
+00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:08,000
+to be clear and to connect, it must connect with
+
+387
+00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,380
+each other, the rays connect with each other Why
+
+388
+00:25:10,380 --> 00:25:12,740
+do the rays have to connect with each other? We
+
+389
+00:25:12,740 --> 00:25:15,600
+give an example from practical life, we say if a
+
+390
+00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:21,590
+person لو إنسان اتفق مع عشر أشخاصthey meet at a
+
+391
+00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:25,550
+certain place to go on a trip, okay? One comes at
+
+392
+00:25:25,550 --> 00:25:29,550
+ten in the morning at this agreed place to go on a
+
+393
+00:25:29,550 --> 00:25:32,050
+trip One comes at ten and a quarter, one comes at
+
+394
+00:25:32,050 --> 00:25:33,990
+ten and a half, one comes at eleven to the third,
+
+395
+00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:36,350
+one comes at eleven and .. In the end, this is not
+
+396
+00:25:36,350 --> 00:25:38,110
+a trip because they will not meet and gather
+
+397
+00:25:38,110 --> 00:25:42,070
+together at the same time so that later they can
+
+398
+00:25:42,070 --> 00:25:45,530
+go on their trip And also things started at a
+
+399
+00:25:45,530 --> 00:25:48,610
+certain moment from a point from the objectLazim
+
+400
+00:25:48,610 --> 00:25:52,730
+غالبا تصل في نفس اللحظة ل ال image point ل ال
+
+401
+00:25:52,730 --> 00:25:56,930
+image point اذا انطلقت في نفس اللحظة من A لازم تصل
+
+402
+00:25:56,930 --> 00:26:00,650
+في نفس ال .. او .. او .. تصل في نفس المدة الزمنية
+
+403
+00:26:00,650 --> 00:26:05,050
+ل A شرطة اللي هي سورة A طب كيف هذا بده يتوفر ..
+
+404
+00:26:05,050 --> 00:26:09,350
+كيف هذا بده يتوفر اذا كان انا عندي في مصار للضوء ل
+
+405
+00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:15,390
+بعض او لحزمة شعاعية انطلقت عبر ممر الأولو مسافتها
+
+406
+00:26:15,390 --> 00:26:19,090
+أقصر و الحزمة الشععية التانية طلقت عبر الممر
+
+407
+00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:22,230
+التاني و مسافتها أطول كده دم يصلوا في نفس الميعاد
+
+408
+00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:26,890
+بنقول أه، الان صحيح ال path one أقصر ولكن هيعدي من
+
+409
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:30,870
+منطقة سميكة من الزجاج فهيتأخر لإن الضوء في الزجاج
+
+410
+00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:36,290
+بيكون أبطأwhile the path to .. the path to .. its
+
+411
+00:26:36,290 --> 00:26:38,910
+distance is longer but it will pass through less
+
+412
+00:26:38,910 --> 00:26:42,190
+glass and therefore it will be slower and
+
+413
+00:26:42,190 --> 00:26:46,830
+therefore they will connect together here .. here
+
+414
+00:26:46,830 --> 00:26:50,050
+there is a very important point what is this
+
+415
+00:26:50,050 --> 00:26:54,370
+point? the point says that the surface of the lens
+
+416
+00:26:54,370 --> 00:26:56,010
+or the surface of the optical system must be
+
+417
+00:26:56,010 --> 00:27:00,860
+formed so that the path ..one zamanian و المصار
+
+418
+00:27:00,860 --> 00:27:04,020
+اتنين زمانيا و المصار تلاتة زمانيا و المصار اربعة
+
+419
+00:27:04,020 --> 00:27:08,240
+زمانيا يكونوا متكافئين او متساوين بحيث انه الأشعة
+
+420
+00:27:08,240 --> 00:27:12,860
+بغض النظر عدت من اي منطقة من ال optical system او
+
+421
+00:27:12,860 --> 00:27:16,890
+من العدسة يكون ال optical path length بتاعكone is
+
+422
+00:27:16,890 --> 00:27:19,630
+equal to the optical path length of two is equal
+
+423
+00:27:19,630 --> 00:27:23,630
+to three to four to five to six and so on. Why? So
+
+424
+00:27:23,630 --> 00:27:25,610
+that the rays can connect with each other, so that
+
+425
+00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:29,590
+the image can be formed in a correct and correct
+
+426
+00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:32,210
+way, and there is no delay in one beam of light
+
+427
+00:27:32,210 --> 00:27:35,210
+from another beam of light. And this is what we
+
+428
+00:27:35,210 --> 00:27:38,330
+read.According to Fermati principle for both
+
+429
+00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:41,590
+paths, path 1 and path 2, to intersect at the
+
+430
+00:27:41,590 --> 00:27:44,710
+image point, time required to travel from object
+
+431
+00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:48,570
+to image point, or alternatively, the optical path
+
+432
+00:27:48,570 --> 00:27:51,510
+lengths must be absolutely identical for each
+
+433
+00:27:51,510 --> 00:27:54,290
+path. In order to form the image, the path must
+
+434
+00:27:54,290 --> 00:27:57,230
+intersect at the first path, consume time, the
+
+435
+00:27:57,230 --> 00:27:59,430
+same time that was consumed in the second path,
+
+436
+00:27:59,510 --> 00:28:03,430
+that is, the optical path lengths, path A or path
+
+437
+00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:07,620
+1,optical path length on path 2 if the time
+
+438
+00:28:07,620 --> 00:28:11,220
+required for light to travel along each path path
+
+439
+00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:13,920
+is not exactly identical the path will not
+
+440
+00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:22,620
+intersect at the image point light traveling
+
+441
+00:28:22,620 --> 00:28:26,940
+path 1 from object to image point traverses
+
+442
+00:28:26,940 --> 00:28:30,120
+relatively thick part of the lens which is the
+
+443
+00:28:30,120 --> 00:28:34,950
+light that travels through path 1thick lens, عبر
+
+444
+00:28:34,950 --> 00:28:38,350
+thick lens وعشان هي بتعوج رغم أنه طوله قليل إلا
+
+445
+00:28:38,350 --> 00:28:42,550
+أنه هيتعوج هنا فتعويج to high هتخلي الضوء اللي سلك
+
+446
+00:28:42,550 --> 00:28:46,790
+المسرق التاني يعني يلحجوا و التانين يلتقوا في
+
+447
+00:28:46,790 --> 00:28:47,730
+الimage
+
+448
+00:28:49,910 --> 00:28:52,990
+Light travelling the longer path to goes through
+
+449
+00:28:52,990 --> 00:28:56,930
+less lens .. less glass if the lens is properly
+
+450
+00:28:56,930 --> 00:29:01,570
+shaped و هذا هو مربط الفرس و هذا هو أهم إشي ضروري
+
+451
+00:29:01,570 --> 00:29:05,970
+يكون ال lens شكلها و الانحناق بتاعها مناسببشكل
+
+452
+00:29:05,970 --> 00:29:09,710
+proper، بشكل مناسب، the greater distance in air is
+
+453
+00:29:09,710 --> 00:29:13,450
+perfectly compensated for by the shorter distance
+
+454
+00:29:13,450 --> 00:29:17,790
+in glass صحيح الممر التاني هيعدي .. هيكون طويل، بس
+
+455
+00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:21,650
+لأنه هيعدي من منطقة رفيعة من ال .. من العدسة، مش
+
+456
+00:29:21,650 --> 00:29:25,870
+هيتأخر كتير، فبالتالي هيقدر يوصل ل ال image point
+
+457
+00:29:25,870 --> 00:29:30,590
+بنفس الزمن اللي وصل الأشعة اللي عبرت عبر ممر ايه؟
+
+458
+00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:35,750
+عبر ممر ايه؟If the lens is properly shaped, the
+
+459
+00:29:35,750 --> 00:29:39,810
+greater distance in air for path 2 is perfectly
+
+460
+00:29:39,810 --> 00:29:44,950
+compensated by the shorter distance in glass. So
+
+461
+00:29:44,950 --> 00:29:47,830
+the time required to travel from object to image
+
+462
+00:29:56,010 --> 00:30:00,230
+بعبارة أخرى ال optical path length is identical
+
+463
+00:30:00,230 --> 00:30:06,050
+for both paths وبنتوقف عند هذه النقطة اللي شرحنا
+
+464
+00:30:06,050 --> 00:30:08,450
+فيها ال optical path length وحنلاقي ان شاء الله
+
+465
+00:30:08,450 --> 00:30:12,970
+تمارين، هحاول أنزل تمارين على ال model لحساب ال
+
+466
+00:30:12,970 --> 00:30:16,950
+optical path length ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+467
+00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:18,670
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/2BZ4a5vb3gE_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1512 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:04,690 --> 00:00:09,510
+optics وحكينا المرة الماضية عن the versions of
+
+3
+00:00:09,510 --> 00:00:13,110
+light الحالة التشتتية للضوء وقولنا الضوء بيوجد على
+
+4
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:17,820
+تلت حالات لا رابع لها ان يكون متشتت, divergentإذا
+
+5
+00:00:17,820 --> 00:00:20,860
+كانوا صادر من real object، من object حقيقي زي
+
+6
+00:00:20,860 --> 00:00:24,620
+الشمعة، زي الشمس، زي المصباح الكهربائي، بيكون
+
+7
+00:00:24,620 --> 00:00:27,660
+متشتت في جميع الإتجاهات، و ساعتها بيقول ال
+
+8
+00:00:27,660 --> 00:00:30,900
+versions negative، ال versions تعطيه negative،
+
+9
+00:00:30,900 --> 00:00:34,450
+الحالة التشتتية تعطيه negative أو divergentor to
+
+10
+00:00:34,450 --> 00:00:37,510
+come from a place very far away and say about it
+
+11
+00:00:37,510 --> 00:00:42,050
+or to be parallel to each other, parallel light,
+
+12
+00:00:42,190 --> 00:00:43,830
+we say its divergence is zero, it is neither
+
+13
+00:00:43,830 --> 00:00:47,510
+negative nor positive or to be out of a lens going
+
+14
+00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:50,010
+to form the image, that is, it gathers to form the
+
+15
+00:00:50,010 --> 00:00:52,690
+imageو ساعتها ال .. ال .. ال .. ال versions بتاع
+
+16
+00:00:52,690 --> 00:00:56,710
+ال light بيكون positive أو convergent light وقولنا
+
+17
+00:00:56,710 --> 00:00:59,790
+ال versions بتوربطوا علاقة مع المسافة ال versions
+
+18
+00:00:59,790 --> 00:01:03,810
+بتاع ال light الحالة التشتتية للضوء بتختلف اختلاف
+
+19
+00:01:03,810 --> 00:01:07,230
+مسافة اللي .. اللي قطعها الضوء وقولنا ال .. ال
+
+20
+00:01:07,230 --> 00:01:10,830
+versions حقيقة هو عبارة لما يحسب و يساوي ال
+
+21
+00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:14,150
+reciprocal of the distance of the distance يعني
+
+22
+00:01:14,150 --> 00:01:18,130
+لما نقول احسب ال versions بتاع ال light احسب ال
+
+23
+00:01:18,130 --> 00:01:22,460
+versions بتاع ال lightWe say that the vergence of
+
+24
+00:01:22,460 --> 00:01:28,960
+the light is equal to one over the distance, one
+
+25
+00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:31,460
+over the distance For example, the light emitted
+
+26
+00:01:31,460 --> 00:01:36,040
+from an object a certain distance This distance,
+
+27
+00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,600
+to calculate the vergence of the light, vergence
+
+28
+00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:48,080
+يساوي واحد على ال distance، ال distance اللي قطعها
+
+29
+00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:52,060
+ال ضُق، واحد على ال distance، يعني لما بنجيب مثلا
+
+30
+00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:57,810
+صورة، بنقول الضُقIt started from object point, cut
+
+31
+00:01:57,810 --> 00:02:00,550
+a distance, for example, at this point, at this
+
+32
+00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:05,130
+limit that I'm pointing at, we say, cut a distance
+
+33
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:08,710
+of two meters, which means one over two meters,
+
+34
+00:02:08,830 --> 00:02:14,450
+one over two meters is equal to half a meter minus
+
+35
+00:02:14,450 --> 00:02:18,810
+one If we add up, we have to calculate the
+
+36
+00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:27,650
+versions of lightOn a distance of 2 meters, we say
+
+37
+00:02:27,650 --> 00:02:31,430
+1 First, we put a minus sign because this is a
+
+38
+00:02:31,430 --> 00:02:34,650
+divergent light A divergent light takes a minus
+
+39
+00:02:34,650 --> 00:02:41,710
+sign We say 1 on a distance of 2 meters I get the
+
+40
+00:02:41,710 --> 00:02:47,230
+result half minus half meter
+
+41
+00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:48,970
+plus minus one
+
+42
+00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:57,620
+I'll get minus one
+
+43
+00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:19,040
+Okay, so minus half meter minus one. If the
+
+44
+00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,920
+distance was four meters, we say minus one over
+
+45
+00:03:21,920 --> 00:03:26,260
+four meters minus one. Okay, if I have the other
+
+46
+00:03:26,260 --> 00:03:29,500
+side of the lens, the light is collected, for
+
+47
+00:03:29,500 --> 00:03:32,140
+example, I have the light collected and it will
+
+48
+00:03:32,140 --> 00:03:33,020
+form the image
+
+49
+00:03:43,540 --> 00:03:47,880
+it's going to create the image as the drawing will
+
+50
+00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:51,800
+show now
+
+51
+00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:58,000
+and
+
+52
+00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:04,080
+at this line or at this distance in spacedial of
+
+53
+00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,180
+light ..dial of light .. to get it to converge ..
+
+54
+00:04:07,180 --> 00:04:10,580
+it is converging .. convergent light ..dial of
+
+55
+00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:12,100
+light is half a meter .. so the distance from here
+
+56
+00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:14,080
+to the image is half a meter .. how much the
+
+57
+00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:18,120
+divergence of light at this point .. we will say
+
+58
+00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:24,800
+as the following .. divergence of distance is
+
+59
+00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:30,370
+equal to one over the distanceNow we calculate the
+
+60
+00:04:30,370 --> 00:04:32,010
+distance not from the object but from the image
+
+61
+00:04:32,010 --> 00:04:34,670
+because now we are on the other side and we are
+
+62
+00:04:34,670 --> 00:04:37,310
+working with the image and it is equal to one of
+
+63
+00:04:37,310 --> 00:04:39,350
+course plus why plus because the light is
+
+64
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:42,930
+convergent if it is on the side of the object and
+
+65
+00:04:42,930 --> 00:04:45,410
+the light is divergent we give it a minus sign if
+
+66
+00:04:45,410 --> 00:04:49,090
+it is convergent we give it a plus sign half a
+
+67
+00:04:49,090 --> 00:04:50,650
+meter is left this distance is half a meter and it
+
+68
+00:04:50,650 --> 00:04:55,790
+forms the image so one plus one over half a meter
+
+69
+00:05:00,710 --> 00:05:09,850
+and it's equal to two meters minus one meters
+
+70
+00:05:09,850 --> 00:05:18,290
+minus one meters minus
+
+71
+00:05:18,290 --> 00:05:20,210
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+72
+00:05:20,210 --> 00:05:20,270
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+73
+00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:21,790
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+74
+00:05:21,790 --> 00:05:21,990
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+75
+00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:22,810
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+76
+00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:23,910
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+77
+00:05:23,910 --> 00:05:27,990
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+78
+00:05:27,990 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+79
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,970
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+80
+00:05:29,970 --> 00:05:30,150
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+81
+00:05:30,150 --> 00:05:32,390
+one meters minusAnd it's convergent, I give it a
+
+82
+00:05:32,390 --> 00:05:34,990
+plus sign Of course, when it's away from the
+
+83
+00:05:34,990 --> 00:05:36,970
+object and it's scattered, I have to calculate the
+
+84
+00:05:36,970 --> 00:05:39,570
+distance from the object to the point I want to
+
+85
+00:05:39,570 --> 00:05:43,570
+calculate Okay, now for example I have a third
+
+86
+00:05:43,570 --> 00:05:46,850
+example With the same drawing, we say the light
+
+87
+00:05:46,850 --> 00:05:55,090
+came out of the object The object is three meters
+
+88
+00:05:55,090 --> 00:05:55,990
+away from
+
+89
+00:05:59,450 --> 00:06:01,210
+or let's say without using a triangle, let's say
+
+90
+00:06:01,210 --> 00:06:06,350
+twenty centimeters let's say the distance is
+
+91
+00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:10,270
+twenty centimeters that is, from the object to the
+
+92
+00:06:10,270 --> 00:06:12,790
+lens is twenty centimeters we want to calculate
+
+93
+00:06:12,790 --> 00:06:16,510
+the vergence what is the vergence of light at the
+
+94
+00:06:16,510 --> 00:06:18,490
+surface of the lens at the surface of the lens, we
+
+95
+00:06:18,490 --> 00:06:22,990
+say as follows the
+
+96
+00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,830
+vergence equals
+
+97
+00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:31,810
+one over the distance, the object distance over
+
+98
+00:06:31,810 --> 00:06:35,530
+the distance or
+
+99
+00:06:35,530 --> 00:06:39,770
+between two objects I can say over O, why O? No,
+
+100
+00:06:40,170 --> 00:06:44,480
+why O? Becauseالمسافة اللى بدنا نحسب عندها هذه
+
+101
+00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:48,160
+المسافة هي ال object ال object point وهى سطح
+
+102
+00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:51,960
+العدسة بدنا نحسب ال divergence بتاع الدوء لما وصل
+
+103
+00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:55,220
+لسطح العدسة يعنى جاطع من مسافة ال object ال object
+
+104
+00:06:55,220 --> 00:07:01,540
+distance يعني واحد على اول ويساويone over of
+
+105
+00:07:01,540 --> 00:07:04,480
+course here must must not forget the sign because
+
+106
+00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:08,160
+it is a divergent line must put minus and minus
+
+107
+00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,240
+one because it is divergent of course over the
+
+108
+00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:13,680
+distance twenty centimeters must turn into a meter
+
+109
+00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:20,500
+two out of ten meters and is equal to one over two
+
+110
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:26,100
+out of ten and is equal to minus five meters minus
+
+111
+00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:27,560
+one meters minus
+
+112
+00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:40,360
+meteros minus one Okay, so I can calculate the
+
+113
+00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:43,420
+vergence of the light at any point away from the
+
+114
+00:07:43,420 --> 00:07:47,400
+object I calculate one away from the object Even
+
+115
+00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:49,420
+if we reach the surface of the mirror And I can
+
+116
+00:07:49,420 --> 00:07:52,680
+calculate the vergence of the light that is going
+
+117
+00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:55,980
+to form the image at any distance Of course, I
+
+118
+00:07:55,980 --> 00:07:57,860
+calculate the distance of this distance from the
+
+119
+00:07:57,860 --> 00:08:01,520
+image I can calculate at this distance
+
+120
+00:08:06,110 --> 00:08:10,670
+or the distance is high or at the distance is high
+
+121
+00:08:10,670 --> 00:08:13,950
+So how do I calculate the inverse of the distance,
+
+122
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,510
+one over the distance? So the complex case of
+
+123
+00:08:17,510 --> 00:08:19,890
+light, whether negative or positive, that is,
+
+124
+00:08:19,990 --> 00:08:24,470
+whether divergent or convergent is calculated by
+
+125
+00:08:24,470 --> 00:08:27,710
+the heart of the distance away from the object or
+
+126
+00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:30,950
+the heart of the distance away from the image Now
+
+127
+00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:31,330
+the scientists
+
+128
+00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:39,600
+It's a matter of meter squared minus one, it's a
+
+129
+00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:43,360
+long word, meter squared minus one is a long word,
+
+130
+00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:45,880
+so they got to know that the meter squared minus
+
+131
+00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,760
+one, we want to call it the diopter, so here I
+
+132
+00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,700
+have minus half meter squared minus one, which
+
+133
+00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:58,480
+means minus half diopter
+
+134
+00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:10,870
+here 2 meters minus 1 which is plus 2
+
+135
+00:09:10,870 --> 00:09:17,450
+diopters which is equal to plus 2 diopters which
+
+136
+00:09:17,450 --> 00:09:23,730
+is equal to minus 5 meters minus 1 which is equal
+
+137
+00:09:23,730 --> 00:09:29,890
+to minus 5 diopters a person might wonder how the
+
+138
+00:09:29,890 --> 00:09:33,040
+power of the lens can measure the dioptersand the
+
+139
+00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:35,280
+fluctuating state of the light is measured by the
+
+140
+00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:37,440
+diode. On the contrary, this is very logical
+
+141
+00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:40,480
+because the lens's function is to change the
+
+142
+00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,560
+fluctuating state of the light. If we look at this
+
+143
+00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:46,420
+scene, the light before entering the lens was
+
+144
+00:09:46,420 --> 00:09:49,060
+fluctuating, when it came out of the lens it was
+
+145
+00:09:49,060 --> 00:09:51,960
+collected. In other words, the divergence of the
+
+146
+00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:55,820
+light was negative, it became after it came out of
+
+147
+00:09:55,820 --> 00:09:57,920
+the lens, it is the same light that entered the
+
+148
+00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:00,640
+lens that came out of the lens.
+
+149
+00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:09,720
+So, the lens is nothing but a tool .. a tool to
+
+150
+00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:13,780
+change the fluctuating state of light If the light
+
+151
+00:10:13,780 --> 00:10:16,620
+was divergent, that is, negative divergence, it
+
+152
+00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:19,180
+became convergent, that is, positive divergence It
+
+153
+00:10:19,180 --> 00:10:22,300
+can sometimes be negative, of course, as long as
+
+154
+00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:24,560
+it comes from a real object, it must be negative,
+
+155
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:28,680
+okay? That is, divergent, and make it parallel In
+
+156
+00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:33,210
+other words, the fluctuating state ..it changes
+
+157
+00:10:33,210 --> 00:10:35,030
+with the power of the lens, which means that the
+
+158
+00:10:35,030 --> 00:10:37,690
+lens is responsible for changing the fluctuating
+
+159
+00:10:37,690 --> 00:10:40,650
+state of light, so it is natural that the
+
+160
+00:10:40,650 --> 00:10:44,170
+fluctuating state is measured with the diopter and
+
+161
+00:10:44,170 --> 00:10:47,170
+the force that affects it is measured with the
+
+162
+00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:53,110
+diopter if we imagine for example that
+
+163
+00:10:53,110 --> 00:10:56,230
+the
+
+164
+00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:59,990
+fluctuating light is a coin, for example, a
+
+165
+00:10:59,990 --> 00:11:06,130
+thousand dollar coinوفي شيء مثلا له قيمة مثلا قطعة
+
+166
+00:11:06,130 --> 00:11:13,670
+ذهبية بالها تستخدم في سداد هذا الدينWe say that a
+
+167
+00:11:13,670 --> 00:11:16,950
+piece of gold is valued in dollars. I can value it
+
+168
+00:11:16,950 --> 00:11:19,730
+in dollars because a piece of gold is equal to
+
+169
+00:11:19,730 --> 00:11:24,450
+1500 dollars. So 1000 out of 1500 will pay off the
+
+170
+00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:29,270
+debt and 500 will remain to benefit from it in
+
+171
+00:11:29,270 --> 00:11:31,730
+buying something else. This is an example of
+
+172
+00:11:31,730 --> 00:11:33,730
+simplifying the situation. The conflicting
+
+173
+00:11:33,730 --> 00:11:37,950
+situation was divergent. The things that made this
+
+174
+00:11:37,950 --> 00:11:41,920
+tool that we call optical system or lensIt is the
+
+175
+00:11:41,920 --> 00:11:44,280
+combination of two things that changed the state
+
+176
+00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,740
+of light from fluctuating to accumulating, so it
+
+177
+00:11:46,740 --> 00:11:49,220
+is natural that its force is measured in the
+
+178
+00:11:49,220 --> 00:11:52,620
+diopter and it is evaluated in the diopter as we
+
+179
+00:11:52,620 --> 00:11:55,540
+evaluated the golden piece in the dollar, the
+
+180
+00:11:55,540 --> 00:11:57,240
+force of the lens is evaluated in the diopter
+
+181
+00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,480
+because the fluctuating state of light is measured
+
+182
+00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:05,500
+in the diopter or in the meter minus oneThis is
+
+183
+00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:08,860
+for the subject of vergence, that vergence is the
+
+184
+00:12:08,860 --> 00:12:11,660
+inverse of distance The distances that are used in
+
+185
+00:12:11,660 --> 00:12:13,600
+the science of geometric optics You can find the
+
+186
+00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:16,320
+object at a distance of 4 meters, 2 meters, 1
+
+187
+00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:18,820
+meter, half a meter, third meter, quarter meter,
+
+188
+00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,400
+five meters Of course, when you calculate the
+
+189
+00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,460
+vergence of light at these distances I want to
+
+190
+00:12:25,460 --> 00:12:27,960
+invert these distances The four meters becomes a
+
+191
+00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:30,780
+quarter meter minus one The two meters are
+
+192
+00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:33,260
+inverted one by two, that is, half a meter minus
+
+193
+00:12:33,260 --> 00:12:37,350
+oneone meter is reversed and one meter is minus
+
+194
+00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:41,210
+one and so on and so forth So this means that the
+
+195
+00:12:41,210 --> 00:12:43,230
+divergence is the inverse of the distance and also
+
+196
+00:12:43,230 --> 00:12:45,750
+the distance is the inverse of the divergence When
+
+197
+00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:48,270
+we say divergence equals one over the distance,
+
+198
+00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:55,130
+also the distance equals
+
+199
+00:12:55,130 --> 00:13:01,320
+one over the divergencethis will help me that
+
+200
+00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:04,040
+distance is equal to one over divergence we say as
+
+201
+00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:09,500
+follows if I have an example a practical example
+
+202
+00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:16,340
+we say we
+
+203
+00:13:16,340 --> 00:13:19,080
+want to know where is the object located this is
+
+204
+00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:27,140
+my optical system and this is my point
+
+205
+00:13:27,140 --> 00:13:34,380
+source or objectThe light has not yet reached the
+
+206
+00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:41,140
+surface of the lens, but we chose a point from the
+
+207
+00:13:41,140 --> 00:13:48,240
+gap The
+
+208
+00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:50,520
+light is scattered in all directions, including
+
+209
+00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:56,400
+the rays that
+
+210
+00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:01,250
+will enter the lenswe say at the point from the
+
+211
+00:14:01,250 --> 00:14:05,230
+space that I will point to at this point at this
+
+212
+00:14:05,230 --> 00:14:09,830
+point the vergence was equal to the vergence was
+
+213
+00:14:09,830 --> 00:14:17,070
+equal to minus
+
+214
+00:14:17,070 --> 00:14:27,340
+four diopters four diopterswe want to know how far
+
+215
+00:14:27,340 --> 00:14:30,660
+the object is from this distance in space from
+
+216
+00:14:30,660 --> 00:14:34,600
+this point, from this line of space how far the
+
+217
+00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:41,800
+object is, we say as follows as the divergence of
+
+218
+00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:46,480
+the distance the distance of the object away from
+
+219
+00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:48,780
+this line is equal to the inverse of the
+
+220
+00:14:48,780 --> 00:14:55,260
+divergence one over the divergence and equalsone
+
+221
+00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:01,880
+over minus four, the diopter I will return to
+
+222
+00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:11,240
+meter minus one meter minus one meter minus one
+
+223
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:38,740
+Okay, and it equals 1
+
+224
+00:15:38,740 --> 00:15:49,180
+over minus 4 equals Now we enlarge it again
+
+225
+00:15:49,180 --> 00:15:54,040
+equals
+
+226
+00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:03,720
+minus quarter meter
+
+227
+00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,960
+and one meter minus one when you go up it becomes
+
+228
+00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:11,380
+minus quarter meter here minus means
+
+229
+00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:14,440
+the distance to the left because I want to
+
+230
+00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:16,320
+calculate the distance I want the distance as long
+
+231
+00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,580
+as the distance turned out to be minus then the
+
+232
+00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:21,600
+distance of the object to the left of the line
+
+233
+00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,540
+that I put in the space is a quarter of a meter
+
+234
+00:16:24,540 --> 00:16:27,920
+while this minus is minus four diopters or minus
+
+235
+00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:30,520
+four times minus one this is because of the
+
+236
+00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:32,860
+fluctuating state of light I'm talking about
+
+237
+00:16:32,860 --> 00:16:35,160
+virgins, virgins is the fluctuating state of
+
+238
+00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:36,920
+light, light is fluctuating so I give it a minus
+
+239
+00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:41,200
+signفإذا إذا عرفت المسافة بقدر أعرف ال versions
+
+240
+00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:43,840
+بتاع ال light و إذا عرفت ال versions بقدر أعرف
+
+241
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:49,600
+المسافة بتاعة ال object أو حتى المسافة بتاعة ال
+
+242
+00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:54,020
+image فبالتالي for convenience عشان يكون الأمر
+
+243
+00:16:54,020 --> 00:16:57,840
+أسهل في التعبير بدل ما نضل نقول متر قص ناقص واحد
+
+244
+00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:01,870
+يعني نلفظ الأربع كلماتالعلماء اتفقوا انه كلمة
+
+245
+00:17:01,870 --> 00:17:06,230
+meter قص ناقص واحد بدهم يعطوها كلمة او يسموها باسم
+
+246
+00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:11,810
+diopter ويرمزولها بالرمز D As light travels away
+
+247
+00:17:11,810 --> 00:17:16,630
+from an object point or toward an image point, its
+
+248
+00:17:16,630 --> 00:17:21,410
+divergence constantly changes كل ما سافر بعيدا عن
+
+249
+00:17:21,410 --> 00:17:26,680
+ال objectOr towards the image, the vergence of the
+
+250
+00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:29,880
+image changes, why? Because the distance changes
+
+251
+00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:33,580
+and as long as the vergence and the distance have
+
+252
+00:17:33,580 --> 00:17:35,980
+a relation, then it is true that it is opposite,
+
+253
+00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:39,980
+but if one changes, the other will change, if one
+
+254
+00:17:39,980 --> 00:17:42,680
+changes, because if the distance changes, the
+
+255
+00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,020
+vergence of light must change Let's come here to
+
+256
+00:17:46,020 --> 00:17:47,440
+an example, we say as follows
+
+257
+00:17:52,420 --> 00:17:55,780
+On a distance of 10 cm, divergence is minus 10
+
+258
+00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:59,640
+diopters 10 cm is 1 out of 10 meters, if you
+
+259
+00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:02,500
+invert it, if you invert this distance which is 1
+
+260
+00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:05,040
+out of 10 meters, 1 out of 1 out of 10 meters, you
+
+261
+00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:08,020
+get 10 diopters Why did we put minus? Because the
+
+262
+00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:10,720
+light is divergent, divergent, okay? Divergent
+
+263
+00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:14,500
+Okay, on a distance of, for example, a quarter of
+
+264
+00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:18,210
+a meterone over a quarter equals four, this is a
+
+265
+00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:20,370
+diopter, why do we put a minus on it? Because the
+
+266
+00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,430
+light is distorted and so on and so forth,
+
+267
+00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:27,910
+therefore, the more the distance that the light
+
+268
+00:18:27,910 --> 00:18:30,190
+travels away from the object, the more the
+
+269
+00:18:30,190 --> 00:18:34,610
+divergence of it changesAnd also this speech also
+
+270
+00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:38,930
+towards the image, the same thing, whenever the
+
+271
+00:18:38,930 --> 00:18:41,790
+distance changes towards the image, near or far,
+
+272
+00:18:42,010 --> 00:18:43,910
+the vergence changes, because the vergence and the
+
+273
+00:18:43,910 --> 00:18:47,390
+distance have a relation, it's a reverse relation,
+
+274
+00:18:47,510 --> 00:18:51,090
+but if one changes, the other will changeTo
+
+275
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:53,870
+calculate the divergence of light at any point,
+
+276
+00:18:54,010 --> 00:18:56,910
+one must know the location of the object or image
+
+277
+00:18:56,910 --> 00:18:57,250
+point
+
+278
+00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,220
+Conversely, if one knows the divergence at
+
+279
+00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:12,960
+selected point, the position of the object or
+
+280
+00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:16,260
+image point can be determined. As we said before
+
+281
+00:19:16,260 --> 00:19:20,160
+in the example, the divergence at this point is
+
+282
+00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:22,720
+minus four diopters. Where is the object? We
+
+283
+00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:25,570
+calculated that it is minus four diopters.Whether
+
+284
+00:19:25,570 --> 00:19:27,410
+we know the vergence, we can determine the
+
+285
+00:19:27,410 --> 00:19:30,990
+distance, or we know the distance, we can show the
+
+286
+00:19:30,990 --> 00:19:34,590
+vergence, that is, we can point to one another, to
+
+287
+00:19:34,590 --> 00:19:37,930
+one another Now there is a term other than the
+
+288
+00:19:37,930 --> 00:19:40,310
+vergence, it is called reduced vergence, the
+
+289
+00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:43,810
+shortened vergence or shortened Of course, a
+
+290
+00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:46,630
+person may at first think that the shortened
+
+291
+00:19:46,630 --> 00:19:52,930
+vergence isDigitally, it is less than the normal
+
+292
+00:19:52,930 --> 00:19:57,110
+vergence So, reduced vergence is less than the
+
+293
+00:19:57,110 --> 00:20:01,610
+normal vergence Of course, this is not correct, it
+
+294
+00:20:01,610 --> 00:20:03,710
+is the opposite of what is correct We say reduced
+
+295
+00:20:03,710 --> 00:20:07,510
+vergence is vergence multiplied by refractive
+
+296
+00:20:07,510 --> 00:20:11,530
+index of the medium Okay, let's say this is a new
+
+297
+00:20:11,530 --> 00:20:15,870
+chip We
+
+298
+00:20:15,870 --> 00:20:19,030
+say reduced vergence, the abbreviated vergence
+
+299
+00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:24,880
+is equal to the normal vergence, which is the
+
+300
+00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:27,720
+fluctuating state of light, multiplied by the
+
+301
+00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:31,520
+refractive index of the medium in which the light
+
+302
+00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,540
+occurs. In other words, if the light I have
+
+303
+00:20:34,540 --> 00:20:43,560
+happens in water, the reduced vergence is equal
+
+304
+00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:48,580
+to the vergence, of course for water, multiplied
+
+305
+00:20:48,580 --> 00:20:52,050
+byrefractive index of science is equal to 1.3 out
+
+306
+00:20:52,050 --> 00:20:55,630
+of 10 if you multiply any value by 1.3 out of 10,
+
+307
+00:20:55,770 --> 00:20:57,730
+the value of the result will be greater than the
+
+308
+00:20:57,730 --> 00:21:02,990
+basic value to explain this issue, we need to say
+
+309
+00:21:02,990 --> 00:21:09,210
+as follows here we have an example we draw a
+
+310
+00:21:09,210 --> 00:21:10,370
+single refracting surface
+
+311
+00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:34,020
+this light is going to
+
+312
+00:21:34,020 --> 00:21:44,380
+go this is
+
+313
+00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:47,500
+my single refracting service and this is my rays
+
+314
+00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:50,840
+going to form rays
+
+315
+00:21:57,890 --> 00:22:00,050
+It came from an object and it's going to form an
+
+316
+00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:04,070
+image And
+
+317
+00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:15,710
+it's going to form an image Now
+
+318
+00:22:15,710 --> 00:22:18,010
+we want to calculate the divergence of light at
+
+319
+00:22:18,010 --> 00:22:18,750
+this distance
+
+320
+00:22:25,290 --> 00:22:30,630
+this distance is one meter away from the edge this
+
+321
+00:22:30,630 --> 00:22:38,610
+distance is one meter away from the edge from
+
+322
+00:22:38,610 --> 00:22:41,850
+here, the light is still accumulating it will
+
+323
+00:22:41,850 --> 00:22:45,530
+eventually form an edge inside the glass how much
+
+324
+00:22:45,530 --> 00:22:48,190
+is the divergence? divergence is the inverse of
+
+325
+00:22:48,190 --> 00:22:50,330
+the distance divergence
+
+326
+00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:13,200
+I want to
+
+327
+00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:14,660
+calculate the reduced versions
+
+328
+00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:24,280
+is equal to the vergence itself which is plus one
+
+329
+00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:29,520
+diopter which we saw a while ago in this upper
+
+330
+00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,740
+line multiplied by the refractive index of the
+
+331
+00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:36,740
+glass which is one and a half for example is equal
+
+332
+00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:43,870
+to plus one and a halfDiode, from this example it
+
+333
+00:23:43,870 --> 00:23:47,410
+becomes very clear that the reduced vergence, its
+
+334
+00:23:47,410 --> 00:23:49,570
+name is vergence, its value is supposed to be
+
+335
+00:23:49,570 --> 00:23:51,490
+less, but it is clear that its value is higher
+
+336
+00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,530
+than the vergence itself Okay, now we need to know
+
+337
+00:23:55,530 --> 00:23:59,870
+exactly that the reduced vergencereduced versions
+
+338
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:03,070
+دائما و أبدا بيكون أعلى من ال versions معادة في
+
+339
+00:24:03,070 --> 00:24:06,930
+حالة واحدة إذا الضوء يسري في الفراغ، لو حسبتله ال
+
+340
+00:24:06,930 --> 00:24:10,590
+versions، هيطلعله قيمة، لو حسبتله ال reduced
+
+341
+00:24:10,590 --> 00:24:13,590
+versions، هتطلع نفس القيمة، ليش؟ لأنه الآن تعطي
+
+342
+00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:17,450
+الفراغ واحد، فلما نضرب أي قيمة في واحد، بتضلها زي
+
+343
+00:24:17,450 --> 00:24:20,810
+ما هيBut in the rest of the things, in water, in
+
+344
+00:24:20,810 --> 00:24:25,130
+glass, in any optical medium, the reduced vergence
+
+345
+00:24:25,130 --> 00:24:27,990
+will have a numerical value higher than the
+
+346
+00:24:27,990 --> 00:24:32,210
+vergence, so why? Because it is always higher than
+
+347
+00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:36,310
+one which is in space Okay, why do scientists call
+
+348
+00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:39,660
+it reduced vergence? Actually the name is wrongو
+
+349
+00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,680
+لكن الاسم متجذر تاريخيا لدرجة ان العلماء تركوه زي
+
+350
+00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:50,500
+ما هو و يعني هو متعارف عليه من زمان قديم و متجذر
+
+351
+00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:55,870
+تاريخيا لدرجة انه صعب تغيره، صعب تغيره، اذاreduced
+
+352
+00:24:55,870 --> 00:24:59,330
+vergence is vergence multiplied مضروبا في
+
+353
+00:24:59,330 --> 00:25:02,670
+refractive index of the median. This term is
+
+354
+00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:06,010
+confusing هذا المصطلح reduced vergence ال vergence
+
+355
+00:25:06,010 --> 00:25:10,750
+المختصر او المختزل بخربط ليش لأنه reduced vergence
+
+356
+00:25:10,750 --> 00:25:14,480
+رقميا اعلى من ال vergence نفسهاحنا في الطبيعة لما
+
+357
+00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:18,980
+نقول إشي مختزل أو مختصر نقول ملخص أو مختزل يعني
+
+358
+00:25:18,980 --> 00:25:22,680
+واحد اختزل كتاب 500 صفحة لما بنسمع كلمة اختزل
+
+359
+00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,540
+معناته عدد الصفحات قل بس هنا في هذه القضية ال
+
+360
+00:25:26,540 --> 00:25:30,340
+reduced versions دائما أكبر من ال virgins هنا ضريب
+
+361
+00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:36,480
+لمثال أنه لما بيكون في أشعة متجمعة و رايحة على بعد
+
+362
+00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:40,850
+مترmeter from the image, the reduced vergence will
+
+363
+00:25:40,850 --> 00:25:43,550
+be plus one diopter and the reduced vergence will
+
+364
+00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950
+be one and a half diopters as we explained in the
+
+365
+00:25:45,950 --> 00:25:49,330
+drawing and calculated it very clearly so
+
+366
+00:25:49,330 --> 00:25:53,230
+confusing or not, whether you get confused or not,
+
+367
+00:25:53,570 --> 00:25:58,530
+the term reduced vergence is
+
+368
+00:25:58,530 --> 00:26:01,290
+too well-intentioned to be changed
+
+369
+00:26:05,290 --> 00:26:10,190
+Changed يعني متجذر جدا لدرجة لا يمكن تغييره
+
+370
+00:26:10,190 --> 00:26:13,230
+فبالتالي بدنا نفهم أنه رقميا ال reduced versions
+
+371
+00:26:13,230 --> 00:26:17,970
+أكبر من ال versions أكبر من ال versions المرة
+
+372
+00:26:17,970 --> 00:26:22,890
+القادمة هنعرف يعني كيف أنه ال lens makers equation
+
+373
+00:26:22,890 --> 00:26:28,830
+ممكن أنا أعبر عنها أعبر عنهابطريقة ال versions
+
+374
+00:26:28,830 --> 00:26:33,670
+اللي احنا شرحناها بطريقة الحالة التشتتية للضوء
+
+375
+00:26:33,670 --> 00:26:37,330
+بطريقة الحالة يعني المرة الجاية كيف أصيغ ال lens
+
+376
+00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:43,150
+makers equation مرة أخرى بس من مفهوم أو من رؤية ال
+
+377
+00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:46,170
+versions of light و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+378
+00:26:46,170 --> 00:26:47,730
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3U8quwM9QDg_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1392 @@
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:06,140
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنبدأ مع علم ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:06,140 --> 00:00:10,160
+optics والمحاضرة الأولى ال geometric optics أو
+
+3
+00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:18,100
+البصريات الهندسية هو علم معنى بدراسة رحلة الضوء
+
+4
+00:00:18,100 --> 00:00:25,140
+انطلاقا من الأجسام ووصولا إلى صور تلك الأجسام يعني
+
+5
+00:00:25,140 --> 00:00:29,780
+كل جسمstands in front of cameras such as lenses,
+
+6
+00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,700
+mirrors or similar things or cameras that take
+
+7
+00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:36,840
+pictures of it. The light moves from this body
+
+8
+00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:39,540
+through the cameras, which we will call the
+
+9
+00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:44,460
+optical system, and the light then reaches the
+
+10
+00:00:44,460 --> 00:00:48,340
+image. The optical system collects the rays to
+
+11
+00:00:48,340 --> 00:00:51,740
+form a picture of what is in the vacuum, in the
+
+12
+00:00:51,740 --> 00:00:54,840
+place of water.And that's how the light journey
+
+13
+00:00:54,840 --> 00:01:00,060
+ends. It starts from the body, then it reaches the
+
+14
+00:01:00,060 --> 00:01:04,320
+optical system or photography equipment from a
+
+15
+00:01:04,320 --> 00:01:09,100
+lens or a mirror or a camera or anything else and
+
+16
+00:01:09,100 --> 00:01:13,620
+it reaches the image Now in scientific terms or in
+
+17
+00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,500
+English, the body is called the objectThe object
+
+18
+00:01:17,500 --> 00:01:20,940
+and the photography equipment they call it the
+
+19
+00:01:20,940 --> 00:01:24,780
+optical system or the visual system The visual
+
+20
+00:01:24,780 --> 00:01:30,180
+system and the picture they call it the image, so
+
+21
+00:01:30,180 --> 00:01:34,680
+I have object and I have optical system and I have
+
+22
+00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,250
+imageThe journey of light from the object to the
+
+23
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:40,830
+image, to the formation of the image, through the
+
+24
+00:01:40,830 --> 00:01:43,530
+optical system, this science, which is the science
+
+25
+00:01:43,530 --> 00:01:47,270
+of geometric optics, means studying this journey
+
+26
+00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:54,170
+and this path that follows the light Now I want to
+
+27
+00:01:54,170 --> 00:01:57,470
+know or .. or .. I mean, what is the thing in
+
+28
+00:01:57,470 --> 00:02:02,190
+existence that I can call optical system? Actually
+
+29
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:08,270
+.. actually all thingswhich can form a picture,
+
+30
+00:02:08,450 --> 00:02:12,890
+anything can form a picture, I call it a visual
+
+31
+00:02:12,890 --> 00:02:17,970
+system or optical system And here I want to point
+
+32
+00:02:17,970 --> 00:02:21,010
+out a very important point, not necessarily that
+
+33
+00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:23,950
+the picture should be clear Let's give many
+
+34
+00:02:23,950 --> 00:02:27,570
+examples of this A person with his phone, the
+
+35
+00:02:27,570 --> 00:02:31,890
+phone is turned off, he looks at the screen of the
+
+36
+00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:36,270
+black phone and seessaw a picture of himself in
+
+37
+00:02:36,270 --> 00:02:38,850
+the phone, so he used the phone as if it was a
+
+38
+00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:42,030
+mirror, as if it was a mirror, this way the phone
+
+39
+00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:44,670
+screen is considered an optical system because it
+
+40
+00:02:44,670 --> 00:02:47,730
+formed a picture, a person walking in front of a
+
+41
+00:02:47,730 --> 00:02:52,530
+glass shopوشاف صورة حاله في الإجازة هذه الواجهة
+
+42
+00:02:52,530 --> 00:02:57,490
+الزجاجية تعتبر optical system إنسان آخر يقف أمام
+
+43
+00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:04,370
+سيارة مغلق زجاجها شاف صورته في الزجاج إذا الزجاج
+
+44
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:10,430
+يعتبر optical system إنسان رابع بتطلع في ساعة اليد
+
+45
+00:03:10,430 --> 00:03:17,400
+بتاعتهفشاف صورة نفسه في إجزاز الساعة و هذه ساعتها
+
+46
+00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,360
+إجزاز الساعة يعتبر optical system أيضا من ال
+
+47
+00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:25,140
+optical system اللي هي عين الإنسان أو عين الحيوان
+
+48
+00:03:25,140 --> 00:03:33,160
+أو يعني العدسات، المرايا و ما إلى ذلك، إذا هذه كل
+
+49
+00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:38,360
+ما يستطيع أن يكون صورة يعتبر optical system، يعتبر
+
+50
+00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:43,310
+optical systemالآن بنبدأ مع بعض مع هذا العلم بنقول
+
+51
+00:03:43,310 --> 00:03:48,110
+Geometric optics is the study of light and images
+
+52
+00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:52,710
+using geometric principles يعني أنا بدرس الضوء و
+
+53
+00:03:52,710 --> 00:03:56,430
+الصورة اللي اتكونت بواسطة هذا الضوء، طبعا الضوء م��
+
+54
+00:03:56,430 --> 00:04:00,110
+وين؟ إجا من ال object، من الأجسام، إذا the study
+
+55
+00:04:00,110 --> 00:04:04,250
+of light and imageswhich is made up of bodies
+
+56
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:08,890
+using geometric principles by using the principles
+
+57
+00:04:08,890 --> 00:04:12,750
+of vacuum engineering to create a vacuum in the
+
+58
+00:04:12,750 --> 00:04:17,570
+vacuum or in any part of the vacuum. Geometric
+
+59
+00:04:17,570 --> 00:04:21,910
+optics uses linear rays to represent the path
+
+60
+00:04:21,910 --> 00:04:26,050
+traveled by lightNow when we want to point out and
+
+61
+00:04:26,050 --> 00:04:29,790
+point out on the path led by light When it left
+
+62
+00:04:29,790 --> 00:04:33,210
+the body and reached the camera or the optical
+
+63
+00:04:33,210 --> 00:04:37,850
+system Then after that it formed the image I use
+
+64
+00:04:37,850 --> 00:04:43,630
+straight arrows or straight rays Of course we call
+
+65
+00:04:43,630 --> 00:04:48,370
+them light rays, we call them light rays Of course
+
+66
+00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:52,070
+these light rays that we represent with straight
+
+67
+00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,160
+linesto .. to show or represent the path through
+
+68
+00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:58,860
+which the light travels .. the path through which
+
+69
+00:04:58,860 --> 00:05:02,000
+the light travels One can say that this
+
+70
+00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:03,900
+information is not strange, that is, we always
+
+71
+00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:07,880
+draw rays in a straight line It is actually ..
+
+72
+00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,940
+this case was intended to show something very
+
+73
+00:05:12,940 --> 00:05:15,980
+important that the nature of light is a wave
+
+74
+00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:17,780
+nature, that is, light is supposed to be drawn as
+
+75
+00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:23,710
+wavesLight is a kind of electromagnetic waves that
+
+76
+00:05:23,710 --> 00:05:26,370
+our eyes have sensors that can interact with it
+
+77
+00:05:26,370 --> 00:05:30,030
+and understand it Therefore, light is not .. the
+
+78
+00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:31,990
+reality of the matter does not happen in straight
+
+79
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:35,570
+lines, but it is waves But in the science of
+
+80
+00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:38,690
+geometric optics, we will consider light as
+
+81
+00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:42,630
+straight lines or we will use straight lines and
+
+82
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:44,250
+we will call them light rays
+
+83
+00:05:46,980 --> 00:05:50,040
+to show me where the light came from, or what is
+
+84
+00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:53,260
+the path, what is the journey, or where did the
+
+85
+00:05:53,260 --> 00:05:58,140
+light go from the object, then reaching the
+
+86
+00:05:58,140 --> 00:06:02,740
+optical system, then ending at the image. So this
+
+87
+00:06:02,740 --> 00:06:10,040
+path is .. I mean .. what do they study? Geometric
+
+88
+00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:14,450
+optics science .. Geometric optics scienceThe
+
+89
+00:06:14,450 --> 00:06:19,050
+simplest camera you can get is called the pinhole,
+
+90
+00:06:19,210 --> 00:06:23,370
+the pinhole or the pinhole, or the pinhole, or the
+
+91
+00:06:23,370 --> 00:06:26,290
+pinhole Of course, we will start by explaining a
+
+92
+00:06:26,290 --> 00:06:29,390
+very simple experiment that any person can do at
+
+93
+00:06:29,390 --> 00:06:32,750
+home If we bring a piece of paper from the drawer
+
+94
+00:06:33,620 --> 00:06:36,960
+parchment paper or aluminum foil. This aluminum
+
+95
+00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,980
+foil, which is the parchment paper that we use at
+
+96
+00:06:39,980 --> 00:06:45,740
+home to wrap some foods while putting them in the
+
+97
+00:06:45,740 --> 00:06:48,340
+oven, such as chicken and the like. This parchment
+
+98
+00:06:48,340 --> 00:06:52,240
+paper or aluminum foil, we bring a certain paper
+
+99
+00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:57,100
+or ..a small piece of paper and we make holes in
+
+100
+00:06:57,100 --> 00:07:00,960
+the middle of it, we make holes in the middle of
+
+101
+00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:04,080
+it with the tip of the pick or the tip of the
+
+102
+00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:08,310
+needleالآن هذا الثقب بنسميه pinhole يسمى باللغة
+
+103
+00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,550
+الإنجليزية pinhole الآن بقى أضوي شمعة .. بقى أضوي
+
+104
+00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:17,290
+شمعة و بقى أجيب ورقة شمع و ورقة شمع إذا ما توفرش
+
+105
+00:07:17,290 --> 00:07:20,950
+عندي بجيب ورقة عادية plain paper اللي هي ال .. ورق
+
+106
+00:07:20,950 --> 00:07:25,310
+ال A4 اللي بنستخدمه في الطبع ورق ال A4 اللي
+
+107
+00:07:25,310 --> 00:07:29,830
+بنستخدمه في الطبعةI leave the candle on the table,
+
+108
+00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:33,330
+I fix it and I light it, I light the candle and I
+
+109
+00:07:33,330 --> 00:07:36,350
+move away, I move away and the paper on which the
+
+110
+00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:38,470
+picture will remain, which is the A4 paper, I move
+
+111
+00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:41,570
+it two feet away from the candle, which is about
+
+112
+00:07:41,570 --> 00:07:45,620
+sixty-six centimetersBajeeb ال .. ال .. ورقة
+
+113
+00:07:45,620 --> 00:07:50,500
+القصدير اللي .. اللي ثقبتها أنا في المنتصف و بحطها
+
+114
+00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:55,520
+في نص المسافة .. في نص المسافة بين الشامعة و بين
+
+115
+00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:59,260
+ورقة التلقي تاعة الصورة اللي هتلق عليها الصورة
+
+116
+00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:03,300
+يعني هتبعد ورقة القصدير بال .. بين هول اللي موجود
+
+117
+00:08:03,300 --> 00:08:08,800
+فيها مسافة واحد قدم عن الشامعة و واحد قدم عن ورقة
+
+118
+00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:14,000
+التلقيالآن هيك اكملت ظروف التجربة ما عدا ظرف واحد
+
+119
+00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:18,300
+ضروري للغاية لازم أعمل الغرفة اللي بيجري فيها
+
+120
+00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,280
+التجربة أعملها معتمة للغاية يعني أسكر كل الستائر
+
+121
+00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:27,980
+يعني أغلق الستائر و أطفئ الأضواء حتى أتمكن من رؤية
+
+122
+00:08:27,980 --> 00:08:32,100
+الصورة حتى أتمكن من رؤية الصورةBut after doing all
+
+123
+00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:35,160
+these cases, I will find that on the acceptance
+
+124
+00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,240
+form, on the A4 paper, there started to appear a
+
+125
+00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:41,920
+picture that is a bit weird, why? Candle wax,
+
+126
+00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,960
+upside down picture, I'm not used to upside down,
+
+127
+00:08:45,340 --> 00:08:50,500
+to candle waxAs long as a picture is formed, it
+
+128
+00:08:50,500 --> 00:08:52,920
+means that the simplest way to photograph it, I
+
+129
+00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:57,120
+will call it the pinhole or the octopus, it is
+
+130
+00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:00,560
+considered an optical system, why? Because it
+
+131
+00:09:00,560 --> 00:09:01,200
+formed a picture Why? Because it formed a picture
+
+132
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,860
+A person might say, no, this is not a photography
+
+133
+00:09:04,860 --> 00:09:08,220
+tool, we say simply, leave the candle in its
+
+134
+00:09:08,220 --> 00:09:11,060
+place, or leave the receipt paper in its place,
+
+135
+00:09:11,540 --> 00:09:13,800
+and remove the receipt paper containing the
+
+136
+00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:15,800
+pinhole, we will find that the image of the candle
+
+137
+00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,880
+has disappearedIt means that the woman is the one
+
+138
+00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:25,400
+who made the image of the candle Now we want to
+
+139
+00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:31,120
+make a more advanced step in the .. I mean .. the
+
+140
+00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:33,950
+experienceWe want to move the paper of the
+
+141
+00:09:33,950 --> 00:09:36,530
+receiver towards the candle, that is, to make it
+
+142
+00:09:36,530 --> 00:09:38,570
+closer to the candle, we will find that the
+
+143
+00:09:38,570 --> 00:09:43,130
+picture is large, then we move it further, to make
+
+144
+00:09:43,130 --> 00:09:45,330
+it closer to the receipt paper, we will find that
+
+145
+00:09:45,330 --> 00:09:49,920
+the picture is smallWebsite of photography tools
+
+146
+00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:52,560
+makes the characteristics of the image change from
+
+147
+00:09:52,560 --> 00:09:56,840
+big to small. So when the pinhole I try it from
+
+148
+00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,320
+the candle, when I try it from the candle, the
+
+149
+00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:05,460
+image gets bigger. When I try it from the place of
+
+150
+00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:10,990
+the candle, the image gets smaller.حبنا نغير مش في
+
+151
+00:10:10,990 --> 00:10:14,150
+موقع ورقة القصدير اللي فيها ال pinhole، في ورقة
+
+152
+00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,830
+التلقى، لو بعتها، هتكبر الصورة، لو جربتها من ال
+
+153
+00:10:18,830 --> 00:10:23,150
+pinhole، هتصغر الصورةالمنطق في ذلك، المنطق في ذلك
+
+154
+00:10:23,150 --> 00:10:27,810
+أنه لو جربت ورقة التلقي، هتكون الصورة بالحجم اللي
+
+155
+00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:31,950
+أنا قاعد بأشر عليه لإن الأشعة لسه ما انتشرت كتير
+
+156
+00:10:31,950 --> 00:10:35,770
+فبالتالي هتكون مركزة في ال .. ال .. الحجم هذا، في
+
+157
+00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:39,190
+الحجم هذا وكل ما جربت أكتر من ال .. من ال pinhole،
+
+158
+00:10:39,190 --> 00:10:44,610
+هتصغر الصورة، هتصغر الصورة، إذا أبسط جهاز تصوير هو
+
+159
+00:10:44,610 --> 00:10:50,240
+ال pinhole، ال pinhole، بيقول make a pinholeنعمل
+
+160
+00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:54,380
+خرم إبرة near the center of a large sheet of
+
+161
+00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:58,040
+aluminum foil يعني بجيب ورق قصدير كبيرة شوية
+
+162
+00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:04,390
+بأثقبها في المنتصف, light a candleand extinguish
+
+163
+00:11:04,390 --> 00:11:16,450
+all other illumination in the room hold
+
+164
+00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:21,300
+a sheet of a plain white paperOr better يعني ممكن
+
+165
+00:11:21,300 --> 00:11:25,740
+احنا .. يعني نمسك ورقة بيضة اللي هي ورقة ال A4 أو
+
+166
+00:11:25,740 --> 00:11:29,040
+اذا .. افضل اذا عندنا ورق شمعي، في ورق شمعي يباع
+
+167
+00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:34,620
+احيانا فبالتالي ممكن استعمله، اذا مش موجود انا
+
+168
+00:11:34,620 --> 00:11:40,120
+بستعمل plain white paper اللي هي ورقة ال A4طبعا
+
+169
+00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:44,540
+الورقة ال A4 بده أحملها على بعد اتنين feet قدمين
+
+170
+00:11:44,540 --> 00:11:49,080
+from the candle من الشامعة طبعا ال pinhole place
+
+171
+00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:51,860
+the pinhole midway between the paper and the
+
+172
+00:11:51,860 --> 00:11:55,680
+candle بحطه في منتصف الطريق بين ال paper اللي
+
+173
+00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:59,560
+هتلقى عليها الصورة و بين الشامعة اللي هتمثل ليه ال
+
+174
+00:11:59,560 --> 00:12:02,320
+object اللي هتمثل ليه ال object
+
+175
+00:12:05,310 --> 00:12:09,130
+observe ..لاحظ ال inverted image of the candle
+
+176
+00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:12,710
+flame on the paper هنلاحظ صورة مجلوبة للها
+
+177
+00:12:12,710 --> 00:12:17,410
+بالشامعة للها بالشامعة on the paper moving the
+
+178
+00:12:17,410 --> 00:12:20,570
+pinhole closer to the candle while keeping the
+
+179
+00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:26,170
+paper stationary yields larger imageI moved the
+
+180
+00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:28,850
+pinhole closer to the candle, closer to the
+
+181
+00:12:28,850 --> 00:12:31,810
+candle, you will notice that the candle or the
+
+182
+00:12:31,810 --> 00:12:35,790
+picture of the candle grew because I changed the
+
+183
+00:12:35,790 --> 00:12:39,010
+location of the camera Of course, when I try from
+
+184
+00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:41,010
+the candle, when I try the pinhole from the
+
+185
+00:12:41,010 --> 00:12:44,770
+candle, the picture grows When I move the pinhole
+
+186
+00:12:44,770 --> 00:12:48,830
+from the candle, the picture shrinks, the picture
+
+187
+00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:53,370
+shrinks Okay, now we said that the journey is
+
+188
+00:12:53,370 --> 00:12:57,550
+lightIt starts from the object, it starts from the
+
+189
+00:12:57,550 --> 00:13:02,010
+object And
+
+190
+00:13:02,010 --> 00:13:04,970
+bodies, we want to talk about the body, which is
+
+191
+00:13:04,970 --> 00:13:07,410
+the beginning of the journey of light The bodies
+
+192
+00:13:07,410 --> 00:13:11,010
+in our whole life are divided into two types
+
+193
+00:13:11,010 --> 00:13:14,890
+Either a body that is narrow in itself, object,
+
+194
+00:13:15,310 --> 00:13:19,900
+its own light, like a candleزي لها بالشمعة هو مضيق
+
+195
+00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:23,820
+بذاته زي النار اللي بنوقدها زي المصباح الكهربائي
+
+196
+00:13:23,820 --> 00:13:28,540
+زي الشمس بتاعتنا أو أي نجم آخر مضيق بذاته إذا
+
+197
+00:13:28,540 --> 00:13:34,180
+الأجسام أول شيء إما بتكون مضاقة بذاتها أو مضيقة
+
+198
+00:13:34,180 --> 00:13:39,420
+بذاتها عفوا أو مضاقة وعاكسة مضاقة بس ضروري تكون
+
+199
+00:13:39,420 --> 00:13:43,980
+عاكسة مضاقة يعني هو ليس جسم مضيق بذاته يعني زي جسم
+
+200
+00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:50,110
+الإنسان زي جسم الإنسان لو اتصورناA football player
+
+201
+00:13:50,110 --> 00:13:53,770
+stands in the middle of the field and the crowd is
+
+202
+00:13:53,770 --> 00:14:02,380
+all around him, all around him from all sidesCan
+
+203
+00:14:02,380 --> 00:14:06,840
+the audience .. all the audience see the player at
+
+204
+00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:10,680
+the same moment? The answer is yes. Why? Because
+
+205
+00:14:10,680 --> 00:14:14,040
+the light of the sun, the light of the day fell on
+
+206
+00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:16,940
+the body of the player, then it reflected in all
+
+207
+00:14:16,940 --> 00:14:21,350
+directions, therefore .. therefore ..As long as we
+
+208
+00:14:21,350 --> 00:14:24,290
+saw at the same moment that he reflected the rays
+
+209
+00:14:24,290 --> 00:14:28,010
+in all directions If he couldn't reflect the rays
+
+210
+00:14:28,010 --> 00:14:32,330
+in all directions, sometimes we say that he
+
+211
+00:14:32,330 --> 00:14:35,210
+reflected them in one direction, and sometimes
+
+212
+00:14:35,210 --> 00:14:38,010
+this direction, the audience sitting in this
+
+213
+00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:40,770
+direction is the only one who can see the player
+
+214
+00:14:40,770 --> 00:14:44,880
+Another example .. another exampleIf a person or
+
+215
+00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,220
+student is sitting in the middle of the class and
+
+216
+00:14:47,220 --> 00:14:51,900
+surrounded by his classmates, all of them can see
+
+217
+00:14:51,900 --> 00:14:55,560
+him at the same moment because of the light of the
+
+218
+00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:58,180
+room or the light of the day falling on him, then
+
+219
+00:14:58,180 --> 00:15:03,160
+his body reflects him in all directions If we
+
+220
+00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:05,420
+imagine that this student does not reflect any
+
+221
+00:15:05,420 --> 00:15:08,880
+kind of light, then he will not be able to see
+
+222
+00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:12,510
+with his eyesساعتها هيختفي تماما. إذا الجسم اللي
+
+223
+00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:18,330
+مش مضيق بذاته .. الجسم اللي مش مضيق بذاته ي ..
+
+224
+00:15:18,330 --> 00:15:22,870
+لازم يكون مضاء و عاكس حتى يتم ..or حتى نتمكن من
+
+225
+00:15:22,870 --> 00:15:27,370
+رؤيته. هذا بالنسبة لأ الأجسام، إما مضيقة بذاتها أو
+
+226
+00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:31,390
+مضاءة، بس إذا مضاءة، لازم تكون عاكزة مثال آخر و
+
+227
+00:15:31,390 --> 00:15:35,750
+واضح في حياتنا العملية، إنه القمر، القمر لا يضيق
+
+228
+00:15:35,750 --> 00:15:42,950
+بذاته، ولكن يعكس إضاءة الشمس على هذا القمر، ثم
+
+229
+00:15:42,950 --> 00:15:46,690
+يعكسها باتجاه الأرض، فبالتالي احنا بنشوفه، هو طبعا
+
+230
+00:15:46,690 --> 00:15:53,300
+يعكسها في جميع الاتجاهات، ولكنWe are looking at
+
+231
+00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,480
+the moon because it reflects part of its light
+
+232
+00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,600
+towards the surface of the earth Towards the
+
+233
+00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,240
+surface of the earth Now the object is made up of
+
+234
+00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,340
+parts And these parts can be divided into smaller
+
+235
+00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:12,120
+parts And smaller parts can be divided into
+
+236
+00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:15,520
+smaller and smaller parts Until we reach the
+
+237
+00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,160
+smallest part that we call the blind spots. We
+
+238
+00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:23,350
+agreedانه الجسم اما مضيق بذاته وEither upside down
+
+239
+00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:26,170
+or upside down. We will consider that the body
+
+240
+00:16:26,170 --> 00:16:29,210
+will emit light from it, whether it is self or
+
+241
+00:16:29,210 --> 00:16:31,470
+reversed from another body. The important thing is
+
+242
+00:16:31,470 --> 00:16:34,030
+that it will emit light from it. Okay, will the
+
+243
+00:16:34,030 --> 00:16:36,970
+light come from the part that I point to, for
+
+244
+00:16:36,970 --> 00:16:39,410
+example, or from the part that I point to, or from
+
+245
+00:16:39,410 --> 00:16:42,290
+the part that I point to? No, in fact, the light
+
+246
+00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:45,790
+will come from all parts of the body. For example,
+
+247
+00:16:45,870 --> 00:16:48,970
+I see the body as a whole when we look at a candle
+
+248
+00:16:49,460 --> 00:16:52,360
+When we look at a candle, we have to consider our
+
+249
+00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,440
+eyes as the optical system, instead of the pinhole
+
+250
+00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:58,480
+We see the candle as a whole .. as a whole It's
+
+251
+00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:00,920
+true that we see the flame more than the body of
+
+252
+00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:03,480
+the candle, but we see the candle as a whole with
+
+253
+00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:06,780
+the flame around it So, as long as we see the
+
+254
+00:17:06,780 --> 00:17:09,420
+candle as a whole, it means that the flame is
+
+255
+00:17:09,420 --> 00:17:11,840
+narrowed by itself and the body of the candle ..
+
+256
+00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,060
+the body of the candle is illuminated by another
+
+257
+00:17:14,060 --> 00:17:16,200
+light, let's say the room light or the candle's
+
+258
+00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:18,540
+flame, and it is reflected towards our eyes
+
+259
+00:17:18,940 --> 00:17:23,360
+فبالتالي احنا بنشوف الشمعة متكاملةSo, when we
+
+260
+00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:26,760
+divide this body into parts, and we divide the
+
+261
+00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:29,500
+parts into parts smaller than them, and the parts
+
+262
+00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,240
+smaller than them, then smaller, then smaller, we
+
+263
+00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,680
+will reach that the body, any body in the world,
+
+264
+00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:38,300
+candle or non-candle, is made up of bodies or
+
+265
+00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:42,320
+things that intersect in the small, we call them
+
+266
+00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:46,580
+the point sources of light Point source of light,
+
+267
+00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:51,290
+point source of light, we considerالجسم عبارة عن
+
+268
+00:17:51,290 --> 00:17:55,890
+مجموعة لا متناهية عددها لا نهائي من النقاط الصغيرة
+
+269
+00:17:55,890 --> 00:17:59,910
+المتماسكة مع بعضها البعض و اللي بتكونلي في مجموعها
+
+270
+00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:04,050
+الجسم كل نقطة تصدر دوقها الخاص سواء دوقها الذاتي
+
+271
+00:18:04,050 --> 00:18:09,330
+أو دوقها المعكوس، اذا كل جسم مكون من عدد لا نهائي
+
+272
+00:18:09,330 --> 00:18:13,790
+من النقاط الصغيرة اللي بنسميها ال point source of
+
+273
+00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:16,970
+light ال point source of light
+
+274
+00:18:21,780 --> 00:18:26,000
+An object may be regarded as a collection of
+
+275
+00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:32,580
+points Geometric
+
+276
+00:18:32,580 --> 00:18:37,080
+optics treats every point of an object as a point
+
+277
+00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:38,160
+source of light
+
+278
+00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:53,700
+An object has an infinite number of point sources,
+
+279
+00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:58,520
+any object مهما صغر إذا شفنا عدد النقاط المضيقة
+
+280
+00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:02,000
+فيه المكونة إله هتكون عددها لانهائي infinite
+
+281
+00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:06,200
+number and each source point يعني لو جينا نمسك
+
+282
+00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:10,640
+نقطة معينة منها هنلاقيها infinitesimally small
+
+283
+00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:15,360
+يعني صغيرة متناهية في الصغر يعني أصغر شيء ممكن
+
+284
+00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:21,780
+يعني نتصورهطبعا هذا .. ممكن يقول كيف ممكن نجسم
+
+285
+00:19:21,780 --> 00:19:25,520
+الجسم حتى نصل لنقطة؟ حقيقة نقطة متناهية في الصغر،
+
+286
+00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:30,140
+يعني جد ما نجسم الجسم لأجسام، بيضل النقطة أصغر من
+
+287
+00:19:30,140 --> 00:19:33,000
+الجسم، بس هذا شيء افتراضي في علم ال geometric
+
+288
+00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,860
+optics، أنه المصدر النقطي للضوء، أن الضوء عبارة عن
+
+289
+00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:43,280
+الصدر طبعا من الأجسام، الأجسام عبارة عن ..a group
+
+290
+00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:47,260
+of narrow points that are attached side by side
+
+291
+00:19:47,260 --> 00:19:49,700
+and that are attached and that give me a group of
+
+292
+00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:53,740
+objects Why did we have to talk about the narrow
+
+293
+00:19:53,740 --> 00:19:58,180
+points? Because I will study one point or two
+
+294
+00:19:58,180 --> 00:20:02,940
+points and I will get tired of the whole body? No,
+
+295
+00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,610
+a person cannotNo matter how old he is, no matter
+
+296
+00:20:06,610 --> 00:20:11,350
+how intelligent he is, he studies all the light
+
+297
+00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:14,030
+coming out of all the points of the object because
+
+298
+00:20:14,030 --> 00:20:17,270
+his whole life will not be enough to study the
+
+299
+00:20:17,270 --> 00:20:20,230
+infinite number of light rays coming out of this
+
+300
+00:20:20,230 --> 00:20:23,670
+object So when I consider the object made up of
+
+301
+00:20:23,670 --> 00:20:27,390
+points and I focus on my study on the journey of
+
+302
+00:20:27,390 --> 00:20:31,470
+light from the object to the imageon one point or
+
+303
+00:20:31,470 --> 00:20:34,890
+two points, it makes things much easier, and
+
+304
+00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:37,870
+sometimes studying the point, the journey of this
+
+305
+00:20:37,870 --> 00:20:41,230
+point, or the rays coming from this point towards
+
+306
+00:20:41,230 --> 00:20:44,490
+the formation of the image, when I study them,
+
+307
+00:20:44,870 --> 00:20:48,030
+they block it, or they do it on purpose, or they
+
+308
+00:20:48,030 --> 00:20:50,210
+avoid it on purpose, instead of studying each
+
+309
+00:20:50,210 --> 00:20:52,530
+point of the object, instead of studying each
+
+310
+00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,650
+point of the object. NowLight radiates in all
+
+311
+00:20:57,650 --> 00:21:02,250
+directions from each point of an on an object Of
+
+312
+00:21:02,250 --> 00:21:05,510
+course, the object consists of an infinite number
+
+313
+00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:08,410
+of points We want to take an example, a single
+
+314
+00:21:08,410 --> 00:21:11,270
+point, which is the point here in the example that
+
+315
+00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:15,690
+we have presented The point is the tip of a
+
+316
+00:21:15,690 --> 00:21:20,090
+candle, which emits light, but where does the
+
+317
+00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:23,250
+light go? In which direction?حقيقة الضوء يشع في
+
+318
+00:21:23,250 --> 00:21:27,730
+جميع الاتجاهات، يشع باتجاه ال penhole و باتجاه
+
+319
+00:21:27,730 --> 00:21:30,870
+الورقة، يعني جزء من الإشعاعات الضوئية هيصطدم في
+
+320
+00:21:30,870 --> 00:21:35,290
+ورقة القصدير، وجزء حيطب للأعلى وجزء للأسفل وجزء
+
+321
+00:21:35,290 --> 00:21:39,650
+للشمال وجزء للشمال وللأعلى ومائلا، اذا light
+
+322
+00:21:39,650 --> 00:21:43,830
+radiates in all directions from each object point
+
+323
+00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:48,160
+طبعا احنا ضربنا مثال على نقطة ايه و هذا ينطبق على
+
+324
+00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:52,520
+جميع النقاط كل نقطة من النقاط بتاعة ال object سواء
+
+325
+00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:56,780
+مضيقة بذاتها او مضاءة او عاكسة هينتشر الضوء منها
+
+326
+00:21:56,780 --> 00:22:06,540
+في جميع الاتجاهات، في جميع الاتجاهات Stars
+
+327
+00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:10,680
+behave as point sources of light طبعا النجوم اللي
+
+328
+00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:16,430
+شاهقة البعد عننااحنا بنشوفها كنقط .. كنقاط مضيقة
+
+329
+00:22:16,430 --> 00:22:20,950
+في السماء ليلا وعشان هيك النجوم تتصرف وكأنها نقاط
+
+330
+00:22:20,950 --> 00:22:25,800
+مضيقةThe point source is mainly a conceptual tool
+
+331
+00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:30,080
+يعني ال point source of light المصدر النقطي للضوء
+
+332
+00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:33,700
+هو عبارة عن شيء افتراضي لأنه جد ما جسمنا الجسم
+
+333
+00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,520
+منها مش هنصل إنه نجسمه لأجزاء صغيرة متناهية في
+
+334
+00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:42,320
+الصغر نطلق عليها اللي هو النقاط المضيقة حقيقة
+
+335
+00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:47,620
+وإنما هي شيء افتراضي هيساعدنا على فهم رحلة الضوء
+
+336
+00:22:47,620 --> 00:22:52,560
+وعلىدراسة علم الـ Geometric Optics طبعا it is
+
+337
+00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:56,900
+easier .. it is usually easier .. أسهل لنا to
+
+338
+00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:01,580
+understand an optical system by concentrating on
+
+339
+00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:05,080
+light radiating from single object point or few
+
+340
+00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:09,370
+pointsيعني بمعنى آخر لما أفترض أنه الجسم مكوّن من
+
+341
+00:23:09,370 --> 00:23:13,670
+نقاط مضيقة متناهية في الصغر و أركز في دراستي على
+
+342
+00:23:13,670 --> 00:23:17,870
+نقطة أو نقطتين أو few points، قليل من النقاط،
+
+343
+00:23:17,870 --> 00:23:23,350
+بيكون أسهل بكثير من أني أدرس الضوء المنتشر من جميع
+
+344
+00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:27,100
+مناطق ال object و من جميع نقاط ال objectلأن هذا
+
+345
+00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:31,760
+هياخد مني وقت وجهد كبير جدا جدا لا يمكن لشخص أو
+
+346
+00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:36,800
+حتى لمجموعة كبيرة من الأشخاص تانفيف هذا إشي
+
+347
+00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:42,240
+فبالتالي هنتوقف عند هذه النقطة و هنستكمل ان شاء
+
+348
+00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,560
+الله تعالى في المحاضرة القادمة و يعطيكم العمل
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4Z2l80h8T3k_raw.json

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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4iidAXN1jGY_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2176 @@
+1
+00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:04,500
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنكمل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:09,220
+Geometric Optics واتحدثنا المرة الماضية عن كيف ال
+
+3
+00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:14,300
+astigmatic lens أو ال spherical lens بتكون صورة
+
+4
+00:00:14,300 --> 00:00:19,500
+فرقية عبارة عن conoid of a star لكل نقطة من نقاط
+
+5
+00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:22,940
+ال objectAnd we learned how to determine the first
+
+6
+00:00:22,940 --> 00:00:25,880
+focal line and the second focal line and the
+
+7
+00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:30,040
+location of the circle of least confusion Now we
+
+8
+00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,540
+will talk more about the astigmatic lens or the
+
+9
+00:00:34,540 --> 00:00:37,520
+spherocylindrical lens and we will say why we call
+
+10
+00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:40,580
+astigmatic lens sometimes or most of the time
+
+11
+00:00:40,580 --> 00:00:45,100
+spherocylindrical lens First of all, its name
+
+12
+00:00:45,100 --> 00:00:48,340
+astigmatic lens astigmatic lens means lens that
+
+13
+00:00:48,340 --> 00:00:51,860
+does not give meit doesn't give me a stigmatic
+
+14
+00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:55,260
+imaging but the image itself is more stigmatic
+
+15
+00:00:55,260 --> 00:01:00,500
+because the meridians have different forces but
+
+16
+00:01:00,500 --> 00:01:04,420
+the difference in force is regular and expected
+
+17
+00:01:04,420 --> 00:01:07,600
+from a weaker meridian to a stronger meridian and
+
+18
+00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:09,800
+what's between them is the average force or from a
+
+19
+00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:13,360
+stronger meridian to a weaker meridian Why did we
+
+20
+00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:13,540
+name it?
+
+21
+00:01:23,070 --> 00:01:27,590
+The simplest form of astigmatic lens is a
+
+22
+00:01:27,590 --> 00:01:29,030
+planocylindrical lens
+
+23
+00:01:33,860 --> 00:01:37,440
+What gives me Conoid of Sturb is called
+
+24
+00:01:37,440 --> 00:01:43,340
+Planocylindrical Lens, either Planoplus
+
+25
+00:01:43,340 --> 00:01:51,240
+or Planominus, as this view shows Let's
+
+26
+00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:56,220
+go to the magnifying glass This is my Planoconvex,
+
+27
+00:01:56,580 --> 00:02:01,960
+this is called PlanoplusCurved from one side, this
+
+28
+00:02:01,960 --> 00:02:04,540
+surface is curved, and the back surface that we
+
+29
+00:02:04,540 --> 00:02:07,800
+don't see is flat, that's why it's called plano
+
+30
+00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:12,060
+convex Of course, every cylindrical lens has axis,
+
+31
+00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:15,660
+it has a vertical axis, as we see in the drawing,
+
+32
+00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:19,420
+which is the dotted line When you enter the beam
+
+33
+00:02:19,420 --> 00:02:22,600
+of rays in it, when you enter the beam of rays in
+
+34
+00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:27,360
+itIt makes focal line, not focal point, focal
+
+35
+00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:33,840
+line, not focal point, so consequently I have a
+
+36
+00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,500
+focal line, focal line, whether the optical band
+
+37
+00:02:37,500 --> 00:02:41,200
+came horizontally or vertically, it makes a focal
+
+38
+00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:48,480
+line, this focal lineالو اتجاه معين في الفرار الو
+
+39
+00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,740
+اتجاه معين في الفرار What is the direction? The
+
+40
+00:02:51,740 --> 00:02:54,480
+direction is in line with the axis of the cylinder
+
+41
+00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,040
+عمودي على اتجاه قوة السليندر عمودي على اتجاه قوة
+
+42
+00:02:58,040 --> 00:02:58,220
+السليندر The force of the cylinder is the force of
+
+43
+00:02:58,220 --> 00:03:00,620
+the cylinder قوة السليندر قوة السليندر The force
+
+44
+00:03:00,620 --> 00:03:01,040
+of the cylinder is the force of the cylinder يعني
+
+45
+00:03:01,040 --> 00:03:04,340
+لو جونا جديش القوة على هذا المحور اللي متفق مع ال
+
+46
+00:03:04,340 --> 00:03:05,080
+axis الصفر يعني if we say how much force is on
+
+47
+00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:08,740
+بينما الانحناع على عمودي while the inclination is
+
+48
+00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:10,490
+perpendicular to the axison the direction of the
+
+49
+00:03:10,490 --> 00:03:12,150
+cylinder. The direction of the cylinder here is
+
+50
+00:03:12,150 --> 00:03:14,590
+vertical, so the force of the cylinder is
+
+51
+00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:16,570
+horizontal. The force of the cylinder is
+
+52
+00:03:16,570 --> 00:03:18,490
+horizontal because these rays that come
+
+53
+00:03:18,490 --> 00:03:22,050
+horizontally are collected in a way .. in a way ..
+
+54
+00:03:22,050 --> 00:03:25,870
+that is, each horizontal axis acts as if it is a
+
+55
+00:03:25,870 --> 00:03:28,130
+lens for itself. So this is the horizontal axis.
+
+56
+00:03:28,410 --> 00:03:31,350
+The beam of the horizontal rays collected the rays
+
+57
+00:03:31,350 --> 00:03:33,850
+in a point here, the next beam collected it in a
+
+58
+00:03:33,850 --> 00:03:36,330
+point here, the next beam collected it in a point
+
+59
+00:03:36,330 --> 00:03:41,310
+hereطبعا هذه الحزم هي أمثلة وإنما مليئة بالحزم
+
+60
+00:03:41,310 --> 00:03:45,890
+فبالتالي بيصير عندي focal line لو .. لو يعني حبيت
+
+61
+00:03:45,890 --> 00:03:49,310
+أعرف مكانه في القرار هذا ال focal line هلاحظ أنه
+
+62
+00:03:49,310 --> 00:03:54,110
+باتجاه ال axis بتاع ال cylinder .. بتجاه ال axis
+
+63
+00:03:54,110 --> 00:03:57,990
+بتاع ال cylinder فبالتالي هذه القضية بدأتكون
+
+64
+00:03:57,990 --> 00:03:59,050
+مفهومة هنا
+
+65
+00:04:04,190 --> 00:04:08,790
+الاشعع اللي دخلت أو حزم الأشعع اللي دخلت .. حزم
+
+66
+00:04:08,790 --> 00:04:13,230
+الأشعع اللي اتدخلت اتشتتت، اذا الصورة virtual على
+
+67
+00:04:13,230 --> 00:04:19,130
+امتدادات الأشعع هتعطيني أيضا vertical lineis
+
+68
+00:04:19,130 --> 00:04:24,150
+aligned with the axis of the cylinder regardless
+
+69
+00:04:24,150 --> 00:04:27,530
+of whether the pencil of light is horizontal or
+
+70
+00:04:27,530 --> 00:04:32,090
+vertical as we see in the picture virtual also in
+
+71
+00:04:32,090 --> 00:04:34,130
+the form of a focal line in the form of a focal
+
+72
+00:04:34,130 --> 00:04:39,350
+line here is an example of a plano-convex and a
+
+73
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:42,230
+plano-concave cylinder if we took a rectangular
+
+74
+00:04:42,230 --> 00:04:44,030
+piece of it there would be a surface of it and the
+
+75
+00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:48,280
+bottom surface is flat and the surfaceبالسطح ال ..
+
+76
+00:04:48,280 --> 00:04:53,380
+ال .. الأعلى هنا محدد فإذا هي plano convex هنا
+
+77
+00:04:53,380 --> 00:04:57,280
+plano السطح الأسفل concave plano concave
+
+78
+00:04:57,280 --> 00:05:01,540
+cylindrical lens طبعا هذه أبسط نوع من الastigmatic
+
+79
+00:05:01,540 --> 00:05:06,560
+lens طبعا كل astigmatic lens سواء plano cylinder
+
+80
+00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,800
+أو مش plano أو sphero cylinder أو sphero cylinder
+
+81
+00:05:11,070 --> 00:05:16,610
+It has axis, it has axis, so this axis, this axis,
+
+82
+00:05:16,910 --> 00:05:19,570
+as I point out here, it comes in length, and here
+
+83
+00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:22,410
+this axis also comes in length. The force of the
+
+84
+00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:28,390
+planus cylinderAlong the axis is zero. قوة الـ
+
+85
+00:05:28,390 --> 00:05:31,890
+planar .. يعني لا تعمل كعدسة، okay؟ إنها صفر، يعني
+
+86
+00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:35,410
+.. يعني الأشعة .. الأشعة .. لو تصورنا أشعة ضوئية
+
+87
+00:05:35,410 --> 00:05:38,550
+هتدخل من النقطة هاي ونقطة هاي ونقطة هاي ونقطة هاي
+
+88
+00:05:38,550 --> 00:05:42,030
+ونقطة هاي، لن يحدث لها شيءOn the other hand, a ray
+
+89
+00:05:42,030 --> 00:05:46,790
+of light enters vertically towards the axis, this
+
+90
+00:05:46,790 --> 00:05:48,650
+is what will become either convergence or
+
+91
+00:05:48,650 --> 00:05:51,290
+divergence, depending on the type of light. If the
+
+92
+00:05:51,290 --> 00:05:54,890
+light enters in a curve, it will also have a
+
+93
+00:05:54,890 --> 00:05:55,450
+refraction.
+
+94
+00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:02,380
+applied to the axis of the cylinder, nothing will
+
+95
+00:06:02,380 --> 00:06:07,560
+happen to it, nothing will happen to it, so this
+
+96
+00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:14,600
+is something that we must know, we must know it I
+
+97
+00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,580
+also have an example of that, I also have an
+
+98
+00:06:18,580 --> 00:06:25,860
+example of that, we want to see the raysthe object
+
+99
+00:06:25,860 --> 00:06:30,720
+is represented by cross this is object and this is
+
+100
+00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:36,280
+plano convex cylinder why did they choose cross
+
+101
+00:06:36,280 --> 00:06:39,260
+object here? because a belt, this horizontal belt
+
+102
+00:06:39,260 --> 00:06:44,140
+that I'm pointing at will enter the cylinder
+
+103
+00:06:44,140 --> 00:06:47,700
+aligned to the axis this is the horizontal axis of
+
+104
+00:06:47,700 --> 00:06:51,580
+the cylinder coming if I go back to draw it to
+
+105
+00:06:51,580 --> 00:06:52,100
+make it clear
+
+106
+00:06:55,170 --> 00:06:57,250
+Or let's draw a rectangle in the direction of the
+
+107
+00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:01,590
+arrow And
+
+108
+00:07:01,590 --> 00:07:07,110
+adjust it after that This
+
+109
+00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:09,950
+is the axis of the cylinder This is the axis of
+
+110
+00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:13,750
+the cylinder So the horizontal axis, let's draw it
+
+111
+00:07:13,750 --> 00:07:19,850
+reddish And with dotted points To distinguish it
+
+112
+00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:25,980
+from ... This is the axis of the cylinderWe say
+
+113
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,100
+the longitudinal axis to the plano .. to the plano
+
+114
+00:07:29,100 --> 00:07:32,360
+convex or the cylindrical lens to the plus
+
+115
+00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,160
+cylindrical lens They chose here in this example
+
+116
+00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:38,940
+that the object should have a cross, why? Because
+
+117
+00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:43,120
+if someone pushes the cross, the rays from him
+
+118
+00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:46,280
+will be a horizontal line applied to the
+
+119
+00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:49,900
+cylindrical lens Let's see what happened here in
+
+120
+00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:53,640
+the pictureNo matter how big the image is, the
+
+121
+00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:56,560
+image here is the same size, the same size, the
+
+122
+00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:58,260
+horizontal arm is the same size, it doesn't have
+
+123
+00:07:58,260 --> 00:08:00,720
+any refraction It's as if it didn't pass through
+
+124
+00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:04,460
+the lens because the power of the cylinder at its
+
+125
+00:08:04,460 --> 00:08:09,950
+axis is zeroWhile the other vertical arm entered
+
+126
+00:08:09,950 --> 00:08:14,310
+vertically towards the axis of the cylinder So
+
+127
+00:08:14,310 --> 00:08:17,730
+here the rays started to gather, its shape became
+
+128
+00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:21,790
+smaller because it became focusing Also again it
+
+129
+00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:24,210
+became smaller because it gathered more, then it
+
+130
+00:08:24,210 --> 00:08:26,710
+became point here, became point here The greatest
+
+131
+00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:30,730
+force of the cylinder in the meridian vertical
+
+132
+00:08:30,730 --> 00:08:37,010
+axis, in the vertical meridian axisنفس المثال، نفس
+
+133
+00:08:37,010 --> 00:08:42,290
+المثال، بس على plano concave cylinder، على plano
+
+134
+00:08:42,290 --> 00:08:48,890
+concave cylinder، ناخد ال axis من هنا، نعمله نسخ،
+
+135
+00:08:48,890 --> 00:08:54,450
+و هنا نحطله لسخ،
+
+136
+00:08:54,450 --> 00:08:59,250
+هاي ال axis بتاع ال plano concave cylinder، ال
+
+137
+00:08:59,250 --> 00:09:04,100
+plano concave cylinder، طيبنمشي مع الذراع الأفقي
+
+138
+00:09:04,100 --> 00:09:06,980
+لل object ال object عبارة عن ال cross الذراع
+
+139
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:11,820
+الأفقي له دخلت الأشعة منه مطابقة مع ال axis بتاع
+
+140
+00:09:11,820 --> 00:09:15,860
+ال cylinder وكأنها مادخلتش من أي عدسة طوله واحد
+
+141
+00:09:15,860 --> 00:09:20,240
+يعني مافي أي مشكلة بينما قوة ال plano concave ال
+
+142
+00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:24,990
+plano concaveBetshattet, but for it to happen, the
+
+143
+00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:28,490
+rays must enter from any other area than the axis.
+
+144
+00:09:28,550 --> 00:09:30,990
+The axis has no pole. The axis has no pole.
+
+145
+00:09:51,820 --> 00:09:56,740
+الان الذراع العمودي الأشعة منه دخلت عمودي على
+
+146
+00:09:56,740 --> 00:10:00,540
+اتجاه ال cylinder طالما هذه بتشتت، اذا بده يكبر،
+
+147
+00:10:00,540 --> 00:10:04,800
+يتشتت، يكبر، يكبر، فبالتالي صارله refraction حتى
+
+148
+00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:08,920
+لو تشتيت أو تجميع، اذا قوة ال cylinder أو قوة ال
+
+149
+00:10:08,920 --> 00:10:13,220
+plano cylinder عمودية على ال axis بتاعها طيب، ممكن
+
+150
+00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:17,080
+انسان يسأل سؤال، طيب عمودية على ال axis بتاعها،
+
+151
+00:10:17,080 --> 00:10:22,830
+ولكن في نقطة مهمةThis is the axis of the cylinder.
+
+152
+00:10:23,250 --> 00:10:26,330
+Its force is zero. And my vertical axis is the
+
+153
+00:10:26,330 --> 00:10:29,410
+full power. What's between them? The power is
+
+154
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:36,010
+gradually decreasing from zero to zero. Here, the
+
+155
+00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:38,690
+force of the plan and convex cylinder is zero at
+
+156
+00:10:38,690 --> 00:10:42,390
+this axis. If we move the axis a little, this is
+
+157
+00:10:42,390 --> 00:10:43,470
+the axis of the cylinder.
+
+158
+00:10:52,660 --> 00:10:55,880
+Now this axis, if we turn it, if we say how much
+
+159
+00:10:55,880 --> 00:11:01,280
+force is here? If we move 10 degrees from the axis
+
+160
+00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:02,860
+of the cylinder, is there force? Yes, there is
+
+161
+00:11:02,860 --> 00:11:06,100
+force, but it is weak. If we move another 10
+
+162
+00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:10,140
+degrees, it starts to be strong. We move 10
+
+163
+00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:14,340
+degrees until we reach how much the power of the
+
+164
+00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:19,540
+cylinder in the meridian perpendicular to the axis
+
+165
+00:11:19,540 --> 00:11:23,820
+of the cylinder is the maximum power.the maximum
+
+166
+00:11:23,820 --> 00:11:29,480
+power if someone came and told us that this plus
+
+167
+00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:33,020
+cylinder or plano convex cylinder has a power of
+
+168
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:47,280
+plus three diopters plus three diopters plus
+
+169
+00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:49,640
+three diopters I understand from this
+
+170
+00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:51,180
+automatically we must understand from this
+
+171
+00:11:51,180 --> 00:11:57,550
+automaticallyWhere is its axis? Its axis is the
+
+172
+00:11:57,550 --> 00:12:02,370
+blue one, so its force at the axis is zero And the
+
+173
+00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:04,750
+force will keep decreasing, zero, for example,
+
+174
+00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:08,550
+plus half, plus one, plus two, one and a half,
+
+175
+00:12:08,630 --> 00:12:12,170
+plus two, plus two and a half, until we reach the
+
+176
+00:12:12,170 --> 00:12:14,870
+vertical axis, which will have a force plus three
+
+177
+00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:20,030
+When we give a force to any astigmatic lensOr any
+
+178
+00:12:20,030 --> 00:12:24,610
+plano cylindrical, whether plus or minus, we mean
+
+179
+00:12:24,610 --> 00:12:27,870
+in this force the maximum power in the vertical
+
+180
+00:12:27,870 --> 00:12:31,580
+axis over its axisThe maximum power in the
+
+181
+00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:34,720
+vertical axis over its axis. So it is necessary to
+
+182
+00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:38,020
+understand this issue. When we move away from the
+
+183
+00:12:38,020 --> 00:12:41,100
+vertical axis over the cylinder axis, the force
+
+184
+00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:43,800
+decreases and decreases. We get closer to the axis
+
+185
+00:12:43,800 --> 00:12:47,860
+of the lens. At the axis of the lens, at the
+
+186
+00:12:47,860 --> 00:12:52,870
+equivalent meridianالمنطبق على ال axis بتاع ال
+
+187
+00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:56,430
+cylinder القوة صفر، قوة هذه ال cylinder صفر بمعنى
+
+188
+00:12:56,430 --> 00:13:05,010
+كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش
+
+189
+00:13:05,010 --> 00:13:10,850
+عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة،
+
+190
+00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:11,670
+كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش
+
+191
+00:13:11,670 --> 00:13:11,910
+عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة،
+
+192
+00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:16,230
+عدسة، كأنه مش عدسة، كانه مش عدسة، كانه مش عدسة،
+
+193
+00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:23,670
+كانه مش عدسة، كانis an example of high power
+
+194
+00:13:23,670 --> 00:13:27,170
+cylindrical or clinically useful cylindrical
+
+195
+00:13:27,170 --> 00:13:29,570
+leads. This is the Maddox rod. This is the Maddox
+
+196
+00:13:29,570 --> 00:13:33,030
+rod. There are clearer pictures. This is the
+
+197
+00:13:33,030 --> 00:13:37,610
+Maddox rod. Each part of these parts, here I am
+
+198
+00:13:37,610 --> 00:13:41,590
+pointing to a part, here is another part, is a
+
+199
+00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:45,410
+planoconvex cylinder.Plano, convex, cylinder. The
+
+200
+00:13:45,410 --> 00:13:48,330
+back surface of Maddox Road is flat because it's
+
+201
+00:13:48,330 --> 00:13:51,910
+plano. The front surface is slanted because each
+
+202
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:55,930
+one is a plano convex. Plano from behind and from
+
+203
+00:13:55,930 --> 00:14:00,970
+the front convex as we see. I have a cylinder,
+
+204
+00:14:01,210 --> 00:14:06,710
+two, three, four, fiveSix, of course, high power.
+
+205
+00:14:06,830 --> 00:14:10,890
+High power means it can be plus ten, plus fifteen,
+
+206
+00:14:11,050 --> 00:14:14,390
+etc. Okay? So therefore, of course, here the
+
+207
+00:14:14,390 --> 00:14:18,130
+letter M stands for Maddox, and this sign, the
+
+208
+00:14:18,130 --> 00:14:20,870
+black line, stands for the axis of the cylinder.
+
+209
+00:14:21,010 --> 00:14:24,230
+One axis. Here it is vertical. I can rotate the
+
+210
+00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:27,650
+Maddox and put it horizontally. Of course, of
+
+211
+00:14:27,650 --> 00:14:32,920
+courseبعطيني focal line، بعطيني focal line، هذا ال
+
+212
+00:14:32,920 --> 00:14:36,480
+focal line بيكون عمودي على اتجاه ال cylinder،
+
+213
+00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:41,660
+عمودي على اتجاه ال cylinder، باتجاهي، لما بمسك ال
+
+214
+00:14:41,660 --> 00:14:45,900
+Maddox rod بشكل عمودي، بيعطيني خط أفقي، لما بمسك
+
+215
+00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:49,800
+ال Maddox rod باتجاه أفقي، بيعطيني خط أفقيpoint
+
+216
+00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,640
+source of light. So when I light up a dim point or
+
+217
+00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:57,760
+a torch or a laser, I see through it the medox,
+
+218
+00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:01,320
+through the medox that this laser spot turned into
+
+219
+00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:04,360
+a line when the light passes through the medox,
+
+220
+00:15:04,420 --> 00:15:09,080
+when the light passes through the medoxالآن احنا
+
+221
+00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:12,720
+قولنا أبسط شيء Le Plano Convex و Le Plano Concave
+
+222
+00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,840
+او Le Plano Cylinder احنا بدنا شيء مش بسيط، بدنا
+
+223
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,760
+شيء أكتر اللي هو Le Sphero Cylinder .. Le Sphero
+
+224
+00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:22,680
+Cylinder طب .. قبل ما نحكي عن Le Sphero Cylinder
+
+225
+00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:27,900
+.. Le Plano Cylinder ..بقدر اعتبرها سفير و سلندر
+
+226
+00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:32,180
+بقوة
+
+227
+00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:38,900
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+228
+00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:43,140
+فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر
+
+229
+00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,960
+بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة
+
+230
+00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:46,720
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+231
+00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:48,220
+فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر
+
+232
+00:15:48,220 --> 00:15:52,060
+بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة
+
+233
+00:15:52,060 --> 00:15:52,100
+السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير فيها صفر بقوة السفير
+
+234
+00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:54,980
+فيها صفر بقوة السSo, planocylindrical lens is a
+
+235
+00:15:54,980 --> 00:15:58,960
+kind of sphere and cylindrical lens, but the force
+
+236
+00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:02,200
+of the sphere is zero, the force of the sphere is
+
+237
+00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:06,980
+zero, so this case should be clear Now, the
+
+238
+00:16:06,980 --> 00:16:15,180
+general form of an astigmatic lens, which
+
+239
+00:16:15,180 --> 00:16:19,400
+is considered a sphere and cylindrical lens
+
+240
+00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,500
+which might be likened to the surface of a curved
+
+241
+00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:30,280
+barrier or American football.
+
+242
+00:16:35,340 --> 00:16:44,800
+which is curved football or American football Why
+
+243
+00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:50,840
+are we here similar to these two things? We want
+
+244
+00:16:50,840 --> 00:16:54,240
+to say as follows, here there is a curve, but
+
+245
+00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:57,050
+there is no curve behind itHere there is a curve,
+
+246
+00:16:57,570 --> 00:17:00,750
+but there is no curve here. If a person stands on
+
+247
+00:17:00,750 --> 00:17:03,890
+this point, a very small person, a micro-human,
+
+248
+00:17:04,490 --> 00:17:10,830
+and walks here, he will walk on a flat line. But
+
+249
+00:17:10,830 --> 00:17:13,670
+if he tries to go right or left, he will slip or
+
+250
+00:17:13,670 --> 00:17:17,230
+slip, because there is a curve here and a curve
+
+251
+00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:20,650
+here. The curve has this shape, not this shape.
+
+252
+00:17:21,570 --> 00:17:27,090
+This has no curve. While here, I have this curved,
+
+253
+00:17:27,410 --> 00:17:31,250
+these lines. There is a vertical curve and there
+
+254
+00:17:31,250 --> 00:17:34,450
+is also a horizontal curve. Here, the horizontal
+
+255
+00:17:34,450 --> 00:17:39,250
+curve is horizontal, not vertical. Not vertical. I
+
+256
+00:17:39,250 --> 00:17:41,710
+mean, there is a curve in this direction and there
+
+257
+00:17:41,710 --> 00:17:45,370
+is no curve in this direction. Also for the
+
+258
+00:17:45,370 --> 00:17:45,910
+concave
+
+259
+00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:55,940
+لو حد وجف هنا، هنا مافي انحناء، مافي انحناء، لو
+
+260
+00:17:55,940 --> 00:18:00,180
+جبت كورة معدنية صغيرة وضعتها دي لبلان و concave
+
+261
+00:18:00,180 --> 00:18:02,780
+cylindrical lens وضعتها على الطاولة و حطيت هي في
+
+262
+00:18:02,780 --> 00:18:08,110
+النص، مش هتنزلق لا للأمام ولا للخلفBut if you put
+
+263
+00:18:08,110 --> 00:18:11,690
+it here, it will go down towards the curve. So
+
+264
+00:18:11,690 --> 00:18:14,230
+here there is a curve, but there is no curve here.
+
+265
+00:18:14,350 --> 00:18:17,290
+Here is the same thing. Here there is a curve, but
+
+266
+00:18:17,290 --> 00:18:19,550
+there is no curve here. So this axis does not have
+
+267
+00:18:19,550 --> 00:18:21,530
+a curve. It does not have a curve because its
+
+268
+00:18:21,530 --> 00:18:24,230
+force is zero. And here there is no curve because
+
+269
+00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:28,330
+its force is zero. So it is very important to be
+
+270
+00:18:28,330 --> 00:18:33,010
+clear about this issue.The sphere and cylindrical
+
+271
+00:18:33,010 --> 00:18:36,190
+lens of the curve are on two axes. This is the
+
+272
+00:18:36,190 --> 00:18:40,110
+axis. Here, for the barrel, the vertical axis is
+
+273
+00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:42,950
+curved and the horizontal axis is curved with a
+
+274
+00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:45,550
+different curve. That's why the sphere and
+
+275
+00:18:45,550 --> 00:18:48,190
+cylindrical lens. If this is curved and this is
+
+276
+00:18:48,190 --> 00:18:50,870
+curved to the same degree, this is a sphere. It
+
+277
+00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:53,890
+was a whole ball. Here is the same thing. Here is
+
+278
+00:18:53,890 --> 00:18:56,090
+the same thing. If we imagine this straight line
+
+279
+00:18:57,910 --> 00:18:59,630
+It's the horizontal meridian. This is the
+
+280
+00:18:59,630 --> 00:19:04,990
+inclination. This is the inclination. And the
+
+281
+00:19:04,990 --> 00:19:07,690
+vertical inclination is of course more inclined.
+
+282
+00:19:08,290 --> 00:19:11,230
+It's more inclined. This is more inclined than
+
+283
+00:19:11,230 --> 00:19:14,830
+this. So this is similar to the American football.
+
+284
+00:19:15,210 --> 00:19:17,670
+There is a more obvious example from our general
+
+285
+00:19:17,670 --> 00:19:25,160
+life.ثمرة الشمام، بس .. بس في ثمار شمام كروية، بس
+
+286
+00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:28,120
+احنا بنقصد فيها اللي مش كروية، اللي هي ال .. ال ..
+
+287
+00:19:28,120 --> 00:19:33,480
+ال .. المتمددة قليلة، هنا في انحناع للسطح هذا،
+
+288
+00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,260
+الانحناع ال vertical، بيختلف عن انحناع ال
+
+289
+00:19:37,260 --> 00:19:41,200
+horizontal، هذا الانحناع ال vertical أكثر تحدبا و
+
+290
+00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:46,700
+أكثر انحناع من .. لإنه نصف قطره أقل، و هنا أقل
+
+291
+00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:51,620
+تحدبا لإنه نصف قطره أكترSo this is the general
+
+292
+00:19:51,620 --> 00:19:54,940
+shape of the astigmatic cervix. In other words, if
+
+293
+00:19:54,940 --> 00:19:57,720
+you bring a piece of chicken that looks like a
+
+294
+00:19:57,720 --> 00:20:00,360
+chamomile fruit in this shape, it will be
+
+295
+00:20:00,360 --> 00:20:03,440
+considered a spherocylindrical lens. Also, the
+
+296
+00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:08,440
+barrel here shows that there is a horizontal and a
+
+297
+00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:13,780
+vertical axis. The vertical axis is half its
+
+298
+00:20:13,780 --> 00:20:18,040
+diameter, R2, which is part of the ball.Horizontal
+
+299
+00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:22,160
+inclination is a part of another circle. A circle
+
+300
+00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:27,320
+that is more inclined than half a foot. So the
+
+301
+00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,760
+meridians of the greatest and least curvature and
+
+302
+00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:33,700
+therefore the meridians of the greatest and least
+
+303
+00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:38,220
+power of an astigmatic lens are known as the
+
+304
+00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,900
+principal meridians of that service or lens. So I
+
+305
+00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:46,600
+have this.This is the horizontal meridian. Or
+
+306
+00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,680
+let's go back to here. Here, the meridian has a
+
+307
+00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,480
+steep slope. And here, the meridian has a slope
+
+308
+00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:55,020
+less than a slope. This is called the principle
+
+309
+00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:56,900
+meridian and this is called the principle
+
+310
+00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,920
+meridian. In regular astigmatism or in regular
+
+311
+00:21:00,920 --> 00:21:04,080
+astigmatic service, the two meridians, the
+
+312
+00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:08,140
+strongest and the weakest, must have a 90 degree
+
+313
+00:21:08,140 --> 00:21:13,400
+angle between them.Although spherocylindrical lens
+
+314
+00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,800
+may be thought of as the combination of two
+
+315
+00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:21,300
+planocylindrical or two planocylinders, it is more
+
+316
+00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:24,560
+convenient to think of it as the combination of a
+
+317
+00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:27,280
+spherical lens and cylindrical lens.
+
+318
+00:21:31,930 --> 00:21:35,130
+The astigmatic lens or the spherocylindrical lens
+
+319
+00:21:35,130 --> 00:21:41,550
+can be imagined to be composed of two cylinders
+
+320
+00:21:41,550 --> 00:21:45,730
+and these two cylinders are perpendicular to each
+
+321
+00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:52,130
+other But most commonly it is considered a sphere
+
+322
+00:21:52,130 --> 00:21:55,610
+with a cylinder Why is this? Why is this? We want
+
+323
+00:21:55,610 --> 00:21:56,370
+to say as usual
+
+324
+00:22:02,420 --> 00:22:06,280
+في مثال عندي هنا بيوضح القضية هاي، هاي أنا عندي
+
+325
+00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:10,760
+cylindrical lensthis cylindrical lens I want to
+
+326
+00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:13,040
+imagine that each meridian of the meridians that I
+
+327
+00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:15,500
+have, whether it is aligned with the axis or
+
+328
+00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,600
+perpendicular to the axis or whatever is between
+
+329
+00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:19,940
+them I want to imagine that they are here and they
+
+330
+00:22:19,940 --> 00:22:25,360
+represent me as if I have here the meridians of
+
+331
+00:22:25,360 --> 00:22:28,520
+this lens as if this lens is in the frame of the
+
+332
+00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:33,600
+glasses and as if I am looking at it directly this
+
+333
+00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:34,800
+is the axis of 180
+
+334
+00:22:37,810 --> 00:22:40,770
+this is the 90 degree angle, this is the 45 degree
+
+335
+00:22:40,770 --> 00:22:43,190
+angle, and this is the 135 degree angle. Let's
+
+336
+00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:45,330
+suppose that the axis of the cylinder, which I
+
+337
+00:22:45,330 --> 00:22:50,630
+drew with the deep yellow color. Let's imagine
+
+338
+00:22:50,630 --> 00:22:53,330
+that it is shaped like this. It is applied to the
+
+339
+00:22:53,330 --> 00:22:58,250
+180 degree angle. This is a plane convex lens.
+
+340
+00:23:00,370 --> 00:23:07,350
+وبدنا نتخيل إنه جاي على الـ 180 ال axis بتاع ال
+
+341
+00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:12,970
+cylinder هذا بيقدّي إلى إنه،
+
+342
+00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:15,610
+في هنا بس بدنا نعدّل الرسم شوية
+
+343
+00:23:36,100 --> 00:23:57,640
+To make the drawing correct We
+
+344
+00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:00,700
+put the lens in the trial frame in front of the
+
+345
+00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:04,160
+patient's eyes Its power is plus three diopters We
+
+346
+00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:12,290
+put it like thisYes, so that its axis in the trial
+
+347
+00:24:12,290 --> 00:24:17,790
+frame is exactly 180 degrees. So its force on this
+
+348
+00:24:17,790 --> 00:24:20,290
+axis is zero, because this axis is aligned with
+
+349
+00:24:20,290 --> 00:24:23,970
+the axis of the cylinder. Okay, we removed it from
+
+350
+00:24:23,970 --> 00:24:26,410
+the lens bag and its force is plus three. Yes,
+
+351
+00:24:26,490 --> 00:24:31,210
+plus three will work this lens as plus three on
+
+352
+00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:34,750
+axis ninety.So you will work on the 90th axis as
+
+353
+00:24:34,750 --> 00:24:38,570
+plus 3. Okay, the axis next to 90 is less than it.
+
+354
+00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:41,730
+The axis next to it is less than it, less than it,
+
+355
+00:24:41,770 --> 00:24:45,430
+less than it. So this lens, which is written on it
+
+356
+00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:49,750
+plus 3 cylinders, plus 3 diopter cylinders, its
+
+357
+00:24:49,750 --> 00:24:53,250
+force is plus 3 diopters completely at the 90th
+
+358
+00:24:53,250 --> 00:24:56,990
+axis. At the axis, for example, 75 can give me two
+
+359
+00:24:56,990 --> 00:25:00,630
+and a half diopters.قوتها يعني تعمل كعدسة ك ..
+
+360
+00:25:00,630 --> 00:25:03,830
+قوتها plus two and a half ده يبتدى، عند المحور
+
+361
+00:25:03,830 --> 00:25:07,330
+خمسة واربعين هتعمل كعدسة plus واحد و نص ده يبتدى،
+
+362
+00:25:07,330 --> 00:25:10,650
+عند المحور مية و تمانين هتعمل كعدسة صفر ده يبتدى،
+
+363
+00:25:10,650 --> 00:25:15,690
+يعني كأنها مش موجودة، طيب، إذا هادي العدسة حطيها،
+
+364
+00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:19,590
+طيب، لو أنا عندي عدسة تانية حطيت محورها على
+
+365
+00:25:19,590 --> 00:25:24,620
+التسعين، بس قوتها بتختلفAlso planocylinder,
+
+366
+00:25:24,940 --> 00:25:27,880
+planocylinder, for example plus two planocylinder,
+
+367
+00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,620
+I put it on ninety, and plus three diopter
+
+368
+00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:34,200
+cylinder, I put it on one hundred and eighty So
+
+369
+00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,880
+these in their group work as spherocylindrical
+
+370
+00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:43,120
+lens, as spherocylindrical lens, why? Because we
+
+371
+00:25:43,120 --> 00:25:43,300
+say
+
+372
+00:25:46,230 --> 00:25:50,610
+The first lens
+
+373
+00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:52,030
+has a force of zero at one hundred and eighty
+
+374
+00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:55,410
+degrees The
+
+375
+00:25:55,410 --> 00:26:02,090
+second lens has a force of plus two degrees at one
+
+376
+00:26:02,090 --> 00:26:04,450
+hundred and eighty degrees The forces of the two
+
+377
+00:26:04,450 --> 00:26:06,810
+lenses are different from each other
+
+378
+00:26:12,110 --> 00:26:18,250
+We can consider them as two planocylinders that
+
+379
+00:26:18,250 --> 00:26:23,350
+are perpendicular to each other Or more commonly,
+
+380
+00:26:23,670 --> 00:26:26,870
+we can consider them as a combination of spherical
+
+381
+00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:29,710
+lens and cylindrical lens Let's see an example
+
+382
+00:26:29,710 --> 00:26:30,950
+that explains this better
+
+383
+00:26:34,450 --> 00:26:40,250
+I have, for example, a lens that has a different
+
+384
+00:26:40,250 --> 00:26:43,830
+force than the meridian Astigmatic lens Astigmatic
+
+385
+00:26:43,830 --> 00:26:47,250
+lens The force of this meridian in the astigmatic
+
+386
+00:26:47,250 --> 00:26:50,130
+lens, we found it to be plus one We measured it on
+
+387
+00:26:50,130 --> 00:26:53,350
+a lensmeter, on a lens measuring device This axis,
+
+388
+00:26:54,230 --> 00:26:56,630
+this axis, we found its force to be plus one
+
+389
+00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:59,990
+diopter And this axis, we found its force to be
+
+390
+00:26:59,990 --> 00:27:04,390
+plus four dioptersوالمحاور اللي بينهم مثلا plus
+
+391
+00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:07,970
+واحد و نص plus اتنين plus اتنين و نص plus تلاتة
+
+392
+00:27:07,970 --> 00:27:13,590
+plus تلاتة و نص plus اربع، اذا فش اي محور، فش اي
+
+393
+00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:20,120
+محور quota صفرOkay, if we wanted to say that any
+
+394
+00:27:20,120 --> 00:27:25,120
+kind of astigmatic lenses, it's better to call
+
+395
+00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,520
+them spherocylindrical lenses I represented all
+
+396
+00:27:27,520 --> 00:27:34,020
+these circles with the graph that we see aboveThe
+
+397
+00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:37,080
+axis is 180 and its force is plus 1. Of course,
+
+398
+00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,140
+the force is measured by the sum. The more the
+
+399
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:41,020
+force increases, the more the contribution
+
+400
+00:27:41,020 --> 00:27:44,040
+increases. The axis is 180 and its force is plus
+
+401
+00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:47,240
+1. The next axis is closer to 90 and its force
+
+402
+00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:49,120
+increases because this is a regular astigmatism.
+
+403
+00:27:49,810 --> 00:27:52,590
+This is regular astigmatism. And the meridians
+
+404
+00:27:52,590 --> 00:27:56,510
+force starts from the weakest to the strongest,
+
+405
+00:27:56,990 --> 00:27:59,650
+gradually, regularly, or from the strongest to the
+
+406
+00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,330
+weakest, gradually, also, gradually, regularly. I
+
+407
+00:28:03,330 --> 00:28:06,710
+can say, first of all, that 180 plus 1 will
+
+408
+00:28:06,710 --> 00:28:12,130
+contribute to the force of the meridian, which is
+
+409
+00:28:12,130 --> 00:28:17,270
+180. Okay, on axis 15 degrees, the force is one
+
+410
+00:28:17,270 --> 00:28:22,380
+and a half.On axis 30 degrees, the force is 2 On
+
+411
+00:28:22,380 --> 00:28:27,820
+axis 45 degrees, the force is 2.5 On axis 60
+
+412
+00:28:27,820 --> 00:28:32,720
+degrees, the force is 3 On axis 75 degrees, the
+
+413
+00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:36,140
+force is 3.5 On axis 90 degrees, the force is 4 as
+
+414
+00:28:36,140 --> 00:28:39,600
+we can see So there is an average progression We
+
+415
+00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,660
+can say as follows If we put a square with a plus
+
+416
+00:28:45,660 --> 00:28:52,430
+signلو حطينا سفير plus واحد وكأنه .. وكأنه بنقول
+
+417
+00:28:52,430 --> 00:28:56,090
+كل meridian انت قوتك plus واحد وانت قوتك plus واحد
+
+418
+00:28:56,090 --> 00:28:59,090
+وانت قوتك plus واحد وانت .. العند هنا يعني وانت
+
+419
+00:28:59,090 --> 00:29:02,370
+قوتك plus واحد وانت قوتك plus واحد وانت قوتك plus
+
+420
+00:29:02,370 --> 00:29:07,170
+واحد .. اذا بقدر اعتبر انه هذه عدسة عبارة هنجسمها
+
+421
+00:29:07,170 --> 00:29:12,880
+نصيةSphere is plus one which includes the power of
+
+422
+00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:15,860
+the sphere in every meridian plus one Here plus
+
+423
+00:29:15,860 --> 00:29:18,840
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+424
+00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:20,960
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+425
+00:29:21,060 --> 00:29:21,260
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+426
+00:29:21,260 --> 00:29:21,760
+one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus one,
+
+427
+00:29:22,220 --> 00:29:23,000
+here plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here
+
+428
+00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:24,880
+plus one, here plus one, here plus one, here plus
+
+429
+00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:28,760
+one, here plusوهدا بزيد واحد عن ال plus واحد وهدا
+
+430
+00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:32,420
+بزيد واحد و نص عن ال plus واحد وهدا بزيد اتنين عن
+
+431
+00:29:32,420 --> 00:29:35,080
+ال plus واحد وهدا بزيد اتنين و نص عن ال plus واحد
+
+432
+00:29:35,080 --> 00:29:38,300
+وهدا بزيد تلاتة عن ال plus واحد يعني هدا عبارة عن
+
+433
+00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:42,750
+ال plus واحدAnd above plus one, plus three means
+
+434
+00:29:42,750 --> 00:29:47,150
+plus four So, I can say that this lens, this lens
+
+435
+00:29:47,150 --> 00:29:50,490
+that we took out meridian from it plus one And the
+
+436
+00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:52,910
+strongest meridian plus four which is vertical on
+
+437
+00:29:52,910 --> 00:29:58,410
+it As if this lens is two lenses, sphere is plus
+
+438
+00:29:58,410 --> 00:30:02,970
+one for all meridian And cylinder which is what
+
+439
+00:30:02,970 --> 00:30:07,220
+remains, what remains, so here the sphereAnd
+
+440
+00:30:07,220 --> 00:30:10,820
+here's the cylinder As if I'm saying I have this
+
+441
+00:30:10,820 --> 00:30:16,560
+lens It's two lenses Two lenses But first I have
+
+442
+00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:21,040
+to take the drawing here To make the idea more
+
+443
+00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:26,340
+clear This
+
+444
+00:30:26,340 --> 00:30:33,040
+lens which is the astigmatic lens I
+
+445
+00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:34,560
+can imagine it to be equal
+
+446
+00:30:39,460 --> 00:30:42,060
+And I want to enlarge the word equal or symbol
+
+447
+00:30:42,060 --> 00:30:48,260
+equal to make the idea more clear
+
+448
+00:30:48,260 --> 00:30:53,280
+This
+
+449
+00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:53,780
+is equal
+
+450
+00:31:08,990 --> 00:31:13,930
+Plus one sphere When
+
+451
+00:31:13,930 --> 00:31:20,390
+we say plus one means plus one diopter sphere
+
+452
+00:31:36,970 --> 00:31:39,250
+Add this to make it an extra sphere
+
+453
+00:32:09,790 --> 00:32:13,090
+I'm going to add distance, plus cylinder
+
+454
+00:32:56,090 --> 00:32:59,970
+Plus a cylinder whose force on the horizontal
+
+455
+00:32:59,970 --> 00:33:01,270
+meridian is zero.
+
+456
+00:33:04,190 --> 00:33:05,710
+Zero diopter.
+
+457
+00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:18,450
+And on the vertical axis plus three diopters.
+
+458
+00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:36,600
+Let's go to the big picture. So, when I have a
+
+459
+00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:41,680
+lens, one meridian has a certain force, and
+
+460
+00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,520
+another meridian has a stronger or weaker force,
+
+461
+00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:47,220
+but none of them is zero, this is considered a
+
+462
+00:33:47,220 --> 00:33:51,860
+sphero-cylindrical lens, which is the general form
+
+463
+00:33:51,860 --> 00:33:56,090
+of the astigmatic lens.Of course, we said that the
+
+464
+00:33:56,090 --> 00:34:07,150
+planocylindrical lens has a vertical force towards
+
+465
+00:34:07,150 --> 00:34:11,790
+its axis and its axis has zero force if we move
+
+466
+00:34:11,790 --> 00:34:15,370
+away from its axis, its force increases and
+
+467
+00:34:15,370 --> 00:34:18,790
+increases from zero to a certain value
+
+468
+00:34:23,740 --> 00:34:26,820
+The force of any plano-cylindrical lens, whether
+
+469
+00:34:26,820 --> 00:34:33,560
+plano-concave or plano-convex, when
+
+470
+00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,200
+its axis is zero, away from the axis, it increases
+
+471
+00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:39,180
+and increases and increases. When we walk on the
+
+472
+00:34:39,180 --> 00:34:42,700
+meridian, the vertical axis, it has its maximum
+
+473
+00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:45,500
+force as it is equivalent to the force of the
+
+474
+00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:53,020
+number written on it. Okay, now I have a lensThe
+
+475
+00:34:53,020 --> 00:34:56,400
+weakest meridian in it has power, not zero, that
+
+476
+00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,600
+is, this is not a plano cylinder, but this is
+
+477
+00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:01,980
+considered a spherocylinder. How did we consider
+
+478
+00:35:01,980 --> 00:35:06,420
+it a sphere?أضعف meridian قوته plus واحد، ال
+
+479
+00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:09,740
+meridian التاني قوته plus واحد وربع مثلا، واحد
+
+480
+00:35:09,740 --> 00:35:13,640
+ومصر، واحد وتلت اربع، لغاية ما نصل لأربع، لو إنسان
+
+481
+00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:19,100
+قلنا معاه يعني عشرة دنانير، إنسان آخر معاه خمستاشر
+
+482
+00:35:19,100 --> 00:35:22,300
+دينار، إنسان تالت معاه عشرين، إنسان رابع معاه خمسة
+
+483
+00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:27,440
+وعشرين، إنسان خامس معاه تلتين، بقولهم كلهم، كلكم
+
+484
+00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:32,320
+معاكم عشر دنانيرو بعدين الشخص رقم اتنين، الشخص رقم
+
+485
+00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:36,320
+اتنين عنده زيادة عن العشر دنانير، مثلا خمس دنانير،
+
+486
+00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:40,240
+الشخص رقم تلاتة عنده زيادة و هكذا، فهنا لما بلاجي
+
+487
+00:35:40,240 --> 00:35:44,040
+a stigmatic lens و كل ال meridians بتاعتها في إلها
+
+488
+00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,540
+قوة، مفيش صفير، مقدرش أسميها plan و cylinder،
+
+489
+00:35:47,540 --> 00:35:51,300
+وإنما إيش أفضل اسم بناسب إلها sphere و cylinder،
+
+490
+00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:56,100
+يعني انه كأنه كلهمOr as if this lens is a sphere
+
+491
+00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,740
+with a force of one diopter Why sphere? Because
+
+492
+00:35:58,740 --> 00:36:01,460
+all meridians in the sphere have a force of one
+
+493
+00:36:01,460 --> 00:36:05,040
+diopter It will be of the same force Plus in front
+
+494
+00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:07,360
+of it a cylinder As if it is a combination of a
+
+495
+00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:12,680
+sphere and a cylinder The cylinder here is from
+
+496
+00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,720
+zero Plan and cylinder of course Sphere with plan
+
+497
+00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:17,800
+and cylinder So they call them sphere and cylinder
+
+498
+00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:24,790
+Zero plus one plus two plus threeOkay? Why zero
+
+499
+00:36:24,790 --> 00:36:27,690
+here? Because we .. this meridian took its place
+
+500
+00:36:27,690 --> 00:36:31,050
+in the sphere I mean .. I mean .. the sphere at
+
+501
+00:36:31,050 --> 00:36:33,110
+one hundred and eighty its force is one deuterium
+
+502
+00:36:33,110 --> 00:36:36,930
+So this is to clarify the idea .. to clarify the
+
+503
+00:36:36,930 --> 00:36:41,150
+idea Here, of course, which is the trial frame
+
+504
+00:36:41,150 --> 00:36:44,790
+that explains the meridians and how we deal with
+
+505
+00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:47,490
+the meridians in the trial frame Of course, the
+
+506
+00:36:47,490 --> 00:36:49,430
+trial frame may not be very clear here
+
+507
+00:37:03,840 --> 00:37:07,120
+Trial frames have different shapes and types, and
+
+508
+00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:11,440
+I will show you some examples here for example I
+
+509
+00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:15,340
+have axis 90 and I want to point out that 0 and
+
+510
+00:37:15,340 --> 00:37:18,340
+180 are the same thing, the opposite of 0 is the
+
+511
+00:37:18,340 --> 00:37:21,120
+opposite of 180, the opposite of 0 is the opposite
+
+512
+00:37:21,120 --> 00:37:23,700
+of 180, so it is necessary to pay attention to
+
+513
+00:37:23,700 --> 00:37:25,100
+this issue
+
+514
+00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:46,100
+this is the trial frame and these are its axes of
+
+515
+00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:56,860
+course axis 0 is 180 from 0 to 90 to 180 here from
+
+516
+00:37:56,860 --> 00:38:04,280
+0 to 90 to 180 of course these axes are numerated
+
+517
+00:38:04,280 --> 00:38:06,760
+not because of spherical lens spherical lens does
+
+518
+00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:11,990
+not require numerationكيف ما نحطت مايلهاش محور
+
+519
+00:38:11,990 --> 00:38:15,590
+اقوى من محور فكل المحاور متساوية وانما هذا الترقيم
+
+520
+00:38:15,590 --> 00:38:19,510
+عشان ال cylindrical lens نحط ال axis بتاعها بشكل
+
+521
+00:38:19,510 --> 00:38:23,410
+صحيح the zero meridian is the same as the مية و
+
+522
+00:38:23,410 --> 00:38:27,710
+تمانين meridian and the hundred eighty degree
+
+523
+00:38:27,710 --> 00:38:31,470
+notation is always used for this meridian طيب احنا
+
+524
+00:38:31,470 --> 00:38:34,390
+قلنا الصفر هو المية و تمانين ولكن لما انا بدى اكتب
+
+525
+00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:40,500
+وصفة لنضارة لما بدى اكتب وصفة لنضارةFor example,
+
+526
+00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:45,260
+let's say plus
+
+527
+00:38:45,260 --> 00:38:50,860
+three spheres plus three diopter spheres with
+
+528
+00:38:50,860 --> 00:38:57,180
+minus two diopter cylinders in axis, that is, we
+
+529
+00:38:57,180 --> 00:38:59,900
+want to put the diopter cylinder in axis, let's
+
+530
+00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,020
+not say zero, let's say one hundred and eighty
+
+531
+00:39:03,020 --> 00:39:07,770
+degrees one hundred and eighty degreesSo
+
+532
+00:39:07,770 --> 00:39:14,230
+therefore, when we have the axis on zero, we say
+
+533
+00:39:14,230 --> 00:39:19,430
+axis 180, as this book explains When I want to
+
+534
+00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:22,210
+write a description, I say the value of the
+
+535
+00:39:22,210 --> 00:39:25,230
+sphere, the value of the cylinder whether in plus
+
+536
+00:39:25,230 --> 00:39:27,670
+or minus, depending on whether it is plano concave
+
+537
+00:39:27,670 --> 00:39:30,930
+or plano convex In the axis, when it is zero, I
+
+538
+00:39:30,930 --> 00:39:36,000
+have to write 180I have to write 180 degrees to
+
+539
+00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:46,500
+make things clear to make things clear what
+
+540
+00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:47,820
+are the forms?
+
+541
+00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:01,840
+اللي ممكن اكتب عليها اللي هو ال power تاعت ال
+
+542
+00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,080
+spherical cylindrical lens هذا المرة القادمة
+
+543
+00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:07,720
+هنتعرف عليه ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة
+
+544
+00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:09,040
+الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/4xAHpFxG_gw_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1152 @@
+1
+00:00:01,940 --> 00:00:06,360
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نستكمل
+
+2
+00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,220
+مع المحاضرة التانية من محاضرات البصريات الهندسية
+
+3
+00:00:10,220 --> 00:00:15,080
+توقفنا عند أبسط جهاز تصوير و حكينا عنه ال pinhole
+
+4
+00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:22,380
+هو أبسط optical system و توقفنا عند الحكي عن ال
+
+5
+00:00:22,380 --> 00:00:26,040
+object بنقول for every object point there is a
+
+6
+00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:30,380
+specific image point معروفthat each object is
+
+7
+00:00:30,380 --> 00:00:33,560
+composed of an infinite number of small points
+
+8
+00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:37,280
+that can be considered as point sources for light
+
+9
+00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:42,260
+each point in the object has its own image or
+
+10
+00:00:42,260 --> 00:00:46,660
+image in the image so for every object point there
+
+11
+00:00:46,660 --> 00:00:50,700
+is a specific image point these objects and image
+
+12
+00:00:50,700 --> 00:00:52,940
+points that are similar to each other or pictures
+
+13
+00:00:52,940 --> 00:00:55,060
+of each other we call them conjugate or
+
+14
+00:00:55,060 --> 00:00:58,640
+corresponding object and image pointsLet's go back
+
+15
+00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:02,200
+and look at an example from the drawing that we
+
+16
+00:01:02,200 --> 00:01:06,700
+showed in the first lecture This is my point, this
+
+17
+00:01:06,700 --> 00:01:09,980
+is the object, this is the body, the point that is
+
+18
+00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:13,020
+pointed with the candle, we will find the rays
+
+19
+00:01:13,020 --> 00:01:17,380
+that spread from it, part of it entered the
+
+20
+00:01:17,380 --> 00:01:21,960
+pinholeهيروح يكونلي A شرطة، اللي هي قمة اللهب في
+
+21
+00:01:21,960 --> 00:01:26,320
+الصورة نفسها، اذا A شرطة، A شرطة، هنا مكتوبة C بس
+
+22
+00:01:26,320 --> 00:01:32,470
+هي A شرطة، الأفضل نسميها A شرطة، هي صورة Aوعندي
+
+23
+00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:38,150
+مثلا نقطة هنا B مثلا هنلاقي صورتها B و C .. B شرط
+
+24
+00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:42,130
+عفوان و C هنلاقي صورتها C شرطة، اذا كل نقطة في ال
+
+25
+00:01:42,130 --> 00:01:47,250
+object اللي هسورتها في ال image مجموع صور نقاط ال
+
+26
+00:01:47,250 --> 00:01:51,310
+object، مش مجموع نقاط ال object، مجموع صور نقاط ال
+
+27
+00:01:51,310 --> 00:01:55,730
+object، مجموع A شرطة مع B شرطة مع C شرطة مع D شرطة
+
+28
+00:01:55,730 --> 00:02:01,750
+إلى آخرها، بيكون للصورة ال متكاملة، طيب AAnd what
+
+29
+00:02:01,750 --> 00:02:03,470
+is a condition? They call them points that are
+
+30
+00:02:03,470 --> 00:02:09,350
+similar or similar to each other because A is what
+
+31
+00:02:09,350 --> 00:02:12,330
+made A a condition. It did not combine with A any
+
+32
+00:02:12,330 --> 00:02:15,290
+other point in the object, which means that A will
+
+33
+00:02:15,290 --> 00:02:17,230
+never give me a condition in the picture. When a
+
+34
+00:02:17,230 --> 00:02:21,650
+person stands in front of a mirror as a camera, he
+
+35
+00:02:21,650 --> 00:02:23,650
+does not see, for example, a nose and in the
+
+36
+00:02:23,650 --> 00:02:26,950
+mirror a ear.or his eye became a nose in the
+
+37
+00:02:26,950 --> 00:02:31,550
+mirror, or his hair became a hand, so no, every
+
+38
+00:02:31,550 --> 00:02:35,770
+part of his body is pictured with what resembles
+
+39
+00:02:35,770 --> 00:02:38,510
+him in the picture and what resembles him in the
+
+40
+00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:40,550
+picture, so what is a condition? It is a picture
+
+41
+00:02:40,550 --> 00:02:42,920
+of what?we will call a and a conditional
+
+42
+00:02:42,920 --> 00:02:46,820
+corresponding object and image point or conjugate
+
+43
+00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:50,880
+object and image point, we will call them
+
+44
+00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:55,460
+corresponding or conjugate object and image point,
+
+45
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:57,600
+this word will not apply only to a and a
+
+46
+00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:59,620
+conditional, it applies to all points of the
+
+47
+00:02:59,620 --> 00:03:03,760
+object, b and b conditional points, c and c
+
+48
+00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:08,350
+conditional and so on and so forthFor every object
+
+49
+00:03:08,350 --> 00:03:11,990
+point there is a specific image point, of course
+
+50
+00:03:11,990 --> 00:03:16,650
+in optics we use the term conjugate or
+
+51
+00:03:16,650 --> 00:03:21,010
+corresponding object and image point Now, from
+
+52
+00:03:21,010 --> 00:03:26,210
+every point of the object, the rays will go in all
+
+53
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:30,510
+directionsWhat we mean is the light rays that will
+
+54
+00:03:30,510 --> 00:03:33,790
+go and enter the camera, whether it is the camera
+
+55
+00:03:33,790 --> 00:03:35,690
+which is the optical system, whether it is a
+
+56
+00:03:35,690 --> 00:03:38,450
+pinhole, or a lens, or a mirror, or a camera, or
+
+57
+00:03:38,450 --> 00:03:43,650
+whatever. What we want to do is to draw light
+
+58
+00:03:43,650 --> 00:03:47,690
+rays, we don't draw them in waves, but we draw
+
+59
+00:03:47,690 --> 00:03:53,220
+them in straight lines called light raysSo the ray
+
+60
+00:03:53,220 --> 00:03:59,780
+is a geometric construct indicating
+
+61
+00:03:59,780 --> 00:04:05,180
+the path of light as
+
+62
+00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:08,240
+it travels from an object point to the
+
+63
+00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:09,980
+corresponding image point
+
+64
+00:04:17,290 --> 00:04:21,450
+What spread from point A of the object will go in
+
+65
+00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:24,430
+all directions All of this doesn't mean anything
+
+66
+00:04:24,430 --> 00:04:27,650
+to me, it means the group of rays that entered the
+
+67
+00:04:27,650 --> 00:04:31,910
+pinhole If it came from A, it will go and form a
+
+68
+00:04:31,910 --> 00:04:35,810
+condition, which is the shape of A The rays that
+
+69
+00:04:35,810 --> 00:04:37,990
+started from A and passed through the pinhole will
+
+70
+00:04:37,990 --> 00:04:41,450
+not go to form anything in the shape except A
+
+71
+00:04:41,450 --> 00:04:44,090
+condition Except A condition And the rays that
+
+72
+00:04:44,090 --> 00:04:47,750
+started from point B in the bodyوكان مصيبها إنها
+
+73
+00:04:47,750 --> 00:04:51,770
+تدخل في ال pinhole، لن تشارك في تكوين أي جزء من
+
+74
+00:04:51,770 --> 00:04:56,230
+الصورة إلا بشرطة لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت
+
+75
+00:04:56,230 --> 00:05:04,470
+من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها
+
+76
+00:05:04,470 --> 00:05:05,290
+انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه، لأنها انطلقت
+
+77
+00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:05,970
+من بيه، لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه,
+
+78
+00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:05,970
+لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها
+
+79
+00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:05,970
+انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت
+
+80
+00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:05,970
+من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه, لأنها انطلقت من بيه,
+
+81
+00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:09,520
+لas it travels from an object point to the
+
+82
+00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:13,060
+corresponding image point. Of course, rays
+
+83
+00:05:13,060 --> 00:05:16,020
+represent only a path.
+
+84
+00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:24,220
+They do not indicate the amountIntensity or
+
+85
+00:05:24,220 --> 00:05:28,800
+wavelength of light. When I draw a light beam, I
+
+86
+00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:31,840
+don't mean the intensity of the light or the
+
+87
+00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:34,160
+length of the wave When we see a light beam drawn
+
+88
+00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:37,680
+in a straight line in a certain direction, it
+
+89
+00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,180
+doesn't mean that we will know how intense the
+
+90
+00:05:40,180 --> 00:05:44,350
+light isor جدّيش طول الموجي اللي هو طول الموجي
+
+91
+00:05:44,350 --> 00:05:47,950
+لللون الأحمر أو الضوء الأحمر أو الأخضر أو الأزرق
+
+92
+00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,790
+أو النيلي أو البنفسجي أو ما إلى ذالي وإنما هنعرف
+
+93
+00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:56,190
+إنه الضوء صار بهذا الإتجاه، إذن of light
+
+94
+00:05:56,190 --> 00:06:02,370
+travelling along the pathOf course, in geometric
+
+95
+00:06:02,370 --> 00:06:04,610
+optics, in the science of geometric optics,
+
+96
+00:06:04,730 --> 00:06:07,830
+although we know that light spreads in all
+
+97
+00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:11,250
+directions, there was an agreement between
+
+98
+00:06:11,250 --> 00:06:15,570
+scientists that light in geometric optics onlyIt
+
+99
+00:06:15,570 --> 00:06:18,650
+travels from left to right, from left to right,
+
+100
+00:06:18,690 --> 00:06:20,590
+and that's why the example here is clear to me
+
+101
+00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:24,110
+that the object is drawn on the left, on the left
+
+102
+00:06:24,110 --> 00:06:26,530
+side of the page and the light spreads from the
+
+103
+00:06:26,530 --> 00:06:29,930
+left to the right All the problems of geometric
+
+104
+00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:33,130
+optics will be in this way, that the object is
+
+105
+00:06:33,130 --> 00:06:36,790
+drawn on a shape or on the left side of the page,
+
+106
+00:06:37,170 --> 00:06:39,210
+why? Because the scientists knew that the light
+
+107
+00:06:39,210 --> 00:06:43,870
+would spread from the left to the rightمن الشمال
+
+108
+00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:48,190
+إلى اليمين. It is unusually light travels from
+
+109
+00:06:48,190 --> 00:06:51,570
+left to right بس في حقيقة الأمر هو بينتشر في جميع
+
+110
+00:06:51,570 --> 00:06:55,750
+الاتجاهات. Pencil of light is a small collection,
+
+111
+00:06:56,410 --> 00:06:59,230
+bundle of light rays traveling in the same
+
+112
+00:06:59,230 --> 00:07:03,780
+direction.Hezan, الحزمة الضوئية أو قلم الضوء، قلم
+
+113
+00:07:03,780 --> 00:07:08,180
+الضوء, pencil of light عبارة عن مجموعة صغيرة من
+
+114
+00:07:08,180 --> 00:07:12,060
+الإشعاعات الضوئية ممكن نسميها bundle يعني حزمة of
+
+115
+00:07:12,060 --> 00:07:15,600
+light rays ضروري تكون traveling in the same
+
+116
+00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:19,060
+direction, traveling in the same direction، الآن
+
+117
+00:07:19,060 --> 00:07:23,180
+الصورة هاي بتوضحThe pencil of light, these are
+
+118
+00:07:23,180 --> 00:07:25,980
+light rays coming from inside the pen hole, but
+
+119
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:30,040
+divergent, pencil, divergent means scattered from
+
+120
+00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,920
+each other Now, parallel pencil of light, also
+
+121
+00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:36,880
+coming from inside the pen hole, parallel pencil
+
+122
+00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:39,800
+of light or convergent, which means that the rays
+
+123
+00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:43,940
+are scattered or parallel or collected I call this
+
+124
+00:07:43,940 --> 00:07:47,240
+pencil of light, I call this pencil of light, I
+
+125
+00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:51,980
+call this pencil of light or light bandليش في
+
+126
+00:07:51,980 --> 00:07:55,240
+التلات حالات سميتهم pencil of light؟ لأن مطبق
+
+127
+00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:59,000
+عليهم التعريف، التعريف يقول هو مجموعة من الإشعاعات
+
+128
+00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:03,280
+الضوئية، مجموعة من الإشعاعات الضوئية تسير في نفس
+
+129
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,240
+الاتجاه، لو فرضنا إنه هذه الإشعاعات واحد منها
+
+130
+00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,640
+بيسير في اتجاه معاكز، طبعا لو فرضنا جدلا هذا
+
+131
+00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:14,440
+الكلام، باطلقش عليه pencil of light، إذا ضروري إنه
+
+132
+00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,830
+يكون مجموعة من الأشعة الضوئيةمجموعة من الأشياء
+
+133
+00:08:18,830 --> 00:08:23,070
+الضوئية يعني small collection of light rays ضروري
+
+134
+00:08:23,070 --> 00:08:26,690
+الشرط التاني أنه traveling in the same direction
+
+135
+00:08:26,690 --> 00:08:30,730
+in the same direction الآن ال pinhole اللي هو أبسط
+
+136
+00:08:30,730 --> 00:08:34,550
+جهاز تصوير الصور تاعته ال pinhole images are
+
+137
+00:08:34,550 --> 00:08:39,540
+usually too faint to be usefulvery stupid to the
+
+138
+00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:44,780
+extent that it cannot be used in practice or used
+
+139
+00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,140
+as a camera Now we want to ask ourselves a
+
+140
+00:08:48,140 --> 00:08:50,560
+question, why did the picture of the pinhole
+
+141
+00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:55,000
+camera become a picture .. but why stupid? Why
+
+142
+00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:58,000
+stupid?We know that from every point of light,
+
+143
+00:08:58,220 --> 00:09:03,140
+hundreds of thousands of light rays emanate from
+
+144
+00:09:03,140 --> 00:09:07,440
+all directions. Let's take the example of point A,
+
+145
+00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:10,040
+and this applies to all points of the object.
+
+146
+00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,540
+Let's assume that point A emitted a million light
+
+147
+00:09:13,540 --> 00:09:18,350
+rays from all directions.من المليون شعاع ضوئي ..
+
+148
+00:09:18,350 --> 00:09:23,530
+من المليون شعاع ضوئي دخل فقط حزمة ضوئية pencil of
+
+149
+00:09:23,530 --> 00:09:27,970
+light مقدارها خمسمائة شعاع عاش من ال pinhole كان
+
+150
+00:09:27,970 --> 00:09:31,410
+نصيبها تدخل من ال pinhole قادمة من إيه؟ طب و بجيت
+
+151
+00:09:31,410 --> 00:09:35,870
+المليون شعاع انتشرت في جميع الاتجاهات منها البعض
+
+152
+00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:39,110
+اصطدم في الورقة و ارتد و بعضها .. اللي ورقة
+
+153
+00:09:39,110 --> 00:09:43,790
+القصدير و بعضها .. يعني انتشر في اتجاهات مختلفة
+
+154
+00:09:43,790 --> 00:09:48,120
+بعيدا عن ال pinholeWe mean only the .. we .. the
+
+155
+00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,480
+example we multiply by point A and as we said it
+
+156
+00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,540
+applies to all points We mean from the million
+
+157
+00:09:54,540 --> 00:09:57,160
+candles that started from A, the five hundred
+
+158
+00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:00,960
+candles that their fate was to enter the pinhole
+
+159
+00:10:00,960 --> 00:10:04,880
+through this hole Of course, why do they mean us?
+
+160
+00:10:04,940 --> 00:10:06,980
+Because they are the ones who will give me A
+
+161
+00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:10,900
+condition So A condition received five hundred
+
+162
+00:10:10,900 --> 00:10:14,280
+candles, while A started from it a million candles
+
+163
+00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,740
+خمسمائة شعاع لما نقارنها بالمليون شعاع طبعا هذه
+
+164
+00:10:19,740 --> 00:10:25,240
+أرقام فرضية، هيكون طبعا اي شرطة أبهت بكثير أو أقل
+
+165
+00:10:25,240 --> 00:10:31,640
+وضوحا بكثير من النقطة APinhole pictures are stupid
+
+166
+00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:34,920
+because the pinhole limits the number of internal
+
+167
+00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:38,560
+rays in the BB because it is small in size,
+
+168
+00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,400
+therefore it is practically impossible to benefit
+
+169
+00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:46,550
+from the pinhole and use it as a camera toolCan we
+
+170
+00:10:46,550 --> 00:10:50,110
+say that the pinhole does not have any benefit at
+
+171
+00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,770
+all? No, of course it is possible in some
+
+172
+00:10:52,770 --> 00:10:56,170
+practical applications, a person can benefit from
+
+173
+00:10:56,170 --> 00:11:00,410
+the pinhole, but not as a common use performance
+
+174
+00:11:00,410 --> 00:11:04,610
+or its many benefits, no, but in some applications
+
+175
+00:11:04,610 --> 00:11:08,570
+a person can benefit from it, an example of that
+
+176
+00:11:08,570 --> 00:11:12,130
+isSometimes a person likes to look at the
+
+177
+00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:16,490
+phenomenon of the sunset Why? Because it is a rare
+
+178
+00:11:16,490 --> 00:11:20,470
+and strange phenomenon and it only happens in
+
+179
+00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:25,390
+remote periods of time But looking at the sunset
+
+180
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:30,550
+in a direct way can lead to blindness in the eyes
+
+181
+00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:33,250
+or in the retina of the eyes because of the UV
+
+182
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:39,490
+rays emitted by the sunو بتكون يعني كثيرة في حالة
+
+183
+00:11:39,490 --> 00:11:45,730
+يعني كثوف الشمس أو العين بتستقبل جزء كبير منها في
+
+184
+00:11:45,730 --> 00:11:50,850
+حالة الكثوف لو حدث كثوف الشمس و أنا حابب أتفرج على
+
+185
+00:11:50,850 --> 00:11:55,570
+كثوف الشمس بقى أجيب ورقة قصدير و بقى أثقبها بعمل
+
+186
+00:11:55,570 --> 00:12:00,490
+pinholeو بوجه ورقة القصدير باتجاه الشمس اللي هي في
+
+187
+00:12:00,490 --> 00:12:03,930
+حالة الكثوف طبعا من النافذة و بحاول أ .. أ .. أعمل
+
+188
+00:12:03,930 --> 00:12:08,670
+اعتام للغرفة ب .. بشكل قدر ما أستطيع ممكن أترك
+
+189
+00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:13,810
+يعني في النافذة فتحة بسيطة جدا تمام و بوجه ورقة
+
+190
+00:12:13,810 --> 00:12:17,170
+القصدير باتجاه الشمس اللي هي في حالة الكثوف و
+
+191
+00:12:17,170 --> 00:12:20,990
+بتلقى ع ورقة ال a4 أو ع ورق .. ع الورق الشمعي ال
+
+192
+00:12:20,990 --> 00:12:27,250
+waxed paper صورة للكثوف أنا ما هطلع مباشرon the
+
+193
+00:12:27,250 --> 00:12:30,390
+sun through the pinhole, but rather I let the
+
+194
+00:12:30,390 --> 00:12:33,310
+pinhole make a picture of the eclipse and I look
+
+195
+00:12:33,310 --> 00:12:37,730
+with my eye towards the picture of the eclipse of
+
+196
+00:12:37,730 --> 00:12:42,010
+the sun after we receive it on the receipt paper,
+
+197
+00:12:42,050 --> 00:12:47,290
+after we receive it on the receipt paper So solar
+
+198
+00:12:47,290 --> 00:12:51,430
+eclipse, the eclipse of the suncan be safely, يمكن
+
+199
+00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:56,110
+بأمان ملاحظة observed with pinhole الان لو جينا
+
+200
+00:12:56,110 --> 00:12:59,550
+احنا قولنا التجربة اللى جمنا فيها اللى تجربة ال
+
+201
+00:12:59,550 --> 00:13:04,550
+pinhole لو احنا جيبنا ورقة القصدير وثقبناها ثقوب
+
+202
+00:13:04,550 --> 00:13:10,450
+متعددة بعدد الثقوب هيتكون عندى صور لأنه من A مثلا
+
+203
+00:13:10,450 --> 00:13:13,950
+من A هتكون pencil of light دخل في الثقب الأول
+
+204
+00:13:13,950 --> 00:13:16,890
+pencil آخر of light دخل في الثقب التانى pencil
+
+205
+00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:21,980
+تالد دخل في الثقب التالدبقدر ما هو موجود عندي عدد
+
+206
+00:13:21,980 --> 00:13:26,780
+ثقوب في ورقة القصدير، بقدر ما بحصل على عدد متكرر
+
+207
+00:13:26,780 --> 00:13:33,000
+من الصورة. So, several pinholes yield several
+
+208
+00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:33,580
+images
+
+209
+00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:40,880
+ال�ن عشان ننهي الكلام عن ال pinhole بنقول كالقاتل
+
+210
+00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:45,120
+The pinhole restricts the brightness, not the size
+
+211
+00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:49,240
+of the image ال pinhole بحدّلي من وضوح الصورة، من
+
+212
+00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:53,820
+وضوح الصورة ليش؟ لأن حصة كل نقطة من الإشعاعات
+
+213
+00:13:53,820 --> 00:13:57,320
+الضوئية اللي بتدخل في ال pinhole قليلة و هي ذاهبة
+
+214
+00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:02,360
+لتكوين صورتها أو مثيلتها من النقاط في ال image
+
+215
+00:14:02,500 --> 00:14:05,800
+فبالتالي طالما الحصص قليلة إذا ال pinhole إيش اللي
+
+216
+00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,840
+عملوا؟ إنه حد من كمية الأشعة الداخلة فيه فبالتالي
+
+217
+00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:13,460
+الصورة بتكون بهتة إذا ال pinhole بيأثر على وضوح
+
+218
+00:14:13,460 --> 00:14:17,700
+الصورة طيب مين اللي بيأثر على حجم الصورة؟ مش ال
+
+219
+00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:22,990
+pinholeوإنما الأبعاد بين الجسم وورقة التصوير أو
+
+220
+00:14:22,990 --> 00:14:28,570
+ورقة القصدير أو ال pinhole وورقة التلقي لما بنبعد
+
+221
+00:14:28,570 --> 00:14:33,190
+ورقة التلقي بتكبر الصورة، بنجربها، بتصغر الصورة
+
+222
+00:14:33,190 --> 00:14:38,110
+لما بتظل ورقة التلقي في مكانها و بنجرب ورقة ال ..
+
+223
+00:14:38,110 --> 00:14:41,550
+أو بنجرب ال pinhole من الشامعة، بتكبر الصورة لما
+
+224
+00:14:41,550 --> 00:14:46,750
+بنبعده عن الشامعة، بتصغر الصورة، إذا اللي بتحكمIt
+
+225
+00:14:46,750 --> 00:14:49,730
+is the empty space for each of these three things,
+
+226
+00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:53,310
+the object, the optical system and the image.
+
+227
+00:14:53,570 --> 00:14:56,850
+While the pinhole itself restricts the clarity of
+
+228
+00:14:56,850 --> 00:15:00,970
+the image, restricts the brightness, not the size
+
+229
+00:15:00,970 --> 00:15:04,610
+of the image. So the pinhole restricts clarity and
+
+230
+00:15:04,610 --> 00:15:07,650
+has nothing to do with the size of the image, but
+
+231
+00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:10,870
+the dimensions of the three things that we talked
+
+232
+00:15:10,870 --> 00:15:13,630
+about, which are the object and the optical
+
+233
+00:15:13,630 --> 00:15:16,030
+system, which is the pinhole.its spatial
+
+234
+00:15:16,030 --> 00:15:18,270
+dimension, where it is, not its size, not its
+
+235
+00:15:18,270 --> 00:15:22,790
+size, so therefore the pinhole restricts the
+
+236
+00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:26,170
+brightness, not the size of the image, these are
+
+237
+00:15:26,170 --> 00:15:30,610
+of course different types of pencil of lights, you
+
+238
+00:15:30,610 --> 00:15:34,890
+notice that they spread in the same direction, in
+
+239
+00:15:34,890 --> 00:15:38,410
+the same direction, now there are some
+
+240
+00:15:38,410 --> 00:15:42,880
+applicationsطبعا احنا قولنا كل object .. كل object
+
+241
+00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:47,620
+أو كل نقطة في ال object اللي هى مثيلتها .. مثيلتها
+
+242
+00:15:47,620 --> 00:15:50,820
+في ال image، بيسموهم correspondingor conjugate
+
+243
+00:15:50,820 --> 00:15:55,260
+object and image point في بعض التطبيقات العملية
+
+244
+00:15:55,260 --> 00:15:59,280
+اللي بنستخدمها أو يستخدمها أخصاء البصريات زي عملية
+
+245
+00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,960
+ال retinoscopy و زي عملية ال direct ophthalmoscopy
+
+246
+00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:07,240
+ال retinoscopy هو جهاز بي .. بيقدّي وظيفة إن أعرف
+
+247
+00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:10,480
+ال refractive error تعالين، هل في طول نظر ولا في
+
+248
+00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:15,050
+قصر نظر ولا في astigmatismby means of this device
+
+249
+00:16:15,050 --> 00:16:18,190
+and of course it is required that the vision is
+
+250
+00:16:18,190 --> 00:16:23,390
+perfect for working on it When the picture of the
+
+251
+00:16:23,390 --> 00:16:26,370
+reflex on the retinoscope is very clear, it means
+
+252
+00:16:26,370 --> 00:16:29,810
+that the patient's retina or the lighted partالجزء
+
+253
+00:16:29,810 --> 00:16:33,870
+المضوي من شبكيتي المريض وشبكيتي أنا كفاحس أو
+
+254
+00:16:33,870 --> 00:16:38,350
+كأخصاء بصريات لأنه أنا هشوف بعيني، هأفحس و أشوف ال
+
+255
+00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:42,050
+reflex بعيني، لما بيكون ال reflex واضح معناته
+
+256
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:46,850
+شبكيتي المريض تعتبر object مضيق لأنه بعكس إضاءة
+
+257
+00:16:46,850 --> 00:16:51,530
+الجهاز باتجاه عيني وعيني أو شبكيتي بالأخرى بتكون
+
+258
+00:16:51,530 --> 00:16:55,970
+ورقة تلقي وبنكون هنا في حالة conjugate object and
+
+259
+00:16:55,970 --> 00:16:59,300
+image pointنفس الكلام بنحكيه عن ال Direct
+
+260
+00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:03,660
+Ophthalmoscope ال Direct Ophthalmoscope هو جهاز
+
+261
+00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:07,080
+لفحص شبكية تلعين عشان نشوف الشبكية سليمة أو فيها
+
+262
+00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:12,420
+خلل، أيضا في ظاهرة ال conjugate object and image
+
+263
+00:17:12,420 --> 00:17:17,580
+pointTabarn, the object هو جزء من شبكية المريض
+
+264
+00:17:17,580 --> 00:17:22,820
+اللي أنا ضاوي عليه هذا الجهاز و ال image بتكون على
+
+265
+00:17:22,820 --> 00:17:27,040
+شبكيتي لإن شبكيتي في هذه الحالة بتكون ورقة التلقي
+
+266
+00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:30,960
+بدلا من ورقة ال A4 Tabarn مش شرط الإنسان يتلقى
+
+267
+00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:35,370
+الصورة فقط على ورقة ال A4 أنا لما بشوف إنسانIn
+
+268
+00:17:35,370 --> 00:17:38,150
+normal life, you look at a person and say, for
+
+269
+00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:40,750
+example, this is Ahmed, it means Ahmed, the light
+
+270
+00:17:40,750 --> 00:17:43,730
+fell from the sun, for example, or from the room
+
+271
+00:17:43,730 --> 00:17:46,950
+light on his body and reflected in the direction
+
+272
+00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:50,390
+of my eye The optical system is my eye, which is
+
+273
+00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:53,310
+the cornea and the crystalline lens, which is the
+
+274
+00:17:53,310 --> 00:17:56,410
+lens The receipt paper in this case, as long as I
+
+275
+00:17:56,410 --> 00:17:59,610
+saw Ahmed, it means I took a picture of him on the
+
+276
+00:17:59,610 --> 00:18:01,310
+brain network, then transferred to the brain and
+
+277
+00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,090
+the brain solved it, so the receipt paperهي شبكية
+
+278
+00:18:05,090 --> 00:18:12,070
+الإنسان الناضر لهذا الشخص الذي يدعى AhmedSo, for
+
+279
+00:18:12,070 --> 00:18:15,610
+clinical examples, examples based on conjugate
+
+280
+00:18:15,610 --> 00:18:19,790
+points, we notice them in the retinoscopy process
+
+281
+00:18:19,790 --> 00:18:23,930
+while knowing the visual defect and in the direct
+
+282
+00:18:23,930 --> 00:18:26,850
+ophthalmoscopy process while examining the bottom
+
+283
+00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:30,030
+of the eye or the retina of the eye We will stop
+
+284
+00:18:30,030 --> 00:18:35,650
+at the third lecture, which is photography using
+
+285
+00:18:35,650 --> 00:18:40,210
+lenses and mirrors, and here we will startin the
+
+286
+00:18:40,210 --> 00:18:42,910
+things that we will find many practical
+
+287
+00:18:42,910 --> 00:18:46,170
+applications in our life and in our specialty and
+
+288
+00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:46,790
+God bless you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/71kk9HL3q08_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2716 @@
+1
+00:00:02,610 --> 00:00:05,910
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات البصريات
+
+2
+00:00:05,910 --> 00:00:09,710
+الهندسية موضوعنا اليوم عن ال focal points and
+
+3
+00:00:09,710 --> 00:00:14,710
+planesBefore we talk about it, let's remember some
+
+4
+00:00:14,710 --> 00:00:19,970
+reference points that we used in Geometric Optics
+
+5
+00:00:19,970 --> 00:00:23,550
+from the beginning of this course Let's say that
+
+6
+00:00:23,550 --> 00:00:26,890
+we had two nodal points, the anterior nodal point
+
+7
+00:00:26,890 --> 00:00:29,310
+and the posterior nodal point And we said that any
+
+8
+00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:32,210
+ray that enters the anterior nodal point, exits
+
+9
+00:00:32,210 --> 00:00:35,300
+the posterior nodal pointand that the angle of
+
+10
+00:00:35,300 --> 00:00:37,720
+entry and exit with the optical axis is equal to
+
+11
+00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:39,480
+the angle of entry and exit with the optical axis.
+
+12
+00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:43,780
+These reference points helped me in many things.
+
+13
+00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:49,220
+One of them is that the transference magnification
+
+14
+00:00:49,220 --> 00:00:51,300
+is equal to the image height over the object
+
+15
+00:00:51,300 --> 00:00:53,420
+height and is also equal to the image distance
+
+16
+00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:57,660
+over the object distance.وإنه إذا انطبقت ال
+
+17
+00:00:57,660 --> 00:01:00,460
+anterior nodal point على ال posterior nodal point
+
+18
+00:01:00,460 --> 00:01:03,160
+فالشعاع اللي بيمرم ال anterior nodal point ما
+
+19
+00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:07,800
+بيغير اتجاهه و بيظل عبر العدسة undeviated,
+
+20
+00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:12,500
+undeviated أيضا مرت علينا ال principal points
+
+21
+00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:18,670
+which calculates the image distance and object
+
+22
+00:01:18,670 --> 00:01:21,230
+distance where I have anterior principal point and
+
+23
+00:01:21,230 --> 00:01:24,670
+posterior principal point and also as a reference,
+
+24
+00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:27,890
+we talked about the optical axis and we said that
+
+25
+00:01:27,890 --> 00:01:29,510
+everything is above the optical axis
+
+26
+00:01:36,550 --> 00:01:39,990
+Today we will talk about two reference points
+
+27
+00:01:39,990 --> 00:01:44,190
+again to complete three pairs of reference points
+
+28
+00:01:44,190 --> 00:01:48,310
+which are nodal pointsand the principal points and
+
+29
+00:01:48,310 --> 00:01:51,770
+today we will talk about the focal points actually
+
+30
+00:01:51,770 --> 00:01:55,990
+the focal points are a pair of points located on
+
+31
+00:01:55,990 --> 00:01:59,490
+the optical axis located on the optical axis of
+
+32
+00:01:59,490 --> 00:02:03,870
+any optical system or any lens so they are two
+
+33
+00:02:03,870 --> 00:02:06,170
+points, there is anterior focal point and
+
+34
+00:02:06,170 --> 00:02:10,790
+posterior focal pointThese anterior focal points
+
+35
+00:02:10,790 --> 00:02:16,590
+and posterior focal points are reference points
+
+36
+00:02:16,590 --> 00:02:19,530
+that have something special from other points. As
+
+37
+00:02:19,530 --> 00:02:22,290
+we said nodal points, what makes them special?
+
+38
+00:02:22,410 --> 00:02:26,570
+What makes nodal points special is thatThe rays
+
+39
+00:02:26,570 --> 00:02:29,790
+that come from any point in the object like point
+
+40
+00:02:29,790 --> 00:02:33,310
+A and enter the anterior nodal point plus its
+
+41
+00:02:33,310 --> 00:02:37,090
+entry with the optical axis plus its exit from the
+
+42
+00:02:37,090 --> 00:02:41,270
+posterior nodal point with the optical axis This
+
+43
+00:02:41,270 --> 00:02:43,790
+is the feature of nodal points What are the focal
+
+44
+00:02:43,790 --> 00:02:46,430
+points of this feature? First of all, I have two
+
+45
+00:02:46,430 --> 00:02:49,190
+focal points anterior focal point and posterior
+
+46
+00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:55,640
+focal point I have for example plusFive diopter
+
+47
+00:02:55,640 --> 00:03:00,500
+lens In the drawing that we will see later It has
+
+48
+00:03:00,500 --> 00:03:03,440
+anterior focal point They call it the primary
+
+49
+00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:07,100
+focal point Or anterior focal point In short, FA
+
+50
+00:03:07,100 --> 00:03:11,560
+or F anterior How do we calculate its distance? It
+
+51
+00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:15,200
+is present on the optical axisWe divide the
+
+52
+00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:18,880
+refractive index of the air by the power of the
+
+53
+00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:23,160
+lens 1 by 5 diopters which is 5 meters which is 20
+
+54
+00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:26,380
+centimeters to the left 20 centimeters to the left
+
+55
+00:03:26,380 --> 00:03:30,950
+Also when we want to getThe posterior focal point,
+
+56
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:35,370
+or FP, is divided by the refractive index, which
+
+57
+00:03:35,370 --> 00:03:41,650
+is 5 meters, which is 1 over 5 diopters. So it is
+
+58
+00:03:41,650 --> 00:03:49,130
+20 cm away from the left and 20 cm away from the
+
+59
+00:03:49,130 --> 00:03:54,450
+right. The plus 5 diopter lens in the following
+
+60
+00:03:54,450 --> 00:03:59,410
+figure has an anterior primary focal point.Fa that
+
+61
+00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:02,630
+is one over five equals two out of ten meters and
+
+62
+00:04:02,630 --> 00:04:06,250
+equals twenty centimeters in front of the lens
+
+63
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:12,950
+What is the difference between anterior and
+
+64
+00:04:12,950 --> 00:04:15,170
+posterior nodal points? Why did scientists say
+
+65
+00:04:15,170 --> 00:04:17,870
+that this is one of the reference points? Or this
+
+66
+00:04:17,870 --> 00:04:20,250
+point is different from the rest of the points on
+
+67
+00:04:20,250 --> 00:04:23,630
+the optical axis? Like when we talked about nodal
+
+68
+00:04:23,630 --> 00:04:26,530
+points, anterior nodal and posterior nodal, we
+
+69
+00:04:26,530 --> 00:04:28,950
+said that they have a difference By God, if a ray
+
+70
+00:04:28,950 --> 00:04:32,670
+enters the anterior nodal point, it will exit the
+
+71
+00:04:32,670 --> 00:04:35,690
+posterior nodal point and go to form the point
+
+72
+00:04:35,690 --> 00:04:38,340
+imageIn addition to the other rays, but this ray
+
+73
+00:04:38,340 --> 00:04:41,460
+is characterized by its angle with the optical
+
+74
+00:04:41,460 --> 00:04:44,080
+axis is equal to the angle of its exit with the
+
+75
+00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:46,360
+optical axis As we said at the beginning of the
+
+76
+00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:50,340
+lecture on engineering vision Okay, today we are
+
+77
+00:04:50,340 --> 00:04:53,100
+going to talk about the anterior focal point and
+
+78
+00:04:53,100 --> 00:04:55,800
+the posterior focal point or what are the features
+
+79
+00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:59,260
+in them We want to see the feature by definition
+
+80
+00:04:59,260 --> 00:05:05,470
+light emanatingFrom F-A exits the lens collimated
+
+81
+00:05:05,470 --> 00:05:10,390
+and comes to a focus at plus optical infinity ما
+
+82
+00:05:10,390 --> 00:05:14,310
+معناه هذا الكلام؟ انه لو في عندى مصدر نقاطى للضوء،
+
+83
+00:05:14,310 --> 00:05:20,720
+ضوء صادر من عند F-Ameans that the point source of
+
+84
+00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,860
+light that is coming to the f-axis these rays that
+
+85
+00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:27,020
+will enter the lens will all come out of the lens
+
+86
+00:05:27,020 --> 00:05:31,060
+collimated collimated means parallel to each other
+
+87
+00:05:31,060 --> 00:05:35,120
+and comes to a focus at plus optical infinity
+
+88
+00:05:35,120 --> 00:05:37,540
+let's see a simulation that explains this issue
+
+89
+00:05:37,540 --> 00:05:42,940
+let's say this is a grid okay and this is my point
+
+90
+00:05:42,940 --> 00:05:44,100
+source of light
+
+91
+00:05:46,830 --> 00:05:51,030
+high point source of light we want to limit some
+
+92
+00:05:51,030 --> 00:05:52,810
+of the light so that it does not disturb our
+
+93
+00:05:52,810 --> 00:06:03,110
+vision we make duplication for the barrier we
+
+94
+00:06:03,110 --> 00:06:07,510
+want to limit some of the light so that the idea
+
+95
+00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:13,110
+is clear the
+
+96
+00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:16,460
+density of the light we want to reduce itLet's say
+
+97
+00:06:16,460 --> 00:06:22,240
+I have 8 candles
+
+98
+00:06:22,240 --> 00:06:30,120
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+99
+00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:30,660
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+100
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's
+
+101
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+102
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+103
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+104
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's
+
+105
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+106
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,660
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+107
+00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:30,680
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+108
+00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:30,820
+have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's
+
+109
+00:06:30,820 --> 00:06:30,820
+say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+110
+00:06:30,820 --> 00:06:30,860
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+111
+00:06:30,860 --> 00:06:30,880
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I
+
+112
+00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:30,880
+have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles Let's
+
+113
+00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:32,300
+say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+114
+00:06:32,300 --> 00:06:36,820
+Let's say I have 8 candles Let's say I have 8
+
+115
+00:06:36,820 --> 00:06:40,500
+candles Let's say I have 8 candles
+
+116
+00:06:43,530 --> 00:06:47,390
+Or she walks with us to pee This ruler measures in
+
+117
+00:06:47,390 --> 00:06:49,210
+millimeters, that is, every 100 millimeters is 10
+
+118
+00:06:49,210 --> 00:06:53,930
+centimeters We choose the lens in such a way that
+
+119
+00:06:53,930 --> 00:06:58,270
+this is the ideal lens This is the ideal lens We
+
+120
+00:06:58,270 --> 00:07:00,010
+want the distance of this arrow to be 20
+
+121
+00:07:00,010 --> 00:07:05,410
+centimeters Because F A is 20 centimeters awayThe
+
+122
+00:07:05,410 --> 00:07:09,430
+focal length of a plus 5 diopter lens is 20 cm 20
+
+123
+00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:11,730
+cm is the focal length of the front camera lens or
+
+124
+00:07:11,730 --> 00:07:14,850
+the focal length of the camera lens So we want to
+
+125
+00:07:14,850 --> 00:07:18,830
+choose it so that its focal length is 100 mm,
+
+126
+00:07:19,010 --> 00:07:22,190
+which is 10 cm No, we want 20 cm, which is 200 mm
+
+127
+00:07:22,190 --> 00:07:26,190
+This became the focal length of the lens 200 mm
+
+128
+00:07:26,190 --> 00:07:31,370
+Now we want to put it at a distance of 20 cm,
+
+129
+00:07:31,610 --> 00:07:32,390
+which is 200 mm
+
+130
+00:07:39,930 --> 00:07:43,830
+This is a light source, point source of light,
+
+131
+00:07:44,070 --> 00:07:49,270
+point source of light, and this is a lens with a
+
+132
+00:07:49,270 --> 00:07:51,750
+focal length of twenty centimeters We put the
+
+133
+00:07:51,750 --> 00:07:57,070
+point of source of light at the focal length of F
+
+134
+00:07:57,070 --> 00:08:00,610
+-AWhy? To see what is the difference between F and
+
+135
+00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,390
+A. What is the difference between F and A? Ok, we
+
+136
+00:08:03,390 --> 00:08:07,590
+say that this lens, F and A is 20 cm away from it.
+
+137
+00:08:08,050 --> 00:08:10,730
+If there is an emanating source of light from it,
+
+138
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:15,470
+and this source exists at F and A,all the light
+
+139
+00:08:15,470 --> 00:08:18,230
+that enters the lens will go out parallel to each
+
+140
+00:08:18,230 --> 00:08:20,790
+other and parallel to the optical axis if we
+
+141
+00:08:20,790 --> 00:08:22,990
+imagine this is the optical axis the middle line
+
+142
+00:08:22,990 --> 00:08:26,470
+all parallel to each other and will go to the plus
+
+143
+00:08:26,470 --> 00:08:30,150
+optical infinity here on the right of the lens we
+
+144
+00:08:30,150 --> 00:08:33,610
+call it plus this distance plus as long as the
+
+145
+00:08:33,610 --> 00:08:37,310
+parallel lines do not meet no matter how much they
+
+146
+00:08:37,310 --> 00:08:40,770
+extend in the term as a term we say that in the
+
+147
+00:08:40,770 --> 00:08:44,090
+geometric optics it will form a pictureBut in the
+
+148
+00:08:44,090 --> 00:08:47,170
+plus optical infinity, which means in infinity,
+
+149
+00:08:47,310 --> 00:08:51,430
+the image is in infinity So this is a feature
+
+150
+00:08:51,430 --> 00:08:54,090
+specific to FA How do we know it's a feature
+
+151
+00:08:54,090 --> 00:08:56,290
+specific to FA? We want to make the light reflect
+
+152
+00:08:56,290 --> 00:09:01,230
+See,
+
+153
+00:09:01,730 --> 00:09:05,950
+the distance is farther than 20 cm, which means
+
+154
+00:09:05,950 --> 00:09:11,280
+farther than FA, FA here, FA hereFFA here, so
+
+155
+00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:15,180
+therefore the rays are not parallel. Well, if we
+
+156
+00:09:15,180 --> 00:09:22,800
+tried, the rays became divergent. We made the rays
+
+157
+00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:25,060
+convergent, what comes out of the lens will be
+
+158
+00:09:25,060 --> 00:09:29,100
+convergent. Okay, we tried a lot, the rays will
+
+159
+00:09:29,100 --> 00:09:31,740
+become divergent. Okay, what is the advantage of
+
+160
+00:09:31,740 --> 00:09:37,060
+putting?Point source of light is 20 cm away from
+
+161
+00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:37,740
+the front of the eye, which means it is present on
+
+162
+00:09:37,740 --> 00:09:39,380
+the front of the eye, which means it is present on
+
+163
+00:09:39,380 --> 00:09:47,700
+the front of the eye, which means it
+
+164
+00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:50,240
+is present on the front of the eyeAny light
+
+165
+00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:54,340
+emitted from its place will be equal to each other
+
+166
+00:09:54,340 --> 00:09:58,040
+and equal to the optical axis Equal to each other
+
+167
+00:09:58,040 --> 00:10:01,660
+and equal to the optical axis And it will form a
+
+168
+00:10:01,660 --> 00:10:04,340
+picture in the plus optical infinity
+
+169
+00:10:06,790 --> 00:10:13,030
+By definition, light emanating from FA exits the
+
+170
+00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:19,490
+lens collimated and comes to a focus at plus
+
+171
+00:10:19,490 --> 00:10:24,250
+optical infinity طب ممكن سان يقول هل هذه بالحسابات
+
+172
+00:10:24,250 --> 00:10:28,030
+بتظبط معانا؟ بنقول نعم بالحسابات بتظبط معانا و
+
+173
+00:10:28,030 --> 00:10:33,230
+هنضيف شريحة عشان نحسب هذه القضية عشان نحسب هذه
+
+174
+00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:34,850
+القضية بنقول كالقادة
+
+175
+00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:44,270
+عندي عدسة plus خمسة, هاي ال optical axis عدسة
+
+176
+00:10:44,270 --> 00:10:49,330
+plus خمسة ��
+
+177
+00:10:49,330 --> 00:10:53,470
+ال plus خمسة معروف زي ما قولنا قبل شوية انه ال
+
+178
+00:10:53,470 --> 00:11:00,070
+anterior focus بتاعها على شمالها بعشرين
+
+179
+00:11:00,070 --> 00:11:06,450
+عفوا هدي لغة عربية plus خمسة diopter
+
+180
+00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:13,720
+بنقول كالقاتى انه FA بتبعد عشرين سانتي يعني لو
+
+181
+00:11:13,720 --> 00:11:21,660
+تصورنا انه في عندى object على FA جاي object على FA
+
+182
+00:11:21,660 --> 00:11:29,600
+هذا
+
+183
+00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,640
+ال objectHow much is his U? How much is his U? To
+
+184
+00:11:34,640 --> 00:11:37,920
+know the picture that will be formed, we say U is
+
+185
+00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:43,880
+equal to negative N over O and is equal to
+
+186
+00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:47,800
+negative 1 over 20 centimeters which is at a
+
+187
+00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:49,420
+distance of F A and F A is at a distance of 20
+
+188
+00:11:49,420 --> 00:11:55,280
+centimeters, so 1 over 2 of 10 meters and is equal
+
+189
+00:11:55,280 --> 00:12:02,460
+to negative 5 diodesSo U is less than 5 diopters U
+
+190
+00:12:02,460 --> 00:12:05,520
+is less than 5 diopters I will record it on the
+
+191
+00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:09,920
+front of the lens I will say less than 5 diopters
+
+192
+00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:13,160
+Now
+
+193
+00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:16,920
+if the rays of this object fluctuates by 5
+
+194
+00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:20,280
+diopters We will see how it fluctuates and how
+
+195
+00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:24,260
+much it fluctuates We will say U plus power equals
+
+196
+00:12:24,260 --> 00:12:26,100
+V
+
+197
+00:12:27,710 --> 00:12:36,170
+the u minus 5 diopter plus the power 5 diopter is
+
+198
+00:12:36,170 --> 00:12:45,330
+equal to v so v is equal to zero what does v zero
+
+199
+00:12:45,330 --> 00:12:48,790
+mean? it means that things are neither convergent
+
+200
+00:12:48,790 --> 00:12:51,610
+nor divergent but parallel to each other
+
+201
+00:12:57,370 --> 00:13:04,750
+Uncharted on I Uncharted
+
+202
+00:13:04,750 --> 00:13:08,130
+on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+203
+00:13:08,130 --> 00:13:09,110
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+204
+00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:11,870
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+205
+00:13:11,870 --> 00:13:13,990
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+206
+00:13:13,990 --> 00:13:18,410
+Uncharted
+
+207
+00:13:18,410 --> 00:13:20,190
+on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+208
+00:13:20,190 --> 00:13:20,310
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+209
+00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:20,850
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+210
+00:13:20,850 --> 00:13:21,090
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+211
+00:13:21,090 --> 00:13:21,090
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+212
+00:13:21,090 --> 00:13:21,130
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+213
+00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:21,130
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+214
+00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:21,130
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+215
+00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:21,130
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted on I
+
+216
+00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:23,060
+Uncharted on I Uncharted on I Uncharted onAnything
+
+217
+00:13:23,060 --> 00:13:25,600
+that is divided by zero becomes infinity
+
+218
+00:13:29,560 --> 00:13:32,160
+The image will form wherever it is in infinity
+
+219
+00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,140
+Actually, this does not apply only to the plus 5
+
+220
+00:13:35,140 --> 00:13:39,700
+diopter lens, but to any lens that has a body
+
+221
+00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:46,300
+placed on its front cheek, then I will have the
+
+222
+00:13:46,300 --> 00:13:48,840
+image in the ultimate plane, in the plus optical
+
+223
+00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:51,700
+infinity If we tried this speech, we say as
+
+224
+00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,080
+follows, we will cancel all this speech
+
+225
+00:13:56,890 --> 00:14:02,430
+we will use plus 10 diopter lens plus 10 diopter
+
+226
+00:14:02,430 --> 00:14:09,250
+lens first we need point source of light this is
+
+227
+00:14:09,250 --> 00:14:13,250
+the point source of light we will reduce the
+
+228
+00:14:13,250 --> 00:14:16,550
+intensity of the rays and we will do some blocking
+
+229
+00:14:16,550 --> 00:14:23,030
+of the rays we will make duplication of the
+
+230
+00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:23,570
+blocker
+
+231
+00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:30,910
+So that he can do most of the things Ok, now
+
+232
+00:14:30,910 --> 00:14:34,310
+everything is ready, I need a source This is the
+
+233
+00:14:34,310 --> 00:14:49,590
+ruler This is the ruler As if We
+
+234
+00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:52,050
+need the ruler Yes, we are still in the blocker,
+
+235
+00:14:52,110 --> 00:14:53,410
+so we need the ruler
+
+236
+00:14:58,510 --> 00:15:04,630
+This is how the source looks like
+
+237
+00:15:04,630 --> 00:15:15,350
+Ok, now we have placed the source Now
+
+238
+00:15:15,350 --> 00:15:18,130
+we want to move the source up a little bit to try
+
+239
+00:15:18,130 --> 00:15:20,750
+it from the optical axis These are rays coming
+
+240
+00:15:20,750 --> 00:15:24,990
+from a point This point should have a radius of a
+
+241
+00:15:24,990 --> 00:15:26,630
+lens with a force
+
+242
+00:15:30,410 --> 00:15:35,470
+10 diopter plus 10 diopter the plus 10 diopter the
+
+243
+00:15:35,470 --> 00:15:38,670
+focal length is how much? or the anterior focal
+
+244
+00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:41,050
+point is how much? 10 centimeters how did we know?
+
+245
+00:15:41,710 --> 00:15:46,350
+let's go to a calculation process we say I have a
+
+246
+00:15:46,350 --> 00:15:50,530
+lens plus 10 diopter plus 10 diopter the F is
+
+247
+00:15:50,530 --> 00:15:56,580
+what?equal to the refractive index of the lens in
+
+248
+00:15:56,580 --> 00:16:04,120
+the air by plus ten diopters which is equal to one
+
+249
+00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:08,660
+over ten which is ten and the diopter meter is
+
+250
+00:16:08,660 --> 00:16:11,040
+minus one which is ten when it comes out it
+
+251
+00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:15,320
+becomes ten meters which is ten centimeters
+
+252
+00:16:19,780 --> 00:16:23,480
+centimeter. So the focal length or the fa of the
+
+253
+00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:26,360
+plus 10 is at a distance of 10 centimeters. While
+
+254
+00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:28,900
+the plus 5 is at a distance of 20 centimeters in
+
+255
+00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:32,140
+the equation that I divide the refractive index of
+
+256
+00:16:32,140 --> 00:16:34,980
+the medium by the power of the lens. We see here
+
+257
+00:16:34,980 --> 00:16:36,560
+that we put this lens at a distance of 10
+
+258
+00:16:36,560 --> 00:16:37,140
+centimeters.
+
+259
+00:16:39,660 --> 00:16:42,920
+We put it at a distance of 10 centimeters. We see
+
+260
+00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:45,240
+that all the rays are parallel to each other.
+
+261
+00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:52,360
+exactly it will be parallel to each other if I
+
+262
+00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:55,660
+make it closer it will be divergent if I make it
+
+263
+00:16:55,660 --> 00:16:59,240
+farther it will be convergent so when I put it on
+
+264
+00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:06,720
+an exact distance exactly on the light source on
+
+265
+00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:11,820
+the faThe advantage of any light emitted by F-A is
+
+266
+00:17:11,820 --> 00:17:13,880
+that it comes out of the lens parallel to each
+
+267
+00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:17,940
+other and parallel to the optical axis and forms a
+
+268
+00:17:17,940 --> 00:17:21,620
+picture in the plus optical infinity This is the
+
+269
+00:17:21,620 --> 00:17:23,580
+first information or the first advantage related
+
+270
+00:17:23,580 --> 00:17:29,130
+to F-Aالان في معلومة تانية اكمال The same is true
+
+271
+00:17:29,130 --> 00:17:32,530
+of light emanating from any point in the anterior
+
+272
+00:17:32,530 --> 00:17:36,630
+focal plane هذه الكلام بدنا نفهمه بنقول انا في
+
+273
+00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:41,050
+عندي anterior focal point نقطة بيسموها البقرة
+
+274
+00:17:41,050 --> 00:17:44,310
+الأمامية وفي عندي مستوى فراغي بيمر فيها بيسموه
+
+275
+00:17:44,310 --> 00:17:49,090
+anterior focal planeWhen I say anterior focal
+
+276
+00:17:49,090 --> 00:17:51,890
+point, it means that I mean the high point on the
+
+277
+00:17:51,890 --> 00:17:56,470
+optical axis When I say anterior focal plane, it
+
+278
+00:17:56,470 --> 00:17:59,010
+means the spatial level that passes through it
+
+279
+00:17:59,010 --> 00:18:02,350
+This speech, we said that any light that comes out
+
+280
+00:18:02,350 --> 00:18:05,630
+of the
+
+281
+00:18:05,630 --> 00:18:11,920
+lens is equal to each otherAnd in the same way it
+
+282
+00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:15,040
+is parallel to the optical axis and it forms a
+
+283
+00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,420
+picture in the plus optical infinity Now there is
+
+284
+00:18:18,420 --> 00:18:22,320
+another scenario That I have a narrow point, but
+
+285
+00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:26,040
+not on the face It is in a place in the anterior
+
+286
+00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:28,740
+focal plane In the anterior focal plane For
+
+287
+00:18:28,740 --> 00:18:32,000
+example, this is the point that I am pointing at
+
+288
+00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,540
+This is the anterior focal plane and I want to
+
+289
+00:18:34,540 --> 00:18:39,800
+take a light emitted from point AThis point A is
+
+290
+00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:43,300
+not the FA, but it is one of the points in the
+
+291
+00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:46,540
+anterior focal plane What will be the direction of
+
+292
+00:18:46,540 --> 00:18:49,960
+the rays coming from point A? From point A, let me
+
+293
+00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:53,120
+just, to clarify the picture, I say this is point
+
+294
+00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:58,620
+A And
+
+295
+00:18:58,620 --> 00:19:01,980
+I mark it with an arrow to make it clear The point
+
+296
+00:19:01,980 --> 00:19:05,200
+A, which is the point that I want to mark now with
+
+297
+00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:09,160
+an arrowWhich is the center of gravity of the
+
+298
+00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:14,720
+object The center of gravity of the object We
+
+299
+00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:20,080
+give it colors to make it clear as well So what is
+
+300
+00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:24,120
+the point? The light came out of it and some of it
+
+301
+00:19:24,120 --> 00:19:28,760
+entered the lens Does it have a feature? What is
+
+302
+00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,440
+this point? It does not fall on the face exactly
+
+303
+00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:35,780
+It does not fall on the anterior focal pointnot
+
+304
+00:19:35,780 --> 00:19:39,140
+the anterior focal point, but within the point
+
+305
+00:19:39,140 --> 00:19:42,720
+within the anterior focal plane, within this empty
+
+306
+00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:45,340
+level Scientists found in the experiment that it
+
+307
+00:19:45,340 --> 00:19:48,920
+also has a feature that the rays that come out of
+
+308
+00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:53,320
+it are parallel to each other and form a picture
+
+309
+00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,420
+in the plus optical infinity but not parallel to
+
+310
+00:19:56,420 --> 00:20:00,060
+the optical axis Let's go back and see when it is
+
+311
+00:20:01,450 --> 00:20:06,330
+The light emitted from the light source FA is
+
+312
+00:20:06,330 --> 00:20:10,850
+coming directly to the front camera The result is
+
+313
+00:20:10,850 --> 00:20:15,130
+that the rays are parallel to each other and
+
+314
+00:20:15,130 --> 00:20:19,830
+parallel to the optical axis at the same timeAnd
+
+315
+00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:22,810
+it forms a picture in the plus optical infinity
+
+316
+00:20:22,810 --> 00:20:26,470
+Here there is a simple difference that the light
+
+317
+00:20:26,470 --> 00:20:28,910
+point that came out of it did not come to the face
+
+318
+00:20:28,910 --> 00:20:32,940
+but came to the anterior focal planeit will give
+
+319
+00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:35,480
+me the same result with a slight difference what
+
+320
+00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:37,780
+is the same result from the rays that will come
+
+321
+00:20:37,780 --> 00:20:41,960
+out of the lens will come out parallel and as long
+
+322
+00:20:41,960 --> 00:20:43,820
+as it is parallel it will not meet except in
+
+323
+00:20:43,820 --> 00:20:47,400
+infinity in the end it will not meet they say that
+
+324
+00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:50,360
+it will form a picture in the plus optical
+
+325
+00:20:50,360 --> 00:20:53,460
+infinity but it will not be parallel to the
+
+326
+00:20:53,460 --> 00:20:56,100
+optical axis we will see this in the simulation it
+
+327
+00:20:56,100 --> 00:21:01,500
+will simplify the matter for us very much Here I
+
+328
+00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:07,240
+have a lens, the light source is coming to the
+
+329
+00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:11,680
+face exactly. Therefore, the rays are parallel to
+
+330
+00:21:11,680 --> 00:21:15,040
+each other and parallel to the optical axis and
+
+331
+00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,520
+will form a picture in the plus optical infinity.
+
+332
+00:21:17,580 --> 00:21:20,260
+I need another point source. It comes to the
+
+333
+00:21:20,260 --> 00:21:23,120
+anterior focal plane. This anterior focal plane I
+
+334
+00:21:23,120 --> 00:21:27,180
+put it to the grid to help us in this case. This
+
+335
+00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:31,190
+anterior focal Let's suppose this point is lost,
+
+336
+00:21:31,310 --> 00:21:34,230
+we need to use the blocker to store the things
+
+337
+00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:39,810
+that we want to remove and
+
+338
+00:21:39,810 --> 00:21:42,350
+we need to do duplication because there are still
+
+339
+00:21:42,350 --> 00:21:48,450
+a lot of things that we want to
+
+340
+00:21:48,450 --> 00:21:54,900
+remove That's it, this pointمضيقة وهي مقطة مضيقة
+
+341
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:22:00,880
+هذه تقع ال anterior focal point fa وهذه تقع في ال
+
+342
+00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:05,460
+anterior within the anterior focal planeLook at
+
+343
+00:22:05,460 --> 00:22:09,060
+the result, here the rays are parallel and here
+
+344
+00:22:09,060 --> 00:22:11,760
+the rays are also parallel. You can say that this
+
+345
+00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:13,820
+is not parallel. No, it is parallel, but the
+
+346
+00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:15,640
+distances between them are different. It is not a
+
+347
+00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:17,820
+problem, but they are parallel to each other. That
+
+348
+00:22:17,820 --> 00:22:19,660
+is, this and this and this and this are all
+
+349
+00:22:19,660 --> 00:22:23,040
+parallel, okay? Okay, now as long as it is
+
+350
+00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,380
+parallel and this is parallel, this will form a
+
+351
+00:22:25,380 --> 00:22:28,240
+picture in the plus optical infinity and this will
+
+352
+00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:30,900
+also form a picture in the plus optical infinity.
+
+353
+00:22:31,340 --> 00:22:34,460
+Okay.What is the only difference between them is
+
+354
+00:22:34,460 --> 00:22:37,540
+that this is parallel to the optical axis, while
+
+355
+00:22:37,540 --> 00:22:40,360
+this is parallel but not parallel to the optical
+
+356
+00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,120
+axis. Why not parallel to the optical axis?
+
+357
+00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:46,900
+Because the point source is called off axis, not
+
+358
+00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:49,580
+coming to the optical axis. Here, the point source
+
+359
+00:22:49,580 --> 00:22:51,940
+is coming to the optical axis, exactly coming to
+
+360
+00:22:51,940 --> 00:22:54,160
+the anterior focal point. And this is the meaning
+
+361
+00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:58,920
+of the speech that we mentioned a while ago.The
+
+362
+00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:02,440
+same is true of light emanating from any point in
+
+363
+00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:06,080
+the anterior focal plane بس من .. من أي نقطة في ال
+
+364
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:08,660
+anterior focal plane نعم من أي نقطة في ال anterior
+
+365
+00:23:08,660 --> 00:23:12,160
+focal plane نخد كمان point source هنا في ال
+
+366
+00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:15,200
+anterior focal plane .. في ال anterior focal plane
+
+367
+00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:21,620
+نستعين بال blocker عشان يخفي لي كل الأشعة اللي أنا
+
+368
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,480
+مابديش إياها نعمله duplication
+
+369
+00:23:29,230 --> 00:23:36,050
+I have another point on
+
+370
+00:23:36,050 --> 00:23:40,610
+the anterior focal plane, the rays that entered
+
+371
+00:23:40,610 --> 00:23:49,330
+the lens came out parallelequal to each other, so
+
+372
+00:23:49,330 --> 00:23:51,350
+it will form a picture in the plus optical
+
+373
+00:23:51,350 --> 00:23:55,350
+infinity, but it will not be these rays equal to
+
+374
+00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:58,550
+the optical axis, equal to the optical axis, and
+
+375
+00:23:58,550 --> 00:24:00,810
+so on, the picture became clear in a way that
+
+376
+00:24:00,810 --> 00:24:02,170
+there is no doubt about it, there is no doubt
+
+377
+00:24:02,170 --> 00:24:05,430
+about it, we can take another example, another
+
+378
+00:24:05,430 --> 00:24:09,570
+example, we do set, reset for this one, we say
+
+379
+00:24:09,570 --> 00:24:13,510
+that we want this grid, and we want point source
+
+380
+00:24:13,510 --> 00:24:14,170
+of light
+
+381
+00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:21,890
+we want to reduce the density of the rays and we
+
+382
+00:24:21,890 --> 00:24:27,250
+want to make a blocker to reduce some of the rays
+
+383
+00:24:27,250 --> 00:24:30,690
+we
+
+384
+00:24:30,690 --> 00:24:35,330
+want to make a duplication for the blocker to hide
+
+385
+00:24:35,330 --> 00:24:39,230
+many of the rays many of the rays ok now we want
+
+386
+00:24:39,230 --> 00:24:45,970
+the ruler to use it in the measurement sorry
+
+387
+00:24:48,090 --> 00:24:56,330
+we need the ruler excuse me we
+
+388
+00:24:56,330 --> 00:25:01,070
+will start from the zero point we
+
+389
+00:25:01,070 --> 00:25:07,950
+will use a lens plus four diopter to plus four
+
+390
+00:25:07,950 --> 00:25:11,230
+diopter before we move we say to plus four diopter
+
+391
+00:25:11,230 --> 00:25:15,510
+to plus four diopter of the lens
+
+392
+00:25:18,540 --> 00:25:23,560
+one which is on the plus four diopter and is equal
+
+393
+00:25:23,560 --> 00:25:26,580
+to a quarter of a meter, a quarter of a meter and
+
+394
+00:25:26,580 --> 00:25:30,000
+the diopter which is minus one meter when it goes
+
+395
+00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,720
+up it becomes a quarter of a meter which is twenty
+
+396
+00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:34,560
+-five centimeters, so the focal length of it or
+
+397
+00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:38,180
+the fa is located a quarter of a meter to the left
+
+398
+00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:41,150
+of the lens to the left of the lensmeans it will
+
+399
+00:25:41,150 --> 00:25:47,270
+be 25 cm away from the lens these are in mm, 200
+
+400
+00:25:47,270 --> 00:25:50,430
+mm means 20 cm here in the middle between 200 and
+
+401
+00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:54,350
+300, between 20 and 30 cm, it will be 25 cm now we
+
+402
+00:25:54,350 --> 00:26:03,730
+want the lens we want the focal length to be to
+
+403
+00:26:03,730 --> 00:26:06,910
+make its strength plus 4 we want the focal length
+
+404
+00:26:06,910 --> 00:26:08,750
+to be
+
+405
+00:26:11,250 --> 00:26:13,310
+Two hundred and fifty, two hundred and fifty
+
+406
+00:26:13,310 --> 00:26:16,390
+millimeters means twenty-five centimeters We come
+
+407
+00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:20,570
+here, we say if we put it so that the point is
+
+408
+00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,310
+closer, the rays will be divergent, further away,
+
+409
+00:26:23,390 --> 00:26:26,290
+the rays will be convergent Okay, if we put the
+
+410
+00:26:26,290 --> 00:26:28,270
+point so that it comes exactly,
+
+411
+00:26:30,790 --> 00:26:36,390
+so that the rays are parallel to each otherbecause
+
+412
+00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:40,190
+the point became on the fa of the lens it became
+
+413
+00:26:40,190 --> 00:26:44,450
+exactly on the fa of the lens okay if we have off
+
+414
+00:26:44,450 --> 00:26:48,350
+axis or .. or .. or .. yes off axis, it's not on
+
+415
+00:26:48,350 --> 00:26:50,750
+the optical axis, it's a point source for another
+
+416
+00:26:50,750 --> 00:26:59,330
+light and we say it on the same focal plane we put
+
+417
+00:26:59,330 --> 00:27:03,910
+the blocker to help us seeCancel rays that have
+
+418
+00:27:03,910 --> 00:27:05,510
+nothing to do with the lens.
+
+419
+00:27:15,190 --> 00:27:20,090
+These rays have nothing to do with the lens.As
+
+420
+00:27:20,090 --> 00:27:22,230
+long as the point source is on the anterior focal
+
+421
+00:27:22,230 --> 00:27:25,670
+plane The external rays will be parallel to each
+
+422
+00:27:25,670 --> 00:27:28,030
+other It will form a picture in the plus optical
+
+423
+00:27:28,030 --> 00:27:31,290
+infinity But it will not be parallel to the
+
+424
+00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:33,630
+optical axis And this is the feature that
+
+425
+00:27:33,630 --> 00:27:36,170
+distinguishes FA from any point in the anterior
+
+426
+00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:40,010
+focal plane If we bring another point source to
+
+427
+00:27:40,010 --> 00:27:46,170
+light Also on the anterior focal plane And we
+
+428
+00:27:46,170 --> 00:27:47,410
+tried with the blocker that
+
+429
+00:27:55,820 --> 00:27:59,220
+استغنى عن الأشعة اللى هى
+
+430
+00:28:03,210 --> 00:28:06,670
+واضح أن الأشعة الأربعة هي واحد، اتنين، تلاتة،
+
+431
+00:28:06,670 --> 00:28:11,410
+أربعة، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض،
+
+432
+00:28:11,410 --> 00:28:17,530
+موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية
+
+433
+00:28:17,530 --> 00:28:22,670
+لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها
+
+434
+00:28:22,670 --> 00:28:23,870
+البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض،
+
+435
+00:28:23,870 --> 00:28:26,390
+موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية
+
+436
+00:28:26,390 --> 00:28:26,970
+لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، موازية لبعضها
+
+437
+00:28:26,970 --> 00:28:30,190
+البعض، موازية لبعضها البعض، مOkay, now let's
+
+438
+00:28:30,190 --> 00:28:33,210
+reverse the situation completely Collimated light
+
+439
+00:28:33,210 --> 00:28:38,230
+entering a lens from minus optical infinity image
+
+440
+00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:42,230
+to posterior secondary focal point What does this
+
+441
+00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,670
+mean? What does this mean? We want .. this is the
+
+442
+00:28:46,670 --> 00:28:54,870
+grid and this is .. we want lens this is the lens
+
+443
+00:29:09,010 --> 00:29:13,550
+We need to support it with a ruler To
+
+444
+00:29:13,550 --> 00:29:19,410
+clarify our idea Let's
+
+445
+00:29:19,410 --> 00:29:22,990
+move the ruler away a bit We will need it later
+
+446
+00:29:22,990 --> 00:29:28,790
+Now we need every mated light That is a parallel
+
+447
+00:29:28,790 --> 00:29:31,350
+light coming from the minus optical infinity
+
+448
+00:29:31,350 --> 00:29:36,840
+Coming from the minus optical infinityeverything
+
+449
+00:29:36,840 --> 00:29:39,400
+will gather and form a picture in the FB in the
+
+450
+00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:45,880
+posterior focus which is the distance we bring it
+
+451
+00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:52,100
+as follows the posterior focus let's say the lens
+
+452
+00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:55,460
+I have plus five plus five diopter I have a lens
+
+453
+00:29:55,460 --> 00:29:59,760
+plus five diopter we want to bring its FB its FB
+
+454
+00:29:59,760 --> 00:30:02,360
+is equal to the power
+
+455
+00:30:04,420 --> 00:30:10,100
+unconditional over the power of the lens and it is
+
+456
+00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:15,640
+equal to 1 unconditional over the power plus 5
+
+457
+00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:22,040
+diopter and it is equal to 20 centimeters 1 over 5
+
+458
+00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:27,500
+meters which is 5 meters 2 of 10 meters and it is
+
+459
+00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:32,640
+equal to20 cm we will see this in the simulation
+
+460
+00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:37,440
+we will say here we have a lens the lens to know
+
+461
+00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:41,400
+how big it is this is 10 diopter to be 5 diopter
+
+462
+00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:46,980
+the focal length has to be 10 cm okay now we
+
+463
+00:30:46,980 --> 00:30:50,640
+measure the light is equal to each other the
+
+464
+00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:56,600
+distance between the lens and the lens is 220 cm
+
+465
+00:30:58,260 --> 00:31:01,420
+Equivalent rays coming from the minus optical
+
+466
+00:31:01,420 --> 00:31:06,040
+infinity on the left side Why did we say coming
+
+467
+00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:08,360
+from the minus optical infinity? Because its
+
+468
+00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:10,500
+divergence is zero What does zero mean divergence?
+
+469
+00:31:11,260 --> 00:31:15,760
+It means it is neither convergent
+
+470
+00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:18,880
+nor divergent That is, the U at the surface of the
+
+471
+00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:22,820
+lens is zero Example, we say as usual Equivalent
+
+472
+00:31:22,820 --> 00:31:26,020
+rays to each other Let's suppose we have an
+
+473
+00:31:26,020 --> 00:31:29,960
+example hereI will delete it and say as follows,
+
+474
+00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:37,300
+here we have optical access and
+
+475
+00:31:37,300 --> 00:31:49,320
+here I have lens with 5 diopters for example or
+
+476
+00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:55,060
+let's say plus 10 diopters, no problemNow there
+
+477
+00:31:55,060 --> 00:31:58,200
+are rays parallel to each other and parallel to
+
+478
+00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:03,020
+the optical axis Parallel to each other and at the
+
+479
+00:32:03,020 --> 00:32:08,340
+same time parallel to the optical axis Let's draw
+
+480
+00:32:08,340 --> 00:32:15,980
+it better These
+
+481
+00:32:15,980 --> 00:32:18,760
+rays as parallel to each other, the divergence is
+
+482
+00:32:18,760 --> 00:32:22,340
+zero Let's say as follows
+
+483
+00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:42,470
+يو تساوي ناقص ان على او انا بدي او او تساوي ناقص
+
+484
+00:32:42,470 --> 00:32:48,390
+ان على يو
+
+485
+00:32:48,390 --> 00:32:50,930
+ويساوي
+
+486
+00:32:52,390 --> 00:32:58,830
+-1 to the power of U0. Why U0? Because the rays
+
+487
+00:32:58,830 --> 00:33:01,210
+are parallel to each other. U is the vergence, and
+
+488
+00:33:01,210 --> 00:33:03,270
+we said that the vergence of the parallel rays is
+
+489
+00:33:03,270 --> 00:33:08,290
+zero. Any part divided by zero minus infinity. I
+
+490
+00:33:08,290 --> 00:33:11,110
+have the sign minus as if it means north, not
+
+491
+00:33:11,110 --> 00:33:14,790
+because it is minus as a value.Minus infinity. So
+
+492
+00:33:14,790 --> 00:33:17,290
+it's like the object is in the minus optical
+
+493
+00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:19,550
+infinity. It's like it's on the left in the left
+
+494
+00:33:19,550 --> 00:33:23,670
+end of the left. So that's why we say any parallel
+
+495
+00:33:23,670 --> 00:33:27,370
+rays coming from the minus optical infinity,
+
+496
+00:33:27,950 --> 00:33:30,410
+coming from the minus optical infinity means
+
+497
+00:33:30,410 --> 00:33:33,770
+parallel to each other. Where will the image be
+
+498
+00:33:33,770 --> 00:33:37,250
+formed? So the U is zero. Okay, the U is zero.
+
+499
+00:33:37,350 --> 00:33:45,880
+Let's continue. The U is zero. U plus power is
+
+500
+00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:51,660
+equal to v u zero plus power is equal to ten
+
+501
+00:33:51,660 --> 00:33:57,860
+diopters is equal to v so v is equal to ten
+
+502
+00:33:57,860 --> 00:34:01,820
+diopters plus ten diopters where is the image
+
+503
+00:34:01,820 --> 00:34:06,560
+going to be? v is equal to unconditional over i
+
+504
+00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:18,420
+and negative over i soI تساوي Uncharted على V
+
+505
+00:34:18,420 --> 00:34:21,740
+ويساوي
+
+506
+00:34:21,740 --> 00:34:24,760
+واحد
+
+507
+00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:34,560
+على plus عشرة ديوبتر ويساوي واحد من عشرة متر
+
+508
+00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:39,730
+ويساوي عشرة صندوقSo the picture will be at a
+
+509
+00:34:39,730 --> 00:34:43,930
+distance of 10 cm, the same distance as the
+
+510
+00:34:43,930 --> 00:34:46,170
+posterior focal point Because the posterior focal
+
+511
+00:34:46,170 --> 00:34:49,810
+point, we got it as 1 over 10, 10 meters means 10
+
+512
+00:34:49,810 --> 00:34:55,560
+cm, so any rays parallel to each otherand it's
+
+513
+00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:57,880
+equilateral to the optical axis and it's image
+
+514
+00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:03,060
+will be collected in the posterior focal point so
+
+515
+00:35:03,060 --> 00:35:06,220
+collimated light entering a lens from minus
+
+516
+00:35:06,220 --> 00:35:09,980
+optical infinity image to the posterior secondary
+
+517
+00:35:09,980 --> 00:35:13,100
+focal point collimated light is the light that is
+
+518
+00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:16,220
+parallel to each otherOr they are equal to each
+
+519
+00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:18,640
+other And what comes from the minus optical
+
+520
+00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:23,500
+infinity will be in the posterior focal point And
+
+521
+00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:25,840
+this is a feature of the posterior focal point
+
+522
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:30,080
+Okay, now as usualWhat is the advantage? The
+
+523
+00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:34,140
+advantage is when I see parallel rays parallel to
+
+524
+00:35:34,140 --> 00:35:35,380
+each other and parallel to the optical axis
+
+525
+00:35:35,380 --> 00:35:37,640
+without any calculations, I don't calculate u, or
+
+526
+00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:40,560
+p, or v, all these equations are not necessary As
+
+527
+00:35:40,560 --> 00:35:42,840
+long as I see the view that the rays are parallel
+
+528
+00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:45,440
+to each other and parallel to the optical axis,
+
+529
+00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:47,940
+quickly I say where is the posterior focal point,
+
+530
+00:35:47,980 --> 00:35:50,380
+the image is here, at the posterior focal point
+
+531
+00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:54,760
+Also in simulation, here we chose a lens plus
+
+532
+00:35:54,760 --> 00:35:59,560
+five, plus five, how did we know plus five?200
+
+533
+00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:04,640
+milli means 20 cm above the focal point If we
+
+534
+00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:11,940
+change it and say we want it 100 milli which is 10
+
+535
+00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:17,310
+cm, we will find that this image will be 10 cmCan
+
+536
+00:36:17,310 --> 00:36:20,190
+you see it exactly? Ok, why at a distance of 10
+
+537
+00:36:20,190 --> 00:36:23,370
+cm? Because the focal point of the 10 diopter is
+
+538
+00:36:23,370 --> 00:36:26,370
+at a distance of 10 cm Ok, we want to choose a
+
+539
+00:36:26,370 --> 00:36:28,830
+certain lens strength, let's say a lens plus 2
+
+540
+00:36:28,830 --> 00:36:32,570
+diopter Plus 2 diopter, how much is the rear focal
+
+541
+00:36:32,570 --> 00:36:37,810
+length? We say that the rear focal length is Fp
+
+542
+00:36:37,810 --> 00:36:42,080
+equals to a constant over Iانشرطة عفوًا على ال
+
+543
+00:36:42,080 --> 00:36:46,800
+power اسم على ال power ويساوي انشرطة لي واحد احنا
+
+544
+00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,480
+في الهواء على ال power اتنين diopter او plus اتنين
+
+545
+00:36:50,480 --> 00:36:56,440
+diopter ويساوي نص
+
+546
+00:36:56,440 --> 00:37:00,870
+متر يعني خمسين صندق نص متر يعني خمسين صندقExcuse
+
+547
+00:37:00,870 --> 00:37:05,430
+me, someone wrote twenty, fifty, six, fifty, six
+
+548
+00:37:05,430 --> 00:37:08,130
+Ok, let's apply this practically, we say as
+
+549
+00:37:08,130 --> 00:37:14,420
+follows, we have .. I want it plus2 diopter means
+
+550
+00:37:14,420 --> 00:37:21,040
+it should be 50 cm 500 mm Let's apply this and see
+
+551
+00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:26,500
+how the image is gathered at a distance of 50 cm
+
+552
+00:37:26,500 --> 00:37:29,380
+at the point Always the rays are always parallel
+
+553
+00:37:29,380 --> 00:37:33,460
+inside the lens Inside the lens coming from the
+
+554
+00:37:33,460 --> 00:37:37,380
+minus optical infinity Always without any
+
+555
+00:37:37,380 --> 00:37:40,640
+calculations The image of the parallel rays will
+
+556
+00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:43,970
+be in the posterior focal pointHow do I get the
+
+557
+00:37:43,970 --> 00:37:46,610
+posterior focal point? I divide it by Uncharted
+
+558
+00:37:46,610 --> 00:37:50,670
+which is the refractive index behind the lens
+
+559
+00:37:50,670 --> 00:37:54,190
+Uncharted divided by the power of the lens. The
+
+560
+00:37:54,190 --> 00:37:59,930
+power of the lens is 20 diopters. 20 diopters
+
+561
+00:37:59,930 --> 00:38:05,350
+means that the focal length is 55 cm which is 50
+
+562
+00:38:05,350 --> 00:38:10,540
+mm.Can you see it? On a distance of 5 cm, which is
+
+563
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:14,400
+10 cm, 20 cm, which is on a distance of 5 cm. So,
+
+564
+00:38:15,420 --> 00:38:20,240
+in one word, in one word, any lens that has a
+
+565
+00:38:20,240 --> 00:38:23,280
+collimated light that is parallel to each other
+
+566
+00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:25,820
+and parallel to the optical axis, the image will
+
+567
+00:38:25,820 --> 00:38:29,340
+be formed in the posterior focal point exactly as
+
+568
+00:38:29,340 --> 00:38:34,240
+this drawing indicates. Is the story over? No. The
+
+569
+00:38:34,240 --> 00:38:37,060
+thing is still missing. Collimated of axis rays
+
+570
+00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:41,300
+from minus infinity focus to the posterior focal
+
+571
+00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:47,020
+plane I have a posterior focal point and I also
+
+572
+00:38:47,020 --> 00:38:50,580
+have a posterior focal plane posterior focal plane
+
+573
+00:38:50,580 --> 00:38:53,260
+let's look at the view that will explain the idea
+
+574
+00:38:53,260 --> 00:38:55,860
+let's assume that the lens has 5 diopters which is
+
+575
+00:38:55,860 --> 00:39:01,180
+20 centimeters of its original distance okay now I
+
+576
+00:39:01,180 --> 00:39:04,800
+want another source of light also parallel to each
+
+577
+00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:07,120
+other but off axis
+
+578
+00:39:12,190 --> 00:39:14,910
+this is off axis, another source of light, can you
+
+579
+00:39:14,910 --> 00:39:17,910
+see it? where did the picture come from? the rays
+
+580
+00:39:17,910 --> 00:39:21,210
+are parallel to each other but off axis doesn't
+
+581
+00:39:21,210 --> 00:39:23,110
+mean they are parallel to the optical axis they
+
+582
+00:39:23,110 --> 00:39:25,150
+are not parallel to the optical axis the picture
+
+583
+00:39:25,150 --> 00:39:29,150
+was formed in the posterior focal plane okay,
+
+584
+00:39:29,630 --> 00:39:36,190
+third source of light parallel to each other it
+
+585
+00:39:36,190 --> 00:39:39,170
+came from the minus optical infinity, can you see
+
+586
+00:39:39,170 --> 00:39:45,120
+it too? alsoin the posterior focal planeالميزة
+
+587
+00:39:45,120 --> 00:39:48,640
+الوحيدة أنه يكون إذا كانوا موازي لل optical axis
+
+588
+00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:53,260
+الصورة هتتكون في ال posterior focal point إذا
+
+589
+00:39:53,260 --> 00:39:57,220
+كانوا متوازي مع بعض البعض بس مش موازي لل optical
+
+590
+00:39:57,220 --> 00:40:01,640
+axis الصورة هتتكون في ال posterior focal plane زي
+
+591
+00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:05,940
+ما الكلام هذا و الصورة بتوضع هنا موازي لبعض البعض
+
+592
+00:40:05,940 --> 00:40:10,460
+وموازي في نفس الوقت لل optical axis الصورة هتتكون
+
+593
+00:40:10,460 --> 00:40:15,830
+في ال posterior focal pointwhile the collimated
+
+594
+00:40:15,830 --> 00:40:18,170
+off axis, which is not parallel to the optical
+
+595
+00:40:18,170 --> 00:40:21,850
+axis raised from minus infinity focused to the
+
+596
+00:40:21,850 --> 00:40:25,850
+posterior focal plane as seen here these rays are
+
+597
+00:40:25,850 --> 00:40:28,510
+parallel to each other coming from minus infinity
+
+598
+00:40:28,510 --> 00:40:34,270
+but they have a feature that they are not parallel
+
+599
+00:40:34,270 --> 00:40:38,670
+to the optical axis however, since they are
+
+600
+00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:40,790
+parallel to each other in their shape
+
+601
+00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:03,820
+For a thin lens immersed in an uniform medium,
+
+602
+00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:09,120
+such as air or water, FA and FP are equidistant
+
+603
+00:41:09,120 --> 00:41:16,620
+from lensequidistance from lens بمعنى آخر fa و fb
+
+604
+00:41:16,620 --> 00:41:25,720
+نفس البعد عن يعني
+
+605
+00:41:26,120 --> 00:41:29,620
+FA is far away in the case of plus five diopter
+
+606
+00:41:29,620 --> 00:41:31,800
+lens. This is a thin lens. Of course, we call it
+
+607
+00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:34,980
+thin, but it is a thin lens. It is located in the
+
+608
+00:41:34,980 --> 00:41:37,320
+middle of a homogeneity. What does it mean in the
+
+609
+00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:38,700
+middle of a homogeneity? It means that in front of
+
+610
+00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:41,080
+it is something that is the same as behind it.
+
+611
+00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:43,620
+That is, in front of it is air, behind it is air.
+
+612
+00:41:43,840 --> 00:41:45,420
+In front of it is water, behind it is water.
+
+613
+00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:55,620
+Fa and Fb are equidistance from the lens, meaning
+
+614
+00:41:55,620 --> 00:41:57,680
+they have the same distance or they are away from
+
+615
+00:41:57,680 --> 00:42:00,820
+the same distance. The front cam is away from the
+
+616
+00:42:00,820 --> 00:42:03,760
+lens, it is the same distance that the rear cam is
+
+617
+00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,220
+away from. But in the case of differences in the
+
+618
+00:42:06,220 --> 00:42:08,320
+means, for example, here is air and here is water,
+
+619
+00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:10,820
+there is a different distance that we will be able
+
+620
+00:42:10,820 --> 00:42:13,200
+to get. Of course, we multiply the refractive
+
+621
+00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,260
+indexWe divide the refractive index by the power.
+
+622
+00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:23,460
+For example, if we assume here on this side, on
+
+623
+00:42:23,460 --> 00:42:27,980
+the left of the lens there is air, we say FA is
+
+624
+00:42:27,980 --> 00:42:31,660
+away from the next distance, which is N over the
+
+625
+00:42:31,660 --> 00:42:37,040
+power, which is equal to N1 and the power is 5
+
+626
+00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:39,400
+diopters,
+
+627
+00:42:41,580 --> 00:42:46,470
+which is equal to1 over 5 diopter means 5 meters
+
+628
+00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:48,950
+which is 2 out of 10 meters which is 20
+
+629
+00:42:48,950 --> 00:42:53,570
+centimeters okay
+
+630
+00:42:53,570 --> 00:42:56,570
+let's suppose here water is 1 and 3 out of 10 we
+
+631
+00:42:56,570 --> 00:43:04,470
+say as follows Fb F the
+
+632
+00:43:04,470 --> 00:43:08,010
+posterior focal point is equal to the power
+
+633
+00:43:12,150 --> 00:43:14,050
+because here the condition is different because
+
+634
+00:43:14,050 --> 00:43:15,870
+here the middle is not homogeneous, here is air,
+
+635
+00:43:16,210 --> 00:43:18,410
+here is water so the refractive index of water is
+
+636
+00:43:18,410 --> 00:43:24,790
+one and three out of ten divided by five this is
+
+637
+00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:27,130
+greater than or equal to let's go to the
+
+638
+00:43:27,130 --> 00:43:31,610
+calculator quickly we
+
+639
+00:43:31,610 --> 00:43:37,730
+divide one and three out of ten by five
+
+640
+00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:50,220
+1.310 × 5 equals 26 cm
+
+641
+00:43:50,220 --> 00:43:56,760
+or 26 cm from 100 meters equals
+
+642
+00:43:56,760 --> 00:44:02,430
+26 cmSo when the middle is not homogenous, here
+
+643
+00:44:02,430 --> 00:44:05,990
+air and here water, the front camera moves away
+
+644
+00:44:05,990 --> 00:44:08,830
+from the lens by 20 cm, while the rear camera
+
+645
+00:44:08,830 --> 00:44:11,190
+moves away from the lens by 26 cm, which means
+
+646
+00:44:11,190 --> 00:44:14,370
+further away from the front camera. When is it
+
+647
+00:44:14,370 --> 00:44:17,530
+equal to fA and fB in their distance from the
+
+648
+00:44:17,530 --> 00:44:20,610
+lens? When the middle is homogenous, when the
+
+649
+00:44:20,610 --> 00:44:23,690
+middle is homogenous, and this is how we explain
+
+650
+00:44:23,690 --> 00:44:25,510
+these things.
+
+651
+00:44:29,490 --> 00:44:32,410
+For a thin lens immersed in a uniform medium,
+
+652
+00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:37,510
+uniform optical medium such as air or water, F-A
+
+653
+00:44:37,510 --> 00:44:41,690
+and F-P are equidistant from the lens. Okay, now
+
+654
+00:44:41,690 --> 00:44:45,590
+there is one last point. We have two types of
+
+655
+00:44:45,590 --> 00:44:47,930
+lenses. We have the plus lens, which we always
+
+656
+00:44:47,930 --> 00:44:51,250
+talk about, and the minus lens, which so far we
+
+657
+00:44:51,250 --> 00:44:53,990
+have not mentioned at all. Of course, what is
+
+658
+00:44:53,990 --> 00:44:56,490
+different from each other? The minus lens, the
+
+659
+00:44:56,490 --> 00:45:01,040
+minus lens,In contrast to the plus lens, let's try
+
+660
+00:45:01,040 --> 00:45:03,240
+to get a picture here that shows the minus lens,
+
+661
+00:45:03,320 --> 00:45:07,840
+this one for example looks like the minus lens We
+
+662
+00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:14,080
+say the minus lens FA on the right, behind the
+
+663
+00:45:14,080 --> 00:45:14,420
+lens,
+
+664
+00:45:17,260 --> 00:45:19,420
+FA will be behind the lens
+
+665
+00:45:29,380 --> 00:45:35,560
+و FB أمام العدسة يعني عكس الblast lens، FB هتكون
+
+666
+00:45:35,560 --> 00:45:40,640
+لورا عن ناحية اليمين اللي بيأشر عليها و FB هتكون
+
+667
+00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:42,200
+أمام العدسة
+
+668
+00:46:05,010 --> 00:46:09,370
+For a convex plus power spherical lens, FA is
+
+669
+00:46:09,370 --> 00:46:12,390
+located anterior to the lens and FP is located
+
+670
+00:46:12,390 --> 00:46:15,370
+posterior to the lens. For a concave minus
+
+671
+00:46:15,370 --> 00:46:19,510
+spherical lens, the points are reversed. FA is
+
+672
+00:46:19,510 --> 00:46:23,530
+posterior to the lens andFp anterior to the lens
+
+673
+00:46:23,530 --> 00:46:31,210
+To avoid confusion, some authors prefer the terms
+
+674
+00:46:31,210 --> 00:46:35,790
+F and F-sharta instead of F-A and F-P. But we will
+
+675
+00:46:35,790 --> 00:46:39,530
+keep using F-A and F-P because God willing, it
+
+676
+00:46:39,530 --> 00:46:42,530
+does not cause any confusion. We will stop at this
+
+677
+00:46:42,530 --> 00:46:46,510
+point and see the next topic which is Paraxial Ray
+
+678
+00:46:46,510 --> 00:46:49,480
+Tracing through Convex Spherical Lensبيعطيكم
+
+679
+00:46:49,480 --> 00:46:52,360
+العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبرك
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/7EgIsWUhHBE_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:03,500
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim, we have a problem
+
+2
+00:00:03,500 --> 00:00:06,960
+with the lens decentration The optical center of
+
+3
+00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:15,120
+the lens on the right became outwards 8mm and
+
+4
+00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:22,280
+downwards 7mm So it went out 8mm and down 7mm of
+
+5
+00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:27,720
+course the lens strength Plus
+
+6
+00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:38,760
+6 diopterthe right lens and
+
+7
+00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:46,500
+the left lens plus five and a half diodes
+
+8
+00:00:46,500 --> 00:00:49,320
+by mistake,
+
+9
+00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:53,420
+the lens was focused in such a way that there was
+
+10
+00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:57,740
+a decentralizationالان بالنسبالي العدسة الشمال was
+
+11
+00:00:57,740 --> 00:01:02,500
+decentered outward لبرا خمسة ملي و لفوق upward
+
+12
+00:01:02,500 --> 00:01:05,820
+سبعة ملي متر What is the total horizontal and
+
+13
+00:01:05,820 --> 00:01:09,280
+vertical aprismatic effect and which is more
+
+14
+00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:12,580
+problematic to the patient؟ بدنا نجسم الصفحة
+
+15
+00:01:12,580 --> 00:01:14,380
+بتاعتنا لأقسام
+
+16
+00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:44,190
+لأقصى عشان نبدأ بالحل
+
+17
+00:02:04,230 --> 00:02:07,450
+first part we need to see the horizontal effect
+
+18
+00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:15,390
+for right eye of course we
+
+19
+00:02:15,390 --> 00:02:20,170
+will say horizontal effect right horizontal effect
+
+20
+00:02:20,170 --> 00:02:29,370
+right we
+
+21
+00:02:29,370 --> 00:02:33,410
+will use the horizontal cross sectionwe call it
+
+22
+00:02:33,410 --> 00:02:37,470
+optical center it
+
+23
+00:02:37,470 --> 00:02:39,850
+was supposed to be like this in the middle but it
+
+24
+00:02:39,850 --> 00:02:45,670
+moved outward by 8 mm when it moved outward, the
+
+25
+00:02:45,670 --> 00:02:53,170
+eye looks through a phase-out prism so first phase
+
+26
+00:02:53,170 --> 00:02:57,750
+-out effect phase-out prism
+
+27
+00:03:06,910 --> 00:03:14,110
+The Prismatic Gadget is equal to h into d where h
+
+28
+00:03:14,110 --> 00:03:29,330
+is the distance and
+
+29
+00:03:29,330 --> 00:03:34,090
+it is equal to 8 millimeters which is 8 out of 10
+
+30
+00:03:34,090 --> 00:03:34,650
+centimeters
+
+31
+00:03:37,470 --> 00:03:45,850
+multiply power by 6 multiply 6 by diopter and it
+
+32
+00:03:45,850 --> 00:03:52,030
+equals the prismatic effect 8x6x8x40 which is 4
+
+33
+00:03:52,030 --> 00:04:05,490
+.8x10 the prism diopter so
+
+34
+00:04:05,490 --> 00:04:06,890
+this is the horizontal effect
+
+35
+00:04:11,260 --> 00:04:17,340
+Horizontal effect for the right eye 4
+
+36
+00:04:17,340 --> 00:04:22,860
+,8,10 prism diopter, base out, base out Ok, now we
+
+37
+00:04:22,860 --> 00:04:24,920
+come to the vertical effect for the right eye to
+
+38
+00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:30,460
+finish everything The
+
+39
+00:04:30,460 --> 00:04:34,680
+vertical effect for the right eye is supposed to
+
+40
+00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:38,000
+be in the middle, but the center went down by 7
+
+41
+00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:44,450
+millimetersseven milli, then the eye has a face
+
+42
+00:04:44,450 --> 00:04:51,130
+down effect or face down prism, the vertical
+
+43
+00:04:51,130 --> 00:04:53,530
+effect of the right eye
+
+44
+00:05:09,940 --> 00:05:13,300
+vertical effect to the right eye based on the
+
+45
+00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:20,560
+prism based on the prism how much it is equal to H
+
+46
+00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:27,380
+in D and equal to H seven miles down, which is
+
+47
+00:05:27,380 --> 00:05:32,140
+seven out of ten centimeters times D, which is six
+
+48
+00:05:32,140 --> 00:05:35,300
+diopters seven times six is forty-two, which is
+
+49
+00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:39,100
+four and two out of ten diopters
+
+50
+00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:45,000
+So this is the vertical effect for the right eye
+
+51
+00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:53,080
+So the horizontal effect is based out 4 out of 10
+
+52
+00:05:53,080 --> 00:06:00,020
+prism and the vertical effect is 4 out of 10 prism
+
+53
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:02,560
+based down
+
+54
+00:06:13,070 --> 00:06:19,230
+Go to Horizontal Effect, it's here,
+
+55
+00:06:19,690 --> 00:06:28,750
+and press CTRL X and CTRL V, it will look like
+
+56
+00:06:28,750 --> 00:06:28,970
+this
+
+57
+00:06:32,070 --> 00:06:36,270
+to compare vertical
+
+58
+00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:39,230
+with vertical and horizontal with horizontal we
+
+59
+00:06:39,230 --> 00:06:43,250
+come to the left eye the left eye the horizontal
+
+60
+00:06:43,250 --> 00:06:49,750
+effect decentered outward 5mm to outside 5mm and
+
+61
+00:06:49,750 --> 00:06:54,610
+it should be like this
+
+62
+00:06:54,610 --> 00:06:56,630
+exactly in front of the pupil it became
+
+63
+00:06:56,630 --> 00:07:00,350
+decentration outward so I also have a base out
+
+64
+00:07:00,350 --> 00:07:05,650
+effectجداش مقداره؟ طبعاً لما بيقول horizontal
+
+65
+00:07:05,650 --> 00:07:07,130
+effect left
+
+66
+00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:27,460
+Horizontal prismatic effect on the left eye is
+
+67
+00:07:27,460 --> 00:07:29,540
+called the Bayes out effect
+
+68
+00:08:00,870 --> 00:08:11,650
+H5mmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5
+
+69
+00:08:11,650 --> 00:08:11,670
+.5cm
+
+70
+00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:33,780
+We say 5 times 5.5 equals
+
+71
+00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:46,920
+27.5 which is 72.75% 2.75% Prism Diopter Base Out
+
+72
+00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:52,520
+2.75% Base Out of course this is the horizontal
+
+73
+00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:53,480
+effect of
+
+74
+00:08:56,220 --> 00:08:58,820
+the left eye now we need the vertical effect of
+
+75
+00:08:58,820 --> 00:09:02,660
+the left eye which
+
+76
+00:09:02,660 --> 00:09:12,620
+is vertical effect left which
+
+77
+00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:17,740
+is how much it equals we remove the horizontal
+
+78
+00:09:17,740 --> 00:09:23,980
+effect and
+
+79
+00:09:23,980 --> 00:09:24,780
+we bring the vertical
+
+80
+00:09:30,260 --> 00:09:33,120
+vertical is the section of the plus lens which is
+
+81
+00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,640
+supposed to be exactly the center of the pupil but
+
+82
+00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:43,320
+it has a decentration of up up to 7 mm the eye
+
+83
+00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:47,780
+looks through the prism with its base up so base
+
+84
+00:09:47,780 --> 00:09:56,240
+up the prism base up effect how much is it? it is
+
+85
+00:09:56,240 --> 00:09:57,240
+equal to hvd
+
+86
+00:09:59,990 --> 00:10:06,090
+ويساوي H 7 mili يعني سبعة من عشرة سنتة في دي ضرب
+
+87
+00:10:06,090 --> 00:10:14,450
+اللي هي خمسة و نص ديوتر ويساوي سبعة من عشرة في
+
+88
+00:10:14,450 --> 00:10:23,970
+خمسة و نص لو قولنا سبعة من عشرة ضرب خمسة
+
+89
+00:10:23,970 --> 00:10:24,390
+و نص
+
+90
+00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:45,380
+This is the
+
+91
+00:10:45,380 --> 00:10:47,140
+vertical effect for the left and this is the
+
+92
+00:10:47,140 --> 00:10:49,820
+vertical effect for the right We will see if we
+
+93
+00:10:49,820 --> 00:10:52,420
+need to add them or subtract them to get the total
+
+94
+00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:56,420
+and the horizontal effect is the same case we will
+
+95
+00:10:56,420 --> 00:11:00,540
+see if we will combine them or divide them so we
+
+96
+00:11:00,540 --> 00:11:19,380
+need to understand this case first
+
+97
+00:11:19,380 --> 00:11:20,220
+thing we will see is
+
+98
+00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:26,940
+Horizontal effect
+
+99
+00:12:16,580 --> 00:12:19,720
+here I have a base out and here I have a base out
+
+100
+00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:27,180
+base out and here I also have a base out so the
+
+101
+00:12:27,180 --> 00:12:29,320
+picture of the left eye will point to the right
+
+102
+00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,580
+towards the apex of the prism in front of it and
+
+103
+00:12:32,580 --> 00:12:35,120
+the picture of the right eye will point to the
+
+104
+00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:39,010
+left so the picture of the right eyeit will go to
+
+105
+00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:41,990
+the left if we want to represent it with an arrow
+
+106
+00:12:41,990 --> 00:12:47,270
+the right eye will go like this and the left eye
+
+107
+00:12:47,270 --> 00:12:53,010
+will go like this we talked about a rule in
+
+108
+00:12:53,010 --> 00:12:56,310
+previous lessons if the apex is in the same
+
+109
+00:12:56,310 --> 00:12:59,890
+direction as the apex, we put it but here the apex
+
+110
+00:12:59,890 --> 00:13:02,330
+is going to the left and this apex is going to the
+
+111
+00:13:02,330 --> 00:13:06,750
+right so we put them together so the total
+
+112
+00:13:06,750 --> 00:13:07,950
+horizontal effect
+
+113
+00:13:15,210 --> 00:13:33,130
+total horizontal effect how much? 4.8% plus 72.75%
+
+114
+00:13:33,130 --> 00:13:40,470
+and
+
+115
+00:13:40,470 --> 00:13:40,690
+equals
+
+116
+00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:57,680
+Here 4.8 out of 10 plus 2.75 out of 100 is equal
+
+117
+00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:04,940
+to 7.55
+
+118
+00:14:04,940 --> 00:14:07,260
+out of 100 prism diopters
+
+119
+00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:24,500
+base out either in front of the right or the left,
+
+120
+00:14:24,540 --> 00:14:29,280
+there is no problem before we explain this, we
+
+121
+00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,780
+want to say as follows the picture of the left eye
+
+122
+00:14:31,780 --> 00:14:34,660
+will go to the right towards the apex of the prism
+
+123
+00:14:34,660 --> 00:14:38,740
+and the picture of the right eye will go to the
+
+124
+00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:42,780
+left towards the apex of the prism in front of the
+
+125
+00:14:42,780 --> 00:14:46,100
+right eye if the force of the prism increasesit
+
+126
+00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,220
+will go farther and farther and if this increases
+
+127
+00:14:49,220 --> 00:14:50,900
+the force of the prism, it will go farther and
+
+128
+00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:52,580
+farther, so we add, the distance between them
+
+129
+00:14:52,580 --> 00:14:55,560
+increases because the apex is opposite to the
+
+130
+00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:57,540
+apex, this one is going right and this one is
+
+131
+00:14:57,540 --> 00:15:03,240
+going left okay, now we gather and we get this
+
+132
+00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:06,300
+amount, please out in front of which eye? no, they
+
+133
+00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:08,480
+are in front of which eye, I can say in front of
+
+134
+00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:11,640
+the right eyein front of the right eye, it's like
+
+135
+00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:13,220
+I'm saying that the left eye has its picture in
+
+136
+00:15:13,220 --> 00:15:15,780
+front of it directly and all the distance that the
+
+137
+00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:18,440
+eye has relaxed or the distortion of the picture
+
+138
+00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:21,580
+of the right eye, I can say that it's like there
+
+139
+00:15:21,580 --> 00:15:23,840
+is no prism in front of the left eye and there is
+
+140
+00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:26,260
+seven and fifty-five percent of the prism in front
+
+141
+00:15:26,260 --> 00:15:29,000
+of the right eye or vice versa, I can say that the
+
+142
+00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:30,840
+right eye has its picture in front of it and the
+
+143
+00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,840
+left eye has its picture distortedto the right by
+
+144
+00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:39,180
+7.55% prism Ok, we're done here Does this affect?
+
+145
+00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:42,240
+No, a person can handle a horizontal effect more
+
+146
+00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:45,340
+than 10 and sometimes more than 15 and sometimes
+
+147
+00:15:45,340 --> 00:15:48,280
+more than 20 especially based out, which means
+
+148
+00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:51,040
+convergence this eye went to the right and this
+
+149
+00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:53,060
+eye went to the left which means it made a
+
+150
+00:15:53,060 --> 00:15:56,280
+convergence it can handle even reaching 20 or
+
+151
+00:15:56,280 --> 00:16:01,860
+more, this is called a prism can tolerateال
+
+152
+00:16:01,860 --> 00:16:08,420
+patient can tolerate يعني بيقدر يتحمل أو can be
+
+153
+00:16:08,420 --> 00:16:16,120
+tolerated هذه الكمية ممكن this
+
+154
+00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:19,320
+amount can be tolerated يعني ممكن يتحملها الإنسان
+
+155
+00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:24,040
+نيجي لل vertical effect ال total vertical effect
+
+156
+00:16:40,280 --> 00:16:48,200
+total vertical effect now we come here delete some
+
+157
+00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:52,680
+things to put in our drawing what we want
+
+158
+00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:29,240
+So I have here, based down in front of the right
+
+159
+00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:35,980
+eye and based up in front of the left eye Based up
+
+160
+00:17:35,980 --> 00:17:42,020
+in front of the left eye And
+
+161
+00:17:42,020 --> 00:17:50,900
+based down in front of the right eye So
+
+162
+00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:54,430
+the picture for the right eye came outbecause the
+
+163
+00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:56,790
+apex is up and the picture for the left eye is
+
+164
+00:17:56,790 --> 00:18:01,170
+down because the apex is down so we need to add
+
+165
+00:18:01,170 --> 00:18:03,450
+the total because this went up two degrees for
+
+166
+00:18:03,450 --> 00:18:05,710
+example the picture went up two degrees and this
+
+167
+00:18:05,710 --> 00:18:08,370
+picture itself went down two degrees so the total
+
+168
+00:18:08,370 --> 00:18:14,150
+effect will be total so
+
+169
+00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:20,090
+the total effect is four and two out of ten plus
+
+170
+00:18:21,790 --> 00:18:33,170
+تلاتة و خمسة و تمانين من المية و يساوي اربعة
+
+171
+00:18:33,170 --> 00:18:40,730
+و اتنين من عشرة زائد تلاتة و خمسة و تمانين من
+
+172
+00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:48,430
+المية و يساوي تمانية و خمسة من المية Prism تمانية
+
+173
+00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:55,540
+point 5 من 100 prism أقول
+
+174
+00:18:55,540 --> 00:19:02,200
+base up ولا base down ممكن أقول base up before
+
+175
+00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:12,540
+left eye قدام العين الشمال or نفس الرقم 5 و 8 من
+
+176
+00:19:12,540 --> 00:19:22,770
+100 prism or base downbefore right eye يعني بنقول
+
+177
+00:19:22,770 --> 00:19:27,490
+ممكن نعتبر أنه صورة العين الشمال أمام العين بالضبط
+
+178
+00:19:27,490 --> 00:19:31,890
+ما نزلتش، ما نزلتش وإنه كل الكمية هاي اللي خمسة و
+
+179
+00:19:31,890 --> 00:19:35,250
+تمانية و خمسة من مية صورة العين اليمين طلعت لفوق
+
+180
+00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:39,490
+أو العكس بقدر أقول صورة العين اليمين ثابتة قدامها
+
+181
+00:19:39,490 --> 00:19:44,570
+ما طلعتش وهادي صورتها نزلت بمقدار تمانية و خمسة من
+
+182
+00:19:44,570 --> 00:19:57,340
+مية طيب، الآنcan't be tolerated will
+
+183
+00:19:57,340 --> 00:20:01,260
+cause vertical diplopia
+
+184
+00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:08,620
+What does it mean will cause vertical diplopia? It
+
+185
+00:20:08,620 --> 00:20:11,480
+will cause him headaches. I mean when he wears
+
+186
+00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,080
+glasses, why? Because a person can bear up to
+
+187
+00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:19,100
+three maximum vertical effects. I mean from two to
+
+188
+00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:21,980
+three prisms, yes tolerated. But eight prisms will
+
+189
+00:20:21,980 --> 00:20:25,680
+cause him vertical diplopia. I mean he will see
+
+190
+00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:29,560
+two things, but above each other. Above each
+
+191
+00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,740
+other. Let's see an example.
+
+192
+00:20:47,360 --> 00:20:50,540
+انها ده مثال واضح، هاي ال vertical diplopia، لما
+
+193
+00:20:50,540 --> 00:20:54,960
+بتطلع الجلم، بيصير يشوفوا جلمين فوق بعض، فوق بعض،
+
+194
+00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:57,460
+هد هي ك horizontal، لأ مش هيصير عنده horizontal،
+
+195
+00:20:57,460 --> 00:21:01,020
+هيصير عنده vertical، هد النضارة لازم تتغير، هد
+
+196
+00:21:01,020 --> 00:21:04,420
+النضارة لا يمكن المريض، يعني المريض لو أصفناله
+
+197
+00:21:04,420 --> 00:21:08,960
+إياها بهد ال decentrationيعني مش هيتحمله و هيجي
+
+198
+00:21:08,960 --> 00:21:13,680
+يعني سريعا يحكي أنه أنا بشوف الحاجة حاجتين، هيك
+
+199
+00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:16,300
+بتنتهي المسألة و يعطيكم العافية و السلام عليكم و
+
+200
+00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:17,820
+رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/9hRg88pXUZ4.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+
+1
+00:00:04,580 --> 00:00:08,900
+السؤال بيقول قارن بين ال optical path lengths من A 
+
+2
+00:00:08,900 --> 00:00:14,730
+ل B رحلة الضوء من A؟ with the optical path length 
+
+3
+00:00:14,730 --> 00:00:18,210
+in the other from C to D, that is, who among them 
+
+4
+00:00:18,210 --> 00:00:19,810
+is the largest? Of course, it is clear that they 
+
+5
+00:00:19,810 --> 00:00:23,750
+counted in a lot of materials, the path from A to 
+
+6
+00:00:23,750 --> 00:00:26,810
+B, the light went one meter and two out of ten in 
+
+7
+00:00:26,810 --> 00:00:29,090
+the air, this is the refractive index, then one 
+
+8
+00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:31,090
+meter in water, this is the refractive index, then 
+
+9
+00:00:31,090 --> 00:00:33,730
+one meter in glass, half a meter, excuse me, in 
+
+10
+00:00:33,730 --> 00:00:35,850
+glass, which is one and a half refractive index, 
+
+11
+00:00:35,950 --> 00:00:39,550
+then three meters in the air to reach B. The real 
+
+12
+00:00:39,550 --> 00:00:43,540
+distance is a set of these Not the optical path 
+
+13
+00:00:43,540 --> 00:00:46,540
+length, but the actual distance which is 1.2 plus 
+
+14
+00:00:46,540 --> 00:00:51,720
+1 plus 1.5 plus 3 which gives me 5.7 meters that 
+
+15
+00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:54,080
+the light passed through to calculate the optical 
+
+16
+00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:58,780
+path length And the actual distance that the other 
+
+17
+00:00:58,780 --> 00:01:00,940
+light passed through from C to D is 1 meter in the 
+
+18
+00:01:00,940 --> 00:01:03,000
+air, of course this is the refractive index, half 
+
+19
+00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,820
+a meter in the water, 7.10 meters in the glass, 1 
+
+20
+00:01:06,820 --> 00:01:10,460
+.5 refractive index, then 2.5 meters in the air, 
+
+21
+00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,130
+which is 1 refractive index We will calculate the 
+
+22
+00:01:13,130 --> 00:01:17,910
+optical path length first Optical path length from 
+
+23
+00:01:17,910 --> 00:01:22,850
+A to B is equal to each distance multiplied by the 
+
+24
+00:01:22,850 --> 00:01:26,910
+refractive index 1 minus 1.2 meters divided by 1 
+
+25
+00:01:26,910 --> 00:01:31,730
+is equal to 1.2 meters We will write it as 1 plus 
+
+26
+00:01:31,730 --> 00:01:40,510
+1 meter multiplied by 1.3 meters plus half a meter 
+
+27
+00:01:44,160 --> 00:01:52,500
+dark one and a half plus three meters in one and 
+
+28
+00:01:52,500 --> 00:01:57,500
+it equals one and two out of ten meters in one 
+
+29
+00:01:57,500 --> 00:02:01,580
+remains as it is plus one in one and three out of 
+
+30
+00:02:01,580 --> 00:02:04,920
+ten becomes one and three out of ten meters plus 
+
+31
+00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:09,380
+five out of ten in one and a half means five in 
+
+32
+00:02:09,380 --> 00:02:17,650
+eighteen out of seventy-fiveمن 100 متر زائد تلاتة 
+
+33
+00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:24,750
+متر في واحد تلاتة متر ويساوي اذا واحد واتنين من 
+
+34
+00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:32,670
+عشرة متر وواحد وتلاتة من عشرة متر وخمسة وسبعين من 
+
+35
+00:02:32,670 --> 00:02:33,490
+مية متر
+
+36
+00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:55,610
+The total is 5 here 5 and 7 is 12 3 and 3 is 6 So 
+
+37
+00:02:55,610 --> 00:02:58,270
+6 and a quarter meters The first optical path 
+
+38
+00:02:58,270 --> 00:03:01,590
+length is 6 and a quarter meters We will put it in 
+
+39
+00:03:01,590 --> 00:03:04,790
+a box to distinguish it Now the second optical 
+
+40
+00:03:04,790 --> 00:03:12,290
+path length We will calculate it In shape or blue 
+
+41
+00:03:12,290 --> 00:03:19,920
+color Optical Path length which is from C to D is 
+
+42
+00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:23,760
+equal to 1 meter in the air multiplied by the 
+
+43
+00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:28,020
+refractive index of the air plus half a meter in 
+
+44
+00:03:28,020 --> 00:03:33,240
+the water multiplied 
+
+45
+00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,980
+by 1.3 which is the refractive index of water plus 
+
+46
+00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:45,560
+7.10 meters in the glass multiplied by 1.5plus two 
+
+47
+00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:50,960
+and a half meters two and a half meters in the 
+
+48
+00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,200
+air, that is, it will be multiplied by one and 
+
+49
+00:03:54,200 --> 00:04:01,700
+equals one in one in one meter plus five in 
+
+50
+00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:05,820
+thirteen in sixty-five, that is, sixty-five out of 
+
+51
+00:04:05,820 --> 00:04:09,940
+one hundred meters plus 
+
+52
+00:04:14,470 --> 00:04:22,630
+7x15, 7x10x70, 7x5x5x5x5x5x5x5, 105, 1, 5 out of 
+
+53
+00:04:22,630 --> 00:04:28,140
+100 metersWe multiply 7 by 10 which is equal to 70 
+
+54
+00:04:28,140 --> 00:04:30,820
+and 7 by 5 which is equal to 35 which is equal to 
+
+55
+00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:34,640
+70 and 35 which is equal to 105 And I want to 
+
+56
+00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:36,200
+subtract after two decimal places which is equal 
+
+57
+00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:41,220
+to one point zero five meters and two and a half 
+
+58
+00:04:41,220 --> 00:04:43,220
+meters multiplied by one which is equal to two and 
+
+59
+00:04:43,220 --> 00:04:46,260
+a half meters We will add them all together and 
+
+60
+00:04:46,260 --> 00:04:50,520
+say one meter plus 
+
+61
+00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:53,600
+sixty-five of one hundred meters 
+
+62
+00:04:56,660 --> 00:05:01,840
+plus one point five 
+
+63
+00:05:01,840 --> 00:05:06,320
+hundred meters plus two and a half meters plus two 
+
+64
+00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:13,520
+and a half meters five and five is ten one and 
+
+65
+00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:19,060
+five is six and six is twelve one two three and 
+
+66
+00:05:19,060 --> 00:05:23,280
+two five meters so five meters and two is eight 
+
+67
+00:05:32,490 --> 00:05:36,230
+to B and C to D, we want to say that A to B is 
+
+68
+00:05:36,230 --> 00:05:38,260
+equal to B to C. This distance, which is A to B, 
+
+69
+00:05:38,740 --> 00:05:41,140
+the light did not really cut it And the actual 
+
+70
+00:05:41,140 --> 00:05:45,860
+distance was 5.7 meters in different materials But 
+
+71
+00:05:45,860 --> 00:05:50,100
+if you leave the light to fly in the air It was in 
+
+72
+00:05:50,100 --> 00:05:53,940
+the same period that it cut in these materials 5.7 
+
+73
+00:05:53,940 --> 00:05:58,500
+meters If it stayed in the air only, it would have 
+
+74
+00:05:58,500 --> 00:06:02,870
+cut 6.25 meters at the same time The second issue 
+
+75
+00:06:02,870 --> 00:06:05,770
+or the second part of the issue, lighting actually 
+
+76
+00:06:05,770 --> 00:06:08,710
+when it starts from C to D, it cuts a distance of 
+
+77
+00:06:08,710 --> 00:06:13,390
+4.7 meters at a certain time. At this particular 
+
+78
+00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:15,570
+time, if you leave the light to start in the air, 
+
+79
+00:06:16,030 --> 00:06:19,290
+not in these materials, instead of cutting 4.7 
+
+80
+00:06:19,290 --> 00:06:24,850
+meters, if it was in the air, it would cut 5.2 
+
+81
+00:06:24,850 --> 00:06:28,240
+meters at the same time.So this issue is the 
+
+82
+00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:31,860
+optical path length Now based on the result that 
+
+83
+00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:34,880
+came out of our eyes, the first optical path 
+
+84
+00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:39,640
+length is longer than the second optical path 
+
+85
+00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:42,520
+length Because this is six and a quarter meters 
+
+86
+00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:45,260
+and this is five and two tenths of a meter And may 
+
+87
+00:06:45,260 --> 00:06:48,500
+God give you health and peace, mercy and blessings 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/9hRg88pXUZ4_raw.json

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406.52, "word": " peace,", "probability": 0.84326171875}, {"start": 406.88, "end": 407.3, "word": " mercy", "probability": 0.333740234375}, {"start": 407.3, "end": 408.1, "word": " and", "probability": 0.685546875}, {"start": 408.1, "end": 408.5, "word": " blessings", "probability": 0.89697265625}, {"start": 408.5, "end": 408.5, "word": " of", "probability": 0.59716796875}, {"start": 408.5, "end": 408.5, "word": " God", "probability": 0.76513671875}], "temperature": 1.0}], "language": "en", "language_probability": 1.0, "duration": 409.2749375, "duration_after_vad": 375.48437500000017}

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/FKp1F4_G1ss.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2073 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,640 --> 00:00:06,600
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنكمل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:10,020
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Angle of
+
+3
+00:00:10,020 --> 00:00:14,550
+Deviation في موضوع البرزمات In any prism with an
+
+4
+00:00:14,550 --> 00:00:17,850
+apex angle greater than zero, the total angle of
+
+5
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:21,310
+deviation of light that passes through it is the
+
+6
+00:00:21,310 --> 00:00:25,450
+sum of deviation produced at each of its surfaces
+
+7
+00:00:44,190 --> 00:00:46,830
+and it is supposed to keep going along the dotted
+
+8
+00:00:46,830 --> 00:00:49,990
+line and z has become parallel to the dotted line
+
+9
+00:00:49,990 --> 00:00:52,050
+but it does not change with respect to the
+
+10
+00:00:52,050 --> 00:00:53,830
+horizontal axis and the vertical axis does not
+
+11
+00:00:53,830 --> 00:00:56,870
+change at all it is in the same direction but z
+
+12
+00:00:56,870 --> 00:00:59,730
+has changed this is because the plane parallel to
+
+13
+00:00:59,730 --> 00:01:02,410
+the plane is considered a prism whose apex angle
+
+14
+00:01:02,410 --> 00:01:10,330
+is zero any prism whose apex angle is more than
+
+15
+00:01:10,330 --> 00:01:15,080
+zero will cause a net deviation How many deviations
+
+16
+00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:17,620
+will occur in a set of deviations on its surface?
+
+17
+00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:20,800
+A set of deviations on its surface In other words,
+
+18
+00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:25,640
+if on the first surface of the prism If on the
+
+19
+00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:28,400
+first surface of the prism, which is 20 degrees
+
+20
+00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:31,340
+away from its path And the second surface is 25
+
+21
+00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:37,260
+degrees away, then 20 and 25 are 45 degrees away
+
+22
+00:01:37,260 --> 00:01:40,080
+from its path 45 degrees as an example, as an
+
+23
+00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:41,320
+example Okay now
+
+24
+00:01:43,950 --> 00:01:48,050
+The deviation of light that passes through the
+
+25
+00:01:48,050 --> 00:01:52,690
+prism is the sum of deviations produced at each of
+
+26
+00:01:52,690 --> 00:01:58,090
+its surfaces. These two deviations may be in the
+
+27
+00:01:58,090 --> 00:02:02,030
+same direction or in opposite direction. That is,
+
+28
+00:02:02,590 --> 00:02:04,530
+the light will be deflected either in the same
+
+29
+00:02:04,530 --> 00:02:08,230
+direction or in opposite directions. Notice its
+
+30
+00:02:08,230 --> 00:02:14,290
+drawings. Here I have the light ray.انحرف قليلاً
+
+31
+00:02:14,290 --> 00:02:18,170
+لليسار، لو تخيلنا انه راجل بيمشي، انحرف قليلاً
+
+32
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:21,430
+عيسار و هو، بعدين انحرف عاليمين، اذا هذا in
+
+33
+00:02:21,430 --> 00:02:24,510
+opposite directions، in opposite directions، اذا
+
+34
+00:02:24,510 --> 00:02:28,650
+lightly انحرف بالاتجاه هذا للأعلى، خلينا نقول
+
+35
+00:02:28,650 --> 00:02:32,310
+للأعلى، حسب الرسمة، ثم للأسفل، اذا في اتجاهين
+
+36
+00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:37,580
+متعاكسين، طيب Here, the light fell vertically on
+
+37
+00:02:37,580 --> 00:02:40,120
+the first floor, it did not bend at all, and all
+
+38
+00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:43,540
+the distortion happened on the second floor. Of
+
+39
+00:02:43,540 --> 00:02:45,580
+course, the vertical fall, because the light entry
+
+40
+00:02:45,580 --> 00:02:48,440
+from one medium to another medium differs in
+
+41
+00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:51,700
+density or refractive index, the vertical fall
+
+42
+00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:53,320
+does not change the direction of the light, but
+
+43
+00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,690
+slows down in the glass.و بعدك بيعود بسرع بس هنا
+
+44
+00:02:56,690 --> 00:03:00,990
+سقط لإن السطح مائل فبالتالي مش سقوط عمودي على
+
+45
+00:03:00,990 --> 00:03:04,450
+السطح الأول سقوط عمودي على السطح التاني مش سقوط
+
+46
+00:03:04,450 --> 00:03:09,810
+عمودي فأحدث تغير في اتجاه ال light ray اذا هذه هي
+
+47
+00:03:09,810 --> 00:03:13,350
+ال angle ال total angle of deviation هذه ال total
+
+48
+00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:19,130
+angle of deviation طيب The total angle of deviation
+
+49
+00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:22,210
+is the angle between the rays that came out of the
+
+50
+00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:25,970
+prism and the rays that entered the prism if we
+
+51
+00:03:25,970 --> 00:03:26,450
+extend them
+
+52
+00:03:31,500 --> 00:03:35,300
+The Librasm bends the rays from the first surface
+
+53
+00:03:35,300 --> 00:03:38,780
+to the bottom, then the second surface bends it
+
+54
+00:03:38,780 --> 00:03:40,840
+also to the bottom, then they bend in the same
+
+55
+00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:44,400
+direction. Also, the sum of the deviations, how do
+
+56
+00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,260
+I know it? I extend a line from the beam inside
+
+57
+00:03:47,260 --> 00:03:52,300
+and make an angle between the beam inside the
+
+58
+00:03:52,300 --> 00:03:55,040
+Librasm and what comes out of the Librasm. This is
+
+59
+00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,100
+the total angle of deviation. So, regardless of
+
+60
+00:03:58,100 --> 00:03:58,520
+the view
+
+61
+00:04:01,650 --> 00:04:06,530
+The total angle of deviation of light that passes
+
+62
+00:04:06,530 --> 00:04:10,030
+through the prism is the sum of the deviations
+
+63
+00:04:10,030 --> 00:04:15,810
+produced at each of the surfaces. These two
+
+64
+00:04:15,810 --> 00:04:19,780
+deviations may be in the same directionOr in
+
+65
+00:04:19,780 --> 00:04:24,120
+opposite directions depending on the angle of
+
+66
+00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:34,960
+incidence
+
+67
+00:04:34,960 --> 00:04:45,720
+But the
+
+68
+00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:51,980
+total deviation is alwaystowards the base of the
+
+69
+00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:56,000
+prism always and always the deviation is towards
+
+70
+00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:58,680
+the base of the prism towards the base of the
+
+71
+00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:05,040
+prism here there are clearer drawings from the
+
+72
+00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:09,640
+light ray simulation I prepared it so that we
+
+73
+00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:14,020
+don't waste time this light ray has a deviation
+
+74
+00:05:14,020 --> 00:05:18,070
+and another deviation in the same direction here
+
+75
+00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:21,210
+light ray has a deviation to the left and then to
+
+76
+00:05:21,210 --> 00:05:25,450
+the right two opposite directions here is a
+
+77
+00:05:25,450 --> 00:05:27,510
+vertical fall this vertical fall is called the
+
+78
+00:05:27,510 --> 00:05:33,470
+Prentice position Prentice position Prentice
+
+79
+00:05:33,470 --> 00:05:39,290
+position so it did not happen on the first floor
+
+80
+00:05:39,290 --> 00:05:42,070
+and happened on the second floor now the last
+
+81
+00:05:42,070 --> 00:05:49,160
+direction to the right and again to the right So,
+
+82
+00:05:49,660 --> 00:05:53,180
+depending on the angle of fall to the right,
+
+83
+00:05:53,280 --> 00:05:56,960
+sorry, and again to the left But always the outer
+
+84
+00:05:56,960 --> 00:05:59,220
+beam is closer to the base than its entrance is
+
+85
+00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:02,500
+closer to the base than its entrance So, this case
+
+86
+00:06:02,500 --> 00:06:05,660
+must be clear You can always say, no, this is away
+
+87
+00:06:05,660 --> 00:06:09,260
+from the base Yes, but before entering, it was
+
+88
+00:06:09,260 --> 00:06:13,170
+more away from the base فأصبح أقرب لل base اذا
+
+89
+00:06:13,170 --> 00:06:17,670
+اقتراب نسبي اقتراب نسبي هذا اقتراب حقيقي يعني يورا
+
+90
+00:06:17,670 --> 00:06:22,630
+بالعين اللي احنا شايفينه اذا دائما و ابدا ال total
+
+91
+00:06:22,630 --> 00:06:26,150
+deviation is always toward the base of the prism
+
+92
+00:06:26,150 --> 00:06:31,230
+the base of the prism في مصطلح اسمه ال minimum
+
+93
+00:06:31,230 --> 00:06:36,270
+angle of deviation يعني أقل زاوية انحراف للضوء
+
+94
+00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:44,470
+ممكن يعملها ال prism The minimum angle
+
+95
+00:06:44,470 --> 00:06:54,210
+of deviation produced by a prism occurs when the
+
+96
+00:06:54,210 --> 00:06:58,170
+light ray undergoes equal bending at the two
+
+97
+00:06:58,170 --> 00:06:58,730
+surfaces.
+
+98
+00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:08,080
+he deviated from his path, this is the path he
+
+99
+00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,280
+should stay on if the prism is not present, he
+
+100
+00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:14,800
+deviated, let's say 20 degrees here, then he
+
+101
+00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,080
+completed his path inside the prism, he came out
+
+102
+00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:20,460
+deviated from his second path, another 20 degrees,
+
+103
+00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,240
+then the first deviation equals the second
+
+104
+00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:26,180
+deviation, then the total angle of deviation, this
+
+105
+00:07:26,180 --> 00:07:29,670
+is the main path to the prism before entering the
+
+106
+00:07:29,670 --> 00:07:34,410
+leprosy and this is what happened when it came out
+
+107
+00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:37,770
+of the leprosy if we extend this line this will be
+
+108
+00:07:37,770 --> 00:07:40,950
+the angle which is delta which is the total angle
+
+109
+00:07:40,950 --> 00:07:43,910
+of deviation if the first deviation is equal to
+
+110
+00:07:43,910 --> 00:07:46,310
+the second deviation on the first surface then
+
+111
+00:07:46,310 --> 00:07:49,090
+their total is the total deviation which is the
+
+112
+00:07:49,090 --> 00:07:53,130
+least deviation that this leprosy can do twenty
+
+113
+00:07:53,130 --> 00:07:56,090
+and twenty which is forty degrees so this leprosy
+
+114
+00:07:56,750 --> 00:08:00,310
+This prism can't make a deviation less than 40
+
+115
+00:08:00,310 --> 00:08:03,010
+degrees Let's say this one made on the first floor
+
+116
+00:08:03,010 --> 00:08:06,090
+10 degrees and on the second floor 10 degrees, so
+
+117
+00:08:06,090 --> 00:08:09,590
+20 degrees So the least thing this prism can do is
+
+118
+00:08:09,590 --> 00:08:13,690
+20 degrees How did it know? Because the deviation
+
+119
+00:08:13,690 --> 00:08:16,070
+on the first floor is equal to the deviation on
+
+120
+00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:18,690
+the second floor, so 10 degrees is equal to 10
+
+121
+00:08:18,690 --> 00:08:23,300
+degrees This is the minimum angle of deviation. It
+
+122
+00:08:23,300 --> 00:08:25,460
+is possible in another situation to do more than
+
+123
+00:08:25,460 --> 00:08:29,200
+that. The same prism. To do more than that, but
+
+124
+00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:31,720
+less than that is not possible. Not possible
+
+125
+00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:34,900
+because when the deviation on the first surface
+
+126
+00:08:34,900 --> 00:08:37,860
+equals the deviation on the second surface by
+
+127
+00:08:37,860 --> 00:08:39,460
+degree, it means that
+
+128
+00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:54,810
+minimum angle of deviation Produced by a prism
+
+129
+00:08:54,810 --> 00:08:57,550
+occurs when it occurs in the minimum angle of
+
+130
+00:08:57,550 --> 00:09:01,150
+deviation. By the way, the angle of deviation of
+
+131
+00:09:01,150 --> 00:09:04,190
+the prism varies according to its position in
+
+132
+00:09:04,190 --> 00:09:07,230
+space and according to the fall of light on it. It
+
+133
+00:09:07,230 --> 00:09:09,830
+can have a total deviation of twenty degrees,
+
+134
+00:09:09,950 --> 00:09:13,430
+twenty-five degrees, forty degrees, fifty degrees,
+
+135
+00:09:13,670 --> 00:09:15,710
+according to the fall of light on it and according
+
+136
+00:09:15,710 --> 00:09:19,910
+to the position of the prism in space. طيب إيش أقل
+
+137
+00:09:19,910 --> 00:09:25,870
+angle ممكن يعملها؟ أقل angle ممكن يعملها هي ال
+
+138
+00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:30,010
+angle اللي بتساوى فيها ال deviation على السطح
+
+139
+00:09:30,010 --> 00:09:32,570
+الأمامي مع ال deviation على السطح الخلفي أنا قولنا
+
+140
+00:09:32,570 --> 00:09:35,810
+ال total angle هي مجموع ال deviation بتاعة السطح
+
+141
+00:09:35,810 --> 00:09:40,110
+الأمامي مع السطح الخلفي، لذن ال minimum angle of
+
+142
+00:09:40,110 --> 00:09:45,780
+deviation produced by a prism occurs when the light
+
+143
+00:09:45,780 --> 00:09:52,000
+ray undergoes equal bending at the two surfaces,
+
+144
+00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:55,460
+the angle of deviation is greater in any other
+
+145
+00:09:55,460 --> 00:09:57,640
+situation. If we change the position of the prism,
+
+146
+00:09:58,580 --> 00:10:03,300
+we will get an angle of deviation greater than the
+
+147
+00:10:03,300 --> 00:10:05,200
+minimum angle of deviation.
+
+148
+00:10:12,270 --> 00:10:15,250
+A very important issue is the unit of measurement
+
+149
+00:10:15,250 --> 00:10:18,670
+of the strength of the prism We said that the
+
+150
+00:10:18,670 --> 00:10:21,590
+bigger the prism, the stronger the apical angle is
+
+151
+00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:25,810
+in the letter of the rays The stronger in the
+
+152
+00:10:25,810 --> 00:10:29,510
+letter of the rays, as seen here, the prism is
+
+153
+00:10:29,510 --> 00:10:33,690
+weak here, here the weakest at all, zero هنا أقوى
+
+154
+00:10:33,690 --> 00:10:38,470
+شوية، هنا أقوى، متوسط القوة، هنا أقواهم في
+
+155
+00:10:38,470 --> 00:10:40,510
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+156
+00:10:40,510 --> 00:10:40,710
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+157
+00:10:40,710 --> 00:10:41,430
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+158
+00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:43,670
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+159
+00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:46,370
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+160
+00:10:46,370 --> 00:10:50,170
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+161
+00:10:50,170 --> 00:10:51,390
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، أقواهم في
+
+162
+00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:53,230
+الموجودين، أقواهم في الموجودين، Librism-diopter
+
+163
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:56,510
+Librism-diopter is a unit of measurement of the
+
+164
+00:10:56,510 --> 00:11:00,070
+power of the librism We want to point out two very
+
+165
+00:11:00,070 --> 00:11:04,150
+important things that we should pay attention to
+
+166
+00:11:04,150 --> 00:11:08,650
+and not forget at all Librism-diopter is something
+
+167
+00:11:08,650 --> 00:11:11,350
+completely different Librism-diopter is a unit of
+
+168
+00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:14,660
+measurement of the power of lenses or a unit of
+
+169
+00:11:14,660 --> 00:11:16,400
+measurement of the wavelength of light, the
+
+170
+00:11:16,400 --> 00:11:19,000
+divergence of light. It is measured by the diopter
+
+171
+00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:20,660
+and the intensity of the lens is measured by the
+
+172
+00:11:20,660 --> 00:11:23,280
+diopter because it changes from the wavelength to
+
+173
+00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:26,580
+the light. Librism and diopter are terms that are
+
+174
+00:11:26,580 --> 00:11:28,900
+used to talk to each other. This can be considered
+
+175
+00:11:28,900 --> 00:11:31,820
+as a metaphor for one word. I can't say librism
+
+176
+00:11:31,820 --> 00:11:33,940
+and shut up and I can't say diopter and shut up.
+
+177
+00:11:34,020 --> 00:11:36,740
+Diopter and shut up means that I'm talking about
+
+178
+00:11:36,740 --> 00:11:41,080
+lenses or the divergence of light. لما بقول liprism
+
+179
+00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:44,020
+و بسكوت مش معروف انا هل بقصد في liprism نفس
+
+180
+00:11:44,020 --> 00:11:48,760
+liprism ولا قوة liprism ولا حرفه للاشعة ولا ال
+
+181
+00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:51,880
+minimum and فضروري اقول liprism ديوبتر لما حد تاني
+
+182
+00:11:51,880 --> 00:11:55,500
+بيسمعني انه بقول liprism ديوبتر معناته انا بقصد
+
+183
+00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:00,080
+قوة liprism معين قوة liprism معين يترى ايش هو
+
+184
+00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:03,060
+liprism ديوبتر اول اشي يقولنا اول معلومة لازم ما
+
+185
+00:12:03,060 --> 00:12:07,120
+ننسهاش انه liprism ديوبتر بفرج عن قضية الديوبتر
+
+186
+00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:11,820
+لحالة This prism is a unit for measuring the power
+
+187
+00:12:11,820 --> 00:12:16,940
+of lenses Yes, there is a very important point And
+
+188
+00:12:16,940 --> 00:12:20,320
+it is very, very, very necessary to remember it
+
+189
+00:12:20,320 --> 00:12:23,740
+What is it? The prism does not have refractive
+
+190
+00:12:23,740 --> 00:12:27,720
+power The prism does not have refractive power
+
+191
+00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:43,760
+Prism or prisms have no refractive Power يعني
+
+192
+00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:48,600
+مايلوش قوة زي قوة العدسات طب احنا بنجيز قوة
+
+193
+00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:53,740
+Librasim Librasim بعمل deviation للصورة أو لل
+
+
+
+223
+00:15:03,880 --> 00:15:06,040
+positive state. Therefore, this prism is very
+
+224
+00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:10,140
+important to understand that its force is how much
+
+225
+00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:14,300
+it can rotate the rays to its base, millimeter,
+
+226
+00:15:14,420 --> 00:15:17,240
+two millimeters, centimeter, meter, etc. And this
+
+227
+00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,720
+is what the prism diopter means, which we will
+
+228
+00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:24,280
+talk about now. So, the force of the prism is how
+
+229
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,320
+much the prism can rotate the rays towards its
+
+230
+00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:31,570
+base. not how much it can change the fluctuation of
+
+231
+00:15:31,570 --> 00:15:34,810
+light, because it cannot change the fluctuation of
+
+232
+00:15:34,810 --> 00:15:38,210
+light at all. Proof is that if we bring a prism
+
+233
+00:15:38,210 --> 00:15:43,490
+and put it inside an optical system, this optical
+
+234
+00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:46,070
+system, the image in it is formed on a distance
+
+235
+00:15:46,070 --> 00:15:50,570
+which is in space. The image will remain at the same
+
+236
+00:15:50,570 --> 00:15:53,210
+distance, but with the addition of the prism, it
+
+237
+00:15:53,210 --> 00:15:56,270
+will go down towards the base of the prism if the
+
+238
+00:15:56,270 --> 00:15:59,370
+base of the prism is down, or it will go up if the
+
+239
+00:15:59,370 --> 00:16:02,290
+base of the prism is up, or it will go to the
+
+240
+00:16:02,290 --> 00:16:04,810
+right if the base of the prism is on the right, so
+
+241
+00:16:04,810 --> 00:16:06,650
+the image is always directed towards the base
+
+242
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:09,970
+without changing its distance, so there is no
+
+243
+00:16:09,970 --> 00:16:12,330
+refractive power for the prism, there is no
+
+244
+00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,590
+refractive power for the prism, and this is
+
+245
+00:16:14,590 --> 00:16:18,200
+necessary for us to be sure of it, but the
+
+246
+00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:22,920
+power of the prism is limited to the extent that
+
+247
+00:16:22,920 --> 00:16:27,320
+it is able to move a letter away from its path to
+
+248
+00:16:27,320 --> 00:16:29,620
+reach and form a picture at the same distance, but
+
+249
+00:16:29,620 --> 00:16:33,120
+towards the base of the prism towards the base of
+
+250
+00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:36,780
+the prism, and this must be very clear. Now, what
+
+251
+00:16:36,780 --> 00:16:39,500
+is the Diopter Prism? What is the Diopter Prism?
+
+252
+00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:45,620
+If we say we have a prism قوته واحد بريزم ديوبتر
+
+253
+00:16:45,620 --> 00:16:46,300
+قوته واحد بريزم ديوبتر قوته واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد
+
+254
+00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:50,080
+بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر
+
+255
+00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:58,620
+واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم 
+
+256
+00:16:58,620 --> 00:17:01,260
+ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد
+
+257
+00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:01,480
+بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر
+
+258
+00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:02,920
+واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم
+
+259
+00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:06,320
+ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم ديوبتر واحد
+
+260
+00:17:06,320 --> 00:17:12,910
+بريزم ديوبتر واحد بريزم This prism has a force of 1
+
+261
+00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:18,310
+prism diopter, 1 prism diopter. The rays entered it
+
+262
+00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:20,290
+and deviated from their path in a certain angle.
+
+263
+00:17:20,290 --> 00:17:25,930
+When I came away from the prism 100 cm, which is 1
+
+264
+00:17:25,930 --> 00:17:29,010
+meter, and measured how far the rays deviated from
+
+265
+00:17:29,010 --> 00:17:34,050
+their path, I got 1 cm. So I'm talking about one
+
+266
+00:17:34,050 --> 00:17:38,070
+diopter prism. Okay, if it's 100 cm away from 10
+
+267
+00:17:38,070 --> 00:17:42,190
+cm, it means that this prism has 10 diopter prisms.
+
+268
+00:17:42,190 --> 00:17:47,370
+10 diopter prisms. Okay, if we say that it's 100 cm
+
+269
+00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:49,970
+away from 100 cm, it means that the rays have
+
+270
+00:17:49,970 --> 00:17:52,670
+deviated away from their natural course by about
+
+271
+00:17:52,670 --> 00:17:57,310
+30 cm. If it's 100 cm away from 30 cm, it means
+
+272
+00:17:57,310 --> 00:18:01,490
+that this prism has 30 diopter prisms. 30 diopter
+
+273
+00:18:01,490 --> 00:18:10,240
+prisms. Why this prism? We called it 45 diopter
+
+274
+00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:15,730
+prism. Because if we bring laser beamand we put it
+
+275
+00:18:15,730 --> 00:18:18,230
+on one of the surfaces of the prism and then we
+
+276
+00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,070
+put it away from the other side on the other
+
+277
+00:18:21,070 --> 00:18:23,550
+surface from which this laser will come out. We put
+
+278
+00:18:23,550 --> 00:18:26,650
+it away one meter, one hundred centimeters. We will
+
+279
+00:18:26,650 --> 00:18:29,630
+find that the rays will go away from their path if
+
+280
+00:18:29,630 --> 00:18:32,930
+we put it forty-five centimeters away from each
+
+281
+00:18:32,930 --> 00:18:35,430
+other, not ten centimeters or twenty centimeters. We
+
+282
+00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:38,270
+put it away one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+283
+00:18:38,270 --> 00:18:39,370
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+284
+00:18:39,370 --> 00:18:40,570
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+285
+00:18:40,570 --> 00:18:40,790
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+286
+00:18:40,790 --> 00:18:41,410
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters, one hundred
+
+287
+00:18:41,410 --> 00:18:42,580
+centimeters, one hundred centimeters. الـ one prism
+
+288
+00:18:42,580 --> 00:18:47,660
+diopter هو قدرة البرزم على حرف الأشعع مقدار واحد
+
+289
+00:18:47,660 --> 00:18:52,120
+صانتي على بعد مئة صانتي من البرزم على بعد مئة 
+
+290
+00:18:52,120 --> 00:18:57,460
+صانتي من البرزم. يعني بمعنى آخر عدد الصانتيات اللي
+
+291
+00:18:57,460 --> 00:19:01,680
+بعدها الشعاع عن مساره الأصلي. The original path that 
+
+292
+00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:04,180
+was going to be taken if the prism was not present.
+
+293
+00:19:04,180 --> 00:19:06,680
+The number of centimeters equals the number of 
+
+294
+00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:10,040
+prism diopters. 5 centimeters with 5 prism diopters.
+
+295
+00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:12,760
+10 centimeters with 10 prism diopters. All these
+
+296
+00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:14,760
+measurements have to be done at a distance of 100 
+
+297
+00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:19,000
+centimeters. Now, I might have an example. For
+
+298
+00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:26,220
+example. What is the force of the prism? We need
+
+299
+00:19:26,220 --> 00:19:30,990
+the force of the prism at a distance of Fifty
+
+300
+00:19:30,990 --> 00:19:36,070
+centimeters, the radius of the rays is three 
+
+301
+00:19:36,070 --> 00:19:39,690
+centimeters. At a distance of fifty centimeters,
+
+302
+00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:41,730
+the radius of the rays is three centimeters. How
+
+303
+00:19:41,730 --> 00:19:47,890
+much? If the radius of the rays is three
+
+304
+00:19:47,890 --> 00:19:48,410
+centimeters at a distance of fifty centimeters, 
+
+305
+00:19:48,470 --> 00:19:50,770
+then at a distance of one hundred centimeters, the
+
+306
+00:19:50,770 --> 00:19:52,070
+radius of the rays is x.
+
+307
+00:19:55,390 --> 00:20:04,910
+How do we get x? We say as usual, x2 is equal to x2
+
+308
+00:20:04,910 --> 00:20:10,190
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is
+
+309
+00:20:10,190 --> 00:20:11,050
+equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal 
+
+310
+00:20:11,050 --> 00:20:12,790
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 
+
+311
+00:20:12,790 --> 00:20:13,070
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is 
+
+312
+00:20:13,070 --> 00:20:13,090
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 
+
+313
+00:20:13,090 --> 00:20:13,190
+equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal
+
+314
+00:20:13,190 --> 00:20:14,750
+to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 
+
+315
+00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:24,690
+is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is equal to x2 is 
+
+316
+00:20:24,690 --> 00:20:29,290
+equal 
+
+317
+00:20:29,540 --> 00:20:32,680
+because on a distance of 100 cm, the radius of the
+
+318
+00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:37,540
+rays is 6 cm. 6 cm radius, of course, here the 
+
+319
+00:20:37,540 --> 00:20:46,200
+symbol of the prism is a triplet diopter, so 
+
+320
+00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:54,040
+I mark it with one
+
+321
+00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:55,080
+third, of course.
+
+322
+00:20:59,620 --> 00:21:04,200
+So 6 prism diopter. So, this problem is on 50 cm.
+
+323
+00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:07,280
+The radius of things is 3 cm. So on 100 cm, its
+
+324
+00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:12,660
+radius is 6 cm, which means 6 prism diopter. This
+
+325
+00:21:12,660 --> 00:21:15,420
+is the power of the prism. So, the prism diopter,
+
+326
+00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,700
+the prism power defines the amount of light ray
+
+327
+00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:22,580
+deviation produced as the light ray traverses a
+
+328
+00:21:22,580 --> 00:21:25,550
+prism. A prism power is the deviation in 
+
+329
+00:21:25,550 --> 00:21:29,090
+centimeters from the optical axis measured mid 
+
+330
+00:21:29,090 --> 00:21:33,130
+-centimeter from the prism. The prisms have no
+
+331
+00:21:33,130 --> 00:21:37,670
+refractive power. وإنما deviating power، deviating
+
+332
+00:21:37,670 --> 00:21:42,070
+power, مش refractive power. نشوف المثالين هدولة اللي
+
+333
+00:21:42,070 --> 00:21:46,470
+أمامي The first example is that this prism has a 
+
+334
+00:21:46,470 --> 00:21:50,770
+diameter of 1 prism. Why? Because one meter away 
+
+335
+00:21:50,770 --> 00:21:54,050
+from its original path, the rays have a diameter
+
+336
+00:21:54,050 --> 00:21:58,650
+of one centimeter. Okay, this prism has a diameter 
+
+337
+00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:02,370
+of 100 centimeters, which is one meter from the
+
+338
+00:22:02,370 --> 00:22:06,730
+prism. Our body is not far from its original path.
+
+339
+00:22:06,890 --> 00:22:10,450
+We find it 33 centimeters. So, this is a 33-meter 
+
+340
+00:22:10,450 --> 00:22:15,020
+diameter prism. قوة هذا لبرزم، يعني هذا قوته أقوى 
+
+341
+00:22:15,020 --> 00:22:18,780
+من هذا بتلاتة و تلاتين مرة، تلاتة و تلاتين مرة
+
+342
+00:22:18,780 --> 00:22:22,580
+لأنه بيحرف الأشعة تلاتة و تلاتين سانتي على بعد ميت
+
+343
+00:22:22,580 --> 00:22:26,140
+سانتي من لبرزم، بينما اللي في الأعلى بيحرف الأشعة
+
+344
+00:22:26,140 --> 00:22:30,940
+واحد سانتي على بعد مائة سانتي من لبرزم، من لبرزم، 
+
+345
+00:22:30,940 --> 00:22:36,270
+طيب the amount is expressed in prism diopter. احنا
+
+346
+00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:40,250
+بنعبر او بنرمز لقوة لل deviating power مش ال
+
+347
+00:22:40,250 --> 00:22:42,490
+refractive power لأنه مالوش refractive power لل
+
+348
+00:22:42,490 --> 00:22:47,090
+deviating power بتاعة ال prism بكلمة prism diopter
+
+349
+00:22:47,090 --> 00:22:52,410
+.اما بنكتب PD او بنكتبها كام لprism diopter او 
+
+350
+00:22:52,410 --> 00:22:56,570
+بنرمزلها برمز المثلث اللي هو يعني a prism the term
+
+351
+00:22:56,570 --> 00:23:00,050
+prism diopter should never be shortened. مش لازم 
+
+352
+00:23:00,050 --> 00:23:03,260
+نختصره نقول prisms. And we don't have to shorten it 
+
+353
+00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:05,760
+and say diopters, because the meanings of these
+
+354
+00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:09,560
+terms are entirely different. Diopter by itself
+
+355
+00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:12,420
+means that it has refractive power. Prisms by
+
+356
+00:23:12,420 --> 00:23:14,800
+itself means that it is not ... maybe I'm talking 
+
+357
+00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:16,720
+about prisms, but there is another subject other
+
+358
+00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:18,940
+than the power of the deviating power of the prism 
+
+359
+00:23:18,940 --> 00:23:24,660
+.For angles, now, I can express I can express about 
+
+360
+00:23:24,660 --> 00:23:27,910
+the deviation that happened to me to the prism. For 
+
+361
+00:23:27,910 --> 00:23:48,630
+angles 
+
+362
+00:23:48,630 --> 00:23:53,410
+less than 100 degrees, which is approximately 45
+
+363
+00:23:53,410 --> 00:23:58,440
+degrees. Each two prism is approximately equal to 
+
+364
+00:23:58,440 --> 00:23:58,900
+one degree
+
+365
+00:24:20,430 --> 00:24:23,610
+Okay, we come to the drawing in front of us. This
+
+366
+00:24:23,610 --> 00:24:25,710
+is the prism, we reduced the drawing and moved it 
+
+367
+00:24:25,710 --> 00:24:28,190
+here. We say, at a distance of one hundred 
+
+368
+00:24:28,190 --> 00:24:31,150
+centimeters, the letter of the alphabet is of
+
+369
+00:24:31,150 --> 00:24:36,530
+course the angle of theta. And here, the number of
+
+370
+00:24:36,530 --> 00:24:39,770
+centimeters is based on the number of centimeters
+
+371
+00:24:39,770 --> 00:24:41,650
+in the Prism Diopter. If it's 10 centimeters, it's
+
+372
+00:24:41,650 --> 00:24:43,750
+10 Prism. If it's 5 centimeters, it's 5 Prism
+
+373
+00:24:43,750 --> 00:24:46,730
+Diopter. And so on. This distance is 100
+
+374
+00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:48,910
+centimeters. We want to see the relation between
+
+375
+00:24:48,910 --> 00:24:52,530
+this angle and the Prism Diopter. We say tan theta
+
+376
+00:24:52,530 --> 00:24:56,920
+over theta, which is equivalent to. This is the
+
+377
+00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,780
+triangle of the angle. This is the triangle of the
+
+378
+00:24:59,780 --> 00:25:03,640
+angle. This is theta, minus theta. tan theta,
+
+379
+00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:06,660
+which is the number of librism diopters, which is
+
+380
+00:25:06,660 --> 00:25:08,700
+the number of librisms, divided by the angle,
+
+381
+00:25:08,860 --> 00:25:10,620
+which is 100 degrees. This is the triangle, but it 
+
+382
+00:25:10,620 --> 00:25:13,840
+is upside down. Okay, I want the librism diopter
+
+383
+00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:18,120
+to be 100 times
+
+384
+00:25:18,120 --> 00:25:24,160
+tan theta. I want θ, I want θ shift tan or arc tan
+
+385
+00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:26,260
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+386
+00:25:26,260 --> 00:25:28,280
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+387
+00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,520
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+388
+00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:30,780
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+389
+00:25:30,780 --> 00:25:31,620
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+390
+00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:31,660
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+391
+00:25:31,660 --> 00:25:31,680
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+392
+00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:34,400
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+393
+00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:39,360
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+394
+00:25:39,360 --> 00:25:42,060
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+395
+00:25:42,060 --> 00:25:43,900
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+396
+00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:44,600
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+397
+00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:45,100
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+398
+00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:47,900
+of the prism diopters by one hundred centimeters
+
+399
+00:25:55,790 --> 00:26:01,610
+This is a scientific calculator. We assume that .. We 
+
+400
+00:26:01,610 --> 00:26:06,730
+assume that .. On a distance of 100 cm from this
+
+401
+00:26:06,730 --> 00:26:14,390
+prism, things bend 4 cm. 4 cm. So, we say .. 
+
+402
+00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,070
+We want to see the same theta, how much? So, the
+
+403
+00:26:17,070 --> 00:26:20,650
+bend is 4 cm. Shift 2, 4
+
+404
+00:26:24,980 --> 00:26:30,120
+divide by 100 cm, of course, 4 cm divided by 100 cm.
+
+405
+00:26:30,120 --> 00:26:33,440
+We close the box and we say enter, which is
+
+406
+00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:37,960
+approximately 2.2 degrees. Which means the 4 prism 
+
+407
+00:26:37,960
+
+445
+00:29:00,340 --> 00:29:04,440
+يعني بيصنع بحيث أنه ينمسك in a certain position 
+
+446
+00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:07,560
+في الفرق لازم يكون في وضعية معينة certain position 
+
+447
+00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:12,640
+لما أمسكه أمام عين المريض طيب لو أنا مامسكتوش في 
+
+448
+00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:18,520
+الوضعية المطلوبة حسب الجهة المصنعة ما جالت If a 
+
+449
+00:29:18,520 --> 00:29:21,180
+prism is not used in the correct position, 
+
+450
+00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:23,620
+measurement errors may result. For example, if I 
+
+451
+00:29:23,620 --> 00:29:29,700
+hold a prism in a wrong way, not as it should be 
+
+452
+00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:34,160
+held, not as it should be held, not as it should 
+
+453
+00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:39,980
+be held, not as it should be held, not as it 
+
+454
+00:29:39,980 --> 00:29:40,080
+should be held, not as it should be held, not as 
+
+455
+00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:41,400
+not as it should be held, not as it should be 
+
+456
+00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:42,540
+held, not as it should be held, not as it should 
+
+457
+00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:42,760
+be held, not as it should be held, not as it 
+
+458
+00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:44,560
+should be held, not as it should be held, not as 
+
+459
+00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:45,580
+it should be held, not as it should be held, not 
+
+460
+00:29:45,580 --> 00:29:46,610
+should be held, not as it should be held, not as it shouldلو أجريت على 
+
+461
+00:29:46,610 --> 00:29:51,130
+القياس عملية لالحوال، معناته هينتج عنها خطأ لأنه 
+
+462
+00:29:51,130 --> 00:29:55,950
+القياس خطأ لأنه الخطأ، هندخل فيه مشاكل يعني لا 
+
+463
+00:29:55,950 --> 00:30:01,250
+داعية، لا ال plastic prisms and the prism bars are 
+
+464
+00:30:01,250 --> 00:30:04,030
+calibrated according to the angle of minimum 
+
+465
+00:30:04,030 --> 00:30:07,930
+deviation ال plastic prisms و ال prism bars 
+
+466
+00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:20,660
+These prism bars and these plastic prisms are made 
+
+467
+00:30:20,660 --> 00:30:27,140
+to hold the minimum angle of deviation, which 
+
+468
+00:30:27,140 --> 00:30:29,860
+means that the deviation of light on the front 
+
+469
+00:30:29,860 --> 00:30:32,240
+surface equals the deviation of light on the back 
+
+470
+00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,960
+surfaceIt's necessary to stick to the position 
+
+471
+00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:38,880
+that achieves the minimum angle of deviation How 
+
+472
+00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:40,860
+do we know these things? We know them together, 
+
+473
+00:30:41,020 --> 00:30:43,880
+how do we know them? Now we know them together, so 
+
+474
+00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:46,880
+the plastic prisms and the prism bars must stick 
+
+475
+00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:53,670
+to the minimum angle of deviationكيف انا امسك 
+
+476
+00:30:53,670 --> 00:30:57,210
+الprismات هاي ال plastic prism او الprism bar كيف 
+
+477
+00:30:57,210 --> 00:31:00,950
+امسكه في وضعية ال minimum angle of deviation عشان 
+
+478
+00:31:00,950 --> 00:31:03,730
+اعمل هيك ال clinician should hold the plastic 
+
+479
+00:31:03,730 --> 00:31:08,010
+prism in the frontal plane position يعني لازم .. 
+
+480
+00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:13,260
+أحطه في ال plane تاع الجبهة تاعت المريض يعني موازي 
+
+481
+00:31:13,260 --> 00:31:17,040
+لجبهة المريض مش موازي لاتجاه العين اللي فيها 
+
+482
+00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:20,960
+الحوالى و هذا الكلام بالصورة هيتضحي الآن In other 
+
+483
+00:31:20,960 --> 00:31:24,660
+words, the prism should be positioned so that its 
+
+484
+00:31:24,660 --> 00:31:28,080
+back surface is parallel to the facial plane of 
+
+485
+00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:31,900
+the patient, the frontal planeLet's see how it 
+
+486
+00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,060
+works This is the minimum angle or the minimum 
+
+487
+00:31:35,060 --> 00:31:38,380
+deviation position This is the back surface of the 
+
+488
+00:31:38,380 --> 00:31:42,700
+prism This is the back surface of the prism And 
+
+489
+00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:44,720
+this is the face of the patient, both are parallel 
+
+490
+00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:46,900
+to each other If I want to hold him in the 
+
+491
+00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:49,100
+direction around him, I should hold him this way 
+
+492
+00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:52,840
+The first view is on the left This grip on the 
+
+493
+00:31:52,840 --> 00:31:56,530
+plastic prism is wrongYou will say that I hold it 
+
+494
+00:31:56,530 --> 00:31:59,550
+so that it is parallel to the eye. No, even if the 
+
+495
+00:31:59,550 --> 00:32:01,570
+eye is in the position of the Exo, as we see 
+
+496
+00:32:01,570 --> 00:32:04,070
+around the monster, or in the position of the Izo 
+
+497
+00:32:04,070 --> 00:32:08,390
+around Onsi, or even Hyper or Hypo, meaning up or 
+
+498
+00:32:08,390 --> 00:32:11,650
+down, I have nothing to do with it. The plastic 
+
+499
+00:32:11,650 --> 00:32:14,310
+prism and the prism should also be parallel to the 
+
+500
+00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:16,470
+face. The face as a whole means that this line 
+
+501
+00:32:16,470 --> 00:32:22,240
+represents the frontal plane.The frontal plane is 
+
+502
+00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:26,420
+the same as the frontal plane So the back surface 
+
+503
+00:32:26,420 --> 00:32:33,480
+of the prism should be parallel to the face when 
+
+504
+00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:40,110
+the minimum angle of deviation is highتساوى 
+
+505
+00:32:40,110 --> 00:32:44,110
+الزاوية على انحراف السطر الأمامى، فبالتالي ضرورى 
+
+506
+00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:50,560
+جدا ينمسك في وضعية ال minimum deviationWe have a 
+
+507
+00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:55,020
+few medical companies that still produce 
+
+508
+00:32:55,020 --> 00:33:00,260
+Glossoprism Glossoprism, if I have Glossoprism, I 
+
+509
+00:33:00,260 --> 00:33:03,460
+have to keep it in the Prentice position What is 
+
+510
+00:33:03,460 --> 00:33:07,240
+the Prentice position? It will be the visual axis 
+
+511
+00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:10,560
+that will eventually reach and go through a line 
+
+512
+00:33:11,180 --> 00:33:14,000
+It's similar to the visual axis. The light will 
+
+513
+00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:19,660
+move, the target will move, and eventually it will 
+
+514
+00:33:19,660 --> 00:33:22,860
+be aligned with the visual axis. So the visual 
+
+515
+00:33:22,860 --> 00:33:25,820
+axis and the back surface of the prism must be 
+
+516
+00:33:25,820 --> 00:33:28,960
+perpendicular to each other so that there is no 
+
+517
+00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,360
+deviation here, and the deviation occurs due to 
+
+518
+00:33:31,360 --> 00:33:33,480
+the light.Whoever comes from the target that the 
+
+519
+00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:35,460
+patient is looking at only happens on the front 
+
+520
+00:33:35,460 --> 00:33:38,600
+surface. So this is called the Prentice Position. 
+
+521
+00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:40,860
+And this is the correct grip. So in the X axis, I 
+
+522
+00:33:40,860 --> 00:33:43,320
+will hold it like this. In the Y axis, when the 
+
+523
+00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:44,960
+eye is inside or inside, I will hold it the 
+
+524
+00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:46,980
+opposite way. In this direction, but I will not be 
+
+525
+00:33:46,980 --> 00:33:50,280
+parallel to the face, as we call it the frontal 
+
+526
+00:33:50,280 --> 00:33:53,020
+plane position. No, in the Glossy Prism, we will 
+
+527
+00:33:53,020 --> 00:33:55,560
+hold it in the Prentice Position. I will go with 
+
+528
+00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:58,410
+the eye where it is going.I will be parallel to 
+
+529
+00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:01,430
+the eye around it. Parallel to the eye around it. 
+
+530
+00:34:01,730 --> 00:34:06,450
+So, prisms made of glass, and to make sure, not 
+
+531
+00:34:06,450 --> 00:34:08,170
+widely used, and this makes me comfortable, why? 
+
+532
+00:34:08,250 --> 00:34:10,890
+Because, that's it, regardless of the minimum 
+
+533
+00:34:10,890 --> 00:34:13,670
+deviation, it makes me comfortable that any 
+
+534
+00:34:13,670 --> 00:34:15,990
+patient, regardless of the type of eye around him, 
+
+535
+00:34:16,490 --> 00:34:19,930
+as long as I have a plastic prism, as long as I 
+
+536
+00:34:19,930 --> 00:34:23,470
+have a plastic prism, I holdThis is the prism in 
+
+537
+00:34:23,470 --> 00:34:26,030
+the frontal plane or the facial plane and I ask 
+
+538
+00:34:26,030 --> 00:34:29,250
+why this is x and y and of course the base of the 
+
+539
+00:34:29,250 --> 00:34:31,490
+prism must have a specific position or it will be 
+
+540
+00:34:31,490 --> 00:34:35,190
+taken in the science of rotation to put the rest 
+
+541
+00:34:35,190 --> 00:34:37,770
+of the base in or base out or base up or base 
+
+542
+00:34:37,770 --> 00:34:40,690
+down, so this is according to .. that is, it will 
+
+543
+00:34:40,690 --> 00:34:43,110
+come to explain the prisms of rotation, God 
+
+544
+00:34:43,110 --> 00:34:48,280
+willing.prisms made of a glass not widely used are 
+
+545
+00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:55,780
+calibrated according to 
+
+546
+00:34:55,780 --> 00:34:59,080
+the Prentice position that is with one face of the 
+
+547
+00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:01,960
+prism perpendicular to the direction in which the 
+
+548
+00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:02,880
+eye is directed 
+
+549
+00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:09,940
+العين في حالة الـ Exodirected بالاتجاه هذا فهيكون 
+
+550
+00:35:09,940 --> 00:35:14,840
+أحد الأسطح عمودي على اتجاه العين أو ال direction 
+
+551
+00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:20,820
+of the eye All of the bending occurs at the prism 
+
+552
+00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:25,980
+interfaces فبالتالي الانحراف هيحدث على ال .. على 
+
+553
+00:35:25,980 --> 00:35:30,640
+السطح التاني يعني ال deviation هيحدث على السطح 
+
+554
+00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:39,860
+التاني طيبماذا يحدث إذا أنا مسكت glass prism بشكل 
+
+555
+00:35:39,860 --> 00:35:44,680
+خاطئ in the frontal plane؟ هاي واحد عنده exo واحد 
+
+556
+00:35:44,680 --> 00:35:49,340
+عنده exotropia مقدارها أربعين prism، ده يبطر، 
+
+557
+00:35:49,340 --> 00:35:52,480
+مقدارها أربعين prism، ده يبطر، اللي حاول يقاس 
+
+558
+00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:57,590
+بالprism، ده يبطر، زي قوة الprism، طيب40 Prism 
+
+559
+00:35:57,590 --> 00:36:00,630
+diopter, I had a glass Prism, I was supposed to 
+
+560
+00:36:00,630 --> 00:36:04,450
+hold it like this to give me 40, I held it like 
+
+561
+00:36:04,450 --> 00:36:08,190
+what we see here, it is a glass Prism, it will 
+
+562
+00:36:08,190 --> 00:36:12,830
+give me only 32إتنين و تلاتين بدل أربعين اتنين و 
+
+563
+00:36:12,830 --> 00:36:15,750
+تلاتين يعني أنا guest أجلب تمانية فبالتالي هذه 
+
+564
+00:36:15,750 --> 00:36:21,230
+قياس تقريبا خطأ يعني يعادل الخمس تقريبا خطأ يعادل 
+
+565
+00:36:21,230 --> 00:36:24,690
+الخمس القياس راحي بدل أربعين guest اتنين و تلاتين 
+
+566
+00:36:24,690 --> 00:36:28,190
+معناته عشرين في المية من القياس أنقص بعشرين في 
+
+567
+00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:32,270
+المية من الحقيقة فبالتالي هي كخطأ يعني يعتبر خطأ 
+
+568
+00:36:32,270 --> 00:36:36,630
+كبير نوعا ما وبالتالي ممكن يؤثر على المريض إذا if 
+
+569
+00:36:36,630 --> 00:36:42,900
+the rear surface of is السطح الخلفي If 40-prism 
+
+570
+00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:45,700
+diopter glass prism is erroneously held in the 
+
+571
+00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:51,100
+frontal plane, only 32-prism diopter effect will 
+
+572
+00:36:51,100 --> 00:36:54,440
+be achieved. This is the manner in which prism in 
+
+573
+00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,820
+spectacle lens is measured on lensmeter with the 
+
+574
+00:36:57,820 --> 00:37:00,900
+back surface of the spectacle lens flat against 
+
+575
+00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:05,170
+the nose cone of the lensmeter.Of course, when you 
+
+576
+00:37:05,170 --> 00:37:06,730
+measure the strength of the prism, you can measure 
+
+577
+00:37:06,730 --> 00:37:11,470
+it on the lensmeter and place it so that the prism 
+
+578
+00:37:11,470 --> 00:37:16,030
+will be inside the spectacle lens and the back 
+
+579
+00:37:16,030 --> 00:37:18,650
+surface will be flat, so it will be in the 
+
+580
+00:37:18,650 --> 00:37:23,530
+Prentice position, it will sit flat onThe nose 
+
+581
+00:37:23,530 --> 00:37:26,990
+cone as we can see will be flat on the nose cone 
+
+582
+00:37:26,990 --> 00:37:30,830
+of the lensmeter device that can fit lenses or can 
+
+583
+00:37:30,830 --> 00:37:35,210
+also fit prismat. We will stop at this point and 
+
+584
+00:37:35,210 --> 00:37:36,970
+give you wellness and peace be upon you. 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/FRMi2nX0dPc_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+1
+00:00:01,400 --> 00:00:02,540
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:02,820 --> 00:00:05,960
+Today we have a problem that has a virtual image
+
+3
+00:00:05,960 --> 00:00:09,360
+and at the same time has a virtual object. We will
+
+4
+00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,140
+see what the problem is. This is the first plus
+
+5
+00:00:12,140 --> 00:00:16,180
+one diopter lens. On its left there is a 50 cm
+
+6
+00:00:16,180 --> 00:00:19,580
+object.between her and the lens number 2, 1 meter
+
+7
+00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:22,360
+distance. The strength of the second lens which is
+
+8
+00:00:22,360 --> 00:00:25,880
+plus 1.5 diopter. The second and third lenses are
+
+9
+00:00:25,880 --> 00:00:30,020
+50 centimeters apart. The third lens is plus 2
+
+10
+00:00:30,020 --> 00:00:32,820
+diopter. Requiring the final image and the total
+
+11
+00:00:32,820 --> 00:00:37,620
+transfers magnification, we will use this blue
+
+12
+00:00:37,620 --> 00:00:43,240
+square to hide and
+
+13
+00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:48,930
+deal with each lens one by one.to make things
+
+14
+00:00:48,930 --> 00:00:54,230
+easier Now, the first point we need to separate in
+
+15
+00:00:54,230 --> 00:01:00,830
+order to ..
+
+16
+00:01:00,830 --> 00:01:05,750
+Here I have an example by itself, a lens plus one
+
+17
+00:01:05,750 --> 00:01:10,470
+diopter, its body is fifty centimeters away from
+
+18
+00:01:10,470 --> 00:01:12,510
+it We say, we need to bring the picture
+
+19
+00:01:28,390 --> 00:01:35,730
+We say U is equal to minus N divided by O which is
+
+20
+00:01:35,730 --> 00:01:39,910
+equal to
+
+21
+00:01:39,910 --> 00:01:48,790
+minus 1 divided by half meter minus
+
+22
+00:01:48,790 --> 00:01:50,570
+1 divided by half meter
+
+23
+00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:11,320
+it's equal to minus 2 diopter minus 2 diopter
+
+24
+00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:16,380
+quickly I put here on the front surface minus 2
+
+25
+00:02:16,380 --> 00:02:19,680
+diopter which means that the light will reach a
+
+26
+00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:24,720
+wavelength of minus 2 diopter the power of the
+
+27
+00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,140
+lens plus 1 diopter is not enough we will see that
+
+28
+00:02:28,140 --> 00:02:32,560
+the light will reach a wavelength of u plus power
+
+29
+00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:33,640
+which is equal to v
+
+30
+00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:41,960
+u minus two diopter minus
+
+31
+00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:48,700
+two diopter plus one diopter power is equal to v
+
+32
+00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:55,260
+so v is equal to minus one diopter minus one
+
+33
+00:02:55,260 --> 00:03:02,200
+diopter quickly I put that the light will come out
+
+34
+00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:06,890
+with minus one diopterيعني الأشعة divergent،
+
+35
+00:03:06,890 --> 00:03:11,310
+الأشعة divergent مش هتكون صورة حقيقية، وإن ما اللي
+
+36
+00:03:11,310 --> 00:03:17,870
+هيتكون صورة تخيلية، مكانها على شمال العدسة، نشوف
+
+37
+00:03:17,870 --> 00:03:27,150
+ال I وين هتكون، V تساوي هنشرطة على I،
+
+38
+00:03:27,150 --> 00:03:37,200
+I تساوي هنشرطة على Vand it's equal to 1 divided by
+
+39
+00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:43,860
+v minus 1 as we can see and it's equal to 1
+
+40
+00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:46,260
+divided by minus 1 which is minus 1 and the
+
+41
+00:03:46,260 --> 00:03:51,240
+diopter meter minus 1 which is minus 1 meter which
+
+42
+00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:54,200
+is 1 meter on the left of the lens the picture
+
+43
+00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:59,200
+will be 1 meter away from the lens here I have 50
+
+44
+00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:04,870
+cm so it's 1 meter away from the lensThe image
+
+45
+00:04:04,870 --> 00:04:07,150
+should be imaginative. Imaginative.
+
+46
+00:04:20,910 --> 00:04:23,490
+We said that the imaginative image is preferred to
+
+47
+00:04:23,490 --> 00:04:31,020
+be drawn in a dotted shape on the basis ofIt means
+
+48
+00:04:31,020 --> 00:04:33,260
+that it is an imaginary image at a distance of one
+
+49
+00:04:33,260 --> 00:04:38,580
+meter. At a distance of one meter. That is, the
+
+50
+00:04:38,580 --> 00:04:41,640
+distance from this imaginary image to the lens is
+
+51
+00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:44,360
+one meter. One meter.
+
+52
+00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:49,960
+So, one meter is the distance
+
+53
+00:04:52,730 --> 00:04:55,770
+between the imaginary image and the first lens and
+
+54
+00:04:55,770 --> 00:04:57,950
+the first lens now we bring the transphase
+
+55
+00:04:57,950 --> 00:05:04,690
+magnification let's say T M1 is equal to U over V
+
+56
+00:05:04,690 --> 00:05:13,030
+is equal to minus two diopters over minus one
+
+57
+00:05:13,030 --> 00:05:21,550
+diopters is equal to X plusx plus 2 means that the
+
+58
+00:05:21,550 --> 00:05:23,670
+image is magnified and regular x plus 2 means that
+
+59
+00:05:23,670 --> 00:05:26,950
+the image is magnified and regular x plus 2 means
+
+60
+00:05:26,950 --> 00:05:31,270
+that the image is magnified and regular x plus 2
+
+61
+00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:33,210
+means that the image is magnified and regular x
+
+62
+00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:35,770
+plus 2 means that the image is magnified and
+
+63
+00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:37,670
+regular x plus 2 means that the image is magnified
+
+64
+00:05:37,670 --> 00:05:38,890
+and regular x plus 2 means that the image is
+
+65
+00:05:38,890 --> 00:05:39,110
+magnified and regular x plus 2 means that the
+
+66
+00:05:39,110 --> 00:05:39,150
+image is magnified and regular x plus 2 means that
+
+67
+00:05:39,150 --> 00:05:39,730
+that the image is magnified and regular x plus 2
+
+68
+00:05:39,730 --> 00:05:39,870
+means that the image is magnified and regular x
+
+69
+00:05:39,870 --> 00:05:39,950
+regular x plus 2 means that the image is magnified
+
+70
+00:05:39,950 --> 00:05:40,210
+and regular x plus 2 means that the image is
+
+71
+00:05:40,210 --> 00:05:41,890
+the image is magnified and regular x plus 2 means
+
+72
+00:05:41,890 --> 00:05:44,650
+that the image is magnified and regular x plus 2
+
+73
+00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:46,650
+means that the image is magnified and regular x
+
+74
+00:05:46,650 --> 00:05:52,110
+plus 2 means that the image isThe second lens, how
+
+75
+00:05:52,110 --> 00:05:59,630
+much the object is away from it I
+
+76
+00:05:59,630 --> 00:06:04,630
+will
+
+77
+00:06:04,630 --> 00:06:09,030
+delete this, the dotted line I will copy the cover
+
+78
+00:06:09,030 --> 00:06:16,200
+again to cover the first lensBut before I cover
+
+79
+00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:18,660
+the first lens, we say that the distance between
+
+80
+00:06:18,660 --> 00:06:21,940
+the two lenses is one meter. And the distance
+
+81
+00:06:21,940 --> 00:06:24,000
+between the first lens and its image, which will
+
+82
+00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:26,660
+be considered an object for the second lens, is
+
+83
+00:06:26,660 --> 00:06:29,580
+one meter. So one meter and one meter, two meters.
+
+84
+00:06:29,840 --> 00:06:32,840
+The body of the second lens is two meters away
+
+85
+00:06:32,840 --> 00:06:33,380
+from it.
+
+86
+00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:43,020
+I will add to it a drawing in red, because it is
+
+87
+00:06:43,020 --> 00:06:43,580
+blue.
+
+88
+00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:56,160
+Picture of the first lens is red because the
+
+89
+00:06:56,160 --> 00:06:59,440
+body
+
+90
+00:06:59,440 --> 00:07:10,060
+of the second lens is
+
+91
+00:07:10,060 --> 00:07:13,520
+two meters away from the lensthe second one which
+
+92
+00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:16,740
+is one meter from the first lens and the second
+
+93
+00:07:16,740 --> 00:07:18,060
+meter which is the distance between the two lenses
+
+94
+00:07:18,060 --> 00:07:24,220
+so O meters, O meters, we will start to solve in
+
+95
+00:07:24,220 --> 00:07:25,200
+the following way
+
+96
+00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:11,860
+نقول U تساوي ناقص N على O ويساوي ناقص واحد على
+
+97
+00:08:11,860 --> 00:08:20,240
+مترين على اتنين متر ويساوي ناقص نص ديوبتر
+
+98
+00:08:21,830 --> 00:08:24,550
+Quickly, I go and put that the light will come
+
+99
+00:08:24,550 --> 00:08:26,810
+from the first image, which is the body of the
+
+100
+00:08:26,810 --> 00:08:32,490
+second lens with a magnitude of minus half diopter
+
+101
+00:08:32,490 --> 00:08:37,730
+minus half diopter I put it on the front surface
+
+102
+00:08:37,730 --> 00:08:45,790
+of the lens Or
+
+103
+00:08:45,790 --> 00:08:48,430
+the light will come out with a magnitude of how
+
+104
+00:08:48,430 --> 00:08:50,210
+much we want to see, we say U
+
+105
+00:09:02,660 --> 00:09:09,660
+Plus one and a half diopter equals
+
+106
+00:09:09,660 --> 00:09:17,180
+V. So V equals plus
+
+107
+00:09:17,180 --> 00:09:24,100
+one diopter.إذا نضوح هيخروج متجمعا، هيخروج متجمعا
+
+108
+00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:35,520
+بمقدار
+
+109
+00:09:35,520 --> 00:09:41,160
+واحد ديوبترput this word from the back of the lens
+
+110
+00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:43,760
+it's like saying that the light will come out of
+
+111
+00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:49,120
+this lens in a group of one diopter in a group
+
+112
+00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:51,640
+that means it will form a real picture the
+
+113
+00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:57,020
+location of this picture we will know now V equals
+
+114
+00:09:57,020 --> 00:10:04,600
+conditional on I then
+
+115
+00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:05,040
+I
+
+116
+00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:12,430
+uncertainty on v is
+
+117
+00:10:12,430 --> 00:10:20,250
+equal to one over plus one diopter which is equal
+
+118
+00:10:20,250 --> 00:10:25,810
+to plus one meter so the picture is one meter away
+
+119
+00:10:25,810 --> 00:10:29,270
+from
+
+120
+00:10:29,270 --> 00:10:30,630
+the second lens
+
+121
+00:10:38,970 --> 00:10:43,310
+transfers magnification number 2 which is Tm2
+
+122
+00:10:43,310 --> 00:10:44,430
+which is the magnification of the second image
+
+123
+00:10:44,430 --> 00:10:47,930
+with respect to its body we say it is equal to U
+
+124
+00:10:47,930 --> 00:10:51,570
+over V which
+
+125
+00:10:51,570 --> 00:10:56,810
+is equal to U minus half a diopter and V plus one
+
+126
+00:10:56,810 --> 00:11:00,530
+diopter so minus half a diopter
+
+127
+00:11:14,260 --> 00:11:18,060
+x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y
+
+128
+00:11:18,060 --> 00:11:23,240
+-y-y
+
+129
+00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:23,380
+-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y
+
+130
+00:11:23,380 --> 00:11:23,600
+-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y-y
+
+131
+00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:23,680
+-y-y
+
+132
+00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:34,760
+this is tm2, this is tm2, now we want to draw the
+
+133
+00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:39,610
+image at a distanceplus one meter, plus one meter
+
+134
+00:11:39,610 --> 00:11:42,910
+from this lens Okay, let's cancel this temporarily
+
+135
+00:11:42,910 --> 00:11:46,570
+and say, one meter from the second lens, the
+
+136
+00:11:46,570 --> 00:11:48,750
+distance between the second lens and the third
+
+137
+00:11:48,750 --> 00:11:51,610
+lens is fifty centimeters, so the picture of this
+
+138
+00:11:51,610 --> 00:11:56,990
+lens will come here, one meter from the second
+
+139
+00:11:56,990 --> 00:12:01,290
+lens or fifty centimeters from the third lens,
+
+140
+00:12:01,430 --> 00:12:04,610
+from the third lens, a real picture because the V
+
+141
+00:12:04,610 --> 00:12:08,280
+is in the plus signSo this is the picture of the
+
+142
+00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:14,280
+lens number two
+
+143
+00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:20,380
+or the second picture, a real picture It will be
+
+144
+00:12:20,380 --> 00:12:23,520
+handy in this way, this is one meter away from the
+
+145
+00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:27,900
+lens number two or fifty centimeters away from the
+
+146
+00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:30,060
+lens number three
+
+147
+00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:38,260
+Fifty centimeters and fifty centimeters is one
+
+148
+00:12:38,260 --> 00:12:43,340
+meter. So from here to here is one meter. Of
+
+149
+00:12:43,340 --> 00:12:46,700
+course this lens number or sorry this picture
+
+150
+00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:50,640
+number two will be considered a body of the third
+
+151
+00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:53,500
+lens, will be considered a body of the third lens,
+
+152
+00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:56,420
+but a virtual body, a virtual body
+
+153
+00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:06,800
+I will draw him in a high position, so he can be
+
+154
+00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:08,700
+seen, and we want to put him here
+
+155
+00:13:21,070 --> 00:13:24,610
+to get closer to the color of the lens. So this is
+
+156
+00:13:24,610 --> 00:13:27,090
+the body of the lens. This is a virtual object.
+
+157
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,310
+Why virtual object? Because the light will not
+
+158
+00:13:30,310 --> 00:13:34,390
+reach to form it and then come back and rotate and
+
+159
+00:13:34,390 --> 00:13:36,990
+come back. No. The light will hit the surface of
+
+160
+00:13:36,990 --> 00:13:40,670
+the lens number three and it is coming from the
+
+161
+00:13:40,670 --> 00:13:42,390
+lens number two and it is in a state of
+
+162
+00:13:42,390 --> 00:13:47,350
+conversion.which is in case of convergence, of
+
+163
+00:13:47,350 --> 00:13:51,330
+course the light that comes out of a real body is
+
+164
+00:13:51,330 --> 00:13:54,290
+always divergent from a real body, whether it is
+
+165
+00:13:54,290 --> 00:13:56,570
+really real or a picture that is considered the
+
+166
+00:13:56,570 --> 00:14:01,730
+body of the next lens, so in case of light hitting
+
+167
+00:14:01,730 --> 00:14:03,550
+the front surface of the lens and it is
+
+168
+00:14:03,550 --> 00:14:06,410
+convergent, it means the body is virtual, the body
+
+169
+00:14:06,410 --> 00:14:11,790
+is virtual and therefore we deal with it as a
+
+170
+00:14:11,790 --> 00:14:12,930
+virtual object
+
+171
+00:14:16,220 --> 00:14:18,420
+The light will clash with the front surface of the
+
+172
+00:14:18,420 --> 00:14:23,240
+lens, which is convergent if I have a virtual
+
+173
+00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:25,860
+object coming from the other side, that is, the
+
+174
+00:14:25,860 --> 00:14:30,480
+light will clash with the lens before it forms
+
+175
+00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:34,080
+this image Before it forms this image, we now want
+
+176
+00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:40,240
+to deal with the third lens alone We want to copy
+
+177
+00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:42,600
+this square that helps us in mapping
+
+178
+00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:53,860
+Of course the lens here is the third number which
+
+179
+00:14:53,860 --> 00:15:02,120
+is 2 diopter plus 2 diopter Now let's say this is
+
+180
+00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:04,820
+the picture of the lens number 2 which is the body
+
+181
+00:15:04,820 --> 00:15:09,260
+of the lens number 3 and coming to its right 50 cm
+
+182
+00:15:09,260 --> 00:15:11,380
+away from it You see where the last picture will
+
+183
+00:15:11,380 --> 00:15:11,900
+be formed
+
+184
+00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:27,070
+We say U is equal to, this time we will say, plus
+
+185
+00:15:27,070 --> 00:15:31,230
+N over O Why plus? Because it is convergent when
+
+186
+00:15:31,230 --> 00:15:37,790
+it collides with the mirror Plus one over O
+
+187
+00:15:37,790 --> 00:15:39,530
+fifty centimeters, which is half a meter
+
+188
+00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:47,900
+and it's equal to plus two diopters so the light
+
+189
+00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,360
+will reach two diopters to the surface of the lens
+
+190
+00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:53,700
+number three to the surface of the lens number
+
+191
+00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:58,620
+three we
+
+192
+00:15:58,620 --> 00:16:04,080
+will record two diopters on the surface of the
+
+193
+00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:07,140
+front lens plus two diopters and the power of the
+
+194
+00:16:07,140 --> 00:16:10,240
+lens is also plus two diopters either you see how
+
+195
+00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:22,590
+turbulent the light will come outwe say u plus two
+
+196
+00:16:22,590 --> 00:16:29,290
+diopters plus two diopters plus two diopters plus
+
+197
+00:16:29,290 --> 00:16:33,590
+diopters plus two
+
+198
+00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:37,610
+two diopters plus two diopters plus two diopters
+
+199
+00:16:37,610 --> 00:16:39,690
+plus two diopters plus two diopters plus two
+
+200
+00:16:39,690 --> 00:16:40,050
+diopters plus two diopters plus two diopters plus
+
+201
+00:16:40,050 --> 00:16:40,230
+diopters plus two diopters plus two diopters plus
+
+202
+00:16:40,230 --> 00:16:40,450
+diopters plus two diopters plus two diopters plus
+
+203
+00:16:41,820 --> 00:16:53,420
+Plus four diopters As
+
+204
+00:16:53,420 --> 00:16:57,980
+the light emits a convergence, plus four diopters,
+
+205
+00:16:58,060 --> 00:17:01,700
+it will form a real picture Where is this real
+
+206
+00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:06,080
+picture? We say V is equal to I
+
+207
+00:17:10,420 --> 00:17:18,400
+إذن I تساوي أنشرط على V ويساوي
+
+208
+00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:29,760
+1 على plus 4 ديوبتر ويساوي plus ربع متر plus ربع
+
+209
+00:17:30,870 --> 00:17:33,130
+and the diopter in the position goes up and
+
+210
+00:17:33,130 --> 00:17:38,090
+becomes meter so the image is quarter meter or 25
+
+211
+00:17:38,090 --> 00:17:47,030
+cm from the third lens from the third lens we come
+
+212
+00:17:47,030 --> 00:17:49,590
+to transphase magnification first of all this is
+
+213
+00:17:49,590 --> 00:17:51,470
+the place of the image this is the place of the
+
+214
+00:17:51,470 --> 00:17:55,610
+image quarter meter away quarter meter away
+
+215
+00:17:59,220 --> 00:18:20,600
+From the lens number 3 So,
+
+216
+00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:24,260
+this picture is on a square meter, it's an African
+
+217
+00:18:24,260 --> 00:18:28,040
+picture 25 cm wide
+
+218
+00:18:44,250 --> 00:18:48,630
+transfers magnification how much it will be
+
+219
+00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:07,580
+TM3 is equal to U over V is
+
+220
+00:19:07,580 --> 00:19:17,740
+equal to plus 2 diopter over plus 4 diopter is
+
+221
+00:19:17,740 --> 00:19:23,740
+equal to plus over plus X plus half
+
+222
+00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:31,200
+إذن هذا التكبير رقم تلاتة، يعني تكبير الصورة
+
+223
+00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,320
+بالنسبة للجسم بتاعها، بالنسبة للجسم بتاعها
+
+224
+00:19:41,010 --> 00:19:43,290
+What does x plus half mean? It's a regular picture
+
+225
+00:19:43,290 --> 00:19:46,190
+like its body, this is its body, this is the body
+
+226
+00:19:46,190 --> 00:19:49,990
+of the picture, and it's regular like it, it's not
+
+227
+00:19:49,990 --> 00:19:52,170
+upside down, it's not upside down, and it's half
+
+228
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:55,590
+height, so if it's 10 centimeters high, the height
+
+229
+00:19:55,590 --> 00:19:59,430
+of this picture is 5 centimeters, 5 centimeters,
+
+230
+00:19:59,470 --> 00:20:01,790
+so this is how the problem was solved, this is the
+
+231
+00:20:01,790 --> 00:20:04,510
+final picture of the third lens, this is picture
+
+232
+00:20:04,510 --> 00:20:07,610
+number two, which we considered the virtual object
+
+233
+00:20:07,610 --> 00:20:11,940
+of the third lens, now let's discoverbefore we get
+
+234
+00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:14,360
+the total transfers magnification that's how the
+
+235
+00:20:14,360 --> 00:20:16,800
+solution is arranged and there is no problem in it
+
+236
+00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:19,680
+we keep getting the total transfers magnification
+
+237
+00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:29,040
+which is total Tm equals Tm1 which is plus two
+
+238
+00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:33,260
+plus
+
+239
+00:20:33,260 --> 00:20:34,140
+two times
+
+240
+00:20:39,020 --> 00:20:48,140
+tm2 minus half times
+
+241
+00:20:48,140 --> 00:20:55,160
+tm3
+
+242
+00:20:55,160 --> 00:21:02,460
+which is plus half plus half equals
+
+243
+00:21:04,360 --> 00:21:09,360
+Of course, plus in minus in plus, minus, in the
+
+244
+00:21:09,360 --> 00:21:14,320
+end minus Let's put an x sign, minus, the picture
+
+245
+00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:18,000
+is upside down, the final picture for the primary
+
+246
+00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:23,080
+first body is upside down, minus Okay, two in half
+
+247
+00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:31,280
+in one, and one in half in half, x minus halfهدا
+
+248
+00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:34,220
+هو التكبير النهائي، إذا ال��ورة النهائية بالنسبة
+
+249
+00:21:34,220 --> 00:21:39,120
+للجسم الأول، الصورة النهائية بالنسبة للجسم الأول
+
+250
+00:21:39,120 --> 00:21:46,360
+مجلوبة وجات نصف، وجات نصف، هيك بتنتهي المسألة،
+
+251
+00:21:46,360 --> 00:21:49,680
+طبعا فيها virtual image اللي هي الصورة الأولى،
+
+252
+00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:54,980
+virtual imageوفيها virtual object اللي هي الصورة
+
+253
+00:21:54,980 --> 00:21:59,280
+التانية الصورة الأولى virtual image الصورة التانية
+
+254
+00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:04,680
+تعتبر virtual object للعدسة التالتة وهيك بتنتهي
+
+255
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:08,000
+المسألة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+256
+00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:09,100
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/HJqn-3xsX3k_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1136 @@
+1
+00:00:01,300 --> 00:00:04,160
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عنا مسألة على ال lens
+
+2
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,700
+-decentration عشان نحصل على prismatic effect يحسن
+
+3
+00:00:08,700 --> 00:00:11,560
+الوضع الوظيفي أو يعالج الوضع الوظيفي في حالة
+
+4
+00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:17,620
+الحوال البصير عنا مريض عمره تلاتين سنة عنده
+
+5
+00:00:17,620 --> 00:00:21,640
+exotropia في ال right eye في ال right eye
+
+6
+00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:26,040
+exotropia ففيه فمقدرة سبعة prism exotropia بيرمز
+
+7
+00:00:26,040 --> 00:00:30,600
+إليها بالرمز XT وهذا هناخده في علم الحوال أو مساق
+
+8
+00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:35,520
+الحوالهدا المريض عنده Exotropia 7 Prism خفيفة طبعا
+
+9
+00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:38,740
+هنا مبين انه بيه كتيرة جدا و واضحة جدا طبعا ال
+
+10
+00:00:38,740 --> 00:00:42,600
+Exotropia 7 Prism يادوق بتكون مبينه أحيانا إلا
+
+11
+00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:45,940
+بالفحص لما تظهر أما بال .. بال .. بالعين المجردة
+
+12
+00:00:45,940 --> 00:00:48,370
+ممكن ما تلاحظشThe important thing is that this
+
+13
+00:00:48,370 --> 00:00:50,650
+patient has seven prism exotropia, he has
+
+14
+00:00:50,650 --> 00:00:53,310
+refractive error in both eyes, plus four diopters
+
+15
+00:00:53,310 --> 00:00:56,470
+in the right and plus four diopters in the left
+
+16
+00:00:56,470 --> 00:01:00,330
+The question is how to overcome the exotropia by
+
+17
+00:01:00,330 --> 00:01:03,330
+decentration? We will wear glasses plus four
+
+18
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:08,160
+diopters in front of each eyeplus four D diopter
+
+19
+00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:10,580
+in front of the right eye and plus four diopter in
+
+20
+00:01:10,580 --> 00:01:13,380
+front of the left eye How can we overcome through
+
+21
+00:01:13,380 --> 00:01:19,200
+decentration, to overcome the exotropia as if it
+
+22
+00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:22,180
+doesn't exist with the help of the prism? First of
+
+23
+00:01:22,180 --> 00:01:26,660
+all, I want to ask myself a question How do I
+
+24
+00:01:26,660 --> 00:01:29,100
+treat or where is the direction of the prism that
+
+25
+00:01:29,100 --> 00:01:32,160
+I'm supposed to get? We say as follows, first of
+
+26
+00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:33,180
+all, horizontal exotropia
+
+27
+00:01:36,470 --> 00:01:38,530
+exotropia and esotropia are called horizontal
+
+28
+00:01:38,530 --> 00:01:41,550
+waves, so the prism should be horizontal, but the
+
+29
+00:01:41,550 --> 00:01:44,450
+base should be in or out, in means the required
+
+30
+00:01:44,450 --> 00:01:47,510
+base of the spreadsheet, we will not add a
+
+31
+00:01:47,510 --> 00:01:49,410
+spreadsheet, we will do a decentration so that the
+
+32
+00:01:49,410 --> 00:01:51,630
+lens does not work as a spreadsheet, we say as
+
+33
+00:01:51,630 --> 00:01:54,690
+follows that in the case of exotropia, in the case
+
+34
+00:01:54,690 --> 00:01:56,870
+of exotropia, the base of the spreadsheet should
+
+35
+00:01:56,870 --> 00:02:01,390
+be inside, in, why? because the apex points
+
+36
+00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:02,290
+towards
+
+37
+00:02:04,450 --> 00:02:06,350
+exotropia towards the circumference, always the
+
+38
+00:02:06,350 --> 00:02:08,290
+apex we leave it as if it points to the
+
+39
+00:02:08,290 --> 00:02:10,730
+circumference, then the base is opposite as long
+
+40
+00:02:10,730 --> 00:02:12,550
+as the circumference is outside, the apex is
+
+41
+00:02:12,550 --> 00:02:15,230
+outside, the base is in it, of course, we call the
+
+42
+00:02:15,230 --> 00:02:18,330
+article or the article takes its direction, takes
+
+43
+00:02:18,330 --> 00:02:20,490
+the name of its direction in the name of its base,
+
+44
+00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:23,950
+this article is not called apex out, no, we say
+
+45
+00:02:23,950 --> 00:02:27,550
+base in prism, base in prism, so that the
+
+46
+00:02:27,550 --> 00:02:30,550
+treatment is functional, exotropia for this
+
+47
+00:02:30,550 --> 00:02:33,760
+patient requires a base in prism,Now what we need
+
+48
+00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:37,060
+to know is that I can use one prism or do
+
+49
+00:02:37,060 --> 00:02:41,880
+decentration in one lens or in both lenses and
+
+50
+00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:44,060
+whether I did it in one lens or both lenses, it is
+
+51
+00:02:44,060 --> 00:02:46,860
+necessary as long as there is an exotropia, the
+
+52
+00:02:46,860 --> 00:02:49,640
+base here should be in and the second base should
+
+53
+00:02:49,640 --> 00:02:52,580
+also be in. The details of this talk or
+
+54
+00:02:52,580 --> 00:02:55,100
+explanation will come in the science around, not
+
+55
+00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,280
+in geometric optics. So always and never the
+
+56
+00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:01,990
+exotropia because it is around outsideexotropia is
+
+57
+00:03:01,990 --> 00:03:04,810
+when the eye tries to exchange with another eye,
+
+58
+00:03:05,590 --> 00:03:08,330
+and you want to use two prisms instead of one
+
+59
+00:03:08,330 --> 00:03:11,410
+prism, the base of the two prisms must be in the
+
+60
+00:03:11,410 --> 00:03:17,360
+case of exotropiaYou can ask yourself, what forces
+
+61
+00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:23,360
+me to use two prisms? Or to do decentration in
+
+62
+00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:28,020
+both lenses? Sometimes decentration in one lens is
+
+63
+00:03:28,020 --> 00:03:33,180
+difficult How difficult? Let's look at this
+
+64
+00:03:33,180 --> 00:03:38,480
+experiment first Let's assume that we stopped ..
+
+65
+00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:44,880
+we decided that we don't need two prismsWe don't
+
+66
+00:03:44,880 --> 00:03:48,820
+want to make a prismatic effect for both eyes, but
+
+67
+00:03:48,820 --> 00:03:51,180
+only for the eye that has the circle, which is the
+
+68
+00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:54,740
+right eye So, how much is the decentration? I want
+
+69
+00:03:54,740 --> 00:04:01,240
+base n, how much is the decentration? We say that
+
+70
+00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,580
+the prismatic effect of the lens that is required
+
+71
+00:04:04,580 --> 00:04:05,440
+is decentration
+
+72
+00:04:15,110 --> 00:04:25,610
+It's equal to H in D Okay It's equal to
+
+73
+00:04:25,610 --> 00:04:29,670
+H Of course the prismatic effect has seven prisms
+
+74
+00:04:29,670 --> 00:04:34,810
+Seven prism diopters It's equal to H that I'm
+
+75
+00:04:34,810 --> 00:04:39,790
+supposed to know in D Which is the diopter of the
+
+76
+00:04:39,790 --> 00:04:51,770
+right lens which is four So Hتساوي تساوي
+
+77
+00:04:51,770 --> 00:05:02,270
+سبعة على أربعة سبعة على أربعة ويساوي واحد وخمسة
+
+78
+00:05:02,270 --> 00:05:10,370
+وسبعين من مية centimeter يعني بتحولها لملة يساوي
+
+79
+00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:12,650
+سبعتاشر ملة ونص
+
+80
+00:05:18,620 --> 00:05:21,000
+I was going to say okay, let me tell you, let me
+
+81
+00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:24,000
+tell you, let's see this topic, this is the
+
+82
+00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,300
+template I have, let's see how big the template
+
+83
+00:05:26,300 --> 00:05:30,600
+is, it's about 60 millimeters, 6 centimeters, 60
+
+84
+00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:37,980
+millimeters, I want to cut from it this part, at
+
+85
+00:05:37,980 --> 00:05:39,960
+the beginning it was called Decentration
+
+86
+00:05:58,640 --> 00:06:01,480
+This is number three, it's exactly on the center
+
+87
+00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:06,620
+The width is here one and a half millimeter and
+
+88
+00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:10,080
+here one and a half centimeter and here one and a
+
+89
+00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,220
+half centimeter I want to move the center outwards
+
+90
+00:06:13,220 --> 00:06:17,340
+or inwards with a space of one and a half
+
+91
+00:06:17,340 --> 00:06:19,380
+centimeter How much is one and a half centimeter?
+
+92
+00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:24,210
+Fifteen millimeters Fifteen millimeters, thenانا
+
+93
+00:06:24,210 --> 00:06:29,630
+مطلوب عندى سبعتاش و نص ملي سبعتاش و نص ملي طيب هل
+
+94
+00:06:29,630 --> 00:06:34,150
+ممكن اعمل هذا؟ غالبا مش ممكن الناس اللى بتشتغل فى
+
+95
+00:06:34,150 --> 00:06:37,270
+صناعة العدسات هبقى بقولك لأ مابقدرش اعمل فى العدسة
+
+96
+00:06:37,270 --> 00:06:42,690
+هاى و فى الإطار هذا بقدرش اعمل decentration سبعتاش
+
+97
+00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:45,750
+و نص ملي و هذا هتاخده فى ال dispensing طب اش اعمل
+
+98
+00:06:45,750 --> 00:06:49,550
+انا عشان احلى المشكلة هاى؟ بدي اعمل decentration
+
+99
+00:06:53,470 --> 00:07:12,970
+بدي أعمل decentralization في العدساتين فبالتالي
+
+100
+00:07:19,900 --> 00:07:23,360
+I want to use base in prism here or get base in
+
+101
+00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:28,280
+prism and base in prism Now I have to answer my
+
+102
+00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:30,480
+question, so we will do the decentration in both
+
+103
+00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:34,140
+eyes to have a small amount of decentration and we
+
+104
+00:07:34,140 --> 00:07:37,700
+can implement it when we come to make the lens,
+
+105
+00:07:37,940 --> 00:07:42,410
+how? as usualAs long as the refractive error in
+
+106
+00:07:42,410 --> 00:07:45,010
+both eyes is equal, then I want to divide the
+
+107
+00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:46,930
+circle by saying that the circle has seven prisms,
+
+108
+00:07:47,070 --> 00:07:51,010
+which is more like I have three and a half prisms
+
+109
+00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:53,790
+in the right and three and a half prisms in the
+
+110
+00:07:53,790 --> 00:07:56,830
+left. This is the total of the seven. The total of
+
+111
+00:07:56,830 --> 00:08:00,770
+the seven. Okay. How do we implement this? Before
+
+112
+00:08:00,770 --> 00:08:03,010
+we say how, we want to see in which direction we
+
+113
+00:08:03,010 --> 00:08:07,620
+want to move the center.ه�� مقطع عرضى، هى مقطع
+
+114
+00:08:07,620 --> 00:08:11,640
+رأسى، هنخليه عرضى، و هنا مقطع رأسى، هنخليه عرضى
+
+115
+00:08:20,330 --> 00:08:23,790
+أول نصيحة بانصحها في حل الأسئلة أرسم العينتين
+
+116
+00:08:23,790 --> 00:08:27,710
+عدلات حتى لو في Exotropia أو Esotropia أو
+
+117
+00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:31,470
+Hypertropia أو Hypotropia إذا بدي أشتغل صح مع هذه
+
+118
+00:08:31,470 --> 00:08:35,470
+المسائل بدي أ .. أرسم العينتين عدلات زي ما هي ..
+
+119
+00:08:35,470 --> 00:08:39,290
+زي ما هي و قاعدي أقول هاي عندي في الوضع الطبيعي ال
+
+120
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:43,670
+optical center بدي يكون بالشكل هذا خليني بس أرفع
+
+121
+00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:45,410
+شوية عشان ما تخفيش وراها
+
+122
+00:08:49,500 --> 00:08:53,500
+العين يعني ال optical center بتكون بالضبط على جبال
+
+123
+00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:59,180
+ال pupil ونصغر شوية optical
+
+124
+00:08:59,180 --> 00:09:03,260
+center بنرجعه هنا في الوضع الطبيعي بدون
+
+125
+00:09:03,260 --> 00:09:08,420
+decentralization العين بتبص من ال optical center
+
+126
+00:09:08,420 --> 00:09:15,720
+هذا نلغيه هنا ونستنزخه مرة تانية عشان نسرع في
+
+127
+00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:20,600
+الأمرthese lines of course we want to delete them
+
+128
+00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:25,380
+too
+
+129
+00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:32,640
+this is a plus sign in front of the left line here
+
+130
+00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:36,940
+we also want to delete it and copy the other one
+
+131
+00:09:36,940 --> 00:09:41,600
+because it is more suitable in size how do I get
+
+132
+00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:44,160
+this in the situation before the topic of
+
+133
+00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:46,180
+decentration how do I get
+
+134
+00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:03,590
+Base .. Base
+
+135
+00:10:03,590 --> 00:10:08,590
+in .. Base
+
+136
+00:10:08,590 --> 00:10:13,390
+in prison معاي خيار من خيارين إما أحرك العدسة لبرا
+
+137
+00:10:14,590 --> 00:10:18,210
+the center of it outwards or move it inwards if
+
+138
+00:10:18,210 --> 00:10:21,770
+you move it outwards, the pupil will become based
+
+139
+00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:25,310
+out of the prism the prism, the base is out, so
+
+140
+00:10:25,310 --> 00:10:29,810
+the center has to go inwards towards the nose, the
+
+141
+00:10:29,810 --> 00:10:35,170
+pupil will come out through the prism, the base is
+
+142
+00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:40,670
+in, the base is in here too, it has to move in
+
+143
+00:10:43,260 --> 00:10:46,100
+نطلع على منظر مكبر بس عشان توضح الصورة نطلع على
+
+144
+00:10:46,100 --> 00:10:46,660
+منظر مكبر بس عشان توضح الصورة نطلع على منظر مكبر
+
+145
+00:10:46,660 --> 00:10:50,340
+بس عشان توضح الصورة لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت
+
+146
+00:10:50,340 --> 00:10:51,420
+العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة
+
+147
+00:10:51,420 --> 00:10:54,180
+لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما
+
+148
+00:10:54,180 --> 00:10:54,760
+حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت
+
+149
+00:10:54,760 --> 00:10:55,980
+العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما حركت العدسة
+
+150
+00:10:55,980 --> 00:11:12,520
+لجوه لما حركت العدسة لجوه لما
+
+151
+00:11:19,260 --> 00:11:26,540
+Decentration should be in both eyes اختصار be both
+
+152
+00:11:26,540 --> 00:11:37,920
+eyes اي واحد اتنين Decentration should be in عشان
+
+153
+00:11:37,920 --> 00:11:41,520
+نحصل ع base in بمعنى اش in to where the nose
+
+154
+00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:52,080
+طيب okay قداش
+
+155
+00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:56,140
+.. بنقول أول عين بدي أحصل على prismatic effect
+
+156
+00:11:56,140 --> 00:11:59,040
+تلاتة و نص برزم و تاني عين برضه بدي أحصل على
+
+157
+00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:03,960
+prismatic effect بنقول for right eye قداش ال
+
+158
+00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:09,360
+center لازم يروح لجوا for right eye هذه الإجابة
+
+159
+00:12:09,360 --> 00:12:12,780
+النموذجية طيب for right eye
+
+160
+00:12:20,390 --> 00:12:26,130
+The prismatic effect is equal to h in D The
+
+161
+00:12:26,130 --> 00:12:30,010
+prismatic effect which is three and a half is
+
+162
+00:12:30,010 --> 00:12:32,610
+equal to h which we want to know how much I move
+
+163
+00:12:32,610 --> 00:12:37,650
+inside in the diopter four in the diopter four So
+
+164
+00:12:37,650 --> 00:12:45,970
+h is equal to three
+
+165
+00:12:45,970 --> 00:12:49,030
+and a half over four
+
+166
+00:12:55,330 --> 00:13:01,770
+ويساوي، نروح على ال calculator،
+
+167
+00:13:01,770 --> 00:13:08,090
+نقوله
+
+168
+00:13:08,090 --> 00:13:15,030
+تلاتة و نص، تلاتة و تلاتين،
+
+169
+00:13:15,030 --> 00:13:19,990
+تقسيم
+
+170
+00:13:19,990 --> 00:13:22,410
+أربعة، يساوي
+
+171
+00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:30,330
+875 of 1000 cm means 8 millimeters and three
+
+172
+00:13:30,330 --> 00:13:32,390
+quarters of a centimeter 8 millimeters and three
+
+173
+00:13:32,390 --> 00:13:34,350
+quarters of a centimeter Let's go back here and
+
+174
+00:13:34,350 --> 00:13:40,550
+say it will be less than a centimeter 875 of 1000
+
+175
+00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:47,050
+of a centimeter is equal to 8 millimeters and
+
+176
+00:13:47,050 --> 00:13:52,930
+three quarters of a millimeter Can I do this?in
+
+177
+00:13:52,930 --> 00:13:58,550
+fact, yes I can do this, I have this in the normal
+
+178
+00:13:58,550 --> 00:14:04,570
+situation I'm
+
+179
+00:14:04,570 --> 00:14:08,370
+supposed to cut like this here nasal, we mark
+
+180
+00:14:08,370 --> 00:14:14,930
+where the nose is here nasal, we mark it with the
+
+181
+00:14:14,930 --> 00:14:17,730
+symbol N and of course here temporal, we move the
+
+182
+00:14:17,730 --> 00:14:21,490
+center towards nasalWe want to move the center to
+
+183
+00:14:21,490 --> 00:14:26,870
+the nasal The
+
+184
+00:14:26,870 --> 00:14:30,370
+center of the lens must be in order to give me a
+
+185
+00:14:30,370 --> 00:14:33,330
+base in effect Ok, this is the center of the lens,
+
+186
+00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:36,150
+how do I move the center inside? I leave the gas
+
+187
+00:14:36,150 --> 00:14:41,510
+outside I want to move the gas to an amount of
+
+188
+00:14:41,510 --> 00:14:43,490
+eight millimeters and three quarters Approximately
+
+189
+00:14:43,490 --> 00:14:46,630
+nine millimeters minus a quarter Let's use the
+
+190
+00:14:46,630 --> 00:14:55,310
+ruler, we say as followsthis is what I have let's
+
+191
+00:14:55,310 --> 00:14:58,570
+assume that here the measurement is 8 mm let's
+
+192
+00:14:58,570 --> 00:15:01,790
+assume that we are not in a dispensing lecture but
+
+193
+00:15:01,790 --> 00:15:03,890
+we are trying to approximate the concept we say as
+
+194
+00:15:03,890 --> 00:15:08,890
+follows now we want to move the line so that the
+
+195
+00:15:08,890 --> 00:15:13,550
+center is 8 mm away from
+
+196
+00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,290
+their original location, as their original
+
+197
+00:15:24,290 --> 00:15:27,730
+location means, let's see, let's go back again
+
+198
+00:15:27,730 --> 00:15:34,470
+yes, in the middle, it should become 8 mm when it
+
+199
+00:15:34,470 --> 00:15:40,890
+becomes .. here I have from 0 to about 15 mm
+
+200
+00:15:47,390 --> 00:15:51,470
+فعندي أنا هنا من خمستاشر بده يتراجع يصير عند سبعة
+
+201
+00:15:51,470 --> 00:15:58,430
+لأ مش هذا اللي بده يصير، القصر بده يكون لبرا و هذا
+
+202
+00:15:58,430 --> 00:16:04,000
+في ال dispensingWe were standing at 15mm and it
+
+203
+00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:08,640
+became 7 or 6 and a quarter, so here I moved the
+
+204
+00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:11,700
+center as if I moved the center inwards The frame
+
+205
+00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,180
+was projected outwards or the lens was projected
+
+206
+00:16:14,180 --> 00:16:16,260
+outwards from the center so that the center moves
+
+207
+00:16:16,260 --> 00:16:18,580
+inwards The important thing is that the center
+
+208
+00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:22,690
+should move inwards to the extent8 mille and three
+
+209
+00:16:22,690 --> 00:16:24,610
+quarters and this is possible and this is possible
+
+210
+00:16:24,610 --> 00:16:26,870
+practically this is possible easier than
+
+211
+00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:29,290
+subtracting 17 mille because this is not possible
+
+212
+00:16:29,290 --> 00:16:32,150
+from a practical point of view the left eye, let's
+
+213
+00:16:32,150 --> 00:16:34,110
+continue the example, we say that the left eye has
+
+214
+00:16:34,110 --> 00:16:36,630
+the same problem it wants to subtract the center
+
+215
+00:16:36,630 --> 00:16:40,330
+inside by the same measure why? because I want to
+
+216
+00:16:40,330 --> 00:16:47,350
+get three and the prismatic effect for left eye
+
+217
+00:16:47,350 --> 00:16:52,640
+for left eyeHow much is the distance inside? Both
+
+218
+00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:56,020
+must be distance inside, as the drawing shows For
+
+219
+00:16:56,020 --> 00:17:03,100
+drift eye, the prismatic effect of course is equal
+
+220
+00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:08,020
+to h into d I
+
+221
+00:17:08,020 --> 00:17:11,000
+need three and a half to give me the prismatic
+
+222
+00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:15,040
+effect of the lift lens The h I don't know yet,
+
+223
+00:17:15,560 --> 00:17:18,940
+times d, which is times four diopters
+
+224
+00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:37,500
+So, H is equal to 3.5 by 4 which
+
+225
+00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:41,020
+is equal to 875000
+
+226
+00:17:44,490 --> 00:17:49,130
+centimeter is equal to eight point seventy five
+
+227
+00:17:49,130 --> 00:17:55,030
+percent millimeter and this is also possible. We
+
+228
+00:17:55,030 --> 00:17:57,410
+come here just to finish the example, we say as
+
+229
+00:17:57,410 --> 00:18:03,590
+follows, we want to remove it now and we want to
+
+230
+00:18:03,590 --> 00:18:12,170
+copy it and
+
+231
+00:18:12,170 --> 00:18:12,890
+we want to
+
+232
+00:18:18,510 --> 00:18:29,670
+copy another one and copy center again to
+
+233
+00:18:29,670 --> 00:18:35,690
+represent the right and left lens the source may
+
+234
+00:18:35,690 --> 00:18:42,410
+not be copied, it is not necessary now but this is
+
+235
+00:18:42,410 --> 00:18:44,490
+what I have and what we need to copy it
+
+236
+00:18:52,290 --> 00:18:59,990
+I will try to focus on parts of it to make it more
+
+237
+00:18:59,990 --> 00:19:05,270
+clear
+
+238
+00:19:05,270 --> 00:19:16,410
+Now,
+
+239
+00:19:17,050 --> 00:19:21,750
+this is the center and this is the frame
+
+240
+00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:27,690
+of course the center should be in the middle of
+
+241
+00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:36,570
+the template exactly in
+
+242
+00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:40,190
+the normal position we moved the frame outside so
+
+243
+00:19:40,190 --> 00:19:41,450
+that the center moves inside
+
+244
+00:19:44,910 --> 00:19:47,810
+the center has to go inside rather than put the
+
+245
+00:19:47,810 --> 00:19:49,870
+center in the center instead of being here it
+
+246
+00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:52,890
+became inside this is what will be used to make
+
+247
+00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:55,570
+the glasses of course we say that the eye always
+
+248
+00:19:55,570 --> 00:19:58,290
+looks from the middle of the frame of the glasses
+
+249
+00:19:58,290 --> 00:20:01,930
+the
+
+250
+00:20:01,930 --> 00:20:04,370
+distance between the visual axis and the optical
+
+251
+00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:06,810
+center of the lens is eight millimeters and three
+
+252
+00:20:06,810 --> 00:20:11,160
+quarters here is the same caseWe want to get rid
+
+253
+00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:15,460
+of it so that the idea is very clear
+
+254
+00:20:54,330 --> 00:21:00,710
+This is the right lens, and this is the left lens
+
+255
+00:21:00,710 --> 00:21:07,790
+The nose, the nose comes between the eyes, so it's
+
+256
+00:21:07,790 --> 00:21:15,550
+between the two lenses Let's go to the front So
+
+257
+00:21:15,550 --> 00:21:20,950
+the nose will come between the two lenses Increase
+
+258
+00:21:20,950 --> 00:21:40,220
+the letter n a little bitTo appear with it The
+
+259
+00:21:40,220 --> 00:21:42,100
+center is always in the middle of the template
+
+260
+00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:50,820
+and we want to move the frame or the outside of
+
+261
+00:21:50,820 --> 00:21:53,740
+the frame so that the center comes inside when
+
+262
+00:21:53,740 --> 00:21:57,340
+this frame, which is the area that I want to cut
+
+263
+00:21:57,340 --> 00:22:01,460
+to put it in the frame of the glasses I cut it out
+
+264
+00:22:01,460 --> 00:22:03,840
+a little bit, the center becomes relative to this
+
+265
+00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:08,700
+piece, it becomes inside it becomes inside this,
+
+266
+00:22:08,780 --> 00:22:16,580
+the center is spread here towards the nosethis
+
+267
+00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:21,080
+center became closer to the nose for this piece
+
+268
+00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:34,240
+and here the same thing became
+
+269
+00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,860
+the center, of course, the eye is looking from the
+
+270
+00:22:36,860 --> 00:22:39,620
+middle to the frontThe center was separated, it
+
+271
+00:22:39,620 --> 00:22:41,420
+was supposed to be the center here, it was
+
+272
+00:22:41,420 --> 00:22:44,360
+supposed to be here, but we separated it this way,
+
+273
+00:22:44,660 --> 00:22:47,280
+so this is the idea of decentralization and
+
+274
+00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:51,080
+decentralization, this will functionally treat the
+
+275
+00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:54,680
+seventh prism of exotropia, so it is separated
+
+276
+00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:59,880
+into two lensesعشان أتمكن عمليا من تنفيذه من ناحية
+
+277
+00:22:59,880 --> 00:23:04,060
+dispensing العدستين بنزحوا لجوه ال optical center
+
+278
+00:23:04,060 --> 00:23:06,780
+بنزح لجوه عشان أخد Bayesian effect
+
+279
+00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:13,040
+لأن أنا جاعت بعالش في Exotropia كمية الإزاحة في كل
+
+280
+00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:17,060
+عدسة based in يعني إما بقول تمانمية و خمسة و سبعين
+
+281
+00:23:17,060 --> 00:23:20,960
+من الف جزء من الصنطي أو بقول تمانية ملي و تلات
+
+282
+00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:25,140
+تربع لكل عدسة تمانية ملي و تلات تربع لكل عدسة و
+
+283
+00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:29,220
+هنا تنتهي المشكلة المسألة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام
+
+284
+00:23:29,220 --> 00:23:31,480
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/IiCVj1ZAxis.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,670 --> 00:00:03,610
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim What is the
+
+2
+00:00:03,610 --> 00:00:09,250
+transverse magnification if we know that object is
+
+3
+00:00:09,250 --> 00:00:14,290
+40 centimeter height and image is 10 centimeter
+
+4
+00:00:14,290 --> 00:00:17,310
+height below the optical axis. Transverse
+
+5
+00:00:17,310 --> 00:00:22,870
+magnification is equal to image height over object
+
+6
+00:00:22,870 --> 00:00:29,590
+height. Image height below the optical axis is
+
+7
+00:00:29,590 --> 00:00:34,540
+negative. 10 cm means 1 out of 10 meters over
+
+8
+00:00:34,540 --> 00:00:38,660
+object height above the optical axis, plus, don't
+
+9
+00:00:38,660 --> 00:00:45,340
+forget the sign 40 cm means 4 out of 10 meters and
+
+10
+00:00:45,340 --> 00:00:49,860
+it equals minus over plus minus, of course we will
+
+11
+00:00:49,860 --> 00:00:53,360
+put the x sign to indicate magnification minus
+
+12
+00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,240
+means the picture is upside down 1 out of 10 over
+
+13
+00:00:56,240 --> 00:01:01,270
+4 out of 10 is a quarter  والمتر على متر بيروح
+
+14
+00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:06,150
+النسبة لا تميز، هاي الجواب X يعني تكبير الصورة
+
+15
+00:01:06,150 --> 00:01:09,830
+minus مجلوبة، أول إشي هنعرف أنها مجلوبة، تكبيرها
+
+16
+00:01:09,830 --> 00:01:13,150
+ربع، يعني ارتفاعها ربع ارتفاع ال object فعلا
+
+17
+00:01:13,150 --> 00:01:15,970
+ارتفاعها عشر سانتي وربع الاربعين سانتي اللي هو
+
+18
+00:01:15,970 --> 00:01:18,190
+ارتفاع ال object ويعطيكم العافية

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/JynOvdHtkQI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2184 @@
+1
+00:00:01,580 --> 00:00:02,600
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,180 --> 00:00:06,260
+We continue with the lectures of Geometric Optics
+
+3
+00:00:06,260 --> 00:00:11,040
+and we said that scientists in the 17th century
+
+4
+00:00:11,040 --> 00:00:15,640
+found a system of equations and mathematical
+
+5
+00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:18,690
+calculationswhich made it easier to understand the
+
+6
+00:00:18,690 --> 00:00:21,230
+science of geometric optics and made it easier to
+
+7
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,890
+understand the journey of light from the object to
+
+8
+00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:26,910
+the optical system, to the image This system of
+
+9
+00:00:26,910 --> 00:00:30,170
+equations and mathematical calculations became
+
+10
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:35,810
+known as the first order optics which is the basic
+
+11
+00:00:35,810 --> 00:00:41,780
+stone for understanding geometryoptics وعشان نفهم
+
+12
+00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:46,400
+بالتفصيل إيش اللي عملوه العلماء بنحكي إيش أول خطوة
+
+13
+00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:50,120
+عملوها العلماء قبل ما نحكي الخطوة الأولى و اللي هي
+
+14
+00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,400
+ignoring image quality بنذكر بصفات ال image أو ال
+
+15
+00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,080
+image characteristics و اللي هي ال magnification و
+
+16
+00:00:57,080 --> 00:01:01,180
+ال location و ال quality و ال brightness هنمسك
+
+17
+00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:05,620
+تالت شئ اللي هي ال quality اللي هيone of the most
+
+18
+00:01:05,620 --> 00:01:07,460
+important characteristics of the image and we said
+
+19
+00:01:07,460 --> 00:01:09,880
+that the quality is required that the optical
+
+20
+00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:13,400
+system creates a high quality image and if
+
+21
+00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:16,340
+possible it should create a stigmatic image that
+
+22
+00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:18,460
+is a picture that is as it should be this is the
+
+23
+00:01:18,460 --> 00:01:22,940
+best thing possible in the seventeenth century the
+
+24
+00:01:22,940 --> 00:01:27,820
+issue of obtaining a very high qualityIt was a
+
+25
+00:01:27,820 --> 00:01:32,380
+dream of scientists that the optical system at
+
+26
+00:01:32,380 --> 00:01:38,380
+that time was giving useful images, pictures that
+
+27
+00:01:38,380 --> 00:01:42,320
+were practical and useful, but not high quality,
+
+28
+00:01:42,420 --> 00:01:47,570
+not high quality. So first of all, scientistsIn
+
+29
+00:01:47,570 --> 00:01:51,210
+order for the image to shine through the optical
+
+30
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:53,770
+system, they said that the first thing we should
+
+31
+00:01:53,770 --> 00:01:57,190
+do is to ignore image quality. We should not study
+
+32
+00:01:57,190 --> 00:02:01,050
+image quality. Ignoring image quality. We will say
+
+33
+00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:06,120
+why they .. I mean ..I mean they agreed to neglect
+
+34
+00:02:06,120 --> 00:02:11,640
+image quality because they don't want high image
+
+35
+00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:15,280
+quality, but they can't make an optical system
+
+36
+00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:19,040
+that's not high quality or that gives me high
+
+37
+00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:23,330
+quality pictures or imagesهدا لو احنا جبنا مثل من
+
+38
+00:02:23,330 --> 00:02:29,410
+الحياة، بنقول إنسان بسيط للغاية في حياته ما هيصعد
+
+39
+00:02:29,410 --> 00:02:34,210
+على سطح القمر في سفينة فضاء، ليش يشغل نفسه ب ..
+
+40
+00:02:34,210 --> 00:02:39,870
+يعني تفصيل بدلة مثل البدلة اللي بيلبسها رواد
+
+41
+00:02:39,870 --> 00:02:43,720
+الفضاء، يعني هذا بيكون مضيع للوقتAnd in comparison
+
+42
+00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:47,520
+to that, scientists in the 17th century said that
+
+43
+00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:51,840
+we are not able to create a high quality optical
+
+44
+00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:56,060
+system So as long as our image quality is
+
+45
+00:02:56,060 --> 00:03:00,760
+basically humbleThe image quality is low, so the
+
+46
+00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:02,980
+first thing to study the journey of light and
+
+47
+00:03:02,980 --> 00:03:06,700
+study the image characteristics, we need to
+
+48
+00:03:06,700 --> 00:03:09,160
+neglect the image quality. This is basically what
+
+49
+00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,320
+they mean or what they simplified to consider that
+
+50
+00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:15,340
+neglecting the image quality and ignoring the
+
+51
+00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:20,880
+image quality simplified the topic. To know the
+
+52
+00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,180
+image quality exactly, I need to see the point
+
+53
+00:03:24,180 --> 00:03:25,460
+spread function.
+
+54
+00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:37,630
+If we look at this view and make it bigger, we say
+
+55
+00:03:37,630 --> 00:03:42,180
+this is the point spread functionwhich is
+
+56
+00:03:42,180 --> 00:03:45,700
+irregular and irregular shape to one point of the
+
+57
+00:03:45,700 --> 00:03:49,280
+object's point You might ask, what are these
+
+58
+00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,700
+colors? These colors show the intensity of the
+
+59
+00:03:51,700 --> 00:03:54,360
+light The red color in the middle of the point
+
+60
+00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,320
+spread function, here is the largest amount of
+
+61
+00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:59,360
+light that ended here is the intensity of the
+
+62
+00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:01,680
+light, less, less, less, but these are the limits
+
+63
+00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:04,480
+of the point spread functionthis is the limits of
+
+64
+00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:07,940
+point spread function in the rectangular form that
+
+65
+00:04:07,940 --> 00:04:13,940
+looks like a ghost to define its limits, it must
+
+66
+00:04:13,940 --> 00:04:17,140
+be from a point in the object, this is a picture
+
+67
+00:04:17,140 --> 00:04:19,120
+of one point let's assume that this is a
+
+68
+00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:21,640
+condition, it means that in this body, the point
+
+69
+00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,420
+is a, and this picture is a condition I didn't
+
+70
+00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:27,540
+draw the body, nor did I draw the optical system,
+
+71
+00:04:27,580 --> 00:04:30,100
+because I want to know what is the point spread
+
+72
+00:04:30,100 --> 00:04:33,860
+functionIn order to know point spread function of
+
+73
+00:04:33,860 --> 00:04:36,920
+A, in other words, in order to know the shape of A
+
+74
+00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:41,280
+in the image, A is a point in the object, we see,
+
+75
+00:04:41,420 --> 00:04:46,000
+we pass around 200 or 300 rays in the optical
+
+76
+00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:51,010
+system, and we apply all of them Snell's lawOn
+
+77
+00:04:51,010 --> 00:04:53,830
+each of the rays to know how much is the angle of
+
+78
+00:04:53,830 --> 00:04:56,970
+deflection or the angle of passage θt for each of
+
+79
+00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,390
+the rays And consequently, this ray ends here,
+
+80
+00:04:59,470 --> 00:05:02,090
+this ray ends here, this ray ends here, this one
+
+81
+00:05:02,090 --> 00:05:04,210
+here, this one here, and so on until I see the
+
+82
+00:05:04,210 --> 00:05:09,110
+limits of all of them, of course, this workedIt's
+
+83
+00:05:09,110 --> 00:05:14,930
+very fast and it doesn't take a day or two or a
+
+84
+00:05:14,930 --> 00:05:19,110
+month or two to see one point picture. So why do I
+
+85
+00:05:19,110 --> 00:05:21,770
+want to know the point spread function? Because
+
+86
+00:05:21,770 --> 00:05:24,790
+it's known that I have a rule. The smaller the
+
+87
+00:05:24,790 --> 00:05:28,140
+point spread function,The higher the equality,
+
+88
+00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,440
+why? Because when the point spread function is
+
+89
+00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,240
+smaller, its limits are smaller, it means that its
+
+90
+00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,400
+interaction with the point spread function of the
+
+91
+00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:39,120
+second point is less, and of the third point is
+
+92
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,740
+less, and we said that the stigmatic image, which
+
+93
+00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:45,020
+is the image of the original quality, which is the
+
+94
+00:05:45,020 --> 00:05:48,180
+original quality must be a point, like the object
+
+95
+00:05:48,180 --> 00:05:51,400
+is a pointA point means that A condition must be a
+
+96
+00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:53,980
+point and B point means that B condition must be a
+
+97
+00:05:53,980 --> 00:05:57,420
+point and so on. So, as long as I have A as a
+
+98
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:06:00,300
+certain area that I call the point spread function
+
+99
+00:06:00,300 --> 00:06:03,080
+of the area in the image or part of the image, it
+
+100
+00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,020
+means that I must know its limits. In order to
+
+101
+00:06:05,020 --> 00:06:09,080
+know its limits, I must follow literally exact ray
+
+102
+00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:14,440
+tracing for hundreds of rays must be exactly
+
+103
+00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:16,880
+traced in order to know the limits of the point
+
+104
+00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:21,820
+spread function.How do we know image quality? We
+
+105
+00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:25,760
+define point spread function, if it's too small,
+
+106
+00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:28,880
+image quality will be higher, if it's too big,
+
+107
+00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:31,880
+image quality will be lower. Because if point
+
+108
+00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:33,720
+spread function is too big, the interaction
+
+109
+00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:39,980
+between point spread functions will be higher
+
+110
+00:06:39,980 --> 00:06:42,780
+because it's too big, and if it's too small, the
+
+111
+00:06:42,780 --> 00:06:43,300
+interaction between point spread functions will be
+
+112
+00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:46,300
+lower.Of course, the scientists were very
+
+113
+00:06:46,300 --> 00:06:49,440
+realistic in this field, they said, well, we are
+
+114
+00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:53,080
+basically unable to create an optical system or a
+
+115
+00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,380
+lens or a refracting service that gives me high
+
+116
+00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:59,740
+image quality, so why should I bother with image
+
+117
+00:06:59,740 --> 00:07:04,700
+equality?To determine the point spread function,
+
+118
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:06,920
+or let's read from the beginning, ignoring image
+
+119
+00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:09,380
+quality is the first thing in the first order
+
+120
+00:07:09,380 --> 00:07:13,880
+optics, the first thing in the first order optics
+
+121
+00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:16,200
+system that scientists adopted is ignoring image
+
+122
+00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:21,380
+qualityTo determine image quality,
+
+123
+00:07:23,540 --> 00:07:27,160
+it is necessary to know how light from a single
+
+124
+00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:30,180
+object
+
+125
+00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:34,800
+point is distributed in the image, to know the
+
+126
+00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,990
+point spread functionIn order to define Point
+
+127
+00:07:37,990 --> 00:07:41,310
+Spread Function, hundreds of rays must be
+
+128
+00:07:41,310 --> 00:07:42,550
+accurately traced
+
+129
+00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,310
+In Gauss's time, which is of course what we said
+
+130
+00:08:00,310 --> 00:08:02,750
+about the first order optics, which means that its
+
+131
+00:08:02,750 --> 00:08:05,950
+legacy basically goes back to the scientist Karl
+
+132
+00:08:05,950 --> 00:08:09,670
+Gauss and the scientists of his time. We say, in
+
+133
+00:08:09,670 --> 00:08:14,110
+Gauss's days, manufacturing techniques rather than
+
+134
+00:08:14,110 --> 00:08:17,600
+optical system design limited the image quality.in
+
+135
+00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:21,600
+that period of time, the manufacturing methods of
+
+136
+00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:25,020
+optical systems used to give me or produce optical
+
+137
+00:08:25,020 --> 00:08:29,060
+systems, lenses that do not give high quality in
+
+138
+00:08:29,060 --> 00:08:31,120
+the picture, so therefore I do not concern myself
+
+139
+00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:32,880
+with the quality of the picture and I am not able
+
+140
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:41,140
+to get a high picture qualityThis is also similar
+
+141
+00:08:41,140 --> 00:08:45,200
+to our general life, I have 4 or 5 cars in my
+
+142
+00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:48,660
+parking lot and they are all used and used cars
+
+143
+00:08:48,660 --> 00:08:52,040
+and they all drive and they can go from Gaza city
+
+144
+00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,200
+to Khan Younes city for example, so there is no
+
+145
+00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:57,440
+difference if we want to drive the first car or
+
+146
+00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,260
+the second or the third or the fourth, they are
+
+147
+00:08:59,260 --> 00:09:02,400
+all used and used cars and they all serve the
+
+148
+00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:04,780
+purpose and there is no distinction between them,
+
+149
+00:09:05,220 --> 00:09:09,250
+so any carBet .. bet .. bet .. bet .. betafi ..
+
+150
+00:09:09,250 --> 00:09:15,630
+betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+151
+00:09:15,630 --> 00:09:15,730
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+152
+00:09:15,730 --> 00:09:21,210
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+153
+00:09:21,210 --> 00:09:28,870
+.. betafi .. betafi
+
+154
+00:09:28,870 --> 00:09:30,830
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+155
+00:09:30,830 --> 00:09:32,290
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+156
+00:09:32,290 --> 00:09:34,370
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+157
+00:09:34,370 --> 00:09:34,370
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+158
+00:09:34,370 --> 00:09:34,450
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+159
+00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:34,450
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+160
+00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:34,450
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+161
+00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:35,850
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafiI'm not able to make
+
+162
+00:09:35,850 --> 00:09:43,370
+high quality lenses, so why should I analyze the
+
+163
+00:09:43,370 --> 00:09:46,630
+image quality and draw hundreds of rays from an
+
+164
+00:09:46,630 --> 00:09:48,370
+object point and insert them into the optical
+
+165
+00:09:48,370 --> 00:09:52,370
+system and then apply Snell's law on each ray of
+
+166
+00:09:52,370 --> 00:09:55,540
+these rays? This is very tiring work.interestingly
+
+167
+00:09:55,540 --> 00:09:59,480
+instead in analyzing other image features such as
+
+168
+00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,960
+magnification and location and scientists said
+
+169
+00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,220
+let's stop with the rest of the image features
+
+170
+00:10:06,220 --> 00:10:08,420
+like location, which is the distance between the
+
+171
+00:10:08,420 --> 00:10:12,300
+image and the optical system and magnification,
+
+172
+00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:14,640
+which is the transfer of magnification, which is
+
+173
+00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:17,740
+the method of calculation, which is the method of
+
+174
+00:10:17,740 --> 00:10:18,260
+calculation
+
+175
+00:10:20,930 --> 00:10:27,070
+على كيف يعني بجيت صفات ال image بدون يعني مع تحييض
+
+176
+00:10:27,070 --> 00:10:32,350
+ال image equality مع تحييض ال image equality اذا
+
+177
+00:10:32,350 --> 00:10:36,310
+to determine all image characteristics except
+
+178
+00:10:36,310 --> 00:10:41,380
+image equality requires tracing only a few raysIf
+
+179
+00:10:41,380 --> 00:10:44,540
+image quality is ignored, analysis of optical
+
+180
+00:10:44,540 --> 00:10:48,300
+systems is reduced from tracing hundreds of rays
+
+181
+00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:50,200
+to tracing just two rays
+
+182
+00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,820
+In order to clarify the idea, when I want to
+
+183
+00:10:56,820 --> 00:10:59,820
+define that we want to study image quality, it
+
+184
+00:10:59,820 --> 00:11:01,660
+means that we have to define the point spread
+
+185
+00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:02,260
+function
+
+186
+00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:28,560
+Two rays, two rays, and the point of meeting the
+
+187
+00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:31,920
+two rays after leaving the optical system, after
+
+188
+00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:34,860
+breaking them and leaving the optical system, this
+
+189
+00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:37,580
+point is considered the area of ​​the image, the
+
+190
+00:11:37,580 --> 00:11:40,480
+distance from the meeting of the two rays to the
+
+191
+00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:43,480
+optical system is considered the image distance or
+
+192
+00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:45,580
+image location, and greater than the image
+
+193
+00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:48,620
+distance, I get the magnification, because the
+
+194
+00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:50,960
+magnification equals the image distance over the
+
+195
+00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:55,500
+object distanceSo, neglecting image quality, or
+
+196
+00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:00,020
+putting it aside, reduced my tracking of rays from
+
+197
+00:12:00,020 --> 00:12:03,240
+having to track hundreds of rays to determine the
+
+198
+00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:06,660
+limits of the point spread function, to only
+
+199
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,760
+tracking two rays accurately. Okay, someone might
+
+200
+00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,640
+say now the case is solved and everything is very
+
+201
+00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:18,640
+simple.We say that in Carl Gauss era, when the
+
+202
+00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:23,340
+optical system was made up of many lenses, just by
+
+203
+00:12:23,340 --> 00:12:26,400
+tracking two rays, it was also considered a
+
+204
+00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:28,740
+masterpiece. And we will talk about why it was a
+
+205
+00:12:28,740 --> 00:12:32,930
+masterpiece when we talk about ..To this point, we
+
+206
+00:12:32,930 --> 00:12:37,570
+will explain why just tracking two rays is tiring
+
+207
+00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:41,850
+especially if the optical system is made up of
+
+208
+00:12:41,850 --> 00:12:45,950
+many lenses. Aside from that, when we neglected
+
+209
+00:12:45,950 --> 00:12:51,430
+image quality, the huge number of rays that I was
+
+210
+00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:55,930
+supposed to track accurately and do exact ray
+
+211
+00:12:55,930 --> 00:12:58,940
+tracing,In order to determine the limits of point
+
+212
+00:12:58,940 --> 00:13:02,460
+spread function of one point of the object When we
+
+213
+00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:04,780
+reduced it to two pixels by neglecting the image
+
+214
+00:13:04,780 --> 00:13:08,560
+quality The situation became much easier But there
+
+215
+00:13:08,560 --> 00:13:11,300
+are still some difficulties And these difficulties
+
+216
+00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:14,340
+scientists said that we must overcome them in
+
+217
+00:13:14,340 --> 00:13:19,580
+order to simplify or understand the science of
+
+218
+00:13:19,580 --> 00:13:22,820
+geometric optics So the first point in the first
+
+219
+00:13:22,820 --> 00:13:33,210
+order opticsIgnore image equality In Gauss's time
+
+220
+00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:38,550
+In Gauss's time, exactly tracing even two rays was
+
+221
+00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:45,310
+daunting task especially
+
+222
+00:13:45,310 --> 00:13:49,550
+if the optical system consisted of several lenses
+
+223
+00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:08,200
+ومرتين ع السطح الخلفي يعني أربع مرات لو عندي عدسة
+
+224
+00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,820
+تانية بده تضافلها كمان أربع عدسة تالتة كمان أربع
+
+225
+00:14:11,820 --> 00:14:15,200
+طبعا ممكن سانيقول ما أطبق ال snails law هذا شغلة
+
+226
+00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:20,040
+بسيطة لأ مش بسيطة السطوح المنحنية السطوح المنحنية
+
+227
+00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,680
+عشان أعرف زاوية السقوط عليها لازم أرسم ال
+
+228
+00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:27,930
+coordinate system اللي هو الإحداثياتOr the three
+
+229
+00:14:27,930 --> 00:14:32,830
+dimensions which are X, Y and Z at the point where
+
+230
+00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:35,510
+the beam hits the surface of this refracting
+
+231
+00:14:35,510 --> 00:14:38,810
+surface or lens Therefore, this process is not
+
+232
+00:14:38,810 --> 00:14:43,090
+easy even if we shorten it to just two beams
+
+233
+00:14:43,090 --> 00:14:47,150
+Scientists moved to the second point of
+
+234
+00:14:47,150 --> 00:14:49,930
+simplification and facilitation in this science Or
+
+235
+00:14:49,930 --> 00:14:54,710
+the second partFrom the system of first order
+
+236
+00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:58,030
+optics, we said that first order optics is a
+
+237
+00:14:58,030 --> 00:15:01,350
+system of equations and calculations that makes it
+
+238
+00:15:01,350 --> 00:15:03,730
+easier to understand the science of geometric
+
+239
+00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:05,850
+optics The first thing we talked about was
+
+240
+00:15:05,850 --> 00:15:09,130
+ignoring image quality, now we want to talk about
+
+241
+00:15:09,130 --> 00:15:11,950
+something else, which is number 2, the paraxial
+
+242
+00:15:11,950 --> 00:15:16,610
+approximationParaaxial Approximation When we say
+
+243
+00:15:16,610 --> 00:15:20,370
+paraaxial, it means adjacent to the optical axis
+
+244
+00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:23,790
+Adjacent to the optical axis We say to exactly
+
+245
+00:15:23,790 --> 00:15:27,370
+trace a ray through a refracting surface We need
+
+246
+00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:30,930
+to establish a coordinate system In order to track
+
+247
+00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:34,790
+our rays, here we are not tracing the rays
+
+248
+00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:38,030
+directly We are not tracing the rays, but if I
+
+249
+00:15:38,030 --> 00:15:41,790
+have a single refracting surfaceThis is a glass
+
+250
+00:15:41,790 --> 00:15:48,910
+rod drawn in blue To track our rays Let's say I'm
+
+251
+00:15:48,910 --> 00:15:53,050
+pointing at the ray Or let's draw a ray To track a
+
+252
+00:15:53,050 --> 00:15:55,710
+ray For example, it should hit the refracting
+
+253
+00:15:55,710 --> 00:15:59,350
+surface at this point Let's make the ray another
+
+254
+00:15:59,350 --> 00:16:05,170
+color To
+
+255
+00:16:05,170 --> 00:16:06,170
+track the ray
+
+256
+00:16:39,740 --> 00:16:44,130
+Let's look at the enlarged pictureو Y شرطة طبعا X
+
+257
+00:16:44,130 --> 00:16:48,610
+هنا .. X هنا عمودي على سطح المكتب عمودي على سطح
+
+258
+00:16:48,610 --> 00:16:52,990
+المكتب يعني باتجاه الإنسان اللي قاعد على مقابل
+
+259
+00:16:52,990 --> 00:16:57,490
+الشاشة بتاعة ال laptop أو ال computer Z على سطح
+
+260
+00:16:57,490 --> 00:17:02,050
+المكتب بشكل أفقي و Y على سطح المكتب بشكل عمودي و
+
+261
+00:17:02,050 --> 00:17:07,110
+عمودي عليه على سطح المكتب يعني يخترق من اتجاه
+
+262
+00:17:07,110 --> 00:17:13,210
+الناظر باتجاهSo these are the main objectivesThese
+
+263
+00:17:13,210 --> 00:17:16,310
+main innovations are applied to the optical axis
+
+264
+00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:19,270
+of the system. Of course, the optical axis, we all
+
+265
+00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:22,770
+know what is the optical axis. Of course, the
+
+266
+00:17:22,770 --> 00:17:28,330
+beam, which is seen, which is drawn in red, hit
+
+267
+00:17:28,330 --> 00:17:30,550
+the refracting surface at this point and it became
+
+268
+00:17:30,550 --> 00:17:33,390
+broken. In order to know its direction inside the
+
+269
+00:17:33,390 --> 00:17:37,210
+glass, I must first know the angle of fall. In
+
+270
+00:17:37,210 --> 00:17:41,160
+order to know the angle of fall, I must drawلازم
+
+271
+00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:46,800
+أرسم إحداثيات فرعيةequal to the basic priorities
+
+272
+00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:52,280
+of the system as all its priorities in space of
+
+273
+00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:54,880
+course this is not easy this is something that
+
+274
+00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,140
+requires the intervention of mathematics in this
+
+275
+00:17:57,140 --> 00:18:02,420
+matter so to exactly trace in order to follow a
+
+276
+00:18:02,420 --> 00:18:05,340
+beam through a refracting surface we need to
+
+277
+00:18:05,340 --> 00:18:08,520
+establish a coordinate system by convention
+
+278
+00:18:08,520 --> 00:18:12,650
+according to what is known to himThe origin of the
+
+279
+00:18:12,650 --> 00:18:15,910
+coordinate system is located at the vertex, the
+
+280
+00:18:15,910 --> 00:18:19,190
+point where the optical axis intersects the
+
+281
+00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:19,670
+surface.
+
+282
+00:18:36,580 --> 00:18:41,680
+also by convention the y-axis is vertical the z
+
+283
+00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:45,700
+-axis coincides with the optical axis and the x
+
+284
+00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:48,060
+-axis is perpendicular to the page
+
+285
+00:18:52,630 --> 00:18:56,110
+The optical axis, the y-axis is vertical but it
+
+286
+00:18:56,110 --> 00:18:58,990
+comes to the exact surface of the desk, both come
+
+287
+00:18:58,990 --> 00:19:02,470
+to y and z, and the x is vertical on the surface
+
+288
+00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:05,010
+of the desk, vertical on the surface of the desk
+
+289
+00:19:05,010 --> 00:19:07,870
+or on the surface of the paper if we explain on
+
+290
+00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:13,650
+paper, that is written. I also have y and z, z is
+
+291
+00:19:13,650 --> 00:19:16,710
+applied to the optical axis and y is vertical but
+
+292
+00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:18,970
+both are on the surface of the desk and x is
+
+293
+00:19:18,970 --> 00:19:24,150
+vertical on the surface of the desk.an object
+
+294
+00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:29,050
+point is selected and a ray is drawn from the
+
+295
+00:19:29,050 --> 00:19:32,810
+object point to the refracting surface as we draw
+
+296
+00:19:32,810 --> 00:19:36,770
+now we choose an object point let's call it point
+
+297
+00:19:36,770 --> 00:19:45,610
+A point A as we used to
+
+298
+00:19:45,610 --> 00:19:49,490
+draw from point A of the object we draw
+
+299
+00:19:56,350 --> 00:20:00,810
+an object point is selected and a ray is drawn
+
+300
+00:20:00,810 --> 00:20:04,420
+from the object point to the refracting surfaceThe
+
+301
+00:20:04,420 --> 00:20:08,480
+first difficulty in making an exact ray trace is
+
+302
+00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,900
+determining the precise coordinates Y and Z where
+
+303
+00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:16,280
+the ray strikes the refracting surface.
+
+304
+00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:43,060
+The formula for finding the intersection of array
+
+305
+00:20:43,060 --> 00:20:46,260
+with a spherical surface requires fairly
+
+306
+00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:50,340
+complicated calculations involving square roots.
+
+307
+00:20:54,930 --> 00:20:57,910
+I want to enter into academic calculations and
+
+308
+00:20:57,910 --> 00:21:01,090
+curriculum, and this complicates the issue, not
+
+309
+00:21:01,090 --> 00:21:03,850
+makes it easier. I mean, it's true that we made it
+
+310
+00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:07,050
+easier. We simplified hundreds of things into two
+
+311
+00:21:07,050 --> 00:21:10,250
+chapters, but still working with two chapters is
+
+312
+00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:13,650
+also a difficult subject and not easy, and science
+
+313
+00:21:13,650 --> 00:21:15,990
+and mathematics need to intervene in this subject.
+
+314
+00:21:18,650 --> 00:21:21,610
+Instead of tracing a ray through an optical
+
+315
+00:21:21,610 --> 00:21:25,150
+system, it is easier to deal with rays extremely
+
+316
+00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:29,730
+close to the optical axis, so-called paraxial ray
+
+317
+00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:52,960
+Well, why did they choose the rays adjacent to the
+
+318
+00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:57,700
+optical axis and ignore the rays away from the
+
+319
+00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,440
+optical axis because there is a feature of the
+
+320
+00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:05,680
+rays which is close to the optical axis? Let's see
+
+321
+00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,400
+this amount of rays coming out of one object
+
+322
+00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:14,190
+point, let's look at the upper drawingالرسمة
+
+323
+00:22:14,190 --> 00:22:18,570
+العليا هنا الـ Paraxial region يعني هذه المنطقة
+
+324
+00:22:18,570 --> 00:22:22,770
+بتشمل الأشعة الـ Paraxial rays يعني الأشعة
+
+325
+00:22:22,770 --> 00:22:26,890
+المجاورة للـ optical axis
+
+326
+00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:32,550
+while this distant area and this distant area is
+
+327
+00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:36,670
+considered peripheral rays or non-paraxial region
+
+328
+00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:39,030
+Why did scientists say that we should ignore
+
+329
+00:22:39,030 --> 00:22:43,250
+peripheral rays and shorten our studies to reach
+
+330
+00:22:43,250 --> 00:22:45,450
+the rest of the image characteristics on the
+
+331
+00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:47,710
+paraxial ray because there is a feature of the
+
+332
+00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:50,910
+paraxial
+
+333
+00:22:50,910 --> 00:22:57,110
+rayHere I have the para axial rays in another
+
+334
+00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:57,550
+picture
+
+335
+00:23:06,860 --> 00:23:10,200
+Peripheral ray Here, para axial ray is parallel to
+
+336
+00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,260
+the optical axis And here, peripheral ray is far
+
+337
+00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:15,280
+from the optical axis You can say that it is
+
+338
+00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:18,140
+parallel to this point, to the tipping point This
+
+339
+00:23:18,140 --> 00:23:21,560
+is not called, to call it para axial ray, the beam
+
+340
+00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:24,200
+must be parallel to the length of the line Not
+
+341
+00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,480
+necessarily parallel, it can be parallel to the
+
+342
+00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:30,400
+optical axis Or it can have a slight angle between
+
+343
+00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:34,500
+themmeans not parallel, but adjacent to it and
+
+344
+00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:36,760
+adjacent to it and adjacent to it along the line
+
+345
+00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,100
+from the starting point until it reaches the
+
+346
+00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:41,860
+optical system if it starts adjacent to the
+
+347
+00:23:41,860 --> 00:23:44,080
+optical axis and then goes away, this is called
+
+348
+00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:47,990
+peripheral ray if I have an extended objectI mean
+
+349
+00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:50,690
+for example a candle or something and it took a
+
+350
+00:23:50,690 --> 00:23:54,150
+point from the top of the candle and one of the
+
+351
+00:23:54,150 --> 00:23:57,690
+candles started from A and reached and hit the
+
+352
+00:23:57,690 --> 00:24:01,370
+optical system in the lens near the optical axis
+
+353
+00:24:01,370 --> 00:24:03,630
+which is also not called adjacent because it is ..
+
+354
+00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,610
+means that there is a period of time that his
+
+355
+00:24:06,610 --> 00:24:10,170
+money is away from the optical axis in order to
+
+356
+00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:12,990
+call it para-axial ray it is very important that
+
+357
+00:24:12,990 --> 00:24:16,190
+the line is always adjacent to the optical axis
+
+358
+00:24:16,190 --> 00:24:18,690
+and this will give me a benefit or why scientists
+
+359
+00:24:18,690 --> 00:24:22,690
+chose to deal with the optical or with the para
+
+360
+00:24:22,690 --> 00:24:27,060
+-axial ray and nothing elseInstead of tracing a
+
+361
+00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:30,880
+ray through an optical system, it is easier to
+
+362
+00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,600
+deal with rays extremely close to the optical axis
+
+363
+00:24:47,830 --> 00:24:51,790
+The portion of the refracting surface near the
+
+364
+00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:56,910
+optical axis may be treated as flat. Just as the
+
+365
+00:24:56,910 --> 00:25:00,410
+earth's surface seems flat to a human observer, a
+
+366
+00:25:00,410 --> 00:25:04,450
+refracting surface seems flat to a paraxial ray.
+
+367
+00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:12,520
+this part of
+
+368
+00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:18,940
+the surface of the refracting surface which is
+
+369
+00:25:18,940 --> 00:25:21,820
+very close to the optical axis this part of the
+
+370
+00:25:21,820 --> 00:25:24,480
+surface of the lens which is very close to the
+
+371
+00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:29,300
+optical axis can be treated as flat here I took
+
+372
+00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:34,680
+this part and cut it and enlarged it hereOf
+
+373
+00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:38,420
+course, these rays and these rays are very close
+
+374
+00:25:38,420 --> 00:25:44,000
+to the optical axis, but in order to clarify that
+
+375
+00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:46,140
+they are rays and that there is a small angle
+
+376
+00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:48,080
+between them, we extended the image vertically.
+
+377
+00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:54,560
+This image, we cut a part of it in the way we see
+
+378
+00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,830
+it.and we extended it vertically and we enlarged
+
+379
+00:25:57,830 --> 00:26:01,690
+it vertically the vertical drawing we enlarged it
+
+380
+00:26:01,690 --> 00:26:03,310
+vertically and we enlarged it vertically just to
+
+381
+00:26:03,310 --> 00:26:06,690
+clarify the idea this part of the surface for the
+
+382
+00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:10,950
+para-axial ray can exceed and almost we said the
+
+383
+00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:13,630
+approximation is what is dependent on this subject
+
+384
+00:26:13,630 --> 00:26:18,330
+we can consider it flat for the para-axial ray or
+
+385
+00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:22,350
+we consider the para-axial ray if a person falls
+
+386
+00:26:22,350 --> 00:26:25,060
+with an umbrella on the groundThe surface of the
+
+387
+00:26:25,060 --> 00:26:27,340
+earth is spherical, but this person who is very
+
+388
+00:26:27,340 --> 00:26:30,360
+small in size compared to the surface of the
+
+389
+00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:34,120
+entire earth, it is clear that he looks down into
+
+390
+00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:37,560
+the darkness and sees the earth as if it were a
+
+391
+00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:42,100
+flat surface. On the same scale, the para-axial
+
+392
+00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:47,680
+ray is a very small thing. When it falls on the
+
+393
+00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,280
+para-axial region in the lens or in the spherical
+
+394
+00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:53,910
+refracting surface,It is possible to consider this
+
+395
+00:26:53,910 --> 00:26:57,230
+surface as a very large surface, it is possible to
+
+396
+00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:01,250
+consider this area as flat as the area on which it
+
+397
+00:27:01,250 --> 00:27:04,210
+fell. So, scientists said that the first thing we
+
+398
+00:27:04,210 --> 00:27:08,030
+will do is ignoring image quality. Excellent. This
+
+399
+00:27:08,030 --> 00:27:11,710
+is short for 200 or 300 rays, not two rays. Now I
+
+400
+00:27:11,710 --> 00:27:14,170
+want to simplify it more. I want to choose the two
+
+401
+00:27:14,170 --> 00:27:16,290
+rays not far from the optical axis. I want to
+
+402
+00:27:16,290 --> 00:27:21,340
+choose them close to the optical axis. Why?The
+
+403
+00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:24,180
+paraxial ray is the surface of the spherical
+
+404
+00:27:24,180 --> 00:27:27,300
+refracting surface, which is flat to them, just
+
+405
+00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:30,160
+like the surface of the earth is considered to be
+
+406
+00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,600
+flat to the human observer. For example, if a
+
+407
+00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:35,860
+person comes down from a building or a tower, the
+
+408
+00:27:35,860 --> 00:27:37,520
+surface of the earth appears to be flat to him,
+
+409
+00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,140
+despite the fact that the surface of the earth is
+
+410
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:42,340
+round. Why does the surface of the earth appear to
+
+411
+00:27:42,340 --> 00:27:46,160
+be flat to him? Because it is very, very small
+
+412
+00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:47,500
+compared to the surface of the earth.
+
+413
+00:27:53,290 --> 00:27:55,650
+paraxial ray is considered to be very small
+
+414
+00:27:55,650 --> 00:28:01,950
+compared to the lens. If we agree on this point,
+
+415
+00:28:02,970 --> 00:28:05,550
+or scientists agree on this point, that the
+
+416
+00:28:05,550 --> 00:28:09,950
+surface of the lens at the optical axis is almost
+
+417
+00:28:09,950 --> 00:28:14,190
+flat, almost flat, then when I say that this
+
+418
+00:28:14,190 --> 00:28:19,980
+paraxial ray hits the point C,In a flat surface,
+
+419
+00:28:20,360 --> 00:28:24,640
+it is enough to say that this point C is away from
+
+420
+00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:29,160
+the optical axis H And we're done, I don't want to
+
+421
+00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:32,020
+build a basic coordinate system or sub-system,
+
+422
+00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:35,100
+this is the work that I want to confuse myself in,
+
+423
+00:28:35,180 --> 00:28:37,840
+this is the coordinate system, the basic events,
+
+424
+00:28:38,180 --> 00:28:43,510
+and I want sub-eventsI follow the red line for
+
+425
+00:28:43,510 --> 00:28:46,830
+example, I don't want to draw two systems, one
+
+426
+00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,390
+basic and one sub-system. No, I want to consider
+
+427
+00:28:50,390 --> 00:28:53,900
+the surface at the para-axial region flatYou
+
+428
+00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:55,820
+consider it flat, and it is enough for me to say
+
+429
+00:28:55,820 --> 00:28:59,900
+that the C-ray, the C-ray hit at a point that is
+
+430
+00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:03,020
+flat on the surface, and this flat surface or this
+
+431
+00:29:03,020 --> 00:29:07,720
+point that is H away from the optical axis, and
+
+432
+00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:11,180
+that's how we simplify calculations and cancel out
+
+433
+00:29:11,180 --> 00:29:13,360
+the topic of modernity and the roots of education
+
+434
+00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:15,700
+and so on and so forth
+
+435
+00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:22,580
+هذه مثال على ال para axial ray، طبعا السطح هنا
+
+436
+00:29:22,580 --> 00:29:26,320
+تقريبا flat بالنسبة لل para axial ray، و هنا هيكون
+
+437
+00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:31,060
+أكثر انحناء، أكثر انحناء عند ال periphery، أكثر
+
+438
+00:29:31,060 --> 00:29:33,940
+انحناء عند ال periphery، يعني هنا عند ال .. عند ال
+
+439
+00:29:33,940 --> 00:29:37,480
+.. ال optical axis تقريبا flat، بنقولش flat،
+
+440
+00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:40,940
+تقريبا approximation، و بنكونش بعيدنا كتير عن
+
+441
+00:29:40,940 --> 00:29:41,820
+الصحيح
+
+442
+00:29:45,390 --> 00:29:48,790
+For a ray to be para-axial, it must hug the
+
+443
+00:29:48,790 --> 00:29:52,250
+optical axis over its entire course from the
+
+444
+00:29:52,250 --> 00:29:53,190
+object to the image
+
+445
+00:30:12,860 --> 00:30:16,860
+A ray from an object point far off-axis is not
+
+446
+00:30:16,860 --> 00:30:20,200
+para-axial even if it strikes the refracting
+
+447
+00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:21,620
+surface near the axis.
+
+448
+00:30:35,660 --> 00:30:39,800
+لا يعتبر para axial ray. Treating a lens as a flat
+
+449
+00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:45,400
+plane instead of a sphere eliminates the
+
+450
+00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,880
+calculation necessary to find the intersection of
+
+451
+00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:52,060
+the ray and the surface. لما أنا بتعامل مع السطح
+
+452
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:55,760
+عند ال optical axis مع سطح العدسة عند ال optical
+
+453
+00:30:55,760 --> 00:31:00,520
+axis على أساس أنه flat هذا بلغيلي قضية الحسابات
+
+454
+00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,980
+واني جيب ال coordinate الإحداثياتالأساسية
+
+455
+00:31:03,980 --> 00:31:07,060
+والإحداثيات الفرعية يعني في النقطة اللي ضرب فيها
+
+456
+00:31:07,060 --> 00:31:10,860
+الشعاع في السطح فبالتالي هذا الكلام كله بيلتذا
+
+457
+00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:23,110
+ويكفيThe intersection of
+
+458
+00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:26,690
+the ray with the surface is specified simply as
+
+459
+00:31:26,690 --> 00:31:28,770
+the distance from the optical axis
+
+460
+00:31:42,690 --> 00:31:48,550
+هذا الشعاع برق Axial خلينا نعطيلهanother color,
+
+461
+00:31:48,870 --> 00:31:52,450
+this is the para-axial beam, which is the falling
+
+462
+00:31:52,450 --> 00:31:56,290
+beam, and we considered the spherical refracting
+
+463
+00:31:56,290 --> 00:31:59,490
+surface at the optical axis flat, of course, the
+
+464
+00:31:59,490 --> 00:32:02,010
+picture is rotated vertically to clarify the idea,
+
+465
+00:32:02,110 --> 00:32:05,950
+if we don't rotate it vertically, all these lines
+
+466
+00:32:05,950 --> 00:32:07,630
+will appear to be very intertwined with each other
+
+467
+00:32:07,630 --> 00:32:10,570
+because they are very close to each other, from
+
+468
+00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:15,230
+each other to each other, and thereforeيعني هذا
+
+469
+00:32:15,230 --> 00:32:19,270
+الكلام بده يكون واضح انه هذه المنطقة صغيرة جدا
+
+470
+00:32:19,270 --> 00:32:22,450
+قريبة جدا من ال optical axis يعني بتمتد من هنا لما
+
+471
+00:32:22,450 --> 00:32:26,990
+هنا بس احنا مطناها بشكل عمودي يكفي اقول ان الشعاع
+
+472
+00:32:26,990 --> 00:32:30,000
+اللي باللون الأحمر اللي هو الشعاع الساقطIn order
+
+473
+00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,320
+to deal with it, I don't want to bring up the
+
+474
+00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:35,260
+subjects, and compare them with the main topics,
+
+475
+00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,600
+and go deep into the roots of education. No, no.
+
+476
+00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,500
+All this talk has become unnecessary. I say the
+
+477
+00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:43,640
+red light hits the refracting surface at a point
+
+478
+00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,520
+away from the refracting surface, as we can see.
+
+479
+00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:53,460
+Only by doing this, I become not only ..I gave up
+
+480
+00:32:53,460 --> 00:32:56,940
+hundreds of rays when I did ignoring for image
+
+481
+00:32:56,940 --> 00:33:00,280
+quality Also, the two rays that remained with me
+
+482
+00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:06,180
+.. the two rays that remained with me .. For me,
+
+483
+00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:09,340
+the treatment affected me a lot when I considered
+
+484
+00:33:09,340 --> 00:33:11,540
+.. When I considered that the two rays .. I didn't
+
+485
+00:33:11,540 --> 00:33:13,300
+take them as a peripheral ray, I took them as a
+
+486
+00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,960
+para axial ray To consider the surface flat, and
+
+487
+00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:19,140
+instead of drawing the need to say, by God, the
+
+488
+00:33:19,140 --> 00:33:25,320
+first rayالشعاع الأول ضرب في ال refracting surface
+
+489
+00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,740
+ضرب في ال refracting surface بعيد في منطقة أو عند
+
+490
+00:33:29,740 --> 00:33:34,340
+نقطة تبعد مسافة H عن ال optical axis عن ال optical
+
+491
+00:33:34,340 --> 00:33:38,280
+axis ممكن إنسان يتسأل يقول طب يا عم الشعاع التاني
+
+492
+00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,720
+وين احنا عشان تتكون صورة أقل إشي لازم شعاعين الحد
+
+493
+00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:44,820
+الأدنى يعني بنفع الشعاع واحد يلتقي مع ذاته لازم
+
+494
+00:33:44,820 --> 00:33:49,130
+شعاعين ومنطقة تقاطعهمAnd the intersection point
+
+495
+00:33:49,130 --> 00:33:51,630
+here is called the image We say that the second
+
+496
+00:33:51,630 --> 00:33:55,470
+ray is perfectly aligned with the optical axis As
+
+497
+00:33:55,470 --> 00:33:58,730
+long as it is perfectly aligned with the white
+
+498
+00:33:58,730 --> 00:34:01,310
+color With the white color Let's give it another
+
+499
+00:34:01,310 --> 00:34:04,770
+color to make things clear Let's make it yellow
+
+500
+00:34:04,770 --> 00:34:13,110
+The ray And here with the red colorThese two rays,
+
+501
+00:34:13,690 --> 00:34:16,830
+the red one broke inside the chicken, and the
+
+502
+00:34:16,830 --> 00:34:20,130
+yellow one remained in its path. We will say why
+
+503
+00:34:20,130 --> 00:34:21,410
+they remained in their path without breaking.
+
+504
+00:34:21,650 --> 00:34:23,930
+Their meeting point is the image area. The image
+
+505
+00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:27,130
+will be at this point. So why is the yellow ray,
+
+506
+00:34:27,270 --> 00:34:29,710
+which is adjacent to the optical axis, did not
+
+507
+00:34:29,710 --> 00:34:31,930
+undergo any change? Because we should not forget
+
+508
+00:34:31,930 --> 00:34:34,270
+that this is a spherical refracting surface. This
+
+509
+00:34:34,270 --> 00:34:37,460
+is a sphere.This is the center of the ball. It is
+
+510
+00:34:37,460 --> 00:34:39,240
+true that we assumed from the approximation that
+
+511
+00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:42,200
+this surface is flat, but in the end it is
+
+512
+00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,560
+spherical. And any line that extends from the
+
+513
+00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:47,260
+center of the ball to the surface is considered
+
+514
+00:34:47,260 --> 00:34:49,480
+vertical on the surface. So this yellow light fell
+
+515
+00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:53,320
+vertically, this yellow light fell vertically, so
+
+516
+00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:55,300
+it will not change its path, but it will slow down
+
+517
+00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:57,940
+its speed in the ball and remain straight in the
+
+518
+00:34:57,940 --> 00:35:00,460
+same direction without changing anything other
+
+519
+00:35:00,460 --> 00:35:04,860
+than speed.الان هذا الشعاع الأحمر سقط بزاوية سقوط
+
+520
+00:35:04,860 --> 00:35:08,340
+صغيرة جدا، على فكرة الزوايا هي صغيرة جدا، بس مبينة
+
+521
+00:35:08,340 --> 00:35:13,220
+إلها يعني قيمة كبيرة لأنه احنا مطينا الرسم عموديا
+
+522
+00:35:13,220 --> 00:35:17,820
+لتوضيح الفكرة، لتوضيح الفكرةSo this is the first
+
+523
+00:35:17,820 --> 00:35:20,760
+ray which is red and the second ray which is
+
+524
+00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,240
+yellow and they meet in the image, they intersect
+
+525
+00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:26,060
+in the image, the image is formed, I can calculate
+
+526
+00:35:26,060 --> 00:35:28,520
+the image distance and object distance, that is,
+
+527
+00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,980
+the image location and object location and get the
+
+528
+00:35:31,980 --> 00:35:34,620
+magnification from them, and so I calculate the
+
+529
+00:35:34,620 --> 00:35:37,060
+remaining image properties other than image
+
+530
+00:35:37,060 --> 00:35:42,630
+qualitySo far, scientists have used two
+
+531
+00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:44,030
+principles, the first one is to ignore image
+
+532
+00:35:44,030 --> 00:35:46,530
+quality, and the second one is para axial
+
+533
+00:35:46,530 --> 00:35:51,190
+approximation The para axial approximation is
+
+534
+00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,810
+summarized in two words only, not a third of them
+
+535
+00:35:53,810 --> 00:35:57,450
+That we will use as scientists the para axial ray,
+
+536
+00:35:57,570 --> 00:35:59,810
+not the peripheral ray, and we will consider the
+
+537
+00:35:59,810 --> 00:36:00,090
+surface
+
+538
+00:36:04,590 --> 00:36:09,410
+in comparison to paraaxial ray, flat, not curved,
+
+539
+00:36:09,490 --> 00:36:13,150
+flat, not curved to facilitate the task next time,
+
+540
+00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:20,450
+or let's read, next time we will takeThe third
+
+541
+00:36:20,450 --> 00:36:22,450
+thing that scientists did to simplify it even
+
+542
+00:36:22,450 --> 00:36:26,510
+more, which is called Small Angle Approximation,
+
+543
+00:36:26,510 --> 00:36:29,070
+which means this time we explained the ignoring
+
+544
+00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:31,590
+for image quality, and the second thing is the
+
+545
+00:36:31,590 --> 00:36:34,550
+Paraxial Approximation, God bless you all and
+
+546
+00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:35,510
+peace be upon you all
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/LK8k-5eKwtc.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+1
+00:00:05,260 --> 00:00:07,460
+Now we have an example that we are going to solve
+
+2
+00:00:07,460 --> 00:00:10,440
+using divergence calculations. We have an object
+
+3
+00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:14,500
+on the left, 25 cm in diameter, with a force of
+
+4
+00:00:14,500 --> 00:00:18,160
+plus 5 diopters. The angle of the wind on this
+
+5
+00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:21,100
+side, on the side of the object, is 1. Of course,
+
+6
+00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:23,940
+the angle of the wind on the other side of the
+
+7
+00:00:23,940 --> 00:00:30,010
+object will also be 1.  الضوء هيصل من ال object لسطح 
+
+8
+00:00:30,010 --> 00:00:34,190
+العدسة with reduced divergence يساوي U U تساوي
+
+9
+00:00:34,190 --> 00:00:42,150
+ناقص N على O يساوي ناقص 1 على 25 cm يعني 25 من 100
+
+10
+00:00:42,150 --> 00:00:45,110
+متر ليش ناقص لإن الضوء هيطلع من ال object 
+
+11
+00:00:45,110 --> 00:00:50,880
+divergent إذا ال U تساوي ناقص 4 ديوتر Quickly, on 
+
+12
+00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:54,160
+the front of the lens, I write minus 4 diopters,
+
+13
+00:00:54,540 --> 00:00:57,580
+as if the light reaches Dane or with a magnitude
+
+14
+00:00:57,580 --> 00:01:01,420
+of minus 4 diopters. It will consume or the lens
+
+15
+00:01:01,420 --> 00:01:05,840
+will emit plus 4 diopters of its power to cancel
+
+16
+00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:13,180
+كيف هعرف ما تبقى؟ نقول U زائد P تساوي V ال U minus 
+
+17
+00:01:13,180 --> 00:01:19,620
+4 diopter و العدسة قوتها 5 diopter يساوي V إذا V 
+
+18
+00:01:19,620 --> 00:01:23,920
+تساوي plus 1 diopter 
+
+19
+00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:32,160
+Which is equal to unshort on I, so I for the 
+
+20
+00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:36,340
+required image is equal to unshort on V, we change
+
+21
+00:01:36,340 --> 00:01:40,960
+the place of each other and it is equal to unshort 
+
+22
+00:01:40,960 --> 00:01:46,510
+on 1 on V which is plus one diopter plus one 
+
+23
+00:01:46,510 --> 00:01:51,550
+diopter is equal to one plus one plus one the
+
+24
+00:01:51,550 --> 00:01:54,090
+diopter which is one meter square when it comes 
+
+25
+00:01:54,090 --> 00:01:56,670
+out it becomes one meter so the image will be
+
+26
+00:01:56,670 --> 00:02:01,210
+formed one meter away one meter away from the lens
+
+27
+00:02:01,210 --> 00:02:03,730
+now what is required is to bring the transphase 
+
+28
+00:02:03,730 --> 00:02:08,950
+magnification Here, V is plus one diopter and U is
+
+29
+00:02:08,950 --> 00:02:11,310
+minus one diopter As if the power of the lenses
+
+30
+00:02:11,310 --> 00:02:15,310
+divided into two parts is plus four To cancel the
+
+31
+00:02:15,310 --> 00:02:17,870
+minus four which is the distortion And we remain
+
+32
+00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:21,310
+after two decades plus one diopter The highest
+
+33
+00:02:21,310 --> 00:02:28,230
+transfer magnification is equal to U over V U over
+
+34
+00:02:28,230 --> 00:02:31,330
+V is equal to U minus four diopter on the decimal
+
+35
+00:02:31,330 --> 00:02:36,970
+I subtract And V plus one diopter And it is equal 
+
+36
+00:02:36,970 --> 00:02:42,970
+to X minus four So the picture is inverted And
+
+37
+00:02:42,970 --> 00:02:47,310
+four times the height of the object One can say 
+
+38
+00:02:47,310 --> 00:02:49,790
+that I want to get the transference magnification
+
+39
+00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:52,330
+in terms of distances We say that the transference 
+
+40
+00:02:52,330 --> 00:02:55,570
+magnification is equal to the image distance over
+
+41
+00:02:55,570 --> 00:02:58,190
+the object distance And it is equal to the image 
+
+42
+00:02:58,190 --> 00:03:01,630
+distance plus one meter to the right of the lens
+
+43
+00:03:01,630 --> 00:03:05,270
+And the object distance minus a quarter of a meter 
+
+44
+00:03:06,990 --> 00:03:11,910
+ويساوي X plus على minus بطلع minus واحد متر على
+
+45
+00:03:11,910 --> 00:03:15,870
+ربع بطلع minus أربع سواء جيتها بطريقة ال U على V
+
+46
+00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:19,130
+Transverse Magnification أو Image Distance على
+
+47
+00:03:19,130 --> 00:03:23,290
+Object Distance هتطلع نفس القضية ويعطيكم العافية 
+
+48
+00:03:23,290 --> 00:03:25,870
+والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/LOzKaovn55M_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1652 @@
+1
+00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,680
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، عندنا مسألة في موضوع
+
+2
+00:00:04,680 --> 00:00:09,620
+الـdecentration of lenses، بنقوليعني شخص عنده plus
+
+3
+00:00:09,620 --> 00:00:12,660
+six diopter في العين اليمين و minus four diopter
+
+4
+00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:16,740
+في العين الشمال طبعا على .. يعني وجه الحقيقة
+
+5
+00:00:16,740 --> 00:00:20,880
+لاتوجد يعني عدسات بالشكل هذا يعني .. ولكن احنا
+
+6
+00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:25,560
+عشان نتدرب على حال المسائل عنده plus six diopter
+
+7
+00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:29,780
+في اليمين و minus four diopter في الشمال لما ذهب
+
+8
+00:00:29,780 --> 00:00:34,920
+لعمل النضارة ال .. ال .. optician او الفني لجث
+
+9
+00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:40,440
+العدسات بدون قصدin a wrong way so that the center
+
+10
+00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:45,460
+of the right lens has a decentration inside and up
+
+11
+00:00:45,460 --> 00:00:50,500
+inside of 5mm and up 6mm, so the center instead of
+
+12
+00:00:50,500 --> 00:00:52,580
+coming here in the middle on the pupil mountains
+
+13
+00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:57,440
+the center of this lens came inside 5mm and above
+
+14
+00:00:57,440 --> 00:00:59,880
+6mm and became in this area that the star is
+
+15
+00:00:59,880 --> 00:01:02,940
+pointing to and I also made a mistake in the
+
+16
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:08,680
+length of the left lens so that its center instead
+
+17
+00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:14,760
+of being in the middle came out 4mm and down 4mm
+
+18
+00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:19,040
+and became in this area what is required?What is
+
+19
+00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,960
+the total horizontal and vertical prismatic effect
+
+20
+00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:26,300
+and which effect is more problematic to the
+
+21
+00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:26,580
+patient?
+
+22
+00:01:32,020 --> 00:01:34,620
+وال total vertical effect من هذا ال
+
+23
+00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:39,200
+decentralization و أيهما أكتر أو يحدث مشكلة أكبر
+
+24
+00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:44,480
+لل patient أو لهذا الشخص هل هو ال vertical effect
+
+25
+00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,640
+ولا ال horizontal effect عندي هذه المسألة عشان
+
+26
+00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:52,300
+أحلها بشكل صحيح بدي أعمل ال simulations هاي أو
+
+27
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:57,180
+ممكن أقص ورق من ال nylonبهذه الأشكال يعني بيكفي
+
+28
+00:01:57,180 --> 00:02:00,500
+أقص ورقة واحدة ب .. ب .. أو .. أو قطعة من النيلون
+
+29
+00:02:00,500 --> 00:02:04,520
+بهذا الشكل، أرسمها على نيلون و أقصها و يفضل نيلون
+
+30
+00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:09,640
+مقوة، ليش النيلون؟ عشان شفاف و أجيب رسمة على A4،
+
+31
+00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:14,140
+أطبع رسمة على A4 بهذا الوجه أو بوجه مشابه، العينين
+
+32
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,000
+بدهم يكونوا straight حتى لو كان في عندي حوال أو
+
+33
+00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,520
+مافيش حوال، العينين بيكونوا ..stretched ..
+
+34
+00:02:19,520 --> 00:02:22,660
+straight عشان أعرف بالظبط ال .. ال prismatic
+
+35
+00:02:22,660 --> 00:02:28,680
+effect وين بده يحدث و هذه القطعة من الورق ممكن أنا
+
+36
+00:02:28,680 --> 00:02:32,760
+يعني في حالة ال vertical effect أمسكها vertical
+
+37
+00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:37,720
+أمام ال pupil أقول هنا إحضار للمقدمة
+
+38
+00:02:41,260 --> 00:02:44,520
+هي احضر للمقدمة لازم انا أشيل الاصم بس في الأول
+
+39
+00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:51,380
+حتى تغطي على العمل
+
+40
+00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:55,860
+بتاعيThis is the assumption that we mentioned that
+
+41
+00:02:55,860 --> 00:03:00,100
+the direction of the decentration is inside and
+
+42
+00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:04,460
+up, outside and down Now here of course I can't
+
+43
+00:03:04,460 --> 00:03:09,460
+use this figure in front of the left eye because
+
+44
+00:03:09,460 --> 00:03:13,900
+the left eye is minus and this is plus If I want
+
+45
+00:03:13,900 --> 00:03:16,360
+to calculate the vertical effect, I hold the piece
+
+46
+00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:20,080
+of nylon that is formed in this way and I say for
+
+47
+00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:24,400
+exampleهي ال center بتاع العدسة، هاي .. هاي مقطع،
+
+48
+00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:28,940
+رأسي فيها، وهي ال center بتاعها وزيحت للأعلى،
+
+49
+00:03:28,940 --> 00:03:35,900
+وزيحت للأعلى، اذا .. طبعا لازم تكبر شوية، وزيحت
+
+50
+00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:41,780
+للأعلى، اذا أصبح عندى هنا based up prism على سبيل
+
+51
+00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:48,140
+المثال، هنا قطعة
+
+52
+00:03:48,140 --> 00:03:49,860
+أخرى من النيلون المقوة
+
+53
+00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:55,870
+مفروض .. مفروض العدسة يكون ال center بتاعها ع جبال
+
+54
+00:03:55,870 --> 00:04:02,670
+ال pupil وزيح للأسفل أيضا هيعطيني .. وزيح للأسفل
+
+55
+00:04:02,670 --> 00:04:06,830
+أيضا هيعطيني base of present .. أيضا هيعطيني base
+
+56
+00:04:06,830 --> 00:04:12,710
+of present طيب، الآن بدنا نرجع هذا ننقله لمكانه
+
+57
+00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:18,470
+ونقول كيف نحل هذه المثال، و هذا ننقله لمكانه أيضا
+
+58
+00:04:27,420 --> 00:04:33,980
+أول نقطة في الحال لابد أني أستعمل أو أحل كل عين
+
+59
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,960
+على حدا ثم .. ثم ..
+
+60
+00:04:53,070 --> 00:04:57,450
+أنا جسمت الفرق عندي هنا اللي بده أحل فيه لأربع
+
+61
+00:04:57,450 --> 00:05:00,930
+مربعات، أربع مربعات، أول إشي بده أشوف ال
+
+62
+00:05:00,930 --> 00:05:04,930
+horizontal prismatic effect لل right eye، بعدين ال
+
+63
+00:05:04,930 --> 00:05:08,580
+vertical prismatic effect لل right eyeSo in the
+
+64
+00:05:08,580 --> 00:05:10,640
+square I will see the horizontal effect and in the
+
+65
+00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,200
+square I will see the vertical effect for the
+
+66
+00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,400
+right eye I will repeat this process for the left
+
+67
+00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,180
+eye The left eye will see the horizontal prismatic
+
+68
+00:05:19,180 --> 00:05:22,560
+effect and will see the vertical prismatic effect
+
+69
+00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:25,400
+The horizontal effect of the right eye with the
+
+70
+00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:27,820
+horizontal effect of the left eye either I combine
+
+71
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:29,960
+them or I subtract them according to what we will
+
+72
+00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:32,900
+explain in the case what will happen with us And
+
+73
+00:05:32,900 --> 00:05:35,160
+the vertical effect of the right eye and of the
+
+74
+00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:37,180
+left eye either I combine them or I subtract them
+
+75
+00:05:37,620 --> 00:05:45,340
+حسب إيش بيطلع معايا في المسألة، هيك بكون أنا وجدت
+
+76
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,860
+ال total و بعرف من ال total مين أكتر إشكالي، هل هو
+
+77
+00:05:48,860 --> 00:05:52,400
+ال vertical effect ولا ال horizontal effect نيجي
+
+78
+00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:56,980
+احنا نمسك مسألة مسألة، بنقول ال right lens was
+
+79
+00:05:56,980 --> 00:06:02,760
+decentered 5 millimeter indecentred in 5mm then
+
+80
+00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:06,240
+the right lens is it plus or minus? it's plus so I
+
+81
+00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,420
+want to use as long as it's horizontal in and out
+
+82
+00:06:09,420 --> 00:06:13,400
+I want to use the width of the lens width of the
+
+83
+00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:18,040
+lens let's bring the level to the front let's
+
+84
+00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:23,080
+enlarge it a little let's
+
+85
+00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:25,740
+say as follows high cross section in the lens
+
+86
+00:06:27,340 --> 00:06:32,180
+Normally, if the lens is properly aligned, the
+
+87
+00:06:32,180 --> 00:06:35,160
+center of this lens should face the pupil exactly
+
+88
+00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:40,500
+as we see it, but the center is inside So, the
+
+89
+00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:43,920
+pupil is on top of the prism, its base is inside
+
+90
+00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:47,740
+So, the first thing is the direction in, base in
+
+91
+00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:53,080
+effect, base in prism So,
+
+92
+00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:53,980
+the base in
+
+93
+00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,720
+isn't based in your muzzle a bi effect is a new
+
+94
+00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,980
+kind of in front of the right eye in front of the
+
+95
+00:07:06,980 --> 00:07:10,360
+right eye as if there is a prism its base means
+
+96
+00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:12,760
+that the lens acts as a prism the right lens acts
+
+97
+00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:18,700
+as a prism its base inside inside
+
+98
+00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:22,020
+in because the center is extended inside how much
+
+99
+00:07:22,020 --> 00:07:23,680
+is the prismatic effect
+
+100
+00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:39,400
+Equal to H in D, the distance per centimeter in
+
+101
+00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:44,060
+the diopter of the lens, which is equal to H, the
+
+102
+00:07:44,060 --> 00:07:46,560
+distance, which is equal to 5 millimeters, which
+
+103
+00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:47,400
+is equal to half a centimeter,
+
+104
+00:07:50,260 --> 00:07:54,080
+multiplied by D, the diopter of the lens, which is
+
+105
+00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:57,160
+equal to 6, which is equal to 6 and a half, which
+
+106
+00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,420
+is equal to three prism diopters.
+
+107
+00:08:17,030 --> 00:08:20,310
+That's how I finished the first quarter of the
+
+108
+00:08:20,310 --> 00:08:23,930
+topic, which is the horizontal effect of the
+
+109
+00:08:23,930 --> 00:08:26,010
+decentration that happened by mistake with the
+
+110
+00:08:26,010 --> 00:08:30,050
+optician, that happened to me based in a prism of
+
+111
+00:08:30,050 --> 00:08:34,890
+three prism diodes. So let's move on to the
+
+112
+00:08:34,890 --> 00:08:38,590
+vertical effect. The vertical effect here prefers
+
+113
+00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:44,730
+that I say horizontal
+
+114
+00:08:48,170 --> 00:08:52,470
+Effect of decentralization for right eye,
+
+115
+00:08:52,710 --> 00:09:01,930
+horizontal effect for right
+
+116
+00:09:01,930 --> 00:09:02,350
+eye,
+
+117
+00:09:06,470 --> 00:09:10,610
+vertical effect for right eye, horizontal effect
+
+118
+00:09:10,610 --> 00:09:15,630
+for left eye, vertical effect for left eye
+
+119
+00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,820
+We come to the vertical effect for right eye I
+
+120
+00:09:22,820 --> 00:09:25,980
+want to remove the horizontal cross-section, which
+
+121
+00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:29,520
+is not necessary now I want to use the vertical
+
+122
+00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,960
+cross-section Of course, since it is a plus, then
+
+123
+00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,920
+this is the vertical cross-section The center is
+
+124
+00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:43,200
+supposed to be in the middle, above the pupil But
+
+125
+00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:44,180
+it is extended to the top
+
+126
+00:09:47,380 --> 00:09:49,720
+مفروض في الطبيعة يكون زيك، زي ما احنا شايفينه في
+
+127
+00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:56,060
+الرسم، أزيح لأعلى، معناته، هيصير عندي based up
+
+128
+00:09:56,060 --> 00:09:59,760
+effect، based up effect، اذا العين اليمين و كأنه
+
+129
+00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:04,280
+قدامها مرة based in، و في نفس الوجه based up، يعني
+
+130
+00:10:04,280 --> 00:10:07,040
+كأنه قدامها برزمين، واحد based in، لما حسبنا ال
+
+131
+00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,640
+horizontal effect، based in effect، هنا based up
+
+132
+00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:16,700
+effect، based up effectبسبب الإزاحة للأعلى و ال
+
+133
+00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:22,080
+base-in effect بسبب الإزاحة للداخل جداش مقدارة
+
+134
+00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:30,010
+لبريزمات تساوي او لprismatic effect تساوي HVDOf
+
+135
+00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:32,110
+course, D is capital and it is equal to .. How
+
+136
+00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:34,350
+much is the distance up? 6 millimeters, which
+
+137
+00:10:34,350 --> 00:10:37,350
+means 6 out of 10 centimeters always in the prism
+
+138
+00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:40,570
+.. in the prismatic effect or in the subject of
+
+139
+00:10:40,570 --> 00:10:43,850
+prisms, we use the centimeter because the print is
+
+140
+00:10:43,850 --> 00:10:47,290
+ruled by the centimeter 6 out of 10 times the
+
+141
+00:10:47,290 --> 00:10:51,690
+power of the lens is 6 this is greater and it is
+
+142
+00:10:51,690 --> 00:10:59,280
+equal to 3 and 6 out of 10 prisms, base upBase up
+
+143
+00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:04,500
+طب okay الان خلصنا النقطة الأولى الان بدنا نتقل
+
+144
+00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:09,760
+للعدسة التانية بدنا نتقل للعدسة التانية اللى هى
+
+145
+00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,760
+minus lens بدى أحسب ال horizontal effect وبدى أحسب
+
+146
+00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,780
+ال vertical effect نيجى لل horizontal effect for
+
+147
+00:11:17,780 --> 00:11:24,520
+left eye for left eye horizontal
+
+148
+00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:25,360
+effect
+
+149
+00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:48,620
+for left eye first
+
+150
+00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:50,980
+thing I want to bring the horizontal cross section
+
+151
+00:11:50,980 --> 00:11:53,120
+to the minus lens because I have here the minus
+
+152
+00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:54,800
+lens and I put it in front of the eye in the
+
+153
+00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,890
+normal state there is no decentrationThere is no
+
+154
+00:11:57,890 --> 00:12:00,250
+decentration in the natural state, but the
+
+155
+00:12:00,250 --> 00:12:03,330
+optician, the artist of vision made a mistake and
+
+156
+00:12:03,330 --> 00:12:08,070
+he made the center go out and down. We don't want
+
+157
+00:12:08,070 --> 00:12:10,830
+it to go down, we want it to go out first. When
+
+158
+00:12:10,830 --> 00:12:14,310
+the center goes out, the center will spread out.
+
+159
+00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:16,790
+This is the center of the lens that we called out.
+
+160
+00:12:16,990 --> 00:12:23,710
+So, based in effect .. based in effect .. in front
+
+161
+00:12:23,710 --> 00:12:31,070
+of the eyeBase-in-effect is the
+
+162
+00:12:31,070 --> 00:12:36,090
+part of the lens that works as a prism with base
+
+163
+00:12:36,090 --> 00:12:44,550
+-in-effect Base-in-effect is the prismatic effect
+
+164
+00:12:44,550 --> 00:12:45,910
+which is equal to
+
+165
+00:12:49,010 --> 00:12:53,890
+H لمقدار الإزاحة جديش الإزاحة out أربعة مليمتر
+
+166
+00:12:53,890 --> 00:13:00,010
+يعني أربعة من عشرة سانتر ضرب قوة العدسة أربعة
+
+167
+00:13:00,010 --> 00:13:04,710
+أربعة بأربعة بستاش يعني واحد وستة من عشرة a prism
+
+168
+00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:05,890
+based in
+
+169
+00:13:12,570 --> 00:13:17,170
+1.6 out of 10 are prominent so this is for the
+
+170
+00:13:17,170 --> 00:13:19,990
+horizontal effect for the left eye here just put a
+
+171
+00:13:19,990 --> 00:13:24,550
+line under the title and here it is preferred that
+
+172
+00:13:24,550 --> 00:13:29,230
+we give it a color and
+
+173
+00:13:29,230 --> 00:13:33,190
+here we give it a color too but we will give it
+
+174
+00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:40,270
+another color because it is horizontal so
+
+175
+00:13:45,020 --> 00:13:50,960
+This is the third part of the equation The
+
+176
+00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:57,560
+horizontal
+
+177
+00:13:57,560 --> 00:14:02,340
+effect is green and the vertical effect is red I
+
+178
+00:14:02,340 --> 00:14:04,660
+still have the fourth part which is the vertical
+
+179
+00:14:04,660 --> 00:14:10,440
+effect in front of the left eye Now the vertical
+
+180
+00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:12,040
+effect is in front of the left eye
+
+181
+00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,860
+before we do it, we need to put a square in the
+
+182
+00:14:19,860 --> 00:14:37,100
+middle as you can see the
+
+183
+00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:42,300
+vertical effect for
+
+184
+00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:43,020
+left eye
+
+185
+00:14:48,210 --> 00:14:53,890
+بنشوف إيش طبيعة الprism وين أوزيح؟ المفروض هو في
+
+186
+00:14:53,890 --> 00:15:03,170
+ال center بالظبط بس هو أوزيح للأسف للأسفل لما
+
+187
+00:15:03,170 --> 00:15:06,410
+أوزيح ال center للأسفل، انزيحه للأسفل أصبح أمام
+
+188
+00:15:06,410 --> 00:15:12,090
+العين أو أمام ال pupil الprism base up base up،
+
+189
+00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:15,970
+هاي ال base up، اذا base up effect
+
+190
+00:15:18,610 --> 00:15:21,750
+It will give me a base up effect. The distance of
+
+191
+00:15:21,750 --> 00:15:24,290
+the minus lens to the bottom will give me a base
+
+192
+00:15:24,290 --> 00:15:30,530
+up effect. How much is it? H in D is equal to how
+
+193
+00:15:30,530 --> 00:15:33,690
+much is the distance? 4 millimeters also, which is
+
+194
+00:15:33,690 --> 00:15:40,050
+4 out of 10 centimeters. The force of
+
+195
+00:15:40,050 --> 00:15:43,450
+the lens is 4, so 1.6 out of 10 centimeters. Base
+
+196
+00:15:43,450 --> 00:15:48,240
+up effect.one and six out of ten centimeters and
+
+197
+00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:54,440
+one and six out of ten prism diodes so this is the
+
+198
+00:15:54,440 --> 00:16:00,620
+vertical prismatic effect of the left eye now we
+
+199
+00:16:00,620 --> 00:16:04,380
+want to see the gain I see the gain of the
+
+200
+00:16:04,380 --> 00:16:06,820
+vertical with each other and the horizontal with
+
+201
+00:16:06,820 --> 00:16:07,240
+each other
+
+202
+00:16:11,150 --> 00:16:14,150
+it ends up with this example horizontal, I compare
+
+203
+00:16:14,150 --> 00:16:17,150
+it with horizontal sometimes I add, sometimes I
+
+204
+00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:19,130
+subtract, we will know when to add and when to
+
+205
+00:16:19,130 --> 00:16:21,390
+subtract it is very important to know when to add
+
+206
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:25,790
+and when to subtract so it is very important that
+
+207
+00:16:25,790 --> 00:16:31,130
+this issue is clear for us let's see the total
+
+208
+00:16:31,130 --> 00:16:34,490
+effect, let's make a third line total horizontal
+
+209
+00:16:34,490 --> 00:16:38,450
+and total verticaltotal, horizontal, the solution
+
+210
+00:16:38,450 --> 00:16:40,210
+in this way is going to be an exemplary solution
+
+211
+00:16:40,210 --> 00:16:42,350
+and it doesn't get confused at all I make the
+
+212
+00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,270
+horizontal for the right eye alone, and the
+
+213
+00:16:44,270 --> 00:16:46,990
+vertical for the right eye alone, and the
+
+214
+00:16:46,990 --> 00:16:49,250
+horizontal for the left eye alone, and the
+
+215
+00:16:49,250 --> 00:16:52,490
+vertical for the left eye alone, the vertical with
+
+216
+00:16:52,490 --> 00:16:54,310
+the vertical, I see either I want to put them
+
+217
+00:16:54,310 --> 00:16:55,770
+together or I want to put them apart, we will see
+
+218
+00:16:55,770 --> 00:16:58,810
+how in this way, the horizontal with the
+
+219
+00:16:58,810 --> 00:17:00,630
+horizontal, I see I want to put them together or I
+
+220
+00:17:00,630 --> 00:17:05,670
+want to put them apart, and thereforeبتخلص معايا
+
+221
+00:17:05,670 --> 00:17:14,310
+المسألة بتخلص معايا المسألة الان
+
+222
+00:17:14,310 --> 00:17:20,570
+حتى ال center الان مش لازمني هنا عشان ما يشوشش على
+
+223
+00:17:20,570 --> 00:17:26,870
+الرؤية الان horizontal effect for right eye based
+
+224
+00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:31,070
+in effect prism مقداره تلاتة prism طيب eye based
+
+225
+00:17:31,070 --> 00:17:31,850
+in effect
+
+226
+00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:51,510
+What does it mean? It's like the right eye is
+
+227
+00:17:51,510 --> 00:18:01,070
+projected through its prism or its base outwards
+
+228
+00:18:01,070 --> 00:18:09,410
+The left
+
+229
+00:18:09,410 --> 00:18:11,730
+eye where is the horizontal effect? It also has a
+
+230
+00:18:11,730 --> 00:18:12,990
+base in relation to it
+
+231
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170
+we get this prism and convert it to base n for the
+
+232
+00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:39,550
+left eye total
+
+233
+00:18:39,550 --> 00:18:43,590
+effect is to combine 3 with 1 and 6 from 10
+
+234
+00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:45,670
+horizontally with horizontal and to extend them
+
+235
+00:18:46,390 --> 00:18:50,710
+بنقول ان تطلع هذه جدامها base in effect كأنه
+
+236
+00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:53,810
+جدامها ال prism ال base بتاعته in وهذه جدامها ال
+
+237
+00:18:53,810 --> 00:18:57,550
+prism برضه ال base بتاعته in ال prism لو سقلنا
+
+238
+00:18:57,550 --> 00:19:01,790
+أنفسنا سؤال وين بيحرف الصورة باتجاه ال apex بتاعته
+
+239
+00:19:01,790 --> 00:19:06,710
+يعني الصورة بتاعة العين اليمين صورة مثلا object
+
+240
+00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:12,050
+أمامه بالضبط هتكون زي غلاق يمينهليش؟ لأنه ال apex
+
+241
+00:19:12,050 --> 00:19:15,170
+بتاعت ال prism لليمين أنا لما بطلع ع شغل أمامي و
+
+242
+00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:19,910
+بحط base in the prism الصورة بتروح ع جنب، ع جنب، و
+
+243
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,090
+هاد الصورة هتروح ع شماله لإنه ال apex ع الشمال،
+
+244
+00:19:23,090 --> 00:19:26,730
+إذا الصور بتاعت العينتين بيتباعد، و إذا بدي أجمع
+
+245
+00:19:26,730 --> 00:19:33,500
+المسافات أو أجمع ال prismات، ليش؟ لأنهالصورة هنا
+
+246
+00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:37,600
+اللي هي المفروض أمام العين زاغت لليمين والصورة هنا
+
+247
+00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:42,280
+زاغت للإشمال بس ال object واقف في النص بالضبط يعني
+
+248
+00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:47,520
+كأنه هادي راحت يعني لو تخيلنا شخصين .. شخصين
+
+249
+00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:53,450
+واقفين في منطقة أمام الفرارةوشخص تحرك باتجاه
+
+250
+00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:58,470
+اليمين أو باتجاه الشمال متر و الشخص التاني تحرك
+
+251
+00:19:58,470 --> 00:20:03,210
+مترين في اتجاه المعاكس ساعتها المسافة بينهم ..
+
+252
+00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:07,050
+المسافة بينهم هي مجموعهم مجموع ما تحركوا الشخص
+
+253
+00:20:07,050 --> 00:20:11,250
+الأول مع الشخص التاني بس لو قلنا العكس، هذا اتحرك
+
+254
+00:20:11,250 --> 00:20:15,930
+إلى اليمينmeter, and this moves to the right also,
+
+255
+00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:17,890
+half a meter, so the distance between them is a
+
+256
+00:20:17,890 --> 00:20:21,810
+meter minus half a meter, so when the apex is
+
+257
+00:20:21,810 --> 00:20:23,810
+opposite to the apex, the distances are combined,
+
+258
+00:20:24,450 --> 00:20:26,450
+the apex is opposite to the apex, this is a rule,
+
+259
+00:20:26,870 --> 00:20:33,890
+whether in horizontal or vertical effect if
+
+260
+00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:38,810
+apex of
+
+261
+00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:39,510
+one neprism
+
+262
+00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:56,270
+is opposite in direction to
+
+263
+00:20:56,270 --> 00:21:06,470
+the apex of the other prism prismatic
+
+264
+00:21:06,470 --> 00:21:11,390
+effect effects
+
+265
+00:21:11,390 --> 00:21:18,170
+are addedتضاف لبعض لبعض يعني هاي ال apex رايحة على
+
+266
+00:21:18,170 --> 00:21:21,650
+الشمال و هاي ال apex رايحة على اليمين اذا مجموعهم
+
+267
+00:21:21,650 --> 00:21:25,410
+اذا مجموعهم ليش؟ لإن هاد الصورة بتاعة العين هاي
+
+268
+00:21:25,410 --> 00:21:29,370
+هتنتقل لليمين و الصورة بتاعة العين الشمال لنفس ال
+
+269
+00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:34,530
+object هتنتقل للشمال فبالتالي حاصل المجموع بتاعه
+
+270
+00:21:34,530 --> 00:21:37,990
+اش يعني حاصل المجموع بتاعه؟ يعني تلاتة وستة من
+
+271
+00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:43,160
+عشرة ابرزه اذا هادي قاعدة هادي قاعدةHorizontal
+
+272
+00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:46,220
+Effect or Vertical Effect If the apex is opposite
+
+273
+00:21:46,220 --> 00:21:48,920
+to the apex, it means that we want to add up the
+
+274
+00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:54,080
+Prismatic Effect Ok, we added them up, so the
+
+275
+00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,100
+total effect Total
+
+276
+00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:06,200
+Horizontal Effect Equals
+
+277
+00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:08,500
+3 Prisms
+
+278
+00:22:20,850 --> 00:22:26,370
+3 prisms plus
+
+279
+00:22:26,370 --> 00:22:39,310
+1.6 prisms equals 4.6 prisms Is this enough? No,
+
+280
+00:22:39,450 --> 00:22:43,930
+it's not enough. I want to say base n. Base n. In
+
+281
+00:22:43,930 --> 00:22:49,410
+front of which eye?لأ يفرق، قدام العين اليمين أو
+
+282
+00:22:49,410 --> 00:22:52,310
+قدام العين الشمالي، اش يعني ال total horizontal
+
+283
+00:22:52,310 --> 00:22:59,010
+effect أربع وستة من عشرة based in before right eye
+
+284
+00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:05,510
+or left eye،
+
+285
+00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:10,920
+بمعنى آخر، كأني بقولحصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار
+
+286
+00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:19,060
+حصيلة
+
+287
+00:23:19,060 --> 00:23:21,240
+اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي
+
+288
+00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:22,800
+صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار حصيلة اللي صار
+
+289
+00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:26,090
+حصيلة اللي صارthat the left eye does not have any
+
+290
+00:23:26,090 --> 00:23:28,830
+prism in front of it and that there is a prism 4
+
+291
+00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,430
+or 6 out of 10 prisms in front of the right eye
+
+292
+00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:33,870
+and it is as if the picture here remained in front
+
+293
+00:23:33,870 --> 00:23:36,510
+of the eye directly and the picture here moved to
+
+294
+00:23:36,510 --> 00:23:39,650
+the right towards the apex by 4 or 6 out of 10
+
+295
+00:23:39,650 --> 00:23:44,570
+prisms by 4 or 6 out of 10 prisms or that the
+
+296
+00:23:44,570 --> 00:23:46,810
+picture of the right eye is straight in front of
+
+297
+00:23:46,810 --> 00:23:50,510
+it and the picture of the left eye increased by 4
+
+298
+00:23:50,510 --> 00:23:56,260
+or 6 out of 10 prismsلشمال باتجاه ال apex يعني لو
+
+299
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:01,340
+في شخصين عندى واحد اتحرك متر هنا و واحد اتحرك متر
+
+300
+00:24:01,340 --> 00:24:05,420
+او او اتنين متر هنا ع الشمال يعني هذا اتحرك خلينا
+
+301
+00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:10,780
+نرسمها بالأسهم عشان توضيح الفكرة هى شخص اتحرك متر
+
+302
+00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:19,830
+و هى شخص اخر اتحرك متريين نرسم سهم طوله مرتينبقدر
+
+303
+00:24:19,830 --> 00:24:23,390
+أقول إن الشخص الأول ضال واقف مكانه و الشخص التاني
+
+304
+00:24:23,390 --> 00:24:26,910
+اتحرك على شماله تلاتة متر أو بقدر أقول الشخص
+
+305
+00:24:26,910 --> 00:24:31,270
+التاني واقف و الشخص الأول اتحرك على يمينه تلاتة
+
+306
+00:24:31,270 --> 00:24:34,530
+متر لأن المسافة بينهم تلاتة متر هذا بينفع و هذا
+
+307
+00:24:34,530 --> 00:24:37,400
+بينفع و في ال charismatic effectis an total
+
+308
+00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:41,600
+horizontal prismatic effect عبارة عن أربع وستة من
+
+309
+00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,560
+عشرة جماعة لأن ال apex عكس ال apex الصورة هاي
+
+310
+00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:48,180
+هتروح هيك و الصورة هاي هتروح هيك جديش راحت الصورة
+
+311
+00:24:48,180 --> 00:24:51,960
+هيك مثلا بمقدار تلاتة prism جديش راحت الصورة هيك
+
+312
+00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:57,330
+بمقدار واحد وستة من عشرة prism يعنيYou can imagine
+
+313
+00:24:57,330 --> 00:25:01,610
+that one image is fixed and the other one is 4 or
+
+314
+00:25:01,610 --> 00:25:04,790
+6 out of 10 prism This is for the horizontal
+
+315
+00:25:04,790 --> 00:25:09,650
+prismatic effect, the total We are not done with
+
+316
+00:25:09,650 --> 00:25:11,150
+the horizontal yet, but we want to move to the
+
+317
+00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:13,630
+vertical But we want to know if the horizontal is
+
+318
+00:25:13,630 --> 00:25:16,430
+annoying or not, we will come back to it after a
+
+319
+00:25:16,430 --> 00:25:20,610
+while We come to the total vertical prismatic
+
+320
+00:25:20,610 --> 00:25:40,920
+effectthe total vertical prismatic effect vertical
+
+321
+00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:42,240
+effect is equal to
+
+322
+00:25:56,140 --> 00:26:00,180
+نيجي احنا نشوف عنا إيش هنا، هنا base up و هنا base
+
+323
+00:26:00,180 --> 00:26:03,800
+up ال prism، base up و base up، نشوف ال prism اللي
+
+324
+00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:05,220
+base و up كيف وضعه
+
+325
+00:26:35,030 --> 00:26:42,150
+BaseUpEffect أمام العين اليمين و BaseUpEffect أمام
+
+326
+00:26:42,150 --> 00:26:50,110
+العين الشمال، هيك طالع معنا BaseUpEffect
+
+327
+00:26:50,110 --> 00:26:56,690
+و BaseUpEffect فبالتالي الت��تين BaseUpEffect
+
+328
+00:27:10,010 --> 00:27:14,670
+بشوف الفارق بينهم، بشوف الفارق بينهم، طيب، مين
+
+329
+00:27:14,670 --> 00:27:18,540
+أكتر؟who landed more under the right eye? three or
+
+330
+00:27:18,540 --> 00:27:21,500
+six out of ten prisms compared to one or six out
+
+331
+00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,400
+of ten prisms as long as the two apex agree, it
+
+332
+00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:27,940
+means that we agree here the two apex in the
+
+333
+00:27:27,940 --> 00:27:30,260
+horizontal were different, we agree and this is a
+
+334
+00:27:30,260 --> 00:27:33,780
+rule of thumb of course if they are opposite, we
+
+335
+00:27:33,780 --> 00:27:36,420
+agree if they are the same thing, we agree okay
+
+336
+00:27:36,420 --> 00:27:40,680
+now let's see three or six out of ten prisms
+
+337
+00:27:52,160 --> 00:27:58,480
+three and six out of ten prism minus one and six
+
+338
+00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,660
+out of ten prism one and six out of ten prism
+
+339
+00:28:02,660 --> 00:28:07,540
+equals two prism diopter two prism diopter so the
+
+340
+00:28:07,540 --> 00:28:11,940
+total vertical effect is two prism diopter but now
+
+341
+00:28:11,940 --> 00:28:15,020
+it is very important to put base up or base down
+
+342
+00:28:15,020 --> 00:28:18,900
+as if it says that the picture of the right eye is
+
+343
+00:28:18,900 --> 00:28:22,940
+downA lot, three or six out of ten prisms, and the
+
+344
+00:28:22,940 --> 00:28:26,180
+picture of the left eye came down less than it, so
+
+345
+00:28:26,180 --> 00:28:28,340
+who came down more than the other? The picture of
+
+346
+00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:31,000
+the right eye. How much does it differ from the
+
+347
+00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:34,340
+picture of the left eye? Two prisms lower than it,
+
+348
+00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:36,940
+which means more than two prisms, which means that
+
+349
+00:28:36,940 --> 00:28:39,780
+the picture went down more because the prism in
+
+350
+00:28:39,780 --> 00:28:41,860
+front of the right eye is stronger than the prism
+
+351
+00:28:41,860 --> 00:28:43,960
+in front of the left eye, and as if the eye came
+
+352
+00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:48,830
+downتنين او اذا كان تخيل ان هذه ثابتة ما نزلتش هذه
+
+353
+00:28:48,830 --> 00:28:52,410
+طلعت بالنسبة لها اتنين يعني الصورة بالنسبة للعين
+
+354
+00:28:52,410 --> 00:28:58,730
+حقيقة حقيقة الصورة بالنسبة للعينتين نزلت هذه نزلت
+
+355
+00:28:58,730 --> 00:29:03,070
+وهذه نزلت بس هذه نزلت تلاتة وستة من عشرة هذه نزلت
+
+356
+00:29:03,070 --> 00:29:08,980
+واحد وستة من عشرة طيب نيجي احنا على مثالالدرج
+
+357
+00:29:08,980 --> 00:29:13,940
+قولنا شخصين واجفين على نفس الدرجة واحد نزل درجتين
+
+358
+00:29:13,940 --> 00:29:19,340
+وواحد نزل أربع درجات الشخص رقم اتنين اللي نزل أربع
+
+359
+00:29:19,340 --> 00:29:24,800
+درجات بقدر أقول عنه منخفض منخفض عن زميله بدرجتين
+
+360
+00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:29,260
+أو بقدر أقول زميله مرتفع عنه كأنه أعلى منه بدرجتين
+
+361
+00:29:29,260 --> 00:29:33,200
+رغم أنه نزل رغم أنه نزل فإما بقول اتنين present
+
+362
+00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:40,120
+based up before right eyemeans that the image is
+
+363
+00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,540
+still in front of the right eye compared to the
+
+364
+00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:45,360
+left eye which is down by 2 prisms because the
+
+365
+00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:48,540
+base up means the apex down base up before right
+
+366
+00:29:48,540 --> 00:29:59,430
+eye or 2 prisms base downbefore left eye. Why did
+
+367
+00:29:59,430 --> 00:30:02,430
+I say based down before left eye? Based down means
+
+368
+00:30:02,430 --> 00:30:05,210
+that the apex is coming up. Uncle, I see that the
+
+369
+00:30:05,210 --> 00:30:07,690
+apex is coming down. Yes, this is the left eye as
+
+370
+00:30:07,690 --> 00:30:12,790
+it is. But if it is compared to the right eye, its
+
+371
+00:30:12,790 --> 00:30:17,750
+shape is higher than the right eye. And we go back
+
+372
+00:30:17,750 --> 00:30:20,950
+to the example of the bike. We say that two people
+
+373
+00:30:20,950 --> 00:30:24,780
+went down.a person we call him Aysar and another
+
+374
+00:30:24,780 --> 00:30:27,700
+person we call him Ayman Ayman went down 4 degrees
+
+375
+00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:32,060
+and Aysar went down 2 degrees both of them really
+
+376
+00:30:32,060 --> 00:30:34,300
+went down and here the two pictures really went
+
+377
+00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:36,360
+down to the bottom because the apex of the prism
+
+378
+00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:38,920
+based up based up means that the apex is down
+
+379
+00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:40,160
+which means that the picture will go down and the
+
+380
+00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:43,960
+picture will go down but the picture of the eye
+
+381
+00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:47,180
+that Ayman went down 4 degrees which means that
+
+382
+00:30:47,180 --> 00:30:50,480
+Aysar went down 2 degrees Ayman went down lower
+
+383
+00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:53,780
+which means that he went down moreOr we can say
+
+384
+00:30:53,780 --> 00:30:57,560
+that Aisar is higher although he went down, higher
+
+385
+00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:03,920
+by two degrees than for Ain or for Ayman So, both
+
+386
+00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:06,500
+pictures went down because based up, based up, but
+
+387
+00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:08,580
+this one went down more, I can consider this one
+
+388
+00:31:08,580 --> 00:31:10,880
+as if this one did not go down at all and this one
+
+389
+00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:14,060
+went up by two prisms, what does it mean that it
+
+390
+00:31:14,060 --> 00:31:17,260
+went up as if it was based down a prism? Okay, so
+
+391
+00:31:17,260 --> 00:31:22,600
+my last point in this matter remainedHow much a
+
+392
+00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,860
+person can handle a total vertical effect, let's
+
+393
+00:31:26,860 --> 00:31:29,680
+say from two prisms to three prisms, so the result
+
+394
+00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,620
+here I have two prisms, so a person can handle it
+
+395
+00:31:32,620 --> 00:31:36,520
+If more than three prisms, if more than three
+
+396
+00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:39,940
+prisms, I had a problem and it became a vertical
+
+397
+00:31:39,940 --> 00:31:43,520
+diplopia In other words, if the optician who
+
+398
+00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:47,050
+shoots the lenses makes a mistakeلو بس عمل
+
+399
+00:31:47,050 --> 00:31:50,170
+vertical decentration في ال right eye وطلع معاه
+
+400
+00:31:50,170 --> 00:31:53,970
+تلاتة وستة من عشرة وماعملش vertical decentration
+
+401
+00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:58,290
+في ال left eye كان صار مشكلة بس هذا الخطأ اللي حدث
+
+402
+00:31:58,290 --> 00:32:02,150
+في ال left eye يعني خفف من ال total vertical
+
+403
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:06,090
+effect اذا vertical effect مش problematic لل
+
+404
+00:32:06,090 --> 00:32:09,110
+patient طيب ال horizontal effect اربعة وستة من
+
+405
+00:32:09,110 --> 00:32:12,890
+عشرةtheir group, of course the horizontal effect,
+
+406
+00:32:13,290 --> 00:32:17,550
+a person can bear more than 10 or sometimes 15 or
+
+407
+00:32:17,550 --> 00:32:20,970
+sometimes 20 prisms depending on the direction of
+
+408
+00:32:20,970 --> 00:32:23,930
+the base of the prism, so neither the horizontal
+
+409
+00:32:23,930 --> 00:32:27,070
+effect is affected nor the vertical effect is
+
+410
+00:32:27,070 --> 00:32:29,610
+affected, why? Because they are within the range
+
+411
+00:32:29,610 --> 00:32:32,730
+that a person can bear, and this is how the matter
+
+412
+00:32:32,730 --> 00:32:34,230
+is completed, and may God give you wellness and
+
+413
+00:32:34,230 --> 00:32:36,470
+peace, and mercy from God and blessings
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/N-78zzBlTYU.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,970 --> 00:00:04,570
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عندنا مسألة على ال lens
+
+2
+00:00:04,570 --> 00:00:10,210
+combination We have a plus 7 diopter lens and a
+
+3
+00:00:10,210 --> 00:00:12,530
+plus 8 diopter lens, the distance between them is
+
+4
+00:00:12,530 --> 00:00:17,910
+45 cm And we have a body that moves away from the
+
+5
+00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:21,170
+first lens by 50 cm to the left We need the final
+
+6
+00:00:21,170 --> 00:00:26,090
+picture and the total transverse magnification We
+
+7
+00:00:26,090 --> 00:00:30,830
+deal with each lens one by one, that is, we will
+
+8
+00:00:30,830 --> 00:00:41,780
+separate this distance and we leave it this
+
+9
+00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:46,620
+part of the problem is not related to us at all
+
+10
+00:00:46,620 --> 00:00:50,640
+imagine a 7 diopter plus 7 diopter and the body is
+
+11
+00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:55,740
+50 cm away from it so we will deal with each case
+
+12
+00:00:55,740 --> 00:01:03,140
+one by one we will start the solution as follows
+
+13
+00:01:17,300 --> 00:01:24,800
+قول U تساوي ناقص N على O ناقص N .. ناقص عشان
+
+14
+00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:29,860
+الاشعة divergent هتخرج من ال object و يساوي ناقص
+
+15
+00:01:29,860 --> 00:01:34,260
+واحد في الهواء على O اللي هي مسافة ال object اللي
+
+16
+00:01:34,260 --> 00:01:38,720
+هي خمسين صندق اللي هي نص متر .. نص متر و يساوي
+
+17
+00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:44,400
+ناقص .. one over two and the meter is minus one
+
+18
+00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:46,880
+meter of course in mathematics it turns out to be
+
+19
+00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,840
+a meter minus one which means a diopter so O
+
+20
+00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:57,560
+equals minus two diopters U of one minus two
+
+21
+00:01:57,560 --> 00:02:01,420
+diopters we take it on the front surface of the
+
+22
+00:02:01,420 --> 00:02:06,920
+lens as if the light reached a multiple of two
+
+23
+00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:09,100
+diopters now
+
+24
+00:02:10,910 --> 00:02:22,130
+بنقول U زائد P يساوي V ال U اللي هي minus 2
+
+25
+00:02:22,130 --> 00:02:27,410
+diopter زائد ال power 7 diopter، ال power بتاعة
+
+26
+00:02:27,410 --> 00:02:36,200
+العدسة، تساوي V، اذا V تساوي plus 5 diopterI have
+
+27
+00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,500
+7 with minus 2, I still have 5 left, this is
+
+28
+00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:46,840
+fixed, quickly I put it on the back of the lens,
+
+29
+00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,000
+plus 5, this is fixed
+
+30
+00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:57,380
+And as I said in the drawing that the light came
+
+31
+00:02:57,380 --> 00:03:00,440
+in a diffraction state different in the amount of
+
+32
+00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:04,360
+two diopters and the lens changed its diffraction
+
+33
+00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:06,840
+state from different in the amount of two diopters
+
+34
+00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:09,180
+to collect in the amount of five diopters
+
+35
+00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:35,220
+I تساوى Uncharted على V، بنبدّلهم مكان بعضهم،
+
+36
+00:03:35,220 --> 00:03:39,200
+وتساوى Uncharted واحد، لإنه احنا في الهواء، على V
+
+37
+00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:40,800
+اللي هي plus خمسة ديوبة
+
+38
+00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:49,820
+و يساوي واحد على plus خمسة خمس يعني اتنين من عشرة
+
+39
+00:03:49,820 --> 00:03:55,900
+يعني plus اتنين من عشرة و ال diopter في المقام ال
+
+40
+00:03:55,900 --> 00:04:00,000
+diopter هو متر اص ناقص واحد لما بيطلع بيصير متر
+
+41
+00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,480
+اذا مسافة ال image اتنين من عشرة متر على يمين
+
+42
+00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:08,140
+العدسة على يمين العدسة اتنين من عشرة متر يعني
+
+43
+00:04:08,140 --> 00:04:13,400
+عشرين صانقي على يمين العدسة على يمين العدسة الان
+
+44
+00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:19,980
+بدنا نرسم ال image on a distance of 20 cm on the
+
+45
+00:04:19,980 --> 00:04:22,560
+right side of the lens on the right side of the
+
+46
+00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:40,040
+lens now
+
+47
+00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,000
+let's bring the first transverse magnification
+
+48
+00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,000
+which is the magnification of the first image
+
+49
+00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,320
+let's say TM
+
+50
+00:05:02,280 --> 00:05:03,680
+TM1UV
+
+51
+00:05:07,650 --> 00:05:10,970
+I don't want to go into too many numbers here, so
+
+52
+00:05:10,970 --> 00:05:11,130
+I'm going to transfer it to my drawing. I'm going
+
+53
+00:05:11,130 --> 00:05:15,150
+to say u-2 is a diopter and v plus 5 is a diopter.
+
+54
+00:05:15,210 --> 00:05:21,490
+So minus 2 is a diopter over plus 5 is a diopter
+
+55
+00:05:21,490 --> 00:05:26,710
+and it equals to make it bigger minus over plus
+
+56
+00:05:26,710 --> 00:05:31,990
+minus two over five means four out of ten four out
+
+57
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:37,090
+of ten so this is the first magnification of the
+
+58
+00:05:37,090 --> 00:05:40,570
+transverse we
+
+59
+00:05:40,570 --> 00:05:44,870
+give
+
+60
+00:05:44,870 --> 00:05:51,610
+it another color or
+
+61
+00:05:51,610 --> 00:05:52,810
+a clearer color than that
+
+62
+00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:03,540
+so I have the transference magnification x minus
+
+63
+00:06:03,540 --> 00:06:08,160
+four out of ten this
+
+64
+00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:14,740
+is how it works I finished the first part of the
+
+65
+00:06:14,740 --> 00:06:17,500
+question I keep writing that the image is twenty
+
+66
+00:06:17,500 --> 00:06:20,420
+centimeters away from the image to the lens this
+
+67
+00:06:20,420 --> 00:06:23,640
+distance is twenty centimeters why do I have to
+
+68
+00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:28,690
+write it? I will calculate the remaining distance
+
+69
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:33,110
+This
+
+70
+00:06:33,110 --> 00:06:37,030
+distance is 20 cm Okay, now before moving to the
+
+71
+00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:40,090
+second example This picture of the first lens is
+
+72
+00:06:40,090 --> 00:06:43,550
+considered an object of the second lens How far is
+
+73
+00:06:43,550 --> 00:06:45,710
+this picture from the second lens? Or the object
+
+74
+00:06:45,710 --> 00:06:50,950
+of the second lens? It is 45 minus 20, which is 25
+
+75
+00:06:50,950 --> 00:06:53,330
+cm 25 cm
+
+76
+00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:05,250
+means quarter of a meter Now
+
+77
+00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:11,610
+I can move to
+
+78
+00:07:11,610 --> 00:07:15,650
+the second part of the question الان عندي مسألة
+
+79
+00:07:15,650 --> 00:07:19,530
+جديدة تماما، عندي object على بعد خمسة وعشرين سنتيم
+
+80
+00:07:19,530 --> 00:07:23,170
+من عدسة plus تمانية، بدي أشوف الصورة بتاعة هذا ال
+
+81
+00:07:23,170 --> 00:07:28,230
+object وين هتصفق معايا، بنقول كالقاتى
+
+82
+00:07:45,730 --> 00:07:55,390
+u is equal to negative n over o and
+
+83
+00:07:55,390 --> 00:07:59,310
+is equal to negative one because it is in the air
+
+84
+00:07:59,310 --> 00:08:01,970
+of course negative because the light will gather
+
+85
+00:08:01,970 --> 00:08:04,090
+in this picture and after it gathers it will
+
+86
+00:08:04,090 --> 00:08:10,230
+separate again negative one over o which is twenty
+
+87
+00:08:10,230 --> 00:08:12,290
+five centimeters which is a quarter of a meter
+
+88
+00:08:15,570 --> 00:08:21,530
+ويساوي ناقص واحد على ربع أربعة والمتر اللي في
+
+89
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:24,990
+المقام بطلع بصير متر أقصى ناقص واحد يعني دا يبتر،
+
+90
+00:08:24,990 --> 00:08:33,750
+اذا الدوق حيصل بيتشتت مقداره minus 4 دا يبتر،
+
+91
+00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:36,110
+بحط ال minus 4 دا يبتر
+
+92
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:42,370
+On the front surface of the lens, the light will
+
+93
+00:08:42,370 --> 00:08:47,610
+reach a wavelength of minus 4 diopters Now, the
+
+94
+00:08:47,610 --> 00:08:50,490
+lens's function is to change the wavelength of the
+
+95
+00:08:50,490 --> 00:08:54,170
+light We want to see what it will do It will emit
+
+96
+00:08:54,170 --> 00:08:57,030
+from its force 4 diopters, which is plus 8, it
+
+97
+00:08:57,030 --> 00:09:01,030
+will emit plus 4 To cancel the minus 4, it will
+
+98
+00:09:01,030 --> 00:09:04,910
+remain with it 4, as we will see in the equation U
+
+99
+00:09:04,910 --> 00:09:12,940
+plusP is equal to V U
+
+100
+00:09:12,940 --> 00:09:20,960
+minus four diopters plus eight diopters is
+
+101
+00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:30,000
+equal to V So, V is equal to plus four diopters V
+
+102
+00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,420
+is equal to plus four diopters Next, I put under
+
+103
+00:09:33,420 --> 00:09:34,180
+the back surface
+
+104
+00:09:38,460 --> 00:09:43,400
+plus 4 diopter. طيب الان اش اللي حدث اللي حدث الضوء
+
+105
+00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:47,240
+ايجا متشتت divergent العدسة
+
+106
+00:09:48,310 --> 00:09:52,490
+it changed its polarity from minus 4 diopter to
+
+107
+00:09:52,490 --> 00:09:55,030
+plus 4 diopter which means that it moved 8
+
+108
+00:09:55,030 --> 00:09:59,470
+complete diopters from minus 4 polar to plus 4
+
+109
+00:09:59,470 --> 00:10:01,970
+complex so this is the power of the lens which is
+
+110
+00:10:01,970 --> 00:10:05,530
+plus 8 now as long as it is complex then it will
+
+111
+00:10:05,530 --> 00:10:08,730
+go and form an image somewhere in space how do I
+
+112
+00:10:08,730 --> 00:10:14,970
+know where this image is? we say v is equal to i
+
+113
+00:10:20,910 --> 00:10:26,070
+إذن I تساوي on شرط على V ببدّلهم مكان بعضهم البعض
+
+114
+00:10:26,070 --> 00:10:32,930
+و يساوي on شرط واحد لإنه في الهوا و ال V plus
+
+115
+00:10:32,930 --> 00:10:38,010
+أربعة ديوبتر و
+
+116
+00:10:38,010 --> 00:10:41,650
+يساوي واحد على أربعة طبعا ال plus على plus بظهر ال
+
+117
+00:10:41,650 --> 00:10:44,770
+plus واحد على أربعة يعني ربع
+
+118
+00:10:47,460 --> 00:10:50,240
+The diopter which is one meter minus one in the
+
+119
+00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:53,140
+station, when it comes out, it becomes a meter So
+
+120
+00:10:53,140 --> 00:10:56,500
+the picture is twenty-five centimeters away from
+
+121
+00:10:56,500 --> 00:11:00,520
+the lens On the right of the lens, twenty-five
+
+122
+00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:03,480
+centimeters away So the picture starts to form
+
+123
+00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,480
+twenty-five centimeters away from the lens We draw
+
+124
+00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:14,580
+the picture now We
+
+125
+00:11:14,580 --> 00:11:15,340
+draw the picture
+
+126
+00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:35,560
+The picture is 25 cm on the right side of the lens
+
+127
+00:11:43,330 --> 00:11:46,690
+Same as the distance of the object The distance of
+
+128
+00:11:46,690 --> 00:11:53,510
+the object in this picture is 25
+
+129
+00:11:53,510 --> 00:11:57,490
+cm and the distance of the image is 25 cm Let's
+
+130
+00:11:57,490 --> 00:11:59,650
+see how much is the transference magnification
+
+131
+00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:19,870
+utm2 equals u over v equals
+
+132
+00:12:19,870 --> 00:12:25,930
+u minus 4 diopter over v plus 4 diopter minus 4
+
+133
+00:12:25,930 --> 00:12:33,950
+diopter over plus 4 diopter y is equal to x minus,
+
+134
+00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:37,130
+because minus on plus is minus, and four on four
+
+135
+00:12:37,130 --> 00:12:39,530
+is one, and the diopter goes with the diopter, so
+
+136
+00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:42,950
+this is the transphase magnification number two,
+
+137
+00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:43,970
+number two
+
+138
+00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:59,400
+So, I have one last point in the matter. This is
+
+139
+00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:01,160
+the final image at a distance of a quarter of a
+
+140
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,260
+meter from the second lens. And its magnification
+
+141
+00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:09,700
+for its body is x minus one. What does x minus one
+
+142
+00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:10,980
+mean? It means that it is the same height as its
+
+143
+00:13:10,980 --> 00:13:13,660
+body and it is upside down compared to its body.
+
+144
+00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,160
+Its body is coming down and it is coming up. Now
+
+145
+00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:19,260
+we calculate the total transference magnification.
+
+146
+00:13:21,340 --> 00:13:23,600
+The total transference magnification.
+
+147
+00:13:37,250 --> 00:13:44,430
+The total transverse magnification is equal to Tm1
+
+148
+00:13:44,430 --> 00:13:52,110
+multiplied by Tm2 And
+
+149
+00:13:52,110 --> 00:13:59,330
+it is equal to Tm1 multiplied by x minus four out
+
+150
+00:13:59,330 --> 00:14:04,230
+of ten minus four
+
+151
+00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:06,470
+out of ten multiplied by
+
+152
+00:14:09,560 --> 00:14:14,160
+minus one y
+
+153
+00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,140
+equals now I will put the x sign of the
+
+154
+00:14:17,140 --> 00:14:20,240
+magnification we say minus times minus times plus
+
+155
+00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,940
+four out of ten times one equals four out of ten
+
+156
+00:14:23,940 --> 00:14:29,540
+so this is the final magnification total transfers
+
+157
+00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:32,820
+magnification this is total transfers
+
+158
+00:14:32,820 --> 00:14:34,300
+magnification which means
+
+159
+00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,700
+بيعني إن الصورة النهائية معتادلة لأنه الإشارة plus
+
+160
+00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:52,000
+معتادلة زي ال object الأول و أربع أعشار ارتفاعه،
+
+161
+00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,860
+يعني إذا كان هو ارتفاعه عشرة صنطي، ارتفاع الصورة
+
+162
+00:14:55,860 --> 00:14:59,980
+النهائية بيكون أربع صنطي، يعني أربعة من عشرة، هيك
+
+163
+00:14:59,980 --> 00:15:02,500
+بتنتهي المسألة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+164
+00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:04,220
+ورحمة الله وبركاته 
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/N-78zzBlTYU_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+1
+00:00:01,970 --> 00:00:04,570
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عندنا مسألة على ال lens
+
+2
+00:00:04,570 --> 00:00:10,210
+combinationWe have a plus 7 diopter lens and a
+
+3
+00:00:10,210 --> 00:00:12,530
+plus 8 diopter lens, the distance between them is
+
+4
+00:00:12,530 --> 00:00:17,910
+45 cm And we have a body that moves away from the
+
+5
+00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:21,170
+first lens by 50 cm to the left We need the final
+
+6
+00:00:21,170 --> 00:00:26,090
+picture and the total transphase magnification We
+
+7
+00:00:26,090 --> 00:00:30,830
+deal with each lens one by one, that is, we will
+
+8
+00:00:30,830 --> 00:00:41,780
+separate this distanceand we leave it this
+
+9
+00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:46,620
+part of the problem is not related to us at all
+
+10
+00:00:46,620 --> 00:00:50,640
+imagine a 7 diopter plus 7 diopter and the body is
+
+11
+00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:55,740
+50 cm away from it so we will deal with each case
+
+12
+00:00:55,740 --> 00:01:03,140
+one by one we will start the solution as follows
+
+13
+00:01:17,300 --> 00:01:24,800
+قول U تساوي ناقص N على O ناقص N .. ناقص عشان
+
+14
+00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:29,860
+الاشعة divergent هتخرج من ال object و يساوي ناقص
+
+15
+00:01:29,860 --> 00:01:34,260
+واحد في الهواء على O اللي هي مسافة ال object اللي
+
+16
+00:01:34,260 --> 00:01:38,720
+هي خمسين صندق اللي هي نص متر .. نص متر و يساوي
+
+17
+00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:44,400
+ناقص ..one over two and the meter is minus one
+
+18
+00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:46,880
+meter of course in mathematics it turns out to be
+
+19
+00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,840
+a meter minus one which means a diopter so O
+
+20
+00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:57,560
+equals minus two diopters U of one minus two
+
+21
+00:01:57,560 --> 00:02:01,420
+diopters we take it on the front surface of the
+
+22
+00:02:01,420 --> 00:02:06,920
+lens as if the light reached a multiple of two
+
+23
+00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:09,100
+diopters now
+
+24
+00:02:10,910 --> 00:02:22,130
+بنقول U زائد P يساوي V ال U اللي هي minus 2
+
+25
+00:02:22,130 --> 00:02:27,410
+diopter زائد ال power 7 diopter، ال power بتاعة
+
+26
+00:02:27,410 --> 00:02:36,200
+العدسة، تساوي V، اذا V تساوي plus 5 diopterI have
+
+27
+00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,500
+7 with minus 2, I still have 5 left, this is
+
+28
+00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:46,840
+fixed, quickly I put it on the back of the lens,
+
+29
+00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,000
+plus 5, this is fixed
+
+30
+00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:57,380
+And as I said in the drawing that the light came
+
+31
+00:02:57,380 --> 00:03:00,440
+in a diffraction state different in the amount of
+
+32
+00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:04,360
+two diopters and the lens changed its diffraction
+
+33
+00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:06,840
+state from different in the amount of two diopters
+
+34
+00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:09,180
+to collect in the amount of five diopters
+
+35
+00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:35,220
+I تساوى Uncharted على V، بنبدّلهم مكان بعضهم،
+
+36
+00:03:35,220 --> 00:03:39,200
+وتساوى Uncharted واحد، لإنه احنا في الهواء، على V
+
+37
+00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:40,800
+اللي هي plus خمسة ديوبة
+
+38
+00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:49,820
+و يساوي واحد على plus خمسة خمس يعني اتنين من عشرة
+
+39
+00:03:49,820 --> 00:03:55,900
+يعني plus اتنين من عشرة و ال diopter في المقام ال
+
+40
+00:03:55,900 --> 00:04:00,000
+diopter هو متر اص ناقص واحد لما بيطلع بيصير متر
+
+41
+00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,480
+اذا مسافة ال image اتنين من عشرة متر على يمين
+
+42
+00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:08,140
+العدسة على يمين العدسة اتنين من عشرة متر يعني
+
+43
+00:04:08,140 --> 00:04:13,400
+عشرين صانقي على يمين العدسة على يمين العدسة الان
+
+44
+00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:19,980
+بدنا نرسم ال image on a distance of 20 cm on the
+
+45
+00:04:19,980 --> 00:04:22,560
+right side of the lens on the right side of the
+
+46
+00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:40,040
+lens now
+
+47
+00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,000
+let's bring the first transphase magnification
+
+48
+00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:44,000
+which is the magnification of the first image
+
+49
+00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,320
+let's say TM
+
+50
+00:05:02,280 --> 00:05:03,680
+TM1UV
+
+51
+00:05:07,650 --> 00:05:10,970
+I don't want to go into too many numbers here, so
+
+52
+00:05:10,970 --> 00:05:11,130
+I'm going to transfer it to my drawing. I'm going
+
+53
+00:05:11,130 --> 00:05:15,150
+to say u-2 is a diopter and v plus 5 is a diopter.
+
+54
+00:05:15,210 --> 00:05:21,490
+So minus 2 is a diopter over plus 5 is a diopter
+
+55
+00:05:21,490 --> 00:05:26,710
+and it equalsx to make it bigger minus over plus
+
+56
+00:05:26,710 --> 00:05:31,990
+minus two over five means four out of ten four out
+
+57
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:37,090
+of ten so this is the first magnification of the
+
+58
+00:05:37,090 --> 00:05:40,570
+transphase we
+
+59
+00:05:40,570 --> 00:05:44,870
+give
+
+60
+00:05:44,870 --> 00:05:51,610
+it another color or
+
+61
+00:05:51,610 --> 00:05:52,810
+a clearer color than that
+
+62
+00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:03,540
+so I have the transference magnification x minus
+
+63
+00:06:03,540 --> 00:06:08,160
+four out of ten this
+
+64
+00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:14,740
+is how it works I finished the first part of the
+
+65
+00:06:14,740 --> 00:06:17,500
+question I keep writing that the image is twenty
+
+66
+00:06:17,500 --> 00:06:20,420
+centimeters away from the image to the lens this
+
+67
+00:06:20,420 --> 00:06:23,640
+distance is twenty centimeters why do I have to
+
+68
+00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:28,690
+write it?I will calculate the remaining distance
+
+69
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:33,110
+This
+
+70
+00:06:33,110 --> 00:06:37,030
+distance is 20 cm Okay, now before moving to the
+
+71
+00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:40,090
+second example This picture of the first lens is
+
+72
+00:06:40,090 --> 00:06:43,550
+considered an object of the second lens How far is
+
+73
+00:06:43,550 --> 00:06:45,710
+this picture from the second lens? Or the object
+
+74
+00:06:45,710 --> 00:06:50,950
+of the second lens? It is 45 minus 20, which is 25
+
+75
+00:06:50,950 --> 00:06:53,330
+cm 25 cm
+
+76
+00:06:57,250 --> 00:07:05,250
+means quarter of a meter Now
+
+77
+00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:11,610
+I can move to
+
+78
+00:07:11,610 --> 00:07:15,650
+the second part of the questionالان عندي مسألة
+
+79
+00:07:15,650 --> 00:07:19,530
+جديدة تماما، عندي object على بعد خمسة وعشرين سنتيم
+
+80
+00:07:19,530 --> 00:07:23,170
+من عدسة plus تمانية، بدي أشوف الصورة بتاعة هذا ال
+
+81
+00:07:23,170 --> 00:07:28,230
+object وين هتصفق معايا، بنقول كالقاتى
+
+82
+00:07:45,730 --> 00:07:55,390
+u is equal to negative n over o and
+
+83
+00:07:55,390 --> 00:07:59,310
+is equal to negative one because it is in the air
+
+84
+00:07:59,310 --> 00:08:01,970
+of course negative because the light will gather
+
+85
+00:08:01,970 --> 00:08:04,090
+in this picture and after it gathers it will
+
+86
+00:08:04,090 --> 00:08:10,230
+separate again negative one over o which is twenty
+
+87
+00:08:10,230 --> 00:08:12,290
+five centimeters which is a quarter of a meter
+
+88
+00:08:15,570 --> 00:08:21,530
+ويساوي ناقص واحد على ربع أربعة والمتر اللي في
+
+89
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:24,990
+المقام بطلع بصير متر أقصى ناقص واحد يعني دا يبتر،
+
+90
+00:08:24,990 --> 00:08:33,750
+اذا الدوق حيصل بيتشتت مقداره minus 4 دا يبتر،
+
+91
+00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:36,110
+بحط ال minus 4 دا يبتر
+
+92
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:42,370
+On the front surface of the lens, the light will
+
+93
+00:08:42,370 --> 00:08:47,610
+reach a wavelength of minus 4 diopters Now, the
+
+94
+00:08:47,610 --> 00:08:50,490
+lens's function is to change the wavelength of the
+
+95
+00:08:50,490 --> 00:08:54,170
+light We want to see what it will do It will emit
+
+96
+00:08:54,170 --> 00:08:57,030
+from its force 4 diopters, which is plus 8, it
+
+97
+00:08:57,030 --> 00:09:01,030
+will emit plus 4 To cancel the minus 4, it will
+
+98
+00:09:01,030 --> 00:09:04,910
+remain with it 4, as we will see in the equation U
+
+99
+00:09:04,910 --> 00:09:12,940
+plusP is equal to V U
+
+100
+00:09:12,940 --> 00:09:20,960
+minus four diopters plus eight diopters is
+
+101
+00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:30,000
+equal to V So, V is equal to plus four diopters V
+
+102
+00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:33,420
+is equal to plus four diopters Next, I put under
+
+103
+00:09:33,420 --> 00:09:34,180
+the back surface
+
+104
+00:09:38,460 --> 00:09:43,400
+plus 4 diopter.طيب الان اش اللي حدث اللي حدث الضوء
+
+105
+00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:47,240
+ايجا متشتت divergent العدسة
+
+106
+00:09:48,310 --> 00:09:52,490
+it changed its polarity from minus 4 diopter to
+
+107
+00:09:52,490 --> 00:09:55,030
+plus 4 diopter which means that it moved 8
+
+108
+00:09:55,030 --> 00:09:59,470
+complete diopters from minus 4 polar to plus 4
+
+109
+00:09:59,470 --> 00:10:01,970
+complex so this is the power of the lens which is
+
+110
+00:10:01,970 --> 00:10:05,530
+plus 8 now as long as it is complex then it will
+
+111
+00:10:05,530 --> 00:10:08,730
+go and form an image somewhere in space how do I
+
+112
+00:10:08,730 --> 00:10:14,970
+know where this image is? we say v is equal to i
+
+113
+00:10:20,910 --> 00:10:26,070
+إذن I تساوي on شرط على V ببدّلهم مكان بعضهم البعض
+
+114
+00:10:26,070 --> 00:10:32,930
+و يساوي on شرط واحد لإنه في الهوا و ال V plus
+
+115
+00:10:32,930 --> 00:10:38,010
+أربعة ديوبتر و
+
+116
+00:10:38,010 --> 00:10:41,650
+يساوي واحد على أربعة طبعا ال plus على plus بظهر ال
+
+117
+00:10:41,650 --> 00:10:44,770
+plus واحد على أربعة يعني ربع
+
+118
+00:10:47,460 --> 00:10:50,240
+The diopter which is one meter minus one in the
+
+119
+00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:53,140
+station, when it comes out, it becomes a meter So
+
+120
+00:10:53,140 --> 00:10:56,500
+the picture is twenty-five centimeters away from
+
+121
+00:10:56,500 --> 00:11:00,520
+the lens On the right of the lens, twenty-five
+
+122
+00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:03,480
+centimeters away So the picture starts to form
+
+123
+00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,480
+twenty-five centimeters away from the lens We draw
+
+124
+00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:14,580
+the picture now We
+
+125
+00:11:14,580 --> 00:11:15,340
+draw the picture
+
+126
+00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:35,560
+The picture is 25 cm on the right side of the lens
+
+127
+00:11:43,330 --> 00:11:46,690
+Same as the distance of the object The distance of
+
+128
+00:11:46,690 --> 00:11:53,510
+the object in this picture is 25
+
+129
+00:11:53,510 --> 00:11:57,490
+cm and the distance of the image is 25 cm Let's
+
+130
+00:11:57,490 --> 00:11:59,650
+see how much is the transference magnification
+
+131
+00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:19,870
+utm2 equals u over v equals
+
+132
+00:12:19,870 --> 00:12:25,930
+u minus 4 diopter over v plus 4 diopter minus 4
+
+133
+00:12:25,930 --> 00:12:33,950
+diopter over plus 4 dioptery is equal to x minus,
+
+134
+00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:37,130
+because minus on plus is minus, and four on four
+
+135
+00:12:37,130 --> 00:12:39,530
+is one, and the diopter goes with the diopter, so
+
+136
+00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:42,950
+this is the transphase magnification number two,
+
+137
+00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:43,970
+number two
+
+138
+00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:59,400
+So, I have one last point in the matter. This is
+
+139
+00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:01,160
+the final image at a distance of a quarter of a
+
+140
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,260
+meter from the second lens. And its magnification
+
+141
+00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:09,700
+for its body is x minus one. What does x minus one
+
+142
+00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:10,980
+mean? It means that it is the same height as its
+
+143
+00:13:10,980 --> 00:13:13,660
+body and it is upside down compared to its body.
+
+144
+00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,160
+Its body is coming down and it is coming up. Now
+
+145
+00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:19,260
+we calculate the total transference magnification.
+
+146
+00:13:21,340 --> 00:13:23,600
+The total transference magnification.
+
+147
+00:13:37,250 --> 00:13:44,430
+The total transverse magnification is equal to Tm1
+
+148
+00:13:44,430 --> 00:13:52,110
+multiplied by Tm2 And
+
+149
+00:13:52,110 --> 00:13:59,330
+it is equal to Tm1 multiplied by x minus four out
+
+150
+00:13:59,330 --> 00:14:04,230
+of ten minus four
+
+151
+00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:06,470
+out of ten multiplied by
+
+152
+00:14:09,560 --> 00:14:14,160
+minus one y
+
+153
+00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,140
+equals now I will put the x sign of the
+
+154
+00:14:17,140 --> 00:14:20,240
+magnification we say minus times minus times plus
+
+155
+00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,940
+four out of ten times one equals four out of ten
+
+156
+00:14:23,940 --> 00:14:29,540
+so this is the final magnification total transfers
+
+157
+00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:32,820
+magnification this is total transfers
+
+158
+00:14:32,820 --> 00:14:34,300
+magnification which means
+
+159
+00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,700
+بيعني إن الصورة النهائية معتادلة لأنه الإشارة plus
+
+160
+00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:52,000
+معتادلة زي ال object الأول و أربع أعشار ارتفاعه،
+
+161
+00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,860
+يعني إذا كان هو ارتفاعه عشرة صنطي، ارتفاع الصورة
+
+162
+00:14:55,860 --> 00:14:59,980
+النهائية بيكون أربع صنطي، يعني أربعة من عشرة، هيك
+
+163
+00:14:59,980 --> 00:15:02,500
+بتنتهي المسألة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+164
+00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:04,220
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/OFKXhpR4vkI.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1172 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:05,300
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,300 --> 00:00:09,800
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند ال combination of
+
+3
+00:00:09,800 --> 00:00:13,360
+sphero cylindrical lenses Sphero cylindrical
+
+4
+00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:16,460
+lenses can be added to one another to produce a
+
+5
+00:00:16,460 --> 00:00:20,600
+single equivalent sphero cylindrical lenses لو في
+
+6
+00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,680
+عندي sphero cylindrical lensوكمان بده أضيف لها
+
+7
+00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:29,700
+كمان spherical cylindrical lens بدنا احنا نشوف كيف
+
+8
+00:00:29,700 --> 00:00:33,880
+يضافوا لبعض عشان يعطوني equivalent spherical
+
+9
+00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:37,640
+cylindrical lens طبعا في ..
+
+10
+00:00:41,100 --> 00:00:44,980
+In fact, if any number of sphero cylindrical
+
+11
+00:00:44,980 --> 00:00:48,540
+lenses are combined, the result is always an
+
+12
+00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:51,600
+equivalent sphero cylindrical lens having
+
+13
+00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:55,800
+principal meridians 90 degree upper. يعني لو عندي
+
+14
+00:00:55,800 --> 00:01:01,600
+مثلا على
+
+15
+00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:02,660
+سبيل المثال
+
+16
+00:01:11,310 --> 00:01:18,810
+عندي مثلا plus واحد sphere minus مثلا واحد و نص
+
+17
+00:01:18,810 --> 00:01:26,510
+cylinder على محور مثلا عشرين degree وعندي مثلا
+
+18
+00:01:26,510 --> 00:01:32,250
+minus نص sphere و
+
+19
+00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:41,520
+minus مثلا75% cylinder on axis for example 50 and
+
+20
+00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:48,200
+I have for example plus 3 spheres on
+
+21
+00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:56,900
+minus for example or plus 2 cylindersمحور 90 هدولة
+
+22
+00:01:56,900 --> 00:01:59,760
+التلاتة عبارة كل واحدة منهم spherical cylindrical
+
+23
+00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:03,920
+lens لو حبيت استعملهم مع بعض بت .. بتصد عنهم
+
+24
+00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:05,940
+spherical cylindrical lens
+
+25
+00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,320
+It has a value for the sphere And it has a value
+
+26
+00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:15,540
+for the cylinder with a certain axis Of course, as
+
+27
+00:02:15,540 --> 00:02:18,340
+long as the sphere and the cylindrical lens are
+
+28
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:20,400
+away from them It means that there is an axis in
+
+29
+00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:22,480
+this lens that is stronger and an axis that is
+
+30
+00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:26,180
+weaker And the two axes in regular astigmatism, of
+
+31
+00:02:26,180 --> 00:02:29,940
+course, the two axes are perpendicular So there is
+
+32
+00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:35,420
+a 90 degree distance between them Also, if I have
+
+33
+00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:41,480
+sphero cylindrical lens, بدي أحللها لكذا sphero
+
+34
+00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:45,360
+cylindrical lens هذا أيضا ممكن باستعمال حسابات
+
+35
+00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:51,160
+معينة و باستعمال حساب المثلثة Similarly, a single
+
+36
+00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:55,540
+sphero cylindrical lens has .. يعني ..
+
+37
+00:03:11,140 --> 00:03:15,300
+It is easy to add spherical cylindrical lenses
+
+38
+00:03:15,300 --> 00:03:18,260
+together if the principal meridians are aligned
+
+39
+00:03:18,260 --> 00:03:22,690
+with one another.We have three cases for spherical
+
+40
+00:03:22,690 --> 00:03:26,030
+and cylindrical lenses that I want to add to each
+
+41
+00:03:26,030 --> 00:03:31,070
+other Let's see what the first case is Let's go
+
+42
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:33,650
+back to this example and delete it We want to add
+
+43
+00:03:33,650 --> 00:03:37,430
+two spherical and cylindrical lenses, but the axis
+
+44
+00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:41,580
+is the same axisSo I have plus one minus one and a
+
+45
+00:03:41,580 --> 00:03:44,340
+half axis is twenty and minus one and a half minus
+
+46
+00:03:44,340 --> 00:03:46,940
+three quarters axis is also twenty So the
+
+47
+00:03:46,940 --> 00:03:48,720
+principal meridians of the spherical and
+
+48
+00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:51,180
+cylindrical lens are these and the principal
+
+49
+00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:53,320
+meridians of the spherical and cylindrical lens
+
+50
+00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:55,740
+are these They are the same principal meridians
+
+51
+00:03:55,740 --> 00:04:00,780
+because the axis is the same axis When I add this
+
+52
+00:04:02,210 --> 00:04:04,430
+Spherocylindrical lens with spherocylindrical lens
+
+53
+00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:07,570
+which have same axis, it is done by direct sum,
+
+54
+00:04:08,230 --> 00:04:11,370
+that is, I combine sphere with sphere and cylinder
+
+55
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,030
+with cylinder, of course, and the axis remains as
+
+56
+00:04:14,030 --> 00:04:17,170
+it is as long as this axis is 20 and axis is 20,
+
+57
+00:04:17,570 --> 00:04:20,950
+the resultant sphere and cylindrical lens, the
+
+58
+00:04:20,950 --> 00:04:24,270
+result of course will be the axis corresponding to
+
+59
+00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:27,710
+the two axes corresponding to the two axes, so in
+
+60
+00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:32,030
+this case if I get a problem like this, I say plus
+
+61
+00:04:32,030 --> 00:04:34,730
+one and minus half, I will have the new sphere
+
+62
+00:04:34,730 --> 00:04:39,430
+minus, pardon me, plus half, a direct algebra,
+
+63
+00:04:40,550 --> 00:04:45,600
+plus half sphere Now I add the cylinder with the
+
+64
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:52,340
+cylinder (-1.5,-3.4,-2.4), and the axis remains
+
+65
+00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:55,860
+20. The axis does not add up at all. So it does
+
+66
+00:04:55,860 --> 00:05:00,560
+not happen that the axis adds up and becomes 40.
+
+67
+00:05:00,660 --> 00:05:02,740
+No, as long as the axis is aligned with the axis,
+
+68
+00:05:03,420 --> 00:05:06,340
+the spherical cylindrical length is
+
+69
+00:05:10,270 --> 00:05:16,330
+Plus 1 with minus half becomes plus half-1.5,-3.4,
+
+70
+00:05:16,450 --> 00:05:19,790
+-2.4 and the axis as it is This is the first
+
+71
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:24,370
+scenario when the axis is aligned with the axis
+
+72
+00:05:24,370 --> 00:05:31,150
+The second scenario is when the axis of one of the
+
+73
+00:05:31,150 --> 00:05:33,150
+spherical and cylindrical lenses is perpendicular
+
+74
+00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:35,770
+to the axis of the second spherical and
+
+75
+00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:40,010
+cylindrical lens For example, let's say plus 4
+
+76
+00:05:40,010 --> 00:05:42,750
+sphere
+
+77
+00:05:43,880 --> 00:05:51,600
+minus minus two and three quarters cylinder axis
+
+78
+00:05:51,600 --> 00:06:02,520
+twenty and the second minus one sphere plus one
+
+79
+00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:09,720
+cylinder axis one hundred and ten how do I .. how
+
+80
+00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:15,470
+do I ..I combine or add or make a combination of
+
+81
+00:06:15,470 --> 00:06:18,250
+these two spherical and cylindrical lenses to get
+
+82
+00:06:18,250 --> 00:06:22,110
+one spherical and cylindrical lens equivalent to
+
+83
+00:06:22,110 --> 00:06:25,750
+both of them Notice that the X is 20 for the first
+
+84
+00:06:25,750 --> 00:06:28,810
+spherical and cylindrical lens and the second is
+
+85
+00:06:28,810 --> 00:06:33,460
+110So the angle between them is 90 degrees, so I
+
+86
+00:06:33,460 --> 00:06:36,160
+have to make a transposition for one of them, and
+
+87
+00:06:36,160 --> 00:06:40,200
+then the axis becomes one. We want to make a
+
+88
+00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:44,960
+transposition for the first one, we say that the
+
+89
+00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:47,300
+first step in the transposition is to add the
+
+90
+00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,020
+cylinder to the sphere, it becomes plus four minus
+
+91
+00:06:51,020 --> 00:06:53,920
+seventy-two remains plus one quarter.
+
+92
+00:06:57,470 --> 00:07:00,170
+then I flip the pointer of the cylinder, it
+
+93
+00:07:00,170 --> 00:07:08,170
+becomes plus 72.75 then I move the axis 90
+
+94
+00:07:08,170 --> 00:07:11,850
+degrees, the 20 becomes 110 this is the first
+
+95
+00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,110
+step, I made a transposition to the first lens I
+
+96
+00:07:15,110 --> 00:07:19,210
+made a transposition to the first lens okay, we
+
+97
+00:07:19,210 --> 00:07:21,970
+made a transposition to the first lens now the
+
+98
+00:07:21,970 --> 00:07:25,630
+second lens as I write it minus 1
+
+99
+00:07:29,530 --> 00:07:34,470
+Plus one in
+
+100
+00:07:34,470 --> 00:07:39,370
+axis one hundred and ten. Now the axis is unified.
+
+101
+00:07:39,810 --> 00:07:42,410
+Why unified? Because the first lens, the first
+
+102
+00:07:42,410 --> 00:07:44,190
+spherical cylindrical lens, I made it a
+
+103
+00:07:44,190 --> 00:07:47,890
+transposition, so the axis turned to one hundred
+
+104
+00:07:47,890 --> 00:07:50,490
+and ten. I collect them a direct group, a direct
+
+105
+00:07:50,490 --> 00:07:51,090
+Gebri.
+
+106
+00:07:54,490 --> 00:07:59,070
+and then I get the reciprocal lens plus one and a
+
+107
+00:07:59,070 --> 00:08:03,210
+quarter and minus one plus a quarter this is the
+
+108
+00:08:03,210 --> 00:08:07,610
+reciprocal sphere the cylinder plus two and three
+
+109
+00:08:07,610 --> 00:08:10,310
+quarters and plus one so plus three or three
+
+110
+00:08:10,310 --> 00:08:15,190
+quarters and
+
+111
+00:08:15,190 --> 00:08:16,810
+the axis of course does not add up, the axis
+
+112
+00:08:16,810 --> 00:08:20,090
+remains as it is at one hundred and ten okay, one
+
+113
+00:08:20,090 --> 00:08:25,060
+can say I want to do transposition of the second
+
+114
+00:08:25,060 --> 00:08:25,120
+lens
+
+115
+00:08:50,700 --> 00:09:06,020
+I will write it again here I have two lenses now
+
+116
+00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:11,920
+we want the first lens write
+
+117
+00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:16,740
+it as it is we don't want to make a transposition
+
+118
+00:09:16,740 --> 00:09:19,760
+we want to make a transposition to the second lens
+
+119
+00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:31,880
+now when we do transposition to the other lens
+
+120
+00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,020
+what will happen to my situation I want to add in
+
+121
+00:09:35,020 --> 00:09:37,220
+the cylinder to the sphere it will be plano zero
+
+122
+00:09:37,220 --> 00:09:42,640
+because it is plus one and minus one then I change
+
+123
+00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:47,540
+the sign of course plano either I write it in
+
+124
+00:09:47,540 --> 00:09:55,720
+writing or I write zero where it is and
+
+125
+00:09:55,720 --> 00:09:57,880
+this cylinder becomes minus one
+
+126
+00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:06,840
+in axis 20 because if we moved the axis it was 110
+
+127
+00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:10,020
+and we subtracted 90 from it so it remains 20 so
+
+128
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:24,700
+now plus
+
+129
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:29,800
+4 with 0 remains plus 4
+
+130
+00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:36,060
+and the cylinder with the cylinder which is minus
+
+131
+00:10:36,060 --> 00:10:39,900
+two and three quarters and minus one so minus
+
+132
+00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:43,600
+three and three quarters and the axis remains
+
+133
+00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,400
+twenty we can say that the result here when we did
+
+134
+00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:49,960
+the transposition of the second lens is different
+
+135
+00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:52,300
+from the result here when we did the transposition
+
+136
+00:10:52,300 --> 00:10:55,700
+of the first lens it does not differ at all if we
+
+137
+00:10:55,700 --> 00:10:58,840
+look at this and on this we will find the
+
+138
+00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:01,720
+transposition of each other, that is, if this is
+
+139
+00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:03,930
+the equivalent lensIf we want to make it a
+
+140
+00:11:03,930 --> 00:11:06,970
+transposition, we add 3 and 3 quarters to the
+
+141
+00:11:06,970 --> 00:11:10,790
+quarter and it becomes 4 The high point turns and
+
+142
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:13,190
+it becomes minus 3 and 3 quarters and the axis
+
+143
+00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:16,310
+turns 90 degrees and it becomes 20 So high
+
+144
+00:11:16,310 --> 00:11:18,590
+transposition to high and high transposition to
+
+145
+00:11:18,590 --> 00:11:23,400
+high So regardlessI make a transposition to the
+
+146
+00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:27,640
+first lens to make its axis like the axis of the
+
+147
+00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:31,400
+second lens, or make a transposition to the second
+
+148
+00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:34,980
+lens to make its axis like the axis of the first
+
+149
+00:11:34,980 --> 00:11:38,900
+lens, both results are correct, and the result
+
+150
+00:11:38,900 --> 00:11:41,360
+will be the same, but once in the plus cylindrical
+
+151
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:45,780
+form and once in the minus cylindrical form. So I
+
+152
+00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:47,900
+have two scenarios. The first scenario is
+
+153
+00:11:47,900 --> 00:11:51,130
+basically that I have two lenses in front of metwo
+
+154
+00:11:51,130 --> 00:11:54,970
+lenses, their axis is united, I add a direct
+
+155
+00:11:54,970 --> 00:11:59,530
+conjugate I add a direct conjugate now if two
+
+156
+00:11:59,530 --> 00:12:05,810
+lenses have one axis and the other axis is
+
+157
+00:12:05,810 --> 00:12:11,210
+perpendicular to it I make a transposition to one
+
+158
+00:12:11,210 --> 00:12:15,190
+of them so the axis becomes united and I add a
+
+159
+00:12:15,190 --> 00:12:18,210
+direct conjugate after that now the third scenario
+
+160
+00:12:18,210 --> 00:12:23,980
+is the most difficultWhen the axis of a sphere and
+
+161
+00:12:23,980 --> 00:12:27,020
+cylindrical lens are different and the angle
+
+162
+00:12:27,020 --> 00:12:32,520
+between them is not 90 degrees We say as follows,
+
+163
+00:12:33,420 --> 00:12:40,700
+for example, minus three spheres plus two
+
+164
+00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:48,960
+cylinders with an axis of 40 degrees and minus one
+
+165
+00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:59,040
+sphereminus half-cylinder axis 80 The axis here
+
+166
+00:12:59,040 --> 00:13:02,020
+and the axis here differ by 40 degrees The
+
+167
+00:13:02,020 --> 00:13:05,420
+distance between them is not 90 degrees, which is
+
+168
+00:13:05,420 --> 00:13:09,040
+the closest to the solution of the problem How do
+
+169
+00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:14,100
+we get the spherical cylindrical lens in this
+
+170
+00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,460
+Of course, there are complicated equations to find
+
+171
+00:13:23,460 --> 00:13:28,420
+the spherocylindrical lens equivalent to two
+
+172
+00:13:28,420 --> 00:13:34,360
+spherocylindrical lenses whose axes differ not by
+
+173
+00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,100
+90 degrees But these equations are complicated,
+
+174
+00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:43,000
+but we can use one of two ways to find the
+
+175
+00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:48,810
+spherocylindrical lens equivalent easilyone of the
+
+176
+00:13:48,810 --> 00:13:52,790
+practical ways is to take the trial frame and
+
+177
+00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:54,890
+place it in the first sphere of cylindrical lens
+
+178
+00:13:54,890 --> 00:14:00,410
+on the axis 40 degrees
+
+179
+00:14:03,210 --> 00:14:06,370
+and then I put in front of it in the same housing
+
+180
+00:14:06,370 --> 00:14:09,070
+in the same place I put in front of it the
+
+181
+00:14:09,070 --> 00:14:14,750
+spherical cylindrical lens on axis 80 it became 40
+
+182
+00:14:14,750 --> 00:14:19,290
+one on axis 40 and one on axis 80 in front of each
+
+183
+00:14:19,290 --> 00:14:23,960
+other and I carry itAnd I put it on the lensmeter
+
+184
+00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:26,380
+device and I measure the strength of the two
+
+185
+00:14:26,380 --> 00:14:29,380
+lenses together, I get exactly the value of the
+
+186
+00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:33,060
+sphere and the cylinder and the new axis of the
+
+187
+00:14:33,060 --> 00:14:35,840
+spherical and cylindrical lens without
+
+188
+00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,120
+overestimating myself, but it is very important
+
+189
+00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:43,100
+when I put these two lensesWhen I put these two
+
+190
+00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:45,740
+lenses, it is very important that the axis does
+
+191
+00:14:45,740 --> 00:14:48,260
+not move, that is, one axis must be at 40 degrees
+
+192
+00:14:48,260 --> 00:14:50,960
+and the other at 80 degrees until it comes out
+
+193
+00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,180
+while moving, I now put the first lens and the
+
+194
+00:14:54,180 --> 00:14:58,200
+second, then I moved them to the lensmeter while
+
+195
+00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,340
+moving to the lensmeter and fixing the trial frame
+
+196
+00:15:01,340 --> 00:15:04,680
+on the lensmeter to read the sphero cylindrical
+
+197
+00:15:04
+
+223
+00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:11,510
+diopter cylinder on axis 123 and 20. One might ask
+
+224
+00:17:11,510 --> 00:17:14,820
+why the axis did not come out between 40 and 80? if
+
+225
+00:17:14,820 --> 00:17:20,160
+we do transposition to high it will give me an 
+
+226
+00:17:20,160 --> 00:17:25,780
+axis between 40 and 80 or it doesn't have to be 
+
+227
+00:17:25,780 --> 00:17:31,600
+according to my calculations in this calculation 
+
+228
+00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,540
+of course according to complicated equations
+
+229
+00:17:34,540 --> 00:17:39,230
+either I use high programs or If I'm having a hard 
+
+230
+00:17:39,230 --> 00:17:43,970
+time or I don't have the ability to use it, I put 
+
+231
+00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:46,370
+the first and second lens, each one according to
+
+232
+00:17:46,370 --> 00:17:50,610
+its axis, and I transfer them directly to the 
+
+233
+00:17:50,610 --> 00:17:53,410
+lensmeter without moving the axis, it will give me
+
+234
+00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:55,430
+a unified reading of both lenses for the
+
+235
+00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:59,970
+corresponding lens. So these are the three 
+
+236
+00:17:59,970 --> 00:18:04,390
+scenarios in the combination of a sphero
+
+237
+00:18:04,390 --> 00:18:08,020
+-cylindrical lens. which is the first thing when
+
+238
+00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:12,280
+the axis is united, second thing when the two axis
+
+239
+00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:14,340
+between them are 90 degrees, I do the
+
+240
+00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,280
+transposition to one, it doesn't matter to whom I 
+
+241
+00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:18,760
+do it, to the first or the second, third thing
+
+242
+00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:21,480
+when the axis is different and the distance 
+
+243
+00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:24,410
+between them or the angle between them not 90
+
+244
+00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:26,690
+degrees, either more than 90 degrees or less than
+
+245
+00:18:26,690 --> 00:18:29,470
+90 degrees, there are two ways to do that, either
+
+246
+00:18:29,470 --> 00:18:32,770
+we put the spherical and cylindrical lenses in the
+
+247
+00:18:32,770 --> 00:18:36,250
+trial frame and we read or we use the programs of
+
+248
+00:18:36,250 --> 00:18:40,050
+the internet, the calculators, which bring me the
+
+249
+00:18:40,050 --> 00:18:45,070
+lens, the spherical and cylindrical lens, which is
+
+250
+00:18:45,070 --> 00:18:47,270
+equivalent, which is equivalent and therefore this
+
+251
+00:18:47,270 --> 00:18:49,550
+is of course the third case, which is not the
+
+252
+00:18:49,550 --> 00:18:53,340
+angle between them 90 degrees they call it
+
+253
+00:18:53,340 --> 00:18:57,920
+combination of cylinders at oblique axis which 
+
+254
+00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:02,100
+means they are not 90 degrees between them and
+
+255
+00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:08,400
+they are not adjacent to each other there is a
+
+256
+00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,820
+last point we want to talk about in this topic we 
+
+257
+00:19:12,820 --> 00:19:15,320
+need to notice that ..
+
+258
+00:19:18,450 --> 00:19:23,610
+the direction of the force is not
+
+259
+00:19:23,610 --> 00:19:28,390
+correct 
+
+260
+00:19:28,390 --> 00:19:34,470
+in other words, we don't think that cylindrical
+
+261
+00:19:34,470 --> 00:19:37,610
+lenses can gather direction forces in other words,
+
+262
+00:19:38,290 --> 00:19:43,390
+when we say that a force acts on zeroAnd the force
+
+263
+00:19:43,390 --> 00:19:47,250
+works at 180 degrees And this force is 1 Newton 
+
+264
+00:19:47,250 --> 00:19:50,850
+And this force is 1 Newton Let's take an example
+
+265
+00:19:50,850 --> 00:19:56,670
+of 
+
+266
+00:19:56,670 --> 00:20:05,370
+that This 
+
+267
+00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:05,810
+is an example 
+
+268
+00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:16,620
+we have a force acting on zero and another force
+
+269
+00:20:16,620 --> 00:20:21,240
+acting on 180 it is supposed that this force and 
+
+270
+00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:23,900
+this force are opposites so if this is one Newton
+
+271
+00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,340
+and this is one Newton then they get zero but in
+
+272
+00:20:27,340 --> 00:20:32,360
+cylinders the cylinder with its axis on zero and
+
+273
+00:20:32,360 --> 00:20:35,780
+the cylinder with its axis on 180 is the same axis 
+
+274
+00:20:35,780 --> 00:20:38,620
+because zero is itself 180 in another meaning 
+
+275
+00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,240
+Let's go to the first scenario, here I say that 
+
+276
+00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:46,860
+the axis is one, but if we assume that the axis
+
+277
+00:20:46,860 --> 00:20:53,630
+here is zero and here the axis is 180 Is there a
+
+278
+00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:55,190
+difference? No, there is no difference, we combine
+
+279
+00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:57,230
+the direct conjugate, the sphere with the sphere, 
+
+280
+00:20:57,570 --> 00:20:59,510
+and the cylinder with the cylinder, and the axis
+
+281
+00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:03,030
+is the same, but we say when the axis is zero, we 
+
+282
+00:21:03,030 --> 00:21:04,770
+write one hundred and eighty, because it is the 
+
+283
+00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:07,650
+same thing, zero is the same as one hundred and 
+
+284
+00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:10,090
+eighty, so when we say for example, another
+
+285
+00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,370
+example, we say plus two, 
+
+286
+00:21:15,790 --> 00:21:19,830
+for example, we say plus one, sphere 
+
+287
+00:21:22,360 --> 00:21:30,060
+plus two cylinders axis zero and for example plus
+
+288
+00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:35,460
+three spheres plus 
+
+289
+00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:42,380
+two cylinders axis one hundred and eighty if I 
+
+290
+00:21:42,380 --> 00:21:44,440
+want to put together a directed group it looks 
+
+291
+00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:47,660
+like zero this way and one hundred and eighty in
+
+292
+00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:53,390
+the opposite direction this is zero and 180 in the
+
+293
+00:21:53,390 --> 00:21:56,990
+opposite direction but this is not allowed in
+
+294
+00:21:56,990 --> 00:22:03,790
+cylinders because zero is equal to 180 so their 
+
+295
+00:22:03,790 --> 00:22:10,290
+sum is direct plus 1 with plus 3 is plus 4 sphere
+
+296
+00:22:10,290 --> 00:22:13,970
+with sphere this is the spherical cylindrical lens
+
+297
+00:22:13,970 --> 00:22:16,910
+of the reciprocal as long as zero is equal to 180
+
+298
+00:22:16,910 --> 00:22:22,390
+I add a direct sum so also plus 4 which is plus two 
+
+299
+00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:25,830
+over plus two and the axis is one hundred and
+
+300
+00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:29,170
+eighty or zero, but we are used to write zero as 
+
+301
+00:22:29,170 --> 00:22:32,030
+zero and one hundred and eighty as zero. This 
+
+302
+00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:34,330
+point makes us say that it is not preferable or
+
+303
+00:22:34,330 --> 00:22:36,530
+does not combine the spherical and cylindrical
+
+304
+00:22:36,530 --> 00:22:42,120
+lenses in a directed way. means that it does not 
+
+305
+00:22:42,120 --> 00:22:45,300
+combine positive integers so the vector addition 
+
+306
+00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:47,460
+in spherical and cylindrical lenses is not allowed 
+
+307
+00:22:47,460 --> 00:22:50,540
+because there are considerations that the zero
+
+308
+00:22:50,540 --> 00:22:54,000
+degree is the same as the zero degree is the same
+
+309
+00:22:54,000 --> 00:23:01,260
+as the zero degree this is how we say طبعا آخر
+
+310
+00:23:01,260 --> 00:23:03,960
+سيناريو اللي بكون oblique axis أنه في عندي
+
+311
+00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:09,260
+computer programs بتشجع فيه أو بتساعدني فيه أن
+
+312
+00:23:09,260 --> 00:23:13,120
+أحسب ال sphere و ال cylindrical lens المكافئة زي
+
+313
+00:23:13,120 --> 00:23:16,440
+ال optic compass و .. ما شبه زي ال optic compass و
+
+314
+00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:21,900
+ما شبه طبعا في برامج كتيرة جدا ل ال combination of 
+
+315
+00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,200
+spherical و cylindrical lenses و بنتوقف عند هذه
+
+316
+00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:28,640
+النقطة و المرة القادمة ان شاء الله هناخد ال
+
+317
+00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,280
+spherical aberration و نعطيكم العافية و السلام
+
+318
+00:23:31,280 --> 00:23:33,420
+عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته 
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/SNwhZDaqSxM_raw.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"segments": [{"id": 1, "seek": 2806, "start": 3.74, "end": 28.06, "text": " بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم اليوم هنحكي عن ال angular magnification نقول find angular magnification for the following magnifiers if viewing distance is 25 cm ال viewing distance مسافة الرؤية اللي بستعمل فيها ال magnifier 25 cm يعني ال object بدي بعيد عن عيني ربع متر و بدي أحط مرة plus 20", "tokens": [4724, 38251, 21984, 34892, 5016, 27842, 34892, 5016, 32640, 45595, 20498, 8032, 1863, 5016, 4117, 1829, 18871, 2423, 24413, 4944, 3774, 8717, 39648, 915, 24413, 4944, 3774, 337, 264, 3480, 4944, 23463, 498, 17480, 4560, 307, 3552, 14668, 2423, 17480, 4560, 47524, 31845, 3660, 34892, 33604, 10632, 13672, 1829, 4724, 14851, 25957, 1211, 8978, 11296, 2423, 4944, 9902, 3552, 14668, 37495, 22653, 2423, 2657, 4724, 16254, 45030, 25708, 18871, 6225, 9957, 1829, 12602, 3555, 3615, 44650, 2288, 4032, 4724, 16254, 5551, 5016, 9566, 3714, 25720, 1804, 945], "avg_logprob": -0.1828835281458768, "compression_ratio": 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As long as the distance of vision is a quarter of a meter, then I want to divide by 4 The equation of angular magnification which is M which is the angular magnification equals the power of the magnifier which is 20 diopters divided by 4 and equals the power plus 20 divided by 4 and equals x5", "tokens": [400, 797, 286, 829, 1804, 7562, 1012, 709, 24413, 4944, 3774, 2314, 365, 385, 30, 1018, 938, 382, 264, 4560, 295, 5201, 307, 257, 6555, 295, 257, 9255, 11, 550, 286, 528, 281, 9845, 538, 1017, 440, 5367, 295, 24413, 4944, 3774, 597, 307, 376, 597, 307, 264, 24413, 4944, 3774, 6915, 264, 1347, 295, 264, 4944, 9902, 597, 307, 945, 1026, 404, 1559, 6666, 538, 1017, 293, 6915, 264, 1347, 1804, 945, 6666, 538, 1017, 293, 6915, 2031, 20], "avg_logprob": -0.4799382774918168, "compression_ratio": 1.876923076923077, "no_speech_prob": 2.086162567138672e-06, "words": [{"start": 28.62, "end": 28.96, "word": " And", "probability": 0.1953125}, {"start": 28.96, "end": 29.38, "word": " again", 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"word": " which", "probability": 0.69775390625}, {"start": 46.4, "end": 46.48, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9384765625}, {"start": 46.48, "end": 46.8, "word": " 20", "probability": 0.8984375}, {"start": 46.8, "end": 47.44, "word": " diopters", "probability": 0.6171061197916666}, {"start": 47.44, "end": 48.02, "word": " divided", "probability": 0.438232421875}, {"start": 48.02, "end": 48.08, "word": " by", "probability": 0.9677734375}, {"start": 48.08, "end": 48.54, "word": " 4", "probability": 0.9169921875}, {"start": 48.54, "end": 49.18, "word": " and", "probability": 0.1917724609375}, {"start": 49.18, "end": 49.72, "word": " equals", "probability": 0.728515625}, {"start": 49.72, "end": 50.82, "word": " the", "probability": 0.477783203125}, {"start": 50.82, "end": 51.12, "word": " power", "probability": 0.89501953125}, {"start": 51.12, "end": 51.52, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.58984375}, {"start": 51.52, "end": 52.08, "word": " 20", "probability": 0.955078125}, {"start": 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أضعاف ال angular height ال angular height إذا هذا بيكبر 5 مرات angular magnification و هذا بيكبر 7 مرات angular magnification و هيك بيكون الحل انتهى و يعطيكم العافية و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته", "tokens": [21292, 25957, 1211, 30767, 995, 2407, 10632, 20449, 6225, 9957, 1829, 1266, 4314, 11933, 15730, 5296, 15042, 4724, 5016, 9566, 23758, 2423, 4944, 9902, 5551, 2304, 10943, 6225, 9957, 1829, 4724, 1829, 9381, 13546, 47525, 1211, 1266, 4314, 5285, 4314, 37495, 22653, 1614, 5551, 11242, 3615, 31845, 2423, 24413, 6681, 2423, 24413, 6681, 11933, 15730, 23758, 4724, 1829, 4117, 26890, 1025, 3714, 2288, 9307, 24413, 4944, 3774, 4032, 23758, 4724, 1829, 4117, 26890, 1614, 3714, 2288, 9307, 24413, 4944, 3774, 4032, 39896, 4117, 4724, 1829, 30544, 21542, 1211, 16472, 47395, 7578, 4032, 37495, 9566, 1829, 24793, 18863, 31845, 10632, 4032, 21136, 37440, 25894, 24793, 4032, 12602, 35571, 3660, 21984, 4032, 26890, 4117, 9307, 3224], "avg_logprob": -0.1254755375177964, "compression_ratio": 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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/SNwhZDaqSxM_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+1
+00:00:03,740 --> 00:00:09,020
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم اليوم هنحكي عن ال angular
+
+2
+00:00:09,020 --> 00:00:13,100
+magnification نقول find angular magnification for
+
+3
+00:00:13,100 --> 00:00:18,100
+the following magnifiers if viewing distance is 25
+
+4
+00:00:18,100 --> 00:00:21,820
+cm ال viewing distance مسافة الرؤية اللي بستعمل
+
+5
+00:00:21,820 --> 00:00:25,160
+فيها ال magnifier 25 cm يعني ال object بدي بعيد عن
+
+6
+00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:29,960
+عيني ربع متر و بدي أحط مرة plus 20 And again I put
+
+7
+00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:33,740
+plus 28 How much angular magnification happens
+
+8
+00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:36,440
+with me? As long as the distance of vision is a
+
+9
+00:00:36,440 --> 00:00:39,000
+quarter of a meter, then I want to divide by 4 The
+
+10
+00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:42,700
+equation of angular magnification which is M which
+
+11
+00:00:42,700 --> 00:00:45,280
+is the angular magnification equals the power of
+
+12
+00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:48,540
+the magnifier which is 20 diopters divided by 4
+
+13
+00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:54,000
+and equals the power plus 20 divided by 4 and
+
+14
+00:00:54,000 --> 00:01:00,990
+equals x5X5 يعني هيصير يعمل زاوية معيني خمس أضعاف
+
+15
+00:01:00,990 --> 00:01:04,750
+الزاوية اللي كان يعملها ال object نفسه قبل ما
+
+16
+00:01:04,750 --> 00:01:09,010
+أستعمل ال magnifier لو أنا كنت بتطلع على شمعة و
+
+17
+00:01:09,010 --> 00:01:13,330
+هاد الشمعة من قمتها لأسفل هتعمل معيني زاوية عشرة
+
+18
+00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:17,970
+degree و حطيت هذا ال magnifier هتصير تعمل خمسين
+
+19
+00:01:17,970 --> 00:01:22,290
+degree بدل العشرة degree يعني بمعنى هتكبر أو يضعف
+
+20
+00:01:22,290 --> 00:01:26,370
+الزاوية اللي بتعملها معيني خمس أضعاف Now for the
+
+21
+00:01:26,370 --> 00:01:30,190
+other magnifier, we want to see the angular
+
+22
+00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:31,670
+magnification, which is the same as the distance
+
+23
+00:01:31,670 --> 00:01:33,490
+of vision, which is a quarter of a meter, then the
+
+24
+00:01:33,490 --> 00:01:39,610
+power over four is equal to28 divided by 4 is
+
+25
+00:01:39,610 --> 00:01:45,210
+equal to x7 So this magnifier amplifies the angle
+
+26
+00:01:45,210 --> 00:01:48,790
+of the object that I'm looking at Of course it
+
+27
+00:01:48,790 --> 00:01:50,670
+amplifies the angle when I put it in front of my
+
+28
+00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:54,230
+eye, it amplifies it 7 times So if the candle or
+
+29
+00:01:54,230 --> 00:01:59,690
+the object that I'm looking at is 25 cm away from
+
+30
+00:01:59,690 --> 00:02:04,410
+meبيعمل زاوية مع عيني 10 degree إذا لما بحط هذا ال
+
+31
+00:02:04,410 --> 00:02:08,530
+magnifier أمام عيني بيصير بدل 10 degree 70 degree
+
+32
+00:02:08,530 --> 00:02:12,690
+يعني 7 أضعاف ال angular height ال angular height
+
+33
+00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:15,930
+إذا هذا بيكبر 5 مرات angular magnification و هذا
+
+34
+00:02:15,930 --> 00:02:19,910
+بيكبر 7 مرات angular magnification و هيك بيكون
+
+35
+00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:22,870
+الحل انتهى و يعطيكم العافية و السلام عليكم و رحمة
+
+36
+00:02:22,870 --> 00:02:24,230
+الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/W_Gh7bLQzT4_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1568 @@
+1
+00:00:01,840 --> 00:00:03,040
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,660 --> 00:00:07,300
+We will continue the lectures on Geometric Optics.
+
+3
+00:00:07,880 --> 00:00:11,660
+And we said that photography through pinhole,
+
+4
+00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:14,780
+there is an interference between the images of the
+
+5
+00:00:14,780 --> 00:00:17,140
+points because their size is larger than the
+
+6
+00:00:17,140 --> 00:00:21,600
+point. And that the only way to get a stigmatic or
+
+7
+00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:28,300
+perfect image is to use an optical system.it gives
+
+8
+00:00:28,300 --> 00:00:31,460
+me the picture of any point in the object to be a
+
+9
+00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:34,520
+point, so that there is no interference between
+
+10
+00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:36,840
+the pictures of the adjacent points and thus the
+
+11
+00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:42,660
+picture looks like the object by 100% Also, the
+
+12
+00:00:42,660 --> 00:00:47,060
+loss of qualityوالتفاصيل بيحدث في العدسات وفي
+
+13
+00:00:47,060 --> 00:00:51,380
+المرايا Loss of detail occurs in lens and mirror
+
+14
+00:00:51,380 --> 00:00:55,280
+imaging as well because light from an object point
+
+15
+00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:58,480
+is distributed over a region of the image rather
+
+16
+00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:04,860
+than being confined to a perfect image point أيضا
+
+17
+00:01:04,860 --> 00:01:10,870
+الصورة اللي بتتكون بواسطة العدسات والمراياIt also
+
+18
+00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:14,250
+means that it lacks some details, that is, it is
+
+19
+00:01:14,250 --> 00:01:18,090
+not clear or similar to the object by 100% or its
+
+20
+00:01:18,090 --> 00:01:21,590
+quality by 100% The reason is that from any object
+
+21
+00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:24,110
+point, from any point in the object, if we say
+
+22
+00:01:24,110 --> 00:01:28,470
+from point A for example, what is the condition of
+
+23
+00:01:28,470 --> 00:01:31,470
+the picture? It is a space from the light, of
+
+24
+00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:34,250
+course, a space not a circle, I can't call it a
+
+25
+00:01:34,250 --> 00:01:37,850
+Blair circle, nor an ellipse, by the wayI call it
+
+26
+00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:39,930
+Blair ellipse, because it is an irregular and
+
+27
+00:01:39,930 --> 00:01:43,230
+random space, of course much smaller than the size
+
+28
+00:01:43,230 --> 00:01:48,150
+of the Blair circle made by the pinhole, in other
+
+29
+00:01:48,150 --> 00:01:50,150
+words, the interference is less and the picture is
+
+30
+00:01:50,150 --> 00:01:52,590
+much better than the picture of the pinhole, and
+
+31
+00:01:52,590 --> 00:01:58,010
+yet there is some interference and therefore the
+
+32
+00:01:58,010 --> 00:02:01,940
+quality of the picture is not 100%Of course, what
+
+33
+00:02:01,940 --> 00:02:04,920
+is the reason that the quality is not 100% because
+
+34
+00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,400
+the rays coming from any point in the object, if
+
+35
+00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:10,800
+we say from point A, and this applies to all
+
+36
+00:02:10,800 --> 00:02:13,360
+points of the object, but we will take point A in
+
+37
+00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:17,140
+the object as an example, we say the rays coming
+
+38
+00:02:17,140 --> 00:02:20,000
+from it, which entered the lens, which broke and
+
+39
+00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,860
+gathered to form a condition which is the shape of
+
+40
+00:02:22,860 --> 00:02:26,410
+AWhat are the conditions that made it to a certain
+
+41
+00:02:26,410 --> 00:02:29,150
+area in the picture? What are the conditions that
+
+42
+00:02:29,150 --> 00:02:32,770
+made this area work? Of course, it insisted a lot
+
+43
+00:02:32,770 --> 00:02:34,910
+on the player circle topic, which we said that the
+
+44
+00:02:34,910 --> 00:02:36,710
+diameter of the player circle is about 2
+
+45
+00:02:36,710 --> 00:02:42,170
+millimeters in our experienceوطبعا أصغر بكثير يعني
+
+46
+00:02:42,170 --> 00:02:46,030
+التداخل أقل بين A شرطة وB شرطة وC شرطة وما إلى ذلك
+
+47
+00:02:46,030 --> 00:02:50,150
+ومع ذلك يوجد نوع من التداخل الان A شرطة اللي هي
+
+48
+00:02:50,150 --> 00:02:54,030
+صورة A متعرجة جدا ماقدرش أسميها Blair Circle لإن
+
+49
+00:02:54,030 --> 00:02:57,430
+لا ينطبق عليها كلمة Blair Circle شوفوا احنا
+
+50
+00:02:57,430 --> 00:03:05,030
+هنسميها أيش بعد قليل بعد قليل طيب احنا بنقولIn the
+
+51
+00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:07,590
+normal situation or in the ideal situation, let's
+
+52
+00:03:07,590 --> 00:03:10,910
+say in the ideal situation, we imagine that the
+
+53
+00:03:10,910 --> 00:03:14,010
+object is one point, which is of course an
+
+54
+00:03:14,010 --> 00:03:16,970
+infinite number of points, but we imagine that one
+
+55
+00:03:16,970 --> 00:03:20,830
+point is A, and that the rays started from A in
+
+56
+00:03:20,830 --> 00:03:23,530
+all directions, turned in it, turned in the part
+
+57
+00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:26,210
+that came from point A, which is a point in the
+
+58
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:32,910
+objectودخل العدسة مفروض في الوضع المثالي انه يتجمع
+
+59
+00:03:32,910 --> 00:03:37,450
+على ورقة التلقي بشكل نقطة يعني اي شرطة نقطة زي ما
+
+60
+00:03:37,450 --> 00:03:41,690
+هي اي نقطة ساعتها بيستمش اي تداخل بين صور النقاط
+
+61
+00:03:41,690 --> 00:03:44,970
+ونقول هذه a stigmatic image يعني ع ورقة التلقي
+
+62
+00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:48,170
+Paper of acceptance, what is the condition of a
+
+63
+00:03:48,170 --> 00:03:49,970
+point? Of course you notice that here is a circle,
+
+64
+00:03:50,150 --> 00:03:54,410
+of course I couldn't draw it as a circle, as a
+
+65
+00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:57,810
+point, excuse me, and what I drew was a circle,
+
+66
+00:03:57,870 --> 00:03:59,910
+but it is a point, here we have to imagine that it
+
+67
+00:03:59,910 --> 00:04:02,710
+is a point, if this exemplary situation exists, if
+
+68
+00:04:02,710 --> 00:04:06,510
+this optical system existsIt gives me quality of
+
+69
+00:04:06,510 --> 00:04:08,790
+the image one hundred percent, which means perfect
+
+70
+00:04:08,790 --> 00:04:12,290
+image, the image is considered to be original to
+
+71
+00:04:12,290 --> 00:04:15,670
+the object without losing any details But what
+
+72
+00:04:15,670 --> 00:04:20,570
+really happens is that the rays that ..It came
+
+73
+00:04:20,570 --> 00:04:22,810
+from what? It was a fortune to enter this optical
+
+74
+00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:25,730
+system, it doesn't gather in one point of focus,
+
+75
+00:04:26,030 --> 00:04:28,150
+it doesn't happen by reading it or by gathering it
+
+76
+00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:32,770
+in one place, but it gathers and intersects in a
+
+77
+00:04:32,770 --> 00:04:35,070
+closer place or a weaker place or the highest
+
+78
+00:04:35,070 --> 00:04:37,290
+place it gathers in, we don't say here, we say
+
+79
+00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:40,810
+herein this area here if we click on the picture
+
+80
+00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:43,710
+we will find an A picture which is a random,
+
+81
+00:04:45,350 --> 00:04:49,130
+simple, simple shape much smaller than the layer
+
+82
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:50,850
+circle that we talked about in the topic of the
+
+83
+00:04:50,850 --> 00:04:53,510
+pinhole if of course the conditions of the lens
+
+84
+00:04:53,510 --> 00:04:55,010
+experience and the conditions of the pinhole
+
+85
+00:04:55,010 --> 00:04:56,670
+experience are unified what does unified mean? it
+
+86
+00:04:56,670 --> 00:04:58,990
+means that we used the same object and the same
+
+87
+00:04:58,990 --> 00:05:01,610
+distance that the pinhole put on it the same
+
+88
+00:05:01,610 --> 00:05:02,850
+distance that the lens put on it and the same
+
+89
+00:05:02,850 --> 00:05:06,110
+distance of the reception paper so here one foot
+
+90
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:13,300
+And here one foot So, the size or the area of the
+
+91
+00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:18,520
+A-sharp is approximately from 50 micron to 100
+
+92
+00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:21,200
+micron in diameter, but here it's from one
+
+93
+00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:23,360
+millimeter to two millimetersTo know the
+
+94
+00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:25,200
+difference, the milli is 1000 microns, which means
+
+95
+00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:28,200
+in the case of pinhole from 1000 to 2000 microns,
+
+96
+00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,280
+while here from 50 to 100 microns, which means
+
+97
+00:05:31,280 --> 00:05:35,280
+much smaller than a condition through the lens
+
+98
+00:05:35,280 --> 00:05:39,420
+than through the pinhole, of course the pinhole is
+
+99
+00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:42,760
+not drawn from it, so when the size of the point
+
+100
+00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,330
+is smallerIts interference with other points is
+
+101
+00:05:46,330 --> 00:05:50,170
+less, so the picture is better But to get a 100%
+
+102
+00:05:50,170 --> 00:05:52,210
+picture, there should not be any interference at
+
+103
+00:05:52,210 --> 00:05:55,590
+all between picture A which is A condition and
+
+104
+00:05:55,590 --> 00:05:57,990
+picture B which is B condition and C condition and
+
+105
+00:05:57,990 --> 00:06:00,590
+D condition and E condition and so on When there
+
+106
+00:06:00,590 --> 00:06:06,050
+is no interference, the picture is 100% similar to
+
+107
+00:06:06,050 --> 00:06:08,850
+the object Of course, this happens because picture
+
+108
+00:06:08,850 --> 00:06:11,670
+A condition .. picture A which is A condition is a
+
+109
+00:06:11,670 --> 00:06:16,540
+pointpoint image with point B and point C when
+
+110
+00:06:16,540 --> 00:06:19,980
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+111
+00:06:19,980 --> 00:06:23,340
+point B and
+
+112
+00:06:23,340 --> 00:06:25,180
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+113
+00:06:25,180 --> 00:06:27,320
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+114
+00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:28,300
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+115
+00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:28,900
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+116
+00:06:28,900 --> 00:06:29,060
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+117
+00:06:29,060 --> 00:06:30,240
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+118
+00:06:30,240 --> 00:06:32,340
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+119
+00:06:32,340 --> 00:06:34,720
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+120
+00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,780
+they reach point B and point C when they reach
+
+121
+00:06:37,780 --> 00:06:40,340
+point B and point C when they reach point B and
+
+122
+00:06:40,340 --> 00:06:41,260
+point C when they reach point B and point C when
+
+123
+00:06:41,260 --> 00:06:42,640
+point C when they reach point B and point Cو ممكن
+
+124
+00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,920
+تكون أكبر من ذلك وصولة لمائة ميقرومتر هذا التصوير
+
+125
+00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:50,780
+بواسطة العدسات طبعا حتى لو تصورنا أنها عشرة
+
+126
+00:06:50,780 --> 00:06:53,740
+ميقرومتر، هذي مش نقطة، دي أكبر بكثير من النقطة
+
+127
+00:06:53,740 --> 00:06:57,760
+This is better than a typical pinholebut the shape
+
+128
+00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:01,720
+of the spot is very irregular ال spot اللي هي صورة
+
+129
+00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:05,040
+النقطة صورة A اللي هي A شرطة او صورة B اللي هي B
+
+130
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:09,640
+شرطة شكلها very irregular .. very irregular اذا
+
+131
+00:07:09,640 --> 00:07:13,000
+مصطلح player circle مينفعش لكن احنا في .. في .. في
+
+132
+00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:17,120
+تجربة البنهول قلنا player circle لأنه فعلا بيعطيني
+
+133
+00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:24,000
+عبارة عن spot بشكل دائري او بشكل بيضاوي فبسميها
+
+134
+00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:26,400
+player circle او player ellipse
+
+135
+00:07:31,440 --> 00:07:36,300
+طب إيش أطلق عليها؟ إذا the term player circle is
+
+136
+00:07:36,300 --> 00:07:39,140
+especially misleading when applied to lenses and
+
+137
+00:07:39,140 --> 00:07:43,000
+mirrors بقدرش أستعمله لما أنا أستعمل العدسات أو
+
+138
+00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:46,660
+المرايا وإنما بدأ أستعمل مصطلح تاني غير ال player
+
+139
+00:07:46,660 --> 00:07:50,720
+circle عشان أسمي فيه صور نقاط ال object عشان أسمي
+
+140
+00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:55,080
+فيه صور نقاط ال object a better term is point
+
+141
+00:07:55,080 --> 00:07:59,670
+spread function احنا هنختار اسم ..to this shape,
+
+142
+00:07:59,770 --> 00:08:03,270
+we have to say the sign of the point's spread When
+
+143
+00:08:03,270 --> 00:08:06,330
+we say the sign of the point's spread, the sign of
+
+144
+00:08:06,330 --> 00:08:09,450
+the point's spread, it doesn't go to our mind or
+
+145
+00:08:09,450 --> 00:08:13,430
+our mind to the mathematical circles Scene, sign,
+
+146
+00:08:13,610 --> 00:08:15,770
+economy, etc. No, that's not what we mean The sign
+
+147
+00:08:15,770 --> 00:08:18,070
+of the point's spread means the shape that
+
+148
+00:08:18,070 --> 00:08:22,410
+indicates to me the way of the radiation that is
+
+149
+00:08:22,410 --> 00:08:28,330
+coming from point Aوانتشرت في سطح ال image واحتلت
+
+150
+00:08:28,330 --> 00:08:35,450
+جزء من سطح ال image وانتشرت
+
+151
+00:08:35,450 --> 00:08:47,730
+في سطح ال image واحتلت جزء من سطح ال image وانتشرت
+
+152
+00:08:47,730 --> 00:08:51,150
+في سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+153
+00:08:51,150 --> 00:08:51,870
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+154
+00:08:51,870 --> 00:08:52,530
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+155
+00:08:52,530 --> 00:08:53,050
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+156
+00:08:53,050 --> 00:08:54,770
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطح ال image وانتشرت في
+
+157
+00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:56,690
+سطح ال image وانتشرت في سطحwhich described هذه
+
+158
+00:08:56,690 --> 00:09:00,230
+point spread function ده اللي تنتشر النقطة بتوصفلي
+
+159
+00:09:00,230 --> 00:09:04,090
+the way الطريقة اللي light from a single object
+
+160
+00:09:04,090 --> 00:09:07,990
+point is spread out in the image يعني كيف انتشر
+
+161
+00:09:07,990 --> 00:09:10,970
+على سطح ال image و إيش الموقع اللي احتله و الشكل
+
+162
+00:09:10,970 --> 00:09:14,490
+اللي احتله و المساحة اللي احتلها بتعريجها بكل
+
+163
+00:09:14,490 --> 00:09:19,430
+أمورها طبعا هذا نحكي على point واحدة و هذا بينطبق
+
+164
+00:09:19,430 --> 00:09:25,190
+على جميع ال points يعني كل صورةكل صورة لنقطة تعتبر
+
+165
+00:09:25,190 --> 00:09:29,130
+دالة انتشار الضوء القادم من هذه النقطة كل صورة
+
+166
+00:09:29,130 --> 00:09:34,590
+لنقطة هي صورة لنقطةها احنا قلنا هذه النقطة هنسميها
+
+167
+00:09:34,590 --> 00:09:38,620
+ايه وصورتها هنسميها اي شرطةOkay, what is the
+
+168
+00:09:38,620 --> 00:09:40,420
+condition if I want to describe it scientifically,
+
+169
+00:09:40,540 --> 00:09:42,320
+I say what is the condition? It is the point
+
+170
+00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:46,400
+spread function of A What does point spread
+
+171
+00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,840
+function of A mean? It means the way in which the
+
+172
+00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:53,960
+light came from A and spread over the surface of
+
+173
+00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:56,040
+the target Is it spread in a system? No, it did
+
+174
+00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:58,800
+not spread in a system, it spread in an irregular
+
+175
+00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:02,620
+way with high limits in the high region from the
+
+176
+00:10:02,620 --> 00:10:05,260
+surface of the target paper .. from the surface of
+
+177
+00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:13,030
+the target paperThis is a simulation more clearly
+
+178
+00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:15,710
+of the idea that we are talking about, meaning
+
+179
+00:10:15,710 --> 00:10:17,690
+that from one of the points, light spread in this
+
+180
+00:10:17,690 --> 00:10:21,270
+way I can't say it's white, because there is a
+
+181
+00:10:21,270 --> 00:10:23,270
+percentage of oxidation, here the oxidation is
+
+182
+00:10:23,270 --> 00:10:28,950
+morepoint spread function for light came from
+
+183
+00:10:28,950 --> 00:10:31,930
+another point here point spread function for light
+
+184
+00:10:31,930 --> 00:10:34,990
+came from a third point from a third point of
+
+185
+00:10:34,990 --> 00:10:37,550
+course the measurements are in micrometer
+
+186
+00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:40,670
+measurements are in micrometer you might wonder
+
+187
+00:10:40,670 --> 00:10:44,930
+now I see colors there are red colors, yellow
+
+188
+00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:48,110
+colors, green colors, blue colors, purple colors
+
+189
+00:10:48,110 --> 00:10:53,030
+this shows this shows the colorsthe amount of
+
+190
+00:10:53,030 --> 00:10:57,430
+radiation or the amount of energy that reached the
+
+191
+00:10:57,430 --> 00:11:00,390
+surface in this point, in this area, it differs
+
+192
+00:11:00,390 --> 00:11:02,650
+from it in this area, that is, here centrally the
+
+193
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:04,890
+red color indicates that the energy is large and
+
+194
+00:11:04,890 --> 00:11:06,650
+on the edges of the energy less, that is, these
+
+195
+00:11:06,650 --> 00:11:09,730
+colors have to do with matter and particles,
+
+196
+00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:12,590
+physical optics, but we have a relationship in
+
+197
+00:11:12,590 --> 00:11:15,750
+that what are the spatial dimensions and what is
+
+198
+00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:18,670
+the area and what are the limits of images of each
+
+199
+00:11:18,670 --> 00:11:20,730
+point, if we imagine for example what is this
+
+200
+00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:24,020
+conditionand this is b condition and this is c
+
+201
+00:11:24,020 --> 00:11:28,120
+condition and we apply this to all objects no
+
+202
+00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:31,260
+matter how small they are in size and this area
+
+203
+00:11:31,260 --> 00:11:33,440
+which is the point spread function this is what
+
+204
+00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:36,520
+spreads the point or the image of the point if we
+
+205
+00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:39,420
+simply say it, we say image of the point if we say
+
+206
+00:11:39,420 --> 00:11:42,540
+it in a scientific way, we say the way that spread
+
+207
+00:11:43,300 --> 00:11:48,040
+بها الضوء القادم من نقطة على سطح ال image و الموقع
+
+208
+00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,900
+اللي احتلوه بمعنى آخر دالة انتشار الضوء القادم من
+
+209
+00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:55,600
+نقطة ما من ال object هي صورة هذه النقطة دالة
+
+210
+00:11:55,600 --> 00:12:01,750
+انتشار دالة انتشار الضوء القادم من نقطة ماOn the
+
+211
+00:12:01,750 --> 00:12:05,350
+surface of the image is the picture of this point,
+
+212
+00:12:05,530 --> 00:12:08,930
+is the picture of this point Of course, although
+
+213
+00:12:08,930 --> 00:12:11,270
+the sizes are small or the spaces are small,
+
+214
+00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,810
+because there is some interference and this makes
+
+215
+00:12:14,810 --> 00:12:17,450
+the picture lose some details, it's true it's
+
+216
+00:12:17,450 --> 00:12:22,050
+worse than the picture of pinhole, but .. but I
+
+217
+00:12:22,050 --> 00:12:26,290
+have a kind of interferenceand this speech leads
+
+218
+00:12:26,290 --> 00:12:33,850
+to lack of details and quality to summarize
+
+219
+00:12:33,850 --> 00:12:40,290
+everythingA stigmatic image is a perfect point
+
+220
+00:12:40,290 --> 00:12:43,990
+image of an object point يعني الصورة اللي هي طبق
+
+221
+00:12:43,990 --> 00:12:48,170
+الأصل لازم تعطيني لكل object point image point
+
+222
+00:12:48,170 --> 00:12:52,590
+عبارة عن point however in most cases في غالب
+
+223
+00:12:52,590 --> 00:12:57,520
+الأحيان images are not stigmatic insteadlight from
+
+224
+00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:01,420
+a single object point is distributed over a small
+
+225
+00:13:01,420 --> 00:13:04,900
+region of the image this small region I can call
+
+226
+00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:09,120
+it layer circle in the case of pinhole or better
+
+227
+00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:12,840
+to call it point spread function point spread
+
+228
+00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:20,080
+function if we want to giveThe image formed by an
+
+229
+00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:24,140
+optical system is the spatial summation of the
+
+230
+00:13:24,140 --> 00:13:29,270
+point spread functions for every object pointabout
+
+231
+00:13:29,270 --> 00:13:32,010
+a condition plus b condition plus c condition plus
+
+232
+00:13:32,010 --> 00:13:33,830
+d condition which is the picture of the point of
+
+233
+00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:36,390
+the object in a set of pictures of the point of
+
+234
+00:13:36,390 --> 00:13:38,750
+the object, we said that each point picture is
+
+235
+00:13:38,750 --> 00:13:41,090
+considered the point spread function of the light
+
+236
+00:13:41,090 --> 00:13:44,090
+that came from this point so the image in a set is
+
+237
+00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:48,110
+the set of point spread functions the empty set
+
+238
+00:13:48,110 --> 00:13:53,390
+the empty set of point spread function for every
+
+239
+00:13:53,390 --> 00:13:57,720
+object pointLight spreads in a way that comes from
+
+240
+00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:01,100
+A and spreads in a way that differs from it coming
+
+241
+00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:04,800
+from B and spreads in a way that differs from them
+
+242
+00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,480
+both coming from C so A condition which is point
+
+243
+00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:10,840
+spread function to A and B condition which is
+
+244
+00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,600
+point spread function to B and C condition which
+
+245
+00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,100
+is point spread function to C in their set they
+
+246
+00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:21,280
+form the image so the image must be identified as
+
+247
+00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:24,060
+the spatial summation
+
+248
+00:14:26,180 --> 00:14:30,160
+Special summation of the point spread functions
+
+249
+00:14:30,160 --> 00:14:34,580
+for every object
+
+250
+00:14:34,580 --> 00:14:41,040
+point The amount of
+
+251
+00:14:41,040 --> 00:14:46,240
+detail in an imageis related to the size of the
+
+252
+00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,620
+player circle or point spread function for each
+
+253
+00:14:49,620 --> 00:14:50,480
+object point
+
+254
+00:15:00,450 --> 00:15:03,310
+The smaller the point spread function, the better
+
+255
+00:15:03,310 --> 00:15:06,390
+the resemblance between object and image The
+
+256
+00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:14,870
+smaller the point spread function, the better the
+
+257
+00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:29,430
+resemblance between object and
+
+258
+00:15:29,430 --> 00:15:33,700
+imageWe come now to give an introduction to the
+
+259
+00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:38,300
+following topic, which is light propagation And we
+
+260
+00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:40,840
+will talk about the propagation of light, and we
+
+261
+00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:45,380
+will talk about optical media and about refractive
+
+262
+00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:49,490
+index which is the factor of refractionبنقول مقدمة
+
+263
+00:15:49,490 --> 00:15:52,850
+انو light travels through a variety of materials
+
+264
+00:15:52,850 --> 00:15:56,970
+such as air, glass, plastics, liquids, crystals,
+
+265
+00:15:57,630 --> 00:16:01,610
+some biological tissues, the vacuum of space and
+
+266
+00:16:01,610 --> 00:16:08,790
+even some metals يعني الضوء بيسري عبر مواد كتيرة
+
+267
+00:16:08,790 --> 00:16:14,600
+مثل الهواءالزجاج، بعض أنواع ال plastic، بعض
+
+268
+00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:21,040
+السوائل، بعض البلورات، بعض الأنسجة الحيوية، وحنحكي
+
+269
+00:16:21,040 --> 00:16:25,350
+أمثلة على ذلك، أيضا يسر الضوء في الفراغI mean
+
+270
+00:16:25,350 --> 00:16:28,390
+without the presence of air in the vacuum And also
+
+271
+00:16:28,390 --> 00:16:31,410
+sometimes there are some types of metals that
+
+272
+00:16:31,410 --> 00:16:34,650
+absorb light In order to see this process or not
+
+273
+00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:37,610
+to be surprised by it, we show some pictures Here
+
+274
+00:16:37,610 --> 00:16:42,050
+we have the candlelight Here we can imagine that
+
+275
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:46,090
+there is a room with four walls The wall that we
+
+276
+00:16:46,090 --> 00:16:48,990
+like is raised so that we can see what is
+
+277
+00:16:48,990 --> 00:16:52,890
+happening Every substance in life is called
+
+278
+00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,840
+materialEach substance in life is called material
+
+279
+00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:03,960
+But when this substance, for example glass and for
+
+280
+00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:07,520
+example wood for example and this is half
+
+281
+00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:10,860
+transparent glass Glass goes through light, which
+
+282
+00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:13,600
+means that if someone stands here, he will see the
+
+283
+00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:15,600
+candle and it will light up and reach the light,
+
+284
+00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:18,960
+why? Because glass flows through air, which is the
+
+285
+00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:25,320
+air of the room, then flows through glassThen it
+
+286
+00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,820
+flows again through the air and reaches the person
+
+287
+00:17:30,820 --> 00:17:33,860
+who notices this picture So it flows through the
+
+288
+00:17:33,860 --> 00:17:38,700
+air and through the glass Okay, so glass is a
+
+289
+00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:41,680
+material, but I also call it optical medium, or in
+
+290
+00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:45,860
+short I call it mediumNow the wood for example,
+
+291
+00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:49,480
+the wood is painted white, if a person stands
+
+292
+00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:51,340
+behind the wood, he will not notice the light
+
+293
+00:17:51,340 --> 00:17:54,720
+because the light shines on the wood or the wooden
+
+294
+00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:58,300
+wall and reflects or the cement wall, whether it
+
+295
+00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:03,540
+is a real wall or a wooden wall or a gypsum board
+
+296
+00:18:03,540 --> 00:18:05,720
+or something similar, he will not see standing
+
+297
+00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,040
+behind him the light of the candle, thereforeهدا
+
+298
+00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:12,180
+بتسمى material بس مابسميهوش medium يعني medium
+
+299
+00:18:12,180 --> 00:18:16,440
+لإنه وسط بصري معناته لازم ينفذ الضوء طالما هدا
+
+300
+00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:19,920
+مانفدش الضوء بيسموه opaque معتم بيتسمى material
+
+301
+00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:23,680
+هدا material و هدا material بينما هدا أيضا إله اسم
+
+302
+00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:26,920
+تاني medium وسط بصري لإنه بنفذ الضوء و هدا
+
+303
+00:18:26,920 --> 00:18:33,840
+مابتسماش وسط بصريNow, the frosted glass, the glass
+
+304
+00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:37,120
+that is frozen or that is completely frozen, they
+
+305
+00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:40,060
+call it translucent, half transparent, it emits
+
+306
+00:18:40,060 --> 00:18:43,060
+some light, which means that if a person stands
+
+307
+00:18:43,060 --> 00:18:44,940
+behind it, he sees the glow of the candle,
+
+308
+00:18:45,060 --> 00:18:46,980
+although he doesn't see itOr they see the light of
+
+309
+00:18:46,980 --> 00:18:49,000
+the candle, but they don't see it clearly, but
+
+310
+00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,540
+some light reaches it, which means that the light
+
+311
+00:18:51,540 --> 00:18:54,000
+carried it, which I also call optical medium It's
+
+312
+00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:55,880
+not a condition that the optical medium is higher
+
+313
+00:18:55,880 --> 00:18:59,100
+than the purity The important thing is that this
+
+314
+00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:02,160
+wall, which is translucent, half transparent,
+
+315
+00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:06,350
+carried the light, which is also a mediumوهدا
+
+316
+00:19:06,350 --> 00:19:10,430
+medium، كلهم material، بس هذا بسميهوش medium، هذا
+
+317
+00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:14,910
+بسميهوش medium، اذا كل medium هي material، بينما
+
+318
+00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:18,950
+ليس كل material هي medium، بعض ال materials بتكونش
+
+319
+00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:20,190
+أوساط بصرية
+
+320
+00:19:23,450 --> 00:19:25,910
+This is a picture of a diver in the lake, it's
+
+321
+00:19:25,910 --> 00:19:28,910
+clear that here, you see, there are two boats of
+
+322
+00:19:28,910 --> 00:19:31,610
+light in the water, two boats of light in the
+
+323
+00:19:31,610 --> 00:19:33,370
+water, of course, the goal is not to look at this
+
+324
+00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:37,450
+marine plant, but that the light is in .. I mean,
+
+325
+00:19:37,550 --> 00:19:40,050
+it's clear that the light rays are two boats in
+
+326
+00:19:40,050 --> 00:19:43,250
+the water of the sea, so the light flows through
+
+327
+00:19:43,250 --> 00:19:46,110
+some liquids, whether it's fresh water or salt
+
+328
+00:19:46,110 --> 00:19:49,910
+water or alcohol or many liquids, the light flows
+
+329
+00:19:49,910 --> 00:19:54,220
+through themWater, water is considered an optical
+
+330
+00:19:54,220 --> 00:19:58,180
+medium, meaning optical media Also the eye, we
+
+331
+00:19:58,180 --> 00:20:00,500
+said that it shoots light through biological
+
+332
+00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:03,720
+tissues, this is a biological tissue, why? Because
+
+333
+00:20:03,720 --> 00:20:07,780
+of relativity The crystalline lens is a biological
+
+334
+00:20:07,780 --> 00:20:13,240
+tissue The vitreous gel is also a specific type of
+
+335
+00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:15,360
+tissue and sometimes it turns into liquid
+
+336
+00:20:18,660 --> 00:20:21,380
+The light travels through all these fibers and
+
+337
+00:20:21,380 --> 00:20:24,380
+liquids, of course, also the liquid in the front
+
+338
+00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:26,760
+chamber, which is the aqueous humor, travels
+
+339
+00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:28,860
+through the light, and if it wasn't that the light
+
+340
+00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:31,920
+travels through these fibers and vital liquids, we
+
+341
+00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:33,420
+wouldn't have reached the network and we wouldn't
+
+342
+00:20:33,420 --> 00:20:37,700
+have been able to see the pictures or enjoy the
+
+343
+00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:41,320
+world, the pictures of the world around us or the
+
+344
+00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:46,170
+visual field that surrounds usThe issue of light
+
+345
+00:20:46,170 --> 00:20:48,190
+absorption in plastic, some types of transparent
+
+346
+00:20:48,190 --> 00:20:50,510
+plastic, like transparent nylon bags, also light
+
+347
+00:20:50,510 --> 00:20:52,810
+passes through them, indicating that if a person
+
+348
+00:20:52,810 --> 00:20:55,970
+puts a piece of this transparent nylon in front of
+
+349
+00:20:55,970 --> 00:21:02,110
+him and looks through it, he sees many things,
+
+350
+00:21:02,430 --> 00:21:04,030
+that is, things that are obstructed and even
+
+351
+00:21:04,030 --> 00:21:06,430
+objects that are obstructed and reflected, that
+
+352
+00:21:06,430 --> 00:21:08,550
+is, he can see things, and we also said that it is
+
+353
+00:21:08,550 --> 00:21:11,170
+not necessary to be 100% clear, the important
+
+354
+00:21:11,170 --> 00:21:13,680
+thing is that lightit exhales through this ..
+
+355
+00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:17,160
+these types of plastic Also there are other
+
+356
+00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:20,680
+elements like silicon Silicon is considered one of
+
+357
+00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:22,940
+the most similar elements in oil and also light
+
+358
+00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:25,920
+emanates through it whether it is silicon which is
+
+359
+00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:31,100
+the dough or liquid or solid silicon regardless of
+
+360
+00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,560
+its appearance Even in some networks operations
+
+361
+00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:38,320
+and network disconnections, silicon oil is usedin
+
+362
+00:21:38,320 --> 00:21:41,600
+order to replace the glass liquid or vitreous and
+
+363
+00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:46,940
+this is the silicon oil for the silicon oil if it
+
+364
+00:21:46,940 --> 00:21:49,280
+absorbs light, the patients will not be able to
+
+365
+00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800
+use it because in the end it will lead to the
+
+366
+00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,060
+light not reaching the retina and consequently the
+
+367
+00:21:54,060 --> 00:21:57,600
+person will not be able to see if this is not a
+
+368
+00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,060
+middle of the eyeSo, all these examples are
+
+369
+00:22:00,060 --> 00:22:05,740
+considered visual means that carry out light So, a
+
+370
+00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:09,780
+medium is any material that transmits light So,
+
+371
+00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,200
+what is the optical medium? Or in short, the
+
+372
+00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:16,180
+medium is any material that carries out light This
+
+373
+00:22:16,180 --> 00:22:20,350
+does not apply to woodand it doesn't apply to dark
+
+374
+00:22:20,350 --> 00:22:24,530
+plastic and it doesn't apply to iron because they
+
+375
+00:22:24,530 --> 00:22:26,790
+don't produce light, I call them material right,
+
+376
+00:22:26,910 --> 00:22:30,870
+but I can't call them medium As for the material
+
+377
+00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:33,670
+that produces light, like glass, like water, like
+
+378
+00:22:33,670 --> 00:22:37,390
+air, they are all called optical medium Light
+
+379
+00:22:37,390 --> 00:22:40,570
+travels at different speeds at different medium,
+
+380
+00:22:40,910 --> 00:22:45,540
+the speed of lightبتختلف من medium ل medium آخر،
+
+381
+00:22:45,540 --> 00:22:48,760
+يعني صرعته في الإجزاز بتختلف عن صرعته في الهواء،
+
+382
+00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:53,400
+بتختلف عن صرعته في الفراغ، بتختلف عن صرعته في مثلا
+
+383
+00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:57,140
+مادة ال silicon إلى آخرى، إذا light travels at
+
+384
+00:22:57,140 --> 00:23:01,200
+different speed at different mediumLight moves
+
+385
+00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:05,220
+fastest in a vacuum and slower through any
+
+386
+00:23:05,220 --> 00:23:06,000
+material
+
+387
+00:23:21,330 --> 00:23:24,570
+في الفراغ يعني سرعته الضوء في الماء أبطأ من سرعته
+
+388
+00:23:24,570 --> 00:23:28,410
+الضوء في الفراغ سرعته الضوء في ال .. في الزجاج
+
+389
+00:23:28,410 --> 00:23:31,630
+أبطأ من سرعته في الفراغ يعني في الفراغ بيكون أسرع
+
+390
+00:23:31,630 --> 00:23:36,150
+ش��ء هنتوقف ان شاء الله تعالى عند معامل الانكسار و
+
+391
+00:23:36,150 --> 00:23:39,030
+هنشرحه المرة القادمة و يعطيكم العافية والسلام
+
+392
+00:23:39,030 --> 00:23:41,230
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/WhL-CBTn-50.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,570
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، في عندنا مسألة على ال
+
+2
+00:00:04,570 --> 00:00:11,510
+charismatic effect of lenses، عندنا شخص لابس نضارة
+
+3
+00:00:11,510 --> 00:00:17,910
+لل right eye، لو ال right lensplus 6 diopters and
+
+4
+00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:23,850
+the left lens minus 4 diopters, so plus 6 diopters
+
+5
+00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,330
+for the right and minus 4 diopters for the left.
+
+6
+00:00:27,690 --> 00:00:31,130
+In fact, in real life, there is no glasses like
+
+7
+00:00:31,130 --> 00:00:37,210
+this because there is a big gap between the two
+
+8
+00:00:37,210 --> 00:00:41,910
+lenses. So we only use this example to calculate
+
+9
+00:00:41,910 --> 00:00:49,270
+the prismatic effect of lenses Okay, now when this
+
+10
+00:00:49,270 --> 00:00:52,250
+patient or this person comes out of the optical
+
+11
+00:00:52,250 --> 00:00:56,630
+center that we call the center of the lens in the
+
+12
+00:00:56,630 --> 00:00:59,990
+red cross here and in the red cross here When he
+
+13
+00:00:59,990 --> 00:01:01,550
+comes out straight ahead
+
+14
+00:01:04,210 --> 00:01:07,990
+there is no effect, no prismatic effect because in
+
+15
+00:01:07,990 --> 00:01:10,750
+the optical center there is no prismatic effect
+
+16
+00:01:10,750 --> 00:01:14,210
+okay, now this person is looking at a near target,
+
+17
+00:01:14,390 --> 00:01:18,410
+so he took the near target, his mobile phone or
+
+18
+00:01:18,410 --> 00:01:22,730
+book or whatever and started يقرأ فيه طبعا العينين
+
+19
+00:01:22,730 --> 00:01:26,530
+تلقائيا راحوا down gaze جداش راحوا down gaze في
+
+20
+00:01:26,530 --> 00:01:29,710
+المسألة جاليه انه the person is looking down 6
+
+21
+00:01:29,710 --> 00:01:33,430
+millimeter below the optical centers يعني هاي
+
+22
+00:01:33,430 --> 00:01:36,050
+نازلة 6 millimeter و هاي بالطبيعي انها تكون نازلة
+
+23
+00:01:36,050 --> 00:01:40,850
+بنفس القدر المطلوب حاجتين what is the total
+
+24
+00:01:40,850 --> 00:01:45,790
+prismatic effect and can this person tolerate it
+
+25
+00:01:45,790 --> 00:01:50,100
+يعني إيش ال total prismatic effect من نظره للأسفل
+
+26
+00:01:50,100 --> 00:01:54,340
+من خلال هذه العدسات و هل بستطيع المريض يتحمله او
+
+27
+00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,320
+مابستطيعش يتحمله، بستطيع يتحمله يعني مابيصيرش عنده
+
+28
+00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:01,130
+diplopia and he can't handle it because he will
+
+29
+00:02:01,130 --> 00:02:03,810
+have a vertical diplopia to start in this case
+
+30
+00:02:03,810 --> 00:02:10,150
+first of all, we say this is my head because it
+
+31
+00:02:10,150 --> 00:02:14,410
+shows down or up I want to use my head for the
+
+32
+00:02:14,410 --> 00:02:17,410
+lens my head for the lens of course because I
+
+33
+00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,050
+don't want the pupil to disappear here we want to
+
+34
+00:02:20,050 --> 00:02:24,430
+have the shape of the eye without perfect and
+
+35
+00:02:24,430 --> 00:02:29,600
+enlarge it a little bit because كون الأمور واضحة
+
+36
+00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:35,140
+.إذا هذا مقطع رقصي للناس في حالة ما بنقول المريض
+
+37
+00:02:35,140 --> 00:02:41,870
+بتطلع up أو downup or down if you look right or
+
+38
+00:02:41,870 --> 00:02:45,410
+left you will use a horizontal line now this eye
+
+39
+00:02:45,410 --> 00:02:50,210
+looks down from the lower part of the lens and the
+
+40
+00:02:50,210 --> 00:02:54,030
+lower part of the lens the lower part of the plus
+
+41
+00:02:54,030 --> 00:03:00,030
+lens is a prism whose base is up but how much the
+
+42
+00:03:00,030 --> 00:03:02,810
+prismatic effect we have to calculate this issue
+
+43
+00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:04,750
+we say the prismatic effect
+
+44
+00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:18,460
+The prismatic effect is equal to h into d, h is
+
+45
+00:03:18,460 --> 00:03:21,660
+the distance, into d is the diopter, and it is
+
+46
+00:03:21,660 --> 00:03:25,700
+equal to the distance of 6 millimeters, because it
+
+47
+00:03:25,700 --> 00:03:29,200
+is farther than the optical center, and it starts
+
+48
+00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:31,900
+to come out of a point below it by 6 millimeters,
+
+49
+00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:34,560
+which must turn into centimeters, 6 out of 10
+
+50
+00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:39,720
+centimeters, times the power, which is 6 diopters
+
+51
+00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:49,620
+six diopter and it equals six
+
+52
+00:03:49,620 --> 00:03:52,620
+times six is thirty-six and I have a decimal point
+
+53
+00:03:52,620 --> 00:03:57,860
+so three six out of ten prism diopter three six
+
+54
+00:03:57,860 --> 00:04:00,640
+out of ten prism diopter
+
+55
+00:04:03,270 --> 00:04:06,070
+this is the prismatic effect of the right eye or
+
+56
+00:04:06,070 --> 00:04:08,690
+the right lens, but here the issue does not end,
+
+57
+00:04:08,850 --> 00:04:13,410
+it is necessary to say towards this prism what? it
+
+58
+00:04:13,410 --> 00:04:15,370
+is clear from the picture that his direction is
+
+59
+00:04:15,370 --> 00:04:18,410
+up, that is, the eye is projected through the
+
+60
+00:04:18,410 --> 00:04:21,310
+lower part of the lens and the lower part of the
+
+61
+00:04:21,310 --> 00:04:24,990
+lens of the plus 6 diopter acts as if it is plus
+
+62
+00:04:24,990 --> 00:04:28,050
+or as if it is a base up prism, as if it is a base
+
+63
+00:04:28,050 --> 00:04:34,010
+up prism, so the effect is base up, so this is the
+
+64
+00:04:34,010 --> 00:04:40,350
+first point of the
+
+65
+00:04:40,350 --> 00:04:42,770
+solution now let's calculate the prismatic effect
+
+66
+00:04:42,770 --> 00:04:55,550
+of the lift lens of
+
+67
+00:04:55,550 --> 00:04:59,030
+the
+
+68
+00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:01,950
+lift lens is equal to H in D
+
+69
+00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:09,960
+H to the distance of the lens is also 6
+
+70
+00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:12,040
+millimeters, which is 6 out of 10 centimeters.
+
+71
+00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:17,560
+Multiply by the lens which is minus 4 diodes. We
+
+72
+00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:21,760
+do not take the signs, but the sign will appear
+
+73
+00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:25,180
+because the area is different in the plus lens for
+
+74
+00:05:25,180 --> 00:05:27,860
+prisms base to base and in the minus lens for
+
+75
+00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:29,320
+prisms apex to apex.
+
+76
+00:05:32,330 --> 00:05:37,330
+6 من 10 في 4 يعني 2 و 4 من 10 a prism diopter
+
+77
+00:05:37,330 --> 00:05:45,730
+ضروري الآن أحدد الاتجاه أحدد الاتجاه بدي
+
+78
+00:05:45,730 --> 00:05:48,170
+أخد مقطع رأسي لإنه هادي up و down
+
+79
+00:06:08,770 --> 00:06:12,930
+We don't want it to fill the shape, so that the
+
+80
+00:06:12,930 --> 00:06:17,530
+eye appears from behind it. Now when the left eye
+
+81
+00:06:17,530 --> 00:06:22,490
+becomes viewed from below, it becomes viewed
+
+82
+00:06:22,490 --> 00:06:25,430
+through the lower part of the minus lens, and the
+
+83
+00:06:25,430 --> 00:06:29,560
+lower part of the minus lens It is similar to a
+
+84
+00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:33,460
+printout or a printout with its base down So this
+
+85
+00:06:33,460 --> 00:06:35,840
+is the amount of the prismatic effect and we say
+
+86
+00:06:35,840 --> 00:06:39,120
+that the direction is based down, based down Okay,
+
+87
+00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:42,680
+very good, the total is still missing We
+
+88
+00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:46,040
+calculated for each eye one by one, but the total
+
+89
+00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:47,520
+is still missing and we must understand the issue
+
+90
+00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:52,640
+of the total Total
+
+91
+00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:53,880
+prismatic effect
+
+92
+00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:03,880
+equals We want to pay attention to a point The
+
+93
+00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:06,500
+right eye is visible through the prism, the base
+
+94
+00:07:06,500 --> 00:07:09,100
+is called up, which means that the image has an
+
+95
+00:07:09,100 --> 00:07:13,300
+elevation to the bottom And here, the image has an
+
+96
+00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:18,580
+elevation to the top So in order to calculate the
+
+97
+00:07:18,580 --> 00:07:20,520
+total prismatic effect, and whether this person
+
+98
+00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:23,800
+can handle it or not, we have to say that the
+
+99
+00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:27,320
+image for the right eye went down because the apex
+
+100
+00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:30,480
+of the prism that comes out of it goes down
+
+101
+00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:36,660
+in any prism pointing towards its apex, while the
+
+102
+00:07:36,660 --> 00:07:40,340
+picture of the left eye points up. So this
+
+103
+00:07:40,340 --> 00:07:42,760
+picture, the right eye will feel that it is coming
+
+104
+00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:45,360
+down, and this picture, the left eye will feel
+
+105
+00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:48,940
+that it is coming up. As this drawing illustrates,
+
+106
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,790
+the following drawing العين تاني بتطلع على ال
+
+107
+00:07:51,790 --> 00:07:54,290
+target اللي هو ال mobile او الكتاب بس بالنسبة
+
+108
+00:07:54,290 --> 00:07:57,670
+للعين الشمال الصورة طلعت لفوق و بالنسبة للعين
+
+109
+00:07:57,670 --> 00:08:02,810
+اليمين الصورة طلعت ل .. او نزلت لتحت فبصير جداش
+
+110
+00:08:02,810 --> 00:08:06,990
+هنا طلعت .. يعني طلعت مثلا اتنين prism diopter او
+
+111
+00:08:06,990 --> 00:08:09,910
+خلينا نجيس بدون prism diopter بالصنطي هتنفرض طلعة
+
+112
+00:08:09,910 --> 00:08:13,920
+اتنين صنطي لفوق في نفس الوجد صورة ال mobile نفسه
+
+113
+00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:16,580
+بالنسبالي يعني اليمين نزلت مثلا تلاتة سانتي أو
+
+114
+00:08:16,580 --> 00:08:20,360
+أربعة سانتي لأسفل فبالتالي في هذه الحالة احنا
+
+115
+00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:24,840
+بنجمع بينهم، بنجمع بينهم فبالتالي بيصير الفارق بين
+
+116
+00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:29,770
+العينتين في هذه القضية Also, this is an example
+
+117
+00:08:29,770 --> 00:08:32,530
+from everyday life, if I have two people standing
+
+118
+00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:37,170
+on one step of a ladder, and one of them climbed
+
+119
+00:08:37,170 --> 00:08:39,110
+two steps, and the other one went down three
+
+120
+00:08:39,110 --> 00:08:43,050
+steps, the distance between them becomes zero,
+
+121
+00:08:43,710 --> 00:08:46,550
+here this one climbed two steps, and this one went
+
+122
+00:08:46,550 --> 00:08:49,190
+down three steps, should I climb or fall? No, I
+
+123
+00:08:49,190 --> 00:08:52,070
+want to climb, because this one climbed to the
+
+124
+00:08:52,070 --> 00:08:54,350
+top, and this one climbed to the bottom, so the
+
+125
+00:08:54,350 --> 00:08:56,570
+distance between them becomes five steps.
+
+126
+00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:04,440
+Pictures, when a picture is facing down, because
+
+127
+00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:08,520
+the prism as we said is always facing up, facing
+
+128
+00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,980
+the apex, here it is based up, in front of the
+
+129
+00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:13,340
+right eye, it means that the picture is facing
+
+130
+00:09:13,340 --> 00:09:16,520
+down. Based down means that the picture is facing
+
+131
+00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:19,720
+up. Now the total is negative. The total is
+
+132
+00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,000
+negative, so three and six out of ten.
+
+133
+00:09:31,810 --> 00:09:41,310
+plus two and four out of ten which is equal to
+
+134
+00:09:41,310 --> 00:09:44,930
+six prisms which is equal to six prisms now it is
+
+135
+00:09:44,930 --> 00:09:46,870
+necessary to determine the direction of the prism
+
+136
+00:09:46,870 --> 00:09:51,890
+so six prisms this is preferred pardon me six
+
+137
+00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:55,310
+prisms this is preferred but I say base up or base
+
+138
+00:09:55,310 --> 00:10:01,060
+down base up or base down either I say Base up قدام
+
+139
+00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:05,660
+العين اليمين أو Base down قدام العين الشمال Base
+
+140
+00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:10,360
+up before right eye ضروري أحكي هذه الكلمة before
+
+141
+00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:15,960
+right eye و
+
+142
+00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:22,800
+بفتح جوس or Base down before
+
+143
+00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:27,840
+أمام left eye Whether I said it this way or that
+
+144
+00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,480
+way, both answers are correct What does it mean,
+
+145
+00:10:30,540 --> 00:10:34,400
+based up before right eye or based down before
+
+146
+00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:37,220
+left eye? It means that the total prismatic effect
+
+147
+00:10:37,220 --> 00:10:40,900
+of the whole glasses is as if the left eye is
+
+148
+00:10:40,900 --> 00:10:42,320
+fixed and the picture in front of it is straight
+
+149
+00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:44,900
+and there is no deviation in it and as if the
+
+150
+00:10:44,900 --> 00:10:50,180
+picture of the right eye is 6 prism Or as if the
+
+151
+00:10:50,180 --> 00:10:53,380
+picture in front of the right eye is fixed in a
+
+152
+00:10:53,380 --> 00:10:55,520
+straight line ahead And the picture in front of
+
+153
+00:10:55,520 --> 00:11:00,540
+the left eye is in a straight line ahead And this
+
+154
+00:11:00,540 --> 00:11:02,620
+is the meaning of before right eye based up or
+
+155
+00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:06,560
+before left eye based down Let's go back to the
+
+156
+00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:09,800
+example from the general life So this is the truth
+
+157
+00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:12,620
+of the matter, that this came out two degrees and
+
+158
+00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:16,070
+this came down تلات درجات I can change the
+
+159
+00:11:16,070 --> 00:11:18,770
+expression and say .. هذا ثابت, اللي نزل ثابت, و
+
+160
+00:11:18,770 --> 00:11:22,390
+هذا طلع بالنسبة له أقصى .. أصبح أعلى منه بخمس
+
+161
+00:11:22,390 --> 00:11:26,310
+درجات أعلى منه بخمس درجات Or I can say .. هذا اللي
+
+162
+00:11:26,310 --> 00:11:31,250
+طلع ثابت في مكانه, و هذا نزل عنه أو أوطى منه بخمس
+
+163
+00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:33,370
+درجات All these expressions are considered
+
+164
+00:11:33,370 --> 00:11:35,330
+correct, and in the end they explain the situation
+
+165
+00:11:35,330 --> 00:11:38,790
+or the difference between the two eyes So between
+
+166
+00:11:38,790 --> 00:11:44,310
+two people Here I say .. عندي تلت وسائل أعبر فيها
+
+167
+00:11:44,310 --> 00:11:46,830
+عن الوضعية أو عن ال prismatic effect بتاع ال
+
+168
+00:11:46,830 --> 00:11:50,910
+glasses هاي إما بقول العين اليمين صورتها نزلت
+
+169
+00:11:50,910 --> 00:11:55,030
+بمقدار تلاتة أو ستة من عشرة prism و العين الشمال
+
+170
+00:11:55,030 --> 00:11:59,730
+صورتها طلعت بمقدار اتنين واربعة من عشرة prism يعني
+
+171
+00:11:59,730 --> 00:12:03,750
+إيش طلعت ويعني إيش نزلت؟ نزلت يعني based up, based
+
+172
+00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:06,910
+up prism هينزل الصورة ليش؟ لإن ال apex بتاعته
+
+173
+00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:10,490
+بتكون down ساعتها طيب طلعت الصورة يعني based down
+
+174
+00:12:10,490 --> 00:12:14,550
+prism أو ممكن بدل ما أحكي عن العين تان أحكي عن عين
+
+175
+00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:19,270
+واحدة بقول الصورة تاعة العين اليمين نزلت بمقدار
+
+176
+00:12:19,270 --> 00:12:23,410
+ستة prism مقارنة مع العين الشمال Or the picture of
+
+177
+00:12:23,410 --> 00:12:28,010
+the left eye turned out to be 6 prisms compared to
+
+178
+00:12:28,010 --> 00:12:31,650
+the right eye So either I say the total prismatic
+
+179
+00:12:31,650 --> 00:12:35,390
+effect is 6 prisms based up before the right eye
+
+180
+00:12:35,390 --> 00:12:40,660
+As if we put 6 prisms أو كأن العين اليمين مافيش
+
+181
+00:12:40,660 --> 00:12:43,280
+قدامها ولا حاجة مافيش بريزماتيك effect بالمرة
+
+182
+00:12:43,280 --> 00:12:47,280
+كأننا حاطين بريزم based down مقداره ستة بريزم
+
+183
+00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:51,820
+ديوبتر based down قدام العين لشمال هذا هو ال total
+
+184
+00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:58,000
+prismatic effect طيب، ضال آخر سؤال هل ال person
+
+185
+00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:04,500
+can tolerate it ال person cannot
+
+186
+00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:07,700
+tolerate it
+
+187
+00:13:10,340 --> 00:13:13,120
+Why? Because in the natural case, a person can
+
+188
+00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:17,620
+bear a difference between two prisms from two to
+
+189
+00:13:17,620 --> 00:13:20,580
+three prisms. The difference between two prisms
+
+190
+00:13:20,580 --> 00:13:29,280
+from two to six prisms is a vertical diplopia will
+
+191
+00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:30,340
+result.
+
+192
+00:1

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/WhL-CBTn-50_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,570
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، في عندنا مسألة على ال
+
+2
+00:00:04,570 --> 00:00:11,510
+charismatic effect of lenses، عندنا شخص لابس نضارة
+
+3
+00:00:11,510 --> 00:00:17,910
+لل right eye، لو ال right lensplus 6 diopters and
+
+4
+00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:23,850
+the left lens minus 4 diopters, so plus 6 diopters
+
+5
+00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,330
+for the right and minus 4 diopters for the left.
+
+6
+00:00:27,690 --> 00:00:31,130
+In fact, in real life, there is no glasses like
+
+7
+00:00:31,130 --> 00:00:37,210
+this because there is a big gap between the two
+
+8
+00:00:37,210 --> 00:00:41,910
+lenses.So we only use this example to calculate
+
+9
+00:00:41,910 --> 00:00:49,270
+the prismatic effect of lenses Okay, now when this
+
+10
+00:00:49,270 --> 00:00:52,250
+patient or this person comes out of the optical
+
+11
+00:00:52,250 --> 00:00:56,630
+center that we call the center of the lens in the
+
+12
+00:00:56,630 --> 00:00:59,990
+red cross here and in the red cross here When he
+
+13
+00:00:59,990 --> 00:01:01,550
+comes out straight ahead
+
+14
+00:01:04,210 --> 00:01:07,990
+there is no effect, no prismatic effect because in
+
+15
+00:01:07,990 --> 00:01:10,750
+the optical center there is no prismatic effect
+
+16
+00:01:10,750 --> 00:01:14,210
+okay, now this person is looking at near target,
+
+17
+00:01:14,390 --> 00:01:18,410
+so he took the near target, his mobile phone or
+
+18
+00:01:18,410 --> 00:01:22,730
+book or whatever and startedيقرأ فيه طبعا العينين
+
+19
+00:01:22,730 --> 00:01:26,530
+تلقائيا راحوا down gaze جداش راحوا down gaze في
+
+20
+00:01:26,530 --> 00:01:29,710
+المسألة جاليه انه the person is looking down 6
+
+21
+00:01:29,710 --> 00:01:33,430
+millimeter below the optical centers يعني هاي
+
+22
+00:01:33,430 --> 00:01:36,050
+نازلة 6 millimeter و هاي بالطبيعي انها تكون نازلة
+
+23
+00:01:36,050 --> 00:01:40,850
+بنفس القدر المطلوب حاجتين what is the total
+
+24
+00:01:40,850 --> 00:01:45,790
+prismatic effect and can this person tolerate it
+
+25
+00:01:45,790 --> 00:01:50,100
+يعني إيش ال total prismatic effectمن نظره للأسفل
+
+26
+00:01:50,100 --> 00:01:54,340
+من خلال هذه العدسات و هل بستطيع المريض يتحمله او
+
+27
+00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,320
+مابستطيعش يتحمله، بستطيع يتحمله يعني مابيصيرش عنده
+
+28
+00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:01,130
+diplopiaand he can't handle it because he will
+
+29
+00:02:01,130 --> 00:02:03,810
+have a vertical diplopia to start in this case
+
+30
+00:02:03,810 --> 00:02:10,150
+first of all, we say this is my head because it
+
+31
+00:02:10,150 --> 00:02:14,410
+shows down or up I want to use my head for the
+
+32
+00:02:14,410 --> 00:02:17,410
+lens my head for the lens of course because I
+
+33
+00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,050
+don't want the pupil to disappear here we want to
+
+34
+00:02:20,050 --> 00:02:24,430
+have the shape of the eye without perfect and
+
+35
+00:02:24,430 --> 00:02:29,600
+enlarge it a little bit becauseكون الأمور واضحة
+
+36
+00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:35,140
+.إذا هذا مقطع رقصي للناس في حالة ما بنقول المريض
+
+37
+00:02:35,140 --> 00:02:41,870
+بتطلع up أو downup or down if you look right or
+
+38
+00:02:41,870 --> 00:02:45,410
+left you will use a horizontal line now this eye
+
+39
+00:02:45,410 --> 00:02:50,210
+looks down from the lower part of the lens and the
+
+40
+00:02:50,210 --> 00:02:54,030
+lower part of the lens the lower part of the plus
+
+41
+00:02:54,030 --> 00:03:00,030
+lens is a prism whose base is up but how much the
+
+42
+00:03:00,030 --> 00:03:02,810
+prismatic effect we have to calculate this issue
+
+43
+00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:04,750
+we say the prismatic effect
+
+44
+00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:18,460
+The prismatic effect is equal to h into d, h is
+
+45
+00:03:18,460 --> 00:03:21,660
+the distance, into d is the diopter, and it is
+
+46
+00:03:21,660 --> 00:03:25,700
+equal to the distance of 6 millimeters, because it
+
+47
+00:03:25,700 --> 00:03:29,200
+is farther than the optical center, and it starts
+
+48
+00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:31,900
+to come out of a point below it by 6 millimeters,
+
+49
+00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:34,560
+which must turn into centimeters, 6 out of 10
+
+50
+00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:39,720
+centimeters, times the power, which is 6 diopters
+
+51
+00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:49,620
+six diopter and it equals six
+
+52
+00:03:49,620 --> 00:03:52,620
+times six is thirty-six and I have a decimal point
+
+53
+00:03:52,620 --> 00:03:57,860
+so three six out of ten prism diopter three six
+
+54
+00:03:57,860 --> 00:04:00,640
+out of ten prism diopter
+
+55
+00:04:03,270 --> 00:04:06,070
+this is the prismatic effect of the right eye or
+
+56
+00:04:06,070 --> 00:04:08,690
+the right lens, but here the issue does not end,
+
+57
+00:04:08,850 --> 00:04:13,410
+it is necessary to say towards this prism what? it
+
+58
+00:04:13,410 --> 00:04:15,370
+is clear from the picture that his direction is
+
+59
+00:04:15,370 --> 00:04:18,410
+up, that is, the eye is projected through the
+
+60
+00:04:18,410 --> 00:04:21,310
+lower part of the lens and the lower part of the
+
+61
+00:04:21,310 --> 00:04:24,990
+lens of the plus 6 diopter acts as if it is plus
+
+62
+00:04:24,990 --> 00:04:28,050
+or as if it is a base up prism, as if it is a base
+
+63
+00:04:28,050 --> 00:04:34,010
+up prism, so the effect is base up, sothis is the
+
+64
+00:04:34,010 --> 00:04:40,350
+first point of the
+
+65
+00:04:40,350 --> 00:04:42,770
+solution now let's calculate the prismatic effect
+
+66
+00:04:42,770 --> 00:04:55,550
+of the lift lens of
+
+67
+00:04:55,550 --> 00:04:59,030
+the
+
+68
+00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:01,950
+lift lens is equal to H in D
+
+69
+00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:09,960
+H to the distance of the lens is also 6
+
+70
+00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:12,040
+millimeters, which is 6 out of 10 centimeters.
+
+71
+00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:17,560
+Multiply by the lens which is minus 4 diodes. We
+
+72
+00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:21,760
+do not take the signs, but the sign will appear
+
+73
+00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:25,180
+because the area is different in the plus lens for
+
+74
+00:05:25,180 --> 00:05:27,860
+prisms base to base and in the minus lens for
+
+75
+00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:29,320
+prisms apex to apex.
+
+76
+00:05:32,330 --> 00:05:37,330
+6 من 10 في 4 يعني 2 و 4 من 10 a prism diopter
+
+77
+00:05:37,330 --> 00:05:45,730
+ضروري الآن أحدد الاتجاه أحدد الاتجاه بدي
+
+78
+00:05:45,730 --> 00:05:48,170
+أخد مقطع رأسي لإنه هادي up و down
+
+79
+00:06:08,770 --> 00:06:12,930
+We don't want it to fill the shape, so that the
+
+80
+00:06:12,930 --> 00:06:17,530
+eye appears from behind it. Now when the left eye
+
+81
+00:06:17,530 --> 00:06:22,490
+becomes viewed from below, it becomes viewed
+
+82
+00:06:22,490 --> 00:06:25,430
+through the lower part of the minus lens, and the
+
+83
+00:06:25,430 --> 00:06:29,560
+lower part of the minus lensIt is similar to a
+
+84
+00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:33,460
+printout or a printout with its base down So this
+
+85
+00:06:33,460 --> 00:06:35,840
+is the amount of the prismatic effect and we say
+
+86
+00:06:35,840 --> 00:06:39,120
+that the direction is based down, based down Okay,
+
+87
+00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:42,680
+very good, the total is still missing We
+
+88
+00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:46,040
+calculated for each eye one by one, but the total
+
+89
+00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:47,520
+is still missing and we must understand the issue
+
+90
+00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:52,640
+of the total Total
+
+91
+00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:53,880
+prismatic effect
+
+92
+00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:03,880
+equals We want to pay attention to a point The
+
+93
+00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:06,500
+right eye is visible through the prism, the base
+
+94
+00:07:06,500 --> 00:07:09,100
+is called up, which means that the image has an
+
+95
+00:07:09,100 --> 00:07:13,300
+elevation to the bottom And here, the image has an
+
+96
+00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:18,580
+elevation to the topSo in order to calculate the
+
+97
+00:07:18,580 --> 00:07:20,520
+total prismatic effect, and whether this person
+
+98
+00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:23,800
+can handle it or not, we have to say that the
+
+99
+00:07:23,800 --> 00:07:27,320
+image for the right eye went down because the apex
+
+100
+00:07:27,320 --> 00:07:30,480
+of the prism that comes out of it goes down
+
+101
+00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:36,660
+in any prism pointing towards its apex, while the
+
+102
+00:07:36,660 --> 00:07:40,340
+picture of the left eye points up. So this
+
+103
+00:07:40,340 --> 00:07:42,760
+picture, the right eye will feel that it is coming
+
+104
+00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:45,360
+down, and this picture, the left eye will feel
+
+105
+00:07:45,360 --> 00:07:48,940
+that it is coming up. As this drawing illustrates,
+
+106
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,790
+the following drawingالعين تاني بتطلع على ال
+
+107
+00:07:51,790 --> 00:07:54,290
+target اللي هو ال mobile او الكتاب بس بالنسبة
+
+108
+00:07:54,290 --> 00:07:57,670
+للعين الشمال الصورة طلعت لفوق و بالنسبة للعين
+
+109
+00:07:57,670 --> 00:08:02,810
+اليمين الصورة طلعت ل .. او نزلت لتحت فبصير جداش
+
+110
+00:08:02,810 --> 00:08:06,990
+هنا طلعت .. يعني طلعت مثلا اتنين prism diopter او
+
+111
+00:08:06,990 --> 00:08:09,910
+خلينا نجيس بدون prism diopter بالصنطي هتنفرض طلعة
+
+112
+00:08:09,910 --> 00:08:13,920
+اتنين صنطي لفوقفي نفس الوجد صورة ال mobile نفسه
+
+113
+00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:16,580
+بالنسبالي يعني اليمين نزلت مثلا تلاتة سانتي أو
+
+114
+00:08:16,580 --> 00:08:20,360
+أربعة سانتي لأسفل فبالتالي في هذه الحالة احنا
+
+115
+00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:24,840
+بنجمع بينهم، بنجمع بينهم فبالتالي بيصير الفارق بين
+
+116
+00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:29,770
+العينتين في هذه القضيةAlso, this is an example
+
+117
+00:08:29,770 --> 00:08:32,530
+from everyday life, if I have two people standing
+
+118
+00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:37,170
+on one step of a ladder, and one of them climbed
+
+119
+00:08:37,170 --> 00:08:39,110
+two steps, and the other one went down three
+
+120
+00:08:39,110 --> 00:08:43,050
+steps, the distance between them becomes zero,
+
+121
+00:08:43,710 --> 00:08:46,550
+here this one climbed two steps, and this one went
+
+122
+00:08:46,550 --> 00:08:49,190
+down three steps, should I climb or fall? No, I
+
+123
+00:08:49,190 --> 00:08:52,070
+want to climb, because this one climbed to the
+
+124
+00:08:52,070 --> 00:08:54,350
+top, and this one climbed to the bottom, so the
+
+125
+00:08:54,350 --> 00:08:56,570
+distance between them becomes five steps.
+
+126
+00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:04,440
+Pictures, when a picture is facing down, because
+
+127
+00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:08,520
+the prism as we said is always facing up, facing
+
+128
+00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:10,980
+the apex, here it is based up, in front of the
+
+129
+00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:13,340
+right eye, it means that the picture is facing
+
+130
+00:09:13,340 --> 00:09:16,520
+down. Based down means that the picture is facing
+
+131
+00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:19,720
+up. Now the total is negative. The total is
+
+132
+00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,000
+negative, so three and six out of ten.
+
+133
+00:09:31,810 --> 00:09:41,310
+plus two and four out of ten which is equal to
+
+134
+00:09:41,310 --> 00:09:44,930
+six prisms which is equal to six prisms now it is
+
+135
+00:09:44,930 --> 00:09:46,870
+necessary to determine the direction of the prism
+
+136
+00:09:46,870 --> 00:09:51,890
+so six prisms this is preferred pardon me six
+
+137
+00:09:51,890 --> 00:09:55,310
+prisms this is preferred but I say base up or base
+
+138
+00:09:55,310 --> 00:10:01,060
+down base up or base down either I sayBase up قدام
+
+139
+00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:05,660
+العين اليمين أو Base down قدام العين الشمال Base
+
+140
+00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:10,360
+up before right eye ضروري أحكي هذه الكلمة before
+
+141
+00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:15,960
+right eye و
+
+142
+00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:22,800
+بفتح جوس or Base down before
+
+143
+00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:27,840
+أمام left eyeWhether I said it this way or that
+
+144
+00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,480
+way, both answers are correct What does it mean,
+
+145
+00:10:30,540 --> 00:10:34,400
+based up before right eye or based down before
+
+146
+00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:37,220
+left eye? It means that the total prismatic effect
+
+147
+00:10:37,220 --> 00:10:40,900
+of the whole glasses is as if the left eye is
+
+148
+00:10:40,900 --> 00:10:42,320
+fixed and the picture in front of it is straight
+
+149
+00:10:42,320 --> 00:10:44,900
+and there is no deviation in it and as if the
+
+150
+00:10:44,900 --> 00:10:50,180
+picture of the right eye is 6 prismOr as if the
+
+151
+00:10:50,180 --> 00:10:53,380
+picture in front of the right eye is fixed in a
+
+152
+00:10:53,380 --> 00:10:55,520
+straight line ahead And the picture in front of
+
+153
+00:10:55,520 --> 00:11:00,540
+the left eye is in a straight line ahead And this
+
+154
+00:11:00,540 --> 00:11:02,620
+is the meaning of before right eye based up or
+
+155
+00:11:02,620 --> 00:11:06,560
+before left eye based down Let's go back to the
+
+156
+00:11:06,560 --> 00:11:09,800
+example from the general life So this is the truth
+
+157
+00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:12,620
+of the matter, that this came out two degrees and
+
+158
+00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:16,070
+this came downتلات درجات I can change the
+
+159
+00:11:16,070 --> 00:11:18,770
+expression and say .. هذا ثابت, اللي نزل ثابت, و
+
+160
+00:11:18,770 --> 00:11:22,390
+هذا طلع بالنسبة له أقصى .. أصبح أعلى منه بخمس
+
+161
+00:11:22,390 --> 00:11:26,310
+درجات أعلى منه بخمس درجات Or I can say .. هذا اللي
+
+162
+00:11:26,310 --> 00:11:31,250
+طلع ثابت في مكانه, و هذا نزل عنه أو أوطى منه بخمس
+
+163
+00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:33,370
+درجات All these expressions are considered
+
+164
+00:11:33,370 --> 00:11:35,330
+correct, and in the end they explain the situation
+
+165
+00:11:35,330 --> 00:11:38,790
+or the difference between the two eyes So between
+
+166
+00:11:38,790 --> 00:11:44,310
+two people Here I say ..عندي تلت وسائل أعبر فيها
+
+167
+00:11:44,310 --> 00:11:46,830
+عن الوضعية أو عن الprismatic effect بتاع ال
+
+168
+00:11:46,830 --> 00:11:50,910
+glasses هاي إما بقول العين اليمين صورتها نزلت
+
+169
+00:11:50,910 --> 00:11:55,030
+بمقدار تلاتة أو ستة من عشرة prism و العين الشمال
+
+170
+00:11:55,030 --> 00:11:59,730
+صورتها طلعت بمقدار اتنين واربعة من عشرة prismيعني
+
+171
+00:11:59,730 --> 00:12:03,750
+إيش طلعت ويعني إيش نزلت؟ نزلت يعني based up, based
+
+172
+00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:06,910
+up prism هينزل الصورة ليش؟ لإن ال apex بتاعته
+
+173
+00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:10,490
+بتكون down ساعتها طيب طلعت الصورة يعني based down
+
+174
+00:12:10,490 --> 00:12:14,550
+prism أو ممكن بدل ما أحكي عن العين تان أحكي عن عين
+
+175
+00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:19,270
+واحدة بقول الصورة تاعة العين اليمين نزلت بمقدار
+
+176
+00:12:19,270 --> 00:12:23,410
+ستة prism مقارنة مع العين الشمالOr the picture of
+
+177
+00:12:23,410 --> 00:12:28,010
+the left eye turned out to be 6 prisms compared to
+
+178
+00:12:28,010 --> 00:12:31,650
+the right eye So either I say the total prismatic
+
+179
+00:12:31,650 --> 00:12:35,390
+effect is 6 prisms based up before the right eye
+
+180
+00:12:35,390 --> 00:12:40,660
+As if we put 6 prismsأو كأن العين اليمين مافيش
+
+181
+00:12:40,660 --> 00:12:43,280
+قدامها ولا حاجة مافيش بريزماتيك effect بالمرة
+
+182
+00:12:43,280 --> 00:12:47,280
+كأننا حاطين بريزم based down مقداره ستة بريزم
+
+183
+00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:51,820
+ديوبتر based down قدام العين لشمال هذا هو ال total
+
+184
+00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:58,000
+prismatic effect طيب، ضال آخر سؤال هل ال person
+
+185
+00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:04,500
+can tolerate it ال person cannot
+
+186
+00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:07,700
+tolerate it
+
+187
+00:13:10,340 --> 00:13:13,120
+Why? Because in the natural case, a person can
+
+188
+00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:17,620
+bear a difference between two prisms from two to
+
+189
+00:13:17,620 --> 00:13:20,580
+three prisms. The difference between two prisms
+
+190
+00:13:20,580 --> 00:13:29,280
+from two to six prisms is a vertical diplopia will
+
+191
+00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:30,340
+result.
+
+192
+00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:35,700
+That's the end of the question. God bless you.
+
+193
+00:13:36,020 --> 00:13:37,740
+Peace, mercy and blessings of God be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/XdNOzpeZdqw_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1808 @@
+1
+00:00:02,280 --> 00:00:04,400
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:09,360
+تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال transfers
+
+3
+00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:10,400
+magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن ال
+
+4
+00:00:10,400 --> 00:00:10,640
+transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن
+
+5
+00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:11,660
+ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية
+
+6
+00:00:11,660 --> 00:00:11,740
+عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة
+
+7
+00:00:11,740 --> 00:00:13,140
+الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في
+
+8
+00:00:13,140 --> 00:00:13,160
+المرة الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا
+
+9
+00:00:13,160 --> 00:00:13,800
+transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية عن
+
+10
+00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:14,460
+ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة الماضية
+
+11
+00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:15,320
+عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في المرة
+
+12
+00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:21,340
+الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا في
+
+13
+00:00:21,340 --> 00:00:27,740
+المرة الماضية عن ال transfers magnification تحدثنا
+
+14
+00:00:27,740 --> 00:00:32,970
+في المرة الماضية عنthat everything above the
+
+15
+00:00:32,970 --> 00:00:35,550
+optical axis we give it a positive sign and
+
+16
+00:00:35,550 --> 00:00:39,910
+everything below the optical axis we give it a
+
+17
+00:00:39,910 --> 00:00:44,770
+negative sign and we also said that when I want to
+
+18
+00:00:44,770 --> 00:00:48,630
+characterize the transference magnification I put
+
+19
+00:00:48,630 --> 00:00:53,910
+the X mark, the X means when we say X minus half,
+
+20
+00:00:54,330 --> 00:00:59,380
+the X means the magnificationالminus بترمز إلا إن
+
+21
+00:00:59,380 --> 00:01:04,740
+الصورة مجلوبة و القدر هنا بيرمز لي لكمية ال
+
+22
+00:01:04,740 --> 00:01:07,700
+magnification يعني لما أقول x minus نص يعني الصورة
+
+23
+00:01:07,700 --> 00:01:12,480
+مجلوبة لإشارة minus و نص يعني نص ارتفاعها يساوي نص
+
+24
+00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:16,020
+ارتفاع ال object وحكينا أيضا أكدنا على إن
+
+25
+00:01:16,020 --> 00:01:19,500
+transfers magnification رغم إن كلمة magnification
+
+26
+00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:24,520
+تعني التكبيرإلا إن ممكن هي تعني التكبير أو التصغير
+
+27
+00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:27,980
+لو لجيت الرقم هنا واحد، معناته مافي عندي لا تكبير
+
+28
+00:01:27,980 --> 00:01:33,330
+ولا تصغير، معناته الصورةIrtifaaha يساوي ارتفاع
+
+29
+00:01:33,330 --> 00:01:38,050
+الجسم. الصورة يساوي .. ارتفاعها يساوي ارتفاع الجسم
+
+30
+00:01:38,050 --> 00:01:42,750
+لو أقل من واحد معناته فيه تصغير ولم .. لو أكتر من
+
+31
+00:01:42,750 --> 00:01:47,770
+واحد بيكون عندي تكبير في حجم الصورة أو في ارتفاع
+
+32
+00:01:47,770 --> 00:01:53,110
+الصورة مقارنة مع ارتفاع الجسم. Generally the
+
+33
+00:01:53,110 --> 00:01:57,280
+multiplication sign اللي هي ال Xis used to
+
+34
+00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:00,960
+indicate magnification, we use it to indicate
+
+35
+00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:05,840
+magnification, to indicate magnification The last
+
+36
+00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:08,200
+thing we remember from the previous lecture is
+
+37
+00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:10,620
+that for transfers, magnification is not
+
+38
+00:02:10,620 --> 00:02:13,560
+distinguished because this is a percentage and a
+
+39
+00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:16,560
+percentage is not distinguished We distinguish
+
+40
+00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,500
+heights with centimeters or meters or millimeters
+
+41
+00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:24,020
+When we calculate the transfers magnification, it
+
+42
+00:02:24,020 --> 00:02:26,700
+means that the picture here in this example is
+
+43
+00:02:26,700 --> 00:02:29,600
+half the height of the object and upside down But
+
+44
+00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:31,340
+when we say half the height of the object, we do
+
+45
+00:02:31,340 --> 00:02:34,820
+not distinguish with this, the ratio does not
+
+46
+00:02:34,820 --> 00:02:38,000
+distinguish, does not distinguish Today we will
+
+47
+00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:42,040
+learn about something new in geometrical optics
+
+48
+00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:46,120
+that helps us or facilitates calculation of
+
+49
+00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:48,640
+transfers magnification and facilitates other
+
+50
+00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:52,800
+thingsNow, we need to know that every optical
+
+51
+00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:59,820
+system exists there are many references to this
+
+52
+00:02:59,820 --> 00:03:02,920
+optical system that help us to understand the
+
+53
+00:03:02,920 --> 00:03:05,420
+relation between the image and the object in the
+
+54
+00:03:05,420 --> 00:03:08,020
+optical system we said that the light leaves the
+
+55
+00:03:08,020 --> 00:03:11,220
+object and passes through the optical system and
+
+56
+00:03:11,220 --> 00:03:14,460
+this optical system forms an image of what is in
+
+57
+00:03:14,460 --> 00:03:18,040
+the space of this object so, the light leaves the
+
+58
+00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:20,970
+objecttowards the formation of the image, of
+
+59
+00:03:20,970 --> 00:03:24,170
+course with the help of the optical system Now, to
+
+60
+00:03:24,170 --> 00:03:26,990
+know the relationship between the body and the
+
+61
+00:03:26,990 --> 00:03:30,570
+optical system and the image and their locations
+
+62
+00:03:30,570 --> 00:03:34,610
+in space, we use a lot of reference things The
+
+63
+00:03:34,610 --> 00:03:38,030
+first reference thing that came to us was the
+
+64
+00:03:38,030 --> 00:03:42,190
+optical axis, the optical axis One might ask, how
+
+65
+00:03:42,190 --> 00:03:44,530
+is this considered a reference thing? We say, yes,
+
+66
+00:03:44,810 --> 00:03:48,720
+the heights are measured from the optical axisSo,
+
+67
+00:03:48,820 --> 00:03:50,360
+the height of the body, we say from the highest
+
+68
+00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:53,020
+point in the body, we drop a column when we reach
+
+69
+00:03:53,020 --> 00:03:55,620
+the optical axis, which means the point that ends
+
+70
+00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:58,900
+with us, the optical axis. Also, the height of the
+
+71
+00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:01,280
+image is measured from the optical axis, is
+
+72
+00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:04,140
+measured from the optical axis. So, the height of
+
+73
+00:04:04,140 --> 00:04:06,520
+the image or the height of the body means a
+
+74
+00:04:06,520 --> 00:04:09,580
+comparison or departure from the optical axis,
+
+75
+00:04:09,740 --> 00:04:13,200
+which means the point of addiction or the point of
+
+76
+00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:15,900
+addiction. Now we want to get to know today about
+
+77
+00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:21,060
+another reference point, another reference point
+
+78
+00:04:21,060 --> 00:04:24,320
+helps us in solving our problems we say most
+
+79
+00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:28,880
+optical systems have a pair of nodal points which
+
+80
+00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:34,780
+means most optical systems have reference points
+
+81
+00:04:34,780 --> 00:04:38,560
+which they call nodal points or nodal points or
+
+82
+00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:44,200
+nodal points so I have a pair of nodal points,
+
+83
+00:04:44,500 --> 00:04:48,450
+these nodal points existIn most of the optical
+
+84
+00:04:48,450 --> 00:04:52,670
+systems, their location is on the optical axis, on
+
+85
+00:04:52,670 --> 00:04:55,890
+the optical axis We say as the following, try to
+
+86
+00:04:55,890 --> 00:04:59,630
+get the drawing The
+
+87
+00:04:59,630 --> 00:05:03,050
+point that I point out, let's go to the magnifying
+
+88
+00:05:03,050 --> 00:05:06,180
+glassThis point that I'm pointing at is called
+
+89
+00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:09,760
+anterior nodal point and this point that I'm
+
+90
+00:05:09,760 --> 00:05:12,780
+pointing at is called posterior nodal point. Of
+
+91
+00:05:12,780 --> 00:05:16,280
+course anterior is closer to the object, it's on
+
+92
+00:05:16,280 --> 00:05:18,260
+the front surface of the lens and on the back
+
+93
+00:05:18,260 --> 00:05:22,890
+surface of the lensI have anterior nodal point and
+
+94
+00:05:22,890 --> 00:05:50,490
+posterior nodal point
+
+95
+00:05:50,660 --> 00:05:53,740
+Hadola the two nodal points مابنفع يكونوا لا فوق
+
+96
+00:05:53,740 --> 00:05:57,340
+ال optical axis ولا تحت ال optical axis لازم
+
+97
+00:05:57,340 --> 00:06:03,490
+يكونوا على ال optical axis و أحيانا .. أحياناIt
+
+98
+00:06:03,490 --> 00:06:06,830
+becomes overlapping, overlapping What does
+
+99
+00:06:06,830 --> 00:06:08,930
+overlapping mean? We apply the anterior and
+
+100
+00:06:08,930 --> 00:06:11,530
+posterior nodal points to each other and they
+
+101
+00:06:11,530 --> 00:06:15,890
+become one point If they become one point, I will
+
+102
+00:06:15,890 --> 00:06:18,510
+still consider them two points, two points,
+
+103
+00:06:19,050 --> 00:06:22,010
+despite their overlapping each other A person may
+
+104
+00:06:22,010 --> 00:06:25,970
+wonder how can I consider them two points, in
+
+105
+00:06:25,970 --> 00:06:30,910
+other wordsI want to look at them as two points,
+
+106
+00:06:31,310 --> 00:06:34,550
+although they are similar to each other and seem
+
+107
+00:06:34,550 --> 00:06:38,490
+to be one point To approximate the concept, we
+
+108
+00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:41,230
+need to take an example from everyday life If we
+
+109
+00:06:41,230 --> 00:06:44,670
+say that a person specialized in vision
+
+110
+00:06:44,670 --> 00:06:48,350
+specialists and became a vision specialist after
+
+111
+00:06:48,350 --> 00:06:52,190
+he finished his specializationI mean he didn't
+
+112
+00:06:52,190 --> 00:06:54,530
+find a job, so he said I want to get another
+
+113
+00:06:54,530 --> 00:06:57,350
+specialization, so he went to specialize in
+
+114
+00:06:57,350 --> 00:07:00,470
+computer engineering for example This person
+
+115
+00:07:00,470 --> 00:07:02,490
+became with him two specializations Now this
+
+116
+00:07:02,490 --> 00:07:05,470
+person is one person, but when he attends a
+
+117
+00:07:05,470 --> 00:07:07,990
+conference, no, the visionists attend with his
+
+118
+00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:11,010
+attribute that he is a vision specialist And when
+
+119
+00:07:11,010 --> 00:07:13,410
+he attends a conference in computer engineering
+
+120
+00:07:13,410 --> 00:07:15,210
+and programming, he attends with his attribute
+
+121
+00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:17,410
+that he is a computer engineer, that is, he is a
+
+122
+00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:19,950
+person, but inside himinside it has two
+
+123
+00:07:19,950 --> 00:07:23,850
+characteristics, which are at the same time visual
+
+124
+00:07:23,850 --> 00:07:26,790
+characteristics and at the same time engineer,
+
+125
+00:07:27,390 --> 00:07:31,210
+computer and programming and so on Also when two
+
+126
+00:07:31,210 --> 00:07:34,830
+points match each other, which are the anterior
+
+127
+00:07:34,830 --> 00:07:37,810
+nodal point and the posterior nodal point I keep
+
+128
+00:07:37,810 --> 00:07:41,050
+telling them that I have an anterior nodal point
+
+129
+00:07:41,050 --> 00:07:44,290
+and the posterior nodal point matches itو هذا
+
+130
+00:07:44,290 --> 00:07:49,470
+الكلام إله فائدة، هنجيها بالتدريج، هنجيها بالتدريج
+
+131
+00:07:49,470 --> 00:07:54,450
+طيب، ممكن إنسان يتساءل، يقول طيب إحنا الآن يعني
+
+132
+00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:59,330
+وصلت معلومة إنه في عندي زوج من ال nodal point، زوج
+
+133
+00:07:59,330 --> 00:08:03,890
+من ال nodal point وإنه occasionally أحيانا ال
+
+134
+00:08:03,890 --> 00:08:06,850
+nodal points overlap، بيجوا على بعضهم البعض,
+
+135
+00:08:07,170 --> 00:08:10,550
+appearing as single point, appearing as single
+
+136
+00:08:10,550 --> 00:08:15,880
+point، نطلع من العرضoccasionally the nodal points
+
+137
+00:08:15,880 --> 00:08:20,740
+overlap appearing as a single point but
+
+138
+00:08:20,740 --> 00:08:24,600
+technically من ناحية تقنية they remain a pair of
+
+139
+00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:28,240
+overlapping nodal points يعني بيظلوا زوج من النقاط
+
+140
+00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,640
+اللي جاية على بعضها و بعتبرهم مش أنهم صاروا نقطة
+
+141
+00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:36,640
+واحدة طيب يا ترى إيش الصفة المميزة .. إيش الصفة
+
+142
+00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:42,560
+المميزة لهدولة ال nodal pointsلهدولة ال two nodal
+
+143
+00:08:42,560 --> 00:08:45,440
+points ال anterior و ال posterior nodal points هذا
+
+144
+00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:50,280
+هنجيله بالتدريج بنقول أول صفة من صفات ال nodal
+
+145
+00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:54,440
+points the nodal points are always on the optical
+
+146
+00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:59,360
+axis and have an important property and have an
+
+147
+00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:03,120
+important property يا ترى إيش الصفة المهمة اللي
+
+148
+00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:08,550
+ميزت ال nodal points على عنThe rest of the points
+
+149
+00:09:08,550 --> 00:09:12,720
+go back to the magnifying glass.We want to take an
+
+150
+00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:17,140
+example, a point from the object, point A, and its
+
+151
+00:09:17,140 --> 00:09:20,280
+shape which is a condition, as we used to say at
+
+152
+00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:23,060
+the top of a candle Of course, we will give an
+
+153
+00:09:23,060 --> 00:09:27,200
+example on point A, and this applies to all points
+
+154
+00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:30,360
+of the object We want to say the story or tell the
+
+155
+00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:34,780
+story with A, and this also applies to all stories
+
+156
+00:09:34,780 --> 00:09:38,200
+for all points of the object Point A starts from
+
+157
+00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:41,340
+itthousands and hundreds of thousands and millions
+
+158
+00:09:41,340 --> 00:09:45,220
+of rays in all directions there is a group of
+
+159
+00:09:45,220 --> 00:09:48,080
+rays, let's say one hundred thousand rays will
+
+160
+00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:51,060
+enter the lens these one hundred thousand rays,
+
+161
+00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,620
+which are all coming from A, will be collected by
+
+162
+00:09:54,620 --> 00:09:59,090
+the lens and form A conditionUntil now, there was
+
+163
+00:09:59,090 --> 00:10:02,510
+no mention of nodal points From the 100,000 rays,
+
+164
+00:10:03,170 --> 00:10:07,630
+there will be one direction that is directed
+
+165
+00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:11,390
+towards the anterior nodal point Scientists found
+
+166
+00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:14,310
+in the experiment that this ray will come out of
+
+167
+00:10:14,310 --> 00:10:17,710
+the posterior nodal point and go to form an A
+
+168
+00:10:17,710 --> 00:10:21,570
+-shape You can say, what's the difference? The 100
+
+169
+00:10:21,570 --> 00:10:25,060
+,000 rays will enter the lensthey will enter the
+
+170
+00:10:25,060 --> 00:10:27,180
+lens and they will gather all of them, which means
+
+171
+00:10:27,180 --> 00:10:29,380
+that the ray that entered the lens from the front
+
+172
+00:10:29,380 --> 00:10:32,080
+surface will exit from the back surface after
+
+173
+00:10:32,080 --> 00:10:34,120
+breaking, after breaking the lens and leaving
+
+174
+00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:36,340
+which means that it contributes to the formation
+
+175
+00:10:36,340 --> 00:10:39,660
+of what is what condition we say yes, but the
+
+176
+00:10:39,660 --> 00:10:42,580
+difference is that this ray that was destined to
+
+177
+00:10:42,580 --> 00:10:45,960
+enter the anterior nodal point and exit from the
+
+178
+00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:49,800
+posterior nodal point this ray will make an angle
+
+179
+00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:53,660
+with the optical axis which is thetaequal to the
+
+180
+00:10:53,660 --> 00:10:57,600
+angle of exit of this ray after breaking it, of
+
+181
+00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:01,340
+course, which is equal to theta 2. We called it
+
+182
+00:11:01,340 --> 00:11:04,700
+theta 2. So theta, which is the angle of entry of
+
+183
+00:11:04,700 --> 00:11:08,780
+the ray coming from A and going to the anterior
+
+184
+00:11:08,780 --> 00:11:11,780
+nodal point, exits from the posterior nodal point
+
+185
+00:11:12,130 --> 00:11:17,270
+وبيروح هو منتهى لإي شرطة ده قولا واحدا بس الفرق ..
+
+186
+00:11:17,270 --> 00:11:21,430
+فرق هذا الشعاع .. هذا الشعاع خلينا نسمي الشعاع
+
+187
+00:11:21,430 --> 00:11:24,410
+scene تمام؟ هذا الشعاع scene لما بدخل في ال
+
+188
+00:11:24,410 --> 00:11:27,490
+anterior nodal point بيعمل زاوية مع ال optical
+
+189
+00:11:27,490 --> 00:11:31,150
+axis و هو نفس الشعاع scene لما بخرج من العدسة
+
+190
+00:11:31,150 --> 00:11:36,590
+تمام؟ و بيروح على إي شرطة بيعمل θ2Theta and theta2
+
+191
+00:11:36,590 --> 00:11:40,950
+are equilateral angles .. equilateral angles If we
+
+192
+00:11:40,950 --> 00:11:45,070
+assume that the
+
+193
+00:11:45,070 --> 00:11:48,710
+anterior and posterior nodal points are the same I
+
+194
+00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:51,130
+will keep saying .. if we come to describe here in
+
+195
+00:11:51,130 --> 00:11:53,370
+the science of geometrical optics, we say the ray
+
+196
+00:11:53,370 --> 00:11:58,110
+scene .. the ray scene that started from point A
+
+197
+00:11:58,950 --> 00:12:02,510
+entered the anterior nodal point and came out of
+
+198
+00:12:02,510 --> 00:12:04,670
+the posterior nodal point. So in the story we will
+
+199
+00:12:04,670 --> 00:12:08,070
+talk about two points, although it is okay, I mean
+
+200
+00:12:08,070 --> 00:12:12,050
+it stayed .. I mean it went through geographically
+
+201
+00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:14,930
+or spatially through one point, but these two
+
+202
+00:12:14,930 --> 00:12:18,230
+points must be talked about as two points adjacent
+
+203
+00:12:18,230 --> 00:12:23,400
+to each other. So what did this ray come out of?و
+
+204
+00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:26,320
+عبر عبر ال anterior nodal point و منها لل
+
+205
+00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:28,740
+posterior nodal point اللي هم في نفس المكان
+
+206
+00:12:28,740 --> 00:12:33,200
+الفراغي تمام؟ و دالوا مكملوا طريقه إلى اي شرطة
+
+207
+00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:38,360
+ساعتها theta و theta تنين تساوي بعض بالتقابل
+
+208
+00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:41,430
+بالتقابلAnd this distinguishes the anterior and
+
+209
+00:12:41,430 --> 00:12:44,370
+posterior nodal points, whether the anterior is
+
+210
+00:12:44,370 --> 00:12:46,830
+aligned or not aligned, that is, in this drawing,
+
+211
+00:12:47,450 --> 00:12:49,950
+the anterior nodal point and the posterior nodal
+
+212
+00:12:49,950 --> 00:12:53,290
+point are not aligned with each other, and here
+
+213
+00:12:53,290 --> 00:12:56,710
+the anterior nodal point and the posterior nodal
+
+214
+00:12:56,710 --> 00:13:01,010
+point are not aligned, that is, aligned in the
+
+215
+00:13:01,010 --> 00:13:03,810
+first drawing, not aligned, here aligned with each
+
+216
+00:13:03,810 --> 00:13:07,590
+other, in both cases, here this angle equals this
+
+217
+00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:11,200
+angle,entrance of the beam to the optical system,
+
+218
+00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:14,840
+the angle it makes with the optical axis, is equal
+
+219
+00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:18,340
+to the angle of exit, also with the optical axis.
+
+220
+00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:22,100
+So θ is equal to θ2. And even if they don't match,
+
+221
+00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:26,700
+θ is equal to θ2. θ is the angle between the beam
+
+222
+00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:31,600
+that fell on the lens and the optical axis, and θ2
+
+223
+00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:34,020
+is the beam that came out of the lens with the
+
+224
+00:13:34,020 --> 00:13:38,060
+optical axis.Okay, until now, the speech was
+
+225
+00:13:38,060 --> 00:13:40,760
+excellent, but we did not understand what can be
+
+226
+00:13:40,760 --> 00:13:45,000
+gained from this case What can be gained from this
+
+227
+00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,320
+case? To say what can be gained from the case of
+
+228
+00:13:48,320 --> 00:13:53,140
+equal entry and exit angleTo the rays, only the
+
+229
+00:13:53,140 --> 00:13:56,580
+rays, only the rays that enter the anterior nodal
+
+230
+00:13:56,580 --> 00:13:59,960
+point and exit the posterior nodal point make an
+
+231
+00:13:59,960 --> 00:14:03,100
+even angle The rest of the rays that do not enter
+
+232
+00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:06,300
+the anterior nodal point will not .. that is, the
+
+233
+00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:08,940
+exit angle will differ from the entry angle Okay,
+
+234
+00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:11,520
+what does this mean when we talk about it? Also
+
+235
+00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:16,160
+point B, point B sends millions of rays in all
+
+236
+00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:19,860
+directions It will be the share of rays one by one
+
+237
+00:14:19,860 --> 00:14:23,630
+onlyto enter the anterior nodal point, then it
+
+238
+00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:26,190
+will make a certain angle, let's call it the angle
+
+239
+00:14:26,190 --> 00:14:29,710
+of the arc, for example, an arc will come out, and
+
+240
+00:14:29,710 --> 00:14:34,230
+two arcs will be equal, the point, for example, G,
+
+241
+00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:39,070
+present, for example, in the object, the point G,
+
+242
+00:14:39,390 --> 00:14:43,770
+will send its rays in all directions, and one of
+
+243
+00:14:43,770 --> 00:14:48,600
+them will enter the anterior nodal pointملخص
+
+244
+00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:53,520
+الحكاية إنه كل شعاعة بغض النظر قادم من أي نقطة من
+
+245
+00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:58,380
+الجسم كل شعاعة بغض النظر قادم من أي نقطة من الجسم
+
+246
+00:14:58,380 --> 00:15:03,460
+داخل ال anterior nodal point هيخرج من ال posterior
+
+247
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,720
+nodal point ويروح يكوّن صورة النقطة اللي أتى منها
+
+248
+00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:10,990
+صورة النقطة اللي أتى منهاthe angle of entry and
+
+249
+00:15:10,990 --> 00:15:17,310
+exit are exactly equal let's
+
+250
+00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:20,710
+go back to point A we say point A there is one of
+
+251
+00:15:20,710 --> 00:15:23,230
+the rays that came out of it and entered the
+
+252
+00:15:23,230 --> 00:15:25,450
+optical system it was allowed to enter the
+
+253
+00:15:25,450 --> 00:15:27,930
+anterior nodal point and made an angle with the
+
+254
+00:15:27,930 --> 00:15:32,150
+optical axis theta now it came out of the
+
+255
+00:15:32,150 --> 00:15:35,150
+posterior nodal point and made theta 2
+
+256
+00:15:37,640 --> 00:15:43,740
+Since θ is equal to θ2, as we said, then tan θ is
+
+257
+00:15:43,740 --> 00:15:48,800
+equal to tan θ2 Since these angles are equal, then
+
+258
+00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,500
+the shadow of θ is equal to the shadow of θ2 Well,
+
+259
+00:15:52,540 --> 00:15:55,260
+we know that the shadow is equal to the reciprocal
+
+260
+00:15:55,260 --> 00:15:58,400
+over the adjacent, this is the triangle of the
+
+261
+00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:01,400
+angle, this is the reciprocal, which is the height
+
+262
+00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:07,150
+of the bodyوالمجاور، المجاور اللي هي بعد الجسم عن
+
+263
+00:16:07,150 --> 00:16:10,610
+ال optical system اللي بيسموها object distance،
+
+264
+00:16:10,610 --> 00:16:14,900
+هنا object هي ..and object distance, so the shadow
+
+265
+00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:19,220
+of theta is object height over object distance so
+
+266
+00:16:19,220 --> 00:16:23,880
+tan theta is equal to tan theta 2, why? because if
+
+267
+00:16:23,880 --> 00:16:26,820
+this angle is 30 degrees and this angle is 30
+
+268
+00:16:26,820 --> 00:16:30,580
+degrees for example, the shadow of 30 is equal to
+
+269
+00:16:30,580 --> 00:16:33,680
+the shadow of 30 and therefore, since theta is
+
+270
+00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:37,080
+equal to theta 2, then tan theta which is the
+
+271
+00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:39,920
+shadow of theta is equal to tan theta 2 which is
+
+272
+00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:44,210
+the shadow of theta 2طب إيش بدنا نعوض عن ذل فيتا،
+
+273
+00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:48,630
+بنقول ذل فيتا المقابل على المجاور، يعني ال object
+
+274
+00:16:48,630 --> 00:16:53,070
+head على ال object distance، object head على ال
+
+275
+00:16:53,070 --> 00:16:57,050
+object distance طيب و فيتا اتنين، فيتا اتنين ذلها
+
+276
+00:16:57,050 --> 00:17:02,190
+برضه المقابل على المجاور�� المقابل اللي هو ال image
+
+277
+00:17:02,190 --> 00:17:06,350
+head، و المجاور ال image distance، بعد ال image عن
+
+278
+00:17:06,350 --> 00:17:10,270
+ال optical systemSo object height over object
+
+279
+00:17:10,270 --> 00:17:13,390
+distance is equal to image height over image
+
+280
+00:17:13,390 --> 00:17:18,210
+distance, okay? Now object height over object
+
+281
+00:17:18,210 --> 00:17:21,250
+distance is equal to image height over image
+
+282
+00:17:21,250 --> 00:17:25,030
+distance We know in mathematics and in the science
+
+283
+00:17:25,030 --> 00:17:28,270
+of faults, if they are too much equal, if they are
+
+284
+00:17:28,270 --> 00:17:31,170
+too much equal, then the lowest over the lowest is
+
+285
+00:17:31,170 --> 00:17:34,110
+equal to the highest over the highest This is the
+
+286
+00:17:34,110 --> 00:17:38,060
+Foucault equationwe want to repeat the order by
+
+287
+00:17:38,060 --> 00:17:43,440
+saying image distance which is the position over
+
+288
+00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:49,320
+object distance is equal to image height over
+
+289
+00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:52,960
+object height or let's say as follows the bus on
+
+290
+00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:56,440
+the bus is equal to the position on the position
+
+291
+00:17:56,440 --> 00:18:01,080
+let's repeat again the bus on the bus is equal to
+
+292
+00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,400
+the position on the position so image height over
+
+293
+00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:08,110
+object heightis equal to image distance over
+
+294
+00:18:08,110 --> 00:18:10,350
+object distance. A person might object and say,
+
+295
+00:18:10,450 --> 00:18:12,270
+what made us think that this is correct? It is
+
+296
+00:18:12,270 --> 00:18:18,870
+said in math. Half is equal to two quartersلو قلنا
+
+297
+00:18:18,870 --> 00:18:23,250
+البسط على البسط هنا واحد على اتنين يساوي اتنين على
+
+298
+00:18:23,250 --> 00:18:26,210
+اربع طب ممكن انسان يقول ممكن بالعكس؟ اه ممكن
+
+299
+00:18:26,210 --> 00:18:30,470
+بالعكس البسط على البسط اتنين على واحد يساوي اربع
+
+300
+00:18:30,470 --> 00:18:33,910
+على اتنين لإن اتنين على واحد يساوي اتنين واربع على
+
+301
+00:18:33,910 --> 00:18:37,670
+اتنين يساوي اتنين مثال آخر بنقول البسط على البسط
+
+302
+00:18:37,670 --> 00:18:41,890
+واحد على اتنين يساوي تلاتة على ست ممكن بالعكس
+
+303
+00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:46,660
+نمشي؟ اه ممكنTwo over one equals six over three,
+
+304
+00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:49,080
+because two over one equals two, and six over
+
+305
+00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:53,420
+three equals two So, in calculus, one over one
+
+306
+00:18:53,420 --> 00:18:58,620
+equals one over one, or vice versa, one over one,
+
+307
+00:18:58,820 --> 00:19:02,320
+whether we go from right to left or from left to
+
+308
+00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:07,200
+right, one over one equals one over oneor مقام على
+
+309
+00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:12,640
+مقام يساوي bust على bust نرجع لقصتنا بنقول ال bust
+
+310
+00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:17,240
+على ال bust image height على object height يساوي
+
+311
+00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:20,220
+image distance على object distance هذه الكلام اللي
+
+312
+00:19:20,220 --> 00:19:23,440
+أنا بحكيه رتبنا لإنه ال image height اللي هو ال
+
+313
+00:19:23,440 --> 00:19:26,900
+bust على object height ال bust في ناحية تانية
+
+314
+00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:31,720
+يساوي image distance على object distance طيب إيش
+
+315
+00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:34,560
+هو ال image height على ال object height؟which is
+
+316
+00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:37,780
+the transference magnification image height is the
+
+317
+00:19:37,780 --> 00:19:40,600
+ratio of the height of the image when we divide it
+
+318
+00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,340
+by the height of the object which is the image
+
+319
+00:19:42,340 --> 00:19:47,120
+height over the object height the image height
+
+320
+00:19:47,120 --> 00:19:49,560
+over the object height equals we reached this
+
+321
+00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:51,840
+point that the image height over the object height
+
+322
+00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:54,660
+equals the image distance over the object distance
+
+323
+00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:57,520
+we know from the previous lecture that the image
+
+324
+00:19:57,520 --> 00:19:59,760
+height over the object height equals the
+
+325
+00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:04,440
+transference magnificationThe nodal points helped
+
+326
+00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:09,000
+me to reach the transference magnification not
+
+327
+00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,820
+only in heights but also in distances In other
+
+328
+00:20:12,820 --> 00:20:15,020
+words, let's say I have an example and we tell
+
+329
+00:20:15,020 --> 00:20:19,720
+someone to look at this example and bring us the
+
+330
+00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,620
+transference magnification How big is the image
+
+331
+00:20:23,620 --> 00:20:27,040
+compared to the object, okay? And what is the
+
+332
+00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:31,130
+height of the object?and gave us the height of the
+
+333
+00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:35,970
+image but gave us the distances distance of the
+
+334
+00:20:35,970 --> 00:20:38,210
+object and distance of the image we say transfers
+
+335
+00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:44,070
+magnification equals image distance over object
+
+336
+00:20:44,070 --> 00:20:46,950
+distance why did I use this? transfers
+
+337
+00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:49,410
+magnification equals image distance over object
+
+338
+00:20:49,410 --> 00:20:53,230
+distanceلأن الإرتفاعات بالنسبة إلي في المسألة ماحد
+
+339
+00:20:53,230 --> 00:20:57,770
+أعطانيها وإنما أعطوني المسافات بأستطيع باستخدام
+
+340
+00:20:57,770 --> 00:21:03,670
+المسافات إني أوجد ل transfers magnification .. إني
+
+341
+00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:07,850
+أوجد ل transfers magnification وبالتالي ..and thus
+
+342
+00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:11,870
+the nodal points helped me or through the nodal
+
+343
+00:21:11,870 --> 00:21:15,490
+points I reached a new equation last time our
+
+344
+00:21:15,490 --> 00:21:18,590
+equation was Transverse Magnification equals image
+
+345
+00:21:18,590 --> 00:21:21,670
+height over object height and we said we drop a
+
+346
+00:21:21,670 --> 00:21:24,290
+column from the top of the image to the optical
+
+347
+00:21:24,290 --> 00:21:27,750
+axis and we drop a column from the top of the
+
+348
+00:21:27,750 --> 00:21:30,730
+object to the optical axis and we calculate the
+
+349
+00:21:30,730 --> 00:21:33,600
+height of the image and we divide it by heightbody
+
+350
+00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:37,280
+and consequently I get transfers magnification
+
+351
+00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:40,760
+Now, today we have a new equation that transfers
+
+352
+00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:43,160
+magnification is equal to image distance over
+
+353
+00:21:43,160 --> 00:21:45,280
+object distance I measure the distance of the
+
+354
+00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:47,960
+image from the optical system, from the lens and I
+
+355
+00:21:47,960 --> 00:21:49,580
+measure the distance of the object from the
+
+356
+00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:52,560
+optical system, from the lens I divide the
+
+357
+00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,060
+distance of the image by the distance of the
+
+358
+00:21:54,060 --> 00:21:57,860
+object and I get transfers magnification One can
+
+359
+00:21:57,860 --> 00:22:04,020
+ask that we haveWhen we were using the heights, we
+
+360
+00:22:04,020 --> 00:22:05,920
+used to say that the one below the optical axis
+
+361
+00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:09,100
+gives a minus sign and the one above the optical
+
+362
+00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:12,660
+axis gives a plus sign Are there certain signals
+
+363
+00:22:12,660 --> 00:22:14,440
+in the distances to help me turn the picture
+
+364
+00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:17,500
+upside down or not? We say yes, it was identified,
+
+365
+00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:20,680
+it was identified that whatever is on the right of
+
+366
+00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:23,340
+the optical system, which is the lens, is
+
+367
+00:22:23,340 --> 00:22:25,840
+considered positive and whatever is on the left is
+
+368
+00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:28,280
+considered negative, is considered negative
+
+369
+00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:44,860
+The essential property of nodal points is that
+
+370
+00:22:44,860 --> 00:22:52,220
+these two angles are equal for any selected object
+
+371
+00:22:52,220 --> 00:22:52,680
+point
+
+372
+00:23:07,260 --> 00:23:12,080
+because of this feature nodal points are useful
+
+373
+00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:15,940
+for establishing a relationship among transphase
+
+374
+00:23:15,940 --> 00:23:19,340
+magnificationobject distance and image distance
+
+375
+00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,860
+and because of this feature that the entry angle
+
+376
+00:23:21,860 --> 00:23:25,740
+and exit angle are equal, nodal point helped us to
+
+377
+00:23:25,740 --> 00:23:27,740
+create a relation between the transphase
+
+378
+00:23:27,740 --> 00:23:30,620
+magnification and the object distance and the
+
+379
+00:23:30,620 --> 00:23:33,000
+image distance this relation is summarized in the
+
+380
+00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:34,160
+equation that
+
+381
+00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:39,900
+transfers magnification equals image distance over
+
+382
+00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,440
+object distance regardless of the location of an
+
+383
+00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:47,200
+object the object and the image subtends equal
+
+384
+00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:51,440
+angles with respect to their nodal points and this
+
+385
+00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:53,800
+is what we said that the angle of entry of any
+
+386
+00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,060
+beam that enters the nodal point equals the angle
+
+387
+00:23:57,060 --> 00:24:00,920
+of exit of this beam from the nodal point we
+
+388
+00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:02,740
+reached the relationship that transfers
+
+389
+00:24:02,740 --> 00:24:06,100
+magnificationLike it equals image height over
+
+390
+00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:09,040
+object height, it also equals image distance over
+
+391
+00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:13,580
+object distance in heights In heights, we said the
+
+392
+00:24:13,580 --> 00:24:16,920
+one above the optical axis gets a plus sign, and
+
+393
+00:24:16,920 --> 00:24:19,940
+the one below the optical axis gets a minus sign
+
+394
+00:24:19,940 --> 00:24:24,260
+In distances, the one on the right is positive on
+
+395
+00:24:24,260 --> 00:24:25,800
+the right of the lens or on the right of the
+
+396
+00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:28,660
+optical system, and the one on the left is
+
+397
+00:24:28,660 --> 00:24:34,550
+negative, is negative, we say as followsas a
+
+398
+00:24:34,550 --> 00:24:38,310
+practical matter object and image distances must
+
+399
+00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:42,030
+obey a sign convention لازم نعطي إشارة لمسافة
+
+400
+00:24:42,030 --> 00:24:45,950
+الصورة ومسافة ال object عشان نعرف بالظبط هل الصورة
+
+401
+00:24:45,950 --> 00:24:49,950
+مجلوبة و لا الصورة معتادلة و لا الصورة معتادلة
+
+402
+00:24:49,950 --> 00:24:54,750
+طبعا هذا sign convention أو العلامة اللي بنعطيها
+
+403
+00:24:55,110 --> 00:24:58,130
+plus or minus consistent with the established
+
+404
+00:24:58,130 --> 00:25:06,090
+convention for transverse magnification object
+
+405
+00:25:06,090 --> 00:25:14,030
+distance
+
+406
+00:25:14,030 --> 00:25:17,410
+is measured from the object to the anterior nodal
+
+407
+00:25:17,410 --> 00:25:21,130
+point and image distanceis measured from the
+
+408
+00:25:21,130 --> 00:25:24,470
+posterior nodal point to the image when we move,
+
+409
+00:25:24,690 --> 00:25:28,650
+we say as follows to measure the object distance,
+
+410
+00:25:28,750 --> 00:25:30,650
+the object distance is the distance from the
+
+411
+00:25:30,650 --> 00:25:35,210
+object to the anterior nodal point and the image
+
+412
+00:25:35,210 --> 00:25:38,490
+distance from the posterior nodal point to the
+
+413
+00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:41,130
+image that is, from here to here is the distance
+
+414
+00:25:41,130 --> 00:25:43,690
+of the object and from here to here is the
+
+415
+00:25:43,690 --> 00:25:44,950
+distance of the image
+
+416
+00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:50,980
+For a simple thin lens immersed in a uniform
+
+417
+00:25:50,980 --> 00:25:54,600
+medium such as air, the nodal points overlap in
+
+418
+00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:58,710
+the center,of the lens. We say when I have a high
+
+419
+00:25:58,710 --> 00:26:02,210
+lens, submerged or present in a mixed medium,
+
+420
+00:26:02,610 --> 00:26:05,930
+uniform medium, what is uniform medium? It means
+
+421
+00:26:05,930 --> 00:26:07,650
+what is in front of it is the same as what is
+
+422
+00:26:07,650 --> 00:26:11,910
+behind it, it means air and air, water and water.
+
+423
+00:26:11,990 --> 00:26:14,210
+Well, can there be lenses that have something in
+
+424
+00:26:14,210 --> 00:26:16,530
+front of it and something behind it? Yes, for
+
+425
+00:26:16,530 --> 00:26:18,650
+example, like the cornea lens, the cornea of the
+
+426
+00:26:18,650 --> 00:26:21,350
+eye, in front of it is air and behind it is the
+
+427
+00:26:21,350 --> 00:26:23,920
+liquid of the eye, which is the aqueousThe humor
+
+428
+00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,260
+that exists in the anterior chamber. So, not all
+
+429
+00:26:26,260 --> 00:26:29,240
+lenses exist in a homogenous environment Some
+
+430
+00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:32,940
+exist in a non-homogenous environment The
+
+431
+00:26:32,940 --> 00:26:34,960
+homogenous environment is that in front of the
+
+432
+00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:38,180
+lens is the same as behind the lens Like the lens
+
+433
+00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:40,760
+when we hold it in the open air and we are in
+
+434
+00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:42,560
+front of it, in front of it means in front of its
+
+435
+00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,100
+surface Or the front surface is touching the air
+
+436
+00:26:45,100 --> 00:26:47,920
+and the back surface is touching the airand
+
+437
+00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:50,660
+consequently it is called uniform medium, which
+
+438
+00:26:50,660 --> 00:26:52,980
+means it exists in a homogeneous environment In
+
+439
+00:26:52,980 --> 00:26:56,640
+the case of a high lens, a thin lens, not a low
+
+440
+00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,580
+lens, in a homogeneous environment, the anterior
+
+441
+00:26:59,580 --> 00:27:03,960
+and posterior nodal points overlap, which means
+
+442
+00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:07,380
+they come to each other and there is no distance
+
+443
+00:27:07,380 --> 00:27:12,400
+between themoverlap in the center of the lens
+
+444
+00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:16,160
+موجودين بكونوا في ال center بتاع ال lens ماننساش
+
+445
+00:27:16,160 --> 00:27:19,140
+أنه لما بنحسب ال transfer magnification ونقول
+
+446
+00:27:19,140 --> 00:27:21,980
+يساوي ال image distance ع ال object distance
+
+447
+00:27:21,980 --> 00:27:25,280
+ماننساش أنه اللي ع اليمين هنعطي إشارة موجب،
+
+448
+00:27:25,280 --> 00:27:27,740
+المسافة اللي ع اليمين هنعطيها إشارة موجبة،
+
+449
+00:27:27,740 --> 00:27:30,240
+والمسافة اللي ع الشمال هنعطيها إشارة
+
+450
+00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:40,920
+We will stop at
+
+451
+00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:45,100
+this point and we will continue next time and give
+
+452
+00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:45,720
+you the answer
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Xkbo6AAQi3o_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1512 @@
+1
+00:00:01,570 --> 00:00:05,910
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:05,910 --> 00:00:09,530
+optics ووصلنا عند modeling an unknown optical
+
+3
+00:00:09,530 --> 00:00:16,720
+systemيعني كيف احنا نحلل عناصر optical system مش
+
+4
+00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:22,080
+معروف لنا أو كيف نعرف هذا ال optical system ككل،
+
+5
+00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:25,740
+يعني بنقول عنه، بنعمله modeling، إيش يعني
+
+6
+00:00:25,740 --> 00:00:31,120
+modeling، هنفهم فيه ال .. الكلمات التالية In the
+
+7
+00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:33,800
+previous examples, we showed how vergence
+
+8
+00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:37,370
+calculations could be usedto determine image
+
+9
+00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:41,510
+location and magnification for a single lens or
+
+10
+00:00:41,510 --> 00:00:44,450
+combination of two lenses or more
+
+11
+00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:09,780
+However most optical systems consist of many
+
+12
+00:01:09,780 --> 00:01:10,200
+lenses
+
+13
+00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:18,860
+35mm camera lens contains between 6 and 12
+
+14
+00:01:18,860 --> 00:01:22,800
+individual lens. Virgin's calculations become
+
+15
+00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:25,600
+tedious for such systems.
+
+16
+00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:47,840
+عامة المرهق عامة
+
+17
+00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:52,180
+المرهق عامة
+
+18
+00:01:52,180 --> 00:01:53,860
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+19
+00:01:53,860 --> 00:01:54,080
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+20
+00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:54,360
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+21
+00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:54,380
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+22
+00:01:54,380 --> 00:01:54,380
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+23
+00:01:54,380 --> 00:01:54,400
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+24
+00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,780
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+25
+00:01:57,780 --> 00:02:00,180
+المرهق عامة المرهق
+
+26
+00:02:05,660 --> 00:02:10,440
+Thick lenses and complex optical systems are
+
+27
+00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,140
+modeled using principal planes, nodal points and
+
+28
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,520
+focal points. If the optical surfaces are
+
+29
+00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:21,120
+spherical and we restrict the analysis to para
+
+30
+00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,720
+-axial rays, the location of each point or plane
+
+31
+00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,560
+is determined experimentally.First of all, we need
+
+32
+00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:31,200
+to understand that in order to do modeling for
+
+33
+00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:34,400
+unknown optical system, modeling means to
+
+34
+00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:36,900
+determine what is the optical system, meaning what
+
+35
+00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,820
+is it? Not .. we don't mean what is the number of
+
+36
+00:02:40,820 --> 00:02:45,060
+lenses or whether the lenses are fixed or flat or
+
+37
+00:02:45,060 --> 00:02:48,840
+plus lenses or minus lenses, no, but when I want
+
+38
+00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:53,680
+to determineor اعمل analysis ل optical system يعني
+
+39
+00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:57,360
+بدي احدد ال cardinal points بتاعته هذا ال optical
+
+40
+00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:00,940
+system ككل وين ال anterior focal point وين ال
+
+41
+00:03:00,940 --> 00:03:04,480
+posterior focal point وين ال anterior nodal point
+
+42
+00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:07,520
+وين ال posterior nodal point وين ال anterior
+
+43
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,220
+principal point وين ال posterior principal point و
+
+44
+00:03:11,220 --> 00:03:15,850
+هذا ال system ككل بيشتغلlike .. or it blocks from
+
+45
+00:03:15,850 --> 00:03:19,330
+.. does it have a plus lens position or does it
+
+46
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:23,730
+have a minus lens position in its group? When I do
+
+47
+00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:26,770
+these things and I define the cardinal points, it
+
+48
+00:03:26,770 --> 00:03:30,110
+means that I did modeling for the optical system,
+
+49
+00:03:30,110 --> 00:03:33,880
+which means that I defined this optical systemهذه
+
+50
+00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:39,820
+القضية بنوصلها بالرسم عن طريق إجراء تجربة طبعا
+
+51
+00:03:39,820 --> 00:03:44,620
+التجربة هاي بتقول إنه consider an unknown optical
+
+52
+00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:48,660
+system that contains any number of optical element
+
+53
+00:03:48,660 --> 00:03:52,200
+هاي عندي أنا optical system unknown يعني مش معروف
+
+54
+00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:56,600
+يعني مافي عندي أي معلومات عنه جدش قوة ال��دسات جدش
+
+55
+00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:00,380
+عدد العدسات بغض النظر عددها ستة سبعة عشرة عشرين
+
+56
+00:04:00,380 --> 00:04:04,250
+إلى آخرينقوة كل عدسة مش معروفة يعني هذا optical
+
+57
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:10,170
+system مجهول optical system مجهولSo therefore I
+
+58
+00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:14,050
+want to analyze this optical system by way of
+
+59
+00:04:14,050 --> 00:04:17,730
+experience and by way of graphic drawing, graphic
+
+60
+00:04:17,730 --> 00:04:21,650
+drawing. For example, a friend of mine brought me
+
+61
+00:04:21,650 --> 00:04:24,310
+a camera, he works in journalism and media, and he
+
+62
+00:04:24,310 --> 00:04:26,730
+told me that this camera was given to him or I
+
+63
+00:04:26,730 --> 00:04:30,530
+bought it, but I don't know its catalog, and I
+
+64
+00:04:30,530 --> 00:04:35,520
+don't know how .. I mean ..I mean, I understand
+
+65
+00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:37,980
+this camera and I understand how it works and what
+
+66
+00:04:37,980 --> 00:04:43,200
+is the nature of the optical system in it We can
+
+67
+00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:48,060
+make this
+
+68
+00:04:48,060 --> 00:04:51,760
+camera as an optical system as if it is one lens
+
+69
+00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:56,330
+as if it is one lensوبدنا ننظر إيه لها كإنها black
+
+70
+00:04:56,330 --> 00:05:02,270
+box إيش يعني black box؟ طبعا مصطلح black box أو
+
+71
+00:05:02,270 --> 00:05:06,690
+الصندوق الأسود غالبا بيستخدم في موضوع حوادث
+
+72
+00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:13,250
+الطائرات هو عبارة عن يعني جهاز يحتوي على يعني
+
+73
+00:05:13,250 --> 00:05:16,630
+أدوات لتسجيل الصوت من بداية رحلة الطائرة إلى
+
+74
+00:05:16,630 --> 00:05:22,570
+نهايتها بحيثI mean, if there was a problem with
+
+75
+00:05:22,570 --> 00:05:26,310
+the plane, or the plane crashed, or it fell, or it
+
+76
+00:05:26,310 --> 00:05:30,030
+was dropped, etc. This black box is taken out of
+
+77
+00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:32,750
+the plane wreckage, and they listen to the records
+
+78
+00:05:32,750 --> 00:05:37,930
+to try to reach the truth in this matterHere we
+
+79
+00:05:37,930 --> 00:05:41,170
+want to deal with the optical system, which is not
+
+80
+00:05:41,170 --> 00:05:44,630
+known to us that it is a black box And we want to
+
+81
+00:05:44,630 --> 00:05:47,850
+run an experiment on it This experiment shows us
+
+82
+00:05:47,850 --> 00:05:52,190
+the nature of this optical system Does it have a
+
+83
+00:05:52,190 --> 00:05:54,590
+plus lens position as a whole? The lenses work
+
+84
+00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:57,870
+together Does it have a plus lens position or a
+
+85
+00:05:57,870 --> 00:06:00,610
+minus lens position? First of all, we will say
+
+86
+00:06:00,610 --> 00:06:05,330
+that there is an object on the left of the optical
+
+87
+00:06:05,330 --> 00:06:09,230
+system, that is, in front of itYou say a rule from
+
+88
+00:06:09,230 --> 00:06:11,810
+the rules. We learned this rule, but we haven't
+
+89
+00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:13,950
+talked about it yet. We say if the picture is
+
+90
+00:06:13,950 --> 00:06:17,410
+formed on the left also, it means the picture is
+
+91
+00:06:17,410 --> 00:06:22,050
+virtual. On the same side of the object. And if it
+
+92
+00:06:22,050 --> 00:06:26,150
+is formed on its right, behind the optical system,
+
+93
+00:06:26,270 --> 00:06:29,590
+of course, the picture will be real. So, we say
+
+94
+00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:33,450
+sometimes that this optical system, if it forms a
+
+95
+00:06:33,450 --> 00:06:36,070
+picture on the left, it means it forms a virtual
+
+96
+00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:40,040
+image.لو كوّنلي صورة عاليمين، معناه تكوّن real
+
+97
+00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:45,740
+image بمعنى إنه مصير الأشعة اللي دخلت في كل هذه
+
+98
+00:06:45,740 --> 00:06:50,400
+العدسات اتجمعت و اتكوّنت و كوّنت real image أو
+
+99
+00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:54,480
+مصير الأشعة اللي دخلت في كل هذه العدسات اتشتتت في
+
+100
+00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:58,220
+النهاية، يعني هتكوّنلي virtual image، virtual
+
+101
+00:06:58,220 --> 00:07:01,760
+image، إذن هذه أول شيء بدنا نعمله، we will treat
+
+102
+00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:06,960
+itهذا ال optical system هنتعامل معاه we will treat
+
+103
+00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:12,800
+it as a black box a real object placed in front of
+
+104
+00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,640
+the black box will image somewhere in space يعني
+
+105
+00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:21,370
+لما أحط real objectin front of the optical system
+
+106
+00:07:21,370 --> 00:07:24,830
+it must have a picture of what is in the space
+
+107
+00:07:24,830 --> 00:07:27,390
+where is the space? here? behind the optical
+
+108
+00:07:27,390 --> 00:07:30,990
+system? or here? in front of the optical system?
+
+109
+00:07:31,450 --> 00:07:34,730
+depending on where it is formed if the image forms
+
+110
+00:07:34,730 --> 00:07:37,770
+in front of the box it is virtual if the picture
+
+111
+00:07:37,770 --> 00:07:40,630
+is formed in front of the box in front of the
+
+112
+00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:44,150
+black box sometimes this picture will be virtual
+
+113
+00:07:44,150 --> 00:07:50,470
+this is on the left side but if it is formedbehind
+
+114
+00:07:50,470 --> 00:08:00,570
+the box it is real now consider
+
+115
+00:08:00,570 --> 00:08:08,110
+a single ray of light
+
+116
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:12,570
+that leaves a point on the object such as the tip
+
+117
+00:08:12,570 --> 00:08:14,030
+of the arrow in the drawing
+
+118
+00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:22,620
+It leaves a point from the object And we have to
+
+119
+00:08:22,620 --> 00:08:25,440
+follow this ray Of course, we will use the laser
+
+120
+00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:29,680
+beam to point to this case The laser beam to point
+
+121
+00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,880
+to this case I have to keep leaning on this beam
+
+122
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:38,240
+until it leaves the optical system parallel to the
+
+123
+00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:41,380
+optical axis In other words, if we imagine that I
+
+124
+00:08:41,380 --> 00:08:45,900
+have a beam It will start from point A, let's
+
+125
+00:08:45,900 --> 00:08:51,400
+assumeBut it's necessary to color the rays This
+
+126
+00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:56,080
+ray has
+
+127
+00:08:56,080 --> 00:09:05,920
+a certain curvature, this is a curvature This
+
+128
+00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:08,320
+is a curvature, and this is a curvature, and this
+
+129
+00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,120
+is a curvature, and this is a curvature I move the
+
+130
+00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:16,040
+rays, of course, from the tip, from the start, to
+
+131
+00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,830
+a certain pointfrom both sides, we will find that
+
+132
+00:09:20,830 --> 00:09:24,150
+the radiation entered the optical system, but it
+
+133
+00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:30,570
+came out parallel to the optical axis
+
+134
+00:09:30,570 --> 00:09:39,650
+if
+
+135
+00:09:39,650 --> 00:09:45,710
+this happens with meIt means that the rays of its
+
+136
+00:09:45,710 --> 00:09:50,250
+wave enters the F-A of the whole system In the F-A
+
+137
+00:09:50,250 --> 00:09:52,310
+of the whole system I'm not saying that it enters
+
+138
+00:09:52,310 --> 00:09:56,150
+the F-A of the first lens Because if it enters the
+
+139
+00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,610
+F-A of the first lens, it will come out parallel
+
+140
+00:09:58,610 --> 00:10:01,530
+in this region After that, the second lens will
+
+141
+00:10:01,530 --> 00:10:04,390
+change direction and will become non-parallel And
+
+142
+00:10:04,390 --> 00:10:06,650
+the third lens will change direction as well
+
+143
+00:10:06,650 --> 00:10:11,840
+Therefore, when I control the laser beamon this
+
+144
+00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:15,960
+black box or on this optical system and I keep
+
+145
+00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,700
+changing the laser axis once, I don't leave it
+
+146
+00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:28,200
+this way and
+
+147
+00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:32,360
+once this way and once this way and once this way
+
+148
+00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:34,780
+so its axis changes with respect to the optical
+
+149
+00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,150
+axis its angle with respect to the optical axisIt
+
+150
+00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:41,730
+changes Now I noticed in a certain email that the
+
+151
+00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:44,670
+light comes out of this optical system parallel to
+
+152
+00:10:44,670 --> 00:10:47,870
+the optical axis, so that's it This is the first
+
+153
+00:10:47,870 --> 00:10:50,210
+point from the cardinal points that we will define
+
+154
+00:10:50,210 --> 00:10:54,770
+Which is FA, so this is FA
+
+155
+00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,380
+So this is fa of the system, of the system as a
+
+156
+00:11:17,380 --> 00:11:25,240
+whole, the first point we determined Okay, now we
+
+157
+00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:29,060
+want to continue with this topic, we say if we
+
+158
+00:11:29,060 --> 00:11:33,480
+draw a line, if we draw a line, a dotted line
+
+159
+00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:39,500
+inside the black box The
+
+160
+00:11:39,500 --> 00:11:41,700
+rays that came out parallel, we drew
+
+161
+00:11:50,490 --> 00:12:01,250
+we give it another color and we give it a cut and
+
+162
+00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:03,090
+we extend the rays that came in
+
+163
+00:12:20,510 --> 00:12:28,330
+also cut out their meeting, their meeting so the
+
+164
+00:12:28,330 --> 00:12:32,430
+ray that entered from the FA and came out parallel
+
+165
+00:12:32,430 --> 00:12:34,650
+FA under the system as a whole and came out
+
+166
+00:12:34,650 --> 00:12:38,950
+parallel we extend them to meet their meeting
+
+167
+00:12:38,950 --> 00:12:43,530
+point is in the anterior principal plane anterior
+
+168
+00:12:43,530 --> 00:12:47,590
+principal plane we want to draw the anterior
+
+169
+00:12:47,590 --> 00:12:48,710
+principal plane
+
+170
+00:12:53,920 --> 00:13:01,940
+and give it a color and
+
+171
+00:13:01,940 --> 00:13:05,680
+move it to its right place at the intersection
+
+172
+00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:10,920
+point of the rectangle almost at the intersection
+
+173
+00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:14,520
+point of the
+
+174
+00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:18,700
+rectangle so this is the anterior principal plane
+
+175
+00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:22,120
+and we write anterior principal plane on it
+
+176
+00:13:34,570 --> 00:13:43,010
+Okay, now we want another ray to
+
+177
+00:13:43,010 --> 00:13:46,970
+be parallel to the optical axis to start from the
+
+178
+00:13:46,970 --> 00:13:52,650
+same point from the same point this ray will have
+
+179
+00:13:52,650 --> 00:13:56,370
+a lot of refractions inside the black box but in
+
+180
+00:13:56,370 --> 00:13:59,870
+the end it will come out and cut the optical axis
+
+181
+00:13:59,870 --> 00:14:02,590
+it will come out and cut the optical axis
+
+182
+00:14:15,680 --> 00:14:21,600
+So this came out parallel to the optical axis and
+
+183
+00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:26,300
+the cut of the optical axis will cut it in FP The
+
+184
+00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,380
+posterior focus is not of the last lens, but of
+
+185
+00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:36,040
+the system as a whole So this is the F in the
+
+186
+00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:37,220
+posterior focus
+
+187
+00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:55,270
+So this is the FB Okay,
+
+188
+00:14:55,530 --> 00:14:58,890
+now we want to extend the outer beam to the back
+
+189
+00:14:58,890 --> 00:15:02,210
+and the inner beam to the front The outer beam to
+
+190
+00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:08,670
+the back and the inner beam to the front Until
+
+191
+00:15:08,670 --> 00:15:09,470
+they meet
+
+192
+00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:45,480
+until they meet of course
+
+193
+00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:50,560
+we extend them in a straight line now they meet so
+
+194
+00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:54,720
+they will meet in the posterior principal plane in
+
+195
+00:15:54,720 --> 00:16:04,340
+the posterior principal plane which
+
+196
+00:16:04,340 --> 00:16:08,220
+happens exactly at the meeting pointOkay, the
+
+197
+00:16:08,220 --> 00:16:12,420
+intersection of the anterior
+
+198
+00:16:12,420 --> 00:16:25,860
+principal plane with
+
+199
+00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:30,040
+the optical axis defines the anterior principal
+
+200
+00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:35,380
+point So this is the anterior principal point
+
+201
+00:16:36,210 --> 00:17:00,690
+anterior principal point So
+
+202
+00:17:00,690 --> 00:17:06,250
+this point intersects the anterior principala
+
+203
+00:17:06,250 --> 00:17:10,030
+plane with the optical axis is the point of
+
+204
+00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:13,630
+anterior principal point and the posterior
+
+205
+00:17:13,630 --> 00:17:16,290
+principal plane when it intersects with the
+
+206
+00:17:16,290 --> 00:17:19,590
+optical axis intersects with the posterior
+
+207
+00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:23,370
+principal point posterior principal point
+
+208
+00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:51,610
+So, the intersection point is in the posterior
+
+209
+00:17:51,610 --> 00:17:54,890
+principal point So, we defined the anterior and
+
+210
+00:17:54,890 --> 00:17:57,530
+posterior focal points, this is the posterior
+
+211
+00:17:57,530 --> 00:18:00,270
+focal point that I'm pointing at, and this is the
+
+212
+00:18:00,270 --> 00:18:04,610
+anterior focal point, we defined the anterior and
+
+213
+00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:09,090
+posterior principal planeswe defined the anterior
+
+214
+00:18:09,090 --> 00:18:12,810
+and posterior principal points the nodal points
+
+215
+00:18:12,810 --> 00:18:15,050
+remained the nodal points remained the nodal
+
+216
+00:18:15,050 --> 00:18:17,150
+points the nodal points, if the middle is
+
+217
+00:18:17,150 --> 00:18:22,590
+homogenous if the middle is homogenous then the
+
+218
+00:18:22,590 --> 00:18:25,770
+nodal points apply to the principal points that
+
+219
+00:18:25,770 --> 00:18:28,850
+is, the anterior principal point and the anterior
+
+220
+00:18:28,850 --> 00:18:33,250
+nodal point they are in the same place they are in
+
+221
+00:18:33,250 --> 00:18:34,890
+the same place so this is
+
+222
+00:18:58,740 --> 00:19:00,760
+This is what I'm pointing out, this is the
+
+223
+00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:02,140
+anterior nodal point
+
+224
+00:19:27,650 --> 00:19:31,210
+What I'm pointing at is the posterior nodal point.
+
+225
+00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:49,590
+Now I want to point the laser from this point
+
+226
+00:19:49,590 --> 00:19:52,970
+towards the anterior nodal point.
+
+227
+00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,400
+Laser light comes out from the posterior nodal
+
+228
+00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:28,800
+point and goes to the image and goes to the image
+
+229
+00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:38,800
+That's how I determined all
+
+230
+00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:46,200
+reference points all cardinal points of
+
+231
+00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,480
+the system If we take a magnified view of this
+
+232
+00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:54,460
+pictureWe will notice that when it lands on a
+
+233
+00:20:54,460 --> 00:20:56,560
+certain point, when it lands on a certain point of
+
+234
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,680
+the laser beam that starts from point A, the beam
+
+235
+00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,520
+comes out parallel to the optical axis. Sometimes
+
+236
+00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:08,760
+I say that the beam or the laser beam must pass
+
+237
+00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:14,840
+through the point that is the anterior focus of
+
+238
+00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:19,970
+the system as a whole.طيب، لما بوجه ضوء ال laser
+
+239
+00:21:19,970 --> 00:21:25,570
+من نفس النقطة parallel to the optical axis، هيخرج
+
+240
+00:21:25,570 --> 00:21:29,950
+بميلان معين، ساعة ما خرج بميلان معين، بما انه
+
+241
+00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:32,790
+parallel، حسب القاعدة المعروفة، ان اللي parallel
+
+242
+00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,760
+بخش في ال FBWhether it's one lens or the whole
+
+243
+00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,560
+system. Here I have the FB that includes the whole
+
+244
+00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,260
+system. The whole system as a whole and we agreed
+
+245
+00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:48,380
+to treat the system or deal with it as one lens.
+
+246
+00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:54,900
+Okay, soWe defined FA and FB. Now we define the
+
+247
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,980
+anterior and posterior principal planes along the
+
+248
+00:21:58,980 --> 00:22:02,080
+rays that came out with the parallel rays that
+
+249
+00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:04,060
+came in, which is parallel to the optical axis,
+
+250
+00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:07,400
+their meeting point is the posterior principal
+
+251
+00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:12,670
+plane.The first case that entered in the FA by
+
+252
+00:22:12,670 --> 00:22:15,030
+stretching and came out parallel by stretching
+
+253
+00:22:15,030 --> 00:22:18,510
+backwards will meet in the anterior principal
+
+254
+00:22:18,510 --> 00:22:21,630
+plane
+
+255
+00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:24,330
+The intersection of the anterior principal plane
+
+256
+00:22:24,330 --> 00:22:27,930
+with the optical axis defines the anterior
+
+257
+00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,150
+principal pointCrossing between the posterior
+
+258
+00:22:31,150 --> 00:22:35,770
+principal plane and the optical axis defines the
+
+259
+00:22:35,770 --> 00:22:39,170
+posterior principal point Now if the middle is
+
+260
+00:22:39,170 --> 00:22:41,670
+homogeneous, that is, what is in front of the
+
+261
+00:22:41,670 --> 00:22:43,950
+optical system is the same as what is behind it
+
+262
+00:22:43,950 --> 00:22:48,310
+For example, air and here air I have the anterior
+
+263
+00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:51,050
+nodal point and the anterior principal point
+
+264
+00:22:51,050 --> 00:22:54,430
+adjacent to each other At the same time, the
+
+265
+00:22:54,430 --> 00:22:57,470
+posterior principal point and the posterior nodal
+
+266
+00:22:57,470 --> 00:23:01,800
+pointapplying to each other I direct the laser
+
+267
+00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:06,080
+towards the anterior principal point of the system
+
+268
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:10,040
+then it will leave the posterior principal point
+
+269
+00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:13,500
+of this beam and go to the point where the first
+
+270
+00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,280
+and second beams meet and form the image this way
+
+271
+00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:21,920
+I have modeling and analysis of the optical system
+
+272
+00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:27,240
+to his cardinal points
+
+273
+00:23:29,990 --> 00:23:33,690
+It means that it is drawn and explained in the
+
+274
+00:23:33,690 --> 00:23:38,030
+same way that I have explained now The rays that
+
+275
+00:23:38,030 --> 00:23:41,870
+entered in the system's face came out parallel to
+
+276
+00:23:41,870 --> 00:23:45,570
+the optical axis When I extend the exit and the
+
+277
+00:23:45,570 --> 00:23:48,110
+rays that came out extend to the back and the rays
+
+278
+00:23:48,110 --> 00:23:50,790
+that entered extend to the front and meet in the
+
+279
+00:23:50,790 --> 00:23:56,580
+anterior principal planeOkay, now the laser beam
+
+280
+00:23:56,580 --> 00:23:59,400
+parallel to the optical axis will come out in a
+
+281
+00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,280
+certain way and cut the optical axis while it is
+
+282
+00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:06,280
+out of the system, it will cut in the FB of the
+
+283
+00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,720
+system as a whole, its length backwards and the
+
+284
+00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,720
+length of the beam parallel to the front defines
+
+285
+00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,300
+the posterior principal plane.
+
+286
+00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:21,300
+The anterior principal plane with the optical axis
+
+287
+00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,020
+is the anterior nodal, the anterior principal
+
+288
+00:24:24,020 --> 00:24:27,620
+point And the intersection of the posterior
+
+289
+00:24:27,620 --> 00:24:30,800
+principal plane with the optical axis is the
+
+290
+00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:33,520
+posterior principal point If the middle is
+
+291
+00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,620
+homogeneous, the anterior principal is the same as
+
+292
+00:24:36,620 --> 00:24:39,140
+the anterior nodal in the same place And the
+
+293
+00:24:39,140 --> 00:24:41,440
+posterior principal point is the same as the
+
+294
+00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:44,850
+posterior nodal pointفى نفس المكان بشرط أنه يكون
+
+295
+00:24:44,850 --> 00:24:49,910
+الوسط متجانس يعني ما أمام ال optical system من وسط
+
+296
+00:24:49,910 --> 00:24:54,170
+هو نفس ما خالف ال optical system من وسط
+
+297
+00:24:57,710 --> 00:25:01,650
+النتيجة The result is an optical model that
+
+298
+00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:05,010
+simplifies complicated optical system اذا ملاحظين
+
+299
+00:25:05,010 --> 00:25:11,130
+احنا مستخدماش ولا شيء في .. ولا شيء في ال .. من
+
+300
+00:25:11,130 --> 00:25:16,070
+الحسابات بس مجرد رسم اي رسمة نهائية دخل في ال FA
+
+301
+00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:20,010
+بتاعة ال system بيخرج موازي بيخرج موازي امتداده
+
+302
+00:25:20,010 --> 00:25:23,460
+للخلفAnd its extension to the front will define
+
+303
+00:25:23,460 --> 00:25:26,100
+the anterior principal plane So I can remove the
+
+304
+00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:29,800
+whole system with its lenses and put only anterior
+
+305
+00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,420
+principal plane and posterior principal plane And
+
+306
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:36,100
+this explains what we talked about in previous
+
+307
+00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:40,440
+lectures That the principal plane is the place
+
+308
+00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,860
+where the refraction blocks all the refraction of
+
+309
+00:25:43,860 --> 00:25:46,530
+the lensesYou notice that in the anterior
+
+310
+00:25:46,530 --> 00:25:49,850
+principal plane, this ray changed its path,
+
+311
+00:25:50,330 --> 00:25:51,950
+instead of being perpendicular to the bottom, it
+
+312
+00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:55,010
+became parallel to the optical axis. Here, in the
+
+313
+00:25:55,010 --> 00:25:58,710
+posterior principal plane, this ray changed its
+
+314
+00:25:58,710 --> 00:26:02,710
+path, and instead of being parallel to the optical
+
+315
+00:26:02,710 --> 00:26:04,770
+axis, it became perpendicular to the optical axis.
+
+316
+00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:08,250
+It is as if the refraction happened in these two
+
+317
+00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:13,010
+planes only.اند ادولا ال two planes فهم بيقوموا
+
+318
+00:26:13,010 --> 00:26:18,530
+مقام بيسدوا مكان كل العدسات مهما كان عدادها
+
+319
+00:26:18,530 --> 00:26:23,690
+فبالتالي هذه فكرة ال principle airplanes if the
+
+320
+00:26:23,690 --> 00:26:27,820
+media pounding the system are differentLike the
+
+321
+00:26:27,820 --> 00:26:30,720
+human eye. The human eye has cornea and
+
+322
+00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:33,620
+crystalline lens. It's an optical system together.
+
+323
+00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:40,160
+But the media is different. In front of the cornea
+
+324
+00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,200
+there's air and behind the cornea there's water.
+
+325
+00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,620
+So there's water on one side and water on the
+
+326
+00:26:45,620 --> 00:26:54,540
+other.So, the nodal points are not aligned with
+
+327
+00:26:54,540 --> 00:26:57,340
+the principal points, but rather the nodal points
+
+328
+00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,920
+pull in the direction of the medium with the
+
+329
+00:26:59,920 --> 00:27:03,540
+higher refractive index. In other words, if we
+
+330
+00:27:03,540 --> 00:27:04,540
+look at this picture
+
+331
+00:27:20,010 --> 00:27:21,910
+schematic I
+
+332
+00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,100
+هي عندى انا optical system اللى مرسوم باللون
+
+333
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:43,780
+الأزرق اللى كورنيا و ال crystalline lens طبعا لو
+
+334
+00:27:43,780 --> 00:27:47,280
+حددنا لهدا ال optical system لبرنسيبالي planes
+
+335
+00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:51,840
+لبرنسيبالي planes ال nodal points ال nodal points
+
+336
+00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:55,320
+هيكونوا مسحوبين باتجاه ال media of higher
+
+337
+00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:58,230
+refractive indexthey don't match the principal
+
+338
+00:27:58,230 --> 00:28:01,110
+points in this case why? because here the media in
+
+339
+00:28:01,110 --> 00:28:03,410
+front of the optical system is air and behind the
+
+340
+00:28:03,410 --> 00:28:06,890
+optical system is vitreous which is water which is
+
+341
+00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:10,030
+water therefore this optical system its nodal
+
+342
+00:28:10,030 --> 00:28:13,730
+points don't match the principal points but the
+
+343
+00:28:13,730 --> 00:28:17,250
+nodal points are shifted towards the upper middle
+
+344
+00:28:17,250 --> 00:28:20,630
+point in the refractive index if we imagine these
+
+345
+00:28:20,630 --> 00:28:23,930
+are the principal points these are the principal
+
+346
+00:28:23,930 --> 00:28:27,320
+pointsThe nodal points will be offset in this
+
+347
+00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,740
+direction, offset in this direction. So, if the
+
+348
+00:28:30,740 --> 00:28:34,140
+media pounding around the system are different,
+
+349
+00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:38,020
+the human eye has air on one side and vitreous gel
+
+350
+00:28:38,020 --> 00:28:41,380
+on the other side, the nodal points pull in the
+
+351
+00:28:41,380 --> 00:28:44,540
+direction of the medium with the higher refractive
+
+352
+00:28:44,540 --> 00:28:47,700
+index, and we will have a lecture to calculate the
+
+353
+00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:50,580
+location of the nodal points relative to the
+
+354
+00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:54,230
+principal points, God willing.The anterior focal
+
+355
+00:28:54,230 --> 00:28:57,190
+length of the system is the distance from F-A to
+
+356
+00:28:57,190 --> 00:29:00,610
+anterior principal point, not the distance to the
+
+357
+00:29:00,610 --> 00:29:04,390
+first lens and in the black box." يعني الآن لما
+
+358
+00:29:04,390 --> 00:29:10,010
+بدنا نقول ال object distance من وين؟ من ال object
+
+359
+00:29:10,010 --> 00:29:15,430
+لل anterior principal point. هذه المسافة هي ال
+
+360
+00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:19,790
+anterior focal length، هي ال anterior أو عفوا أسف
+
+361
+00:29:20,740 --> 00:29:25,920
+المسافة بين الـ anterior focus و الـ anterior
+
+362
+00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:29,400
+principal point هي الـ anterior focal length مش
+
+363
+00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,360
+المسافة للعدسة الأولى، مش المسافة للعدسة الأولى
+
+364
+00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:36,160
+The anterior focal length of the system is the
+
+365
+00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:39,960
+distance from FA to the anterior principal point
+
+366
+00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:44,180
+وليس to the distance to the face lens in the black
+
+367
+00:29:44,180 --> 00:29:48,150
+boxThe posterior focal length is the distance from
+
+368
+00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:51,590
+FB to the posterior principal point زي ما الرسم
+
+369
+00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:55,990
+هنا بتوضح يعني هنا الرسم اللي ملونة بتكون أكتر
+
+370
+00:29:55,990 --> 00:30:02,850
+وضوحا نطلع الرسم المكبّر ال anterior focal length
+
+371
+00:30:02,850 --> 00:30:06,710
+مش من العدسة الأولى لفA لأن فA مش تعتي العدسة
+
+372
+00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:12,140
+الأولى انما من ال anterior principal pointto fa,
+
+373
+00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:18,040
+this is called anterior focal length and from fb
+
+374
+00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:27,140
+to posterior principal point to
+
+375
+00:30:27,140 --> 00:30:32,100
+fb, this is called posterior focal lengthالخلفى
+
+376
+00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:37,360
+البعد البقري الخلفى هذا بالنسبة لموضوع البعد
+
+377
+00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:42,640
+البقري بنتوقف عند thick lenses ويعطيكم العافية
+
+378
+00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,900
+والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Y4j4yXsIYRI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1420 @@
+1
+00:00:01,800 --> 00:00:02,760
+In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most
+
+2
+00:00:02,760 --> 00:00:06,280
+Merciful. We continue with the lectures of
+
+3
+00:00:06,280 --> 00:00:09,780
+Geometric Optics, and last time we reached the
+
+4
+00:00:09,780 --> 00:00:12,460
+image location, which is the second attribute of
+
+5
+00:00:12,460 --> 00:00:16,360
+the image. We remember in .. or we remember in the
+
+6
+00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:19,250
+attributes of the image which aremagnification,
+
+7
+00:00:19,590 --> 00:00:23,770
+location, quality, brightness. Of course, location
+
+8
+00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:28,410
+is very important for the image. We say image
+
+9
+00:00:28,410 --> 00:00:30,470
+location, which means the location of the image
+
+10
+00:00:30,470 --> 00:00:37,520
+away from the optical system that made it.طبعا
+
+11
+00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:41,420
+موقع الصورة يعني جديش بتبتعد عن ال optical system
+
+12
+00:00:41,420 --> 00:00:45,000
+سواء هذا ال optical system عدسة أو مرايا أو ما
+
+13
+00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:48,400
+شابه و هي بنقول ال refractive errors اللي هي
+
+14
+00:00:48,400 --> 00:00:53,580
+الأخطاء الإنكسارية البصرية زي الmiopia و
+
+15
+00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:57,600
+الhypermetropia و الastigmatism result when images
+
+16
+00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:02,340
+formed by the eyes optical system are in front or
+
+17
+00:01:02,340 --> 00:01:07,510
+of or behind the retinameans the person who has
+
+18
+00:01:07,510 --> 00:01:09,110
+the picture in front of him in front of the
+
+19
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:12,410
+network we say he has short sight or myopia what
+
+20
+00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:14,690
+constitutes behind the network we say he has
+
+21
+00:01:14,690 --> 00:01:18,450
+hypermetropia what constitutes part in front and
+
+22
+00:01:18,450 --> 00:01:20,750
+part behind or part on the network and part in
+
+23
+00:01:20,750 --> 00:01:23,530
+front or part on the network and part behind means
+
+24
+00:01:23,530 --> 00:01:25,190
+part of the picture like this and part of the
+
+25
+00:01:25,190 --> 00:01:28,050
+picture like that we say he has astigmatism now a
+
+26
+00:01:28,050 --> 00:01:29,990
+person can say what is the relationship of this
+
+27
+00:01:29,990 --> 00:01:32,050
+speech in the subject of image location the
+
+28
+00:01:32,050 --> 00:01:34,170
+relationship is very simple and very important at
+
+29
+00:01:34,170 --> 00:01:39,910
+the same timeنروح للرسمة التالية، بنقول، نطلع على
+
+30
+00:01:39,910 --> 00:01:44,730
+اللي هو ايه في الصورة، ايه؟I have a human who has
+
+31
+00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:47,390
+amyotropia, amyotropia means that he does not have
+
+32
+00:01:47,390 --> 00:01:50,210
+myopia or hypermetropia, he is a human with a
+
+33
+00:01:50,210 --> 00:01:53,950
+natural eye Now the object that he looks at, its
+
+34
+00:01:53,950 --> 00:01:56,870
+image comes to the retina exactly The optical
+
+35
+00:01:56,870 --> 00:01:59,170
+system of the eye, which is the cornea and the
+
+36
+00:01:59,170 --> 00:02:02,330
+crystalline lens Cornea and crystalline lens,
+
+37
+00:02:02,390 --> 00:02:05,330
+these are the optical system The object exists,
+
+38
+00:02:05,670 --> 00:02:10,640
+the receiving paper is the retinaOr which is the
+
+39
+00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:13,340
+network will of course be the receipt, which is an
+
+40
+00:02:13,340 --> 00:02:16,560
+alternative to the A4 paper So since the image
+
+41
+00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:19,240
+comes from the network exactly and is clear We say
+
+42
+00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,380
+the image location of this optical system is in
+
+43
+00:02:23,380 --> 00:02:25,220
+the correct location In the correct location,
+
+44
+00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:28,360
+meaning this patient or this person will see very
+
+45
+00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:31,940
+clearly, there is no problem Now if the image
+
+46
+00:02:31,940 --> 00:02:34,420
+location is not in the correct location, if the
+
+47
+00:02:34,420 --> 00:02:36,900
+distance of the imageIt is not what is required
+
+48
+00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,320
+For example, if a person has myopia, he looks at a
+
+49
+00:02:40,320 --> 00:02:42,860
+certain object in a certain distance The object,
+
+50
+00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:45,840
+this optical system, which is the camera and the
+
+51
+00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:49,100
+lens, together these optical systems form a
+
+52
+00:02:49,100 --> 00:02:51,420
+picture, this is its location Okay, it is still
+
+53
+00:02:51,420 --> 00:02:53,220
+its location, it has not reached the network yet,
+
+54
+00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:56,640
+so it will not be clear on the network, so we call
+
+55
+00:02:56,640 --> 00:03:02,250
+it myopia If we look at myopia or introduce itWe
+
+56
+00:03:02,250 --> 00:03:04,490
+define it from the point of view of geometric
+
+57
+00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:08,950
+optics, we say myopia is an image location not in
+
+58
+00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:12,170
+the correct location It means a picture away from
+
+59
+00:03:12,170 --> 00:03:14,450
+the optical system, not the correct distance, but
+
+60
+00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:18,150
+the correct distance the image should receive or
+
+61
+00:03:18,150 --> 00:03:21,750
+be present here on the network surfaceAlso the
+
+62
+00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:24,270
+hypermetropia or hyperopia which is the length of
+
+63
+00:03:24,270 --> 00:03:26,830
+the eye This is the optical system of the eye
+
+64
+00:03:26,830 --> 00:03:32,070
+which is the lens or the lens And this eye or this
+
+65
+00:03:32,070 --> 00:03:36,050
+person looks at an object due to the fact that the
+
+66
+00:03:36,050 --> 00:03:39,490
+picture hasIt was formed behind the network, which
+
+67
+00:03:39,490 --> 00:03:41,510
+means that the location of the image or the image
+
+68
+00:03:41,510 --> 00:03:45,170
+location is also wrong, not normal, and therefore
+
+69
+00:03:45,170 --> 00:03:49,110
+they call it refractive error, which means that
+
+70
+00:03:49,110 --> 00:03:51,490
+the refractive force or the refractive force of
+
+71
+00:03:51,490 --> 00:03:54,430
+the rays of this optical system is not correct,
+
+72
+00:03:55,010 --> 00:03:58,150
+either too strong than necessary, which is why the
+
+73
+00:03:58,150 --> 00:04:02,040
+rays are gatheredcloser to the location, closer to
+
+74
+00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:06,020
+the network, or weak because it could not collect
+
+75
+00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:08,740
+the rays except behind the network. There is a
+
+76
+00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:10,920
+point here that has nothing to do with geometric
+
+77
+00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:13,880
+optics, but a point for a person to imagine it
+
+78
+00:04:13,880 --> 00:04:17,540
+correctly. No one imagines that these rays, as it
+
+79
+00:04:17,540 --> 00:04:19,960
+is drawn like this, penetrated the eye and formed
+
+80
+00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:23,060
+a cluster. The rays will stop at the network, it
+
+81
+00:04:23,060 --> 00:04:24,560
+will be in a state that is not completely
+
+82
+00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:28,010
+collected, but it will be in a stateunclear or
+
+83
+00:04:28,010 --> 00:04:31,350
+blared which means blurred Why blurred? Because it
+
+84
+00:04:31,350 --> 00:04:35,090
+is not concentrated in a focus, in a field like
+
+85
+00:04:35,090 --> 00:04:38,470
+the first drawing shows So the rays will stop
+
+86
+00:04:38,470 --> 00:04:40,810
+here, of course the network behind it is the
+
+87
+00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:43,110
+choroid and behind it is the sclera and these are
+
+88
+00:04:43,110 --> 00:04:45,910
+of course transients that are not transparent, so
+
+89
+00:04:45,910 --> 00:04:47,790
+the light will not penetrate, the light will stay
+
+90
+00:04:47,790 --> 00:04:51,690
+in this caseWhile if we argue about these light
+
+91
+00:04:51,690 --> 00:04:53,530
+rays, we will find that they will meet at a point
+
+92
+00:04:53,530 --> 00:04:56,770
+behind the network Regardless of whether I have
+
+93
+00:04:56,770 --> 00:05:01,010
+myopia or hypermetropia, I will make a mistake in
+
+94
+00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:02,990
+the image location from the point of view of
+
+95
+00:05:02,990 --> 00:05:06,750
+geometric optics Of course, in geometric optics,
+
+96
+00:05:06,890 --> 00:05:09,950
+the image location, to be correct, the image must
+
+97
+00:05:09,950 --> 00:05:13,050
+be on the reception paper, and the reception paper
+
+98
+00:05:13,050 --> 00:05:16,190
+isThe network in the case of the eye, the network
+
+99
+00:05:16,190 --> 00:05:17,930
+in the case of the eye, that is, when I have the
+
+100
+00:05:17,930 --> 00:05:22,070
+optical system, which is the comparison between
+
+101
+00:05:22,070 --> 00:05:24,450
+the human and the lens, they are all together,
+
+102
+00:05:24,610 --> 00:05:27,730
+optical system forms a picture for me, then the
+
+103
+00:05:27,730 --> 00:05:30,610
+acceptance paper is from each point the network.
+
+104
+00:05:30,910 --> 00:05:33,890
+In position A, which is the metrobia, the image
+
+105
+00:05:33,890 --> 00:05:36,430
+location is correct, in position B and C, the
+
+106
+00:05:36,430 --> 00:05:39,420
+image location is not correct.Also, this is
+
+107
+00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:42,180
+normal, this person developed myopia, this person
+
+108
+00:05:42,180 --> 00:05:46,220
+developed hypermetropia Now, we can make a mistake
+
+109
+00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:49,820
+in describing lenses We describe a plus lens, a
+
+110
+00:05:49,820 --> 00:05:53,500
+fixed lens, stronger than necessary, stronger than
+
+111
+00:05:53,500 --> 00:05:56,300
+necessary So, we generate myopia, they call it
+
+112
+00:05:56,300 --> 00:06:00,020
+artificial myopia or artificial myopia, or we
+
+113
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:01,940
+generate it artificially, that is, generated,
+
+114
+00:06:02,140 --> 00:06:05,900
+completely generated, because we usedA lens that
+
+115
+00:06:05,900 --> 00:06:09,060
+is more than necessary, therefore, the strength of
+
+116
+00:06:09,060 --> 00:06:11,680
+the eye became and added to it the strength of the
+
+117
+00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:14,460
+wrong lens, of course, the wrong lens, of course,
+
+118
+00:06:15,620 --> 00:06:17,780
+therefore, we turned this patient, of course, the
+
+119
+00:06:17,780 --> 00:06:20,860
+lens plus, the lens plus, we use it for treatment
+
+120
+00:06:20,860 --> 00:06:23,560
+of hypermetropia, but its strength must be
+
+121
+00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:26,520
+correct, not more than necessary, if we use it
+
+122
+00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:29,440
+more than necessary, the eye will becomewith the
+
+123
+00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,640
+lens as a very strong optical system and thus it
+
+124
+00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:35,480
+will collect the rays in a distance closer than
+
+125
+00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:38,300
+the network and we will be the one who caused
+
+126
+00:06:38,300 --> 00:06:42,700
+myopia in this person so lens induced myopic focus
+
+127
+00:06:42,700 --> 00:06:45,820
+meaning that we are the one who caused this myopia
+
+128
+00:06:45,820 --> 00:06:48,840
+also regardless of whether this is our fault or
+
+129
+00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:53,880
+not this speech will cause me myopiaAnd therefore
+
+130
+00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:59,400
+I will also have a mistake in the image location
+
+131
+00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:01,640
+or in the location of the picture. A person has
+
+132
+00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,900
+basically myopia and we want to use a minus lens
+
+133
+00:07:04,900 --> 00:07:08,520
+as you see in the picture. So we put him a minus
+
+134
+00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:11,460
+lens, the rays were scattered a little so that the
+
+135
+00:07:11,460 --> 00:07:13,640
+focus instead of being here delayed him a little
+
+136
+00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:17,460
+and went here. But unfortunately, we used a minus
+
+137
+00:07:17,460 --> 00:07:19,460
+lens stronger than necessary, stronger than
+
+138
+00:07:19,460 --> 00:07:21,700
+necessary, so the scattering became more and
+
+139
+00:07:21,700 --> 00:07:26,030
+thereforeThe focus was behind the network, so we
+
+140
+00:07:26,030 --> 00:07:30,570
+let the man, who is myopia through the minus lens,
+
+141
+00:07:30,790 --> 00:07:33,750
+which is stronger than necessary, let us bring him
+
+142
+00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:38,470
+to hypermetropia And therefore, regardless of the
+
+143
+00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:41,530
+mistake we made, the image location became
+
+144
+00:07:41,530 --> 00:07:43,690
+incorrect Because in order for the image location
+
+145
+00:07:43,690 --> 00:07:48,110
+to be correct, the image must be on the network,
+
+146
+00:07:48,290 --> 00:07:53,720
+which is the reception paperSo the second
+
+147
+00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,060
+attribute of the image, which is image location,
+
+148
+00:07:56,460 --> 00:07:59,520
+is really very important and will enter the
+
+149
+00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,220
+meaning of our practical life because all the
+
+150
+00:08:02,220 --> 00:08:06,820
+recipes, or most of the recipes, especially for
+
+151
+00:08:06,820 --> 00:08:10,240
+eyesight, whether it's a recipe for glasses or
+
+152
+00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:13,680
+contact lenses or glasses with contact lenses or
+
+153
+00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:18,960
+whatever, all depend on correcting the image
+
+154
+00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,530
+locationIf the image location is in front of the
+
+155
+00:08:21,530 --> 00:08:23,950
+retina, we will leave it on the retina If the
+
+156
+00:08:23,950 --> 00:08:26,190
+image location is behind the retina, we will leave
+
+157
+00:08:26,190 --> 00:08:29,890
+it on the retina Also when a person has cataract,
+
+158
+00:08:30,330 --> 00:08:32,770
+cataract What does cataract mean? Cataract is
+
+159
+00:08:32,770 --> 00:08:36,170
+white water or blot in the lens of the eye Blot in
+
+160
+00:08:36,170 --> 00:08:39,430
+the lens of the eye It is necessary to undergo
+
+161
+00:08:39,430 --> 00:08:44,890
+surgery to remove this blot and thereforeExcuse
+
+162
+00:08:44,890 --> 00:08:48,710
+me, when we remove the crystalline lens that
+
+163
+00:08:48,710 --> 00:08:52,810
+contains the impurities, most of the time, most of
+
+164
+00:08:52,810 --> 00:09:00,790
+the time, which means around 99.999%Ten thousand
+
+165
+00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:04,390
+percent must plant a lens inside the eye except in
+
+166
+00:09:04,390 --> 00:09:07,870
+exceptional cases This alternative lens that was
+
+167
+00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:10,330
+planted, which is an artificial lens, which they
+
+168
+00:09:10,330 --> 00:09:15,150
+call intraocular lens or IOL intraocular lens must
+
+169
+00:09:15,150 --> 00:09:18,390
+have a certain power so that the image location
+
+170
+00:09:18,390 --> 00:09:21,850
+after the operation is also correct That is, when
+
+171
+00:09:21,850 --> 00:09:24,610
+I plant a lens stronger than necessary, I will
+
+172
+00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:27,710
+have myopiastronger than necessary, that is, I
+
+173
+00:09:27,710 --> 00:09:30,030
+removed the white water, removed this lens and
+
+174
+00:09:30,030 --> 00:09:32,470
+planted an artificial lens in its place,
+
+175
+00:09:32,510 --> 00:09:34,970
+intraocular lens, stronger than necessary, then
+
+176
+00:09:34,970 --> 00:09:37,370
+sometimes the rays will gather at a distance
+
+177
+00:09:37,370 --> 00:09:40,830
+closer to the network, and thus I will have an
+
+178
+00:09:40,830 --> 00:09:43,670
+error in the image location. Okay, if I planted
+
+179
+00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:46,090
+instead of white water, I planted a very weak
+
+180
+00:09:46,090 --> 00:09:49,290
+lens, so not the appropriate force, less than the
+
+181
+00:09:49,290 --> 00:09:52,610
+appropriate force, I will act as if I will make
+
+182
+00:09:52,610 --> 00:09:55,970
+this patient hyper,metropia and therefore also
+
+183
+00:09:55,970 --> 00:09:58,070
+made a mistake in image location. So image
+
+184
+00:09:58,070 --> 00:10:02,110
+location is a very very very important attribute
+
+185
+00:10:02,110 --> 00:10:04,930
+in visual specialization and it is the second
+
+186
+00:10:04,930 --> 00:10:09,610
+attribute of the object, excuse me, of the image.
+
+187
+00:10:09,670 --> 00:10:13,630
+So refractive errors result when images formed by
+
+188
+00:10:13,630 --> 00:10:17,150
+the eye's optical system, the eye's optical system
+
+189
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:20,730
+which is cornea and crystalline lens togetherare
+
+190
+00:10:20,730 --> 00:10:23,830
+in front of or behind the retina ساعتها بقول
+
+191
+00:10:23,830 --> 00:10:27,230
+refractive error امتى بيكون فش refractive error
+
+192
+00:10:27,230 --> 00:10:32,410
+لما يكون الصورة لا هي قدام ولا خلف الشبكية وانما
+
+193
+00:10:32,410 --> 00:10:39,040
+عند الشبكية او على الشبكية مباشرة بشكل focusedيعني
+
+194
+00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:43,600
+مركز و واضح بشكل واضح image location is specified
+
+195
+00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,360
+as the distance measured along the optical axis
+
+196
+00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:50,560
+between a reference point associated with the
+
+197
+00:10:50,560 --> 00:10:54,520
+optical system and the image and the image و هذا
+
+198
+00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:57,640
+الكلام هنشرحه الآن the reference point depends on
+
+199
+00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:01,100
+the situation it is often convention to use the
+
+200
+00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:04,400
+back surface of the lens as a reference point the
+
+201
+00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:08,210
+back surfaceThe back lens service is usually at
+
+202
+00:11:08,210 --> 00:11:11,730
+the same location as the posterior nodal point,
+
+203
+00:11:11,930 --> 00:11:15,270
+but it is easier to locate. Frequently, image
+
+204
+00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:19,070
+distance is measured from the posterior principal
+
+205
+00:11:19,070 --> 00:11:23,670
+point to the image.Now we have three words, the
+
+206
+00:11:23,670 --> 00:11:27,130
+back lens surface is the first word, the posterior
+
+207
+00:11:27,130 --> 00:11:30,490
+nodal point is the second word, and the posterior
+
+208
+00:11:30,490 --> 00:11:35,250
+principal point is the third word Regardless, here
+
+209
+00:11:35,250 --> 00:11:39,370
+I have the dotted line, this dotted line is the
+
+210
+00:11:39,370 --> 00:11:43,710
+optical axisهو ال optical axis سواء في الرسمة
+
+211
+00:11:43,710 --> 00:11:47,370
+العليا أو في الرسمة السفلاء هاي ال anterior
+
+212
+00:11:47,370 --> 00:11:50,490
+surface of the lens السطح الأمامي للعدسة اللي هو
+
+213
+00:11:50,490 --> 00:11:54,450
+مواجه لل object و السطح الخلفي اللي هو مواجه لل
+
+214
+00:11:54,450 --> 00:11:58,870
+image المواجه لل image الآن أنا ممكن أجيس من ال
+
+215
+00:11:58,870 --> 00:12:02,650
+pack service طبعا الجياس بده يكون دائما .. دائما
+
+216
+00:12:02,650 --> 00:12:08,090
+بده يكون على along the optical axisThe image,
+
+217
+00:12:08,170 --> 00:12:10,170
+let's say the image is in this area, which I'm
+
+218
+00:12:10,170 --> 00:12:12,810
+pointing at in the arrow, which I'm pointing at in
+
+219
+00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:15,410
+the arrow I want to measure from the back of the
+
+220
+00:12:15,410 --> 00:12:20,230
+lens to the location of the image along the
+
+221
+00:12:20,230 --> 00:12:21,950
+optical axis, that is, the measurement should be
+
+222
+00:12:21,950 --> 00:12:24,330
+made along this line I'm not going to say, well,
+
+223
+00:12:24,450 --> 00:12:27,130
+I'm going to take a point from the lens here and
+
+224
+00:12:27,130 --> 00:12:29,290
+measure the image, no, the measurement should be
+
+225
+00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:33,150
+along the optical axis or along the opticalaxis,
+
+226
+00:12:33,250 --> 00:12:36,490
+this is a point, so the first reference or point
+
+227
+00:12:36,490 --> 00:12:38,970
+that I start from when I measure the back service
+
+228
+00:12:38,970 --> 00:12:42,390
+of the lens, this is a point, I can say I don't
+
+229
+00:12:42,390 --> 00:12:44,830
+want to measure from the back service, I want to
+
+230
+00:12:44,830 --> 00:12:47,770
+measure from the posterior nodal point, the
+
+231
+00:12:47,770 --> 00:12:51,870
+posterior nodal pointSometimes, not always, it
+
+232
+00:12:51,870 --> 00:12:54,470
+applies to the back surface, it applies to the
+
+233
+00:12:54,470 --> 00:12:59,270
+back surface, or it can be far away, or there is a
+
+234
+00:12:59,270 --> 00:13:01,850
+distance between it and the back surface, so I can
+
+235
+00:13:01,850 --> 00:13:03,670
+measure the distance from the back surface of the
+
+236
+00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:07,730
+lens to the image, and maybe from the posterior
+
+237
+00:13:07,730 --> 00:13:11,670
+nodal pointNow there is a new reference point that
+
+238
+00:13:11,670 --> 00:13:14,850
+appeared in today's lecture We said nodal points,
+
+239
+00:13:14,950 --> 00:13:18,370
+I have two nodal points anterior and posterior And
+
+240
+00:13:18,370 --> 00:13:21,250
+we used them in previous lectures as useful
+
+241
+00:13:21,250 --> 00:13:24,310
+reference points to calculate the transference
+
+242
+00:13:24,310 --> 00:13:27,550
+magnification And we reached a equation that the
+
+243
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,370
+transference magnification equals the image
+
+244
+00:13:30,370 --> 00:13:33,690
+distance over the object distance As we said
+
+245
+00:13:33,690 --> 00:13:36,190
+before, the transference magnification equals the
+
+246
+00:13:36,190 --> 00:13:39,430
+image height over the object heightاليوم احنا ظهرت
+
+247
+00:13:39,430 --> 00:13:43,290
+عندنا نقاط مرجعية جديدة اسمها ال principle points
+
+248
+00:13:43,290 --> 00:13:47,330
+ال anterior principle point اللي انا بقشر عليها
+
+249
+00:13:47,330 --> 00:13:51,150
+الآن بال mouse و ال posterior principle point هاي
+
+250
+00:13:51,150 --> 00:13:53,890
+anterior principle point و posterior principle
+
+251
+00:13:53,890 --> 00:13:57,370
+point anterior principle pointand posterior
+
+252
+00:13:57,370 --> 00:13:59,710
+principal point and here the same thing anterior
+
+253
+00:13:59,710 --> 00:14:03,690
+and posterior principal point the summary of the
+
+254
+00:14:03,690 --> 00:14:06,450
+speech is that I can also measure the image
+
+255
+00:14:06,450 --> 00:14:09,770
+distance from the posterior principal point that I
+
+256
+00:14:09,770 --> 00:14:15,190
+mark to the image to the image so I can use three
+
+257
+00:14:15,190 --> 00:14:18,630
+reference things I start with the measurement of
+
+258
+00:14:18,630 --> 00:14:21,150
+the image location the image location is the same
+
+259
+00:14:21,150 --> 00:14:23,390
+as the image distance is the same as the image
+
+260
+00:14:23,390 --> 00:14:25,270
+distance which is the location of the image or the
+
+261
+00:14:25,270 --> 00:14:29,020
+distance of the imagebetween it and the optical
+
+262
+00:14:29,020 --> 00:14:32,060
+system which is the lens first of all, I can get
+
+263
+00:14:32,060 --> 00:14:34,880
+it from the back surface second of all, I can get
+
+264
+00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,060
+it from the posterior nodal point the posterior
+
+265
+00:14:37,060 --> 00:14:39,860
+nodal point sometimes applies to the back surface
+
+266
+00:14:39,860 --> 00:14:42,820
+and sometimes doesn't apply to the back surface
+
+267
+00:14:42,820 --> 00:14:45,920
+third of all, so from the back surface first of
+
+268
+00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:48,640
+all, from the posterior nodal point second of all,
+
+269
+00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:51,800
+and from the posterior principal point third of
+
+270
+00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:55,790
+all, so I can use the posterior principal pointas
+
+271
+00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:58,550
+a reference point, I start from there the
+
+272
+00:14:58,550 --> 00:15:00,890
+measurement as the beginning of the measurement
+
+273
+00:15:00,890 --> 00:15:04,410
+And you can ask, well, nodal points, we know that
+
+274
+00:15:04,410 --> 00:15:07,710
+they are pairs of reference points, also principal
+
+275
+00:15:07,710 --> 00:15:11,330
+points, another pair of reference points, you can
+
+276
+00:15:11,330 --> 00:15:13,190
+say, well, what .. I mean, why are there so many
+
+277
+00:15:13,190 --> 00:15:16,870
+reference points? Of course, nodal points have
+
+278
+00:15:16,870 --> 00:15:20,470
+benefits, and principal points have benefits and
+
+279
+00:15:20,470 --> 00:15:24,040
+other actionsHe will explain it in his time. In
+
+280
+00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,420
+the end, I have a lot of references. The first
+
+281
+00:15:27,420 --> 00:15:29,900
+reference, the first reference that we learned
+
+282
+00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:32,380
+about in this subject which is the optical axis,
+
+283
+00:15:33,220 --> 00:15:36,640
+which draws the object and draws the image whether
+
+284
+00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:40,170
+above or belowThe optical axis and it measures the
+
+285
+00:15:40,170 --> 00:15:42,970
+heights from the optical axis, from the optical
+
+286
+00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:45,170
+axis by measuring the height of the object and
+
+287
+00:15:45,170 --> 00:15:47,550
+measuring the height of the image So the line of
+
+288
+00:15:47,550 --> 00:15:49,930
+the optical axis, which is the axis of the lens or
+
+289
+00:15:49,930 --> 00:15:53,870
+the axis of the optical system is a reference
+
+290
+00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:56,950
+thing and it measures the heights from ithigher
+
+291
+00:15:56,950 --> 00:16:00,370
+and lower than it now the reference points that we
+
+292
+00:16:00,370 --> 00:16:03,250
+passed which are anterior and posterior nodal
+
+293
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:07,250
+point and anterior and posterior principal point I
+
+294
+00:16:07,250 --> 00:16:10,370
+can use them in many measurements and one of them
+
+295
+00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:14,070
+is the measurement of image location which means I
+
+296
+00:16:14,070 --> 00:16:16,330
+can measure from the posterior principal point to
+
+297
+00:16:16,330 --> 00:16:19,350
+the image of course through the optical axis I can
+
+298
+00:16:19,350 --> 00:16:21,710
+measure from the posterior nodal point to the
+
+299
+00:16:21,710 --> 00:16:25,260
+imageI can measure from the back surface of the
+
+300
+00:16:25,260 --> 00:16:28,320
+lens, the vertex point, which is this vertex
+
+301
+00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:32,500
+point, I can measure from it the distance of the
+
+302
+00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:34,920
+image from the optical system Of course, the image
+
+303
+00:16:34,920 --> 00:16:38,880
+is not drawn here, not drawn here, but I can
+
+304
+00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:42,160
+measure it when I have the whole picture, I can
+
+305
+00:16:42,160 --> 00:16:45,280
+measure it from one of the three points, the back
+
+306
+00:16:45,280 --> 00:16:48,420
+surface, or the posterior nodal point, or the
+
+307
+00:16:48,420 --> 00:16:51,150
+posterior principal pointWe need to note in the
+
+308
+00:16:51,150 --> 00:16:55,150
+equation that everything that is on the right, the
+
+309
+00:16:55,150 --> 00:17:00,210
+optical system on the right, its sign is plus as
+
+310
+00:17:00,210 --> 00:17:03,350
+distance, and everything that is on the left, its
+
+311
+00:17:03,350 --> 00:17:08,410
+sign is minus as distance One can say, can the
+
+312
+00:17:08,410 --> 00:17:10,730
+picture be on the left? Of course the picture can
+
+313
+00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:13,010
+be on the left, and we will get to this in the
+
+314
+00:17:13,010 --> 00:17:16,510
+subject of imaginary picture or virtual image, and
+
+315
+00:17:16,510 --> 00:17:19,360
+this is notThe important thing is that the picture
+
+316
+00:17:19,360 --> 00:17:24,780
+can be on the left and the object is usually on
+
+317
+00:17:24,780 --> 00:17:27,600
+the left but it can also be on the right and this
+
+318
+00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:30,040
+will be explained in due course So regardless of
+
+319
+00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:34,300
+everything that is on the right of the optical
+
+320
+00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:38,800
+system, on the right of the lens, its distance is
+
+321
+00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:41,000
+considered positive and everything that is on the
+
+322
+00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:45,500
+left is considered negative Of course frequently
+
+323
+00:17:46,030 --> 00:17:49,410
+The image or image distance is measured from the
+
+324
+00:17:49,410 --> 00:17:58,750
+posterior principal point to the image The
+
+325
+00:17:58,750 --> 00:18:08,150
+principal
+
+326
+00:18:08,150 --> 00:18:12,980
+points likelike the nodal points are a pair of
+
+327
+00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:16,840
+useful reference points يعني المطلوب من الأن لغاية
+
+328
+00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:20,380
+هذه المحاضرة أنه نعرف أن ال two nodal points ال
+
+329
+00:18:20,380 --> 00:18:23,540
+anterior و ال posterior و ال two principal points
+
+330
+00:18:23,540 --> 00:18:26,740
+ال anterior و ال posterior موجودين على ال optical
+
+331
+00:18:26,740 --> 00:18:31,980
+axis و هم عبارة عن useful reference point the
+
+332
+00:18:31,980 --> 00:18:34,660
+nodal points and the principal points often
+
+333
+00:18:34,660 --> 00:18:38,090
+overlap غالبا ال nodal pointsand the principal
+
+334
+00:18:38,090 --> 00:18:43,110
+points match each other and they can be in the
+
+335
+00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:46,550
+same place, they all look like one point, not four
+
+336
+00:18:46,550 --> 00:18:50,230
+points, but technically, from a technical point of
+
+337
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:52,730
+view and from a geometrical optics point of view,
+
+338
+00:18:53,130 --> 00:18:57,890
+I have to look atإنهم نقات كل واحدة إلها شغلها
+
+339
+00:18:57,890 --> 00:19:02,210
+الخاص فيها whatever reference point is used بغض
+
+340
+00:19:02,210 --> 00:19:05,810
+النظر عن أي نقطة مرجعية أنا بستعمل هل بستعمل ال
+
+341
+00:19:05,810 --> 00:19:08,810
+posterior nodal point ولا ال posterior principal
+
+342
+00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:12,370
+point ولا ال back surface بتاع النسب to meet your
+
+343
+00:19:12,370 --> 00:19:15,570
+image distance the sign convention is always the
+
+344
+00:19:15,570 --> 00:19:19,940
+same دائما و أبدا بنساش الإشارةwhich I want to
+
+345
+00:19:19,940 --> 00:19:22,960
+give to this distance. Do I give it a plus sign or
+
+346
+00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:25,660
+minus sign? Of course, if the image is on the
+
+347
+00:19:25,660 --> 00:19:28,360
+right of the optical system, we give it a plus. If
+
+348
+00:19:28,360 --> 00:19:31,000
+it is on the left, we give it a minus. When the
+
+349
+00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,740
+image is to the right of the reference point,
+
+350
+00:19:34,380 --> 00:19:37,580
+image distance is positive. When the image is to
+
+351
+00:19:37,580 --> 00:19:40,580
+the left of the reference point, the distance is
+
+352
+00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:43,660
+negative. The distance is negative. We stop at
+
+353
+00:19:43,660 --> 00:19:47,020
+this point, and next time, God willing, we will
+
+354
+00:19:47,020 --> 00:19:50,470
+enter what is called the depth.of focus ويعطيكم
+
+355
+00:19:50,470 --> 00:19:51,130
+العافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/YZ8rCqxkda8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1431 @@
+
+1
+00:00:02,020 --> 00:00:04,160
+In the name of God, we are going to continue with
+
+2
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,440
+the lectures on Geometric Optics, and today we are
+
+3
+00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:12,120
+going to talk about the vector addition of prisms
+
+4
+00:00:20,250 --> 00:00:30,090
+معروف انه جمع القوة المتجهة لإيجاد قوة مكافئة يعني
+
+5
+00:00:30,090 --> 00:00:34,290
+لو في عندي قوتين كل واحدة بتعمل على محور معين ممكن
+
+6
+00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:39,450
+انا اجد القوة المكافئة لهدول القوتين وبيسموها
+
+7
+00:00:39,450 --> 00:00:43,980
+الجمع المتجه للقوةAlso for prisms, they can be
+
+8
+00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,620
+collected one by one, but we say why this case is
+
+9
+00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:50,060
+necessary, why this case is necessary, we go back
+
+10
+00:00:50,060 --> 00:00:54,640
+here and say as follows, a person must have a
+
+11
+00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:58,890
+prism horizontal prism, as we can see, base out
+
+12
+00:00:58,890 --> 00:01:02,130
+prism and we also imagine in the same way it is
+
+13
+00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:04,510
+not only around the nose, but also around the
+
+14
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:07,670
+head, that is, the left eye comes inside and comes
+
+15
+00:01:07,670 --> 00:01:11,450
+up, that is, it needs a base out because it comes
+
+16
+00:01:11,450 --> 00:01:14,370
+inside and comes up, it needs a base down, of
+
+17
+00:01:14,370 --> 00:01:16,910
+course, the apex always points to the prism it is
+
+18
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:21,950
+not possible for me to use two prisms together, so
+
+19
+00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:26,870
+I want to .. I mean I bring a complementary prism,
+
+20
+00:01:27,090 --> 00:01:30,170
+instead of taking prism out, base and out, and
+
+21
+00:01:30,170 --> 00:01:33,550
+another prism, base and down, I want to use one to
+
+22
+00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:37,370
+be base out and down Out and down, instead of
+
+23
+00:01:37,370 --> 00:01:41,570
+using a prism, instead of using a prism So, if we
+
+24
+00:01:41,570 --> 00:01:53,590
+want to draw this case, we say as follows This
+
+25
+00:01:53,590 --> 00:01:54,090
+is my hand
+
+26
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:05,890
+And this is the second eye.
+
+27
+00:02:43,670 --> 00:02:47,330
+So if we say this is the right eye, fixating eye,
+
+28
+00:02:48,070 --> 00:02:49,550
+which means it looks straight forward, it's a
+
+29
+00:02:49,550 --> 00:02:51,570
+fixation, this means it has a neutral circle
+
+30
+00:02:51,570 --> 00:02:55,370
+inside and outside at the same time And we decided
+
+31
+00:02:55,370 --> 00:02:58,330
+that with prisms, the situation can work, meaning
+
+32
+00:02:58,330 --> 00:03:01,470
+that the circumference is not very large, so I
+
+33
+00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,890
+need to use two prisms for occupational therapy,
+
+34
+00:03:05,150 --> 00:03:07,390
+in order to cancel the circumference problem The
+
+35
+00:03:07,390 --> 00:03:11,550
+first prism needs to have its base out, for
+
+36
+00:03:11,550 --> 00:03:11,690
+example
+
+37
+00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:27,890
+the base is out and
+
+38
+00:03:27,890 --> 00:03:35,890
+the second prism the
+
+39
+00:03:35,890 --> 00:03:38,350
+base should be down out because the apex is
+
+40
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:45,330
+pointing to the inside and the second prism the
+
+41
+00:03:45,330 --> 00:03:46,630
+base should be down
+
+42
+00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:57,400
+Also, it's like trying to go up So, instead of
+
+43
+00:03:57,400 --> 00:04:00,100
+putting two prisms in front of the verbs I want to
+
+44
+00:04:00,100 --> 00:04:02,480
+put an equivalent prism to them I want to put an
+
+45
+00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:05,040
+equivalent prism to them as long as here the base
+
+46
+00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:06,940
+is out and the base is down So, the equivalent
+
+47
+00:04:06,940 --> 00:04:12,170
+prism should be base out and down But we want to
+
+48
+00:04:12,170 --> 00:04:16,170
+see exactly on which axis or direction, which is
+
+49
+00:04:16,170 --> 00:04:18,330
+perpendicular to the horizontal axis or the
+
+50
+00:04:18,330 --> 00:04:21,510
+vertical axis, how much is it? And how much is its
+
+51
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:23,870
+quantity? And how much is its quantity? Therefore,
+
+52
+00:04:23,990 --> 00:04:35,130
+this case should be clear to us This
+
+53
+00:04:35,130 --> 00:04:39,110
+is the equivalent prism to the two prisms
+
+54
+00:04:50,770 --> 00:04:53,050
+this is the equivalent prism that I will put
+
+55
+00:04:53,050 --> 00:04:56,050
+instead of two it will be its base out and down
+
+56
+00:04:56,050 --> 00:04:58,350
+but it is very important to know how much it is
+
+57
+00:04:58,350 --> 00:05:01,790
+worth for example, the prism base down is 6 prisms
+
+58
+00:05:01,790 --> 00:05:04,850
+and the base out is 7 prisms how much it should be
+
+59
+00:05:04,850 --> 00:05:08,210
+its value how much it should be its value now we
+
+60
+00:05:08,210 --> 00:05:11,010
+are not going to draw these prisms but we are
+
+61
+00:05:11,010 --> 00:05:15,990
+going to redraw them with arrows arrows point
+
+62
+00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:23,730
+towards the base It points towards the base Here we
+
+63
+00:05:23,730 --> 00:05:27,110
+just drew the prisms to clarify the idea We want
+
+64
+00:05:27,110 --> 00:05:32,590
+the base out The
+
+65
+00:05:32,590 --> 00:05:33,370
+base out
+
+66
+00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:50,530
+and also the base down this is the base out in
+
+67
+00:05:50,530 --> 00:05:55,910
+this direction this arrow points to the base of
+
+68
+00:05:55,910 --> 00:05:59,010
+the prism we will compensate for the prism with
+
+69
+00:05:59,010 --> 00:06:09,190
+the arrow and this is its base down so
+
+70
+00:06:09,190 --> 00:06:15,070
+therefore I need a prism pointing towards its base,
+
+71
+00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:19,910
+out, to treat esotropia functionally, and the base
+
+72
+00:06:19,910 --> 00:06:23,790
+here should be down, so I make use of them, I make
+
+73
+00:06:23,790 --> 00:06:27,970
+use of them, a prism whose base is out and down,
+
+74
+00:06:28,130 --> 00:06:33,090
+out and down, in the way we see it, in the way we
+
+75
+00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:34,050
+see it
+
+76
+00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:42,470
+and this is called the direction of the prism now
+
+77
+00:06:42,470 --> 00:06:46,330
+I want to say that I have two cases it is not
+
+78
+00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,430
+enough to say prism based out and down if we want
+
+79
+00:06:49,430 --> 00:06:51,890
+to draw the prism based out and down, we will draw
+
+80
+00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:59,030
+it like this that is, the top of the arrow points
+
+81
+00:06:59,030 --> 00:07:03,270
+towards the base it will be like what we see
+
+82
+00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:17,420
+بالشكل اللي احنا شايفينه هو انه اتجاه ال base out
+
+83
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:21,740
+and down ضروري اعرف الزاوية بين اتجاه ال prism و
+
+84
+00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:26,860
+المحور الأفقي او اتجاه الزاوية بين ال prism و
+
+85
+00:07:26,860 --> 00:07:29,880
+المحور العمودي عشان اعرف بالظبط ما يلانه هيكون
+
+86
+00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:35,410
+بالشكل هذا Or it will be like this Or it will be
+
+87
+00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:37,650
+like this Which means it will be closer to the
+
+88
+00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:40,790
+horizontal axis than to the vertical axis And it
+
+89
+00:07:40,790 --> 00:07:42,790
+will not increase in value Before we talk about
+
+90
+00:07:42,790 --> 00:07:45,590
+this issue We say that the length of the arrow
+
+91
+00:07:45,590 --> 00:07:48,430
+represents the value of the prism When I say for
+
+92
+00:07:48,430 --> 00:07:52,110
+example eight diopter prism based out And we drew
+
+93
+00:07:52,110 --> 00:07:54,470
+it with this length And we say here six prism
+
+94
+00:07:54,470 --> 00:07:56,510
+which means eight arrows The arrow will be drawn
+
+95
+00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:59,430
+by eight arrows The result will be closer to eight
+
+96
+00:08:00,830 --> 00:08:04,370
+it will be of course bigger than both of them
+
+97
+00:08:04,370 --> 00:08:08,530
+bigger than both of them 8 prism and 6 prism it
+
+98
+00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:11,610
+will be here for example 9 prism or 10 prism and
+
+99
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:14,070
+the angle between it and the horizontal axis
+
+100
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,530
+closer because the force of the horizontal axis is
+
+101
+00:08:17,530 --> 00:08:19,810
+bigger the force of the horizontal axis is bigger
+
+102
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:25,510
+you see how I want to do this case here I have for
+
+103
+00:08:25,510 --> 00:08:30,820
+example 6 prism based up and 8 prism based out بقدر
+
+104
+00:08:30,820 --> 00:08:35,800
+.. بقدر .. قدام إحدى لانتين .. based up بprism ..
+
+105
+00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:39,180
+هنا في عندي hypotropia مش hypertropia عكس الرسم
+
+106
+00:08:39,180 --> 00:08:43,040
+اللي احنا رسمناه يعني اللي نازله لتحت فالabax تشير
+
+107
+00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:47,320
+لتحت ستة prism based up و تمانية prism based out
+
+108
+00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:53,200
+فهيعوض عنهم based up and out .. based up and out
+
+109
+00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,440
+زي ما احنا هنشوف الآن
+
+110
+00:09:01,750 --> 00:09:03,630
+It's going to get closer to the prism
+
+111
+00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:16,300
+to the horizontal axis and from it to the vertical
+
+112
+00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:21,500
+axis because the force of the horizontal prism is
+
+113
+00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:25,540
+more than the vertical prism because the angle
+
+114
+00:09:25,540 --> 00:09:33,240
+here is 37 degrees so here the angle will be 53
+
+115
+00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:39,180
+degrees 53 degrees and 37 degrees means 90 degrees
+
+116
+00:09:39,620 --> 00:09:42,460
+The .. the .. the obtained prism .. the obtained
+
+117
+00:09:42,460 --> 00:09:46,300
+prism is closer to the strongest prism So how
+
+118
+00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:50,360
+do I get this angle? How do I get this angle? And
+
+119
+00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:55,000
+how do I get the value? The value is found or is
+
+120
+00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:59,960
+found through the theory of Featherworth Theory of
+
+121
+00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:04,300
+Featherworth which we took in schools This prism
+
+122
+00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:09,880
+this is the prism, the vertical prism, I can move
+
+123
+00:10:09,880 --> 00:10:12,320
+its force, and here I have a triangle with an
+
+124
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,920
+angle, I can move it to express the force of the
+
+125
+00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:21,160
+prism, this is 8 prism, and this is 6 prism, the
+
+126
+00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:25,740
+root is the obtained force, the obtained force is
+
+127
+00:10:25,740 --> 00:10:28,480
+equal to the square root of the first square root
+
+128
+00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:33,240
+plus the second square root, the square root of
+
+129
+00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:37,550
+the eighth square, زاد الستة تربيع زي ما احنا
+
+130
+00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:42,090
+المعادلة بتقول عنها زي ما المعادلة بتقول عنها طيب،
+
+131
+00:10:42,090 --> 00:10:46,050
+اذا الجذر التربيع إلى تمانية تربيع، تمانية تربيع
+
+132
+00:10:46,050 --> 00:10:47,990
+يعني تمانية في تمانية باربعة وستين
+
+133
+00:11:08,630 --> 00:11:10,030
+6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x
+
+134
+00:11:10,090 --> 00:11:16,010
+3 on 4 ok we do shift T and we get the angle let's
+
+135
+00:11:16,010 --> 00:11:35,390
+see how it works with calculator we say we
+
+136
+00:11:35,390 --> 00:11:36,370
+need another calculator
+
+137
+00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:59,900
+I shift down six divided
+
+138
+00:11:59,900 --> 00:12:04,340
+by eight and
+
+139
+00:12:04,340 --> 00:12:13,520
+equals equals
+
+140
+00:12:14,970 --> 00:12:19,610
+36 and 8 from 10 degree or 36 and 86 from 100
+
+141
+00:12:19,610 --> 00:12:23,030
+degree is approximately 37 degree as I have the
+
+142
+00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:26,930
+drawing here of course I will not say 36 and 86
+
+143
+00:12:26,930 --> 00:12:32,110
+from 100 degree it is approximately 37 degree
+
+144
+00:12:32,110 --> 00:12:34,470
+and the value of the prism is 10 let's see in the
+
+145
+00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:37,270
+simulation how it is in the vector addition of the
+
+146
+00:12:37,270 --> 00:12:37,570
+prism
+
+147
+00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:50,640
+prism force must be 6 on the vertical axis and
+
+148
+00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:53,920
+here the second prism must be on the horizontal
+
+149
+00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:59,820
+axis and its value is 8 prism here is the value 8
+
+150
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:03,960
+prism and here is the value 6 prism now I want
+
+151
+00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:07,280
+their sum their sum will be
+
+152
+00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:18,040
+10 prism, the value is 10 prism, look at its
+
+153
+00:13:18,040 --> 00:13:22,880
+angle, it is approximately 36.9 degrees, which is
+
+154
+00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:30,620
+37 degrees if we change the values, this is 6
+
+155
+00:13:30,620 --> 00:13:31,980
+prism, we leave this 8
+
+156
+00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:37,540
+The angle between them became 45 degrees, that is,
+
+157
+00:13:37,680 --> 00:13:40,340
+away from this value which is 45 degrees, and away
+
+158
+00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:42,820
+from this value which is 45 degrees, which means
+
+159
+00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:44,360
+it is in the middle because their forces are
+
+160
+00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:48,740
+exactly equal and the obtained prism is 8 prisms,
+
+161
+00:13:48,820 --> 00:13:52,860
+8 prisms, why? Because the square root .. the
+
+162
+00:13:52,860 --> 00:13:59,660
+square root ..
+
+163
+00:13:59,660 --> 00:14:09,850
+the square root .. لا التمانية
+
+164
+00:14:09,850 --> 00:14:16,390
+تربيع زائد
+
+165
+00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,730
+أيضا
+
+166
+00:14:19,730 --> 00:14:27,150
+تمانية تربيع يساوي
+
+167
+00:14:30,660 --> 00:14:32,760
+eleven and three out of ten, let's see in the
+
+168
+00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:35,440
+vector addition how much is the total that I have
+
+169
+00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,700
+eleven and three out of ten, eleven and three out
+
+170
+00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:42,720
+of ten, that is eight on the vertical axis and
+
+171
+00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:45,680
+eight on the horizontal axis will give me base,
+
+172
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:51,920
+base for example up and out, base up and out, okay
+
+173
+00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:59,700
+if I want one towards base in and
+
+174
+00:15:02,660 --> 00:15:08,020
+If there is a field to move the ..
+
+175
+00:15:08,020 --> 00:15:08,980
+If there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+176
+00:15:08,980 --> 00:15:09,300
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+177
+00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:09,640
+is a field to move the .. If there is a field to
+
+178
+00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:10,440
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+179
+00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:11,140
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+180
+00:15:11,140 --> 00:15:11,300
+field to move the .. If there is a field to move
+
+181
+00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:11,400
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+182
+00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:11,420
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+183
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:11,560
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+184
+00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:20,120
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+185
+00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:24,740
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+186
+00:15:24,740 --> 00:15:31,260
+field to move the .. If
+
+187
+00:15:31,260 --> 00:15:34,290
+there is a field to move the up and in means
+
+188
+00:15:34,290 --> 00:15:38,670
+between two prisms, between two prisms it will be
+
+189
+00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:42,750
+present, so vector combines information about
+
+190
+00:1
+
+223
+00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:13,930
+plus ten squares, all under the square root of
+
+224
+00:18:13,930 --> 00:18:20,830
+course, to get the value which is equal to you
+
+225
+00:18:22,330 --> 00:18:25,050
+twenty-two and three out of ten, as shown here,
+
+226
+00:18:25,350 --> 00:18:27,070
+approximately, approximately, you get twenty-two
+
+227
+00:18:27,070 --> 00:18:29,930
+and three out of ten, and here, of course, six is
+
+228
+00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:32,710
+close to one, you get twenty-two and four out of
+
+229
+00:18:32,710 --> 00:18:36,710
+ten. Okay, now the angle, the angle, we want to
+
+230
+00:18:36,710 --> 00:18:40,770
+say as follows, this is how it is, this is the
+
+231
+00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:42,450
+angle, how did it come out with me? Underneath
+
+232
+00:18:42,450 --> 00:18:46,430
+this angle, underneath this angle, twenty, twenty
+
+233
+00:18:46,430 --> 00:18:52,250
+over tenI want the angle, I have to do shift-t,
+
+234
+00:18:52,350 --> 00:18:58,390
+shift-t 20
+
+235
+00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:04,010
+over 10 20
+
+236
+00:19:04,010 --> 00:19:09,330
+divided by 10, which is 2, under 2, how much does
+
+237
+00:19:09,330 --> 00:19:09,810
+it come out?
+
+238
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:20,530
+it turns out to be 63.4 out of 10 degrees So in
+
+239
+00:19:20,530 --> 00:19:26,890
+this way I can find the vector addition of a prism
+
+240
+00:19:26,890 --> 00:19:30,310
+So instead of using a prism based out with a value
+
+241
+00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:34,810
+of 10 and in front of it a prism based up with a
+
+242
+00:19:34,810 --> 00:19:38,950
+value of 20 prisms I use a prism 1 that excludes 2
+
+243
+00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:44,910
+in its directionup and out, up and out, its value
+
+244
+00:19:44,910 --> 00:19:49,650
+is twenty two and four out of ten prism, and it
+
+245
+00:19:49,650 --> 00:19:51,630
+tilts to the horizontal axis, so I leave it tilted
+
+246
+00:19:51,630 --> 00:19:55,790
+in front of the eye, at an angle of sixty three
+
+247
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:57,310
+and four out of ten degrees in front of the
+
+248
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:19:59,870
+horizontal axis Now let's bring a new example
+
+249
+00:20:11,130 --> 00:20:16,970
+a new example we
+
+250
+00:20:16,970 --> 00:20:31,950
+say as follows, we have a prism here
+
+251
+00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:36,410
+we consider the nasal now, in, in and we consider
+
+252
+00:20:36,410 --> 00:20:45,480
+here five prismsand the second prism is on the
+
+253
+00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:49,380
+vertical axis here
+
+254
+00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:51,560
+we cancel the sum at the beginning and cancel the
+
+255
+00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:59,880
+angle and here I have eight prisms one peso or
+
+256
+00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:05,660
+let's say base down four
+
+257
+00:21:05,660 --> 00:21:13,580
+prisms so base in base in five prismsdiopter and
+
+258
+00:21:13,580 --> 00:21:19,900
+based on 4 prism diopter, we need their sum, their
+
+259
+00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:28,490
+sum is 4.6in the horizontal direction, it tilts 38
+
+260
+00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:34,910
+.7 degrees to the horizontal axis 38.7 degrees of
+
+261
+00:21:34,910 --> 00:21:36,350
+course here it is minus because it is below the
+
+262
+00:21:36,350 --> 00:21:39,770
+horizontal meridian below the horizontal meridian
+
+263
+00:21:39,770 --> 00:21:43,670
+let's see this issue in the calculator we say in
+
+264
+00:21:43,670 --> 00:21:51,570
+the square root of 5 squares plus
+
+265
+00:21:54,210 --> 00:21:58,790
+four squares according
+
+266
+00:21:58,790 --> 00:22:03,450
+to the theory of fithworth is equal to six and
+
+267
+00:22:03,450 --> 00:22:06,170
+four out of ten as the value here turned out to be
+
+268
+00:22:06,170 --> 00:22:09,870
+six and four out of ten now the angle to get it
+
+269
+00:22:09,870 --> 00:22:12,010
+this is the triangle of the column of the angle
+
+270
+00:22:12,010 --> 00:22:14,450
+this is the triangle of the column of the angle
+
+271
+00:22:14,450 --> 00:22:20,580
+this angle I get it in return which isا��بعة على
+
+272
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:27,900
+خمسة أربعة مقابل على خمسة أربعة
+
+273
+00:22:27,900 --> 00:22:28,860
+على خمسة أربعة مقابل على خمسة أربعة على خمسة أربعة
+
+274
+00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:29,080
+على خمسة
+
+275
+00:22:42,580 --> 00:22:51,180
+38.6 out of 10 approximately 38.6 out of 10 then
+
+276
+00:22:51,180 --> 00:22:56,880
+59 is close to 1 here so 38.7 out of 10 so this is
+
+277
+00:22:56,880 --> 00:23:02,640
+the way I deal with vector addition of prisms we
+
+278
+00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:06,660
+stop at this point or before we stop at this point
+
+279
+00:23:06,660 --> 00:23:12,680
+there is a device called Reisli prismRicely prism
+
+280
+00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:16,860
+is a rotary prism, a prism that rotates, or two
+
+281
+00:23:16,860 --> 00:23:21,120
+prisms that rotate around each other Where do we
+
+282
+00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:23,740
+find this ricely prism? Ricely prism is this
+
+283
+00:23:23,740 --> 00:23:28,900
+picture It is two prisms that rotate opposite each
+
+284
+00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:32,990
+other, counter rotated, this is a scalethis is a
+
+285
+00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:36,770
+scale that gives me their results in any situation
+
+286
+00:23:36,770 --> 00:23:39,770
+they were in in any situation they were in in
+
+287
+00:23:39,770 --> 00:23:42,650
+other words, if we go to the magnifying glass
+
+288
+00:23:42,650 --> 00:23:47,730
+these two libraries in the rice library these two
+
+289
+00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:50,850
+libraries, the base and the base are next to each
+
+290
+00:23:50,850 --> 00:23:53,110
+other and the apex and the apex are next to each
+
+291
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:54,810
+other their total is equal to the total of their
+
+292
+00:23:54,810 --> 00:23:57,330
+forces how their total is equal to the total of
+
+293
+00:23:57,330 --> 00:23:59,330
+their forces we go back to the simulation to
+
+294
+00:23:59,330 --> 00:24:04,240
+explain this issue we say as followsI have a
+
+295
+00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:07,660
+prism, or I have a prism, for example, its
+
+296
+00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:14,600
+direction is horizontal
+
+297
+00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,500
+towards, for example, out, its size is eight
+
+298
+00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:25,600
+prisms and this is also a prism we
+
+299
+00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:30,730
+cancel the sum and cancel the angleanother prism
+
+300
+00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:34,650
+with the same force and same direction so now I
+
+301
+00:24:34,650 --> 00:24:37,970
+have two prisms, the sum is going to be double the
+
+302
+00:24:37,970 --> 00:24:41,410
+sum is going to be double which is 16 prisms, 16
+
+303
+00:24:41,410 --> 00:24:48,270
+prisms so 8 prisms and 8 prisms 16 prisms, 16
+
+304
+00:24:48,270 --> 00:24:51,550
+prisms working on the same direction adding their
+
+305
+00:24:51,550 --> 00:24:56,590
+forces to each other okay now as follows if I came
+
+306
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:24:59,520
+I turned them around so that in the end they are
+
+307
+00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:01,160
+opposite to each other, this is the base here of
+
+308
+00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,220
+the first prism and this is the base of the second
+
+309
+00:25:04,220 --> 00:25:06,880
+prism, the base with the apex and the apex with
+
+310
+00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:10,020
+the base, so their gain is zero, their gain is
+
+311
+00:25:10,020 --> 00:25:12,220
+zero in another sense, we go back to the
+
+312
+00:25:12,220 --> 00:25:15,080
+simulation, we say if we are one of the two
+
+313
+00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:15,360
+prisms,
+
+314
+00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:23,120
+we cancel it and take one of the two prisms
+
+315
+00:25:27,420 --> 00:25:38,360
+Let's make it the other way around
+
+316
+00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:44,580
+Let's make this case here So that we can .. this
+
+317
+00:25:44,580 --> 00:25:52,500
+is 8 prism Y must also be 8 prism This is 8 prism
+
+318
+00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:58,210
+We come and ask for sumمافيش صم لإن الصم يديهش صفر
+
+319
+00:25:58,210 --> 00:26:03,010
+الصم صفر لإن هذا تمانية برزم عكس تمانية برزم إذا
+
+320
+00:26:03,010 --> 00:26:08,450
+قوتهم المحصلة صفر قوتهم المحصلة صفر لو أنا زودت
+
+321
+00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:13,920
+واحدit became a sum for me, it became a sum for
+
+322
+00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:16,680
+me, of course I drew it here, but then there was
+
+323
+00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:20,400
+no completion for me to draw clearly here, so here
+
+324
+00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:22,740
+I added it to the right direction, so I got the
+
+325
+00:26:22,740 --> 00:26:27,180
+result here if I didn't find the sum, one prism,
+
+326
+00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:30,160
+because this is nine, this became nine, this
+
+327
+00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,720
+became nine, and this is eight, eight
+
+328
+00:26:38,060 --> 00:26:44,860
+in the rise liberalismmungkin انا يكونوا apex و
+
+329
+00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:49,200
+apex مع بعض و base و base مع بعض بيكون قوتهم مضافة
+
+330
+00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:52,740
+ل بعض ل بعض بيكون مجموعهم او ال prism المكافئ لهم
+
+331
+00:26:52,740 --> 00:26:57,840
+ضعفهم طيب ممكن يكونوا عكس بعض تماما قوتهم الحصيلة
+
+332
+00:26:57,840 --> 00:27:01,420
+بتاعتهم صفر طب ممكن واحد يكون مايل بالنسبة للتاني
+
+333
+00:27:01,420 --> 00:27:04,840
+بنرجع ل ال vector addition of ال prism طيب ايش
+
+334
+00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:08,660
+استفدنا؟ لأ في هنا فرق ان هذا ال prismين محتوطين
+
+335
+00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:14,160
+ضمن housing ضمن بيت معين اوa certain thing, there
+
+336
+00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:16,440
+is a scale, as soon as I rotate the prism with
+
+337
+00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:18,620
+respect to the other, it gives me the result, the
+
+338
+00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:21,800
+total value of the two prisms in the direction of
+
+339
+00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:23,500
+inclination with respect to each other, that is,
+
+340
+00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:25,720
+the position is high, inclined with respect to
+
+341
+00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:29,250
+each other, it gives me the total valueوأكم
+
+342
+00:27:29,250 --> 00:27:36,170
+الحصيلة الكلية واتجاه الprism بالنسبة للمحور
+
+343
+00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:39,090
+الأفقي والمحور العمودي بالنسبة للمحور الأفقي
+
+344
+00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:42,930
+والمحور العمودي هنا الحصيلة الضعف هنا الحصيلة
+
+345
+00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:46,600
+الصفر هنا الحصيلة في .. في .. في ..they give the
+
+346
+00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,200
+result how much the prism is equivalent to them in
+
+347
+00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,400
+numbers and how much they are equal to each other
+
+348
+00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,080
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+349
+00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:53,340
+much they are equal to each other and how much
+
+350
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,400
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+351
+00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:53,520
+they are equal to each other and how much they are
+
+352
+00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:53,540
+each other and how much they are equal to each
+
+353
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:54,600
+other and how much they are equal to each other
+
+354
+00:27:54,600 --> 00:28:12,000
+and how much they are equal to each other and
+
+355
+00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:17,270
+howA rotary prism mounted on the front of most
+
+356
+00:28:17,270 --> 00:28:20,890
+phoropters consists of two prisms of equal power
+
+357
+00:28:20,890 --> 00:28:26,450
+that are counter rotated with respect to one
+
+358
+00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:29,890
+another to produce prism power varying from zero
+
+359
+00:28:29,890 --> 00:28:36,530
+prism to neutralize each other
+
+360
+00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:44,380
+الوضعية هذه اللي هي عكس بعضهم البعض هيكون zero
+
+361
+00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:49,140
+prism قيمتهم هيكون zero prism قيمتهم to the sum of
+
+362
+00:28:49,140 --> 00:28:51,360
+the two powers prisms aligned in the same
+
+363
+00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:57,580
+direction يعني اللي هي لما بيكونوا لهم نفس الاتجاه
+
+364
+00:28:57,580 --> 00:29:03,000
+زي هذه الرسمة و هذه الرسمة لهم نفس الاتجاه هذه عكس
+
+365
+00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,600
+بعض إذا قيمتهم صفر هنا قيمتهم صفر هنا طيب
+
+366
+00:29:13,950 --> 00:29:16,730
+Intermediate values may be determined by the
+
+367
+00:29:16,730 --> 00:29:19,690
+vector addition and are marked on the dial of the
+
+368
+00:29:19,690 --> 00:29:20,510
+prism housing
+
+369
+00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,000
+librism. So this is for the Rice Librism, because
+
+370
+00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,700
+instead of going into the accounts of the theory
+
+371
+00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:48,340
+of FIFA Worlds and then I get a twist in the
+
+372
+00:29:48,340 --> 00:29:52,020
+corner, as we did in this lecture, the Rice
+
+373
+00:29:52,020 --> 00:29:57,110
+Librism gives me the ..يعني بيعطيني النتيجة
+
+374
+00:29:57,110 --> 00:30:01,350
+النهائية بشكل مباشر وسريع بشكل مباشر وسريع قيمة
+
+375
+00:30:01,350 --> 00:30:04,710
+واتجاها قيمة واتجاها اذا the Reissle Prism is
+
+376
+00:30:04,710 --> 00:30:07,910
+particularly useful in measuring Fourier's ال
+
+377
+00:30:07,910 --> 00:30:11,310
+Fourier اللي هي الحوال الخفي يعني بستعين فيه عساس
+
+378
+00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:15,790
+انا اعرف بالظبط قيمة الحوال الخفي و ايضا ممكن
+
+379
+00:30:15,790 --> 00:30:20,150
+استعملهم مع ال Maddox rod ال Maddox rod و هذا هنجي
+
+380
+00:30:20,150 --> 00:30:24,470
+بالتفصيل عنه في مساقة الحوال ايضا ممكن استعمل ال
+
+381
+00:30:24,470 --> 00:30:27,770
+Reissle PrismIn measuring the fusional vergence
+
+382
+00:30:27,770 --> 00:30:29,770
+amplitude, and this is also in circular circuits.
+
+383
+00:30:29,910 --> 00:30:33,310
+So, I can use the first thing in the Fourier. The
+
+384
+00:30:33,310 --> 00:30:36,710
+second thing, of course, when I use it to measure
+
+385
+00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:39,250
+the Fourier, which is the circular circuit, I use
+
+386
+00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:43,890
+the Maddox-Rod sometimes. And I can also use it in
+
+387
+00:30:43,890 --> 00:30:47,490
+the fusional vergence amplitude. And these two
+
+388
+00:30:47,490 --> 00:30:49,850
+things, we will talk about them in circular
+
+389
+00:30:49,850 --> 00:30:52,410
+circuits, God willing. And may God give you health
+
+390
+00:30:52,410 --> 00:30:54,810
+and peace, and mercy and blessings from God.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/YZ8rCqxkda8_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1628 @@
+1
+00:00:02,020 --> 00:00:04,160
+In the name of God, we are going to continue with
+
+2
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,440
+the lectures on Geometric Optics, and today we are
+
+3
+00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:12,120
+going to talk about the vector addition of prisms
+
+4
+00:00:20,250 --> 00:00:30,090
+معروف انه جمع القوة المتجهة لإيجاد قوة مكافئة يعني
+
+5
+00:00:30,090 --> 00:00:34,290
+لو في عندي قوتين كل واحدة بتعمل على محور معين ممكن
+
+6
+00:00:34,290 --> 00:00:39,450
+انا اجد القوة المكافئة لهدول القوتين وبيسموها
+
+7
+00:00:39,450 --> 00:00:43,980
+الجمع المتجه للقوةAlso for prisms, they can be
+
+8
+00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,620
+collected one by one, but we say why this case is
+
+9
+00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:50,060
+necessary, why this case is necessary, we go back
+
+10
+00:00:50,060 --> 00:00:54,640
+here and say as follows, a person must have a
+
+11
+00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:58,890
+prismhorizontal prism, as we can see, base out
+
+12
+00:00:58,890 --> 00:01:02,130
+prism and we also imagine in the same way it is
+
+13
+00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:04,510
+not only around the nose, but also around the
+
+14
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:07,670
+head, that is, the left eye comes inside and comes
+
+15
+00:01:07,670 --> 00:01:11,450
+up, that is, it needs a base out because it comes
+
+16
+00:01:11,450 --> 00:01:14,370
+inside and comes up, it needs a base down, of
+
+17
+00:01:14,370 --> 00:01:16,910
+course, the apex always points to the prism it is
+
+18
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:21,950
+not possible for me to use two prisms together, so
+
+19
+00:01:21,950 --> 00:01:26,870
+I want to .. I meanI bring a complementary prism,
+
+20
+00:01:27,090 --> 00:01:30,170
+instead of taking prism out, base and out, and
+
+21
+00:01:30,170 --> 00:01:33,550
+another prism, base and down, I want to use one to
+
+22
+00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:37,370
+be base out and down Out and down, instead of
+
+23
+00:01:37,370 --> 00:01:41,570
+using a prism, instead of using a prism So, if we
+
+24
+00:01:41,570 --> 00:01:53,590
+want to draw this case, we say as follows This
+
+25
+00:01:53,590 --> 00:01:54,090
+is my hand
+
+26
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:05,890
+And this is the second eye.
+
+27
+00:02:43,670 --> 00:02:47,330
+So if we say this is the right eye, fixating eye,
+
+28
+00:02:48,070 --> 00:02:49,550
+which means it looks straight forward, it's a
+
+29
+00:02:49,550 --> 00:02:51,570
+fixation, this means it has a neutral circle
+
+30
+00:02:51,570 --> 00:02:55,370
+inside and outside at the same time And we decided
+
+31
+00:02:55,370 --> 00:02:58,330
+that with prisms, the situation can work, meaning
+
+32
+00:02:58,330 --> 00:03:01,470
+that the circumference is not very large, so I
+
+33
+00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,890
+need to use two prisms for occupational therapy,
+
+34
+00:03:05,150 --> 00:03:07,390
+in order to cancel the circumference problem The
+
+35
+00:03:07,390 --> 00:03:11,550
+first prism needs to have its base out, for
+
+36
+00:03:11,550 --> 00:03:11,690
+example
+
+37
+00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:27,890
+the base is out and
+
+38
+00:03:27,890 --> 00:03:35,890
+the second prism the
+
+39
+00:03:35,890 --> 00:03:38,350
+base should be down out because the apex is
+
+40
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:45,330
+pointing to the inside and the second prism the
+
+41
+00:03:45,330 --> 00:03:46,630
+base should be down
+
+42
+00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:57,400
+Also, it's like trying to go up So, instead of
+
+43
+00:03:57,400 --> 00:04:00,100
+putting two prisms in front of the verbs I want to
+
+44
+00:04:00,100 --> 00:04:02,480
+put an equivalent prism to them I want to put an
+
+45
+00:04:02,480 --> 00:04:05,040
+equivalent prism to them as long as here the base
+
+46
+00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:06,940
+is out and the base is down So, the equivalent
+
+47
+00:04:06,940 --> 00:04:12,170
+prism should be base out and downBut we want to
+
+48
+00:04:12,170 --> 00:04:16,170
+see exactly on which axis or direction, which is
+
+49
+00:04:16,170 --> 00:04:18,330
+perpendicular to the horizontal axis or the
+
+50
+00:04:18,330 --> 00:04:21,510
+vertical axis, how much is it? And how much is its
+
+51
+00:04:21,510 --> 00:04:23,870
+quantity? And how much is its quantity? Therefore,
+
+52
+00:04:23,990 --> 00:04:35,130
+this case should be clear to us This
+
+53
+00:04:35,130 --> 00:04:39,110
+is the equivalent prism to the two prisms
+
+54
+00:04:50,770 --> 00:04:53,050
+this is the equivalent prism that I will put
+
+55
+00:04:53,050 --> 00:04:56,050
+instead of two it will be its base out and down
+
+56
+00:04:56,050 --> 00:04:58,350
+but it is very important to know how much it is
+
+57
+00:04:58,350 --> 00:05:01,790
+worth for example, the prism base down is 6 prisms
+
+58
+00:05:01,790 --> 00:05:04,850
+and the base out is 7 prisms how much it should be
+
+59
+00:05:04,850 --> 00:05:08,210
+its value how much it should be its value now we
+
+60
+00:05:08,210 --> 00:05:11,010
+are not going to draw these prisms but we are
+
+61
+00:05:11,010 --> 00:05:15,990
+going to redraw them with arrows arrows point
+
+62
+00:05:15,990 --> 00:05:23,730
+towards the baseIt points towards the base Here we
+
+63
+00:05:23,730 --> 00:05:27,110
+just drew the prisms to clarify the idea We want
+
+64
+00:05:27,110 --> 00:05:32,590
+the base out The
+
+65
+00:05:32,590 --> 00:05:33,370
+base out
+
+66
+00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:50,530
+and also the base down this is the base out in
+
+67
+00:05:50,530 --> 00:05:55,910
+this direction this arrow points to the base of
+
+68
+00:05:55,910 --> 00:05:59,010
+the prism we will compensate for the prism with
+
+69
+00:05:59,010 --> 00:06:09,190
+the arrow and this is its base down so
+
+70
+00:06:09,190 --> 00:06:15,070
+thereforeI need a prism pointing towards its base,
+
+71
+00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:19,910
+out, to treat esotropia functionally, and the base
+
+72
+00:06:19,910 --> 00:06:23,790
+here should be down, so I make use of them, I make
+
+73
+00:06:23,790 --> 00:06:27,970
+use of them, a prism whose base is out and down,
+
+74
+00:06:28,130 --> 00:06:33,090
+out and down, in the way we see it, in the way we
+
+75
+00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:34,050
+see it
+
+76
+00:06:39,110 --> 00:06:42,470
+and this is called the direction of the prism now
+
+77
+00:06:42,470 --> 00:06:46,330
+I want to say that I have two cases it is not
+
+78
+00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,430
+enough to say prism based out and down if we want
+
+79
+00:06:49,430 --> 00:06:51,890
+to draw the prism based out and down, we will draw
+
+80
+00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:59,030
+it like this that is, the top of the arrow points
+
+81
+00:06:59,030 --> 00:07:03,270
+towards the base it will be like what we see
+
+82
+00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:17,420
+بالشكل اللي احنا شايفينه هو انه اتجاه ال base out
+
+83
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:21,740
+and down ضروري اعرف الزاوية بين اتجاه ال prism و
+
+84
+00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:26,860
+المحور الأفقي او اتجاه الزاوية بين ال prism و
+
+85
+00:07:26,860 --> 00:07:29,880
+المحور العمودي عشان اعرف بالظبط ما يلانه هيكون
+
+86
+00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:35,410
+بالشكل هذاOr it will be like this Or it will be
+
+87
+00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:37,650
+like this Which means it will be closer to the
+
+88
+00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:40,790
+horizontal axis than to the vertical axis And it
+
+89
+00:07:40,790 --> 00:07:42,790
+will not increase in value Before we talk about
+
+90
+00:07:42,790 --> 00:07:45,590
+this issue We say that the length of the arrow
+
+91
+00:07:45,590 --> 00:07:48,430
+represents the value of the prism When I say for
+
+92
+00:07:48,430 --> 00:07:52,110
+example eight diopter prism based out And we drew
+
+93
+00:07:52,110 --> 00:07:54,470
+it with this length And we say here six prism
+
+94
+00:07:54,470 --> 00:07:56,510
+which means eight arrows The arrow will be drawn
+
+95
+00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:59,430
+by eight arrows The result will be closer to eight
+
+96
+00:08:00,830 --> 00:08:04,370
+it will be of course bigger than both of them
+
+97
+00:08:04,370 --> 00:08:08,530
+bigger than both of them 8 prism and 6 prism it
+
+98
+00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:11,610
+will be here for example 9 prism or 10 prism and
+
+99
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:14,070
+the angle between it and the horizontal axis
+
+100
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,530
+closer because the force of the horizontal axis is
+
+101
+00:08:17,530 --> 00:08:19,810
+bigger the force of the horizontal axis is bigger
+
+102
+00:08:19,810 --> 00:08:25,510
+you see how I want to do this case here I have for
+
+103
+00:08:25,510 --> 00:08:30,820
+example 6 prism based up and 8 prism based outبقدر
+
+104
+00:08:30,820 --> 00:08:35,800
+.. بقدر .. قدام إحدى لانتين .. based up بprism ..
+
+105
+00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:39,180
+هنا في عندي hypotropia مش hypertropia عكس الرسم
+
+106
+00:08:39,180 --> 00:08:43,040
+اللي احنا رسمناه يعني اللي نازله لتحت فالabax تشير
+
+107
+00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:47,320
+لتحت ستة prism based up و تمانية prism based out
+
+108
+00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:53,200
+فهيعوض عنهم based up and out .. based up and out
+
+109
+00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,440
+زي ما احنا هنشوف الآن
+
+110
+00:09:01,750 --> 00:09:03,630
+It's going to get closer to the prism
+
+111
+00:09:14,040 --> 00:09:16,300
+to the horizontal axis and from it to the vertical
+
+112
+00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:21,500
+axis because the force of the horizontal prism is
+
+113
+00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:25,540
+more than the vertical prism because the angle
+
+114
+00:09:25,540 --> 00:09:33,240
+here is 37 degrees so here the angle will be 53
+
+115
+00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:39,180
+degrees 53 degrees and 37 degrees means 90 degrees
+
+116
+00:09:39,620 --> 00:09:42,460
+The .. the .. the obtained leprism .. the obtained
+
+117
+00:09:42,460 --> 00:09:46,300
+leprism is closer to the strongest leprism So how
+
+118
+00:09:46,300 --> 00:09:50,360
+do I get this angle? How do I get this angle? And
+
+119
+00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:55,000
+how do I get the value? The value is found or is
+
+120
+00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:59,960
+found through the theory of Featherworth Theory of
+
+121
+00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:04,300
+Featherworth which we took in schools This leprism
+
+122
+00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:09,880
+this is the prism, the vertical prism, I can move
+
+123
+00:10:09,880 --> 00:10:12,320
+its force, and here I have a triangle with an
+
+124
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:14,920
+angle, I can move it to express the force of the
+
+125
+00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:21,160
+prism, this is 8 prism, and this is 6 prism, the
+
+126
+00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:25,740
+root is the obtained force, the obtained force is
+
+127
+00:10:25,740 --> 00:10:28,480
+equal to the square root of the first square root
+
+128
+00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:33,240
+plus the second square root, the square root of
+
+129
+00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:37,550
+the eighth square,زاد الستة تربيع زي ما احنا
+
+130
+00:10:37,550 --> 00:10:42,090
+المعادلة بتقول عنها زي ما المعادلة بتقول عنها طيب،
+
+131
+00:10:42,090 --> 00:10:46,050
+اذا الجذر التربيع إلى تمانية تربيع، تمانية تربيع
+
+132
+00:10:46,050 --> 00:10:47,990
+يعني تمانية في تمانية باربعة وستين
+
+133
+00:11:08,630 --> 00:11:10,030
+6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x6x
+
+134
+00:11:10,090 --> 00:11:16,010
+3 on 4 ok we do shift T and we get the angle let's
+
+135
+00:11:16,010 --> 00:11:35,390
+see how it works with calculator we say we
+
+136
+00:11:35,390 --> 00:11:36,370
+need another calculator
+
+137
+00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:59,900
+I shift down six divided
+
+138
+00:11:59,900 --> 00:12:04,340
+by eight and
+
+139
+00:12:04,340 --> 00:12:13,520
+equals equals
+
+140
+00:12:14,970 --> 00:12:19,610
+36 and 8 from 10 degree or 36 and 86 from 100
+
+141
+00:12:19,610 --> 00:12:23,030
+degree is approximately 37 degree as I have the
+
+142
+00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:26,930
+drawing here of course I will not say 36 and 86
+
+143
+00:12:26,930 --> 00:12:32,110
+from 100 degree it is approximately 37 degree
+
+144
+00:12:32,110 --> 00:12:34,470
+and the value of the prism is 10 let's see in the
+
+145
+00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:37,270
+simulation how it is in the vector addition of the
+
+146
+00:12:37,270 --> 00:12:37,570
+prism
+
+147
+00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:50,640
+prism force must be 6 on the vertical axis and
+
+148
+00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:53,920
+here the second prism must be on the horizontal
+
+149
+00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:59,820
+axis and its value is 8 prism here is the value 8
+
+150
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:03,960
+prism and here is the value 6 prism now I want
+
+151
+00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:07,280
+their sum their sum will be
+
+152
+00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:18,040
+10 prism, the value is 10 prism, look at its
+
+153
+00:13:18,040 --> 00:13:22,880
+angle, it is approximately 36.9 degrees, which is
+
+154
+00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:30,620
+37 degrees if we change the values, this is 6
+
+155
+00:13:30,620 --> 00:13:31,980
+prism, we leave this 8
+
+156
+00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:37,540
+The angle between them became 45 degrees, that is,
+
+157
+00:13:37,680 --> 00:13:40,340
+away from this value which is 45 degrees, and away
+
+158
+00:13:40,340 --> 00:13:42,820
+from this value which is 45 degrees, which means
+
+159
+00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:44,360
+it is in the middle because their forces are
+
+160
+00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:48,740
+exactly equal and the obtained prism is 8 prisms,
+
+161
+00:13:48,820 --> 00:13:52,860
+8 prisms, why? Because the square root .. the
+
+162
+00:13:52,860 --> 00:13:59,660
+square root ..
+
+163
+00:13:59,660 --> 00:14:09,850
+the square root ..لا التمانية
+
+164
+00:14:09,850 --> 00:14:16,390
+تربيع زائد
+
+165
+00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,730
+أيضا
+
+166
+00:14:19,730 --> 00:14:27,150
+تمانية تربيع يساوي
+
+167
+00:14:30,660 --> 00:14:32,760
+eleven and three out of ten, let's see in the
+
+168
+00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:35,440
+vector addition how much is the total that I have
+
+169
+00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,700
+eleven and three out of ten, eleven and three out
+
+170
+00:14:39,700 --> 00:14:42,720
+of ten, that is eight on the vertical axis and
+
+171
+00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:45,680
+eight on the horizontal axis will give me base,
+
+172
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:51,920
+base for example up and out, base up and out, okay
+
+173
+00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:59,700
+if I want one towards base in and
+
+174
+00:15:02,660 --> 00:15:08,020
+If there is a field to move the ..
+
+175
+00:15:08,020 --> 00:15:08,980
+If there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+176
+00:15:08,980 --> 00:15:08,980
+field to move the .. If there is a field to move
+
+177
+00:15:08,980 --> 00:15:09,300
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+178
+00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:09,640
+is a field to move the .. If there is a field to
+
+179
+00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:10,440
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+180
+00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:11,140
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+181
+00:15:11,140 --> 00:15:11,300
+field to move the .. If there is a field to move
+
+182
+00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:11,400
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+183
+00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:11,400
+is a field to move the .. If there is a field to
+
+184
+00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:11,420
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+185
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:11,420
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+186
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:11,420
+field to move the .. If there is a field to move
+
+187
+00:15:11,420 --> 00:15:11,560
+the .. If there is a field to move the .. If there
+
+188
+00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:11,560
+is a field to move the .. If there is a field to
+
+189
+00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:20,120
+move the .. If there is a field to move the .. If
+
+190
+00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:24,740
+there is a field to move the .. If there is a
+
+191
+00:15:24,740 --> 00:15:31,260
+field to move the .. If
+
+192
+00:15:31,260 --> 00:15:34,290
+there is a field to move theup and in means
+
+193
+00:15:34,290 --> 00:15:38,670
+between two prisms, between two prisms it will be
+
+194
+00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:42,750
+present, so vector combines information about
+
+195
+00:15:42,750 --> 00:15:46,930
+magnitude and direction, I want to see how much is
+
+196
+00:15:46,930 --> 00:15:50,050
+the magnitude of the prismmeans in other words,
+
+197
+00:15:50,290 --> 00:15:52,390
+according to the theory of Featherworth, the prism
+
+198
+00:15:52,390 --> 00:15:54,990
+is determined by its value, and the direction is
+
+199
+00:15:54,990 --> 00:15:58,890
+not enough to say 10 prisms, or 8 prisms, or 20
+
+200
+00:15:58,890 --> 00:16:02,010
+prisms, which is the determined one, but I must
+
+201
+00:16:02,010 --> 00:16:05,070
+say how much it is, this is a matter, and the
+
+202
+00:16:05,070 --> 00:16:07,580
+second thing is how much is the directionواش
+
+203
+00:16:07,580 --> 00:16:11,260
+الزاوية؟ ايش الزاوية؟ ايش الزاوية؟ هنا في ال
+
+204
+00:16:11,260 --> 00:16:16,460
+simulation بيقدر يعطيني الزاوية بطريقة مباشرة
+
+205
+00:16:16,460 --> 00:16:19,960
+بطريقة مباشرة هنا لو ألغينا ال sum و ألغينا
+
+206
+00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:28,880
+الزاوية و يقولنا احنا بدنا هنا ال prism الأول بده
+
+207
+00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:32,800
+يعمل على المحور العمودي قيمته
+
+208
+00:16:35,250 --> 00:16:40,410
+20 prism for example and the second one is on the
+
+209
+00:16:40,410 --> 00:16:45,370
+horizontal axis and its value is for example 10
+
+210
+00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:54,830
+prism we need their sum their sum by
+
+211
+00:16:54,830 --> 00:16:57,390
+the way here the sum is impossible to change its
+
+212
+00:16:57,390 --> 00:17:02,660
+angleمستحيل، يعني هيتحرك مانع يضل عامل على المحور
+
+213
+00:17:02,660 --> 00:17:05,600
+الأفقي وعلى المحور العمودي زاوية ثابتة، زاوية
+
+214
+00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:12,410
+ثابتة، نشوف اللي هو ال angleso 63.4 out of 10 on
+
+215
+00:17:12,410 --> 00:17:17,650
+the horizontal axis and on the vertical axis
+
+216
+00:17:17,650 --> 00:17:20,370
+between them, between the vertical axis, its value
+
+217
+00:17:20,370 --> 00:17:28,230
+is approximately 27 or 26.6 out of 10, which is 90
+
+218
+00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:33,050
+in total, 90 in total, so its value is 22.4 out of
+
+219
+00:17:33,050 --> 00:17:35,630
+10 let's see if the value is correct or not, here
+
+220
+00:17:35,630 --> 00:17:41,460
+I have a prism of 20up and ten twenty of course
+
+221
+00:17:41,460 --> 00:17:43,500
+the base is up and here the base we say out the
+
+222
+00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:45,440
+area here is out, which means temporal and here
+
+223
+00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:49,400
+the area is nasal, okay? So, we see first of all
+
+224
+00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:51,800
+the value, will it be twenty-two and four out of
+
+225
+00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:54,880
+ten or not? Let's go to the calculator, we say we
+
+226
+00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:59,900
+have a new problem, we say the square root of
+
+227
+00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:02,280
+twenty squares
+
+228
+00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:13,930
+plus ten squares, all under the square root of
+
+229
+00:18:13,930 --> 00:18:20,830
+course, to get the value which is equal to you
+
+230
+00:18:22,330 --> 00:18:25,050
+twenty-two and three out of ten, as shown here,
+
+231
+00:18:25,350 --> 00:18:27,070
+approximately, approximately, you get twenty-two
+
+232
+00:18:27,070 --> 00:18:29,930
+and three out of ten, and here, of course, six is
+
+233
+00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:32,710
+close to one, you get twenty-two and four out of
+
+234
+00:18:32,710 --> 00:18:36,710
+ten. Okay, now the angle, the angle, we want to
+
+235
+00:18:36,710 --> 00:18:40,770
+say as follows, this is how it is, this is the
+
+236
+00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:42,450
+angle, how did it come out with me? Underneath
+
+237
+00:18:42,450 --> 00:18:46,430
+this angle, underneath this angle, twenty, twenty
+
+238
+00:18:46,430 --> 00:18:52,250
+over tenI want the angle, I have to do shift-t,
+
+239
+00:18:52,350 --> 00:18:58,390
+shift-t 20
+
+240
+00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:04,010
+over 10 20
+
+241
+00:19:04,010 --> 00:19:09,330
+divided by 10, which is 2, under 2, how much does
+
+242
+00:19:09,330 --> 00:19:09,810
+it come out?
+
+243
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:20,530
+it turns out to be 63.4 out of 10 degrees So in
+
+244
+00:19:20,530 --> 00:19:26,890
+this way I can find the vector addition of a prism
+
+245
+00:19:26,890 --> 00:19:30,310
+So instead of using a prism based out with a value
+
+246
+00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:34,810
+of 10 and in front of it a prism based up with a
+
+247
+00:19:34,810 --> 00:19:38,950
+value of 20 prisms I use a prism 1 that excludes 2
+
+248
+00:19:38,950 --> 00:19:44,910
+in its directionup and out, up and out, its value
+
+249
+00:19:44,910 --> 00:19:49,650
+is twenty two and four out of ten prism, and it
+
+250
+00:19:49,650 --> 00:19:51,630
+tilts to the horizontal axis, so I leave it tilted
+
+251
+00:19:51,630 --> 00:19:55,790
+in front of the eye, at an angle of sixty three
+
+252
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:57,310
+and four out of ten degrees in front of the
+
+253
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:19:59,870
+horizontal axis Now let's bring a new example
+
+254
+00:20:11,130 --> 00:20:16,970
+a new example we
+
+255
+00:20:16,970 --> 00:20:31,950
+say as follows, we have a prism here
+
+256
+00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:36,410
+we consider the nasal now, in, in and we consider
+
+257
+00:20:36,410 --> 00:20:45,480
+here five prismsand the second prism is on the
+
+258
+00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:49,380
+vertical axis here
+
+259
+00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:51,560
+we cancel the sum at the beginning and cancel the
+
+260
+00:20:51,560 --> 00:20:59,880
+angle and here I have eight prisms one peso or
+
+261
+00:20:59,880 --> 00:21:05,660
+let's say base down four
+
+262
+00:21:05,660 --> 00:21:13,580
+prisms so base in base in five prismsdiopter and
+
+263
+00:21:13,580 --> 00:21:19,900
+based on 4 prism diopter, we need their sum, their
+
+264
+00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:28,490
+sum is 4.6in the horizontal direction, it tilts 38
+
+265
+00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:34,910
+.7 degrees to the horizontal axis 38.7 degrees of
+
+266
+00:21:34,910 --> 00:21:36,350
+course here it is minus because it is below the
+
+267
+00:21:36,350 --> 00:21:39,770
+horizontal meridian below the horizontal meridian
+
+268
+00:21:39,770 --> 00:21:43,670
+let's see this issue in the calculator we say in
+
+269
+00:21:43,670 --> 00:21:51,570
+the square root of 5 squares plus
+
+270
+00:21:54,210 --> 00:21:58,790
+four squares according
+
+271
+00:21:58,790 --> 00:22:03,450
+to the theory of fithworth is equal to six and
+
+272
+00:22:03,450 --> 00:22:06,170
+four out of ten as the value here turned out to be
+
+273
+00:22:06,170 --> 00:22:09,870
+six and four out of ten now the angle to get it
+
+274
+00:22:09,870 --> 00:22:12,010
+this is the triangle of the column of the angle
+
+275
+00:22:12,010 --> 00:22:14,450
+this is the triangle of the column of the angle
+
+276
+00:22:14,450 --> 00:22:20,580
+this angle I get it in return which isاربعة على
+
+277
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:27,900
+خمسة أربعة مقابل على خمسة أربعة
+
+278
+00:22:27,900 --> 00:22:28,860
+على خمسة أربعة مقابل على خمسة أربعة على خمسة أربعة
+
+279
+00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:29,080
+على خمسة
+
+280
+00:22:42,580 --> 00:22:51,180
+38.6 out of 10 approximately 38.6 out of 10 then
+
+281
+00:22:51,180 --> 00:22:56,880
+59 is close to 1 here so 38.7 out of 10 so this is
+
+282
+00:22:56,880 --> 00:23:02,640
+the way I deal with vector addition of prisms we
+
+283
+00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:06,660
+stop at this point or before we stop at this point
+
+284
+00:23:06,660 --> 00:23:12,680
+there is a device called Reisli prismRicely prism
+
+285
+00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:16,860
+is a rotary prism, a prism that rotates, or two
+
+286
+00:23:16,860 --> 00:23:21,120
+prisms that rotate around each other Where do we
+
+287
+00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:23,740
+find this ricely prism? Ricely prism is this
+
+288
+00:23:23,740 --> 00:23:28,900
+picture It is two prisms that rotate opposite each
+
+289
+00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:32,990
+other, counter rotated, this is a scalethis is a
+
+290
+00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:36,770
+scale that gives me their results in any situation
+
+291
+00:23:36,770 --> 00:23:39,770
+they were in in any situation they were in in
+
+292
+00:23:39,770 --> 00:23:42,650
+other words, if we go to the magnifying glass
+
+293
+00:23:42,650 --> 00:23:47,730
+these two libraries in the rice library these two
+
+294
+00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:50,850
+libraries, the base and the base are next to each
+
+295
+00:23:50,850 --> 00:23:53,110
+other and the apex and the apex are next to each
+
+296
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:54,810
+other their total is equal to the total of their
+
+297
+00:23:54,810 --> 00:23:57,330
+forces how their total is equal to the total of
+
+298
+00:23:57,330 --> 00:23:59,330
+their forces we go back to the simulation to
+
+299
+00:23:59,330 --> 00:24:04,240
+explain this issue we say as followsI have a
+
+300
+00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:07,660
+prism, or I have a prism, for example, its
+
+301
+00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:14,600
+direction is horizontal
+
+302
+00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:18,500
+towards, for example, out, its size is eight
+
+303
+00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:25,600
+prisms and this is also a prism we
+
+304
+00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:30,730
+cancel the sum and cancel the angleanother prism
+
+305
+00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:34,650
+with the same force and same direction so now I
+
+306
+00:24:34,650 --> 00:24:37,970
+have two prisms, the sum is going to be double the
+
+307
+00:24:37,970 --> 00:24:41,410
+sum is going to be double which is 16 prisms, 16
+
+308
+00:24:41,410 --> 00:24:48,270
+prisms so 8 prisms and 8 prisms 16 prisms, 16
+
+309
+00:24:48,270 --> 00:24:51,550
+prisms working on the same direction adding their
+
+310
+00:24:51,550 --> 00:24:56,590
+forces to each other okay now as follows if I came
+
+311
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:24:59,520
+I turned them around so that in the end they are
+
+312
+00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:01,160
+opposite to each other, this is the base here of
+
+313
+00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,220
+the first prism and this is the base of the second
+
+314
+00:25:04,220 --> 00:25:06,880
+prism, the base with the apex and the apex with
+
+315
+00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:10,020
+the base, so their gain is zero, their gain is
+
+316
+00:25:10,020 --> 00:25:12,220
+zero in another sense, we go back to the
+
+317
+00:25:12,220 --> 00:25:15,080
+simulation, we say if we are one of the two
+
+318
+00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:15,360
+prisms,
+
+319
+00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:23,120
+we cancel it and take one of the two prisms
+
+320
+00:25:27,420 --> 00:25:38,360
+Let's make it the other way around
+
+321
+00:25:38,360 --> 00:25:44,580
+Let's make this case here So that we can .. this
+
+322
+00:25:44,580 --> 00:25:52,500
+is 8 prism Y must also be 8 prism This is 8 prism
+
+323
+00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:58,210
+We come and ask for sumمافيش صم لإن الصم يديهش صفر
+
+324
+00:25:58,210 --> 00:26:03,010
+الصم صفر لإن هذا تمانية برزم عكس تمانية برزم إذا
+
+325
+00:26:03,010 --> 00:26:08,450
+قوتهم المحصلة صفر قوتهم المحصلة صفر لو أنا زودت
+
+326
+00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:13,920
+واحدit became a sum for me, it became a sum for
+
+327
+00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:16,680
+me, of course I drew it here, but then there was
+
+328
+00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:20,400
+no completion for me to draw clearly here, so here
+
+329
+00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:22,740
+I added it to the right direction, so I got the
+
+330
+00:26:22,740 --> 00:26:27,180
+result here if I didn't find the sum, one prism,
+
+331
+00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:30,160
+because this is nine, this became nine, this
+
+332
+00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,720
+became nine, and this is eight, eight
+
+333
+00:26:38,060 --> 00:26:44,860
+in the rise liberalismmungkin انا يكونوا apex و
+
+334
+00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:49,200
+apex مع بعض و base و base مع بعض بيكون قوتهم مضافة
+
+335
+00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:52,740
+ل بعض ل بعض بيكون مجموعهم او ال prism المكافئ لهم
+
+336
+00:26:52,740 --> 00:26:57,840
+ضعفهم طيب ممكن يكونوا عكس بعض تماما قوتهم الحصيلة
+
+337
+00:26:57,840 --> 00:27:01,420
+بتاعتهم صفر طب ممكن واحد يكون مايل بالنسبة للتاني
+
+338
+00:27:01,420 --> 00:27:04,840
+بنرجع ل ال vector addition of ال prism طيب ايش
+
+339
+00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:08,660
+استفدنا؟ لأ في هنا فرق ان هذا ال prismين محتوطين
+
+340
+00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:14,160
+ضمن housing ضمن بيت معين اوa certain thing, there
+
+341
+00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:16,440
+is a scale, as soon as I rotate the prism with
+
+342
+00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:18,620
+respect to the other, it gives me the result, the
+
+343
+00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:21,800
+total value of the two prisms in the direction of
+
+344
+00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:23,500
+inclination with respect to each other, that is,
+
+345
+00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:25,720
+the position is high, inclined with respect to
+
+346
+00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:29,250
+each other, it gives me the total valueوأكم
+
+347
+00:27:29,250 --> 00:27:36,170
+الحصيلة الكلية واتجاه الprism بالنسبة للمحور
+
+348
+00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:39,090
+الأفقي والمحور العمودي بالنسبة للمحور الأفقي
+
+349
+00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:42,930
+والمحور العمودي هنا الحصيلة الضعف هنا الحصيلة
+
+350
+00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:46,600
+الصفر هنا الحصيلة في .. في .. في ..they give the
+
+351
+00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,200
+result how much the prism is equivalent to them in
+
+352
+00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,400
+numbers and how much they are equal to each other
+
+353
+00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:53,080
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+354
+00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:53,340
+much they are equal to each other and how much
+
+355
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,340
+they are equal to each other and how much they are
+
+356
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,340
+equal to each other and how much they are equal to
+
+357
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,340
+each other and how much they are equal to each
+
+358
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,340
+other and how much they are equal to each other
+
+359
+00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,400
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+360
+00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:53,400
+much they are equal to each other and how much
+
+361
+00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:53,520
+they are equal to each other and how much they are
+
+362
+00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:53,520
+equal to each other and how much they are equal to
+
+363
+00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:53,540
+each other and how much they are equal to each
+
+364
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:53,540
+other and how much they are equal to each other
+
+365
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:53,540
+and how much they are equal to each other and how
+
+366
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:53,540
+much they are equal to each other and how much
+
+367
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:53,540
+they are equal to each other and how much they are
+
+368
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:53,540
+equal to each other and how much they are equal to
+
+369
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:53,540
+each other and how much they are equal to each
+
+370
+00:27:53,540 --> 00:27:54,600
+other and how much they are equal to each other
+
+371
+00:27:54,600 --> 00:28:12,000
+and how much they are equal to each other and
+
+372
+00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:17,270
+howA rotary prism mounted on the front of most
+
+373
+00:28:17,270 --> 00:28:20,890
+phoropters consists of two prisms of equal power
+
+374
+00:28:20,890 --> 00:28:26,450
+that are counter rotated with respect to one
+
+375
+00:28:26,450 --> 00:28:29,890
+another to produce prism power varying from zero
+
+376
+00:28:29,890 --> 00:28:36,530
+prism to neutralize each other
+
+377
+00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:44,380
+الوضعية هذه اللي هي عكس بعضهم البعض هيكون zero
+
+378
+00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:49,140
+prism قيمتهم هيكون zero prism قيمتهم to the sum of
+
+379
+00:28:49,140 --> 00:28:51,360
+the two powers prisms aligned in the same
+
+380
+00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:57,580
+direction يعني اللي هي لما بيكونوا لهم نفس الاتجاه
+
+381
+00:28:57,580 --> 00:29:03,000
+زي هذه الرسمة و هذه الرسمة لهم نفس الاتجاه هذه عكس
+
+382
+00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,600
+بعض إذا قيمتهم صفر هنا قيمتهم صفر هنا طيب
+
+383
+00:29:13,950 --> 00:29:16,730
+Intermediate values may be determined by the
+
+384
+00:29:16,730 --> 00:29:19,690
+vector addition and are marked on the dial of the
+
+385
+00:29:19,690 --> 00:29:20,510
+prism housing
+
+386
+00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,000
+librism. So this is for the Rice Librism, because
+
+387
+00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,700
+instead of going into the accounts of the theory
+
+388
+00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:48,340
+of FIFA Worlds and then I get a twist in the
+
+389
+00:29:48,340 --> 00:29:52,020
+corner, as we did in this lecture, the Rice
+
+390
+00:29:52,020 --> 00:29:57,110
+Librism gives me the ..يعني بيعطيني النتيجة
+
+391
+00:29:57,110 --> 00:30:01,350
+النهائية بشكل مباشر وسريع بشكل مباشر وسريع قيمة
+
+392
+00:30:01,350 --> 00:30:04,710
+واتجاها قيمة واتجاها اذا the Reissle Prism is
+
+393
+00:30:04,710 --> 00:30:07,910
+particularly useful in measuring Fourier's ال
+
+394
+00:30:07,910 --> 00:30:11,310
+Fourier اللي هي الحوال الخفي يعني بستعين فيه عساس
+
+395
+00:30:11,310 --> 00:30:15,790
+انا اعرف بالظبط قيمة الحوال الخفي و ايضا ممكن
+
+396
+00:30:15,790 --> 00:30:20,150
+استعملهم مع ال Maddox rod ال Maddox rod و هذا هنجي
+
+397
+00:30:20,150 --> 00:30:24,470
+بالتفصيل عنه في مساقة الحوال ايضا ممكن استعمل ال
+
+398
+00:30:24,470 --> 00:30:27,770
+Reissle PrismIn measuring the fusional vergence
+
+399
+00:30:27,770 --> 00:30:29,770
+amplitude, and this is also in circular circuits.
+
+400
+00:30:29,910 --> 00:30:33,310
+So, I can use the first thing in the Fourier. The
+
+401
+00:30:33,310 --> 00:30:36,710
+second thing, of course, when I use it to measure
+
+402
+00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:39,250
+the Fourier, which is the circular circuit, I use
+
+403
+00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:43,890
+the Maddox-Rod sometimes. And I can also use it in
+
+404
+00:30:43,890 --> 00:30:47,490
+the fusional vergence amplitude. And these two
+
+405
+00:30:47,490 --> 00:30:49,850
+things, we will talk about them in circular
+
+406
+00:30:49,850 --> 00:30:52,410
+circuits, God willing. And may God give you health
+
+407
+00:30:52,410 --> 00:30:54,810
+and peace, and mercy and blessings from God.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/ZkOpInoTnwU_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+1
+00:00:03,760 --> 00:00:07,440
+We have a single refracting surface with a
+
+2
+00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:11,320
+diameter of 1.5 meters, which is 1.5 times the
+
+3
+00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:13,700
+refractive index of the glass, which is 1.5 times
+
+4
+00:00:13,700 --> 00:00:15,620
+the refractive index of the air. The object on the
+
+5
+00:00:15,620 --> 00:00:18,180
+left is 50 centimeters from the single refracting
+
+6
+00:00:18,180 --> 00:00:23,140
+surface. Where is the image required? Transphase
+
+7
+00:00:23,140 --> 00:00:27,660
+magnification is required.In order to get the
+
+8
+00:00:27,660 --> 00:00:29,600
+image to calculate the reduced divergence, we need
+
+9
+00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:32,020
+to calculate U at the top of the lens. U is equal
+
+10
+00:00:32,020 --> 00:00:36,120
+to minus 1 over O is equal to minus 1 over 50
+
+11
+00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:37,820
+centimeters, which is half a meter, which is equal
+
+12
+00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:41,240
+to minus 2 diopters. This is U, which is equal to
+
+13
+00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:47,500
+minus 2 diopters. Now, what is the power?The
+
+14
+00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:50,960
+single refracting service which is N minus N
+
+15
+00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:55,100
+divided by R which is equal to N minus N one and a
+
+16
+00:00:55,100 --> 00:00:57,160
+half divided by minus one divided by R which is
+
+17
+00:00:57,160 --> 00:01:00,560
+one out of ten meters which is equal to half
+
+18
+00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:05,920
+divided by one out of ten meters which is equal to
+
+19
+00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:08,800
+five meters divided by minus one which is five
+
+20
+00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:11,200
+diodes plus five diodes
+
+21
+00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:16,580
+We took out the u and took out the power, we say u
+
+22
+00:01:16,580 --> 00:01:20,080
+plus p equals v, the u turned out to be minus 2
+
+23
+00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:29,000
+diopters plus the power 5 diopters equals v, so v
+
+24
+00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:34,380
+equals plus 3 diopters. Okay, v equals
+
+25
+00:01:34,380 --> 00:01:38,860
+unconditional over iSo I which is required is
+
+26
+00:01:38,860 --> 00:01:41,440
+equal to unshorted over V, I change the place of
+
+27
+00:01:41,440 --> 00:01:44,680
+each other and it is equal to unshorted one and a
+
+28
+00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:50,180
+half over V which is plus three, this is greater.
+
+29
+00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:54,160
+So V plus three, this is greater. When I divide
+
+30
+00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:57,760
+one and a half by three, I get half, plus half
+
+31
+00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,080
+which is 1 meter minus 1 when it comes out, it
+
+32
+00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:04,620
+comes out and becomes a meter. So the image will
+
+33
+00:02:04,620 --> 00:02:07,940
+form half a meter from the surface of the lens as
+
+34
+00:02:07,940 --> 00:02:10,900
+long as the plus on the right is inside the glass.
+
+35
+00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:13,900
+Now for the transference magnification, the
+
+36
+00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:16,840
+transference magnification is equal to U over V.
+
+37
+00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:20,520
+The transference magnification is equal to U over
+
+38
+00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:26,480
+V which is equal to minus 2 diopters over plus 3
+
+39
+00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:32,130
+dioptersIt is equal to x minus two thirds, which
+
+40
+00:02:32,130 --> 00:02:34,330
+means that the image is inverted and two thirds of
+
+41
+00:02:34,330 --> 00:02:37,590
+the height of the object is small If the height of
+
+42
+00:02:37,590 --> 00:02:44,770
+the object is 15 cm, its height will be 10 cm If
+
+43
+00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:49,870
+we want to see the object or the transference
+
+44
+00:02:49,870 --> 00:02:53,630
+magnification through image distance over object
+
+45
+00:02:53,630 --> 00:02:56,870
+distance, we sayThe image distance is not half a
+
+46
+00:02:56,870 --> 00:03:00,490
+meter, we will divide it by the radius 50 cm or 5
+
+47
+00:03:00,490 --> 00:03:04,450
+out of 10 meters minus 1 out of 10 meters, so 4
+
+48
+00:03:04,450 --> 00:03:07,770
+out of 10 meters plus Because it is on the right,
+
+49
+00:03:08,590 --> 00:03:11,030
+the nodal point or the center And the object
+
+50
+00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:13,590
+distance, we will add it to the radius, 60 cm,
+
+51
+00:03:13,710 --> 00:03:18,070
+which is 6 out of 10 minus 6 out of 10 meters Why
+
+52
+00:03:18,070 --> 00:03:20,950
+minus? Because it is on the left, on the left of
+
+53
+00:03:20,950 --> 00:03:24,520
+the center or nodal point, so it is equalPlus over
+
+54
+00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:29,180
+minus, of course X minus and four over six or four
+
+55
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:32,100
+over ten over sixteen thirds Whether we got it by
+
+56
+00:03:32,100 --> 00:03:36,260
+distance or by U over V, we get X minus two
+
+57
+00:03:36,260 --> 00:03:38,020
+thirds, which means the picture is upside down,
+
+58
+00:03:38,380 --> 00:03:40,960
+and two thirds is the height of the object May
+
+59
+00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:42,780
+Allah give you wellness and peace, and His mercy,
+
+60
+00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:43,940
+and His blessings
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/_gaLIGfFKl4_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2312 @@
+1
+00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,240
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:08,180
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Paraxial Ray
+
+3
+00:00:08,180 --> 00:00:11,440
+Tracing Through Convex Spherical Lenses، هذه
+
+4
+00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:15,180
+المحاضرة حقيقة تعتمد على المحاضرة السابقة، و اللي
+
+5
+00:00:15,180 --> 00:00:19,260
+بنذكر في بعض المعلومات اللي وردت فيها، بنقول أي
+
+6
+00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:24,440
+أشعة موازيةto the optical axis any rays parallel
+
+7
+00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:28,600
+to the optical axis will meet in the Fp in the
+
+8
+00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,200
+posterior focal point we don't want all the rays,
+
+9
+00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:34,400
+we want only one ray, that is, any ray any ray
+
+10
+00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,620
+that is parallel to the optical axis after leaving
+
+11
+00:00:37,620 --> 00:00:42,000
+the lens passes in the Fp in the posterior focal
+
+12
+00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:46,540
+point another information, any ray any ray that
+
+13
+00:00:46,540 --> 00:00:53,080
+passes through the Faمر في الـ F-A يعتبر كأنه صادر
+
+14
+00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:55,620
+من الـ F-A من الـ anterior focus و بالتالي لما
+
+15
+00:00:55,620 --> 00:00:59,660
+بيخرج من ال lens بيخرج موازي لل lens هاي عندي كمان
+
+16
+00:00:59,660 --> 00:01:04,600
+شعاع مر في ال F-A و هو ذاهب إلى ال lens لما خرج
+
+17
+00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:09,270
+خرج موازي لل optical axis موازي لل optical axisThe
+
+18
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:11,810
+third thing we need to remember is that any ray
+
+19
+00:01:11,810 --> 00:01:14,190
+that passes through the nodal point remains
+
+20
+00:01:14,190 --> 00:01:18,010
+undeviated. Undeviated means that it does not
+
+21
+00:01:18,010 --> 00:01:21,130
+change its path at all because it passed through
+
+22
+00:01:21,130 --> 00:01:22,890
+the nodal point. Because it passed through the
+
+23
+00:01:22,890 --> 00:01:25,890
+nodal point. These are the things we need to
+
+24
+00:01:25,890 --> 00:01:29,800
+remember before we startin our lecture, which is
+
+25
+00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:32,860
+Paraxial Ray Tracing Through Convex Spherical
+
+26
+00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:38,660
+Lenses We want to trace the paraxial ray during
+
+27
+00:01:38,660 --> 00:01:43,320
+its passage through a convex spherical lens and
+
+28
+00:01:43,320 --> 00:01:50,040
+see that we can use two or three rays to reach the
+
+29
+00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:51,960
+location of the image without any calculations,
+
+30
+00:01:52,180 --> 00:01:57,540
+but only by drawingfrom any object point, three
+
+31
+00:01:57,540 --> 00:02:00,320
+simple, يعني لو اختارنا object point، ال object في
+
+32
+00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:05,080
+multiple points، بس احنا هنختار point معينة، نفرض
+
+33
+00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:09,300
+انها point A، نسميها النقطة A، three simple rays
+
+34
+00:02:09,300 --> 00:02:12,380
+are drawn through a thin lens to locate a
+
+35
+00:02:12,380 --> 00:02:15,260
+corresponding point in the image، يعني اذا اختارنا
+
+36
+00:02:15,260 --> 00:02:19,570
+النقطة A،Its image will be a condition. So if you
+
+37
+00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:21,930
+see a condition, where will it fall in space?
+
+38
+00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:24,790
+Where is its location in space? By using three
+
+39
+00:02:24,790 --> 00:02:29,710
+rays, three lines or three rays, three light rays
+
+40
+00:02:29,710 --> 00:02:32,810
+coming from the object point that we chose, which
+
+41
+00:02:32,810 --> 00:02:37,250
+is a, we can determine the location of a
+
+42
+00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:40,950
+condition, which is the image of a, the image of a
+
+43
+00:02:41,250 --> 00:02:44,710
+وحقيقة احنا مش محتاجين three rays وانما محتاجين
+
+44
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:47,870
+only two rays are actually needed زي ما هنشوف بعد
+
+45
+00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:51,410
+قليل، the same rays are used to find the
+
+46
+00:02:51,410 --> 00:02:55,630
+corresponding points if a thick lens or multiple
+
+47
+00:02:55,630 --> 00:02:58,910
+multi-element lens system is modeled by first
+
+48
+00:02:58,910 --> 00:03:02,540
+order optical principlesSo these words that we are
+
+49
+00:03:02,540 --> 00:03:03,660
+going to talk about, we are going to talk about
+
+50
+00:03:03,660 --> 00:03:07,880
+thin lenses, right convex lens, spherical lens,
+
+51
+00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:11,240
+but they are thin lenses. So, is it okay to use
+
+52
+00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:17,860
+retracing or drawing if I have a thick lens?If I
+
+53
+00:03:17,860 --> 00:03:47,580
+have a thick lens, yes I can use it
+
+54
+00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:59,300
+The first two rays traverse F-A and F-B The
+
+55
+00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:03,160
+final ray, known as the central ray or chief ray,
+
+56
+00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:04,920
+traverses the nodal point
+
+57
+00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:29,180
+For a thin lens immersed in a medium with a
+
+58
+00:04:29,180 --> 00:04:32,220
+uniform refractive index, the nodal points
+
+59
+00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:32,840
+overlap.
+
+60
+00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,320
+يعني هنا هوا و هنا هوا أو هنا مية و هنا مية
+
+61
+00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,300
+بيسموها uniform medium مادة متجانسة يعني مرموزة
+
+62
+00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:53,020
+فيه مادة متجانسة ال nodal points ال anterior و ال
+
+63
+00:04:53,020 --> 00:04:56,680
+posterior overlap يعني بيعتبروا نقطة واحدة يعني
+
+64
+00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:00,420
+جايين على بعضهم البعض هذا الكلام ضروري جدا احنا
+
+65
+00:05:00,420 --> 00:05:04,440
+نتذكره اذا for a thin lens immersed in a uniform
+
+66
+00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:08,600
+optical medium such as air or water
+
+67
+00:05:16,840 --> 00:05:20,160
+For a thin lens emits in a medium with a uniform
+
+68
+00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,900
+refractive index, the nodal points overlap at the
+
+69
+00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:27,840
+optical center of the lens. The central ray, or
+
+70
+00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:32,180
+the chief ray, هو الشعع اللي بيعدي في ال nodal
+
+71
+00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:35,300
+point. It traverses the nodal points undeviated
+
+72
+00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:39,040
+يعني مابيصيرلوش انكسار بالمرةthat is it does not
+
+73
+00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:46,000
+change direction with respect to the optical axis
+
+74
+00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,660
+it is
+
+75
+00:05:49,660 --> 00:05:55,860
+customary to represent object as arrows to
+
+76
+00:05:55,860 --> 00:05:57,500
+show size and orientation
+
+77
+00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:12,660
+The tip of an arrow represents a single object
+
+78
+00:06:12,660 --> 00:06:13,040
+point
+
+79
+00:06:23,710 --> 00:06:29,130
+assume an object is placed 20 cm in front of plus
+
+80
+00:06:29,130 --> 00:06:31,730
+10 diopter lens immersed in air
+
+81
+00:06:35,590 --> 00:06:39,390
+object, we represented it with an arrow, the tip
+
+82
+00:06:39,390 --> 00:06:42,610
+of the arrow is the point A, we took it as an
+
+83
+00:06:42,610 --> 00:06:44,690
+example on the points of the object, that is, it
+
+84
+00:06:44,690 --> 00:06:46,970
+will represent the points of the object, we said
+
+85
+00:06:46,970 --> 00:06:50,230
+that A is a point in the object, A condition is
+
+86
+00:06:50,230 --> 00:06:53,310
+the image of A. Well, let's see what happens to A
+
+87
+00:06:53,310 --> 00:06:56,270
+condition in space. Without using any
+
+88
+00:06:56,270 --> 00:06:59,570
+calculations, without using any calculations, I
+
+89
+00:06:59,570 --> 00:07:02,330
+need to draw three rays. The first ray is equal to
+
+90
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:05,330
+the optical axis.From the previous lecture, we
+
+91
+00:07:05,330 --> 00:07:08,310
+know that any beam parallel to the optical axis,
+
+92
+00:07:08,470 --> 00:07:11,870
+without calculations, will enter the posterior
+
+93
+00:07:11,870 --> 00:07:16,990
+focus, which is the tail of this lens. As long as
+
+94
+00:07:16,990 --> 00:07:19,870
+it enters the posterior focus, and I define where
+
+95
+00:07:19,870 --> 00:07:22,890
+the posterior focus is, I draw a line that enters
+
+96
+00:07:22,890 --> 00:07:25,130
+the posterior focus, and I extend it to infinity,
+
+97
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,970
+to the plus optical infinity. Okay, second thing,
+
+98
+00:07:29,550 --> 00:07:34,020
+the beam number twoThe second ray of light Let's
+
+99
+00:07:34,020 --> 00:07:40,180
+color the rays so that it becomes clear in the
+
+100
+00:07:40,180 --> 00:07:44,860
+vision This is the first ray in red And we
+
+101
+00:07:44,860 --> 00:07:49,200
+continue with the red color to make it clear So
+
+102
+00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,840
+the ray parallel to the optical axis Entered the
+
+103
+00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:56,900
+posterior focus of the lens Which is plus ten
+
+104
+00:07:56,900 --> 00:08:02,650
+dioders Okay, the second rayمر هو رايح على العدسة
+
+105
+00:08:02,650 --> 00:08:06,650
+و ذهب إلى العدسة صادف مروره بال .. بال fa بال
+
+106
+00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:11,370
+anterior focus هذا معروف أنه من المحاضرة السابقة
+
+107
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:15,750
+أنه أي شعاع بيمر بال anterior focal point كأنه
+
+108
+00:08:15,750 --> 00:08:19,570
+صادر منها بالضبط كأنه صادر منها مافي اختلاف بتاتا
+
+109
+00:08:19,570 --> 00:08:24,110
+سواء مر فيها مرور أو صادر منها بالفعلIt's like
+
+110
+00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:27,050
+it's coming out of it, so its fate is to come out
+
+111
+00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:31,330
+of the lens parallel to the optical axis, as the
+
+112
+00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:34,930
+picture shows. The point of contact between the
+
+113
+00:08:34,930 --> 00:08:37,350
+two rays determines the location of a condition in
+
+114
+00:08:37,350 --> 00:08:41,490
+space. From this point, I draw or lower a column.
+
+115
+00:08:41,750 --> 00:08:45,050
+I lower a column on the optical axis. This is the
+
+116
+00:08:45,050 --> 00:08:47,270
+height of the image. This is the height of the
+
+117
+00:08:47,270 --> 00:08:49,970
+image. If you notice, until now, we have not used
+
+118
+00:08:51,380 --> 00:08:54,900
+Any kind of calculations, but it's necessary if we
+
+119
+00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:59,000
+choose a lens with a certain power, we find FA and
+
+120
+00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:03,540
+FB and we put FA and FB in their correct place in
+
+121
+00:09:03,540 --> 00:09:09,220
+relation to the sourceالان احنا باستعمال شعاعين
+
+122
+00:09:09,220 --> 00:09:13,700
+اقدرنا نصل لهدي الغاية الشعاع التالت هو شعاع
+
+123
+00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:18,680
+للتأكيد فقط بيسموه ال Central Ray اللي هو مرسوم
+
+124
+00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:23,220
+باللون الأبيض ال Central Ray طبعا زي ما هو عارفين
+
+125
+00:09:23,220 --> 00:09:26,540
+زي ما احنا عارفين انه Central Ray بصدر من A و
+
+126
+00:09:26,540 --> 00:09:29,920
+بصادف دخوله في ال nodal point اذا مش هيغير طريقه
+
+127
+00:09:29,920 --> 00:09:34,460
+ضروري بعد ما انا رسمت الشعاع الأول والتانيThe
+
+128
+00:09:34,460 --> 00:09:37,900
+parallel who went in the posterior focus or in the
+
+129
+00:09:37,900 --> 00:09:41,160
+FB and who passed in the FA and came out parallel
+
+130
+00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:43,920
+and met at a point It is very important if the
+
+131
+00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:45,800
+drawing is correct, if the drawing is correct,
+
+132
+00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:48,180
+there is no mistake That when he passes through
+
+133
+00:09:48,180 --> 00:09:51,380
+the central ray, he must meet them at the meeting
+
+134
+00:09:51,380 --> 00:09:54,800
+point That is, he should not be off the meeting
+
+135
+00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,600
+point, he must be directed towards the meeting
+
+136
+00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,620
+point as the drawing indicatesSometimes here, I'm
+
+137
+00:10:00,620 --> 00:10:03,720
+confirming that this is really the meeting point,
+
+138
+00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:06,080
+and what is the condition here in the gap? I mean,
+
+139
+00:10:06,140 --> 00:10:07,780
+what is the condition of what picture is happening
+
+140
+00:10:07,780 --> 00:10:10,180
+here in the gap? And according to the drawing that
+
+141
+00:10:10,180 --> 00:10:11,980
+shows me, it tells me that the picture is upside
+
+142
+00:10:11,980 --> 00:10:16,810
+down. Now, I keep seeingto transfer magnification
+
+143
+00:10:16,810 --> 00:10:18,630
+either I measure the height of the image and I
+
+144
+00:10:18,630 --> 00:10:21,090
+divide it by the height of the object or I measure
+
+145
+00:10:21,090 --> 00:10:23,150
+the distance of the image and I divide it by the
+
+146
+00:10:23,150 --> 00:10:24,870
+distance of the object and that's how you solve
+
+147
+00:10:24,870 --> 00:10:28,610
+the problem without any calculations in terms of
+
+148
+00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:31,230
+versions or anything similar in terms of versions
+
+149
+00:10:31,230 --> 00:10:33,230
+or anything similar but as we said at the
+
+150
+00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:35,610
+beginning it is very important that wemeans to
+
+151
+00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:39,890
+make sure of the distance between FA and FB from
+
+152
+00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:42,190
+this case let's try to see what the simulation
+
+153
+00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,970
+will give us today we want to take the grid and we
+
+154
+00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:51,770
+want to say that I have a single ray I want to
+
+155
+00:10:51,770 --> 00:10:53,230
+consider that this is not a ray, I want to
+
+156
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:58,070
+consider it a line representing
+
+157
+00:10:58,070 --> 00:11:00,790
+the optical axis because we don't have lines here
+
+158
+00:11:00,790 --> 00:11:01,970
+now
+
+159
+00:11:06,170 --> 00:11:12,790
+I want to use an ideal
+
+160
+00:11:12,790 --> 00:11:19,190
+lens plus 10 megapixels let's make it bigger
+
+161
+00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:33,940
+this is my optical axis and this is my lens okay
+
+162
+00:11:33,940 --> 00:11:37,260
+now I want to draw a parallel beam to the optical
+
+163
+00:11:37,260 --> 00:11:42,040
+axis and we see this beam of course just make sure
+
+164
+00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:46,980
+that the lens is 10 diopter the focal length is
+
+165
+00:11:46,980 --> 00:11:51,920
+100 mm which is 10 cm which is the focal length of
+
+166
+00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:58,170
+the plus 10 diopter lens now I want to take a rayI
+
+167
+00:11:58,170 --> 00:12:04,970
+will make it parallel to the optical axis I will
+
+168
+00:12:04,970 --> 00:12:09,970
+make it parallel to the optical axis This
+
+169
+00:12:09,970 --> 00:12:14,730
+ray will enter exactly in the FB Okay, we want to
+
+170
+00:12:14,730 --> 00:12:19,310
+make sure of this, we say where is the ruler? Here
+
+171
+00:12:19,310 --> 00:12:19,670
+is the ruler
+
+172
+00:12:26,780 --> 00:12:32,080
+we need to move the ruler distance
+
+173
+00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:38,560
+from the lens to this point where this beam cut
+
+174
+00:12:38,560 --> 00:12:41,380
+was parallel to the optical axis entered the lens
+
+175
+00:12:41,380 --> 00:12:44,620
+and cut it 100mm which means 10cm so the posterior
+
+176
+00:12:44,620 --> 00:12:49,440
+focus really goes away 10cm as this drawing says
+
+177
+00:12:55,020 --> 00:12:57,620
+Posterior focal point is 10 cm away from the point
+
+178
+00:12:57,620 --> 00:12:59,160
+of reference. Why? Because if we multiply the
+
+179
+00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,320
+refractive index 1 by 10 diopters, we get 1 from
+
+180
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:06,420
+10 meters, which is 10 cm. So here, when I had a
+
+181
+00:13:06,420 --> 00:13:09,000
+parallel beam, what is this point? What is this
+
+182
+00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:13,580
+point? Okay, now I want to cancel the ruler.
+
+183
+00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,840
+And I want to take another beam to pass through F
+
+184
+00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:26,800
+A. which is let's put the ruler on the other side
+
+185
+00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:38,280
+so
+
+186
+00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:43,600
+this point is 10 cm away so this point is FA now I
+
+187
+00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:46,380
+want to pass a ray through this point we will see
+
+188
+00:13:46,380 --> 00:13:51,920
+how it will come out parallel to the optical axis
+
+189
+00:13:56,290 --> 00:13:58,510
+No, we don't want to move this ray, this is
+
+190
+00:13:58,510 --> 00:14:01,510
+basically equal, it will enter the FB Now I want
+
+191
+00:14:01,510 --> 00:14:14,210
+another ray Duplicate Here
+
+192
+00:14:14,210 --> 00:14:20,550
+we inserted it in the point Now
+
+193
+00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:24,990
+exactly, it entered in this pointwhich is the FA
+
+194
+00:14:24,990 --> 00:14:33,370
+of the system, of the lens, if you notice this is
+
+195
+00:14:33,370 --> 00:14:36,410
+how it comes out parallel to the optical axis
+
+196
+00:14:36,410 --> 00:14:40,070
+whoever enters FA comes out parallel and whoever
+
+197
+00:14:40,070 --> 00:14:43,530
+comes out parallel enters FB their meeting here is
+
+198
+00:14:43,530 --> 00:14:46,370
+the image here is the imagethis is the height of
+
+199
+00:14:46,370 --> 00:14:49,170
+the image and this is the height of the object
+
+200
+00:14:49,170 --> 00:14:50,910
+this is the height of the image and this is the
+
+201
+00:14:50,910 --> 00:14:55,410
+height of the object therefore, we can be sure of
+
+202
+00:14:55,410 --> 00:14:59,290
+this case we can be sure of heights and distances
+
+203
+00:14:59,290 --> 00:15:02,690
+heights and distances now it is necessary when I
+
+204
+00:15:02,690 --> 00:15:07,130
+pass ..
+
+205
+00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:12,790
+it is necessary when I pass the chief ray, the
+
+206
+00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:14,610
+central ray that ..
+
+207
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:22,360
+First of all, it does not change its path, you see
+
+208
+00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,020
+it is a straight line, and at the same time it
+
+209
+00:15:25,020 --> 00:15:29,680
+passes through the intersection point of the first
+
+210
+00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:33,400
+and second rays. This is the way of ray tracing.
+
+211
+00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:35,540
+Of course, we did not draw the arrow, it is
+
+212
+00:15:35,540 --> 00:15:38,320
+supposed to be drawn, and here we did not draw the
+
+213
+00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:40,160
+arrow to see the height of the image and the
+
+214
+00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:42,870
+heightThe object, the height of the image and the
+
+215
+00:15:42,870 --> 00:15:45,530
+height of the object, but this is the way that I
+
+216
+00:15:45,530 --> 00:15:49,250
+can determine the location of the image in space
+
+217
+00:15:49,250 --> 00:15:51,050
+by means of it I use two rays and the third is
+
+218
+00:15:51,050 --> 00:15:54,090
+just to make sure and the third is just to make
+
+219
+00:15:54,090 --> 00:15:58,580
+sure, let's continue this talkA ray is drawn from
+
+220
+00:15:58,580 --> 00:16:01,800
+the tip of the object through F-A, this ray
+
+221
+00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,940
+emerges from the lens parallel to the optical axis
+
+222
+00:16:04,940 --> 00:16:07,980
+and heads off to plus optical infinity
+
+223
+00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:30,800
+The second ray is a drone that parallels the
+
+224
+00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:35,460
+optical axis until it enters the lens, it emerges
+
+225
+00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:40,120
+from the lens and passes through FB on its way to
+
+226
+00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:43,560
+plus infinityThe intersection of these two rays
+
+227
+00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:46,520
+defines the corresponding image point. Let's look
+
+228
+00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:48,740
+at this. We say that the secondary is drawn
+
+229
+00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:52,080
+parallel to the optical axis after it leaves the
+
+230
+00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:54,460
+lens and passes through FB and remains going
+
+231
+00:16:54,460 --> 00:16:56,980
+towards the plus optical infinity. The plus
+
+232
+00:16:56,980 --> 00:16:59,040
+optical infinity is not only the one towards the
+
+233
+00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:01,940
+optical axis. Whatever is on the right of the lens
+
+234
+00:17:01,940 --> 00:17:04,540
+extends to its final destination, this is the plus
+
+235
+00:17:04,540 --> 00:17:07,340
+optical infinity. The intersection of the first
+
+236
+00:17:07,340 --> 00:17:10,400
+ray with the second ray determines the image
+
+237
+00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,690
+point.هذه هي ال intersection، إذاً هذه هي ال image
+
+238
+00:17:14,690 --> 00:17:19,370
+point، إذاً a second ray، قلنا the intersection of
+
+239
+00:17:19,370 --> 00:17:22,910
+these two rays defines the corresponding image
+
+240
+00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,230
+point Note that the image in this example is
+
+241
+00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:29,690
+inverted، نفس ما طلع معانا بالرسم inverted، يعني
+
+242
+00:17:29,690 --> 00:17:32,950
+below the optical axis، وينما ال object above the
+
+243
+00:17:32,950 --> 00:17:37,090
+optical axisThe location of the image is
+
+244
+00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:39,410
+determined by vergence calculations
+
+245
+00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:55,860
+divergence of light entering the lens is minus one
+
+246
+00:17:55,860 --> 00:17:57,860
+minus because the light is divergent from the
+
+247
+00:17:57,860 --> 00:18:02,100
+object to twenty centimeters which is minus five
+
+248
+00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,180
+diopters according to the lens maker equation or
+
+249
+00:18:05,180 --> 00:18:08,160
+according to the thin lens equation divergence of
+
+250
+00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:11,900
+light exiting the lens is minus five diopters plus
+
+251
+00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:15,140
+the power gives me v which is plus five diopters
+
+252
+00:18:15,140 --> 00:18:20,210
+the imageuncertainty over V I equals uncertainty
+
+253
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:22,830
+over V which is one over plus five diopters which
+
+254
+00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:25,710
+equals plus two out of ten meters which equals
+
+255
+00:18:25,710 --> 00:18:28,630
+twenty centimeters to the right of the lens twenty
+
+256
+00:18:28,630 --> 00:18:30,870
+centimeters to the right of the lens of course
+
+257
+00:18:30,870 --> 00:18:36,310
+here we used different distances here we used
+
+258
+00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:39,390
+different distances so it will not be twenty
+
+259
+00:18:39,390 --> 00:18:42,850
+centimeters to the right of the lens we can adjust
+
+260
+00:18:42,850 --> 00:18:45,710
+all our work and repeat it from the beginning high
+
+261
+00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:52,510
+resetWe put grid here and we assume that this is a
+
+262
+00:18:52,510 --> 00:18:58,390
+ray and we want to use it as an optical axis
+
+263
+00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:07,270
+Now
+
+264
+00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,470
+we put lens
+
+265
+00:19:21,230 --> 00:19:24,690
+This lens has a power of plus 10 diopters because
+
+266
+00:19:24,690 --> 00:19:30,610
+the focal length is 10 cm in the air Now my body
+
+267
+00:19:30,610 --> 00:19:34,350
+is supposed to be 20 cm by 20 cm, I want to use
+
+268
+00:19:34,350 --> 00:19:34,830
+the ruler
+
+269
+00:19:50,620 --> 00:19:53,460
+200 mm means 20 cm, which means the object point
+
+270
+00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:55,980
+will be at this distance. Now let's take another
+
+271
+00:19:55,980 --> 00:19:56,160
+ray
+
+272
+00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,440
+Notice that it entered the FB, the FB is 10 cm
+
+273
+00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:13,540
+away from the lens Because it is parallel to the
+
+274
+00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:17,080
+optical axis, of course, 10 cm from 200 mm to 300
+
+275
+00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,000
+mm means that there is a distance of 100 mm, which
+
+276
+00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:33,600
+is 10 cm The second flash Now
+
+277
+00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:39,210
+this flash happened insideNo, it's not inside yet.
+
+278
+00:20:39,930 --> 00:20:44,130
+It's in the posterior focal point. It's inside, in
+
+279
+00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:46,210
+the anterior, sorry, focal point. It comes out
+
+280
+00:20:46,210 --> 00:20:49,510
+parallel. The place where they meet determines the
+
+281
+00:20:49,510 --> 00:20:53,660
+image. Do you see the image apart?20 cm, how did
+
+282
+00:20:53,660 --> 00:20:56,560
+she know that from 200 to 400 there is 200 mm
+
+283
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,500
+which means 20 cm The object is also at a distance
+
+284
+00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,380
+of 20 cm, the image is at a distance of 20 cm and
+
+285
+00:21:02,380 --> 00:21:06,360
+the object is at a distance of 20 cm The ray that
+
+286
+00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:10,140
+remained with him
+
+287
+00:21:10,140 --> 00:21:11,560
+is the chief ray
+
+288
+00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:25,110
+Image distance is 20 cm to the right and object
+
+289
+00:21:25,110 --> 00:21:30,030
+distance is 20 cm to the left, so transference
+
+290
+00:21:30,030 --> 00:21:32,950
+magnification is minus 1 because image distance to
+
+291
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:38,490
+object distance is plus 2 out of 10 meterson minus
+
+292
+00:21:38,490 --> 00:21:41,490
+two out of ten meters, which is x minus one The
+
+293
+00:21:41,490 --> 00:21:43,730
+picture is upside down and exactly the height of
+
+294
+00:21:43,730 --> 00:21:46,170
+the object If we multiply the height of the object
+
+295
+00:21:46,170 --> 00:21:50,710
+by squares, square two, three, four, five Here
+
+296
+00:21:50,710 --> 00:21:55,850
+also square two, three, four, five, five
+
+297
+00:21:55,850 --> 00:21:58,810
+Therefore, the height of the picture is the same
+
+298
+00:21:58,810 --> 00:22:03,920
+as the height of the objectBecause the object and
+
+299
+00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:06,880
+the image are equidistant from the lens, the
+
+300
+00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,460
+transphase magnification is minus one, the central
+
+301
+00:22:10,460 --> 00:22:14,920
+ray can also be drawn through the optical center
+
+302
+00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,080
+of the lens to confirm the location, to confirm.
+
+303
+00:22:22,780 --> 00:22:27,220
+Now what if the object is in the previous example
+
+304
+00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:30,880
+is moved closer so that it is five centimeters in
+
+305
+00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:35,300
+front of the lens,instead of عشرين صنطي in front
+
+306
+00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:39,820
+يعني inside FAالان بدنا بنقول هذا السيناريو حدث
+
+307
+00:22:39,820 --> 00:22:44,720
+معنا هى FA هى نقطة FA طب لو ال object كان جوا
+
+308
+00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,940
+المنطقة يعني أقرب لل lens من البقرة الأمامية يعني
+
+309
+00:22:48,940 --> 00:22:53,100
+ال object محتوط هنا يا ترى إيش السيناريوهات اللى
+
+310
+00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:56,520
+هتسير معانا إيش السيناريوهات اللى هتسير معانا
+
+311
+00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:57,300
+بنقول
+
+312
+00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:07,990
+Here I have the lens, its strength is plus 10
+
+313
+00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:11,030
+diopters, if we point to the lens, the focal
+
+314
+00:23:11,030 --> 00:23:14,390
+length will be 100mm, which is 10 diopters. We put
+
+315
+00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:19,310
+the lens at a distance, or we put the object at
+
+316
+00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,950
+half the distance. At half the distance, we say
+
+317
+00:23:21,950 --> 00:23:25,510
+here is the ray, and here I have an object point.
+
+318
+00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:33,250
+What will happen is the first thing.This is the
+
+319
+00:23:33,250 --> 00:23:36,630
+first thing Parallel rays will enter the FB, there
+
+320
+00:23:36,630 --> 00:23:40,470
+is no change on this issue Okay, FA is here,
+
+321
+00:23:42,330 --> 00:23:45,850
+excuse me, FA at a distance of 10 cm, this point
+
+322
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:48,790
+that indicates it is FA Because this is above, the
+
+323
+00:23:48,790 --> 00:23:52,830
+lens is plus 10, then the original distance is 10
+
+324
+00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:57,250
+cm, that is, at this point, FA falls Okay, we want
+
+325
+00:23:57,250 --> 00:23:58,790
+to try the object and keep it at a distance of
+
+326
+00:23:58,790 --> 00:24:04,780
+exactly 5 cmmeans two and a half squares and this
+
+327
+00:24:04,780 --> 00:24:09,820
+lens we have to extend it a lot no, we will not
+
+328
+00:24:09,820 --> 00:24:17,240
+extend it, we will do something else this
+
+329
+00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:22,680
+beam is parallel to the optical axis it
+
+330
+00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:25,180
+will pass through FB completely
+
+331
+00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:33,680
+This FB has a sign of 300 minus 200, so this is 10
+
+332
+00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,880
+cm As long as it is equal without calculations, it
+
+333
+00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,900
+enters the FB Okay, you can say I don't believe
+
+334
+00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:48,000
+it, we can say this is duplication And here we
+
+335
+00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:53,360
+took another ray and made it also equal to the
+
+336
+00:24:53,360 --> 00:24:54,300
+optical axis
+
+337
+00:24:56,970 --> 00:24:59,670
+equal to the optical axis, as long as it is equal
+
+338
+00:24:59,670 --> 00:25:02,210
+to the optical axis, it must pass through FB and
+
+339
+00:25:02,210 --> 00:25:04,970
+third, fourth, tenth and twentieth rays, of course
+
+340
+00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:09,210
+here this ray is delayed, we now have an object
+
+341
+00:25:09,210 --> 00:25:12,750
+present inside an area inside the frontal
+
+342
+00:25:12,750 --> 00:25:14,430
+capillary region, this is called the frontal
+
+343
+00:25:14,430 --> 00:25:16,350
+capillary region, from the frontal capillary
+
+344
+00:25:16,350 --> 00:25:19,110
+region which is FA anterior focus to the lens
+
+345
+00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:23,850
+which is called anterior focal linkobject 5 cm
+
+346
+00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:29,690
+away and fa 10 cm away how do we find the image?
+
+347
+00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:34,210
+with the three equations or with the three data
+
+348
+00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:37,650
+any beam parallel to the optical system to the
+
+349
+00:25:37,650 --> 00:25:42,970
+optical axis passes through FB ok the second beam
+
+350
+00:25:42,970 --> 00:25:47,050
+the second beam is supposed to pass through FA
+
+351
+00:25:47,050 --> 00:25:52,160
+like the drawing hereLike the yellow light is
+
+352
+00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:56,620
+telling me. Yes, but F-A is behind me. F-A is
+
+353
+00:25:56,620 --> 00:25:59,320
+behind me. The light does not go back, it goes
+
+354
+00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:01,420
+back. The light is directed towards the lens. We
+
+355
+00:26:01,420 --> 00:26:04,260
+say correct, but now we want to make a simple
+
+356
+00:26:04,260 --> 00:26:07,100
+modification. We say that the beam that extends
+
+357
+00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:13,060
+through F-A will come out parallel to the optical
+
+358
+00:26:13,060 --> 00:26:16,100
+axis. Let's see how this case will happen with us.
+
+359
+00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:18,380
+This beam started from the point
+
+360
+00:26:23,650 --> 00:26:27,690
+It started from the same point, point A The length
+
+361
+00:26:27,690 --> 00:26:31,750
+of this ray .. The length of this ray passes
+
+362
+00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:34,890
+through F A How did you know that it passes
+
+363
+00:26:34,890 --> 00:26:41,930
+through F A? It's still .. it's still a little bit
+
+364
+00:26:41,930 --> 00:26:44,250
+So, the length of this .. no, still
+
+365
+00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:51,800
+فى صعوبة بسيطة فى التحكم ايوة الان هذا الشعاع لو
+
+366
+00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:57,220
+انا جيت بالمصطره هجيه بمر بالظبط على فى ال F A
+
+367
+00:26:57,220 --> 00:27:03,200
+امتداده الخلفى بمر فى ال F A اى شعاع بتكون ال F A
+
+368
+00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:08,110
+ورا ورا للخلف منهIt is directed to the lens. If
+
+369
+00:27:08,110 --> 00:27:10,250
+its extension passes through the eye, it will come
+
+370
+00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:15,230
+out parallel to the optical axis.
+
+371
+00:27:15,690 --> 00:27:21,790
+So this issue must be clear to us. So this issue
+
+372
+00:27:21,790 --> 00:27:25,310
+is this point. The third ray is the Chifre.
+
+373
+00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:34,020
+Which passes through the nodal point.هذا الشعاع لا
+
+374
+00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:38,340
+يغير طريقه أبدا إذا ملاحظين الشعاع الأول والتاني
+
+375
+00:27:38,340 --> 00:27:44,100
+والتالت Divergent Divergent إيش يعني Divergent
+
+376
+00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:48,840
+يعني متفرقين عن بعضهم البعض إذا مهما امتدوا على
+
+377
+00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:53,160
+اليمين لن يؤدوا إلى تكوين صورة إذا الصورة خيالية
+
+378
+00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:57,760
+الصورة خيالية وهذا الكلام مثبت بالتجربة هذا الكلام
+
+379
+00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:02,870
+مثبت بالتجربة إذا إحنا الآن وصلنا لقاعدةthat any
+
+380
+00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,890
+radiation or any body that falls within the
+
+381
+00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:12,240
+frontal lobe, closer to the lens than FAThe rays
+
+382
+00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:16,460
+will come out of it and enter the lens and will
+
+383
+00:28:16,460 --> 00:28:19,360
+also produce divergence In other words, the power
+
+384
+00:28:19,360 --> 00:28:22,080
+of the lens will not be enough for the divergence
+
+385
+00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:25,480
+coming from this object As long as the rays will
+
+386
+00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:27,700
+produce divergence, then the picture is imaginary
+
+387
+00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:32,620
+The location of the picture will be as many as
+
+388
+00:28:32,620 --> 00:28:36,520
+these three rays that came out As many as the
+
+389
+00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:39,740
+three rays that came out, and this is necessary
+
+390
+00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:49,950
+for usيعني .. نحاول
+
+391
+00:28:49,950 --> 00:28:56,990
+نثبته بالتجربة هذا الشعاع الموازي لل optical axis
+
+392
+00:28:56,990 --> 00:29:03,790
+لو مديناه للخلف و هذا الشعاع أيضا لو مديناه للخلف
+
+393
+00:29:03,790 --> 00:29:11,930
+نعمل كمان duplication لههدا شوية لو مدناها للخلف،
+
+394
+00:29:11,930 --> 00:29:17,630
+بس ضروري يكون على نفس التوازن،
+
+395
+00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:22,130
+لأ أنا بدنا نلغي هدا، ضروري يكون على نفس امتداد
+
+396
+00:29:22,130 --> 00:29:34,390
+الخط اللي خرج من، لأ تمام
+
+397
+00:29:52,480 --> 00:30:07,280
+because the password is supposed
+
+398
+00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,080
+to meet in one point and define the place of the
+
+399
+00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:18,580
+image so here I have a rectangle like this, here
+
+400
+00:30:18,580 --> 00:30:19,300
+is the place of the image
+
+401
+00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:25,780
+وهدا الصورة، هذا الشعاع اللي خرج من ال lens مديته
+
+402
+00:30:25,780 --> 00:30:30,900
+للخلف، و هذا ال chief rail اللي خرج من ال lens
+
+403
+00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:35,320
+مديته للخلف، نقطة التقائهم هنا هي ال image، هي ال
+
+404
+00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,620
+image اللي هي النقطة هذه الحمرة اللي احنا قاعدين،
+
+405
+00:30:38,620 --> 00:30:43,760
+يعني، هذه
+
+406
+00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:49,400
+هي النقطة الحمرة، اذا ال imageال image هتكون يعني
+
+407
+00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:54,020
+على بعد معين من ال lens على بعد معين من ال lens و
+
+408
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:31:00,760
+بالتالي ممكن أجيسه و أعرف بالحسابات كدهش بتطلع
+
+409
+00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:01,220
+معاه
+
+410
+00:31:07,370 --> 00:31:10,470
+If the object in the previous example is moved
+
+411
+00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:14,230
+closer so that it is 5 cm in front of the lens
+
+412
+00:31:14,230 --> 00:31:19,610
+instead of 20 cm in front, meaning inside FA, I
+
+413
+00:31:19,610 --> 00:31:24,310
+made it inside FA, like this figure, this FA, the
+
+414
+00:31:24,310 --> 00:31:28,550
+object became 5 cm away instead of 20 cm away, it
+
+415
+00:31:28,550 --> 00:31:33,000
+was outside FA, I made it inside FAThe ray that
+
+416
+00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:37,940
+leaves FA and passes through the object point
+
+417
+00:31:37,940 --> 00:31:41,520
+merges from the lens parallel to the optical axis
+
+418
+00:31:45,080 --> 00:31:50,280
+الشعاع اللي امتداده بيخش في FA بيخرج موازي بيخرج
+
+419
+00:31:50,280 --> 00:31:55,260
+موازي طيب الحاجة التانية the ray that enters the
+
+420
+00:31:55,260 --> 00:31:58,940
+lens parallel to the optical axis exits through FP
+
+421
+00:31:58,940 --> 00:32:02,260
+اللي بيدخل parallel اللي بيدخل parallel اللي هو
+
+422
+00:32:02,260 --> 00:32:07,240
+هذا الشعاع بيخرج من ال FA بيخرج من ال lens و بيروح
+
+423
+00:32:07,240 --> 00:32:12,500
+على FP طيب الآن الشعاع التالت اللي هو ال chifre
+
+424
+00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:16,900
+إذا عندي شعاعهذا الأولاني القصيرit came out
+
+425
+00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:20,020
+parallel, why? because it's length is F-A the
+
+426
+00:32:20,020 --> 00:32:24,300
+second ray is also short it came parallel to the
+
+427
+00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:26,440
+optical axis and it came out of the lens and it
+
+428
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,100
+came out parallel the third ray has a long head
+
+429
+00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:32,540
+which is the chief ray it comes out without
+
+430
+00:32:32,540 --> 00:32:35,340
+changing its path these three rays, one, two,
+
+431
+00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:37,560
+three of course we agreed that this is the optical
+
+432
+00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:43,320
+axis these three rays are divergent
+
+433
+00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:49,020
+Finally, the central ray traverses the optical
+
+434
+00:32:49,020 --> 00:32:53,300
+center of the lens undeviated. On the back side of
+
+435
+00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:53,820
+the lens,
+
+436
+00:32:57,140 --> 00:33:02,960
+these three rays are divergent, so where is the
+
+437
+00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:06,130
+image?if you are looking at the back side of the
+
+438
+00:33:06,130 --> 00:33:11,050
+lens you see the image point you see the image
+
+439
+00:33:11,050 --> 00:33:14,690
+point as the backward extension of all three rays
+
+440
+00:33:14,690 --> 00:33:18,630
+يعني زي ما الفيجر هذا بيوضح يعني احنا خلينا نلون
+
+441
+00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:25,510
+الشعة، بنقول كالقاتل هذا
+
+442
+00:33:25,510 --> 00:33:29,870
+الشعاع امتداده، خلي امتداده باللون الأبيض، امتداده
+
+443
+00:33:29,870 --> 00:33:33,110
+بخش في FAIt means that it is directed towards the
+
+444
+00:33:33,110 --> 00:33:39,430
+lens, but its extension to the back, if we extend
+
+445
+00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:41,610
+it to the back, it will be as if it is starting
+
+446
+00:33:41,610 --> 00:33:44,350
+from A to E, it will come out parallel to the
+
+447
+00:33:44,350 --> 00:33:46,590
+optical axis, it will come out parallel to the
+
+448
+00:33:46,590 --> 00:33:50,510
+optical axis The second ray, we will give it
+
+449
+00:33:50,510 --> 00:33:53,450
+another color, it came parallel to the optical
+
+450
+00:33:53,450 --> 00:33:56,830
+axis, when it comes out of the lens
+
+451
+00:34:00,340 --> 00:34:07,820
+The third ray is the chief ray that enters the
+
+452
+00:34:07,820 --> 00:34:08,720
+nodal point
+
+453
+00:34:12,340 --> 00:34:16,780
+In the blue color, we find that it does not change
+
+454
+00:34:16,780 --> 00:34:19,820
+its way. If we look at these rays, this is the
+
+455
+00:34:19,820 --> 00:34:21,940
+back of the lens and this is the anterior part of
+
+456
+00:34:21,940 --> 00:34:23,880
+the lens. We will find that these rays are
+
+457
+00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:26,380
+divergent. Now, where is the picture? The picture
+
+458
+00:34:26,380 --> 00:34:29,780
+is on the extensions of these three rays to the
+
+459
+00:34:29,780 --> 00:34:35,300
+back, on their extensions to the back, so I get
+
+460
+00:34:40,910 --> 00:34:48,630
+بنمد هذا شعاع للخلف، وبنمد هذا شعاع للخلف، وبنمد
+
+461
+00:34:48,630 --> 00:34:52,990
+شعاع التالت للخلف، خليني بس أشر على شعاع التالت
+
+462
+00:34:59,250 --> 00:35:03,190
+they will meet at one point this point is the
+
+463
+00:35:03,190 --> 00:35:08,010
+image point of the point since divergent ray is
+
+464
+00:35:08,010 --> 00:35:12,290
+known as virtual image virtual image distance
+
+465
+00:35:12,290 --> 00:35:16,790
+which is the distance of the image from the lens
+
+466
+00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:19,970
+to the object distance gives me a transfer of
+
+467
+00:35:19,970 --> 00:35:22,890
+magnification gives me a transfer of magnification
+
+468
+00:35:22,890 --> 00:35:25,750
+and this shape now when it becomes colored becomes
+
+469
+00:35:25,750 --> 00:35:26,530
+clearer
+
+470
+00:35:29,990 --> 00:35:32,530
+by the lens makers equation or the thin lens
+
+471
+00:35:32,530 --> 00:35:35,990
+equation divergence of light exiting the lens is
+
+472
+00:35:35,990 --> 00:35:39,930
+minus 10 diopter why minus 10 diopter because the
+
+473
+00:35:39,930 --> 00:35:44,110
+light will reach minus 20 diopter because the
+
+474
+00:35:44,110 --> 00:35:47,330
+object is at a distance of 5 cm if we calculate it
+
+475
+00:35:47,330 --> 00:35:54,870
+at a distance of 5 cm how much is U? U is equal to
+
+476
+00:35:54,870 --> 00:35:56,090
+negative N over O
+
+477
+00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:05,000
+and it's negative because it's divergent from the
+
+478
+00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,640
+object because it's a real object over 5 cm which
+
+479
+00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:13,780
+is 5 out of 100 meters and
+
+480
+00:36:13,780 --> 00:36:19,320
+it's equal to minus 20 diopters as long as u is
+
+481
+00:36:19,320 --> 00:36:25,320
+minus 20 dioptersالعدسة هتبغي كل قوتها هتلغي عشرة
+
+482
+00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:29,940
+من العشرين و هيضل تشتت بمقدار عشرة ديوبتر، إذا
+
+483
+00:36:29,940 --> 00:36:32,800
+الصورة هتتكون على بعد عشرة أقصان، نروح لل
+
+484
+00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:37,440
+simulation، هاي الصورة اتكونت هنا، في المنطقة هاي
+
+485
+00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:39,980
+طبعا، نروح نرفع ال roller لفوق
+
+486
+00:36:45,710 --> 00:36:48,490
+So the image from 100 to 200 mm is at a distance
+
+487
+00:36:48,490 --> 00:36:51,710
+of 10 cm. This distance is 100 mm. 100 mm means 10
+
+488
+00:36:51,710 --> 00:36:56,690
+cm. The object is
+
+489
+00:36:56,690 --> 00:37:01,730
+the object point here at a distance of 5 cm. The
+
+490
+00:37:01,730 --> 00:37:04,090
+rule that we want to reach is that any object
+
+491
+00:37:04,090 --> 00:37:10,620
+inside the anterior focusAny object inside the
+
+492
+00:37:10,620 --> 00:37:14,560
+anterior focus whether here, or here, or here, or
+
+493
+00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:19,480
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+494
+00:37:19,580 --> 00:37:20,600
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+495
+00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:20,900
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+496
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,900
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+497
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,900
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+498
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,900
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+499
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,900
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+500
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,980
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+501
+00:37:20,980 --> 00:37:21,600
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+502
+00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:24,040
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+503
+00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:24,320
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+504
+00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,440
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+505
+00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:34,980
+here, or here, or here, or
+
+506
+00:37:34,980 --> 00:37:36,300
+here
+
+507
+00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:50,620
+if the object image
+
+508
+00:37:50,620 --> 00:38:00,980
+if the object is inside F A ايش الصفات بتاعة ال
+
+509
+00:38:00,980 --> 00:38:08,460
+image؟ واحد، virtual اتنين
+
+510
+00:38:11,780 --> 00:38:22,560
+erect يعني معتدلة تلاتة magnified يعني virtual مش
+
+511
+00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:26,620
+حقيقية erect معتدلة زيها زي ال object مش مجلوبة
+
+512
+00:38:26,620 --> 00:38:31,540
+magnified مكبرة مستحيل تكون جده ولا أصغر منه دائما
+
+513
+00:38:31,540 --> 00:38:39,240
+مكبرة و هذه الوضعيةهذه الوضعية هي فكرة عمل ال
+
+514
+00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:43,180
+magnifiers المكبرات، العدسات المكبرة اللي ممكن
+
+515
+00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:47,520
+احنا نصاد��ها في الأسواق أو في محلات البصريات أو ال
+
+516
+00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:49,880
+hand-held magnifier، ال magnifier اللي بنمسك
+
+517
+00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:57,260
+بالإيد فكرة عمله، فكرة عمله، قريبا بس نأخد صورة
+
+518
+00:38:57,260 --> 00:39:04,280
+عشان اللي مش متذكر هو hand-held magnifier
+
+519
+00:39:08,090 --> 00:39:10,590
+This is the handheld magnifier with its different
+
+520
+00:39:10,590 --> 00:39:13,170
+types. The idea behind it is to place the object
+
+521
+00:39:13,170 --> 00:39:19,430
+inside the f-a of this lens Inside the f-a of the
+
+522
+00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:23,770
+lens, so the object will have a picture enlarged,
+
+523
+00:39:24,010 --> 00:39:28,970
+virtual correct, but enlarged and slanted enlarged
+
+524
+00:39:28,970 --> 00:39:33,530
+and slanted, that's why if I hold any lens from
+
+525
+00:39:33,530 --> 00:39:37,950
+the lens bagوحسبت يعني قرأت قوتها مثلا plus 5 plus
+
+526
+00:39:37,950 --> 00:39:42,470
+7 plus 12 وحسبت جديش البعد البقري الأمامي إلها
+
+527
+00:39:42,470 --> 00:39:47,750
+وبعدين أمسكت أي object وخليته داخل البعد الأمامي
+
+528
+00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,310
+لهذه العدسة ونظرت من الناحية التانية هلاقي هذا ال
+
+529
+00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:53,690
+object مكبرI will find this object magnified or in
+
+530
+00:39:53,690 --> 00:39:58,450
+other words, I took a plus 12 or plus 7 or plus 5
+
+531
+00:39:58,450 --> 00:40:01,290
+lens and looked into it and found it magnified, I
+
+532
+00:40:01,290 --> 00:40:03,870
+must know that this object which I found magnified
+
+533
+00:40:03,870 --> 00:40:08,390
+means .. means that this object is located inside
+
+534
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:13,430
+the FAA means located inside the FAA Okay, now I
+
+535
+00:40:13,430 --> 00:40:19,240
+have one last scenario What if ..It was the object
+
+536
+00:40:19,240 --> 00:40:23,020
+not farther than the FA and not closer than the
+
+537
+00:40:23,020 --> 00:40:27,060
+FA, it came exactly to the FA, it came exactly to
+
+538
+00:40:27,060 --> 00:40:30,500
+the FA Either you see what's going to happen or
+
+539
+00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:32,400
+what's the scenario that's going to happen, we'll
+
+540
+00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:33,220
+continue and say
+
+541
+00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:39,910
+طبعا this is the basis اللي شرحناه قبل شوية لما
+
+542
+00:40:39,910 --> 00:40:43,970
+يكون inside the FA this is the basis او ال optical
+
+543
+00:40:43,970 --> 00:40:48,510
+basis of simple handheld plus lens magnifier اللي
+
+544
+00:40:48,510 --> 00:40:53,950
+شوفنا صورته قبل شوية an object positioned inside
+
+545
+00:40:53,950 --> 00:40:57,110
+the focal point of a plus spherical lens will
+
+546
+00:40:57,110 --> 00:41:01,850
+produce magnified هي واحد upright يعني erect
+
+547
+00:41:01,850 --> 00:41:08,830
+virtual تلاتة image صورة مكبرةواجفة مش مش مجلوبة و
+
+548
+00:41:08,830 --> 00:41:12,950
+virtual غير حقيقية هذه القضية ممكن احنا نحاولها
+
+549
+00:41:12,950 --> 00:41:16,610
+هذه ال experiment with lens you use for indirect
+
+550
+00:41:16,610 --> 00:41:19,110
+ophthalmoscope احنا ال indirect ophthalmoscope
+
+551
+00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:27,050
+بنستعمل معه عدسات اللي بنفحص فيه طبعا قاع العين
+
+552
+00:41:27,050 --> 00:41:31,790
+indirect ophthalmoscope
+
+553
+00:41:40,670 --> 00:41:44,850
+Let's see its picture Of course, we use with it
+
+554
+00:41:44,850 --> 00:41:50,210
+this lens which can be plus 20 or plus 30 or plus
+
+555
+00:41:50,210 --> 00:41:54,490
+28 meaning spherical lens So here, it's the same
+
+556
+00:41:54,490 --> 00:41:58,870
+thing This is the examiner holding the plus lens
+
+557
+00:41:58,870 --> 00:42:02,570
+and looking at the bottom of the screen Okay, now
+
+558
+00:42:02,570 --> 00:42:06,290
+We
+
+559
+00:42:06,290 --> 00:42:10,570
+can try this with this lensWe have a third
+
+560
+00:42:10,570 --> 00:42:12,830
+scenario, we will not explain it but we will say
+
+561
+00:42:12,830 --> 00:42:19,270
+it If the object is not inside FA nor outside FA,
+
+562
+00:42:19,430 --> 00:42:24,250
+it is exactly on the FA It will also be virtual,
+
+563
+00:42:24,650 --> 00:42:28,210
+erect, magnified exactly as if it is inside the FA
+
+564
+00:42:28,210 --> 00:42:33,150
+But the magnification is the maximum magnification
+
+565
+00:42:33,150 --> 00:42:36,250
+It is the maximum magnification in another sense
+
+566
+00:42:37,370 --> 00:42:41,430
+لما بيكون ال object على fa أو جواتها بيعطيني
+
+567
+00:42:41,430 --> 00:42:44,970
+virtual, erect magnification بس ال maximum
+
+568
+00:42:44,970 --> 00:42:48,150
+magnification يعني العدسة هاي بتعطيني أكبر
+
+569
+00:42:48,150 --> 00:42:51,550
+magnification لما يكون ال object موجود بالضبط على
+
+570
+00:42:51,550 --> 00:42:56,190
+البقرة الأمامية طيب لو كان ال object برا بنرجع
+
+571
+00:42:56,190 --> 00:43:03,980
+للمثال الأول لو كان ال object برا fa هنا جوا faلو
+
+572
+00:43:03,980 --> 00:43:07,440
+كان هاي FA و هاي ال object أبعد منها، أبعد عن
+
+573
+00:43:07,440 --> 00:43:11,260
+العدسة منها، هتكون الصورة دائما حقيقية و ال .. و
+
+574
+00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:14,800
+ال size بتاعها حسب وين موجود ال object هل هو بعيد
+
+575
+00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,720
+كتير ولا بعيد ولا يعني بعيد بس أق .. يعني جريب من
+
+576
+00:43:19,720 --> 00:43:26,060
+FA و هكذاهيك بتنتهي المحاضرة تاتي اليوم ووصلنا
+
+577
+00:43:26,060 --> 00:43:31,280
+بعدها لأول مرة هنصل لتعامل مع ال concave lenses
+
+578
+00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:35,220
+ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/aRHCsCYOhoo_raw.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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239.92, "word": " the", "probability": 0.890625}, {"start": 239.92, "end": 240.16, "word": " back", "probability": 0.85205078125}, {"start": 240.16, "end": 240.42, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.62109375}, {"start": 240.42, "end": 240.52, "word": " 4", "probability": 0.85009765625}, {"start": 240.52, "end": 241.3, "word": " diopter", "probability": 0.93896484375}, {"start": 241.3, "end": 244.92, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.8701171875}, {"start": 244.92, "end": 245.18, "word": " the", "probability": 0.8310546875}, {"start": 245.18, "end": 245.68, "word": " power", "probability": 0.66455078125}, {"start": 245.68, "end": 245.9, "word": " of", "probability": 0.9560546875}, {"start": 245.9, "end": 246.14, "word": " the", "probability": 0.7822265625}, {"start": 246.14, "end": 246.96, "word": " transfer", "probability": 0.7333984375}, {"start": 246.96, "end": 247.66, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.2430419921875}, {"start": 247.66, "end": 249.18, "word": " 45", "probability": 0.95947265625}, {"start": 249.18, "end": 250.22, "word": "%", "probability": 0.615234375}, {"start": 250.22, "end": 251.16, "word": " diopter", "probability": 0.90966796875}, {"start": 251.16, "end": 253.52, "word": " which", "probability": 0.58447265625}, {"start": 253.52, "end": 253.68, "word": " is", "probability": 0.86669921875}, {"start": 253.68, "end": 254.02, "word": " equal", "probability": 0.8759765625}, {"start": 254.02, "end": 254.16, "word": " to", "probability": 0.95947265625}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 10, "seek": 26095, "start": 255.33, "end": 260.95, "text": "بنقول تمانية واربعة اتناش بدنا نطرح منهم خمسة واربعين من مية بضال plus 11", "tokens": [3555, 1863, 39648, 46811, 7649, 10632, 4032, 9640, 3555, 27884, 1975, 2655, 1863, 33599, 47525, 8315, 8717, 9566, 2288, 5016, 9154, 16095, 16490, 2304, 3794, 3660, 4032, 9640, 3555, 3615, 9957, 9154, 3714, 10632, 4724, 11242, 6027, 1804, 2975], "avg_logprob": -0.24414061680436133, "compression_ratio": 1.27, "no_speech_prob": 0.0, "words": [{"start": 255.33, "end": 255.81, "word": "بنقول", "probability": 0.7421875}, {"start": 255.81, "end": 256.43, "word": " تمانية", "probability": 0.8186848958333334}, {"start": 256.43, "end": 256.87, "word": " واربعة", "probability": 0.7080078125}, {"start": 256.87, "end": 257.37, "word": " اتناش", "probability": 0.8785400390625}, {"start": 257.37, "end": 257.65, "word": " بدنا", "probability": 0.712646484375}, {"start": 257.65, "end": 257.97, "word": " نطرح", "probability": 0.959228515625}, {"start": 257.97, "end": 258.21, "word": " منهم", "probability": 0.980712890625}, {"start": 258.21, "end": 258.61, "word": " خمسة", "probability": 0.9378662109375}, {"start": 258.61, "end": 259.07, "word": " واربعين", "probability": 0.905859375}, {"start": 259.07, "end": 259.23, "word": " من", "probability": 0.99267578125}, {"start": 259.23, "end": 259.57, "word": " مية", "probability": 0.756591796875}, {"start": 259.57, "end": 259.93, "word": " بضال", "probability": 0.5402018229166666}, {"start": 259.93, "end": 260.35, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.50439453125}, {"start": 260.35, "end": 260.95, "word": " 11", "probability": 0.6220703125}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 11, "seek": 29058, "start": 262.77, "end": 290.59, "text": "Plus 11.55% of 100 diopters This lens if it was a thin lens, if it was a thin lens, its power was 12 diopters But because it is a thick lens, it went almost close to half a diopter inside the lens to change the fluctuating state of light So this is the final solution, plus 11.55% of 100 diopters God bless you and peace be upon you", "tokens": [32111, 2975, 13, 13622, 4, 295, 2319, 1026, 404, 1559, 639, 6765, 498, 309, 390, 257, 5862, 6765, 11, 498, 309, 390, 257, 5862, 6765, 11, 1080, 1347, 390, 2272, 1026, 404, 1559, 583, 570, 309, 307, 257, 5060, 6765, 11, 309, 1437, 1920, 1998, 281, 1922, 257, 1026, 404, 391, 1854, 264, 6765, 281, 1319, 264, 23448, 32438, 1785, 295, 1442, 407, 341, 307, 264, 2572, 3827, 11, 1804, 2975, 13, 13622, 4, 295, 2319, 1026, 404, 1559, 1265, 5227, 291, 293, 4336, 312, 3564, 291], "avg_logprob": -0.42578126049854537, "compression_ratio": 1.7382198952879582, "no_speech_prob": 5.602836608886719e-06, "words": [{"start": 262.77000000000004, "end": 263.41, "word": "Plus", "probability": 0.39111328125}, {"start": 263.41, "end": 264.05, "word": " 11", "probability": 0.54345703125}, {"start": 264.05, "end": 265.87, "word": ".55", "probability": 0.748291015625}, {"start": 265.87, "end": 266.51, "word": "%", "probability": 0.58056640625}, {"start": 266.51, "end": 266.51, "word": " of", "probability": 0.5751953125}, {"start": 266.51, "end": 266.85, "word": " 100", "probability": 0.787109375}, {"start": 266.85, "end": 267.57, "word": " diopters", "probability": 0.6569010416666666}, {"start": 267.57, "end": 268.27, "word": " This", "probability": 0.306884765625}, {"start": 268.27, "end": 268.61, "word": " lens", "probability": 0.6171875}, {"start": 268.61, "end": 268.85, "word": " if", "probability": 0.451416015625}, {"start": 268.85, "end": 269.07, "word": " it", "probability": 0.465087890625}, {"start": 269.07, "end": 269.13, "word": " was", "probability": 0.5263671875}, {"start": 269.13, "end": 269.35, "word": " a", "probability": 0.486083984375}, {"start": 269.35, "end": 269.87, "word": " thin", "probability": 0.81494140625}, {"start": 269.87, "end": 270.43, "word": " lens,", "probability": 0.93408203125}, {"start": 270.59, "end": 270.71, "word": " if", "probability": 0.428955078125}, {"start": 270.71, "end": 270.99, "word": " it", "probability": 0.9521484375}, {"start": 270.99, "end": 270.99, "word": " was", "probability": 0.8310546875}, {"start": 270.99, "end": 271.11, "word": " a", "probability": 0.95263671875}, {"start": 271.11, "end": 271.43, "word": " thin", "probability": 0.888671875}, {"start": 271.43, "end": 271.77, "word": " lens,", "probability": 0.94970703125}, {"start": 272.19, "end": 272.35, "word": " its", "probability": 0.499267578125}, {"start": 272.35, "end": 272.65, "word": " power", "probability": 0.3935546875}, {"start": 272.65, "end": 272.79, "word": " was", "probability": 0.74462890625}, {"start": 272.79, "end": 273.23, "word": " 12", "probability": 0.875}, {"start": 273.23, "end": 273.85, "word": " diopters", "probability": 0.8863932291666666}, {"start": 273.85, "end": 274.11, "word": " But", "probability": 0.37939453125}, {"start": 274.11, "end": 274.41, "word": " because", "probability": 0.8193359375}, {"start": 274.41, "end": 274.59, "word": " it", "probability": 0.91552734375}, {"start": 274.59, "end": 274.59, "word": " is", "probability": 0.464111328125}, {"start": 274.59, "end": 274.61, "word": " a", "probability": 0.95458984375}, {"start": 274.61, "end": 274.91, "word": " thick", "probability": 0.87255859375}, {"start": 274.91, "end": 275.29, "word": " lens,", "probability": 0.92919921875}, {"start": 276.65, "end": 276.67, "word": " it", "probability": 0.403564453125}, {"start": 276.67, "end": 277.01, "word": " went", "probability": 0.217041015625}, {"start": 277.01, "end": 277.65, "word": " almost", "probability": 0.460205078125}, {"start": 277.65, "end": 278.19, "word": " close", "probability": 0.1727294921875}, {"start": 278.19, "end": 278.53, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96044921875}, {"start": 278.53, "end": 278.89, "word": " half", "probability": 0.7548828125}, {"start": 278.89, "end": 279.01, "word": " a", "probability": 0.60791015625}, {"start": 279.01, "end": 279.49, "word": " diopter", "probability": 0.93896484375}, {"start": 279.49, "end": 280.33, "word": " inside", "probability": 0.63818359375}, {"start": 280.33, "end": 280.63, "word": " the", "probability": 0.89599609375}, {"start": 280.63, "end": 280.99, "word": " lens", "probability": 0.90869140625}, {"start": 280.99, "end": 281.49, "word": " to", "probability": 0.83154296875}, {"start": 281.49, "end": 281.91, "word": " change", "probability": 0.8974609375}, {"start": 281.91, "end": 282.09, "word": " the", "probability": 0.85546875}, {"start": 282.09, "end": 283.01, "word": " fluctuating", "probability": 0.2117919921875}, {"start": 283.01, "end": 283.01, "word": " state", "probability": 0.51318359375}, {"start": 283.01, "end": 283.27, "word": " of", "probability": 0.94384765625}, {"start": 283.27, "end": 283.41, "word": " light", "probability": 0.71533203125}, {"start": 283.41, "end": 283.61, "word": " So", "probability": 0.7744140625}, {"start": 283.61, "end": 283.89, "word": " this", "probability": 0.75439453125}, {"start": 283.89, "end": 284.09, "word": " is", "probability": 0.94140625}, {"start": 284.09, "end": 284.25, "word": " the", "probability": 0.92529296875}, {"start": 284.25, "end": 284.71, "word": " final", "probability": 0.6875}, {"start": 284.71, "end": 285.03, "word": " solution,", "probability": 0.69677734375}, {"start": 285.55, "end": 285.87, "word": " plus", "probability": 0.7060546875}, {"start": 285.87, "end": 286.47, "word": " 11", "probability": 0.87060546875}, {"start": 286.47, "end": 287.45, "word": ".55", "probability": 0.9404296875}, {"start": 287.45, "end": 287.97, "word": "%", "probability": 0.89892578125}, {"start": 287.97, "end": 287.97, "word": " of", "probability": 0.91552734375}, {"start": 287.97, "end": 288.19, "word": " 100", "probability": 0.9326171875}, {"start": 288.19, "end": 288.75, "word": " diopters", "probability": 0.9518229166666666}, {"start": 288.75, "end": 288.97, "word": " God", "probability": 0.13623046875}, {"start": 288.97, "end": 289.13, "word": " bless", "probability": 0.77490234375}, {"start": 289.13, "end": 289.63, "word": " you", "probability": 0.92431640625}, {"start": 289.63, "end": 289.81, "word": " and", "probability": 0.513671875}, {"start": 289.81, "end": 290.09, "word": " peace", "probability": 0.70947265625}, {"start": 290.09, "end": 290.31, "word": " be", "probability": 0.58837890625}, {"start": 290.31, "end": 290.33, "word": " upon", "probability": 0.814453125}, {"start": 290.33, "end": 290.59, "word": " you", "probability": 0.97412109375}], "temperature": 1.0}], "language": "en", "language_probability": 1.0, "duration": 292.3624375, "duration_after_vad": 259.67875}

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/aRHCsCYOhoo_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+1
+00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:02,520
+In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most
+
+2
+00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:04,160
+Merciful. We have an example that we want to solve
+
+3
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,020
+together. We want to find the total force of a
+
+4
+00:00:08,020 --> 00:00:11,380
+thick lens. The front surface is plus eight
+
+5
+00:00:11,380 --> 00:00:14,580
+diopters. The back surface is plus four diopters.
+
+6
+00:00:15,220 --> 00:00:18,220
+The thickness of the lens is two centimeters. The
+
+7
+00:00:18,220 --> 00:00:21,440
+refractive index of the lens is one and four out
+
+8
+00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:26,540
+of ten. We say that the power of the transfer is
+
+9
+00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:36,330
+equal tominus T over NL multiplied by the power of
+
+10
+00:00:36,330 --> 00:00:44,370
+the front multiplied by the power of the back and
+
+11
+00:00:44,370 --> 00:00:49,250
+equals minus
+
+12
+00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:53,190
+T which is thickness which is 2cm which is 2 out
+
+13
+00:00:53,190 --> 00:00:53,890
+of 100 meters
+
+14
+00:01:00,520 --> 00:01:04,040
+on refractive index of the lens which is NL which
+
+15
+00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:10,900
+is one and four out of ten multiply by the power
+
+16
+00:01:10,900 --> 00:01:15,520
+of the front eight eight
+
+17
+00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:20,200
+multiply by eight which is more multiply by the
+
+18
+00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:25,400
+power of the back which is four which is more and
+
+19
+00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:25,620
+equal
+
+20
+00:01:29,940 --> 00:01:38,900
+the minus will go down first we say 4x8x32 4x8x32
+
+21
+00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:47,960
+32x2 which is in the decimal I have 64 and I have
+
+22
+00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:52,940
+the decimal after two numbers so 64 out of 100
+
+23
+00:01:57,990 --> 00:02:02,730
+الان متر فى متر أس ناقص واحد فى متر أس ناقص واحد
+
+24
+00:02:02,730 --> 00:02:06,790
+ال متر فى المتر أس ناقص واحد بيروحوا مع بعض بيضل
+
+25
+00:02:06,790 --> 00:02:09,970
+عندى ال diopter اللى هو متر أس ناقص واحد اذا ناقص
+
+26
+00:02:09,970 --> 00:02:15,350
+اربع وستين من مية diopter على واحد واربعة من عشرة
+
+27
+00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,370
+على واحد واربعة من عشرة هروح على ال calculator
+
+28
+00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:40,140
+we will have to use another calculator on
+
+29
+00:02:40,140 --> 00:02:50,180
+the mobile 64 out of 100 divided
+
+30
+00:02:50,180 --> 00:03:01,870
+by 1.4 out of 10 is equal to zero pointfour, five,
+
+31
+00:03:03,070 --> 00:03:06,870
+seven diopters
+
+32
+00:03:06,870 --> 00:03:11,230
+so
+
+33
+00:03:11,230 --> 00:03:17,010
+of course with minus this
+
+34
+00:03:17,010 --> 00:03:21,990
+quantity we will approximate to 45 out of 100
+
+35
+00:03:21,990 --> 00:03:25,910
+diopters approximatelyto change the situation
+
+36
+00:03:25,910 --> 00:03:29,670
+inside the lens Now the problem is not solved yet
+
+37
+00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:33,430
+We need the total power We need the total power We
+
+38
+00:03:33,430 --> 00:03:38,030
+say the power of this lens is equal to the power
+
+39
+00:03:38,030 --> 00:03:45,430
+of the front plus the power of the back service
+
+40
+00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:49,540
+plus the power of the transfer that was lostfrom
+
+41
+00:03:49,540 --> 00:03:53,820
+changing the wave state inside the lens which is
+
+42
+00:03:53,820 --> 00:03:56,780
+equal to the power of the front plus 8 diopter
+
+43
+00:03:56,780 --> 00:04:04,920
+plus the power of the back plus 4 diopter plus
+
+44
+00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:13,520
+the power of the transfer minus 45% diopter which
+
+45
+00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:17,970
+is equal toبنقول تمانية واربعة اتناش بدنا نطرح
+
+46
+00:04:17,970 --> 00:04:26,510
+منهم خمسة واربعين من مية بضال plus 11Plus 11.55%
+
+47
+00:04:26,510 --> 00:04:30,430
+of 100 diopters This lens if it was a thin lens,
+
+48
+00:04:30,590 --> 00:04:33,850
+if it was a thin lens, its power was 12 diopters
+
+49
+00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,650
+But because it is a thick lens, it went almost
+
+50
+00:04:37,650 --> 00:04:41,910
+close to half a diopter inside the lens to change
+
+51
+00:04:41,910 --> 00:04:44,250
+the fluctuating state of light So this is the
+
+52
+00:04:44,250 --> 00:04:48,970
+final solution, plus 11.55% of 100 diopters God
+
+53
+00:04:48,970 --> 00:04:50,590
+bless you and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/b6q5K7D9s1E_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,684 @@
+1
+00:00:01,910 --> 00:00:04,210
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have today an
+
+2
+00:00:04,210 --> 00:00:09,670
+example of an eight-year-old patient who has right
+
+3
+00:00:09,670 --> 00:00:13,050
+hypermetropia, four prism diopter, and his
+
+4
+00:00:13,050 --> 00:00:16,530
+refraction, the right eye, two prism, and the left
+
+5
+00:00:16,530 --> 00:00:19,570
+eye, minus three, sorry, two diopter, plus two
+
+6
+00:00:19,570 --> 00:00:24,390
+diopter, hypermetropia, and the left eye, minus
+
+7
+00:00:24,390 --> 00:00:27,970
+three diopter, myopia.الان بدناش نلخبط بين كلمة
+
+8
+00:00:27,970 --> 00:00:31,110
+hypertropia، هدي حوال، يعني حوال للأعلى،
+
+9
+00:00:31,110 --> 00:00:34,110
+hypertropia، زي ما الصورة بتوضح أن العين اليمين
+
+10
+00:00:34,110 --> 00:00:37,870
+فيها الحوال جاي للأعلى، العين الشمال straight، و
+
+11
+00:00:37,870 --> 00:00:40,910
+اليمين طالع للأعلى، ده بيسموها hypertropia،
+
+12
+00:00:40,910 --> 00:00:43,770
+الhypermetropia هو refractive error طول نظر، هدى
+
+13
+00:00:43,770 --> 00:00:46,850
+حاجة و هدى حاجة، الhypermetropia بقدر أعبر عنها
+
+14
+00:00:46,850 --> 00:00:53,390
+بكلمة hyperopiaBut hypertropia means around. The
+
+15
+00:00:53,390 --> 00:00:56,430
+important thing is that the patient has right
+
+16
+00:00:56,430 --> 00:00:59,030
+hypertropia. The right eye is higher than the left
+
+17
+00:00:59,030 --> 00:01:04,350
+eye by 4 degrees. The refraction in the right eye
+
+18
+00:01:04,350 --> 00:01:09,570
+is plus 2 hypertropia and the left eye is minus 3
+
+19
+00:01:09,570 --> 00:01:15,670
+myopia.how by this decentration we can overcome
+
+20
+00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,170
+his squint or her squint if they are female. Now
+
+21
+00:01:20,170 --> 00:01:22,450
+the answer. Before we start with the answer.
+
+22
+00:01:26,650 --> 00:01:31,250
+The answer we want to talk about briefly. When we
+
+23
+00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:33,270
+say right hypertropia,
+
+24
+00:01:35,050 --> 00:01:40,400
+this is exactly equal to left hypo.What does right
+
+25
+00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:42,900
+hyper mean equals left hyper? When I say that the
+
+26
+00:01:42,900 --> 00:01:47,040
+right eye is up compared to the left eye I can say
+
+27
+00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:49,860
+that the left eye is down, which is hypo, compared
+
+28
+00:01:49,860 --> 00:01:54,020
+to the right eye So whether I said right
+
+29
+00:01:54,020 --> 00:01:59,680
+hypertropia
+
+30
+00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:02,920
+or
+
+31
+00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:08,200
+I said left
+
+32
+00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:14,000
+Hypotropia These two expressions express the same
+
+33
+00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:18,170
+thingSo right hyper is the same as left hyper You
+
+34
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,390
+can say that you see the left as straight, that's
+
+35
+00:02:20,390 --> 00:02:23,170
+right, it's not straight But if we compare it with
+
+36
+00:02:23,170 --> 00:02:25,090
+the right eye, what will it be compared to? It
+
+37
+00:02:25,090 --> 00:02:27,550
+will be compared to the right eye So whether I say
+
+38
+00:02:27,550 --> 00:02:29,970
+right hyper, as shown in the picture in front of
+
+39
+00:02:29,970 --> 00:02:34,510
+me Or I say left hypotropia, it's the same thing
+
+40
+00:02:34,510 --> 00:02:35,730
+What's this going to help me with the
+
+41
+00:02:35,730 --> 00:02:38,990
+decentration? I'll talk about it later If I wanted
+
+42
+00:02:38,990 --> 00:02:42,400
+to do decentration in both lensesIt means that I
+
+43
+00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:46,340
+consider this hyper and this is hypo And we always
+
+44
+00:02:46,340 --> 00:02:50,060
+said that when I want the prism to correct the
+
+45
+00:02:50,060 --> 00:02:54,540
+surrounding function First, we have to bring the
+
+46
+00:02:54,540 --> 00:02:55,240
+prism forward
+
+47
+00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:02,440
+The apex of the prism points towards the
+
+48
+00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:04,420
+circumference. Here it points towards the top,
+
+49
+00:03:04,580 --> 00:03:08,760
+right hyper. The apex is up and the base is down.
+
+50
+00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:11,960
+If I want to do decentration also, it is not
+
+51
+00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:14,160
+enough to do decentration in one lens and it will
+
+52
+00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:20,670
+not be enough by the way, then I will have toI put
+
+53
+00:03:20,670 --> 00:03:22,590
+or make a decentration in front of the other lens
+
+54
+00:03:22,590 --> 00:03:25,870
+which is to the left eye I want the prism to be
+
+55
+00:03:25,870 --> 00:03:33,770
+facing down to its apex So
+
+56
+00:03:33,770 --> 00:03:40,290
+it will be here base up here base up and here base
+
+57
+00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:42,750
+down Because this is hypo, hypo means down, so its
+
+58
+00:03:42,750 --> 00:03:45,170
+apex has to be down
+
+59
+00:03:47,900 --> 00:03:51,100
+So, what is required is that I remove the center
+
+60
+00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:54,480
+of the left eye's lens in order to give me a base
+
+61
+00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:57,080
+down prism and what is required is that I remove
+
+62
+00:03:57,080 --> 00:04:02,380
+the center of the right eye's
+
+63
+00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,120
+lens in order to give me a base down prism and
+
+64
+00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:09,280
+what is required is that I remove alsoCenter of
+
+65
+00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:12,640
+the left eye, so that it gives me a base up abrism
+
+66
+00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:16,480
+Base up abrism should be a set of two abrisms
+
+67
+00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:23,420
+equals four abrisms equals four abrismsفبتالي هذه
+
+68
+00:04:23,420 --> 00:04:26,580
+القضية بدها تكون واضحة، هذه القضية بدها تكون
+
+69
+00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:31,760
+واضحة، طيب، الآن ما ننساش أنه العدسة الشمال minus
+
+70
+00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:36,220
+مقطعها الرأسي بالشكل هذا و العدسة اليمين plus
+
+71
+00:04:36,220 --> 00:04:39,740
+مقطعها الرأسي بالشكل هذا، أنا الأربعة prism بدا
+
+72
+00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:42,700
+أجسمهم اتنين prism between the two eyes
+
+73
+00:04:48,460 --> 00:04:51,000
+The main goal is the decentration that is supposed
+
+74
+00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:55,020
+to occur in the right eye, in the right lens,
+
+75
+00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:56,640
+which is plus two diopters.
+
+76
+00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:04,220
+The prismatic effect is
+
+77
+00:05:04,220 --> 00:05:07,000
+equal to H in D. H is what is required, what is
+
+78
+00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:10,280
+required to be known. The prismatic effect is
+
+79
+00:05:10,280 --> 00:05:14,640
+supposed to be two prisms to the right equal to H
+
+80
+00:05:15,270 --> 00:05:19,290
+اللي بدي أعرفها و دي اللي هي اتنين ديوتر اتنين
+
+81
+00:05:19,290 --> 00:05:29,070
+ديوتر اذا H H تساوي H small تساوي
+
+82
+00:05:30,230 --> 00:05:36,310
+2x2 means 1 cm So the center should move 1 cm
+
+83
+00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:07,970
+Down Decentration Down Decentration The
+
+84
+00:06:07,970 --> 00:06:13,850
+prism must go down by 1 cm This is for the right
+
+85
+00:06:13,850 --> 00:06:21,030
+eye So, for the right eye
+
+86
+00:06:21,030 --> 00:06:24,390
+The left eye
+
+87
+00:06:32,190 --> 00:06:35,930
+In the left eye, we say that the prismatic effect
+
+88
+00:06:35,930 --> 00:06:44,150
+is equal to H in D, and it is equal to the
+
+89
+00:06:44,150 --> 00:06:46,710
+required prismatic effect, which is equal to two
+
+90
+00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:52,090
+prismsWe fixed two prisms in the right eye, and we
+
+91
+00:06:52,090 --> 00:06:53,870
+want to fix two more prisms, which is the
+
+92
+00:06:53,870 --> 00:06:58,050
+circumference of the whole, okay? Equal to H, I
+
+93
+00:06:58,050 --> 00:07:00,490
+want to know how much I want to move, in D, which
+
+94
+00:07:00,490 --> 00:07:03,290
+is the diopter of the left lens, which is three.
+
+95
+00:07:04,130 --> 00:07:16,110
+So, H is equal to two over three, two centimeters.
+
+96
+00:07:18,290 --> 00:07:22,690
+It's equal to
+
+97
+00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:28,850
+about 6.6 millimeters So, where do I move it to
+
+98
+00:07:28,850 --> 00:07:32,390
+give me a base up prism? Do I move it up?
+
+99
+00:07:38,530 --> 00:07:42,150
+Do I
+
+100
+00:07:42,150 --> 00:07:46,230
+move it up or down? If I move it up, it will give
+
+101
+00:07:46,230 --> 00:07:50,220
+me a base down effectبس ده غلط لإن أنا المطلوب
+
+102
+00:07:50,220 --> 00:07:53,800
+بالنسبة إلي لبريزم لإن هي hypo بالنسبة لل right
+
+103
+00:07:53,800 --> 00:07:57,940
+eye وكأنه هي hypo بتنين وهذه hyper بتنين الفرق
+
+104
+00:07:57,940 --> 00:08:02,340
+بينهم أربعة Ibrism أربعة Ibrism فبالتالي عشان أحصل
+
+105
+00:08:02,340 --> 00:08:06,480
+على based up effect لازم أيضا ال center بتاع
+
+106
+00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:09,980
+العدسة ال minus ينزل لتحت فبتصير العين تتطلع من
+
+107
+00:08:09,980 --> 00:08:15,560
+based up Ibrism إذا أيضا down decentration
+
+108
+00:08:17,810 --> 00:08:22,670
+Down Decentration, this is the point we wanted to
+
+109
+00:08:22,670 --> 00:08:26,510
+point out, point out. Ok, now a person can ask a
+
+110
+00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:31,690
+question and say, I can calculate the amount of
+
+111
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:35,810
+the prismatic effector the prismatic difference
+
+112
+00:08:35,810 --> 00:08:38,790
+between the two eyes is unequal here we say we
+
+113
+00:08:38,790 --> 00:08:42,910
+want to fix two prisms for the right eye and two
+
+114
+00:08:42,910 --> 00:08:46,310
+prisms for the left eye this one fixes two prisms
+
+115
+00:08:46,310 --> 00:08:47,870
+for me and this one fixes two prisms for you can
+
+116
+00:08:47,870 --> 00:08:51,510
+the left eye fix three prisms and the right eye
+
+117
+00:08:51,510 --> 00:08:54,290
+fix one prism? yes it is possible very possible
+
+118
+00:08:54,290 --> 00:08:58,930
+let's see how the solution will be we say as
+
+119
+00:08:58,930 --> 00:09:04,620
+follows for right eyeRight eye of 4 prisms correct
+
+120
+00:09:04,620 --> 00:09:08,200
+to only 1 prism
+
+121
+00:09:32,820 --> 00:09:35,660
+It's equal to one over two, which is half a
+
+122
+00:09:35,660 --> 00:09:40,160
+centimeter. When also down-decentration to get a
+
+123
+00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,840
+base down effect before the right high. So down
+
+124
+00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:45,560
+-decentration is five millimeters.
+
+125
+00:09:49,740 --> 00:09:51,180
+And this can be done practically.
+
+126
+00:10:03,550 --> 00:10:11,350
+down decentration now for left eye
+
+127
+00:10:11,350 --> 00:10:16,230
+the
+
+128
+00:10:16,230 --> 00:10:18,310
+prismatic effect is that I have three prisms that
+
+129
+00:10:18,310 --> 00:10:21,550
+I want to correct I corrected one prism so we say
+
+130
+00:10:21,550 --> 00:10:24,050
+that the prismatic effect is equal to h times d
+
+131
+00:10:24,050 --> 00:10:27,750
+which I want to get of course I want three prisms
+
+132
+00:10:27,750 --> 00:10:32,440
+equal toH, which is unknown to me, divided by D,
+
+133
+00:10:32,540 --> 00:10:34,660
+which is 3, which is the power of the negative
+
+134
+00:10:34,660 --> 00:10:41,720
+lens of my left eye. So, H is equal to
+
+135
+00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:46,320
+1 centimeter. So, I also need down-decentration to
+
+136
+00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:48,960
+get a base-up effect. Down-decentration.
+
+137
+00:10:56,270 --> 00:11:00,230
+في الحالتين في العينتين down في العينتين down سواء
+
+138
+00:11:00,230 --> 00:11:05,390
+استخدمت جسمت الprismatic quantity
+
+139
+00:11:05,390 --> 00:11:09,790
+of squint كمية الحول بالبرزمات جسمته بالتساوي بين
+
+140
+00:11:09,790 --> 00:11:13,410
+العينتين أو جسمته بدون تساوي بين العينتين هشتغل
+
+141
+00:11:13,410 --> 00:11:16,410
+على ال apprentice rule اللي هي الprismatic effect
+
+142
+00:11:16,410 --> 00:11:21,980
+بتاع ال lens يسوى H في D يسوى H في DHere, the
+
+143
+00:11:21,980 --> 00:11:26,480
+concentration is 1 cm on the right and 6.6 cm on
+
+144
+00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:30,440
+the left Here, the concentration is 0.5 cm on the
+
+145
+00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:34,480
+right and 1 cm on the left, 1 cm on the left All
+
+146
+00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:36,320
+the quantities are accepted whether you follow
+
+147
+00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,360
+this way or that way Usually, the lens that has
+
+148
+00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:44,060
+refractive error usually
+
+149
+00:11:49,370 --> 00:12:06,930
+we use or let's say usually the lens with
+
+150
+00:12:06,930 --> 00:12:14,910
+the higher power accounts
+
+151
+00:12:14,910 --> 00:12:15,390
+for
+
+152
+00:12:19,630 --> 00:12:26,290
+prismatic or accounts more for prismatic more for
+
+153
+00:12:26,290 --> 00:12:32,890
+prismatic correction or prismatic effectSo if I
+
+154
+00:12:32,890 --> 00:12:36,430
+have two lenses, the first one for example has
+
+155
+00:12:36,430 --> 00:12:38,010
+four diopters and the second one has eight
+
+156
+00:12:38,010 --> 00:12:41,230
+diopters, the concentration of the eight diopters
+
+157
+00:12:41,230 --> 00:12:45,690
+gives me more effect than the concentration of the
+
+158
+00:12:45,690 --> 00:12:48,170
+four diopters, that's why I focus on the lens that
+
+159
+00:12:48,170 --> 00:12:54,010
+has a high refractive error or high power, because
+
+160
+00:12:54,010 --> 00:12:56,770
+the least concentration of concentration will give
+
+161
+00:12:56,770 --> 00:12:59,420
+me effectIn other words, if I move the fourth
+
+162
+00:12:59,420 --> 00:13:02,460
+diopter by one centimeter, it will give me four
+
+163
+00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:05,980
+prisms, while if I move the eighth diopter by one
+
+164
+00:13:05,980 --> 00:13:09,200
+centimeter, it will give me eight prisms. So, this
+
+165
+00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,260
+is a rule that is necessary for us in order to
+
+166
+00:13:12,260 --> 00:13:16,960
+divide the surrounding area and correct it with
+
+167
+00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,890
+Prismatic Decentration.or the prismatic effect by
+
+168
+00:13:20,890 --> 00:13:25,950
+decentration of lenses يعني المفروض ناخد بالنا أنه
+
+169
+00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:31,090
+ال lens الأقوى بن .. بنعطيها حصة أكبر من الحوار
+
+170
+00:13:31,090 --> 00:13:34,110
+هنا بتنتهي المسألة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+171
+00:13:34,110 --> 00:13:35,730
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/bblFe1vtD34_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2068 @@
+1
+00:00:01,890 --> 00:00:05,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:05,690 --> 00:00:08,710
+optics و اتوقفنا المرة الماضية عند ال image
+
+3
+00:00:08,710 --> 00:00:13,850
+quality اللي هي تالت صفة من صفات الصورة اللي
+
+4
+00:00:13,850 --> 00:00:16,210
+بنذاكر فيهم، بنقول صفات الصورة او ال image
+
+5
+00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:20,110
+characteristics هي ال magnification و ال location
+
+6
+00:00:20,110 --> 00:00:23,990
+و ال quality و ال brightness لما بنحكي عن ال
+
+7
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:27,850
+quality يعني احنا بنحكي عن جودة الصورةCareful
+
+8
+00:00:27,850 --> 00:00:32,130
+examination reveals that some details in an object
+
+9
+00:00:32,130 --> 00:00:36,290
+are not reproduced in the image لو احنا تفحصنا
+
+10
+00:00:36,290 --> 00:00:42,430
+صورة تكونت لجسم ما بواسطة optical system مهما كانت
+
+11
+00:00:42,430 --> 00:00:45,450
+جودة ال optical system او العدسات اللي مستخدمة في
+
+12
+00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:50,770
+التصوير فلو فاتفحصنا صورة لهذا ال optical system
+
+13
+00:00:50,770 --> 00:00:55,970
+كوّانها ل object صورة ل object فهذه ال imageحنلاقي
+
+14
+00:00:55,970 --> 00:01:01,270
+انه بعض التفاصيل, some details مش موجودة في ال
+
+15
+00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:06,110
+image بينما هي بالاساس موجودة في ال object Images
+
+16
+00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,620
+are imperfect facts meansPictures, no matter how
+
+17
+00:01:10,620 --> 00:01:12,940
+similar they are to the object or objects they
+
+18
+00:01:12,940 --> 00:01:16,000
+originate from, or what they represent, are not
+
+19
+00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,100
+pictures as they originally were. That is, there
+
+20
+00:01:19,100 --> 00:01:21,500
+is no such thing as a picture as it originally was
+
+21
+00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:25,440
+from any object that existed through any optical
+
+22
+00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:30,220
+system that existed. Not exact scale duplicates of
+
+23
+00:01:30,220 --> 00:01:33,080
+the original object. To explain the picture in a
+
+24
+00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:38,200
+simpler way, we say, to consider the pictureIt's a
+
+25
+00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:46,260
+picture 100% 100%
+
+26
+00:01:46,260 --> 00:01:51,400
+100% 100% 100%
+
+27
+00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:55,220
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+28
+00:01:55,220 --> 00:01:58,980
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+29
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,180
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+30
+00:02:02,180 --> 00:02:05,500
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+31
+00:02:05,500 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+32
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+33
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+34
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+35
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+36
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,860
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+37
+00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:07,740
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100%the pinhole we say
+
+38
+00:02:07,740 --> 00:02:11,460
+consider an object fifty centimeters in front of a
+
+39
+00:02:11,460 --> 00:02:15,620
+pinhole the pinhole is one millimeter in diameter
+
+40
+00:02:15,620 --> 00:02:19,700
+and the paper is placed fifty centimeters behind
+
+41
+00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:23,700
+the pinhole so magnification is one or is minus
+
+42
+00:02:23,700 --> 00:02:27,080
+one why is the magnification minus one because we
+
+43
+00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,180
+said that the transfer of magnification is equal
+
+44
+00:02:30,180 --> 00:02:33,090
+toImage distance which is on the right of the
+
+45
+00:02:33,090 --> 00:02:36,790
+pinhole which is 50cm over object distance on the
+
+46
+00:02:36,790 --> 00:02:39,990
+left of the pinhole which is minus 50cm So plus
+
+47
+00:02:39,990 --> 00:02:44,470
+50cm which is the image distance over minus 50cm
+
+48
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:46,910
+which is the object distance which is 50 over 51
+
+49
+00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,540
+which is minus over plusOr plus on minus equals
+
+50
+00:02:50,540 --> 00:02:55,120
+minus So magnification minus one So why did we do
+
+51
+00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:59,420
+the experiment to get magnification minus one? To
+
+52
+00:02:59,420 --> 00:03:01,820
+make the size of the image or the height of the
+
+53
+00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:04,140
+image the same as the height of the object The
+
+54
+00:03:04,140 --> 00:03:08,040
+same height of the object A small pencil of rays
+
+55
+00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,320
+from each object point traverses the pinhole
+
+56
+00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:15,080
+aperture From each point in the object From each
+
+57
+00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:20,590
+point in the objectIhna here the object مش رسمينه
+
+58
+00:03:20,590 --> 00:03:26,250
+كله بس ما أخدنا نقطتين فقط نقطة مثلا A و نقطة B من
+
+59
+00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:30,940
+النقطة A حزمة ضوئيةIt's going to be its share, or
+
+60
+00:03:30,940 --> 00:03:33,120
+pencil of light, it's going to be its share to go
+
+61
+00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:36,320
+through the pinhole aperture, or the opening of
+
+62
+00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:39,320
+the pinhole Of course, this light band, when it
+
+63
+00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:42,080
+reaches the surface of the receipt paper, it does
+
+64
+00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,920
+not remain a point, but rather it becomes a circle
+
+65
+00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:49,520
+It becomes a circle, this circle is curved
+
+66
+00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:52,580
+compared to the point, they call it Blair circle,
+
+67
+00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,900
+Blair circle Of course, the second point is also
+
+68
+00:03:56,770 --> 00:03:59,410
+You will give me a layer circle, which means its
+
+69
+00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:01,890
+diameter can reach two millimeters, two
+
+70
+00:04:01,890 --> 00:04:06,030
+millimeters Okay, we don't forget a while ago we
+
+71
+00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:10,730
+said that the distance between .. the distance
+
+72
+00:04:10,730 --> 00:04:17,120
+between ..الجسم اللي هو هنا بيمثله نقطة فقط و ال
+
+73
+00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,340
+pinhole يعني من ال optical system للجسم اللي هي ال
+
+74
+00:04:20,340 --> 00:04:24,260
+object distance نص متر و ال image distance من ال
+
+75
+00:04:24,260 --> 00:04:27,660
+pinhole اللي هو ال optical system لل image ايضا نص
+
+76
+00:04:27,660 --> 00:04:31,620
+متر اذا بما انه مسافة ال image تساوي مسافة ال
+
+77
+00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:34,640
+object اذا التكبير اللي transfers magnification
+
+78
+00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:37,890
+اللي هو image distance على object distanceيساوي
+
+79
+00:04:37,890 --> 00:04:41,230
+minus one يعني الصورة ارتفاعها صحيح مجلوبة minus
+
+80
+00:04:41,230 --> 00:04:46,010
+minus يعني مجلوبة ولكن ارتفاعها يساوي ارتفاع ال
+
+81
+00:04:46,010 --> 00:04:49,250
+objectOkay, how is the height equal to the height
+
+82
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:53,210
+of the object although each point of the object in
+
+83
+00:04:53,210 --> 00:04:56,710
+the picture has become two millimeters thick It is
+
+84
+00:04:56,710 --> 00:04:59,030
+known that any light band that flows through the
+
+85
+00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:01,570
+vacuum and scatters the light, we do not talk
+
+86
+00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:03,790
+about the rest of the rays that came out of point
+
+87
+00:05:03,790 --> 00:05:06,590
+A or the rest of the rays that came out of point B
+
+88
+00:05:06,590 --> 00:05:10,090
+We only care about the band or the pencil of
+
+89
+00:05:10,090 --> 00:05:14,290
+light, the band of light that was destined to come
+
+90
+00:05:14,290 --> 00:05:18,040
+out of A andAnd you enter the bin hall and you go
+
+91
+00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,020
+and form a condition for what? A condition is a
+
+92
+00:05:21,020 --> 00:05:24,520
+circle that is not clear, that has a layer of
+
+93
+00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:27,320
+water, that is, its diameter is about 2
+
+94
+00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:29,200
+millimeters Well, how will the size of the picture
+
+95
+00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:32,640
+be? That is, if every point in the object .. every
+
+96
+00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,620
+point in the object has become .. its picture is a
+
+97
+00:05:35,620 --> 00:05:39,690
+narrow circle, its diameter ..Or a narrow point, a
+
+98
+00:05:39,690 --> 00:05:41,830
+narrow circular point, its diameter is two
+
+99
+00:05:41,830 --> 00:05:43,410
+millimeters, which means that the image is
+
+100
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:45,930
+supposed to be very large Well, how is the image
+
+101
+00:05:45,930 --> 00:05:48,550
+the same size as the object or height the same as
+
+102
+00:05:48,550 --> 00:05:50,810
+the height of the object? With this speech, the
+
+103
+00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:54,270
+reason is that it is a condition, which is Chapter
+
+104
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:06:00,150
+A, which is a pointmore complicated than A and B
+
+105
+00:06:00,150 --> 00:06:02,350
+condition and C condition, there is an
+
+106
+00:06:02,350 --> 00:06:03,870
+interference between them Interference, they come
+
+107
+00:06:03,870 --> 00:06:07,430
+to each other This interference, this interference
+
+108
+00:06:07,430 --> 00:06:12,970
+makes the picture unclear or some details are lost
+
+109
+00:06:12,970 --> 00:06:16,570
+from it So that we can see the interference, we
+
+110
+00:06:16,570 --> 00:06:20,070
+say that the points close to each other interfere
+
+111
+00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:24,190
+with each otherThe primary player circle, which is
+
+112
+00:06:24,190 --> 00:06:25,850
+the picture of point A and the second player
+
+113
+00:06:25,850 --> 00:06:28,870
+circle, let's call it A, of course, and the second
+
+114
+00:06:28,870 --> 00:06:34,590
+player circle, which is B, comes part of it on A,
+
+115
+00:06:35,250 --> 00:06:37,790
+and part of it on C, and C comes part of it on A,
+
+116
+00:06:37,930 --> 00:06:40,410
+and so on, so the pictures of the points
+
+117
+00:06:40,410 --> 00:06:44,710
+interfere, to clarify the issue more and more, we
+
+118
+00:06:44,710 --> 00:06:47,250
+say, we will go to this presentation, of course,
+
+119
+00:06:47,650 --> 00:06:51,690
+which clarifies the ideaWe assume that a light
+
+120
+00:06:51,690 --> 00:06:54,610
+beam came out of A and that this is A point, this
+
+121
+00:06:54,610 --> 00:06:58,430
+point or the narrow point or the narrow circle or
+
+122
+00:06:58,430 --> 00:07:02,310
+the Blair circle which is the point or the curved
+
+123
+00:07:02,310 --> 00:07:04,430
+circle this is A point which is the picture of
+
+124
+00:07:04,430 --> 00:07:07,870
+point A and this is B point and this is C point
+
+125
+00:07:07,870 --> 00:07:11,330
+and behind them is D point and this is F point and
+
+126
+00:07:11,330 --> 00:07:14,550
+this is E point and this is K point So every
+
+127
+00:07:14,550 --> 00:07:19,250
+circle that we see drawn in colorsTo clarify the
+
+128
+00:07:19,250 --> 00:07:21,990
+idea and so that we can distinguish them from each
+
+129
+00:07:21,990 --> 00:07:25,150
+other As a result of their interference, as a
+
+130
+00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:28,990
+result of their interference, the quality of the
+
+131
+00:07:28,990 --> 00:07:32,350
+image is lost The more they interfere, the more
+
+132
+00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,070
+the quality of the image is lost, that is, the
+
+133
+00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:38,070
+details disappear, they distort each other This
+
+134
+00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:42,690
+means that it can look likeIn public life, but in
+
+135
+00:07:42,690 --> 00:07:45,390
+the field of voice, in the field of voice, that a
+
+136
+00:07:45,390 --> 00:07:47,570
+person wants to give a lecture, and we have two
+
+137
+00:07:47,570 --> 00:07:50,790
+hundred people listening to this lecture, if he
+
+138
+00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:54,200
+was talking to himselfThe voice is clear and
+
+139
+00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,120
+audible If it was another person, it became him
+
+140
+00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:00,120
+and another person, there was a slight distortion
+
+141
+00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:04,560
+When there are ten people talking, there is more
+
+142
+00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:07,500
+distortion If all the lecturers, both of them were
+
+143
+00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:09,320
+talking to each other, its name became not a
+
+144
+00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:13,780
+lecture, it became a market, it became a market
+
+145
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:15,780
+Here when there is an interference between the
+
+146
+00:08:15,780 --> 00:08:19,350
+pointsSura of the point A, which is A in the
+
+147
+00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,290
+object, A condition in the image, which is the
+
+148
+00:08:21,290 --> 00:08:23,890
+picture of A And B condition, and C condition, and
+
+149
+00:08:23,890 --> 00:08:26,290
+D condition, and it all interferes with each other
+
+150
+00:08:26,290 --> 00:08:29,630
+It becomes .. it covers each other, it distorts
+
+151
+00:08:29,630 --> 00:08:34,150
+the clarity of each other, so that I have this
+
+152
+00:08:34,150 --> 00:08:36,910
+point, we want it to be what, reached and
+
+153
+00:08:36,910 --> 00:08:39,450
+understood Here if we wanted to show the case
+
+154
+00:08:39,450 --> 00:08:42,910
+without colors, without colors, we will find that
+
+155
+00:08:42,910 --> 00:08:44,630
+there is an interference between the pictures of
+
+156
+00:08:44,630 --> 00:08:48,210
+the points, this is to clarify the idea onlyA
+
+157
+00:08:48,210 --> 00:08:50,250
+condition interferes with B condition, with C
+
+158
+00:08:50,250 --> 00:08:52,610
+condition, the interference can be simple as we
+
+159
+00:08:52,610 --> 00:08:55,250
+see here And it can be a very big interference,
+
+160
+00:08:55,590 --> 00:08:59,810
+like this tight spot and this tight spot are
+
+161
+00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,770
+almost interfering with each other's
+
+162
+00:09:06,770 --> 00:09:10,430
+half of the space So the more the interference
+
+163
+00:09:10,430 --> 00:09:12,710
+increases, that is, many types or many sizes of
+
+164
+00:09:12,710 --> 00:09:16,050
+interferenceSo you will lose the quality of the
+
+165
+00:09:16,050 --> 00:09:18,790
+image, you will lose the quality of the image So
+
+166
+00:09:18,790 --> 00:09:22,210
+image quality, when we talk about image quality
+
+167
+00:09:22,210 --> 00:09:24,990
+and we want to do the experiment that we talked
+
+168
+00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:27,850
+about We will say that from each point in the
+
+169
+00:09:27,850 --> 00:09:32,830
+object, small pencil of rays from each object
+
+170
+00:09:32,830 --> 00:09:38,150
+point traverses the pinhole aperture means it will
+
+171
+00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:40,670
+contribute to the formation of the image as the
+
+172
+00:09:40,670 --> 00:09:44,490
+painterAnd the closer the two points in the object
+
+173
+00:09:44,490 --> 00:09:48,110
+are to each other, the more their pictures, which
+
+174
+00:09:48,110 --> 00:09:51,190
+are the spots or the player circles, interfere
+
+175
+00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:55,430
+with each other and thus blur each other and
+
+176
+00:09:55,430 --> 00:10:00,210
+reduce the quality of the picture. Now what's the
+
+177
+00:10:00,210 --> 00:10:03,010
+solution? What's the solution? The solution is to
+
+178
+00:10:03,010 --> 00:10:07,110
+minimizeThe pinhole is made smaller to make the
+
+179
+00:10:07,110 --> 00:10:10,410
+light band smaller in size and therefore the Blair
+
+180
+00:10:10,410 --> 00:10:13,870
+circle is smaller in size and therefore their
+
+181
+00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:17,590
+interference is less, their interference is less
+
+182
+00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:20,870
+and therefore this is the case each object point
+
+183
+00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:25,110
+produces two millimeter diameter spot in the image
+
+184
+00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:29,530
+that is, each point in the object is a circle or
+
+185
+00:10:29,530 --> 00:10:35,040
+spotقطور هاتنين ملي These spots are called player
+
+186
+00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:39,900
+circles بنسمي كل بقعة من هذه البقعة دوائر التغبيش
+
+187
+00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:43,520
+أو بقعة التغبيش لإن هم مش واضحين تماما، يعني في
+
+188
+00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:48,360
+كمية من عدم الوضوح بالنسبة لهمthis term is
+
+189
+00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:52,800
+somewhat misleading because off-axis object points
+
+190
+00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,420
+technically produce elliptical spots in the image
+
+191
+00:10:56,420 --> 00:11:00,180
+نرجع منقول دائما يعني لأ احنا سمناهم player circle
+
+192
+00:11:00,180 --> 00:11:04,360
+تجاوزا بس أحيانا بيكون نقطة في ال object off axis
+
+193
+00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:09,260
+يعني بعيدة عن ال optical axis بعيدة عن المحورSo
+
+194
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:12,220
+when there is a point in the object that is far
+
+195
+00:11:12,220 --> 00:11:14,720
+away, the rays or the light beam that comes from
+
+196
+00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,460
+it will come in a curve, it will not make a
+
+197
+00:11:17,460 --> 00:11:20,380
+circular point, it will make a white point, they
+
+198
+00:11:20,380 --> 00:11:23,080
+call it Blur Ellipse Regardless of whether it is a
+
+199
+00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:26,700
+Blur Circle or Blur Ellipse, then the image of
+
+200
+00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:30,560
+each point will occupy a somewhat larger area than
+
+201
+00:11:30,560 --> 00:11:33,020
+the image and this will cause interference between
+
+202
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:37,820
+the points imagesIn addition, this analysis
+
+203
+00:11:37,820 --> 00:11:40,760
+ignores diffraction effects that make the spot
+
+204
+00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:45,870
+larger and more irregularwhich is the Blair circle
+
+205
+00:11:45,870 --> 00:11:49,430
+as you can see or the Blair ellipse we still
+
+206
+00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:52,350
+haven't talked about something or phenomenon that
+
+207
+00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:56,490
+we talked about in previous lectures which is the
+
+208
+00:11:56,490 --> 00:11:58,850
+phenomenon of diffraction we can see that the
+
+209
+00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:03,070
+light beam entered from the pinhole and remained
+
+210
+00:12:03,070 --> 00:12:06,910
+straight in its path from the first point which we
+
+211
+00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:09,730
+called A and remained in its path to form a
+
+212
+00:12:09,730 --> 00:12:13,260
+condition and from the second pointIt remained in
+
+213
+00:12:13,260 --> 00:12:16,540
+its way and formed a condition for B Here between
+
+214
+00:12:16,540 --> 00:12:18,220
+B condition and A condition according to the
+
+215
+00:12:18,220 --> 00:12:20,340
+drawing there is no interference, while here there
+
+216
+00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,360
+is interference because A condition A and B are
+
+217
+00:12:23,360 --> 00:12:26,680
+close to each other, so A condition and B
+
+218
+00:12:26,680 --> 00:12:29,080
+condition are interfering and coming to each other
+
+219
+00:12:29,690 --> 00:12:32,970
+Of course, in these drawings, we neglected or did
+
+220
+00:12:32,970 --> 00:12:35,790
+not mention that when light passes through any
+
+221
+00:12:35,790 --> 00:12:38,470
+opening in a wall, whether pinhole or non-pinhole,
+
+222
+00:12:38,770 --> 00:12:41,390
+it has the phenomenon of diffraction, which is
+
+223
+00:12:41,390 --> 00:12:43,570
+that the edges move away from its path because
+
+224
+00:12:43,570 --> 00:12:46,990
+light has a wave natureand therefore it becomes
+
+225
+00:12:46,990 --> 00:12:49,590
+more complicated and it becomes something that is
+
+226
+00:12:49,590 --> 00:12:51,830
+not in a layer circle, something that is distorted
+
+227
+00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:55,730
+or in an irregular shape, whatever the condition,
+
+228
+00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:59,470
+it can be a shape that is close to being a spot or
+
+229
+00:12:59,470 --> 00:13:05,950
+ellipse or it can have distorted edgesIn addition,
+
+230
+00:13:06,190 --> 00:13:09,930
+this analysis ignores the diffraction effects that
+
+231
+00:13:09,930 --> 00:13:15,110
+make the spot larger and
+
+232
+00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:20,750
+more
+
+233
+00:13:20,750 --> 00:13:23,590
+irregular because it's not necessarily going to
+
+234
+00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:24,510
+end up
+
+235
+00:13:28,380 --> 00:13:31,960
+Regardless, each object point is represented by a
+
+236
+00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:35,100
+Blair circle in the image, and the farther the
+
+237
+00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:37,700
+image is from a pinhole, the larger the Blair
+
+238
+00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:38,880
+circle in the image
+
+239
+00:13:45,510 --> 00:13:49,590
+gave me circles or blair circles with a diameter
+
+240
+00:13:49,590 --> 00:13:53,710
+of 2 mm if we move away the receipt paper, it will
+
+241
+00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:55,890
+become bigger than the blair circle, why? because
+
+242
+00:13:55,890 --> 00:13:58,990
+the light will spread more and move away from each
+
+243
+00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:02,210
+other it will become after a period of 3 mm, 4 mm,
+
+244
+00:14:02,650 --> 00:14:06,430
+cm, etc. so, the more we move away the place of
+
+245
+00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:10,170
+the image, the more the diameter of the blair
+
+246
+00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:13,830
+circle increasesيعني هذه الدوائر بتصبح أكبر وأكبر
+
+247
+00:14:13,830 --> 00:14:19,830
+وبيزيد تداخلها مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+248
+00:14:19,830 --> 00:14:19,830
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+249
+00:14:19,830 --> 00:14:21,690
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+250
+00:14:21,690 --> 00:14:24,250
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+251
+00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:24,250
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع
+
+252
+00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:24,250
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع
+
+253
+00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:24,250
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع
+
+254
+00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:24,750
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع
+
+255
+00:14:24,750 --> 00:14:30,720
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعضis reduced or blurred
+
+256
+00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,240
+by the degree to which the blur circles interfere
+
+257
+00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:37,820
+so that we do not forget blur circles each blur
+
+258
+00:14:37,820 --> 00:14:41,140
+circle is a picture of a point from the point of
+
+259
+00:14:41,140 --> 00:14:42,940
+the object that is, what is the condition of a
+
+260
+00:14:42,940 --> 00:14:46,630
+blur circle? What picture?B Sharta, we use the
+
+261
+00:14:46,630 --> 00:14:49,270
+word player circle, which is a circle or a point
+
+262
+00:14:49,270 --> 00:14:53,050
+which is a description of itself, a description of
+
+263
+00:14:53,050 --> 00:14:56,450
+itself So A Sharta and B Sharta and C Sharta and D
+
+264
+00:14:56,450 --> 00:14:58,390
+Sharta and so on, which are the pictures of the
+
+265
+00:14:58,390 --> 00:15:01,210
+points of the object on the receipt paper, which
+
+266
+00:15:01,210 --> 00:15:04,550
+in their group will form the image The more they
+
+267
+00:15:04,550 --> 00:15:08,090
+interfere with each other, the more the
+
+268
+00:15:08,090 --> 00:15:10,310
+interference increases, the more the image detail
+
+269
+00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:27,540
+to some extent, the loss of details is mitigated
+
+270
+00:15:27,540 --> 00:15:29,560
+with the use of smaller pinhole
+
+271
+00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,280
+Pinhole became smaller, the player circle became
+
+272
+00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:41,700
+smaller, and the ratio of interaction became
+
+273
+00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:46,260
+smaller, the picture became more detailed, more
+
+274
+00:15:46,260 --> 00:15:50,300
+detailed, but we have several things, the first
+
+275
+00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:54,210
+thingThe first thing we need to know is that the
+
+276
+00:15:54,210 --> 00:15:57,830
+smaller the pinhole is, the more details it gives
+
+277
+00:15:57,830 --> 00:15:58,610
+us.
+
+278
+00:16:01,670 --> 00:16:04,150
+Why? Because the player circles have less
+
+279
+00:16:04,150 --> 00:16:06,650
+interaction with each other. But we need to know
+
+280
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:09,490
+and remember from the first lecture that the
+
+281
+00:16:09,490 --> 00:16:12,830
+pinhole images are too faint to be useful.
+
+282
+00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:21,830
+طيب طالما باهيت جدا و أنا روحت زغرت ال pinhole
+
+283
+00:16:21,830 --> 00:16:25,630
+كمان و كمان إذا الحزمة الضوئية اللي أصبحت تدخل في
+
+284
+00:16:25,630 --> 00:16:28,990
+ال pinhole من كل نقطة من نقاط ال object أصبحت أصغر
+
+285
+00:16:28,990 --> 00:16:33,190
+عدد الأشعة أقل فبالتالي هتصير أبهت مما كانت عليه
+
+286
+00:16:33,190 --> 00:16:38,450
+إذا ال smaller pinhole كل مكان ال pinhole أصغر في
+
+287
+00:16:38,450 --> 00:16:45,490
+القطر بيعطيني more detailed بس أقل إضاءة يعني
+
+288
+00:16:45,490 --> 00:16:46,370
+بيعطيني
+
+289
+00:16:48,630 --> 00:16:53,130
+smaller pinhole gives dimmer but more detailed
+
+290
+00:16:53,130 --> 00:16:57,370
+image يعني بيعطيني صورة أكثر اعتاما بس أكثر
+
+291
+00:16:57,370 --> 00:17:03,110
+تفاصيلا أكثر اعتاما لإنه نصيب كل نقطة أو نصيب كل
+
+292
+00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:09,210
+صورة لنقطة نصيب إيه شرطة من إيه حزمة شععية أقل مما
+
+293
+00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:12,710
+if we used a bigger pinhole when we used a bigger
+
+294
+00:17:12,710 --> 00:17:16,470
+pinhole from A was a share of 100,000 rays
+
+295
+00:17:16,470 --> 00:17:19,190
+entering for example and becoming a condition for
+
+296
+00:17:19,190 --> 00:17:22,810
+A while when we used a smaller pinhole the 100,000
+
+297
+00:17:22,810 --> 00:17:26,830
+rays became 1000 rays that is, the share fell down
+
+298
+00:17:26,830 --> 00:17:30,030
+to one percent of what it used to be if we say
+
+299
+00:17:30,030 --> 00:17:33,130
+that the main pinhole which is a little wider than
+
+300
+00:17:33,130 --> 00:17:36,310
+this means that its images are bigger so the
+
+301
+00:17:36,310 --> 00:17:38,410
+images of the smaller pinhole will be more
+
+302
+00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:44,610
+bahatanan and dimar means more probably, more
+
+303
+00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:49,750
+probably, so smaller pinhole gives dimar but more
+
+304
+00:17:49,750 --> 00:17:53,290
+detailed image, but the details in it are more,
+
+305
+00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:55,350
+what is the reason? Because it has less
+
+306
+00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:59,830
+interference, less interference withBetween
+
+307
+00:17:59,830 --> 00:18:02,690
+pictures of dots between A condition and B
+
+308
+00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:05,210
+condition and C condition because the Blair circle
+
+309
+00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,650
+gets smaller with the pinhole getting smaller
+
+310
+00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:11,950
+Using the smallest pinhole makes the picture
+
+311
+00:18:12,830 --> 00:18:16,210
+Correct, it's more coherent, but it has better
+
+312
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:19,270
+details, it has better details Let's see here the
+
+313
+00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:21,990
+experiment here, here I have the object, it's the
+
+314
+00:18:21,990 --> 00:18:25,650
+same object, here I used small hole or small pin
+
+315
+00:18:25,650 --> 00:18:31,290
+hole, and here I used large ..Hall, of course, the
+
+316
+00:18:31,290 --> 00:18:34,610
+small hall gave me a clearer image Clearer image,
+
+317
+00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,350
+but it is more obscured, that is, the amount of
+
+318
+00:18:38,350 --> 00:18:40,770
+light in it is less Because from every point of
+
+319
+00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:43,810
+the object point, its percentage in sending a
+
+320
+00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:47,390
+light band will be less than its image While here,
+
+321
+00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:49,790
+the percentage is greater, but there is an
+
+322
+00:18:49,790 --> 00:18:51,710
+interference between the points between A
+
+323
+00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:53,550
+condition and B condition and C condition and D
+
+324
+00:18:53,550 --> 00:18:56,890
+condition and so on So, the picture became as a
+
+325
+00:18:56,890 --> 00:18:57,850
+result of this interference
+
+326
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:14,350
+smaller penhole has advantages that it gives more
+
+327
+00:19:14,350 --> 00:19:17,710
+details and disadvantages that it gives less
+
+328
+00:19:17,710 --> 00:19:23,520
+detailsI'tam أكتر يعني الصورة معتمة أكتر بينما
+
+329
+00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:27,860
+تفاصيلها أوضح هنا الصورة مضيقة أكتر بس مغبشة نتيجة
+
+330
+00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:33,380
+تداخل صور النقاط مع بعضها البعضsmaller pinhole
+
+331
+00:19:33,380 --> 00:19:36,740
+gives dimmer but more detailed image however
+
+332
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,480
+smaller the pinhole the more the diffraction
+
+333
+00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:43,580
+reduces image equality
+
+334
+00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:50,660
+أحنا هنا مش رسمين ظاهرة الـ diffraction أحنا هنا
+
+335
+00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:51,980
+مش رسمين ظاهرة الـ diffraction كل ما زغرنا ال
+
+336
+00:19:51,980 --> 00:19:55,320
+pinhole بيزيد ال diffraction اللي هو حيود الأشعة
+
+337
+00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:59,720
+عن مصارها و تشتتها و بالتالي هيزيد في مشكلة عدم
+
+338
+00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:03,920
+وضوح الصورة لأنه أنا زغرت ال pinhole لإذا تصغير ال
+
+339
+00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:04,420
+pinhole
+
+340
+00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:22,570
+the only way to avoid any loss of detail is to
+
+341
+00:20:22,570 --> 00:20:26,690
+produce a perfect point image of each object point
+
+342
+00:20:28,890 --> 00:20:32,510
+القاعدة الرئيسية أو القاعدة الأم هذه الجملة هي
+
+343
+00:20:32,510 --> 00:20:38,610
+القاعدة الأم للحصول على صورة طبق الأصل من أي جسم،
+
+344
+00:20:38,610 --> 00:20:44,210
+من أي جسم نرجع للصورة الملونة هنا، بنقول، بدنا
+
+345
+00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,830
+ناخد البقعة المضيقة هاي باللون الأبيض، بنقول هاي
+
+346
+00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:50,970
+صورة النقطة A، النقطة A موجودة في ال object و هاي
+
+347
+00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,420
+صورتها في ال imageand here this is the picture of
+
+348
+00:20:54,420 --> 00:20:59,280
+point B in yellow and here in red is the picture
+
+349
+00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:00,300
+of point C
+
+350
+00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:29,750
+وصور نقاط أخرى المهم جد ما احنا نظغر في الدوائر
+
+351
+00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:33,390
+هاى أو في البقع هاى بتصغير البنهول أو بأي وسيلة
+
+352
+00:21:33,390 --> 00:21:39,130
+كانت بنستطيعها الحل الوحيد عشان الصورة .. عشان
+
+353
+00:21:39,130 --> 00:21:42,820
+الصورة تصير ..Its quality and details are all
+
+354
+00:21:42,820 --> 00:21:46,380
+there, that is, the details in the object are the
+
+355
+00:21:46,380 --> 00:21:49,360
+same as those in the picture, in other words, in
+
+356
+00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:52,020
+order for the picture to resemble the object one
+
+357
+00:21:52,020 --> 00:21:55,960
+hundred percent, we must reach a point that there
+
+358
+00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:59,890
+is no interferenceThere is no interference in the
+
+359
+00:21:59,890 --> 00:22:02,590
+sense that there is no point image that interferes
+
+360
+00:22:02,590 --> 00:22:05,170
+with another point image What is the condition? Do
+
+361
+00:22:05,170 --> 00:22:07,330
+not interfere with B condition or with C condition
+
+362
+00:22:07,330 --> 00:22:10,070
+or one of them interferes with the other And so on
+
+363
+00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:13,570
+all images of points of the object In order to
+
+364
+00:22:13,570 --> 00:22:16,930
+reach this point, in order not to interfere, what
+
+365
+00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:20,130
+condition must be a point? Like A is a point in
+
+366
+00:22:20,130 --> 00:22:23,470
+the object, point And B condition must be a point
+
+367
+00:22:23,470 --> 00:22:27,850
+When we minimize the Blair CircleOr the Blur
+
+368
+00:22:27,850 --> 00:22:31,110
+Ellipse, when we minimize the image of the point
+
+369
+00:22:31,110 --> 00:22:36,170
+to the extent that we can get the image of the
+
+370
+00:22:36,170 --> 00:22:40,430
+point to be a point, then there will be no
+
+371
+00:22:40,430 --> 00:22:42,610
+interference between the images of the points of
+
+372
+00:22:42,610 --> 00:22:45,530
+the body, which in a group will form a picture,
+
+373
+00:22:45,630 --> 00:22:49,880
+and then the picture will be a perfect imageA full
+
+374
+00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:52,960
+picture with all the details of the object,
+
+375
+00:22:53,060 --> 00:22:55,720
+meaning that if we put it next to the object, the
+
+376
+00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:57,940
+person will not be able to distinguish between
+
+377
+00:22:57,940 --> 00:23:00,880
+which image and which body, which image and which
+
+378
+00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:06,000
+body So the basic rule to get a high image quality
+
+379
+00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,480
+or the highest image quality or image quality one
+
+380
+00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:11,400
+hundred percent, what does image quality mean one
+
+381
+00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:14,380
+hundred percent? It means a picture according to
+
+382
+00:23:14,380 --> 00:23:20,170
+the originalabout the object that is 100% similar
+
+383
+00:23:20,170 --> 00:23:24,370
+in every detail so that I can get every point from
+
+384
+00:23:24,370 --> 00:23:29,450
+the object's pointsIts image must be a point in
+
+385
+00:23:29,450 --> 00:23:32,910
+the image Why must its image be a point as it is a
+
+386
+00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:36,330
+point? Because if the image of each point of the
+
+387
+00:23:36,330 --> 00:23:39,510
+body in the image was a point It will not
+
+388
+00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:42,330
+interfere with the images of the points And
+
+389
+00:23:42,330 --> 00:23:44,970
+therefore, as long as they do not interfere with
+
+390
+00:23:44,970 --> 00:23:46,990
+each other They will not interfere with each other
+
+391
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,610
+And on the contrary, the images will contain all
+
+392
+00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:56,260
+the details As long as the image of the pointsIt's
+
+393
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:00,020
+about things that are bigger than a dot, a circle,
+
+394
+00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:04,600
+or an oval shape, or an irregular shape, that will
+
+395
+00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,880
+be interfered with, as we see here, for example,
+
+396
+00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,800
+here in my region, there will be 4 interferences
+
+397
+00:24:10,860 --> 00:24:14,160
+Parts, this is the first part, this is the second
+
+398
+00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:16,840
+part, this is the third part, and this is the
+
+399
+00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,780
+fourth part. I have four narrow parts, and these
+
+400
+00:24:20,780 --> 00:24:23,180
+even interfere with each other, these five or four
+
+401
+00:24:23,180 --> 00:24:25,520
+and so on. And here too, from the side, it
+
+402
+00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:27,080
+interferes with each other. So, pictures of
+
+403
+00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,880
+points, when they are single parts and have no
+
+404
+00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,800
+space,On a picture bigger than a point, it must
+
+405
+00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,380
+interfere with the pictures of the adjacent points
+
+406
+00:24:36,380 --> 00:24:41,100
+and thus blur each other and there will not be
+
+407
+00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:44,320
+high clarity or image quality The more the
+
+408
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,540
+interference increases, the worse the picture and
+
+409
+00:24:46,540 --> 00:24:50,960
+its image quality becomes lessThe less the
+
+410
+00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:56,640
+interference, the clearer the picture became and
+
+411
+00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:59,340
+its quality became higher, that is, it began to
+
+412
+00:24:59,340 --> 00:25:04,420
+resemble the object more. In order to reach a 100%
+
+413
+00:25:04,420 --> 00:25:07,620
+resemblance to the object, each image of the point
+
+414
+00:25:07,620 --> 00:25:11,740
+image must be a point, because a point is a very
+
+415
+00:25:11,740 --> 00:25:15,520
+small point, so it will not interfere with the
+
+416
+00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,640
+surrounding points, and what revolves around it
+
+417
+00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:18,060
+will be
+
+418
+00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:29,900
+The only way to avoid any loss of detail عشان ما
+
+419
+00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,240
+نفقدش أي تفصيل من الصورة موجود بالاساس في ال
+
+420
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:38,350
+objectLazim إنه نعمل production إنه ننتج صورة
+
+421
+00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:43,730
+perfect point image of each object point يعني بدّي
+
+422
+00:25:43,730 --> 00:25:47,210
+أعطي .. لكل نقطة في ال object صورتها بده تكون في
+
+423
+00:25:47,210 --> 00:25:51,690
+ال image عبارة عن نقطة و نقطة فقط مش أكتر من نقطة
+
+424
+00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:57,900
+Theoretically نظريا if a perfect point imagecould
+
+425
+00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:01,600
+be produced for every point of an object, the
+
+426
+00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:05,880
+image would be an exact duplicate of the object
+
+427
+00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:12,290
+إذا قدرنا إنه من كل نقطة من نقاط ال objectWith the
+
+428
+00:26:12,290 --> 00:26:16,710
+help of the optical system that each point is a
+
+429
+00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:19,930
+point, not just one point, each point of the
+
+430
+00:26:19,930 --> 00:26:23,190
+object point A, point B, point C, point D, point
+
+431
+00:26:23,190 --> 00:26:24,090
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+432
+00:26:24,090 --> 00:26:25,810
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+433
+00:26:25,810 --> 00:26:26,890
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+434
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:26,890
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+435
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:26,950
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+436
+00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:27,130
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+437
+00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:27,970
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+438
+00:26:27,970 --> 00:26:28,470
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+439
+00:26:28,470 --> 00:26:28,530
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+440
+00:26:28,530 --> 00:26:28,970
+point E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point
+
+441
+00:26:28,970 --> 00:26:35,430
+E, point E, point E, point E, point E, point E,
+
+442
+00:26:35,990 --> 00:26:41,760
+point E, point Eand B-sharp is a point and C-sharp
+
+443
+00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:44,620
+is a point to infinity until it completes all
+
+444
+00:26:44,620 --> 00:26:46,600
+points of the object, that is, the pictures of the
+
+445
+00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,020
+points of the object are all points if we reach
+
+446
+00:26:50,020 --> 00:26:54,080
+this case, then we will get a picture according to
+
+447
+00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:56,860
+the origin of the object, which means that if we
+
+448
+00:26:56,860 --> 00:26:58,820
+put this picture next to the object, we should not
+
+449
+00:26:58,820 --> 00:27:01,440
+be able to distinguish between them because they
+
+450
+00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:03,800
+have the same details and why here I say
+
+451
+00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,810
+theoretically becausePractically, practically
+
+452
+00:27:06,810 --> 00:27:12,410
+until now, no matter how advanced the cameras and
+
+453
+00:27:12,410 --> 00:27:17,810
+lenses are from the amazing capabilities, except
+
+454
+00:27:17,810 --> 00:27:21,290
+that we have not reached a device that produces a
+
+455
+00:27:21,290 --> 00:27:28,190
+picture 100% according to the original, 100%We say
+
+456
+00:27:28,190 --> 00:27:32,070
+perfect point image of an object point is called a
+
+457
+00:27:32,070 --> 00:27:37,250
+stigmatic image Stigmatic image When we get a
+
+458
+00:27:37,250 --> 00:27:39,930
+picture of each point from the point of the object
+
+459
+00:27:39,930 --> 00:27:42,950
+in the form of a point That is, the picture of the
+
+460
+00:27:42,950 --> 00:27:46,470
+point is a point, I call it a stigmatic image
+
+461
+00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:51,090
+Stigmatic, not astigmatic, stigmatic image means a
+
+462
+00:27:51,090 --> 00:27:54,010
+picture as it should be Stigmatic image means a
+
+463
+00:27:54,010 --> 00:27:58,560
+picture as it should be The word stigmaticIt came
+
+464
+00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,800
+from the ancient Greek language, Greek, from the
+
+465
+00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:08,360
+word stigma Stigma means sharply pointed stylus,
+
+466
+00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:10,780
+which means sharply pointed stylus, which means
+
+467
+00:28:10,780 --> 00:28:13,760
+sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+468
+00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:17,340
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+469
+00:28:17,340 --> 00:28:20,140
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+470
+00:28:20,140 --> 00:28:21,920
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+471
+00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:23,000
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+472
+00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+473
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+474
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+475
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+476
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+477
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+478
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+479
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+480
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+481
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+482
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+483
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+484
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+485
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply
+
+486
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:25,020
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+487
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:26,280
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus
+
+488
+00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:51,770
+Loss of detailsoccurs in lens and mirror imaging
+
+489
+00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:55,930
+as well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+490
+00:28:55,930 --> 00:28:56,030
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+491
+00:28:56,030 --> 00:28:56,030
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+492
+00:28:56,030 --> 00:28:56,070
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+493
+00:28:56,070 --> 00:29:00,430
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+494
+00:29:00,430 --> 00:29:14,110
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+495
+00:29:14,110 --> 00:29:15,850
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+496
+00:29:15,850 --> 00:29:16,550
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+497
+00:29:16,550 --> 00:29:16,550
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+498
+00:29:16,550 --> 00:29:17,590
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+499
+00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:17,610
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+500
+00:29:17,610 --> 00:29:17,650
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+501
+00:29:17,650 --> 00:29:17,650
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+502
+00:29:17,650 --> 00:29:17,670
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+503
+00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:17,690
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+504
+00:29:17,690 --> 00:29:17,690
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+505
+00:29:17,690 --> 00:29:17,690
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+506
+00:29:17,690 --> 00:29:17,830
+well as well as well as well as well as well as
+
+507
+00:29:17,970 --> 00:29:21,890
+صورة طبق الأصل 100% المرة القادمة ان شاء الله
+
+508
+00:29:21,890 --> 00:29:28,390
+يتعالى هنتكلم على إيش اللي بيحصل معايا لما بستخدم
+
+509
+00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:32,390
+optical system عبارة عن lens أو mirror يترا كيف
+
+510
+00:29:32,390 --> 00:29:36,710
+شكل صور النقاط صورة A اللي هي A شرطة وصورة B اللي
+
+511
+00:29:36,710 --> 00:29:41,690
+هي B شرطةكيف بيكون شكلهم لما بستخدم العدسات و
+
+512
+00:29:41,690 --> 00:29:44,670
+المرايا طبعا احنا لما استخدمنا اليوم ال pen hole
+
+513
+00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:48,410
+اعتطنى صورة النقطة عبارة عن بقعة و سمناها هذه
+
+514
+00:29:48,410 --> 00:29:52,790
+البقعة player circle او player ال lips طب لما
+
+515
+00:29:52,790 --> 00:29:55,930
+بستخدم عدسة اش اللى هى يصير الوضع عندى هذا اللى
+
+516
+00:29:55,930 --> 00:29:59,050
+هنعرفه فى المحاضرة الجاية و يعطيكوا .. يعطيكوا
+
+517
+00:29:59,050 --> 00:30:02,250
+العافية و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/bvkvObAN1wQ_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:07,470
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، عنا مسألة object موجود على
+
+2
+00:00:07,470 --> 00:00:13,030
+مسافة من عدسة، هذه العدسة كونت صورة لهذا ال object
+
+3
+00:00:13,030 --> 00:00:18,570
+على يمين، على يمين العدسة بمسافة واحد متر، أن
+
+4
+00:00:18,570 --> 00:00:23,030
+للهوة واحد وأن شرطة أيضا للهوة واحد، بدنا نشوف
+
+5
+00:00:23,030 --> 00:00:26,790
+مسافة ال object، بدنا نشوف مسافة ال object، بنقول
+
+6
+00:00:26,790 --> 00:00:38,300
+أن على أPlus P Equals Unconditional
+
+7
+00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:49,420
+over I Unconditional
+
+8
+00:00:49,420 --> 00:00:53,660
+over O Unconditional over 1 over O Unknown That's
+
+9
+00:00:53,660 --> 00:00:57,200
+why we didn't give it a minus sign Plus the power
+
+10
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:57,540
+6
+
+11
+00:01:01,250 --> 00:01:11,270
+يساوي أنشرطة واحد على I اللي هي plus واحد متر plus
+
+12
+00:01:11,270 --> 00:01:17,130
+واحد متر طيب واحد
+
+13
+00:01:17,130 --> 00:01:25,270
+على O زي ما احنا واحد على O يساوي
+
+14
+00:01:28,050 --> 00:01:31,870
+For plus 6 diopter will move to minus 6 diopter
+
+15
+00:01:31,870 --> 00:01:37,170
+plus
+
+16
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:45,010
+1 over 1 meter will become 1 meter minus 1, 1
+
+17
+00:01:45,010 --> 00:01:49,650
+diopterone when we divide it by plus one it
+
+18
+00:01:49,650 --> 00:01:52,470
+remains plus one the meter in the unit when it
+
+19
+00:01:52,470 --> 00:01:54,830
+goes up it becomes meter plus minus one which is
+
+20
+00:01:54,830 --> 00:01:58,390
+the diopter so minus six diopters plus one
+
+21
+00:01:58,390 --> 00:02:07,190
+diopters equals one over O equals minus five
+
+22
+00:02:07,190 --> 00:02:14,470
+diopters I want O I change it I say one over
+
+23
+00:02:17,290 --> 00:02:22,590
+Minus 5 diopter equals
+
+24
+00:02:22,590 --> 00:02:26,910
+O So
+
+25
+00:02:26,910 --> 00:02:31,290
+O equals
+
+26
+00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,390
+1
+
+27
+00:02:35,390 --> 00:02:42,100
+over minus 5 minus 5 minus 2 out of 10and the
+
+28
+00:02:42,100 --> 00:02:44,420
+diopter is one meter minus one when it goes up by
+
+29
+00:02:44,420 --> 00:02:47,180
+six meters this is the distance of the object the
+
+30
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:50,060
+distance of the object is minus two meters minus
+
+31
+00:02:50,060 --> 00:02:53,160
+two out of ten sorry minus two out of ten meters
+
+32
+00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:55,480
+which is twenty centimeters to the left twenty
+
+33
+00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,120
+centimeters to the left so the distance of the
+
+34
+00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:05,560
+object is twenty centimeters from
+
+35
+00:03:07,780 --> 00:03:10,360
+on the left of the optical system on the left of
+
+36
+00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:12,360
+the optical system which is the left of the lens
+
+37
+00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:15,680
+then
+
+38
+00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,220
+20 centimeters now if I wanted to bring the
+
+39
+00:03:18,220 --> 00:03:22,180
+transfer magnification to transfer magnification
+
+40
+00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:43,420
+transphase magnification is equal to image
+
+41
+00:03:43,420 --> 00:03:51,100
+distance divided by object distance which is equal
+
+42
+00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:56,840
+to image distance one meter divided by object
+
+43
+00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:02,440
+distance which is minus two out of ten meters
+
+44
+00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:15,320
+which is equal to xPlus over minus minus one meter
+
+45
+00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:20,100
+or one over two ten fiveوالمتر على متر بيروح X
+
+46
+00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:25,400
+minus خمسة إذا الصورة مجلوبة وخمس مرات ارتفاع ال
+
+47
+00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,840
+object خمس مرات ارتفاع ال object فبالتالي هذه
+
+48
+00:04:28,840 --> 00:04:36,240
+القضية بتوضحلي قضية ل transfers magnification ل
+
+49
+00:04:36,240 --> 00:04:39,420
+transfers magnification هيك بتنتهي المسألة
+
+50
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:43,560
+ويعطيفكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cMgHJP8RmYo_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+1
+00:00:03,690 --> 00:00:06,750
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have an example
+
+2
+00:00:06,750 --> 00:00:12,230
+that says calculate the optical path length. The
+
+3
+00:00:12,230 --> 00:00:15,590
+light started from point A, walked in the air two
+
+4
+00:00:15,590 --> 00:00:17,850
+and a half meters, then in the water twenty
+
+5
+00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:20,570
+centimeters, then in the glass thirty centimeters,
+
+6
+00:00:21,030 --> 00:00:23,990
+then in the air again one and a half meters, until
+
+7
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:27,410
+it reached point B, which is the end of the
+
+8
+00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:30,230
+journey. We need to calculate the optical path
+
+9
+00:00:30,230 --> 00:00:34,430
+length. We say that the actual distance that the
+
+10
+00:00:34,430 --> 00:00:37,330
+light moves is 2.5 meters, plus 20 centimeters,
+
+11
+00:00:37,490 --> 00:00:39,670
+which is 2 out of 10 meters, plus 30 centimeters,
+
+12
+00:00:39,830 --> 00:00:43,470
+which is 3 out of 10 meters, plus 1.5 meters in
+
+13
+00:00:43,470 --> 00:00:46,710
+the air. In total, all together will be 4.5
+
+14
+00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:50,630
+meters. The optical path length is equal to
+
+15
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:56,800
+multiply each distance by the refractive index two
+
+16
+00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:00,540
+and a half meter multiplied by one two and a half
+
+17
+00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:04,380
+meter
+
+18
+00:01:04,380 --> 00:01:09,460
+multiplied by one plus two out of ten all in
+
+19
+00:01:09,460 --> 00:01:12,560
+meters multiplied by one and three out of ten this
+
+20
+00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:18,760
+is refractive index plus three out of ten meters
+
+21
+00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:22,580
+multiplied by one and a half plus
+
+22
+00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:28,240
+one and a half meter in the air times one which is
+
+23
+00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:31,260
+the refractive index for the air two and a half
+
+24
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:35,840
+meters in one equals two and a half meters plus
+
+25
+00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:40,280
+two out of ten meters in one and three out of ten
+
+26
+00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:47,340
+equals twenty six out of one hundred meters three
+
+27
+00:01:47,340 --> 00:01:53,730
+out of ten meters in one and Forty-five hundred
+
+28
+00:01:53,730 --> 00:02:00,910
+meters Forty-five hundred meters plus one and a
+
+29
+00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,510
+half meters per one remains one and a half meters
+
+30
+00:02:03,510 --> 00:02:08,190
+We add these distances, we say I have two and a
+
+31
+00:02:08,190 --> 00:02:15,590
+half meters plus twenty-six hundred meters plus
+
+32
+00:02:15,590 --> 00:02:18,430
+forty-five hundred meters
+
+33
+00:02:23,450 --> 00:02:28,230
+plus one and a half meters one and a half meters
+
+34
+00:02:28,230 --> 00:02:36,090
+their total is six and five is eleven six and two
+
+35
+00:02:36,090 --> 00:02:41,470
+is eight and nine is seventeen one and two is
+
+36
+00:02:41,470 --> 00:02:46,990
+three and one is four so the answer is four and
+
+37
+00:02:46,990 --> 00:02:51,990
+seventy one hundred meters what does optical path
+
+38
+00:02:51,990 --> 00:02:58,150
+length mean? 4.71 meters. The light actually moved
+
+39
+00:02:58,150 --> 00:03:06,150
+a distance of 4.5 meters. But if you leaveThe ball
+
+40
+00:03:06,150 --> 00:03:10,290
+would fly in the air at the same time that it
+
+41
+00:03:10,290 --> 00:03:13,810
+crossed the distance from A to B, okay? It crossed
+
+42
+00:03:13,810 --> 00:03:17,030
+4.5 meters, if it was all air, it would have been
+
+43
+00:03:17,030 --> 00:03:20,530
+able to cross 4.71 meters from 100 meters, which
+
+44
+00:03:20,530 --> 00:03:24,470
+is 4.71 meters, and thus the matter would have
+
+45
+00:03:24,470 --> 00:03:26,210
+been solved, may Allah give you health and peace
+
+46
+00:03:26,210 --> 00:03:28,250
+be upon you and His mercy and blessings
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/dgi4DFryNLg.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1167 @@
+
+1
+00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:06,180
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim, we stopped at the
+
+2
+00:00:06,180 --> 00:00:09,380
+image characteristics, which are the attributes of 
+
+3
+00:00:09,380 --> 00:00:12,280
+the image. We said that the journey starts from the 
+
+4
+00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:16,620
+object, through the optical system, and ends with 
+
+5
+00:00:16,620 --> 00:00:19,740
+the image. We talked last time about the object 
+
+6
+00:00:19,740 --> 00:00:22,240
+characteristics, the attributes of the object, and 
+
+7
+00:00:22,240 --> 00:00:23,860
+we said that what matters to us are two 
+
+8
+00:00:23,860 --> 00:00:25,500
+attributes, which are location, the location of 
+
+9
+00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:29,310
+the object for the optical system, how far it goes 
+
+10
+00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:30,970
+away from it, and the second thing is the 
+
+11
+00:00:30,970 --> 00:00:33,130
+luminosity of the object, which means the 
+
+12
+00:00:33,130 --> 00:00:37,890
+brightness of the object, and it tells us that the 
+
+13
+00:00:37,890 --> 00:00:40,270
+object, any object in the world, can be either 
+
+14
+00:00:40,270 --> 00:00:43,870
+self-luminous, emitting its natural light,
+
+15
+00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:47,230
+which is like the light of the sun, the light of a 
+
+16
+00:00:47,230 --> 00:00:52,560
+candle, fire, etc, or illuminated.  فى حالة ما يكون مضاء
+
+17
+00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:56,860
+يعني ساقط عليه ضوء آخر، مش ذاتى الإضاءة، ساقط عليه
+
+18
+00:00:56,860 --> 00:01:00,680
+ضوء آخر، ضرورى يكون عاكس، ضرورى يكون عاكس. اليوم 
+
+19
+00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,900
+in the image characteristics, which are the attributes of 
+
+20
+00:01:03,900 --> 00:01:09,120
+the image, we'll talk about four attributes, the magnification, 
+
+21
+00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:12,610
+the location, the location of the image of 
+
+22
+00:01:12,610 --> 00:01:17,070
+course, for the optical system, the quality, the 
+
+23
+00:01:17,070 --> 00:01:19,390
+quality of the image, and the brightness, the 
+
+24
+00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:23,310
+amount of light or the clarity of the image. The 
+
+25
+00:01:23,310 --> 00:01:26,070
+quality, which is how much the image resembles the 
+
+26
+00:01:26,070 --> 00:01:29,690
+object, whether it is 80 percent, 90 percent, 95 
+
+27
+00:01:29,690 --> 00:01:34,350
+percent, close to 100 percent, etc. Therefore, the 
+
+28
+00:01:34,350 --> 00:01:38,760
+quality means how much the image resembles the 
+
+29
+00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:40,960
+object, not the image that resembles the object, 
+
+30
+00:01:41,380 --> 00:01:44,220
+which is its image, which is its image. Let's start 
+
+31
+00:01:44,220 --> 00:01:48,420
+talking about magnification and we say that the 
+
+32
+00:01:48,420 --> 00:01:51,880
+word magnification means to magnify, while in the 
+
+33
+00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,000
+science of geometrical optics, the word 
+
+34
+00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,820
+magnification can mean to magnify. وممكن تعني 
+
+35
+00:01:57,820 --> 00:02:04,480
+diminution.  فبالتالي هنبدأ نتعامل مع أول صفة 
+
+36
+00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,480
+من صفات الصورة اللي هي إيش ال magnification ال 
+
+37
+00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,440
+magnification.  ال magnification في عندنا تلت أنواع 
+
+38
+00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:17,420
+من ال magnification أو التكبير ال three types are 
+
+39
+00:02:17,420 --> 00:02:21,080
+considered in geometrical optics.  ال transfers
+
+40
+00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:26,350
+magnification و ال angular magnificationوالـ axial
+
+41
+00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:31,730
+magnification. The ratio of the height of an image 
+
+42
+00:02:31,730 --> 00:02:34,730
+to the height of the corresponding object is known
+
+43
+00:02:34,730 --> 00:02:39,370
+as Transverse Magnification.  نسبة ارتفاع الصورة
+
+44
+00:02:39,370 --> 00:02:44,710
+لارتفاع الجسم بتاعها اللي هي صورته يعتبر او هو 
+
+45
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:48,250
+عبارة عن تعريف لـ Transverse Magnification هو
+
+46
+00:02:48,250 --> 00:02:52,350
+تعريف لـ Transverse Magnification. I have a body, 
+
+47
+00:02:52,550 --> 00:02:55,050
+which is a candle, and I have an optical system, 
+
+48
+00:02:55,350 --> 00:02:57,370
+and these are the components of a picture. A 
+
+49
+00:02:57,370 --> 00:02:58,570
+person can tell me that the picture is upside 
+
+50
+00:02:58,570 --> 00:03:01,170
+down. Now we are not discussing if the picture is 
+
+51
+00:03:01,170 --> 00:03:04,270
+upside down or straight. We see that the picture 
+
+52
+00:03:04,270 --> 00:03:07,730
+appears to be upright, and as I said before, the 
+
+53
+00:03:07,730 --> 00:03:10,550
+magnification in the science of geometrical optics
+
+54
+00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:13,930
+can mean magnification and can mean diminution, 
+
+55
+00:03:13,990 --> 00:03:18,550
+but for me, it is called magnification. We say the
+
+56
+00:03:18,550 --> 00:03:21,650
+definition of Transverse Magnification.  Transverse
+
+57
+00:03:21,650 --> 00:03:24,830
+Magnification is the first type of the three types
+
+58
+00:03:24,830 --> 00:03:27,650
+of magnification, which is the ratio of the height 
+
+59
+00:03:27,650 --> 00:03:31,070
+of the image to the height of the object. The ratio 
+
+60
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:33,010
+of the height of the image to the height of the 
+
+61
+00:03:33,010 --> 00:03:34,330
+object, excuse me, to the height of the object, 
+
+62
+00:03:34,630 --> 00:03:37,470
+that is, if we say to transphase magnification,
+
+63
+00:03:37,890 --> 00:03:42,450
+what is equal as an equation? Image height over 
+
+64
+00:03:42,450 --> 00:03:47,010
+object height, image height is divided by object
+
+65
+00:03:47,010 --> 00:03:49,470
+height, here we have the image height is 2 cm in
+
+66
+00:03:49,470 --> 00:03:55,380
+the image, and the object height is 4 cm.  two 
+
+67
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,180
+centimeters over four centimeters becomes half. 
+
+68
+00:03:59,180 --> 00:04:03,080
+becomes half, so it's very important to have 
+
+69
+00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:09,820
+clear things. clear things. Now to clarify more, 
+
+70
+00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:20,400
+we want to say as follows, we 
+
+71
+00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:22,480
+want to try to measure a square of half
+
+72
+00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:36,140
+transphase magnification is equal to image height 
+
+73
+00:04:36,140 --> 00:04:50,080
+which is 2 cm, by object height, which is 4 cm and
+
+74
+00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:54,620
+it is equal to. Of course, there's a sign that we
+
+75
+00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:59,230
+will put for transfers magnification to the x-axis.
+
+76
+00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:02,810
+x means how big is the image, how many times, how 
+
+77
+00:05:02,810 --> 00:05:11,270
+many times. 2 by 4.5, and cm by cm goes away. It
+
+78
+00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:12,690
+doesn't differentiate, because it's a percentage,
+
+79
+00:05:12,690 --> 00:05:17,330
+and percentages don't differentiate, so I have to 
+
+80
+00:05:17,330 --> 00:05:21,690
+transfer magnification to the high image. Transfers 
+
+81
+00:05:21,690 --> 00:05:25,770
+magnification for this image is 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 
+
+82
+00:05:25,770 --> 00:05:31,350
+1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1
+
+83
+00:05:31,350 --> 00:05:35,610
+.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
+
+84
+00:05:35,610 --> 00:05:37,010
+x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 
+
+85
+00:05:37,010 --> 00:05:37,430
+1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1
+
+86
+00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:43,710
+x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 
+
+87
+00:05:43,710 --> 00:05:48,260
+1.5. يعني لما بشوف إشارة X معناته أنا بتكلم عن ال
+
+88
+00:05:48,260 --> 00:05:52,800
+transfers magnification. يعني كام مرة مكبر الصورة 
+
+89
+00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:56,020
+مقارنة مع ال object؟ هنا نص مرة، إيش يعني لما أشوف
+
+90
+00:05:56,020 --> 00:06:04,450
+X نص؟ X نص يعني .. يعني ..Picture's height is half
+
+91
+00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:06,850
+the height of the object. If we find in another 
+
+92
+00:06:06,850 --> 00:06:11,810
+example that the picture is, for example, 6 cm. Then
+
+93
+00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:14,650
+I want to multiply the image height which is 6 cm
+
+94
+00:06:14,650 --> 00:06:18,630
+by the object height which is 4 cm, it becomes x
+
+95
+00:06:18,630 --> 00:06:22,790
+one and a third x one and a third, or x one and a 
+
+96
+00:06:22,790 --> 00:06:32,590
+half, which is six over four, which is. one and a
+
+97
+00:06:32,590 --> 00:06:35,970
+half, one and a half, one and a half, one and a
+
+98
+00:06:35,970 --> 00:06:37,950
+half, means that the image is very big and it is
+
+99
+00:06:37,950 --> 00:06:40,910
+half the size of the object. Okay, if I find the
+
+100
+00:06:40,910 --> 00:06:49,110
+image, the height of the image is about four
+
+101
+00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:51,650
+centimeters, sometimes, I say it transfers
+
+102
+00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,190
+magnification, it transfers magnification equals
+
+103
+00:06:55,190 --> 00:06:58,870
+the image height, the height of the image, which is 4
+
+104
+00:06:58,870 --> 00:07:02,530
+cm over the height of the object which is 4 cm, 4
+
+105
+00:07:02,530 --> 00:07:08,450
+cm divided by 4 cm gives me x1, which means that
+
+106
+00:07:08,450 --> 00:07:10,570
+the height of the image is equal to the height of
+
+107
+00:07:10,570 --> 00:07:11,990
+the object, which means that neither it is 
+
+108
+00:07:11,990 --> 00:07:15,450
+magnified nor it is reduced, the magnification is 
+
+109
+00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:21,210
+that it is really the object. So what transfers
+
+110
+00:07:21,210 --> 00:07:25,230
+magnification, it's the height of an image to the
+
+111
+00:07:25,230 --> 00:07:27,970
+height ratio, of course, and ratio means the 
+
+112
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,010
+percentage. The percentage is not distinguished. I 
+
+113
+00:07:30,010 --> 00:07:33,850
+measure heights in centimeters, but when I divide
+
+114
+00:07:33,850 --> 00:07:36,050
+a centimeter by a centimeter, the centimeter goes
+
+115
+00:07:36,050 --> 00:07:38,190
+with the centimeter, and two over four here gives
+
+116
+00:07:38,190 --> 00:07:41,730
+me a half, that is, x, x half, or multiply by half, 
+
+117
+00:07:42,070 --> 00:07:45,410
+that is, the image in this case is half the height 
+
+118
+00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:49,190
+of the object. half the height of the object, then
+
+119
+00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:53,690
+transfers magnification. Image height is equal to 
+
+120
+00:07:53,690 --> 00:07:57,470
+object height. Object and image heights are
+
+121
+00:07:57,470 --> 00:08:03,350
+measured perpendicular to the optical axis. And by 
+
+122
+00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:08,070
+convention, are considered positive when the object 
+
+123
+00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:12,470
+or image extends above the optical axis, and
+
+124
+00:08:12,470 --> 00:08:16,170
+negative below the optical axis. Let's go back to 
+
+125
+00:08:16,170 --> 00:08:21,270
+the picture to correct our square.  Now, I have two
+
+126
+00:08:21,270 --> 00:08:26,710
+very, very, very important things to know. First of
+
+127
+00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:31,690
+all, the image height and the object height. The
+
+128
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:33,730
+height of the image and the height of the object 
+
+129
+00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:36,990
+must be measured vertically from the optical axis.
+
+130
+00:08:36,990 --> 00:08:40,530
+In other words, this is my body, the vertical
+
+131
+00:08:40,530 --> 00:08:43,650
+height of this body is considered the object
+
+132
+00:08:43,650 --> 00:08:47,080
+height. The vertical height of the image is 
+
+133
+00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:49,480
+considered the image height. You might say, well, 
+
+134
+00:08:49,540 --> 00:08:51,820
+why did we measure the word vertical? That's it, 
+
+135
+00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:54,000
+we say the height of the body and the height of
+
+136
+00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,140
+the image. We say we measured it to know something
+
+137
+00:08:57,140 --> 00:09:01,200
+very important, that not all bodies are parallel. I
+
+138
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:06,160
+might find an object, or a curved body.  فإذا عندي جسم
+
+139
+00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:10,020
+مائل، نفرض عندي نخلة فيها ميلها، و هي الجسم، نخلة
+
+140
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:16,000
+مائلة، مابجيش أجيس ارتفاعها على طول جسم النخلة، لأ 
+
+141
+00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:21,550
+من أعلى نقطة في النخلة بأسقط عمود أسقاط until I 
+
+142
+00:09:21,550 --> 00:09:24,450
+reach the optical axis. The optical axis is the 
+
+143
+00:09:24,450 --> 00:09:26,470
+reference line, it's the basis that I want to get 
+
+144
+00:09:26,470 --> 00:09:30,270
+from it, I drop a column from this sloping body or
+
+145
+00:09:30,270 --> 00:09:32,890
+from this sloping palm from the highest point in 
+
+146
+00:09:32,890 --> 00:09:36,640
+it, I drop a column. The height of the column. It is 
+
+147
+00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:38,480
+the height of the palm tree, in the science of
+
+148
+00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,040
+geometrical optics. Not the length of the palm
+
+149
+00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:44,160
+tree, I say its height from the optical axis. When 
+
+150
+00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:46,920
+we say the height of a body from the surface of 
+
+151
+00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:49,420
+the earth, we want to drop a column from this body
+
+152
+00:09:49,420 --> 00:09:52,520
+to the surface of the earth and we do not measure 
+
+153
+00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,380
+the length of this body, how extended it is. We 
+
+154
+00:09:55,380 --> 00:09:58,720
+have. It can be, I might have a body length of 10
+
+155
+00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:02,360
+cm, but the highest point in it is 2 cm away from 
+
+156
+00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,000
+the optical axis, so I don't say the height is 10
+
+157
+00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:10,020
+cm. I say the height from the optical axis is 2 cm
+
+158
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:13,580
+high, 2 cm high. Also, the picture might look 
+
+159
+00:10:13,580 --> 00:10:16,280
+crooked, I mean a crooked picture, not necessarily 
+
+160
+00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:20,600
+a regular picture, so I measure the height from.
+
+161
+00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,210
+from. From. The highest point in it, or if it is
+
+162
+00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:26,170
+overturned, from the lowest point in it. I raise a
+
+163
+00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:29,050
+column, until it reaches or I lower a column until 
+
+164
+00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:32,950
+it reaches the optical axis. This column, this
+
+165
+00:10:32,950 --> 00:10:35,690
+column is the height of the image. At that time, 
+
+166
+00:10:35,830 --> 00:10:37,510
+when I determined the height of the image and
+
+167
+00:10:37,510 --> 00:10:39,790
+determined the height of the object, I calculate
+
+168
+00:10:39,790 --> 00:10:42,390
+the height of the image, its height, not its
+
+169
+00:10:42,390 --> 00:10:44,590
+length. The elevation of the image over the
+
+170
+00:10:44,590 --> 00:10:46,790
+elevation of the object gives me the transphase 
+
+171
+00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:50,590
+magnification. This is the first thing. So the 
+
+172
+00:10:50,590 --> 00:10:53,790
+vertical elevation of the object and the image is 
+
+173
+00:10:53,790 --> 00:10:57,850
+what I use. The second thing, by convention, that
+
+174
+00:10:57,850 --> 00:11:02,570
+is, it was recognized, or recognized in geometrical
+
+175
+00:11:02,570 --> 00:11:07,750
+optics that anything. Irtifaa'u yamtad fawq.
+
+176
+00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:12,190
+fawq ال optical axis يعتبر .. بنعطيله إشارة موجبة 
+
+177
+00:11:12,190 --> 00:11:17,090
+بينما أي شيء سواء صورة أو جسم .. سواء صورة أو جسم 
+
+178
+00:11:17,090 --> 00:11:22,070
+below the optical axis.  يعني جاي لتحت من ال optical 
+
+179
+00:11:22,070 --> 00:11:27,170
+axis.  ارتفاعه بياخد إشارة minus إذا هنا .. Here it
+
+180
+00:11:27,170 --> 00:11:30,330
+is necessary to make an adjustment in the equation
+
+181
+00:11:30,330 --> 00:11:33,030
+that we wrote. We say that Transphase
+
+182
+00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,220
+Magnification is equal to Image Height. But the
+
+183
+00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:38,820
+image is below the optical axis, so here we need
+
+184
+00:11:38,820 --> 00:11:45,420
+to put a minus sign.  So image height is minus two
+
+185
+00:11:45,420 --> 00:11
+
+223
+00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:02,680
+height is plus 6 cm when we say plus 6 cm it means
+
+224
+00:14:02,680 --> 00:14:07,000
+above the optical axis the object height is plus 6
+
+225
+00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:12,560
+cm and the image height is minus 3 cm then the
+
+226
+00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:16,440
+transverse magnification is equal to minus half
+
+227
+00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:19,780
+to make it clear as an equation if we get used to
+
+228
+00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:24,120
+solving equations I will add a strip here and I
+
+229
+00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:28,870
+will start I write, let's say in the example they
+
+230
+00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:34,030
+gave us they gave us the object plus 6 cm and the
+
+231
+00:14:34,030 --> 00:14:38,670
+image minus 3 cm let's say transverse magnification
+
+232
+00:14:38,670 --> 00:14:48,330
+equals image height over object height object
+
+233
+00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:54,130
+let's write it correctly object height and equals
+
+234
+00:14:54,130 --> 00:14:54,670
+of course
+
+235
+00:14:58,780 --> 00:15:04,180
+image height minus 3cm
+
+236
+00:15:04,180 --> 00:15:07,420
+because the image is below the optical axis
+
+237
+00:15:13,020 --> 00:15:16,840
+and equals first thing when I calculate the
+
+238
+00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,440
+transverse magnification I have to put an X sign
+
+239
+00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,820
+X means magnified like this because some devices
+
+240
+00:15:22,820 --> 00:15:26,060
+like cameras and some phones or when I zoom in I
+
+241
+00:15:26,060 --> 00:15:28,400
+find a sign on the edge of the screen that shows
+
+242
+00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,920
+me how many times the image is magnified and I
+
+243
+00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:37,160
+magnify it how many times so X minus over plus is
+
+244
+00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:42,660
+minus three over six which is half zero point five
+
+245
+00:15:44,590 --> 00:15:47,770
+Okay, centimeter by centimeter it goes x minus
+
+246
+00:15:47,770 --> 00:15:53,670
+half, x minus half means that we are talking about
+
+247
+00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:55,770
+an inverted image, we know that it is inverted
+
+248
+00:15:55,770 --> 00:15:59,230
+because of the minus sign and it is smaller than
+
+249
+00:15:59,230 --> 00:16:02,230
+half the height of the object, higher than half
+
+250
+00:16:02,230 --> 00:16:05,570
+the height of the object meaning that the image is
+
+251
+00:16:05,570 --> 00:16:11,790
+inverted and half as large as the object Now we
+
+252
+00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,810
+come to a pointNext, it is known that the objects
+
+253
+00:16:15,810 --> 00:16:20,610
+that we know or see in our life have no distance
+
+254
+00:16:20,610 --> 00:16:22,130
+from each other, which means that we are correct
+
+255
+00:16:22,130 --> 00:16:24,990
+when we draw in geometrical objects, here we can
+
+256
+00:16:24,990 --> 00:16:29,030
+see the object or we will represent it with an
+
+257
+00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:32,510
+arrow from now on, so maybe the arrow is what
+
+258
+00:16:32,510 --> 00:16:35,270
+indicates the object, right? But objects are known
+
+259
+00:16:35,270 --> 00:16:38,430
+to be triangular, or most likely to be triangular
+
+260
+00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:42,150
+in dimensionsAnd maybe some people consider it as
+
+261
+00:16:42,150 --> 00:16:46,430
+a dispute that it's two dimensions, for example,
+
+262
+00:16:46,530 --> 00:16:50,310
+the A4 paper has length and width, the rest of the
+
+263
+00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:54,200
+objects, for example, I havewooden box, or metal,
+
+264
+00:16:54,580 --> 00:16:59,240
+or glass,
+
+265
+00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:03,640
+for example All of these are triple dimensions,
+
+266
+00:17:03,780 --> 00:17:07,020
+they have length, width, and height The transverse
+
+267
+00:17:07,020 --> 00:17:10,280
+magnification applies to linear dimensions
+
+268
+00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:14,980
+Transverse magnification applies to all dimensions
+
+269
+00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:17,780
+of the body In other words, if I have a body twice
+
+270
+00:17:17,780 --> 00:17:18,540
+the dimensions
+
+271
+00:17:21,340 --> 00:17:25,240
+يعني مثلا قلنا عندنا ورقة طولها أربع صانطي أو
+
+272
+00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:29,540
+خلينا نقول عرضها أربع صانطي و طولها ستة صانطي
+
+273
+00:17:29,540 --> 00:17:34,260
+اعتبرناها object imaged يعني تم تصويرها with a
+
+274
+00:17:34,260 --> 00:17:39,960
+magnification of two معناتهdouble the image of
+
+275
+00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:46,300
+this object, we have a paper 4x6 cm long in width,
+
+276
+00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:50,140
+we took a picture of the paper, we considered the
+
+277
+00:17:50,140 --> 00:17:53,420
+paper as the object, as the body, and we made a
+
+278
+00:17:53,420 --> 00:17:57,710
+picture of it through a lensحنحصل على صورة مكبرة
+
+279
+00:17:57,710 --> 00:18:01,410
+مرتين ال magnification ال transverse magnification
+
+280
+00:18:01,410 --> 00:18:05,310
+مرتين اش يعني مرتين؟ مين من البعدين هدول اتكبر
+
+281
+00:18:05,310 --> 00:18:10,770
+مرتين؟ ال 4 cm اللي هي العرض ولا ال 6 cm الطول لأ
+
+282
+00:18:10,770 --> 00:18:15,090
+هم التنين كل واحد منهم اتكبر مرتين يعني ال 4 cm في
+
+283
+00:18:15,090 --> 00:18:19,910
+الصورة صارت 8 cm و ال 6 cm في الصورة صارت 12 cm
+
+284
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:24,940
+اذا الصورة هتكون 8 cm في 12 cmOkay, the area of
+
+285
+00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:27,040
+​​the image compared to the area of ​​the object
+
+286
+00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:32,960
+Let's solve this example and this issue will be
+
+287
+00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:36,160
+clarified So, we say as follows, the area of
+
+288
+00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:48,360
+​​this .. we say the area of ​​the object is equal
+
+289
+00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:51,800
+to four times
+
+290
+00:19:01,310 --> 00:19:14,270
+4 x 6 is equal to 24 cm2 while
+
+291
+00:19:14,270 --> 00:19:20,610
+the area of the image is
+
+292
+00:19:20,610 --> 00:19:25,710
+equal to 4 cm which is equal to 8 cm
+
+293
+00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:35,920
+Darb 12 cm because the second dimension was
+
+294
+00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:45,720
+enlarged twice as well, 12 cm is equal to 96
+
+295
+00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:50,620
+cm²
+
+296
+00:19:50,620 --> 00:19:55,800
+So all of the dimensionsكل من الأبعاد اتضاعف
+
+297
+00:19:55,800 --> 00:20:00,140
+مرتين، العرض اتضاعف مرتين، والطول اتضاعف مرتين،
+
+298
+00:20:00,140 --> 00:20:03,860
+إذا المساحة الكلية هتتضاعف جد إيش؟ بيجسم مساحة
+
+299
+00:20:03,860 --> 00:20:07,460
+الصورة ع مساحة ال object، المساحة الكلية هتكون
+
+300
+00:20:07,460 --> 00:20:21,880
+تضاعفت، تضاعف في المساحة يساوي مساحة الصورة تقسيم
+
+301
+00:20:22,740 --> 00:20:26,640
+The area of the body, which is considered to be a
+
+302
+00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:35,160
+two-dimensional body is equal to 96 cm²
+
+303
+00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,180
+over 24
+
+304
+00:20:51,850 --> 00:20:57,230
+Square centimeter and it's equal to four times,
+
+305
+00:20:57,410 --> 00:21:04,690
+four times, four times and x is four No, it was x
+
+306
+00:21:04,690 --> 00:21:09,630
+with flowers, x is four, four times, four times,
+
+307
+00:21:09,770 --> 00:21:16,720
+it doubled in space four timesمساحة الجسم، جد
+
+308
+00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:20,720
+مساحة الجسم. إذا ال transverse magnification
+
+309
+00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:24,400
+applies to linear dimensions لكل الإرتفاعات أو
+
+310
+00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:29,390
+المجسات أو الحدود بتاعت ال object. For example4 cm
+
+311
+00:21:29,390 --> 00:21:32,950
+x 6 cm object imaged with a magnification of 2
+
+312
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:38,610
+both
+
+313
+00:21:38,610 --> 00:21:42,930
+width
+
+314
+00:21:42,930 --> 00:21:50,910
+and length double yielding
+
+315
+00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:56,610
+means 4 fold increase in image areaFour times more
+
+316
+00:21:56,610 --> 00:21:59,710
+than the area of the image compared to the area of
+
+317
+00:21:59,710 --> 00:22:03,750
+the object Compared to the area of the object
+
+318
+00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:08,970
+Generally, the multiplication sign is used to
+
+319
+00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,050
+indicate magnification When I see the
+
+320
+00:22:12,050 --> 00:22:13,070
+multiplication sign, I know that there is a
+
+321
+00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:15,910
+magnification for the image either bigger than the
+
+322
+00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:20,580
+body or smaller than the bodyor جد الجسم حسب الرقم
+
+323
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:23,600
+اللي أنا بشوفه بعدها، X معناته فيه magnification،
+
+324
+00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,440
+إذا قولنا X واحد معناته الصورة جد الجسم، لا أصغر
+
+325
+00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:32,780
+ولا أكبر، إذا كونت أقل من واحد معناته فيه تصغيرإذا
+
+326
+00:22:32,780 --> 00:22:36,460
+كانت أكبر من واحد، معناته فيه تكبير، يعني بمعنى
+
+327
+00:22:36,460 --> 00:22:42,300
+زيادة في اللي هو التكبير بتاع الصورة، زيادة في
+
+328
+00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:45,820
+التكبير بتاع الصورة، هنتوقف عند هذه النقطة و
+
+329
+00:22:45,820 --> 00:22:49,280
+هنستكمل ان شاء الله المرة القادمة و يعطيكم العافية 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/hQH1Hf6_hEE.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,740 --> 00:00:05,540
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم من ضمن المسائل المتداولة في
+
+2
+00:00:05,540 --> 00:00:10,460
+ال geometric optics استنتاج ال spherical
+
+3
+00:00:10,460 --> 00:00:14,840
+cylindrical lens اللي لازم العين الإنسان إذا فرضنا
+
+4
+00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:18,380
+إن ال refractive error فقط موجود في ال cornea نفرض
+
+5
+00:00:18,380 --> 00:00:21,900
+إن ال crystalline lens ideal و طول العين ideal
+
+6
+00:00:21,900 --> 00:00:25,200
+مافيش أي مشكلة المشكلة الوحيدة عندنا في ال cornea
+
+7
+00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:28,400
+أحيان بيجي سؤال بيقول مثلا عندنا cornea عملنا لها
+
+8
+00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:33,820
+أوقصنا الكيراتومتريWe got K1 and K2, which is the
+
+9
+00:00:33,820 --> 00:00:35,880
+cornea confrontation over the principle meridian.
+
+10
+00:00:35,980 --> 00:00:38,140
+For example, in one of the meridians, which is
+
+11
+00:00:38,140 --> 00:00:40,900
+meridian 180, it has a force of 40 diopters plus
+
+12
+00:00:40,900 --> 00:00:45,280
+40 diopters, which is the force of meridian 90
+
+13
+00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:50,000
+plus 41 diopters.تيجي مسألة زيك ونقول نفرض انه
+
+14
+00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:52,920
+عشان ال cornea يانا اعتبرها normal لازم كل ال
+
+15
+00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:57,600
+meridians بتاعتها تكون plus 43 diopter عشان
+
+16
+00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:00,560
+مايصيرش refractive error احنا اتفقنا انه في
+
+17
+00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:03,520
+البداية انه في crystalline lens مافيش فيها مشكلة
+
+18
+00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:09,980
+قوتها normal فرضا وطول العين طول طبيعي مافيه لا هو
+
+19
+00:01:09,980 --> 00:01:14,600
+increased في ال axial length ولا decreased في ال
+
+20
+00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:19,350
+axial length بتاع العينوبنقول المطلوب في السؤال
+
+21
+00:01:19,350 --> 00:01:23,650
+هذا استنتج لسفيره cylindrical lens اللي بتخلي
+
+22
+00:01:23,650 --> 00:01:27,310
+الكورنيا normal أو بتصحح ال refractive error احنا
+
+23
+00:01:27,310 --> 00:01:31,230
+فرضنا من بداية السؤال انه قوة الكورنيا لازم تكون
+
+24
+00:01:31,230 --> 00:01:34,970
+plus 43 ديوب ده، بدي ارسم power cross
+
+25
+00:01:46,730 --> 00:01:51,470
+power cross and 
+
+26
+00:01:51,470 --> 00:01:59,010
+from this power cross I want to estimate how much
+
+27
+00:01:59,010 --> 00:02:02,690
+spherical and cylindrical lens I need to have in
+
+28
+00:02:02,690 --> 00:02:04,330
+order for the ratio to be its force
+
+29
+00:02:08,220 --> 00:02:12,760
+43 diopters the horizontal axis should be 43 and 
+
+30
+00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:15,320
+the vertical axis should be 43 and each axis
+
+31
+00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,840
+between them should be 43 so we say these are the 
+
+32
+00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:21,720
+principal meridians that block the rest of the 
+
+33
+00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:27,480
+meridians ok, to make the horizontal axis plus 43
+
+34
+00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:30,140
+diopters, how much is missing on it? his force is
+
+35
+00:02:30,140 --> 00:02:33,100
+plus 40 diopters, he also needs plus 3 he also
+
+36
+00:02:33,100 --> 00:02:42,630
+needs plus 3Plus 3.in order to add to the 40 that
+
+37
+00:02:42,630 --> 00:02:46,950
+is already there and it becomes 40 plus 3, we
+
+38
+00:02:46,950 --> 00:02:48,650
+combine the horizontal with the horizontal, that
+
+39
+00:02:48,650 --> 00:02:50,950
+is, the meridian, the horizontal meridian in the
+
+40
+00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:53,830
+cone has a force of 40 diopters and we want to put 
+
+41
+00:02:53,830 --> 00:02:57,250
+it in a spherical lens where the power cross is
+
+42
+00:02:57,250 --> 00:03:00,970
+plus 3 diopters on the horizontal axis. Okay, now
+
+43
+00:03:00,970 --> 00:03:04,370
+the vertical axis has a force of 41 diopters to 
+
+44
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:08,890
+become 43 minus 2 diopters, minus 2 diopters.
+
+45
+00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:16,430
+So I need to increase the power of the vertical 
+
+46
+00:03:16,430 --> 00:03:19,490
+meridian by 2 diopters and the horizontal meridian 
+
+47
+00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:22,750
+by 3 diopters This is the power across of the
+
+48
+00:03:22,750 --> 00:03:25,390
+spherical cylindrical lens that is necessary This
+
+49
+00:03:25,390 --> 00:03:27,550
+is the power across of the spherical cylindrical
+
+50
+00:03:27,550 --> 00:03:30,370
+lens that is necessary We want to convert it to
+
+51
+00:03:30,370 --> 00:03:32,610
+the spherical cylindrical form because it is the 
+
+52
+00:03:32,610 --> 00:03:36,110
+most used I take any number of the sphere I say 
+
+53
+00:03:36,110 --> 00:03:36,790
+plus 3
+
+54
+00:03:41,820 --> 00:03:45,560
+this is the sphere when I say plus three is the
+
+55
+00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:49,300
+sphere it's like I gave all the meridians plus 
+
+56
+00:03:49,300 --> 00:03:52,320
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+57
+00:03:52,320 --> 00:03:53,440
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+58
+00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:55,680
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+59
+00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:56,120
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+60
+00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:58,260
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+61
+00:03:58,260 --> 00:03:58,820
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+62
+00:03:58,820 --> 00:03:59,920
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+63
+00:03:59,920 --> 00:04:00,280
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+64
+00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:00,300
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+65
+00:04:00,300 --> 00:04:01,480
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+66
+00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:02,080
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+67
+00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:02,280
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+68
+00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:04,460
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+69
+00:04:04,460 --> 00:04:04,680
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+70
+00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:04,780
+three plus three plus three plus three plus three
+
+71
+00:04:04,780 --> 00:04:06,780
+plus three plus three plus three plus three plus
+
+72
+00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:13,160
+three plus threeplus three spheres, then the 
+
+73
+00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:15,400
+horizontal meridian took its strength and nothing
+
+74
+00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:18,320
+remained, its strength is forty, it took plus
+
+75
+00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:22,460
+three, and nothing remained, okay, it became forty 
+
+76
+00:04:22,460 --> 00:04:26,380
+and three, forty-three, okay, this sphereit will 
+
+77
+00:04:26,380 --> 00:04:30,660
+affect all meridian by plus 3 when I have plus 3
+
+78
+00:04:30,660 --> 00:04:36,480
+with 41 I have 44, 41 with plus 3 I have 44 but I
+
+79
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:39,020
+want 43 because I have to subtract from the 
+
+80
+00:04:39,020 --> 00:04:42,860
+vertical meridian which has plus 3 spheres we said
+
+81
+00:04:42,860 --> 00:04:49,770
+that each meridian has its strengthOkay? So 3 plus
+
+82
+00:04:49,770 --> 00:04:53,710
+41 is 44. I want 43. So I have to add the vertical
+
+83
+00:04:53,710 --> 00:04:58,950
+meridian or subtract from it plus 1 diopter to go
+
+84
+00:04:58,950 --> 00:05:04,830
+down from 44 to 43. So I say minus 1 over .. Why
+
+85
+00:05:04,830 --> 00:05:07,370
+did I put its axis on 180? Because the cylinder
+
+86
+00:05:07,370 --> 00:05:10,430
+has a vertical effect on it. When I put its axis
+
+87
+00:05:10,430 --> 00:05:15,470
+on 180 and its effect comes on 90. As if .. As if
+
+88
+00:05:15,470 --> 00:05:19,440
+..when I put first the sphere for the vertical
+
+89
+00:05:19,440 --> 00:05:26,500
+meridian I added plus 3 we added plus 3 with 41 we 
+
+90
+00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:31,740
+became what? 44 we became 44 and I also added 
+
+91
+00:05:31,740 --> 00:05:40,220
+minus 1 so 
+
+92
+00:05:40,220 --> 00:05:42,440
+the set became these three things
+
+93
+00:05:47,650 --> 00:05:52,410
+41 and 344 minus 1 means 43. So this is the 
+
+94
+00:05:52,410 --> 00:05:56,170
+spherical lens result and this is how the topic
+
+95
+00:05:56,170 --> 00:05:58,430
+ends. God bless you all and peace be upon you.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/hqkm3-6hUR0.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:04,570
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم مع التنبيه التاني بالنسبة
+
+2
+00:00:04,570 --> 00:00:08,790
+للامتحان النهائي في البصريات الهندسية تيجي أحيانا
+
+3
+00:00:08,790 --> 00:00:20,090
+مسألة حسابية، بدنا نحسب مثلا انجسم، بنقول مثلا مية
+
+4
+00:00:20,090 --> 00:00:29,230
+تقسيم تسعة يساوي، بروح نشوف المية تقسيم تسعة إيش
+
+5
+00:00:29,230 --> 00:00:39,690
+تساوي one hundred divided by nine is equal to I have 
+
+6
+00:00:39,690 --> 00:00:43,390
+many numbers I will find written with every 
+
+7
+00:00:43,390 --> 00:00:48,950
+question like this use the first two decimals without 
+
+8
+00:00:48,950 --> 00:00:51,490
+approximation what does it mean to use the first
+
+9
+00:00:51,490 --> 00:00:56,030
+two decimals without approximation? let's go back to
+
+10
+00:00:56,030 --> 00:01:01,340
+powerpoint let's say hereطلعت الإجابة زي هيك، بروح 
+
+11
+00:01:01,340 --> 00:01:06,380
+أنا بكتب الإجابة زي هي طيب، لو الرقم التالت تمانية
+
+12
+00:01:06,380 --> 00:01:11,760
+من عشرة، بروح أجرب و أقول 11 صحيح و 12 من مية، هات
+
+13
+00:01:11,760 --> 00:01:16,100
+تمانية تقرب لواحد من مية، تمام؟ ببتصير هادي اتنين
+
+14
+00:01:16,100 --> 00:01:20,100
+و هادي بتروح، يعني تصير .. لأ إيش يعني استعمل؟ 
+
+15
+00:01:20,100 --> 00:01:30,010
+يعني بده الجواب يكون كالقاتي تساوي 11.11 This 
+
+16
+00:01:30,010 --> 00:01:32,570
+one uses first two numbers twenty without 
+
+17
+00:01:32,570 --> 00:01:35,310
+approximation if we say for example another 
+
+18
+00:01:35,310 --> 00:01:39,550
+example approximation means take first two numbers 
+
+19
+00:01:39,550 --> 00:01:48,170
+twenty now we want for example seven divided by 
+
+20
+00:01:48,170 --> 00:01:53,470
+six in the calculation for example for example I 
+
+21
+00:01:53,470 --> 00:01:57,130
+got this number let's take a look at powerpoint 
+
+22
+00:02:02,930 --> 00:02:06,690
+طلع الجواب عندي مثلا يساوي الرقم هذا اللي أخدنا من 
+
+23
+00:02:06,690 --> 00:02:10,870
+الألة الحاسبة فأنا بدي أستعمل أول رقمين عشرين يعني
+
+24
+00:02:10,870 --> 00:02:13,690
+هذه الستة من عشرة .. الستة هاي .. هذه الستة مش
+
+25
+00:02:13,690 --> 00:02:17,470
+هقربها لواحد صحيح عشان تصير سبعتاش لأ باخد أول 
+
+26
+00:02:17,470 --> 00:02:21,430
+رقمين عشرين يعني باخد هذا الرقم فقط طبعا الأرقام
+
+27
+00:02:21,430 --> 00:02:25,750
+الصحيحة تؤخذ لأن هو رقم صحيح يساوي
+
+28
+00:02:32,570 --> 00:02:34,590
+one and sixteen percent. That's how the answer
+
+29
+00:02:34,590 --> 00:02:38,950
+should be equal. So it's very clear that using the
+
+30
+00:02:38,950 --> 00:02:41,250
+first two numbers .. if we find in the text of the
+
+31
+00:02:41,250 --> 00:02:44,310
+question to use the first two numbers twenty, it
+
+32
+00:02:44,310 --> 00:02:48,690
+means that it must .. without a quotation, use .. 
+
+33
+00:02:48,690 --> 00:02:52,330
+that is, if we find in the text of the question to 
+
+34
+00:02:52,330 --> 00:02:59,130
+use
+
+35
+00:03:11,010 --> 00:03:18,370
+اول رقمين عشرين
+
+36
+00:03:18,370 --> 00:03:21,010
+لونه تقريب 
+
+37
+00:03:25,010 --> 00:03:29,990
+هيكون بدي أخد أول رقمين لا أقرب ولا أحزف ولا أعمل، 
+
+38
+00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:34,290
+بس أخد أو الأعداد الصحية هتأخذ، تأخذ معاها أول
+
+39
+00:03:34,290 --> 00:03:38,610
+خانة و تاني خانة من الأرقام العشري، يعني هذا اللي 
+
+40
+00:03:38,610 --> 00:03:42,790
+هيأخذ، هذا اللي هيأخذ، وبالتالي هيك بنتهي التنبيع 
+
+41
+00:03:42,790 --> 00:03:45,530
+التاني، ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+42
+00:03:45,530 --> 00:03:46,270
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/i0HQ6x9w2CQ_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1144 @@
+1
+00:00:01,130 --> 00:00:02,050
+Alhamdulillah, Alhamdulillah, Alhamdulillah,
+
+2
+00:00:02,050 --> 00:00:02,890
+Alhamdulillah.
+
+3
+00:00:27,990 --> 00:00:31,750
+The subject of engineering visions or geometric
+
+4
+00:00:31,750 --> 00:00:34,590
+optics and understanding the light journey that
+
+5
+00:00:34,590 --> 00:00:37,330
+emanates from the object to the optical system to
+
+6
+00:00:37,330 --> 00:00:39,350
+the image. Let's say that scientists, in order to
+
+7
+00:00:39,350 --> 00:00:42,990
+study all the attributes of the image, made it
+
+8
+00:00:42,990 --> 00:00:48,490
+simple. First of all, ignore image equality.
+
+9
+00:00:53,560 --> 00:00:57,840
+Second thing is to use Paraxial Approximation
+
+10
+00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:04,160
+Paraxial Approximation What is Paraxial
+
+11
+00:01:04,160 --> 00:01:06,480
+Approximation as we explained last time? We will
+
+12
+00:01:06,480 --> 00:01:10,820
+use Paraxial Ray And we will consider that the
+
+13
+00:01:10,820 --> 00:01:13,340
+surface of the spherical surface instead of curve
+
+14
+00:01:13,340 --> 00:01:15,640
+We will consider that the surface of the spherical
+
+15
+00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:19,980
+surface at the optical axis is almost closed Third
+
+16
+00:01:19,980 --> 00:01:25,160
+thing Use it to simplify small angle approximation
+
+17
+00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:29,980
+We talked about it in the introduction to this
+
+18
+00:01:29,980 --> 00:01:33,500
+lecture What is small angle approximation? It
+
+19
+00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:41,100
+means that instead of saying that sine theta is
+
+20
+00:01:41,100 --> 00:01:41,820
+equal to
+
+21
+00:01:50,410 --> 00:01:54,850
+factorial minus theta and so on 7 by 7 factorial
+
+22
+00:01:54,850 --> 00:01:57,410
+and so on till the end. No, I am saying that
+
+23
+00:01:57,410 --> 00:02:00,250
+approximately in the small angles, in the small
+
+24
+00:02:00,250 --> 00:02:05,090
+angle approximately sin theta approximately equals
+
+25
+00:02:05,090 --> 00:02:08,350
+theta. And also in the small angles from the angle
+
+26
+00:02:08,350 --> 00:02:12,590
+of approximation, tan theta approximately equals
+
+27
+00:02:12,590 --> 00:02:21,020
+theta.Sin θ يساوي تقريبا θ ويساوي tan θ وهدول
+
+28
+00:02:21,020 --> 00:02:27,040
+هستخدمهم بالتبادل مع بعض من البعض لما أنا قلت sin
+
+29
+00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:31,440
+θ يساوي θ يعني أنا أخدت ال order الأول من المعادل
+
+30
+00:02:32,190 --> 00:02:39,310
+The first order optics means that I will take the
+
+31
+00:02:39,310 --> 00:02:42,670
+first value for the angle J which is almost equal
+
+32
+00:02:42,670 --> 00:02:43,270
+to the angle
+
+33
+00:02:48,610 --> 00:02:51,370
+draw and see where the equation will go with us
+
+34
+00:02:51,370 --> 00:02:54,570
+and what will happen with us with these three
+
+35
+00:02:54,570 --> 00:02:57,370
+things. Ignore image quality, para-axial
+
+36
+00:02:57,370 --> 00:03:00,910
+approximation and small angle approximation. These
+
+37
+00:03:00,910 --> 00:03:03,770
+three together we will call them phase order
+
+38
+00:03:03,770 --> 00:03:09,770
+optics. We will draw a lens or spherical
+
+39
+00:03:09,770 --> 00:03:13,630
+refractive scale. We will draw its optical axis.
+
+40
+00:03:14,650 --> 00:03:22,560
+We will take the object It means that this beam
+
+41
+00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:28,380
+will hit the point C, for example, from the
+
+42
+00:03:28,380 --> 00:03:30,460
+surface of the spherical refracting surface And
+
+43
+00:03:30,460 --> 00:03:33,260
+since this is a sphere, then the column located on
+
+44
+00:03:33,260 --> 00:03:36,280
+the surface passes through the center, the center
+
+45
+00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:41,000
+This will become the normal surface for me So, the
+
+46
+00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:44,360
+angle between the beam and the normal surface
+
+47
+00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:54,060
+This is theta I, theta I. Okay, now the beam is
+
+48
+00:03:54,060 --> 00:03:57,440
+supposed to enter and break through the spherical
+
+49
+00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,140
+diffracting surface, and the second beam is
+
+50
+00:04:00,140 --> 00:04:03,220
+attached to the optical axis, the second beam is
+
+51
+00:04:03,220 --> 00:04:06,860
+attached to the optical axis, and therefore, both
+
+52
+00:04:06,860 --> 00:04:08,800
+of them are broken, and this will fall vertically,
+
+53
+00:04:09,140 --> 00:04:11,620
+because the center of gravity will not change its
+
+54
+00:04:11,620 --> 00:04:15,460
+path. I have here, the second beam is broken,
+
+55
+00:04:23,930 --> 00:04:28,410
+Now we need to start applying the things that we
+
+56
+00:04:28,410 --> 00:04:33,110
+are used to. We will take this piece. We will take
+
+57
+00:04:33,110 --> 00:04:36,850
+this piece and enlarge it with a large and clear
+
+58
+00:04:36,850 --> 00:04:40,950
+drawing. In order to have things clear. I will say
+
+59
+00:04:40,950 --> 00:04:44,790
+this piece is from the spherical surface.
+
+60
+00:04:45,530 --> 00:04:49,130
+Paraxial. This is the optical axis. This is the
+
+61
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:51,910
+optical axis. And here I have this part.
+
+62
+00:04:56,910 --> 00:05:01,970
+It started from this point This is paraxial but we
+
+63
+00:05:01,970 --> 00:05:06,730
+are folding the picture vertically This is the
+
+64
+00:05:06,730 --> 00:05:10,710
+center of the ball We considered the surface of
+
+65
+00:05:10,710 --> 00:05:13,670
+the ball as flat in this area and we folded the
+
+66
+00:05:13,670 --> 00:05:18,330
+picture So this is my equation for this center We
+
+67
+00:05:18,330 --> 00:05:20,350
+said that from the center of the ball to any point
+
+68
+00:05:20,350 --> 00:05:23,190
+on the surface We can reach a vertical value
+
+69
+00:05:27,090 --> 00:05:30,150
+So this is the service normal drawn in the dotted
+
+70
+00:05:30,150 --> 00:05:34,810
+line. So this is theta I.
+
+71
+00:05:36,110 --> 00:05:43,010
+Okay, now this was broken and formed a picture in
+
+72
+00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:48,950
+the glass as a result of intersectionTwo rays, the
+
+73
+00:05:48,950 --> 00:05:52,110
+first ray is drawn in red, and the second ray is
+
+74
+00:05:52,110 --> 00:05:55,410
+aligned to the optical axis and drawn in blue,
+
+75
+00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:58,890
+intersecting at the point I, so this is I. Okay,
+
+76
+00:06:00,190 --> 00:06:04,590
+why is the ray aligned to the optical axis does
+
+77
+00:06:04,590 --> 00:06:06,690
+not change its path because it is vertical on the
+
+78
+00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:10,290
+surface? It means that it fell vertically How did
+
+79
+00:06:10,290 --> 00:06:12,110
+he know that it fell vertically? Because it passes
+
+80
+00:06:12,110 --> 00:06:14,030
+through the center of the sphere Because it passes
+
+81
+00:06:14,030 --> 00:06:16,050
+through the center of the spherical refracting
+
+82
+00:06:16,050 --> 00:06:19,290
+surface The image was formed here From this
+
+83
+00:06:19,290 --> 00:06:23,410
+distance To this distance This is called image
+
+84
+00:06:23,410 --> 00:06:29,770
+distance Image distance And
+
+85
+00:06:29,770 --> 00:06:32,610
+from the surface of the spherical refracting
+
+86
+00:06:32,610 --> 00:06:35,730
+surface To the object, which is called object
+
+87
+00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:42,100
+This is the angle of descent and this is the angle
+
+88
+00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:46,480
+of descent, theta T Of course, these are all small
+
+89
+00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:48,980
+angles, this is theta I and this is theta T And
+
+90
+00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:51,560
+these small angles, we will call them by their
+
+91
+00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:56,000
+names in months These are very small angles This
+
+92
+00:06:56,000 --> 00:07:00,960
+angle I will call it alpha And this angle I will
+
+93
+00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:05,220
+call it gamma And this angle I will call it beta
+
+94
+00:07:11,980 --> 00:07:16,240
+and Gamma and Alpha are all small angles. Of
+
+95
+00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:18,420
+course, when we consider the surface of the earth,
+
+96
+00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:22,780
+we say that the rays, which are red, hit away from
+
+97
+00:07:22,780 --> 00:07:27,940
+the optical axis an inch away. An inch away. So
+
+98
+00:07:27,940 --> 00:07:32,040
+now we have completed the picture. Where did we
+
+99
+00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:35,460
+start? We want to work and see. And see what will
+
+100
+00:07:35,460 --> 00:07:39,040
+come out with us. Or where will this case take us.
+
+101
+00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:41,060
+This is the case. This is the object distance.
+
+102
+00:07:43,610 --> 00:07:46,650
+To keep the meaning broad in the structure And
+
+103
+00:07:46,650 --> 00:07:50,850
+this is from here Here the image is formed From
+
+104
+00:07:50,850 --> 00:07:54,250
+here to here This is called image distance And
+
+105
+00:07:54,250 --> 00:07:58,290
+from C to the top is half of the step, R This is
+
+106
+00:07:58,290 --> 00:08:01,070
+half of the step, R We say that the light is here
+
+107
+00:08:01,070 --> 00:08:05,070
+in the air We say that the air is a reflective
+
+108
+00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:08,290
+index with the symbol N And the light forms a
+
+109
+00:08:08,290 --> 00:08:13,370
+picture inside the glass, N sharpSo as follows, in
+
+110
+00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:16,930
+order to know where the wave can go, we need to
+
+111
+00:08:16,930 --> 00:08:24,110
+apply Snell's law, which is Ni Sin Theta I equals
+
+112
+00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:32,870
+Nt Sin Theta T Okay, now Ni, which we used to call
+
+113
+00:08:32,870 --> 00:08:36,610
+N because the light fell from the sky, is N Sin
+
+114
+00:08:36,610 --> 00:08:41,670
+Theta I It's equal to ND and we said that it's the
+
+115
+00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:43,870
+unshorted of these guys, instead of saying N
+
+116
+00:08:43,870 --> 00:08:47,550
+class, we say unshorted, that's it, unshorted sine
+
+117
+00:08:47,550 --> 00:08:53,910
+theta T Okay, we were in the small angle, J in the
+
+118
+00:08:53,910 --> 00:08:55,890
+angle and the angle is the same thing, that is, I
+
+119
+00:08:55,890 --> 00:08:59,310
+want to find J in the angle theta I in the same
+
+120
+00:08:59,310 --> 00:09:03,180
+angle, that is, I say N theta I It is equal to N
+
+121
+00:09:03,180 --> 00:09:06,360
+sharp I times theta T, which is a small angle. Of
+
+122
+00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:08,200
+course, here it looks big because we are
+
+123
+00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:10,520
+multiplying the vertical part. All these angles
+
+124
+00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:14,140
+are small. So, N sharp I times theta T is equal to
+
+125
+00:09:14,140 --> 00:09:19,140
+N sharp I theta T. By approximations, this means
+
+126
+00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:24,520
+that it is 100% correct. Now, theta I is replaced
+
+127
+00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:31,330
+by two angles. This is theta I.وهذا المثلث اللي
+
+128
+00:09:31,330 --> 00:09:39,250
+أنا قاعد بضلل فيه هو مثلث منفرج الزاوية،
+
+129
+00:09:39,250 --> 00:09:43,430
+هاي الزاوية المنفرجة اللي فيهThis is the empty
+
+130
+00:09:43,430 --> 00:09:47,070
+corner. θI completes it. This is a straight line,
+
+131
+00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:49,530
+which is the normal surface. This is the triangle
+
+132
+00:09:49,530 --> 00:09:52,230
+that I drew and emptied the corner. This is the
+
+133
+00:09:52,230 --> 00:09:56,870
+empty corner. θI completes it. So, since θI
+
+134
+00:09:56,870 --> 00:10:01,410
+completes the empty corner, it equals the sum of
+
+135
+00:10:01,410 --> 00:10:05,450
+the other two corners, which are γ and α. So, M
+
+136
+00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:10,050
+θI, I have to subtract it and put it in α plus γ.
+
+137
+00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:14,590
+You see I've unsharpened it. Now I have another
+
+138
+00:10:14,590 --> 00:10:18,550
+triangle that I'm going to mark with the red
+
+139
+00:10:18,550 --> 00:10:19,650
+color.
+
+140
+00:10:30,030 --> 00:10:34,680
+This is also a triangle with an angle.مين الزاوية
+
+141
+00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:39,660
+اللي بتكمل الزاوية المنفرجة؟ Gamma Gamma تكمل
+
+142
+00:10:39,660 --> 00:10:44,620
+الزاوية المنفرجة إذا تساوي مجموع الزاويتين الأخرين
+
+143
+00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:51,300
+في المثلثة إذا Gamma تساوي بمعنها تكمل المنفرجة
+
+144
+00:10:51,300 --> 00:10:58,360
+تساوي θT زائد Beta بس أنا بدي θT لحالها عشان أقدر
+
+145
+00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:02,950
+أعوض عنها بنقول θTIf I add beta here it becomes
+
+146
+00:11:02,950 --> 00:11:08,170
+minus So gamma minus beta theta T theta T equals
+
+147
+00:11:08,170 --> 00:11:13,270
+gamma minus beta So I want theta T here I want to
+
+148
+00:11:13,270 --> 00:11:19,730
+get used to it with gamma minus beta Now I want to
+
+149
+00:11:19,730 --> 00:11:25,110
+solve the equations directly N in alpha plus N in
+
+150
+00:11:25,110 --> 00:11:28,730
+gamma equals N square in gamma
+
+151
+00:11:32,990 --> 00:11:35,970
+الان انا في عندى Gamma وفي Beta وفي Alpha، ال
+
+152
+00:11:35,970 --> 00:11:38,930
+Gamma بتأجلها علاتها، و ال Alpha و ال Beta بتبقى
+
+153
+00:11:38,930 --> 00:11:45,650
+فاليها علاتها لها، ان في Alpha زائد ان شرطه في
+
+154
+00:11:45,650 --> 00:11:55,290
+Beta يساوى ان شرطه في Gamma ناقص ان في Gamma، طيب،
+
+155
+00:11:55,290 --> 00:11:59,180
+نكملHere there is not a common factor, there is a
+
+156
+00:11:59,180 --> 00:12:02,720
+common factor which is Gamma So I take the left
+
+157
+00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:09,620
+part of the equation as it is, n in alpha plus n
+
+158
+00:12:09,620 --> 00:12:14,560
+minus one in beta equals
+
+159
+00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:21,260
+gamma in n minus one in beta We took the common
+
+160
+00:12:21,260 --> 00:12:23,260
+factor Gamma in n minus one in beta
+
+161
+00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:30,640
+Alpha and Beta and Gamma are small angles Alpha
+
+162
+00:12:30,640 --> 00:12:33,920
+and Beta and Gamma are small angles and here the
+
+163
+00:12:33,920 --> 00:12:35,780
+drawing is drawn as we explained before This is
+
+164
+00:12:35,780 --> 00:12:38,540
+the truth and maybe it is smaller than that This
+
+165
+00:12:38,540 --> 00:12:43,620
+is Alpha and this is Gamma and this is Beta As
+
+166
+00:12:43,620 --> 00:12:48,000
+long as it is a small angle, I can approximate it
+
+167
+00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:51,260
+by its shadow So I say M times Alpha
+
+168
+00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:59,860
+It is equal to n in alpha plus n east in tan beta
+
+169
+00:12:59,860 --> 00:13:10,400
+which is equal to tan gamma in n east minus n. Ok.
+
+170
+00:13:11,220 --> 00:13:16,500
+What is tan alpha? Which alpha? We said that any
+
+171
+00:13:16,500 --> 00:13:21,520
+angle tan alpha is equal to the reciprocal over
+
+172
+00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:26,030
+the reciprocal.this is alpha, this is the
+
+173
+00:13:26,030 --> 00:13:30,430
+triangle, this is the angle, the opposite is H so
+
+174
+00:13:30,430 --> 00:13:35,470
+N in H over .. the adjacent is what? this distance
+
+175
+00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:38,210
+which is the object distance O, it is assumed that
+
+176
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:43,910
+this is the symbol O, N in H over O plus N, what
+
+177
+00:13:43,910 --> 00:13:47,450
+is tan beta? this is beta, this is the angle beta,
+
+178
+00:13:47,930 --> 00:13:50,770
+this whole triangle is the angle
+
+179
+00:13:53,810 --> 00:14:04,870
+Tan Beta Dhul Beta H upon I H upon I Equal Tan
+
+180
+00:14:04,870 --> 00:14:10,390
+Gamma Dhul Beta Gamma Angle This small triangle is
+
+181
+00:14:10,390 --> 00:14:20,470
+the angle H upon R So H upon R Angle minus N So
+
+182
+00:14:20,470 --> 00:14:21,930
+Tan Alpha
+
+183
+00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:31,400
+tan beta H over I which is the square So tan gamma
+
+184
+00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:35,340
+H over I which is half of O If you notice, there
+
+185
+00:14:35,340 --> 00:14:38,000
+is an ending in the sentence H and H and H If we
+
+186
+00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:42,480
+multiply all the values by H, I will have N over O
+
+187
+00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:50,780
+plus N plus I equals N minus I over I
+
+188
+00:14:59,060 --> 00:15:03,700
+The point is that I want to bring this value to
+
+189
+00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:07,440
+the other side I want to say and we will say why
+
+190
+00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:11,840
+we want to bring it to the other side We can say n
+
+191
+00:15:11,840 --> 00:15:20,400
+sharp over i is equal to minus n over o plus n
+
+192
+00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:22,540
+sharp minus n over i
+
+193
+00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:29,360
+The same equation, but all the left and right are
+
+194
+00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:34,280
+the same. Instead of saying Sin equals Sat, I want
+
+195
+00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:37,500
+to say Sat equals Sin only. Okay? And then we will
+
+196
+00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:42,460
+say why we did that. We will say negative n over O
+
+197
+00:15:42,460 --> 00:15:48,700
+plus the condition negative n over A equals
+
+198
+00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,840
+negative n over A. The first thing we need to
+
+199
+00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:58,250
+explain is why we brought O here with A. A and O
+
+200
+00:15:58,250 --> 00:16:01,090
+were placed on one side of the equation and I was
+
+201
+00:16:01,090 --> 00:16:03,250
+placed on the other side of the equation First of
+
+202
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:06,750
+all, O is the object object distance distance of
+
+203
+00:16:06,750 --> 00:16:10,110
+the object and A is half a meter of the spherical
+
+204
+00:16:10,110 --> 00:16:13,470
+refracting surface The A just started from the
+
+205
+00:16:13,470 --> 00:16:17,420
+object and passed throughThe Spherical Refracting
+
+206
+00:16:17,420 --> 00:16:19,540
+Surface, which is half of its diameter, which we
+
+207
+00:16:19,540 --> 00:16:23,080
+mark with the letter R And these two together, the
+
+208
+00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:25,820
+object and the spherical refracting surface worked
+
+209
+00:16:25,820 --> 00:16:29,560
+together to form the image The word I means image
+
+210
+00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:31,880
+distance What does image distance mean? It means
+
+211
+00:16:31,880 --> 00:16:34,800
+that if there is no image next to me, I can't talk
+
+212
+00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:36,520
+about image distance It means that as long as I
+
+213
+00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:38,920
+say image distance, it means that I have a picture
+
+214
+00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:42,120
+Who made it for me? Both of them The object
+
+215
+00:16:42,120 --> 00:16:44,580
+itself, as long as I say object distance, it means
+
+216
+00:16:44,580 --> 00:16:47,250
+that there is an objectThere is no distance from
+
+217
+00:16:47,250 --> 00:16:52,510
+the road to city C except that city C exists. As
+
+218
+00:16:52,510 --> 00:16:55,550
+long as there is an object distance O, it means
+
+219
+00:16:55,550 --> 00:16:57,750
+that there is an object. And as long as there is R
+
+220
+00:16:57,750 --> 00:16:59,730
+half a foot, half a foot to 100, it means that
+
+221
+00:16:59,730 --> 00:17:01,890
+half a foot to the spherical refracting surface.
+
+222
+00:17:02,190 --> 00:17:05,050
+These two worked together to make the image.
+
+223
+00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:08,970
+Because it is an object by itself and there is no
+
+224
+00:17:08,970 --> 00:17:09,910
+optical system.
+
+225
+00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:16,700
+Okay, a spherical refracting surface without an
+
+226
+00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:18,940
+object also does not have a picture The two
+
+227
+00:17:18,940 --> 00:17:21,920
+together need to interact with each other, they
+
+228
+00:17:21,920 --> 00:17:25,120
+need to emit light from the object The optical
+
+229
+00:17:25,120 --> 00:17:30,580
+system will collect these things or create the
+
+230
+00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:35,960
+image for us So that we can be calm and relaxed
+
+231
+00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:48,940
+Refracting surface and the image distance is on
+
+232
+00:17:48,940 --> 00:17:56,640
+the other side Of course, we moved the object from
+
+233
+00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:00,460
+one side to the other Because the object is always
+
+234
+00:18:00,460 --> 00:18:02,880
+on the left And we said that the distances on the
+
+235
+00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:06,120
+left of the optical system are considered minus
+
+236
+00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:12,380
+This last equation is called lens makers equation
+
+237
+00:18:16,090 --> 00:18:19,010
+Manufacturer's equation of lenses, one of the most
+
+238
+00:18:19,010 --> 00:18:22,490
+important equations that will be used a lot, and
+
+239
+00:18:22,490 --> 00:18:24,490
+unfortunately one of the most important equations
+
+240
+00:18:24,490 --> 00:18:27,830
+that does
+
+241
+00:18:27,830 --> 00:18:30,970
+not benefit from it in the desired form, that is,
+
+242
+00:18:30,990 --> 00:18:33,630
+it benefits from it, but not in the desired form
+
+243
+00:18:33,630 --> 00:18:38,610
+So this equation, which is negative n over O plus
+
+244
+00:18:38,610 --> 00:18:45,070
+negative n over A equals negative n over A If I
+
+245
+00:18:45,070 --> 00:18:48,010
+know half of the refractive index of the object
+
+246
+00:18:48,010 --> 00:18:50,610
+and the area of the object and I know each
+
+247
+00:18:50,610 --> 00:18:53,550
+refractive index of the object that fell from it
+
+248
+00:18:53,550 --> 00:18:55,810
+and each refractive index of the object that fell
+
+249
+00:18:55,810 --> 00:18:58,050
+from it, I will have one unknown which is the
+
+250
+00:18:58,050 --> 00:19:00,870
+image distance and if I bring this one unknown
+
+251
+00:19:00,870 --> 00:19:02,030
+which is the image distance and if I bring this
+
+252
+00:19:02,030 --> 00:19:02,130
+and if I bring this one unknown which is the image
+
+253
+00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:02,150
+distance and if I bring this one unknown which is
+
+254
+00:19:02,150 --> 00:19:02,210
+the image distance and if I bring this one unknown
+
+255
+00:19:02,210 --> 00:19:02,690
+which is the image distance and if I bring this
+
+256
+00:19:02,690 --> 00:19:03,890
+one unknown which is the image distance and if I
+
+257
+00:19:03,890 --> 00:19:03,910
+and if I bring this one unknown which is the image
+
+258
+00:19:03,910 --> 00:19:04,030
+distance and if I bring this one unknown which is
+
+259
+00:19:04,030 --> 00:19:04,090
+the image distance and if I bring this one unknown
+
+260
+00:19:04,090 --> 00:19:04,530
+which is the image distance and if I bring this
+
+261
+00:19:04,530 --> 00:19:06,770
+one unknown which is the image distance and if I
+
+262
+00:19:06,770 --> 00:19:07,730
+bring this one unknown which is the image distance
+
+263
+00:19:07,730 --> 00:19:08,870
+and if I bring this one unknown which is the image
+
+264
+00:19:08,870 --> 00:19:12,720
+distance and This is the first attribute of the
+
+265
+00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:15,960
+object. If I have the image distance, I can use
+
+266
+00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:19,200
+the magnification to divide the image distance by
+
+267
+00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,060
+the object distance, and the attributes of the
+
+268
+00:19:21,060 --> 00:19:24,260
+image will be what? This. So I can get the
+
+269
+00:19:24,260 --> 00:19:26,780
+attributes of the image with equal quality by
+
+270
+00:19:26,780 --> 00:19:30,080
+using the lens maker's equation. By using the lens
+
+271
+00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:32,980
+maker's equation. Let's check one thing.
+
+272
+00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:37,940
+Scientists know the power of the refracting
+
+273
+00:19:37,940 --> 00:19:42,280
+service. Its ability to break rays. is that the
+
+274
+00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:46,140
+difference between the refractive index of the two
+
+275
+00:19:46,140 --> 00:19:49,160
+materials, which is going straight, minus the one
+
+276
+00:19:49,160 --> 00:19:51,640
+that is going straight, is equal to half of the
+
+277
+00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:53,080
+refractive index of the refracting service. This
+
+278
+00:19:53,080 --> 00:19:55,560
+is called the power of the refractive index of the
+
+279
+00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:57,380
+refracting service. So here I can compensate for
+
+280
+00:19:57,380 --> 00:19:59,760
+this loss in the power of the refractive index of
+
+281
+00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:02,800
+the refracting service. We say that the power
+
+282
+00:20:06,730 --> 00:20:09,950
+Okay, so here I can write the lens maker equation
+
+283
+00:20:09,950 --> 00:20:15,210
+as minus N over O plus P equals to N plus I equals
+
+284
+00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:18,930
+to N plus I This is how we have reached the
+
+285
+00:20:18,930 --> 00:20:22,510
+conclusion of the lens maker equation God bless
+
+286
+00:20:22,510 --> 00:20:25,110
+you and peace be upon you
+