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+00:00:01,650 --> 00:00:05,010
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,010 --> 00:00:09,890
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لعين لprism aberration أو
+
+3
+00:00:09,890 --> 00:00:15,570
+الزيغ اللي ممكن يحدث ليها لprism أثناء مرور الضوء
+
+4
+00:00:15,570 --> 00:00:19,190
+فيه Chromatic aberration الزيغ اللوني produces
+
+5
+00:00:19,190 --> 00:00:23,270
+colored fringes at the edges of objects viewed
+
+6
+00:00:23,270 --> 00:00:26,630
+through prisms and can be bothersome to patients
+
+7
+00:00:26,630 --> 00:00:32,610
+يعنيamong the aberrations or the problems that
+
+8
+00:00:32,610 --> 00:00:34,810
+occur in the prism, which they call chromatic
+
+9
+00:00:34,810 --> 00:00:40,050
+aberration, that is, the objects that I look at
+
+10
+00:00:40,050 --> 00:00:42,870
+through the prism, especially when the power of
+
+11
+00:00:42,870 --> 00:00:45,490
+the prism is high, I see around the objects
+
+12
+00:00:45,490 --> 00:00:50,250
+colorful waves sometimes annoying the light
+
+13
+00:00:50,250 --> 00:00:53,980
+sources or the objects that I look aton them
+
+14
+00:00:53,980 --> 00:00:57,140
+through the prism, of course, the patients can be
+
+15
+00:00:57,140 --> 00:00:59,860
+disturbed from this age, so the chromatic
+
+16
+00:00:59,860 --> 00:01:03,080
+aberrations are one of the aberrations that the
+
+17
+00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:07,580
+prism can do with it, and also these aberrations,
+
+18
+00:01:07,660 --> 00:01:10,940
+the chromatic aberrations are more the more the
+
+19
+00:01:10,940 --> 00:01:13,940
+prism power is more, the more the prism power is
+
+20
+00:01:13,940 --> 00:01:17,490
+stronger and moreSo this is number one. Number
+
+21
+00:01:17,490 --> 00:01:20,850
+two, prisms have other aberrations such as
+
+22
+00:01:20,850 --> 00:01:24,950
+asymmetrical magnification. In other words, a
+
+23
+00:01:24,950 --> 00:01:27,870
+patient wearing a prism in front of his eye, and
+
+24
+00:01:27,870 --> 00:01:29,510
+the other eye does not have a prism in front of
+
+25
+00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:32,930
+it, may feel asymmetrical magnification.
+
+26
+00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:40,370
+Or the picture that comes on the network is
+
+27
+00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:44,150
+different from eye to eye because one eye is
+
+28
+00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:46,210
+wearing a prism and the other is not wearing a
+
+29
+00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:48,770
+prism So the chromatic aberration is the first
+
+30
+00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:52,230
+type of the .. of the aberrations, it is annoying
+
+31
+00:01:54,510 --> 00:01:57,430
+sometimes for the patient. The second type of
+
+32
+00:01:57,430 --> 00:02:01,430
+aberration is asymmetrical magnification. The
+
+33
+00:02:01,430 --> 00:02:04,210
+third type is curvature of field. That is, I feel
+
+34
+00:02:04,210 --> 00:02:08,590
+that the field that I look at is bent. All of this
+
+35
+00:02:08,590 --> 00:02:11,310
+is considered one of the annoyances of liberism.
+
+36
+00:02:11,810 --> 00:02:15,270
+Although these aberrations are usually
+
+37
+00:02:15,270 --> 00:02:17,730
+insignificant, most of the time these aberrations
+
+38
+00:02:17,730 --> 00:02:22,490
+are not many.They occasionally produce symptoms
+
+39
+00:02:22,490 --> 00:02:26,050
+even with low power of thalamic prisms أحياناً
+
+40
+00:02:26,050 --> 00:02:29,070
+كتير بتكون مش مزعجة بس في بعض الأحيان بعض المرضى
+
+41
+00:02:29,070 --> 00:02:34,930
+مابيقدرش يتحملها فبالتالي بده حل آخر على سبيل
+
+42
+00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:38,550
+المثال مثلا تخفيف قوة liprism، استعمال liprism
+
+43
+00:02:38,550 --> 00:02:43,330
+أمام العندين أو إيجاد حل آخر غير liprism، غير
+
+44
+00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:48,020
+liprismنيجي لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism
+
+45
+00:02:48,020 --> 00:02:48,440
+نيجي لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism نيجي
+
+46
+00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:49,660
+لموضوع اليوم اللي هو ال Fresnel Prism طبعا ال S
+
+47
+00:02:49,660 --> 00:02:53,820
+silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S
+
+48
+00:02:53,820 --> 00:03:00,540
+silent طبعا
+
+49
+00:03:00,540 --> 00:03:03,020
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+50
+00:03:03,020 --> 00:03:03,280
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+51
+00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,280
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+52
+00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,280
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+53
+00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,280
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+54
+00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:03,380
+ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا ال S silent طبعا
+
+55
+00:03:03,380 --> 00:03:06,580
+ال S silent طبعا ال S
+
+56
+00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:19,320
+and connected side by side it works like a single
+
+57
+00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:23,620
+large prism let's see this issue in the clear
+
+58
+00:03:23,620 --> 00:03:26,100
+drawing let's see this issue in the clear drawing
+
+59
+00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:34,740
+here I have a single large prism large prism its
+
+60
+00:03:34,740 --> 00:03:39,760
+base height is 10 millimeters its thickness is 10
+
+61
+00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:44,110
+millimeters and its lengthand the length is 40
+
+62
+00:03:44,110 --> 00:03:48,130
+millimeters 40 millimeters this is the apex angle
+
+63
+00:03:48,130 --> 00:03:52,850
+its apex angle has a certain value let's say 20
+
+64
+00:03:52,850 --> 00:03:56,730
+degrees let's say 20 degrees okay now the apex
+
+65
+00:03:56,730 --> 00:04:02,510
+angle is 20 degrees for example if we bring small
+
+66
+00:04:02,510 --> 00:04:07,480
+prismsthis is a prism and this is also a prism and
+
+67
+00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:10,140
+this is also a prism the first prism is its apex
+
+68
+00:04:10,140 --> 00:04:13,360
+which indicates it the second prism is its apex
+
+69
+00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:15,340
+which is the same direction of the apex and the
+
+70
+00:04:15,340 --> 00:04:18,800
+same direction of the base if we compare them to
+
+71
+00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:21,620
+the large prism here the base is on the right and
+
+72
+00:04:21,620 --> 00:04:23,360
+the apex is on the left here the same thing the
+
+73
+00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:25,020
+base is on the right and the apex is on the left
+
+74
+00:04:25,020 --> 00:04:26,580
+the base is on the right and the apex is on the
+
+75
+00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:27,420
+left and so on
+
+76
+00:04:30,260 --> 00:04:34,220
+the apical angle of each prism here this is 20
+
+77
+00:04:34,220 --> 00:04:36,120
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+78
+00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:37,840
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+79
+00:04:37,840 --> 00:04:39,280
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+80
+00:04:39,280 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+81
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+82
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+83
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+84
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+85
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+86
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+87
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+88
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+89
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,420
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+90
+00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:39,540
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+91
+00:04:39,540 --> 00:04:39,540
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+92
+00:04:39,540 --> 00:04:39,840
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+93
+00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:39,860
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+94
+00:04:39,860 --> 00:04:39,880
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+95
+00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:39,940
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+96
+00:04:39,940 --> 00:04:40,580
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+97
+00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:44,920
+degrees and this is 20 degrees and this is 20
+
+98
+00:04:44,920 --> 00:04:47,840
+degrees and
+
+99
+00:04:53,280 --> 00:04:59,000
+ونفذناهم على شريحة من اللدائن ال plastic أو مادة
+
+100
+00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,380
+معينة يعني شبيه بال plastic زي ال polyvinyl
+
+101
+00:05:02,380 --> 00:05:08,820
+alcohol هدولة ال prismات بيشتغلوا أو بيقوموا مقام
+
+102
+00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:13,170
+ال prism الكبير في العملmeans exactly the force of
+
+103
+00:05:13,170 --> 00:05:15,970
+this small prism is equal to the force of this big
+
+104
+00:05:15,970 --> 00:05:18,610
+prism and this force, but I can't say that their
+
+105
+00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:22,490
+total force is 20 and 20 and 20 and 20, it's like
+
+106
+00:05:22,490 --> 00:05:26,590
+their apex angle is 100 or 200 or 300, no, that's
+
+107
+00:05:26,590 --> 00:05:29,410
+not what I meant, that they stand like a big
+
+108
+00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:34,130
+prism, their apex angle is equal to the apex angle
+
+109
+00:05:34,130 --> 00:05:37,010
+of each of them. Okay, what is the goal of the
+
+110
+00:05:37,010 --> 00:05:40,070
+production of Fresnel Prism? To reduce weight and
+
+111
+00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:43,410
+reduce thicknessIt is clear that here if we want
+
+112
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:46,490
+to attach this Librasm to his glasses, there will
+
+113
+00:05:46,490 --> 00:05:49,490
+be an area with it on one side of the glasses
+
+114
+00:05:49,490 --> 00:05:53,430
+which is very thick and on the other side which is
+
+115
+00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:57,310
+very thin As we saw in one of the pictures when we
+
+116
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:04,630
+started talking about Librasms The
+
+117
+00:06:04,630 --> 00:06:06,290
+following picture will clarify the matter
+
+118
+00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:16,680
+لأ هي مش .. مش في المساقة ده، في مساقة اللي حوالي،
+
+119
+00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:21,820
+بنجيبها من ال net I
+
+120
+00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:26,480
+prism incorporation
+
+121
+00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:30,740
+into
+
+122
+00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:38,740
+spectacles هيكون
+
+123
+00:06:38,740 --> 00:06:45,190
+عندىهي عدسة ومعها prism من حفة معينة هيكون خميل
+
+124
+00:06:45,190 --> 00:06:49,390
+جدا، حفة تانية الصمك طبيعي، بس الحفة .. أحد الحفف
+
+125
+00:06:49,390 --> 00:06:52,910
+هتكون .. فهذه عشان أتفاد هذه القضية .. عشان أتفاد
+
+126
+00:06:52,910 --> 00:06:57,030
+هذه القضية، بلجأ لمه يسمى peripheral prism، واللي
+
+127
+00:06:57,030 --> 00:07:05,790
+هنشوفه احنا بعد شوية نرجع
+
+128
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:12,900
+للصورة بتاعتنا إذاThis is a series of
+
+129
+00:07:12,900 --> 00:07:18,260
+small prisms. Each prism has an apical angle which
+
+130
+00:07:18,260 --> 00:07:21,500
+is equal to the apical angle of the large prism.
+
+131
+00:07:21,660 --> 00:07:28,460
+All these prisms together block this big prism. So
+
+132
+00:07:28,460 --> 00:07:36,330
+that acts as a single large prism.This
+
+133
+00:07:36,330 --> 00:07:50,570
+Leprinoliprism shows that this cell is made from
+
+134
+00:07:50,570 --> 00:07:53,930
+polyvinyl chloride, not polyvinyl alcohol, sorry.
+
+135
+00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:58,370
+Polyvinyl chloride from the polyvinyl chloride
+
+136
+00:07:58,370 --> 00:08:00,950
+substance. Of course, it is a transparent
+
+137
+00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:04,650
+substance, so it can be used in the production of
+
+138
+00:08:04,650 --> 00:08:07,320
+Leprinoliprism.The Fresnel prism is like any
+
+139
+00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:10,280
+normal prism, like any large prism, it has a base
+
+140
+00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:12,800
+and it has an apex, but because it is small, it is
+
+141
+00:08:12,800 --> 00:08:14,800
+not clear where is the base and where is the apex,
+
+142
+00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:18,020
+so we are in manufacturing this Fresnel prism that
+
+143
+00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:19,740
+we will extract from it and stick it in the
+
+144
+00:08:19,740 --> 00:08:23,350
+glassesThis is the circular piece. We will
+
+145
+00:08:23,350 --> 00:08:26,910
+partially glue it to the glass. I will have a
+
+146
+00:08:26,910 --> 00:08:31,430
+guide to the base down here and the strength of
+
+147
+00:08:31,430 --> 00:08:34,270
+the prism here is 12 diopter prisms. If I bring
+
+148
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:37,150
+the frame of the glass and put it like this
+
+149
+00:08:43,970 --> 00:08:48,110
+this part will have a base down prism if I turn
+
+150
+00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:50,610
+it, this is the highest frame, the highest frame
+
+151
+00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:58,170
+here if I turn it, it will have .. or let's take
+
+152
+00:08:58,170 --> 00:08:59,410
+something that looks more like the frame of the
+
+153
+00:08:59,410 --> 00:09:03,070
+glasses so that it is wider on one side and
+
+154
+00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:04,190
+narrower on the other
+
+155
+00:09:14,530 --> 00:09:22,910
+Let's take this shape To
+
+156
+00:09:22,910 --> 00:09:24,610
+know where is the highest frame and where is the
+
+157
+00:09:24,610 --> 00:09:24,770
+lowest frame
+
+158
+00:09:39,630 --> 00:09:44,230
+So this flat is the highest frame of the glasses
+
+159
+00:09:44,230 --> 00:09:45,910
+and this is the lowest frame of the glasses So if
+
+160
+00:09:45,910 --> 00:09:52,630
+we put this frame in this shape So base down prism
+
+161
+00:09:52,630 --> 00:09:57,970
+So if we flip it
+
+162
+00:09:57,970 --> 00:10:04,190
+like this The
+
+163
+00:10:04,190 --> 00:10:06,710
+highest frame will be at the bottom So this will
+
+164
+00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:13,970
+be the base up prismلو حطينا زي هيك، هيعطيني
+
+165
+00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,850
+effect إما إذا كان هنا ال nose، إذا كان هنا هيكون
+
+166
+00:10:18,850 --> 00:10:22,250
+ال nose، يعني هذه لل right eye، هيكون عندي base in
+
+167
+00:10:22,250 --> 00:10:27,110
+the prismإذا كان جلبته لعكس هيكون base up prism و
+
+168
+00:10:27,110 --> 00:10:30,790
+هذا الكلام في ال dispensing بنعرف أو بنتعرف عليه
+
+169
+00:10:30,790 --> 00:10:35,990
+بشكل أفضل في ال dispensing هتتعرفوا عليه بشكل أفضل
+
+170
+00:10:35,990 --> 00:10:39,650
+طيب إذا أنا ممكن لفرين ال prism ألسقه بالنضارة
+
+171
+00:10:39,650 --> 00:10:44,310
+بشكل base up أو base down أو base in أو base out
+
+172
+00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:48,390
+حسب اتجاه الحوال اللي أنا بدي أصلحه طيب نفرض إنه
+
+173
+00:10:48,390 --> 00:10:53,930
+إيجادني القطعة هذه الدائريةI don't know where is
+
+174
+00:10:53,930 --> 00:10:57,530
+the base. This is the outer part of the frame that
+
+175
+00:10:57,530 --> 00:11:00,970
+tells me where is the base and how strong is the
+
+176
+00:11:00,970 --> 00:11:06,210
+prism. It's not there. The patient brought me a
+
+177
+00:11:06,210 --> 00:11:09,450
+piece or bought a piece that doesn't specify where
+
+178
+00:11:09,450 --> 00:11:11,750
+is the base and where is the apex. So I can
+
+179
+00:11:11,750 --> 00:11:15,610
+identify it with a very simple experiment. I put
+
+180
+00:11:15,610 --> 00:11:20,060
+any target under the prism frame.This is a Fresnel
+
+181
+00:11:20,060 --> 00:11:22,100
+prism, which means prism, so this is a target
+
+182
+00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,660
+coming horizontally I put a piece of Fresnel prism
+
+183
+00:11:25,660 --> 00:11:28,900
+Of course it's here, but this is just to clarify
+
+184
+00:11:28,900 --> 00:11:34,040
+the experiment We see that the image or part of
+
+185
+00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:37,500
+the pencil, which is the target that I put, tilts
+
+186
+00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:40,380
+upwards, the image always tilts towards the apex
+
+187
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:43,600
+As long as it tilts upwards compared to the rest
+
+188
+00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:46,760
+of the pencil, then the apex is up, then the base
+
+189
+00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,810
+is downSo this is the base, and so on, so I can
+
+190
+00:11:49,810 --> 00:11:53,410
+know the direction of the apex from the base by
+
+191
+00:11:53,410 --> 00:11:57,410
+putting any target and look at it This Fresnel
+
+192
+00:11:57,410 --> 00:11:59,550
+prism, how do I want to stick it in the glasses?
+
+193
+00:12:00,370 --> 00:12:03,610
+Let's go to the magnifying glass Of course, I
+
+194
+00:12:03,610 --> 00:12:08,830
+stick it, of course it has a flat edge Flat edge
+
+195
+00:12:08,830 --> 00:12:12,940
+here in the drawing, flat edge hereand a
+
+196
+00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:15,560
+protruding edge called the prisma. The protruding
+
+197
+00:12:15,560 --> 00:12:17,080
+edge is what begins to stick to the surface of the
+
+198
+00:12:17,080 --> 00:12:21,950
+rear glass.فى سطح النضارة الخالفى والحفة المتعرجة
+
+199
+00:12:21,950 --> 00:12:25,030
+اللى هى لبرزمات بدها تواجه عين المريض بدها تواجه
+
+200
+00:12:25,030 --> 00:12:30,170
+عين المريض اذا هو يلصق على السطح الخالفى للنضارة
+
+201
+00:12:30,170 --> 00:12:33,930
+اول حاجة بجيب القطعة الدائرية بلصقها على السطح
+
+202
+00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:38,330
+الخالفى و بجلم بسيط هيك احدد طبعا بده احطها باتجاه
+
+203
+00:12:38,330 --> 00:12:41,370
+ال base اللى انا بديها اما base up او base down او
+
+204
+00:12:41,370 --> 00:12:46,670
+base in ناحية ال nose او base out ناحية بعيدا عن
+
+205
+00:12:48,110 --> 00:12:51,910
+الأنف بعيدا عن الانف. كيف اعرف ال .. ال base؟ بشوف
+
+206
+00:12:51,910 --> 00:12:55,190
+وان الصورة راحت، ال .. ال base عكس الصورة، عكس
+
+207
+00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:59,130
+الصورة، فبلثقها حسب ال .. الانف طبعا بعد ما حددت
+
+208
+00:12:59,130 --> 00:13:04,450
+بالجلم، هاي التحديد بالجلم، بقى جوس بالامجاصحسب
+
+209
+00:13:04,450 --> 00:13:09,090
+التحديد عشان يناسب إطار النضارة و بنعمها بشكل كويس
+
+210
+00:13:09,090 --> 00:13:13,870
+تمام؟ بعدين باجي بقى بخ ميه على السطح الخلفي أو
+
+211
+00:13:13,870 --> 00:13:18,070
+بحط على أصبعي نقط .. نقطتين أو تلاتة من الماء و
+
+212
+00:13:18,070 --> 00:13:21,830
+بادهن السطح الأملس من ال prism بادهن السطح الأملس
+
+213
+00:13:21,830 --> 00:13:25,050
+من ال prism بأصبعي عشان ..
+
+214
+00:13:27,950 --> 00:13:34,290
+يعني يتبلل أو بستعمل بخّاق من الماء و بالسق ..
+
+215
+00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:38,330
+بالسق زي ما احنا شايفين من .. ببدأ من حفة و بتحرك
+
+216
+00:13:38,330 --> 00:13:43,830
+باتجاه الحفة و بأصبعي ب .. يعني ألسق السطح الاملس
+
+217
+00:13:43,830 --> 00:13:49,210
+للفرن البرزم بالسطح الخالفي للنضارة لغاية ما أتم
+
+218
+00:13:49,210 --> 00:13:53,330
+عملية اللسق يعني how to useor how to apply using
+
+219
+00:13:53,330 --> 00:13:57,930
+water So I have many useful things in this prism
+
+220
+00:13:57,930 --> 00:14:00,930
+The first thing is that it is very light It is not
+
+221
+00:14:00,930 --> 00:14:05,870
+comparable to the prism that we saw a while ago on
+
+222
+00:14:05,870 --> 00:14:08,570
+the internet This prism is very heavy, it makes
+
+223
+00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:13,150
+the glasses very heavy Here the prism is almost
+
+224
+00:14:13,150 --> 00:14:19,100
+weightless because it is light Easy to useIt's
+
+225
+00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:22,720
+easy to cut, it's easy to boil. Can I remove it
+
+226
+00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:24,900
+again after sticking it with water? Yes, I can
+
+227
+00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:28,560
+remove it again, wipe if there's some water
+
+228
+00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:32,300
+droplets or dust between it and the back of the
+
+229
+00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:37,940
+glasses. I can clean itبأي وسيلة بسيطة يعني بفرشات
+
+230
+00:14:37,940 --> 00:14:41,720
+الأسنان مثلا إذا تراكمت غبار أو شيء من هذا في
+
+231
+00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:45,780
+الفرزات بين البرزمات فبالتالي في فوائد كتيرة جدا
+
+232
+00:14:45,780 --> 00:14:50,360
+إليه منها إنه خفيف الوزن و هذا طبعا ممكن أستعمله
+
+233
+00:14:50,360 --> 00:14:55,500
+لعين تين أو لعين واحدة لعين تين أو لعين واحدة ممكن
+
+234
+00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:58,260
+أستعمله horizontal زي ما أحنا شايفين ممكن أستعمله
+
+235
+00:14:58,260 --> 00:15:01,660
+.. عفوا vertical هذا vertical apex إما up أو down
+
+236
+00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:05,540
+Tama'am? Here horizontal, Apex either out or in,
+
+237
+00:15:06,060 --> 00:15:10,480
+and here I can use oblique, oblique I use if I
+
+238
+00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:14,380
+have horizontal and vertical diplopia, I make them
+
+239
+00:15:14,380 --> 00:15:17,180
+compensation, meaning compensation or compensation
+
+240
+00:15:17,180 --> 00:15:19,120
+of the angle of rotation, if I have a horizontal
+
+241
+00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:22,190
+rotation and a vertical rotationفبعود عنهم ب
+
+242
+00:15:22,190 --> 00:15:26,510
+Oblique Prism بيسد عن ال Prismين ال Prism
+
+243
+00:15:26,510 --> 00:15:31,030
+Horizontal و ال Prism Vertical و تحديد اتجاه ال
+
+244
+00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:34,630
+base و ميلان ال Prism على المحور الأفقي أو العمودي
+
+245
+00:15:34,630 --> 00:15:38,770
+أخدناه في ال vector addition of Prisms طبعا هنا
+
+246
+00:15:38,770 --> 00:15:43,390
+الرسمة بتوضح ان ال base .. ال base up and inup and
+
+247
+00:15:43,390 --> 00:15:47,250
+in يعني ال apex out and down out and down هنا
+
+248
+00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:51,430
+horizontal prism horizontal prism يعني ال apex إما
+
+249
+00:15:51,430 --> 00:15:54,790
+لجوة و ال base لبرا أو العكس يعني base out أو base
+
+250
+00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:58,770
+in هنا أنا اقطعت هنا من جزء من الصورة عشان نعرف
+
+251
+00:15:58,770 --> 00:16:05,290
+بدون ما حد يقولنا هل ال apex out ولا in هل ال apex
+
+252
+00:16:05,290 --> 00:16:07,110
+out ولا in طبعا
+
+253
+00:16:09,450 --> 00:16:12,290
+If we notice here, we find that the position of
+
+254
+00:16:12,290 --> 00:16:14,490
+the glasses behind the prism is shifted in this
+
+255
+00:16:14,490 --> 00:16:17,690
+direction In this direction, compared to the part
+
+256
+00:16:17,690 --> 00:16:21,390
+of the arm If we notice here, it is shifted inward
+
+257
+00:16:21,390 --> 00:16:25,370
+a little compared to what is left of the glasses
+
+258
+00:16:25,370 --> 00:16:27,170
+arm, so it is shifted inward, which means that the
+
+259
+00:16:27,170 --> 00:16:29,850
+apex is inward, and this is based out of the prism
+
+260
+00:16:29,850 --> 00:16:32,490
+This is based out of the prism, so without anyone
+
+261
+00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:35,010
+telling me that I can know the direction of the
+
+262
+00:16:35,010 --> 00:16:39,790
+baseإذا ماقدرتش أعرف، أنا بلبس نفسي النضارة و بشوف
+
+263
+00:16:39,790 --> 00:16:44,630
+لوين زيغا الصورة، الصورة دائما بتنحرف أو بتزوغ
+
+264
+00:16:44,630 --> 00:16:48,430
+باتجاه ال apex بتاعة librism، باتجاه ال apex بتاعة
+
+265
+00:16:48,430 --> 00:16:52,030
+librism، هاي رسمة تمثيلية ل .. او simulation ل
+
+266
+00:16:52,030 --> 00:16:55,630
+librism إنه هذه السلسلة من ال librismات بتصد عن
+
+267
+00:16:55,630 --> 00:16:59,850
+large prism بنفس ال apex angle، بنفس ال apex angle
+
+268
+00:17:01,340 --> 00:17:04,820
+طبعا ال friendly prism is typically used to avoid
+
+269
+00:17:04,820 --> 00:17:08,660
+the weight of some of .. and some to avoid weight
+
+270
+00:17:08,660 --> 00:17:12,960
+عشان اتجنب الوزن الثقيل لل large prism and some of
+
+271
+00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:16,540
+aberrations of conventional prism عشان اتجنب ال
+
+272
+00:17:16,540 --> 00:17:19,590
+aberrations اللي حكينا عنها قبل شويةwhich is
+
+273
+00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:22,230
+chromatic aberration, asymmetrical field,
+
+274
+00:17:23,590 --> 00:17:27,590
+asymmetrical magnification, curvature of field,
+
+275
+00:17:28,070 --> 00:17:31,590
+and so on The most popular form of Fresnel prism
+
+276
+00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:32,670
+is a membrane
+
+277
+00:17:39,140 --> 00:17:44,480
+molded from clear polyvinylachloride مصنوع من مادة
+
+278
+00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:48,960
+الـ polyvinylachloride الشفافة ومعروف إله اسم
+
+279
+00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:52,760
+بيسموه Fresnel Prism أو بيسموه Press-on Prism
+
+280
+00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:59,790
+Press-on Prism يعني بنضغط على السطح الخلفي لIt is
+
+281
+00:17:59,790 --> 00:18:02,530
+applied with water to the back surface on the
+
+282
+00:18:02,530 --> 00:18:06,930
+ordinary spectacle lens على النضارة العادية Press
+
+283
+00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,110
+-on prisms are available in a variety of powers
+
+284
+00:18:10,110 --> 00:18:13,710
+Visual
+
+285
+00:18:13,710 --> 00:18:18,150
+acuity
+
+286
+00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:21,830
+is reduced
+
+287
+00:18:21,830 --> 00:18:24,850
+because of light scattering at the groove edges
+
+288
+00:18:25,610 --> 00:18:27,870
+means that the convergence of these grooves
+
+289
+00:18:27,870 --> 00:18:32,730
+between the small prisms makes a scattering of
+
+290
+00:18:32,730 --> 00:18:35,190
+light that is less than the width of the eye
+
+291
+00:18:35,190 --> 00:18:42,870
+instead of being 6x6 it can be 6x9 or 6x12 and so
+
+292
+00:18:42,870 --> 00:18:46,170
+on so visual acuity is reduced because of light
+
+293
+00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:48,370
+scattering at the groove edges this is the first
+
+294
+00:18:48,370 --> 00:18:51,250
+flaw which is visual acuity reduction
+
+295
+00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:56,990
+But the chromatic aberration of the prisms
+
+296
+00:18:56,990 --> 00:19:01,990
+themselves produce the most .. produces most of
+
+297
+00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:05,350
+the visual decrement. The visual acuity be .. be
+
+298
+00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:08,190
+.. be .. be .. be .. be .. be less than if the
+
+299
+00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:10,550
+prisms are not present, if the Fresnel prism is
+
+300
+00:19:10,550 --> 00:19:14,490
+not presentbecause of light scattering and because
+
+301
+00:19:14,490 --> 00:19:16,350
+of chromatic aberration, which is one of the most
+
+302
+00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:19,910
+important factors in vision loss. If someone asks
+
+303
+00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:23,310
+me what is the reason for wearing a press-on prism
+
+304
+00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:26,570
+or friendly prism with his glasses, he will have a
+
+305
+00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:29,310
+reduction in vision for two reasons. The first
+
+306
+00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:31,390
+reason is chromatic aberration, which is the most
+
+307
+00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:32,710
+important factor. The second reason is light
+
+308
+00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:34,250
+scattering.
+
+309
+00:19:51,170 --> 00:19:57,580
+The advantages of these prisms far outweighthe
+
+310
+00:19:57,580 --> 00:20:00,240
+disadvantage. Of course, the advantages of Fresnel
+
+311
+00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:04,240
+Prism are more than its disadvantages and they are
+
+312
+00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,500
+widely used in the field of strabismus and
+
+313
+00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:11,480
+orthoptics. Of course, Fresnel Prism is widely
+
+314
+00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:14,800
+used in the field of circumcision and in the field
+
+315
+00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,360
+of visual exercises related to circumcision which
+
+316
+00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:23,120
+are orthoptic exercises. Because of their ease of
+
+317
+00:20:23,120 --> 00:20:27,240
+use,of application, because they are easy to use,
+
+318
+00:20:27,680 --> 00:20:30,160
+and lower expenses, which are relatively
+
+319
+00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:31,140
+inexpensive.
+
+320
+00:20:33,420 --> 00:20:36,240
+The breasts on the prisms are especially useful
+
+321
+00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,020
+for patients whose strabismus is changing. You
+
+322
+00:20:40,020 --> 00:20:44,280
+might ask, does this person have a squint?وممكن
+
+323
+00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:47,180
+نعمله عملية جراحية بس أحياناً كتير بيكون this
+
+324
+00:20:47,180 --> 00:20:50,020
+point variable يعني أو .. or changing يعني من فترة
+
+325
+00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:54,960
+لفترة بتغير أو ممكن يتحسن يعني يكون بدأ بسبب معين
+
+326
+00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:59,970
+يعني مثلا ..A lot of people who have for example 6
+
+327
+00:20:59,970 --> 00:21:07,650
+nerve palsy, because of a simple reason, or for
+
+328
+00:21:07,650 --> 00:21:09,730
+example he has diabetes and he has a deficiency in
+
+329
+00:21:09,730 --> 00:21:11,970
+the sixth nerve, a lot of them recover
+
+330
+00:21:11,970 --> 00:21:14,390
+immediately. So the deficiency of the sixth nerve
+
+331
+00:21:14,390 --> 00:21:16,470
+weakens the lateral rectus and he will have
+
+332
+00:21:16,470 --> 00:21:20,840
+esotropia. Usually this esotropia is temporary.So,
+
+333
+00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:24,880
+I don't need any surgical intervention and I start
+
+334
+00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:27,240
+recovering. Of course, during the period of
+
+335
+00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:29,960
+esotropia or a defect in the sixth nerve, I can
+
+336
+00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:33,100
+use the Fresnel Prism to get rid of the diplopia
+
+337
+00:21:33,100 --> 00:21:37,520
+until I recover and start every three or four
+
+338
+00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,340
+weeks to change it or reduce it in the force of
+
+339
+00:21:40,340 --> 00:21:43,280
+the Prism as long as it starts to recover until I
+
+340
+00:21:43,280 --> 00:21:47,970
+remove it once.So, this case is very useful to
+
+341
+00:21:47,970 --> 00:21:52,110
+frame the presumption in the situation if the
+
+342
+00:21:52,110 --> 00:21:55,630
+strabismus is changing, if the strabismus is
+
+343
+00:21:55,630 --> 00:21:59,630
+changing, which is in the case of change in the
+
+344
+00:21:59,630 --> 00:22:00,890
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+345
+00:22:00,890 --> 00:22:00,890
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+346
+00:22:00,890 --> 00:22:00,990
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+347
+00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:01,170
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+348
+00:22:01,170 --> 00:22:02,410
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+349
+00:22:02,410 --> 00:22:02,990
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+350
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:02,990
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+351
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:02,990
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+352
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:02,990
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+353
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:02,990
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+354
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:02,990
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+355
+00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:03,030
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+356
+00:22:03,030 --> 00:22:03,030
+case of change in the case of change in the case
+
+357
+00:22:03,030 --> 00:22:03,070
+of change in the case of change in the case of
+
+358
+00:22:03,070 --> 00:22:03,090
+change in the case of change in the case of change
+
+359
+00:22:03,090 --> 00:22:04,130
+in the case of change in the case of change in the
+
+360
+00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:08,450
+case of change in
+
+361
+00:22:08,770 --> 00:22:14,310
+a kidney disease that affected the eye and caused
+
+362
+00:22:14,310 --> 00:22:21,090
+swelling in some parts of the eye. So this issue
+
+363
+00:22:21,090 --> 00:22:24,270
+is going to be clear. Fresnel lenses are also
+
+364
+00:22:24,270 --> 00:22:27,650
+available with concentric groove construction to
+
+365
+00:22:27,650 --> 00:22:32,330
+approximate spherical lenses. These fresnel lenses
+
+366
+00:22:32,330 --> 00:22:34,610
+look exactly like conventional spherical lenses.
+
+367
+00:22:35,530 --> 00:22:39,510
+But its idea is exactly like the idea of the
+
+368
+00:22:39,510 --> 00:22:44,010
+Fresnel prism and also this is also a way of means
+
+369
+00:22:44,010 --> 00:22:47,630
+that I don't have a big thickness for the lens,
+
+370
+00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:51,710
+for the lens, so Fresnel lenses, Fresnel lenses is
+
+371
+00:22:51,710 --> 00:22:55,530
+the same idea of Fresnel prisms We stop at this
+
+372
+00:22:55,530 --> 00:22:58,010
+point and God bless you and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/-Zn4DW4Cgv0_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1716 @@
+1
+00:00:02,630 --> 00:00:05,890
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنستكمل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:05,890 --> 00:00:12,310
+Geometric Optics وتوقفنا عند ال Prismatic Effectof
+
+3
+00:00:12,310 --> 00:00:18,450
+lenses must be
+
+4
+00:00:18,450 --> 00:00:21,730
+anticipated in the design of bifocal lenses to
+
+5
+00:00:21,730 --> 00:00:26,170
+minimize image displacement and image jump. Image
+
+6
+00:00:26,170 --> 00:00:27,710
+displacement and image jump.
+
+7
+00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:42,720
+The bifocal is the center of the addition from the
+
+8
+00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:47,260
+center of the distance segment The center of the
+
+9
+00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:49,760
+near segment and the center of the distance
+
+10
+00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,700
+segment when they are close to each other there is
+
+11
+00:00:52,700 --> 00:00:56,140
+no image displacement or image jump while when
+
+12
+00:00:56,140 --> 00:00:59,100
+they are away from each other there can be image
+
+13
+00:00:59,100 --> 00:01:04,240
+displacement or image jump and consequently I have
+
+14
+00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:07,110
+the flat top bifocal most suitable for thisThe
+
+15
+00:01:07,110 --> 00:01:09,690
+subject, especially when we talk about the plus
+
+16
+00:01:09,690 --> 00:01:12,430
+lenses When we talk about the plus lenses, let's
+
+17
+00:01:12,430 --> 00:01:18,850
+continue now also the prismatic effect I mean,
+
+18
+00:01:19,090 --> 00:01:23,490
+what are also its benefits that I can benefit from
+
+19
+00:01:23,490 --> 00:01:25,790
+the prismatic effect of lenses I mean, how do I
+
+20
+00:01:25,790 --> 00:01:29,550
+make the lens of the glasses work not only as a
+
+21
+00:01:29,550 --> 00:01:33,390
+lens, but also work as a prism Work as a prism
+
+22
+00:01:33,650 --> 00:01:37,090
+بيفيدني هدفي إيش؟ إنه العدسة بتاعة النضارة،
+
+23
+00:01:37,090 --> 00:01:40,990
+الإنسان لابس و لابس نضارة، فكيف أخلي العدسة تشتغل
+
+24
+00:01:40,990 --> 00:01:47,290
+كعدسة، كrefractive يعني tool، يعني أداء
+
+25
+00:01:47,290 --> 00:01:51,290
+للrefraction، لتثبيت الأشعة وعمل focus إليها على
+
+26
+00:01:51,290 --> 00:01:56,170
+الشبكة، وكيف إنها تشتغل في نفس الوقت كprism، كيف
+
+27
+00:01:56,170 --> 00:01:59,910
+ده بيتم؟ The clinician can induce prismatic effect
+
+28
+00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:04,890
+in an ordinary spectacle, في نضارة عادية in an
+
+29
+00:02:04,890 --> 00:02:08,870
+ordinary spectacle lens كيف؟ simply ببساطة by de
+
+30
+00:02:08,870 --> 00:02:11,990
+-centering the lens in the frame so that the
+
+31
+00:02:11,990 --> 00:02:15,630
+visual axis in the primary position does not pass
+
+32
+00:02:15,630 --> 00:02:19,870
+through the optical center of the spectacle lens
+
+33
+00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:21,490
+كيف هذا الكلام بيتم؟
+
+34
+00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:26,940
+Here I have the template which is the lens before
+
+35
+00:02:26,940 --> 00:02:29,940
+it is cut and becomes suitable for the frame of
+
+36
+00:02:29,940 --> 00:02:32,460
+the scooter The template is of course larger than
+
+37
+00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:35,300
+its diameter which is the lens for example I want
+
+38
+00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,360
+to put here a plus five lens in the frame I will
+
+39
+00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:40,740
+not bring it all and put it I have to cut it I
+
+40
+00:02:40,740 --> 00:02:42,780
+will make it edging Edging and this is in the
+
+41
+00:02:42,780 --> 00:02:45,460
+dispensing that is studied in detail This is the
+
+42
+00:02:45,460 --> 00:02:51,940
+template's center I want to bring this frame Its
+
+43
+00:02:51,940 --> 00:02:55,600
+dimensionsand I cut the cap, I cut the glass or
+
+44
+00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:58,260
+the lens itself, I cut it so that the center is in
+
+45
+00:02:58,260 --> 00:03:01,580
+the middle the center should be in the middle so
+
+46
+00:03:01,580 --> 00:03:06,060
+that the pupil comes exactly in the center exactly
+
+47
+00:03:06,060 --> 00:03:11,720
+in the center and therefore .. exactly .. the
+
+48
+00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,660
+center of the .. of the lens should come exactly
+
+49
+00:03:15,660 --> 00:03:17,760
+.. of course this happens when you cut .. sorry
+
+50
+00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:23,600
+هذا الجزء مش لازم، بس هناخد هذا الجزء اللي هو
+
+51
+00:03:23,600 --> 00:03:29,180
+مناسب لل friend، يعني تقطع من الكل و بيكتفي بهذا
+
+52
+00:03:29,180 --> 00:03:36,220
+الجزء طيب، أنا عاد بدي أجوس بشكل بحيث أنه يكون
+
+53
+00:03:36,220 --> 00:03:39,780
+عندي decentration عشان أحصل على prismatic effect،
+
+54
+00:03:39,780 --> 00:03:43,120
+decentration عشان أحصل على prismatic effect طبعا
+
+55
+00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,700
+النضارة، العين، عين الإنسان اللي لابس النضارة هضل
+
+56
+00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:53,040
+.. هضل تطلع من منتصف ال frame من منتصف ال frame
+
+57
+00:03:53,040 --> 00:04:00,980
+بينما ال center هنا ال center هنا أزيح عشان يكون
+
+58
+00:04:00,980 --> 00:04:07,040
+الصورة أوضح اذا
+
+59
+00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:12,830
+العين هتضل تتطلع من مص ال frameWhile the center of
+
+60
+00:04:12,830 --> 00:04:15,490
+the lens is fixed in the frame, which is the
+
+61
+00:04:15,490 --> 00:04:18,270
+glasses, the center is coming out temporarily
+
+62
+00:04:18,270 --> 00:04:23,230
+Okay, it can be cut in the following way
+
+63
+00:04:34,890 --> 00:04:38,430
+طبعا لما بيلبس النظارة هيكون العين في نص ال frame
+
+64
+00:04:38,430 --> 00:04:43,750
+هنا ال center بتاع العدسة اللي انجسط لجوا يعني ال
+
+65
+00:04:43,750 --> 00:04:48,710
+center صارله decentration in in decentration او
+
+66
+00:04:48,710 --> 00:04:53,490
+inward decentration طيب مثال اخر ممكن انا اجس
+
+67
+00:04:53,490 --> 00:04:58,910
+الشابلونة بالطريقة التالية دائما
+
+68
+00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:04,500
+و ابدا العين هتضلها في نص ال frameالان ال center
+
+69
+00:05:04,500 --> 00:05:08,800
+وين صار، الان ال center صار في الأسفل، اذا حسب انا
+
+70
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,020
+طريقة جثي لها وهذا مشروع في ال dispensing بشكل
+
+71
+00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:15,720
+بشكل ممتاز، طيب ممكن انا اعمل decentralization
+
+72
+00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:18,300
+مركب، يعني ايش decentralization مركب؟ نشوف المنظر
+
+73
+00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:24,440
+هذا، انا هجث الشبلونة بالشكل هذا، برضه العين
+
+74
+00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:31,590
+هتضلها تتطلع في نص ال frameThe eye will come out
+
+75
+00:05:31,590 --> 00:05:33,290
+from the middle of the frame, so it doesn't come
+
+76
+00:05:33,290 --> 00:05:35,390
+out from the center of the lens because the center
+
+77
+00:05:35,390 --> 00:05:40,530
+of the lens has out and up decentration Out and up
+
+78
+00:05:40,530 --> 00:05:45,570
+decentration, it became in the outer corner and
+
+79
+00:05:45,570 --> 00:05:51,570
+the top of this lens So the center of the lens
+
+80
+00:05:51,570 --> 00:05:54,330
+became here Okay, also among the complex things
+
+81
+00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:06,100
+ممكن اجس الشبلونة بالشكل هذا بحيث انه يكون عندى ال
+
+82
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:09,540
+.. طبعا الين هتبطلع من نص ال frame هنا ال center
+
+83
+00:06:09,540 --> 00:06:15,120
+وزيح لجوا و للأعلى in and up decentration طب ماليش
+
+84
+00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,800
+الهدف من كل هذا الكلام؟ طب ماليش معناه يعني اجس
+
+85
+00:06:19,800 --> 00:06:24,240
+الشبلونة من النص و يكون ال center في النص
+
+86
+00:06:27,850 --> 00:06:32,070
+ويتطلع من خلال الـSyntax، بنقول أحيانا إحنا بنحتاج
+
+87
+00:06:32,070 --> 00:06:35,800
+لprismatic effectWe need the prismatic effect
+
+88
+00:06:35,800 --> 00:06:38,040
+Instead of describing a pair of glasses, they
+
+89
+00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:41,760
+should wear glasses that have refractive error So
+
+90
+00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:44,040
+instead of describing a pair of glasses with a
+
+91
+00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,400
+prism in front of them, we want the same lens to
+
+92
+00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:51,100
+work as a lens and as a prism at the same time
+
+93
+00:06:51,100 --> 00:06:54,160
+How? By the law of decentration If we don't do
+
+94
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,420
+this, the visual axis or the eye will keep looking
+
+95
+00:06:58,420 --> 00:07:01,220
+through the center It is known that the prismatic
+
+96
+00:07:01,220 --> 00:07:05,320
+effect at the center is zeroإن العدسة في كل
+
+97
+00:07:05,320 --> 00:07:09,660
+نقاطها، في كل أجزائها ممكن تشتغل كprism بالإضافة
+
+98
+00:07:09,660 --> 00:07:14,280
+لكونها عدسة، بس إلا في نقطة واحدة مش ممكن تشتغل
+
+99
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:18,540
+كprism، اللي هي في ال center، في ال center،
+
+100
+00:07:18,540 --> 00:07:21,800
+فبالتاليIn the optical center, the pupil can't
+
+101
+00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:26,520
+stay up, so we need to move the optical center to
+
+102
+00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,880
+get a prismatic effect in a certain direction So
+
+103
+00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:34,380
+if we want base up, base down, base in, base out,
+
+104
+00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:36,200
+depending on what we want, depending on whether
+
+105
+00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:40,400
+the lens is minus or plus Okay, so sometimes we
+
+106
+00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:45,620
+need to get a prismatic effect from the lensOkay,
+
+107
+00:07:45,940 --> 00:07:49,460
+what's the use of this prismatic effect? What's
+
+108
+00:07:49,460 --> 00:07:53,120
+the use of it? We want to see this simple example
+
+109
+00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:57,640
+that we have And
+
+110
+00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:01,500
+this example explains many things Let's say I have
+
+111
+00:08:01,500 --> 00:08:04,720
+a straight eye, let's draw it
+
+112
+00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:16,100
+هي عين التانية اللي هي واحدة يمين واحدة شمال
+
+113
+00:09:23,250 --> 00:09:26,370
+This eye is straight, this eye is slightly iso,
+
+114
+00:09:26,910 --> 00:09:29,650
+slightly iso, it has a simple circle, it has a
+
+115
+00:09:29,650 --> 00:09:33,190
+refractive error, and as long as there is a simple
+
+116
+00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:37,210
+circle, we say as follows, this is the fovea, we
+
+117
+00:09:37,210 --> 00:09:37,690
+mark it
+
+118
+00:10:18,890 --> 00:10:23,650
+So, I have the fovea here straight on the target,
+
+119
+00:10:23,770 --> 00:10:32,190
+we draw a target This is the
+
+120
+00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:37,050
+object that the two eyes are looking at Now, in
+
+121
+00:10:37,050 --> 00:10:39,970
+order for the person to regain the binocular
+
+122
+00:10:39,970 --> 00:10:43,570
+single vision, like this light circle I can use a
+
+123
+00:10:43,570 --> 00:10:43,850
+simple prism
+
+124
+00:11:03,660 --> 00:11:08,820
+With a simple prism in
+
+125
+00:11:08,820 --> 00:11:12,380
+front of
+
+126
+00:11:12,380 --> 00:11:18,180
+the eye, what will happen to it? Before the prism
+
+127
+00:11:18,180 --> 00:11:22,040
+stops, it will remove the prism, the rays of the
+
+128
+00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:26,800
+object will fall directly on the fovea here
+
+129
+00:11:40,030 --> 00:11:49,670
+alphobia and here it falls it
+
+130
+00:11:49,670 --> 00:11:53,290
+falls from the object to nasal retina to nasal
+
+131
+00:11:53,290 --> 00:11:57,130
+retina because it has esophotopia esotropia okay
+
+132
+00:11:57,130 --> 00:12:03,020
+when I go and add the prism the prismit will move
+
+133
+00:12:03,020 --> 00:12:10,940
+the rays towards it's base instead of falling on
+
+134
+00:12:10,940 --> 00:12:16,160
+the nitrogen here it will move it towards the base
+
+135
+00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:19,360
+and bring it to the fovea it will bring it to the
+
+136
+00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:24,120
+fovea and it will become
+
+137
+00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:29,880
+as if with the help of this prismThe image was
+
+138
+00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:34,360
+dropped on points similar to the network of the
+
+139
+00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,620
+two eyes on the fovea and the fovea correspond to
+
+140
+00:12:36,620 --> 00:12:43,040
+the retinal points. As a result, the work of the
+
+141
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,240
+two eyes as a team is restored. The binocular
+
+142
+00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:47,100
+single video is restored. So with the help of this
+
+143
+00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,960
+prism, provided that it is light. Okay. This
+
+144
+00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:53,700
+person has a refractive error. I want to wear
+
+145
+00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:56,320
+glasses and wear a prism above the glasses in
+
+146
+00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:59,950
+front of one of the two eyes.It can happen to me
+
+147
+00:12:59,950 --> 00:13:04,270
+that I have a problem So instead of wearing
+
+148
+00:13:04,270 --> 00:13:06,110
+glasses and above the glasses in front of the
+
+149
+00:13:06,110 --> 00:13:08,490
+glasses there is a prism It means that I can do
+
+150
+00:13:08,490 --> 00:13:13,670
+decentration in the optical center Decentration in
+
+151
+00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:17,630
+order to get a base out of the prism Or
+
+152
+00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:20,510
+decentration in order to get a base in the prism
+
+153
+00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:25,250
+in the case of exotropia Or to get a base down the
+
+154
+00:13:25,250 --> 00:13:27,210
+prism in the case of hypertropia and so on
+
+155
+00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:34,660
+Leprismatic effect of lenses بأستخدمه عشان أحاول
+
+156
+00:13:34,660 --> 00:13:40,020
+أعدل طبعا مش جماليا وظيفيا واضح أنه جماليا أنه
+
+157
+00:13:40,020 --> 00:13:43,240
+العين لازالت فيها حوال لجوا بس وهي فيها حوال
+
+158
+00:13:43,240 --> 00:13:47,440
+بمساعدة لبرزم وكأنه لبرزم بعوض عن زاوية الحوال
+
+159
+00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,820
+ويسقط الصورة على ال corresponding ال fovea من ال
+
+160
+00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:52,080
+corresponding معها
+
+161
+00:13:54,420 --> 00:13:57,540
+The fovea in the left eye that corresponds to it
+
+162
+00:13:57,540 --> 00:14:00,220
+naturally is the fovea in the right eye With the
+
+163
+00:14:00,220 --> 00:14:05,240
+help of this prism, the pictures were dropped on
+
+164
+00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:11,480
+corresponding retinal areas So this gives me a
+
+165
+00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:16,840
+slight angle of rotation Now we come to talk about
+
+166
+00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:24,370
+another issue We say as usualIf I used the prism
+
+167
+00:14:24,370 --> 00:14:29,150
+or .. or I mean .. let's make it short because
+
+168
+00:14:29,150 --> 00:14:32,750
+this is a detail in the topic around it We say,
+
+169
+00:14:32,870 --> 00:14:35,110
+can I use it only in front of the eye around it?
+
+170
+00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:40,400
+No, I can use itأمام العين السليمة أو أمام العين
+
+171
+00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,220
+اللي فيها الحوال أو أقسم قوة ال prism مثلا بالزمني
+
+172
+00:14:43,220 --> 00:14:47,540
+ستة prism ضيوبة أقسمه تلاتة و تلاتة بس ضروري اتجاه
+
+173
+00:14:47,540 --> 00:14:52,300
+ال base يكون صحيح اتجاه ال base صحيح الحوال الأنسي
+
+174
+00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:57,050
+لما العين بتدخل لجوا بده base outBased out,
+
+175
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:59,510
+whether in front of two eyes or in front of both
+
+176
+00:14:59,510 --> 00:15:02,350
+eyes And the wild animal needs a base in, and so
+
+177
+00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,750
+on Now we want to take an example to see how this
+
+178
+00:15:06,750 --> 00:15:20,270
+case is explained Let's say an example Let's
+
+179
+00:15:20,270 --> 00:15:24,930
+say Child, eight years old
+
+180
+00:15:28,680 --> 00:15:38,920
+with left esotropia measuring
+
+181
+00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:44,960
+5
+
+182
+00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:50,380
+prism diopters his
+
+183
+00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:54,340
+refraction or
+
+184
+00:15:54,340 --> 00:15:57,080
+refractive error is
+
+185
+00:15:59,650 --> 00:16:03,670
+right eye plus
+
+186
+00:16:03,670 --> 00:16:14,050
+one diopter and left eye plus
+
+187
+00:16:14,050 --> 00:16:21,610
+five diopters what
+
+188
+00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:23,950
+amount
+
+189
+00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:35,580
+of spectacle of lens decentration and
+
+190
+00:16:35,580 --> 00:16:44,260
+in what direction should
+
+191
+00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:49,760
+what amount of lens decentration and in what
+
+192
+00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:57,350
+direction should this be doneيعني نيجي نقول
+
+193
+00:16:57,350 --> 00:17:04,510
+كالقاتل عشان
+
+194
+00:17:04,510 --> 00:17:06,110
+نحل، بناقول كالقاتل
+
+195
+00:17:39,230 --> 00:17:46,630
+I have Esotropia here Of
+
+196
+00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:53,490
+course,
+
+197
+00:17:54,030 --> 00:17:56,410
+in the beginning, we must draw these drawings to
+
+198
+00:17:56,410 --> 00:17:59,850
+help us After that, we will not have to draw these
+
+199
+00:17:59,850 --> 00:18:06,170
+drawings permanently This
+
+200
+00:18:06,170 --> 00:18:07,330
+is the right eye, straight
+
+201
+00:18:33,630 --> 00:18:38,230
+the right eye is straight while the left eye has
+
+202
+00:18:38,230 --> 00:18:40,610
+an iso inside or inside as it is clear this is the
+
+203
+00:18:40,610 --> 00:18:43,750
+right eye and this is the left eye okay the right
+
+204
+00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:52,370
+fovea and the left fovea the
+
+205
+00:18:52,370 --> 00:18:57,630
+right fovea is straight it is directly above the
+
+206
+00:18:57,630 --> 00:19:01,050
+target we will mark it with the X symbol or cross
+
+207
+00:19:01,050 --> 00:19:02,570
+and the fovea
+
+208
+00:19:11,630 --> 00:19:16,410
+اليسار جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن
+
+209
+00:19:16,410 --> 00:19:18,810
+العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية
+
+210
+00:19:18,810 --> 00:19:23,730
+لبرا
+
+211
+00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:27,150
+لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه
+
+212
+00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:27,150
+جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين
+
+213
+00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:27,210
+جاية لجوه جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لجوه جاية لبرا
+
+214
+00:19:27,210 --> 00:19:27,370
+لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العين
+
+215
+00:19:27,370 --> 00:19:30,950
+جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العين جاية لبرا
+
+216
+00:19:30,950 --> 00:19:34,480
+لإن العين جاية لبرا لإن العOf course, in order to
+
+217
+00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:39,400
+get it, we must put a prism, but I don't want to
+
+218
+00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:42,580
+put a prism, I want the same lens that is the plus
+
+219
+00:19:42,580 --> 00:19:45,700
+five diopter in front of the left eye, I want to
+
+220
+00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:49,840
+remove it in a way that gives me a prism that
+
+221
+00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:53,820
+treats esotropia, that treats parasitism, that
+
+222
+00:19:53,820 --> 00:19:56,120
+treats parasitism, first of all, I want to ask
+
+223
+00:19:56,120 --> 00:19:58,760
+myself a question before I start solving it, this
+
+224
+00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:00,620
+esotropia means that the eye is inside or inside,
+
+225
+00:20:00,820 --> 00:20:04,760
+of courseWhat is the prism that needs to be
+
+226
+00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,880
+treated? So that we can give a very simple
+
+227
+00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:12,600
+information If
+
+228
+00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,480
+we assume that the prism, the top of it, the top
+
+229
+00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,520
+of it, is like an arrow pointing towards the nose
+
+230
+00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:22,540
+And if we assume that this prism is an arrow, or
+
+231
+00:20:22,540 --> 00:20:25,540
+the top of an arrow, it's like pointing towards
+
+232
+00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:31,200
+the inside, towards the nose So, always and never
+
+233
+00:20:33,210 --> 00:20:38,270
+When I use leprosomes to fix a small quantity, on
+
+234
+00:20:38,270 --> 00:20:41,090
+duty of course, not for beauty. For beauty, the
+
+235
+00:20:41,090 --> 00:20:43,330
+eye will stay inside even if he is wearing a
+
+236
+00:20:43,330 --> 00:20:47,930
+leprosome. Okay, when I want to fix a simple
+
+237
+00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,070
+circle on duty, I see where the circle is
+
+238
+00:20:51,070 --> 00:20:53,810
+directed, I make the apex towards the direction of
+
+239
+00:20:53,810 --> 00:20:56,450
+the circle. Towards the direction of the circle.
+
+240
+00:20:56,550 --> 00:20:58,270
+Okay, this eye is directed inside, which means
+
+241
+00:20:58,270 --> 00:21:02,640
+towards the apex.No, inside, but we don't call the
+
+242
+00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:04,900
+prism by the name of the apex, we call it by the
+
+243
+00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,460
+name of the base, as long as the apex is inside,
+
+244
+00:21:07,660 --> 00:21:13,590
+the base is out, the base is out, so to get ..a
+
+245
+00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:15,450
+functional treatment for this small amount of
+
+246
+00:21:15,450 --> 00:21:19,490
+esotropia must be done without using a prism
+
+247
+00:21:19,490 --> 00:21:22,170
+without using a prism, it will emit a small amount
+
+248
+00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:23,410
+of radiation, depending on its strength of course,
+
+249
+00:21:23,490 --> 00:21:27,990
+a weak prism is required to cure esotropia which
+
+250
+00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:30,790
+is a small amount of radiation five diopters in a
+
+251
+00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:33,130
+prism this is considered a small amount of
+
+252
+00:21:33,130 --> 00:21:34,770
+radiation a small amount of radiation a person
+
+253
+00:21:34,770 --> 00:21:36,170
+might say, how is it a small amount of radiation?
+
+254
+00:21:36,310 --> 00:21:40,370
+but we need to go back very quickly to see the
+
+255
+00:21:40,370 --> 00:21:44,070
+number of prisms that we measure aroundببدأ من
+
+256
+00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:47,450
+وين؟ ببدأ من وين؟ و بنتهيأ وين؟
+
+257
+00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:56,990
+This is a group of prisms, this is the smallest
+
+258
+00:21:56,990 --> 00:22:00,530
+prism, 5 diopters, 5 diopters, and the largest one
+
+259
+00:22:00,530 --> 00:22:03,150
+is 60 prisms. Of course there are prisms that
+
+260
+00:22:03,150 --> 00:22:07,290
+start from one, but the 5, here the 5 does not
+
+261
+00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:10,790
+exist, the 4 exists and the 6 prism exists. The 5
+
+262
+00:22:10,790 --> 00:22:14,090
+is considered small compared to many prism forces
+
+263
+00:22:14,090 --> 00:22:18,010
+larger than it in the world of air measurement. So
+
+264
+00:22:18,010 --> 00:22:20,630
+5 diopters is a small amount that can be achieved
+
+265
+00:22:20,630 --> 00:22:26,630
+by decentration. Now I ask myself,Question, I
+
+266
+00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:29,290
+answered it, it was the first question The prism
+
+267
+00:22:29,290 --> 00:22:32,930
+that I want to use, where is its base? Where is
+
+268
+00:22:32,930 --> 00:22:38,110
+its base? The base is supposed to be outside The
+
+269
+00:22:38,110 --> 00:22:41,490
+base is supposed to be outside, okay So I want a
+
+270
+00:22:41,490 --> 00:22:45,450
+base out of prism Okay, where do I do the
+
+271
+00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:48,830
+decentration? Do I do it inside or outside? We say
+
+272
+00:22:48,830 --> 00:22:53,610
+as followsالعين الشمال بدها تلبس عدسة plus 5 ديوتر
+
+273
+00:22:53,610 --> 00:22:58,050
+العدسة ال plus 5 ديوتر مقطعها هيكون كالتالي بدنا
+
+274
+00:22:58,050 --> 00:23:02,730
+نشوف مقطعها هذا مقطع رأسي بالزمن في ال vertical
+
+275
+00:23:02,730 --> 00:23:07,310
+decentration هذا مقطع أفقي بالزمن في ال horizontal
+
+276
+00:23:07,310 --> 00:23:10,290
+decentration إيش يعني horizontal decentration يعني
+
+277
+00:23:10,290 --> 00:23:13,650
+بده أحصل على base out ولا base in base out ولا
+
+278
+00:23:13,650 --> 00:23:21,620
+base in نشوف كيف بدنا بدون تعبئة و بدناThe circle
+
+279
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:24,780
+should be special like this This is a yellow
+
+280
+00:23:24,780 --> 00:23:29,720
+circle We put this prism in front of the eye The
+
+281
+00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:31,460
+center is supposed to come to the top of the pupil
+
+282
+00:23:31,460 --> 00:23:37,080
+exactly But if I move the center out a little bit
+
+283
+00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:39,460
+The pupil will come to the top of the part of the
+
+284
+00:23:39,460 --> 00:23:46,060
+lens that works as a prism once againعادة العدسة
+
+285
+00:23:46,060 --> 00:23:51,240
+بتكون في النص العدسة مفروض انها تكون بالنص نفرض
+
+286
+00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:57,180
+هذه العدسة قوتها plus 5 ديوبتر قوتها plus 5 ديوبتر
+
+287
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:01,240
+وانا عشان .. عشان اعالج ..
+
+288
+00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,000
+The esotropia, I said I want a base or a prism
+
+289
+00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,460
+Okay, this is the center of the lens This is the
+
+290
+00:24:09,460 --> 00:24:12,260
+center where I'm holding the printed or holding
+
+291
+00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:14,120
+the lens, the horizontal piece This is my
+
+292
+00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:17,500
+horizontal piece in the lens In the plus lens,
+
+293
+00:24:17,980 --> 00:24:20,920
+which is plus five This is my horizontal piece in
+
+294
+00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,540
+it And this is my vertical piece, not necessarily
+
+295
+00:24:23,540 --> 00:24:28,200
+When I point the lens from the middle vertically
+
+296
+00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:34,680
+It will look like this. The red part in the middle
+
+297
+00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:37,640
+and the edges will be precise. When I cut the
+
+298
+00:24:37,640 --> 00:24:41,780
+horizontal lensHow does it mean that I cut
+
+299
+00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,720
+horizontally? It means that I cut like this. It
+
+300
+00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:46,620
+means that I take a rectangular piece with this
+
+301
+00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:49,800
+shape. Also, it should be the lowest point with
+
+302
+00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,320
+the middle point. Why did I take this view and not
+
+303
+00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:56,520
+the other view? Because I want horizontal
+
+304
+00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,900
+decentration to take a base out or base in. But in
+
+305
+00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:05,660
+this example, I want a base out prism. Okay. This
+
+306
+00:25:05,660 --> 00:25:10,940
+is a pieceand stop the lens, then I put the lens
+
+307
+00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,740
+exactly on top of the eye, okay? I say if I move
+
+308
+00:25:14,740 --> 00:25:16,940
+the center, this is the center, I hold the lens
+
+309
+00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:20,480
+from the optical center of it, if I move it
+
+310
+00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:25,220
+inside, I will have a Bayesian effect, the pupil
+
+311
+00:25:25,220 --> 00:25:30,120
+of the eye will be on top of the eye, part of the
+
+312
+00:25:30,120 --> 00:25:34,340
+lens works as a base or in, this is not required
+
+313
+00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:38,110
+هدا عكس المطلوب، الآن أنا لو زحت ال .. ال center
+
+314
+00:25:38,110 --> 00:25:42,270
+لبرا، هاي ال optical center صار لبرا، أصبحت العين
+
+315
+00:25:42,270 --> 00:25:46,570
+بتبص من خلال جزء .. جزء العدسة اللي ال base بتاعه
+
+316
+00:25:46,570 --> 00:25:49,910
+لوين، بيشتغل كمنشور ال base بتاعه وين، out إذا
+
+317
+00:25:49,910 --> 00:25:55,470
+ضروري ال decentration in what direction should be
+
+318
+00:25:55,470 --> 00:26:00,190
+this done? In out direction, out decentration أول
+
+319
+00:26:00,190 --> 00:26:06,590
+جواب، أول جزء من الإجابةthat I want .. this is
+
+320
+00:26:06,590 --> 00:26:12,430
+number one in the answer out-de-centration ..de
+
+321
+00:26:12,430 --> 00:26:16,090
+-centration So,
+
+322
+00:26:18,930 --> 00:26:23,450
+the first point in the answer is out-de-centration
+
+323
+00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:27,590
+Okay,
+
+324
+00:26:27,750 --> 00:26:31,090
+the second thing is how many? Millet, two millet,
+
+325
+00:26:31,090 --> 00:26:39,290
+three millet, we sayThe prismatic effect is
+
+326
+00:26:39,290 --> 00:26:47,610
+equal
+
+327
+00:26:47,610 --> 00:26:54,930
+to H in D H
+
+328
+00:26:54,930 --> 00:26:57,050
+is the distance under the light that I don't know
+
+329
+00:26:57,050 --> 00:27:03,350
+I want a prismatic effect of 5 prism dioptersH is
+
+330
+00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:12,470
+unknown in the diopter of the lens 5 5
+
+331
+00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:16,350
+diopters, the lens on the left has 5 diopters and
+
+332
+00:27:16,350 --> 00:27:23,090
+I need 5 prism diopters So H is equal to 5 by 5
+
+333
+00:27:23,090 --> 00:27:44,500
+which is equal to 1 centimeterThe lens
+
+334
+00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:57,440
+before the left eye should be decentred
+
+335
+00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:07,740
+outward لبرا by one centimeter مسافة one
+
+336
+00:28:07,740 --> 00:28:11,380
+centimeter هذه إجابة نموذجية و متكاملة ساعتها
+
+337
+00:28:11,380 --> 00:28:16,610
+الأشعة هناit will break the lens of the prism or
+
+338
+00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,470
+the lens that will work not only as a lens it will
+
+339
+00:28:19,470 --> 00:28:21,890
+work as a lens plus five diopters and at the same
+
+340
+00:28:21,890 --> 00:28:25,030
+time as a prism five prism diopters so it will
+
+341
+00:28:25,030 --> 00:28:27,210
+happen of course here I will not break the rays
+
+342
+00:28:27,210 --> 00:28:29,750
+that is to save time and the rays will be directed
+
+343
+00:28:29,750 --> 00:28:35,150
+that way and then break the lens or break the
+
+344
+00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:37,030
+prism towards the base so it will come to the
+
+345
+00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:40,210
+fovea so it became fovea with fovea corresponding
+
+346
+00:28:40,210 --> 00:28:44,650
+retinalpoints or on similar areas of the network,
+
+347
+00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:48,670
+so this is how the job was restored or those who
+
+348
+00:28:48,670 --> 00:28:53,810
+now work as a team We confirm again that the
+
+349
+00:28:53,810 --> 00:28:58,830
+decentration .. the decentration is not .. is not
+
+350
+00:28:58,830 --> 00:29:06,170
+to ..It means the aesthetic shape of the air. When
+
+351
+00:29:06,170 --> 00:29:09,070
+I do lens decentration, the air will remain
+
+352
+00:29:09,070 --> 00:29:12,470
+visible, but professionally, the two eyes will
+
+353
+00:29:12,470 --> 00:29:15,490
+return to their work as a team, and they will be
+
+354
+00:29:15,490 --> 00:29:19,110
+directed in space as if they are moderators,
+
+355
+00:29:19,530 --> 00:29:21,610
+aesthetically they don't look like moderators, but
+
+356
+00:29:21,610 --> 00:29:25,110
+as if they are moderators completely, as if they
+
+357
+00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:28,390
+are moderators completelySo this example will
+
+358
+00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:32,010
+follow examples in the 80s on the Moodle page
+
+359
+00:29:32,010 --> 00:29:35,570
+which is once for in and once for out, once for
+
+360
+00:29:35,570 --> 00:29:38,830
+vertical, once for up and once for down until it
+
+361
+00:29:38,830 --> 00:29:41,990
+is trained on it and once combined or compound
+
+362
+00:29:41,990 --> 00:29:45,750
+decentration out and up or out and down for the
+
+363
+00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:51,690
+center of the person Okay, now I'm the lens It
+
+364
+00:29:51,690 --> 00:29:54,830
+does not have decentration I went I want to work
+
+365
+00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:59,290
+in itdecentration, we finished the example that we
+
+366
+00:29:59,290 --> 00:30:06,750
+made, now I want to make a decentration in it this
+
+367
+00:30:06,750 --> 00:30:08,830
+is how I made the decentration, where is the
+
+368
+00:30:08,830 --> 00:30:11,910
+center? of course the eye should be in the middle
+
+369
+00:30:11,910 --> 00:30:14,950
+of the frame the person is looking and wearing his
+
+370
+00:30:14,950 --> 00:30:16,850
+glasses from the middle of the frame this is how
+
+371
+00:30:16,850 --> 00:30:22,320
+the center became decentered out and upFor example
+
+372
+00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,040
+out, for example eight millimeters, up four
+
+373
+00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:27,620
+millimeters, as much as we want, we do the
+
+374
+00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:34,010
+decentration Okay, now this glassesThe patient
+
+375
+00:30:34,010 --> 00:30:36,150
+came to me, he had decentration done to him, it
+
+376
+00:30:36,150 --> 00:30:37,890
+was the first time I saw the patient, the first
+
+377
+00:30:37,890 --> 00:30:41,330
+time, and he told me that my glasses work like
+
+378
+00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:45,430
+glasses and in the same way as a prism, look at
+
+379
+00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:50,110
+how strong the glasses are on the lensmeter, and
+
+380
+00:30:50,110 --> 00:30:55,030
+look at how strong the prism iswhich occurs in
+
+381
+00:30:55,030 --> 00:30:57,490
+this glasses or the prismatic effect of this
+
+382
+00:30:57,490 --> 00:31:00,450
+glasses as a result of removing the center of it
+
+383
+00:31:00,450 --> 00:31:03,750
+what do we do? of course we read the prismatic
+
+384
+00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:06,910
+force in the center of the frame in the center of
+
+385
+00:31:06,910 --> 00:31:10,170
+the frame exactly we read the prismatic force I
+
+386
+00:31:10,170 --> 00:31:12,810
+don't go and look for the optical center of the
+
+387
+00:31:12,810 --> 00:31:16,970
+lens, no I and the patient look straight ahead, I
+
+388
+00:31:16,970 --> 00:31:21,540
+get a markerجلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جلم لباد
+
+389
+00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:21,580
+او شيء من هذا القبيل جلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل
+
+390
+00:31:21,580 --> 00:31:28,180
+جلم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم
+
+391
+00:31:28,180 --> 00:31:31,080
+لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا
+
+392
+00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:32,720
+القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او
+
+393
+00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:34,260
+شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل
+
+394
+00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:38,820
+جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من
+
+395
+00:31:38,820 --> 00:31:39,740
+هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد
+
+396
+00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:39,740
+او شيء من هذا القبيل جرم لباد او شيء من هذ�� القبيل
+
+397
+00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:41,490
+جرم لباد او شيء من هذا القبيل جرمIn the left lens
+
+398
+00:31:41,490 --> 00:31:44,570
+there is a Decentration And it is required of the
+
+399
+00:31:44,570 --> 00:31:47,230
+specialist to determine the value of the prism
+
+400
+00:31:47,230 --> 00:31:50,210
+resulting from the Decentration That makes the
+
+401
+00:31:50,210 --> 00:31:55,210
+patient look straight ahead Looking straight ahead
+
+402
+00:31:55,210 --> 00:31:58,650
+to a specific target And it teaches about the top
+
+403
+00:31:58,650 --> 00:32:01,610
+of the nose exactly That is, about the top of the
+
+404
+00:32:01,610 --> 00:32:04,310
+visual axis From the area that the pupil looks at
+
+405
+00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:07,470
+Here it will be achieved .. It will be achieved ..
+
+406
+00:32:07,470 --> 00:32:12,540
+Which is ..The power of the lens and also the
+
+407
+00:32:12,540 --> 00:32:14,780
+power of the prism, also the power of the prism
+
+408
+00:32:14,780 --> 00:32:21,160
+before of course when we bring the lens, we teach
+
+409
+00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:23,820
+it to the patient's eyes, then we bring it to the
+
+410
+00:32:23,820 --> 00:32:26,940
+lensmeter, which can measure the power of the lens
+
+411
+00:32:26,940 --> 00:32:29,520
+as a lens and the power of the prism in the point
+
+412
+00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:32,280
+that the person looks through it, not in the
+
+413
+00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:35,100
+optical center, because in the optical center, if
+
+414
+00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:41,140
+I put the glasses so thaton the lensmeter so that
+
+415
+00:32:41,140 --> 00:32:46,080
+the measurement of the lensmeter from the point of
+
+416
+00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,640
+the descent to the optical center will give me
+
+417
+00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:52,000
+zero prism there is no prismatic effect at this
+
+418
+00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,860
+point in another senseلو أنا جبت ال lens meter و
+
+419
+00:32:55,860 --> 00:32:56,760
+جيت أجيس هنا لو أنا جبت ال lens meter و جيت أجيس
+
+420
+00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:00,640
+هنا هيكون ال prismatic effect صفر ليش؟ لأنه هذا ال
+
+421
+00:33:00,640 --> 00:33:02,900
+optical center و معروف أنه ال optical center
+
+422
+00:33:02,900 --> 00:33:07,000
+العدسة في ال optical center بتاعها لاتستطيع أن
+
+423
+00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:11,700
+تشتغل كأو تعمل أو تقوم مقام أي prism كان لأنه
+
+424
+00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:16,220
+قوتها المنشورية هنا صفر قوتها المنشورية هنا صفر
+
+425
+00:33:16,220 --> 00:33:21,880
+قبنة توقف عند هذا النقطة و يعطيكم العافية و طبعا ه
+
+426
+00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:27,550
+..تم تنزيل عدد التمرين بالنسبة لـ Lens
+
+427
+00:33:27,550 --> 00:33:33,210
+Decentration في فقرة أو في خانة التمرين على صفحة
+
+428
+00:33:33,210 --> 00:33:35,950
+الموديل ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+429
+00:33:35,950 --> 00:33:37,130
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/1wSSzKQRRNI_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1876 @@
+1
+00:00:01,840 --> 00:00:06,080
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات البصريات
+
+2
+00:00:06,080 --> 00:00:09,520
+الهندسية وتوقفنا عند فيرمات ال principle أو مبدأ
+
+3
+00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:15,520
+فيرمات، طبعا فيرمات عالم يعني رياضي أو في
+
+4
+00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:19,260
+الرياضيات، the mathematician Pierre de Fermat
+
+5
+00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:22,580
+believed that natural processes occur in the most
+
+6
+00:00:22,580 --> 00:00:26,390
+economical wayI mean from his experience, his
+
+7
+00:00:26,390 --> 00:00:31,290
+experience, his work and his research, the
+
+8
+00:00:31,290 --> 00:00:34,190
+scientist Fermat concluded that natural phenomena,
+
+9
+00:00:34,330 --> 00:00:37,410
+including phenomena against them, occur in the
+
+10
+00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:40,410
+most economical way possible, meaning with the
+
+11
+00:00:40,410 --> 00:00:45,320
+least consumption of .. consumption of timeAnd the
+
+12
+00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,220
+Fermat principle as applied to optics, if we want
+
+13
+00:00:48,220 --> 00:00:51,920
+to apply the Fermat principle on the subject of
+
+14
+00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,120
+vision, the goal is that the light travels from
+
+15
+00:00:55,120 --> 00:00:58,320
+one point to another along the path requiring the
+
+16
+00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,760
+least time. That is, when the light travels from
+
+17
+00:01:00,760 --> 00:01:04,500
+one point to another, it will consume the least
+
+18
+00:01:04,500 --> 00:01:09,360
+time possible to reach the point or the next
+
+19
+00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:13,310
+target.Historically, the laws of reflection and
+
+20
+00:01:13,310 --> 00:01:16,270
+refraction were discovered by careful experimental
+
+21
+00:01:16,270 --> 00:01:18,670
+measurements before Fermat's time.
+
+22
+00:01:36,060 --> 00:01:42,920
+already مكتشف و العلماء بيعرفوا. However, both the
+
+23
+00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:45,720
+law of refraction and the law of reflection can be
+
+24
+00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:48,840
+mathematically derived from the Fermat principle
+
+25
+00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:52,670
+without the need for any measurement.If we imagine
+
+26
+00:01:52,670 --> 00:01:55,290
+a dispute that the law of reduction and the law of
+
+27
+00:01:55,290 --> 00:02:00,710
+inversion was not discovered before the time of
+
+28
+00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:04,270
+Fermat, and we will find that it is possible in a
+
+29
+00:02:04,270 --> 00:02:06,630
+mathematical way or mathematical calculationsby
+
+30
+00:02:06,630 --> 00:02:10,950
+using the principle of Fermat that we reach the
+
+31
+00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:12,690
+law of reflection and the law of contraction
+
+32
+00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:17,150
+without the need for calculations of the law of
+
+33
+00:02:17,150 --> 00:02:20,190
+reflection and the law of contraction, but by
+
+34
+00:02:20,190 --> 00:02:22,640
+using the principle of FermatOf course, the
+
+35
+00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:24,880
+details of this matter are outside the scope of
+
+36
+00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:27,980
+engineering perspectives, so we will not go into
+
+37
+00:02:27,980 --> 00:02:31,320
+it. But what we want to be sure of is that, as the
+
+38
+00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:33,780
+law of reflection and the law of contraction was
+
+39
+00:02:33,780 --> 00:02:37,320
+proven by experience and was calculated with
+
+40
+00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:42,660
+certain equations, if we use the principle of
+
+41
+00:02:42,660 --> 00:02:46,870
+Fermat,we can reach the conclusion of the two
+
+42
+00:02:46,870 --> 00:02:48,650
+laws, the law of refraction and the law of
+
+43
+00:02:48,650 --> 00:02:50,710
+contraction, using the principle of Fermat without
+
+44
+00:02:50,710 --> 00:02:55,350
+the need for the method that was proven to them
+
+45
+00:02:55,350 --> 00:03:01,950
+before that Suppose the law of refraction was
+
+46
+00:03:01,950 --> 00:03:06,070
+unknown, let's assume now that the law of
+
+47
+00:03:06,070 --> 00:03:06,590
+contraction
+
+48
+00:03:10,060 --> 00:03:13,800
+لسه مش معروف، لسه مش مكتشر and consider ..
+
+49
+00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:16,800
+consider a light travelling from a point source in
+
+50
+00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:20,500
+air across an optical interface to some point in a
+
+51
+00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:24,900
+glass بدنا نشوف أو بدنا نفترض أنه عندنا .. عندنا
+
+52
+00:03:24,900 --> 00:03:30,880
+ضوء أو قانون الانكسار .. قانون الانكسار مش معروف و
+
+53
+00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:34,240
+هي أن الضوء بدنا نفترض بيسافر من النقطة إيه في
+
+54
+00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:40,160
+الهواء عبر مسارات عديدةلا النقطة بيه داخل الزجاج,
+
+55
+00:03:40,220 --> 00:03:43,700
+لا النقطة بيه داخل الزجاج, نهاية الرحلة and بيه،
+
+56
+00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:48,180
+بداية الرحلة انطلق الضوء ��ن ايه؟ وبدنا نفترض جدلا
+
+57
+00:03:48,180 --> 00:03:51,500
+ان الضوء بياخد مسارات عديدة، ليش؟ لأن الضوء بينتشر
+
+58
+00:03:51,500 --> 00:03:55,400
+في جميع الاتجاهات، احنا هذه المسارات العديدة،
+
+59
+00:03:55,400 --> 00:04:01,380
+المسارات العديدة، لو حبنا نختصرها على تلت مسارات،
+
+60
+00:04:01,380 --> 00:04:05,780
+مسار مستقيمand two paths that are not straight,
+
+61
+00:04:06,020 --> 00:04:07,560
+that is, they come from angles, that is, the light
+
+62
+00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:10,760
+went and reached this point and then it broke or
+
+63
+00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:15,900
+the light goes in a straight way from A to B
+
+64
+00:04:15,900 --> 00:04:19,060
+because if it reaches B or path number one which
+
+65
+00:04:19,060 --> 00:04:24,420
+is the path number one now we are from the many
+
+66
+00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:28,200
+paths taken by light and from thousands and
+
+67
+00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,040
+hundreds of thousands and an infinite number of
+
+68
+00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:34,540
+paths taken by lightWe shortened it to study, to
+
+69
+00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:40,540
+see what firms will doOn three paths, a straight
+
+70
+00:04:40,540 --> 00:04:43,980
+path, a slightly curved path, a much curved path,
+
+71
+00:04:44,060 --> 00:04:49,260
+a much curved path And we come to see which path
+
+72
+00:04:49,260 --> 00:04:51,740
+is better for light What does better for light
+
+73
+00:04:51,740 --> 00:04:54,600
+mean? It means the path that will take the least
+
+74
+00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,240
+time possible to light in it The path that will
+
+75
+00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,780
+take the least time possible to light in it We say
+
+76
+00:05:01,780 --> 00:05:07,550
+as followsمفهوم ضمن واتعلمنا في المدارس أن أقصر
+
+77
+00:05:07,550 --> 00:05:12,070
+طريق بين نقطتين ..The shortest way between two
+
+78
+00:05:12,070 --> 00:05:16,210
+points is the straight line. So if we ask which of
+
+79
+00:05:16,210 --> 00:05:19,330
+the three paths, path one or path two or path
+
+80
+00:05:19,330 --> 00:05:25,370
+three is the shortest distance, we say path three.
+
+81
+00:05:25,610 --> 00:05:28,730
+So it is better for the light to take it. In fact,
+
+82
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:33,890
+mathematically speaking, without considering the
+
+83
+00:05:33,890 --> 00:05:38,600
+speed of light,بنقول نعم المسار هو الأقصى، بس هذا
+
+84
+00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:43,400
+المسار حقيقة غير مناسب للضوء، ليش؟ لأن جزء كبير من
+
+85
+00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:47,800
+المسار هذا، جزء كبير من المسار هذا، بيقع داخل
+
+86
+00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,790
+الزجاجةومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق
+
+87
+00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:59,890
+ومعروف
+
+88
+00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:02,950
+إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء
+
+89
+00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,550
+داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج
+
+90
+00:06:04,550 --> 00:06:08,570
+بيكون بطيق ومعروف
+
+91
+00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:12,130
+إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء
+
+92
+00:06:12,130 --> 00:06:13,630
+داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج
+
+93
+00:06:13,630 --> 00:06:16,250
+بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق
+
+94
+00:06:16,250 --> 00:06:17,270
+ومعروف إن الضوء داخل الزجاج بيكون بطيق ومعروف إن
+
+95
+00:06:17,270 --> 00:06:20,870
+الضالجزء الكبير من هذا المسار اللي هو path رقم
+
+96
+00:06:20,870 --> 00:06:24,310
+تلاتة جاي داخل الزجاج ومعروف أن الطوارق لما بدخل
+
+97
+00:06:24,310 --> 00:06:28,790
+من الهواء لليجزاز بطبطأ سرعته، بطبطأ سرعته، طيب
+
+98
+00:06:29,570 --> 00:06:33,890
+Okay, if we say any of the remaining two paths,
+
+99
+00:06:34,850 --> 00:06:38,470
+any of the remaining two paths, meaning the length
+
+100
+00:06:38,470 --> 00:06:40,930
+of the glass is small, we will say path number one
+
+101
+00:06:40,930 --> 00:06:43,830
+Path number one is the shortest distance walked on
+
+102
+00:06:43,830 --> 00:06:47,310
+glass, if compared to path number two and path
+
+103
+00:06:47,310 --> 00:06:51,690
+number three Okay, so path number three, path
+
+104
+00:06:51,690 --> 00:06:55,580
+number three is the answerبنقول برضه لأ ليش لإنه
+
+105
+00:06:55,580 --> 00:06:58,740
+المصار رقم .. عفواً المصار رقم واحد هو ال answer
+
+106
+00:06:58,740 --> 00:07:03,800
+برضه هنقول لأ ليش لإنه المصار رقم واحد ..طوله الكل
+
+107
+00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220
+مفرض، يعني هو أطول التلاتة على الإطلاق، أنا عشان
+
+108
+00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:12,800
+أتجنب طريق متعرج، نفرض هذه طريق شديد التعريج،
+
+109
+00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,420
+بروحش أعمل التفاف كبير جدا جدا، لأن هذا مرهق جدا،
+
+110
+00:07:17,420 --> 00:07:20,900
+يعني .. يعني هيكون هندي أنا صحيحت، خلاصت، روحت على
+
+111
+00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,640
+طريق ممهد، بس هذا الطريق الممهد طريق التفافي و
+
+112
+00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:29,400
+بعيد جدا، بدل ما أنا أقطع kilometer متعرجI went to
+
+113
+00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,940
+cross twenty kilometers of paved roads. So why
+
+114
+00:07:32,940 --> 00:07:36,280
+don't I choose a middle road that is not too far
+
+115
+00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:37,900
+away, for example one and a half kilometers, two
+
+116
+00:07:37,900 --> 00:07:40,900
+kilometers long? So this is if I were driving a
+
+117
+00:07:40,900 --> 00:07:44,580
+car and moving between point A and point Bوهذا
+
+118
+00:07:44,580 --> 00:07:48,120
+حقيقة تبقى بيقول أنسب المسارات هو المسار رقم اتنين
+
+119
+00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:52,980
+لأن طوله في الزجاج مش كبير وطوله الكل مش مفرط
+
+120
+00:07:52,980 --> 00:07:57,500
+فبالتالي من ناحية مبدأ فرمات الضوء مفروض يتبع
+
+121
+00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:03,180
+الطريق رقم اتنين مش مفروض يتبع الطريق رقم واحد مش
+
+122
+00:08:03,180 --> 00:08:07,920
+مفروض يتبع الطريق رقم واحد لأن طوله في الزجاج او
+
+123
+00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:13,840
+طوله الكل مفرطit's very long and it's not supposed
+
+124
+00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:18,600
+to follow the path number three because its length
+
+125
+00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:23,020
+.. or its length inside the glass is big and
+
+126
+00:08:23,020 --> 00:08:25,380
+therefore it's the longest piece in the glass
+
+127
+00:08:25,380 --> 00:08:28,640
+number three the path number three is if the light
+
+128
+00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,480
+goes from here to here it will be longer than the
+
+129
+00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:33,180
+distance from here to here and longer than the
+
+130
+00:08:33,180 --> 00:08:35,350
+distance from here to herebecause if therefore ..
+
+131
+00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:37,210
+and therefore the length of the glass is complex,
+
+132
+00:08:37,390 --> 00:08:39,650
+therefore this way is not suitable. A person can
+
+133
+00:08:39,650 --> 00:08:41,970
+say no, the light as long as it reaches the point,
+
+134
+00:08:42,130 --> 00:08:43,890
+this means that it will continue. We will say no,
+
+135
+00:08:43,930 --> 00:08:46,250
+because the light fell in a curved way with
+
+136
+00:08:46,250 --> 00:08:49,130
+respect to the flat surface, then it will break,
+
+137
+00:08:49,390 --> 00:08:52,190
+it will not remain straight, that is, and if it
+
+138
+00:08:52,190 --> 00:08:55,310
+breaks, it will not reach point B. If it breaks,
+
+139
+00:08:55,530 --> 00:08:58,270
+it will remain on point B. Therefore, the light
+
+140
+00:08:58,270 --> 00:09:02,070
+will go in the way of Islam .. in the way of Islam
+
+141
+00:09:02,070 --> 00:09:08,930
+which is ..the path B, and this path is if we
+
+142
+00:09:08,930 --> 00:09:11,490
+calculate it in a mathematical way, we will find
+
+143
+00:09:11,490 --> 00:09:15,850
+that it exactly applies to the law of contraction,
+
+144
+00:09:16,070 --> 00:09:19,550
+so the mouse will take the shortest way in terms
+
+145
+00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,470
+of time, the shortest way in terms of time, so we
+
+146
+00:09:23,470 --> 00:09:28,010
+say, unaware of Snell's law, if we assume that we
+
+147
+00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:31,210
+are not aware of Snell's law, that Snell's law,
+
+148
+00:09:31,610 --> 00:09:33,470
+the law of contraction, has not been discovered
+
+149
+00:09:33,470 --> 00:09:38,030
+yetwe might consider various hypothetical paths
+
+150
+00:09:38,030 --> 00:09:41,190
+that light might follow as it moves from point A
+
+151
+00:09:41,190 --> 00:09:42,190
+to point B.
+
+152
+00:09:50,380 --> 00:09:54,200
+Path 3 is a straight line from A to B and is the
+
+153
+00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,860
+shortest total distance between points. طبعا path
+
+154
+00:09:57,860 --> 00:10:02,920
+3 يعتبر طريق مستقيم بين A و B مفروض أنه مسافة
+
+155
+00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:07,320
+يعتبر الأقصى. However, a large part جزء كبير of
+
+156
+00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:11,020
+path 3 inside glass where light travels more
+
+157
+00:10:11,020 --> 00:10:15,200
+slowly. إذا path 3 is not the fastest route مش هو
+
+158
+00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:19,460
+الأسرع أو مش هو الطريق الأسرعPath 1 is the longest
+
+159
+00:10:19,460 --> 00:10:22,920
+route from A to B, but has the shortest distance
+
+160
+00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:27,160
+in a class. It is true that path 1 is very long,
+
+161
+00:10:27,340 --> 00:10:30,120
+but it is the shortest distance in the three paths
+
+162
+00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:33,860
+in a class. His share in the class is very small,
+
+163
+00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:36,960
+so he will not get used to the class.
+
+164
+00:10:39,630 --> 00:10:43,110
+Nevertheless, على الرغم من ذلك, the extreme length
+
+165
+00:10:43,110 --> 00:10:46,430
+of the overall route makes this fairly slow path
+
+166
+00:10:46,430 --> 00:10:58,230
+.Path
+
+167
+00:10:58,230 --> 00:11:02,730
+2 is the best compromise between distance in glass
+
+168
+00:11:02,730 --> 00:11:06,990
+and total path length, and this is the path light
+
+169
+00:11:06,990 --> 00:11:11,100
+will actually follow.طبعا الطريق رقم اتنين هو
+
+170
+00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:15,660
+عبارة عن حل وسط بين طول المفرد، طبعا هو طول أقل من
+
+171
+00:11:15,660 --> 00:11:20,340
+مفرد، يعني طول معتدل و بين المسافة في الإجزاز اللي
+
+172
+00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:23,760
+هي طويلة، طبعا هو حل وسط بين اتنين و هو الحل
+
+173
+00:11:23,760 --> 00:11:27,160
+الأنسب، و هو الحل الأنسب Using mathematics beyond
+
+174
+00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:30,780
+the scope of this text, it can be shown that the
+
+175
+00:11:30,780 --> 00:11:35,660
+optimal path is the one predicted by Snell's lawOf
+
+176
+00:11:35,660 --> 00:11:39,300
+course, if we use mathematics, we will find that
+
+177
+00:11:39,300 --> 00:11:42,420
+the light travels in the best direction at any
+
+178
+00:11:42,420 --> 00:11:44,080
+given time, each ray, of course, depending on
+
+179
+00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:47,340
+where is the point where it happened, or the point
+
+180
+00:11:47,340 --> 00:11:49,520
+where it got stuck in the roof, and that this
+
+181
+00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:53,440
+speech applies exactly to the path that Snell's
+
+182
+00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:56,180
+law determined, that is, if I brought a ray of
+
+183
+00:11:56,180 --> 00:11:57,200
+light that went up, went down, went up and down,
+
+184
+00:11:57,380 --> 00:12:01,300
+each of them hit exactly the point of the roofI
+
+185
+00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:03,400
+mean, the letter C is here, and the letter S is
+
+186
+00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,840
+here, and the letter I is here, and I calculated
+
+187
+00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:10,060
+mathematically using Fermat's principle, I will
+
+188
+00:12:10,060 --> 00:12:12,880
+get that C will be like this, and S will be like
+
+189
+00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:15,900
+this, and I will be like this If I stop using
+
+190
+00:12:15,900 --> 00:12:19,400
+Fermat's principle, and I use Snell's law, I will
+
+191
+00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:24,040
+find that the path is the same path that Fermat's
+
+192
+00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:25,420
+principle defined, which means Fermat's principle,
+
+193
+00:12:25,620 --> 00:12:29,220
+I can use his method to get Snell's law
+
+194
+00:12:33,210 --> 00:12:36,770
+and that's why it produces that Snell's law is a
+
+195
+00:12:36,770 --> 00:12:39,190
+consequence of Fermat principle which means that
+
+196
+00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:43,790
+we can consider that the law of economics is one
+
+197
+00:12:43,790 --> 00:12:46,490
+of the fruits of Fermat's principle or it is
+
+198
+00:12:46,490 --> 00:12:51,750
+possible that I define the path of the light beam
+
+199
+00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:55,310
+inside the other substance by using either Snell's
+
+200
+00:12:55,310 --> 00:12:58,410
+law or Fermat's principle and this will lead to
+
+201
+00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:02,170
+the same result and it will be correct in both
+
+202
+00:13:02,170 --> 00:13:06,010
+casesOkay, what is the concept of Fermat in
+
+203
+00:13:06,010 --> 00:13:09,750
+general? The Fermat principle is an important
+
+204
+00:13:09,750 --> 00:13:13,110
+conceptual and practical tool. The concept of
+
+205
+00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:16,990
+optical path length enhances the practical utility
+
+206
+00:13:16,990 --> 00:13:19,590
+of this principle. Of course, the concept of
+
+207
+00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:23,830
+Fermat is a tool that explains many things. The
+
+208
+00:13:23,830 --> 00:13:29,240
+concept of Fermat is a toolan important process to
+
+209
+00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:32,520
+understand some things and among them we will have
+
+210
+00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:37,480
+a new term called optical path length طول الممر
+
+211
+00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:42,340
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+212
+00:13:42,340 --> 00:13:47,580
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+213
+00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:49,980
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+214
+00:13:49,980 --> 00:13:50,920
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+215
+00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:53,660
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+216
+00:13:53,660 --> 00:13:54,040
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+217
+00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:54,400
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+218
+00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:54,400
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+219
+00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:54,400
+البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر البصري طول الممر
+
+220
+00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,980
+البصري طول الممر البصري طووصل للنقطة B في الفراغ
+
+221
+00:13:56,980 --> 00:14:01,320
+معناته بانجيس المسافة بين A وB و هذا هو طول
+
+222
+00:14:01,320 --> 00:14:05,720
+المنارد البصري فنقول لأ الضوء لما سرق من النقطة A
+
+223
+00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:09,500
+وفي النهاية وصل للنقطة B عدى في طريقه على
+
+224
+00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,460
+different media على أوساط بصرية مختلفة يعني الضوء
+
+225
+00:14:13,460 --> 00:14:17,820
+مثلا سرق متر و نص في الهواء و بعدين دخل حوض مثلا
+
+226
+00:14:17,820 --> 00:14:21,520
+مليان ميه تمامThe distance of the whale is 40 cm,
+
+227
+00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:27,740
+then it left the whale and entered a third
+
+228
+00:14:27,740 --> 00:14:30,140
+substance, for example, glass or something of this
+
+229
+00:14:30,140 --> 00:14:33,680
+kind. So, we can't get a direct measurement and
+
+230
+00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:36,840
+say, by God, that this is the length of the eye
+
+231
+00:14:36,840 --> 00:14:39,120
+path that cut off the light. No. The purpose of
+
+232
+00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:42,760
+the optical path length is to unite the media.
+
+233
+00:14:42,860 --> 00:14:44,420
+What does it mean to unite the media? The light
+
+234
+00:14:44,420 --> 00:14:47,630
+went into three or fourvisual medium between
+
+235
+00:14:47,630 --> 00:14:50,470
+Sarayano in the air, then in the water, then in
+
+236
+00:14:50,470 --> 00:14:53,350
+the glass, then in the air again, for example, to
+
+237
+00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:55,790
+know exactly how much is Sarayano and how much is
+
+238
+00:14:55,790 --> 00:14:57,970
+the length of the visual path, it is necessary to
+
+239
+00:14:57,970 --> 00:15:00,690
+unify the media, to turn all the media into one
+
+240
+00:15:00,690 --> 00:15:04,270
+substance. What does this look like in our
+
+241
+00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:06,610
+practical life? We say this looks like a person,
+
+242
+00:15:06,690 --> 00:15:09,290
+for example, Ahmed and Mahmoud. Ahmed has ten
+
+243
+00:15:09,290 --> 00:15:13,120
+dollars and twenty shekels and fifty dinars.and
+
+244
+00:15:13,120 --> 00:15:16,480
+Mahmoud has for example 10 dananir and 50 dollars
+
+245
+00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:19,580
+and 70 shekels if we want to compare Ahmed and
+
+246
+00:15:19,580 --> 00:15:24,280
+Mahmoud, who has more coins, we have to unite the
+
+247
+00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:26,320
+coins, for example we turn all the coins into
+
+248
+00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:29,300
+shekels and the other person turns all the coins
+
+249
+00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:33,800
+into shekels and in the end he will share with
+
+250
+00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,440
+Ahmed a quantity of the shekels and share with
+
+251
+00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:39,870
+Mahmoud another quantity of the shekelsand we will
+
+252
+00:15:39,870 --> 00:15:43,490
+see which one of them has more money than the
+
+253
+00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:46,530
+other one here to see the length of the first
+
+254
+00:15:46,530 --> 00:15:48,590
+visual path that cut off the light and the length
+
+255
+00:15:48,590 --> 00:15:51,970
+of the visual path that cut off the light from
+
+256
+00:15:51,970 --> 00:15:54,310
+another source which one of them is longer, we
+
+257
+00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:56,870
+must unite the media what does it mean to unite
+
+258
+00:15:56,870 --> 00:15:59,770
+the media? to unite the media means to turn it all
+
+259
+00:15:59,770 --> 00:16:03,250
+into air to turn it all into air to understand
+
+260
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:10,220
+this case we will make a very simple exampleبنقول
+
+261
+00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:16,480
+نفرض عندي مصدرين للضوء مصدرين للضوء المصدر الأول
+
+262
+00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:19,820
+الضوء
+
+263
+00:16:19,820 --> 00:16:24,500
+light سرف
+
+264
+00:16:24,500 --> 00:16:32,620
+الهواء in air two meters و هنا بنجوسين هكتب رقم
+
+265
+00:16:32,620 --> 00:16:36,400
+واحد الرقم واحد هنا الان تساوي واحد الان يعني
+
+266
+00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:49,080
+refractive indexone equals one then then water for
+
+267
+00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:54,400
+example ninety centimeters of course now I want to
+
+268
+00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:59,860
+assume that the water is equal to one third of ten
+
+269
+00:16:59,860 --> 00:17:03,820
+then
+
+270
+00:17:03,820 --> 00:17:07,080
+glass
+
+271
+00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:17,960
+عشرين سانتي يعني صرف الزجاج عشرين سانتي طيب الزجاج
+
+272
+00:17:17,960 --> 00:17:22,160
+واحد و نص الان تعو يعني ال refractive index تعو
+
+273
+00:17:22,160 --> 00:17:26,660
+الان المطلوب يعني الضوء صرف الهواء مسافة مترين
+
+274
+00:17:26,660 --> 00:17:31,860
+بعدها دخل على حوض مية تسعين سانتي طوله قطع الماء و
+
+275
+00:17:31,860 --> 00:17:36,620
+بعدين صرفي الزجاج عشرين سانتي بدنا نحسب ال optical
+
+276
+00:17:36,620 --> 00:17:37,460
+path length
+
+277
+00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:48,320
+Calculate the optical path length. What does
+
+278
+00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:50,760
+calculate the optical path length mean? Calculate
+
+279
+00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:55,160
+the
+
+280
+00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,440
+optical path length.
+
+281
+00:17:59,340 --> 00:18:01,480
+When we say calculate the length of the visual
+
+282
+00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:06,880
+path, it means in time, in time, and I hope to
+
+283
+00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,870
+focus on the speech now.In the time that the light
+
+284
+00:18:09,870 --> 00:18:12,730
+cuts two meters in the air and ninety centimeters
+
+285
+00:18:12,730 --> 00:18:16,250
+in water and twenty centimeters in glass, if we
+
+286
+00:18:16,250 --> 00:18:20,270
+assume that the light became silent in the same
+
+287
+00:18:20,270 --> 00:18:23,370
+time, if the distance became in the air, how long
+
+288
+00:18:23,370 --> 00:18:26,710
+would it cut? If the light remained in the air, if
+
+289
+00:18:26,710 --> 00:18:29,970
+the light remained in the airIt was not a fraction
+
+290
+00:18:29,970 --> 00:18:31,570
+of a distance, it was a fraction of a distance.
+
+291
+00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:33,950
+The real distance that light travels is equal to
+
+292
+00:18:33,950 --> 00:18:37,350
+two meters, plus ninety centimeters, plus twenty
+
+293
+00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:40,110
+centimeters. That is, the distance that light
+
+294
+00:18:40,110 --> 00:18:43,210
+actually travels in this experiment is two meters
+
+295
+00:18:43,210 --> 00:18:45,930
+in the air, ninety centimeters in water, and
+
+296
+00:18:45,930 --> 00:18:48,110
+twenty centimeters in glass. That is, the total
+
+297
+00:18:48,110 --> 00:18:51,430
+distance is three meters and ten centimeters.تلاتة
+
+298
+00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:55,350
+متر و عشرة، لأن عشرين و تسعين يعني مية و عشرة
+
+299
+00:18:55,350 --> 00:18:58,830
+سانتي، يعني متر و عشرة سانتي، مية و عشرة سانتي
+
+300
+00:18:58,830 --> 00:19:01,890
+يعني متر و عشرة سانتي، بنضيف عليهم مترين، يعني
+
+301
+00:19:01,890 --> 00:19:08,340
+حقيقة القطع قطع3 meters and 10 centimeters. Okay,
+
+302
+00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,560
+if we assume that the light did not go into the
+
+303
+00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:13,400
+water or into the glass, but remained in the air,
+
+304
+00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:16,300
+in the same period of time that it passed two
+
+305
+00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:18,580
+meters in the air and 90 centimeters in the water
+
+306
+00:19:18,580 --> 00:19:22,560
+and 20 centimeters in the glass, how much did it
+
+307
+00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:25,290
+pass in the air in the same period of time?In
+
+308
+00:19:25,290 --> 00:19:27,710
+order to know, we need to unify the media. To
+
+309
+00:19:27,710 --> 00:19:30,010
+unify the media, we multiply each distance in the
+
+310
+00:19:30,010 --> 00:19:33,030
+refractive index of the material that has this
+
+311
+00:19:33,030 --> 00:19:36,070
+distance. We say the optical path length is the
+
+312
+00:19:36,070 --> 00:19:36,330
+answer.
+
+313
+00:19:39,170 --> 00:19:41,270
+The solution of this example is to say that the
+
+314
+00:19:41,270 --> 00:19:45,550
+optical path length is equal to two meters
+
+315
+00:19:45,550 --> 00:19:50,670
+multiplied by one because the refractive index is
+
+316
+00:19:50,670 --> 00:19:52,010
+one plus
+
+317
+00:19:55,310 --> 00:20:04,350
+90 cm means 9 out of 10 meters, 0.9 times, this is
+
+318
+00:20:04,350 --> 00:20:07,310
+in the water of course, so to change its path to
+
+319
+00:20:07,310 --> 00:20:09,890
+the water, as if it happened in the air, I need to
+
+320
+00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:13,950
+say times 1.3 out of 10 plus,
+
+321
+00:20:16,190 --> 00:20:17,610
+let's move away from the plus a little bit
+
+322
+00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:25,010
+in water 20 cm means 2 out of 10 meters multiply
+
+323
+00:20:25,010 --> 00:20:31,070
+by 1.5 equals
+
+324
+00:20:31,070 --> 00:20:39,510
+we
+
+325
+00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:45,650
+say as follows 2 meters in 1 remains 2 meters plus
+
+326
+00:20:45,650 --> 00:20:48,450
+9 out of 10 meters here
+
+327
+00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:57,960
+and here 2 out of 10 meters 2 out of 10 meters 2
+
+328
+00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:00,700
+meters multiplied by 1 remains 2 meters plus 9 out
+
+329
+00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:05,000
+of 10 multiplied by 1.3 out of 10 9 out of 10
+
+330
+00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:15,960
+meters multiplied by 1.3 so one meter and
+
+331
+00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:18,600
+seventeen out of 100 meters and seventeen out of
+
+332
+00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:31,570
+100one point seventeen hundred meters plus two
+
+333
+00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:34,770
+out of ten times one and a half two out of ten
+
+334
+00:21:34,770 --> 00:21:37,350
+times one and a half equals
+
+335
+00:21:50,710 --> 00:22:01,770
+3 out of 10, 3 out of 10 meters and
+
+336
+00:22:01,770 --> 00:22:08,330
+it equals we
+
+337
+00:22:08,330 --> 00:22:10,810
+want to combine these with each other the sum we
+
+338
+00:22:10,810 --> 00:22:16,010
+say as follows 2,1,3 point
+
+339
+00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:21,630
+seventeen out of one hundred and three out of ten
+
+340
+00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:25,150
+to forty-seven out of one hundred. Forty-seven out
+
+341
+00:22:25,150 --> 00:22:27,790
+of one hundred meters. This is the answer. It
+
+342
+00:22:27,790 --> 00:22:31,450
+means in time, in time that light passed through
+
+343
+00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:35,310
+ittwo meters in the air and ninety centimeters in
+
+344
+00:22:35,310 --> 00:22:39,330
+the water and twenty centimeters in the glass in a
+
+345
+00:22:39,330 --> 00:22:43,050
+full length of three meters and ten centimeters if
+
+346
+00:22:43,050 --> 00:22:45,170
+they stayed in the air, if they stayed to light in
+
+347
+00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:46,890
+the air, they would have crossed not three meters
+
+348
+00:22:46,890 --> 00:22:48,530
+and ten centimeters, they would have crossed three
+
+349
+00:22:48,530 --> 00:22:51,710
+meters and forty-seven centimeters this is the
+
+350
+00:22:51,710 --> 00:22:54,290
+optical path length, this is the optical path
+
+351
+00:22:54,290 --> 00:22:56,870
+length to light really crossed two meters, then
+
+352
+00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:59,690
+ninety centimeters and then twenty centimeters in
+
+353
+00:22:59,690 --> 00:23:05,670
+the glass, their totalمجموعهم المباشر مترين وتسعة
+
+354
+00:23:05,670 --> 00:23:08,570
+من عشرة متر واتنين من عشرة متر يعني تلاتة متر
+
+355
+00:23:08,570 --> 00:23:12,790
+وعشرة سانت لو الضوء فرضنا دال في الهواء ولا دخل
+
+356
+00:23:12,790 --> 00:23:17,100
+ميه ولا دخل اجزاز معناته الضوءin the same period
+
+357
+00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:20,060
+of time, the one who used to cut 2 meters in the
+
+358
+00:23:20,060 --> 00:23:23,340
+air and 90 centimeters in water and 20 centimeters
+
+359
+00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:27,940
+in glass would cut in the air 3 meters and 47
+
+360
+00:23:27,940 --> 00:23:30,620
+centimeters instead of cutting in these three
+
+361
+00:23:30,620 --> 00:23:33,540
+materials together 3 meters and 10 centimeters and
+
+362
+00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:36,260
+this is what is meant in the optical path length
+
+363
+00:23:37,620 --> 00:23:41,100
+tell me about what is it? The unification of media
+
+364
+00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:44,360
+exactly like we unify currency The unification of
+
+365
+00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:46,860
+media transforms all distances as if they happened
+
+366
+00:23:46,860 --> 00:23:49,420
+in the air How do I transform it? I multiply each
+
+367
+00:23:49,420 --> 00:23:52,140
+distance in a matter that is in the refractive
+
+368
+00:23:52,140 --> 00:23:56,040
+index of this matter and thus it turns out how
+
+369
+00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,220
+much light was going to happen in the air, was
+
+370
+00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:00,440
+going to happen in the air if it is multiplied by
+
+371
+00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,220
+that in the same time that happened in a certain
+
+372
+00:24:03,220 --> 00:24:05,780
+distance in the same matter, in the same matter
+
+373
+00:24:11,810 --> 00:24:14,370
+The following figure shows light from an object
+
+374
+00:24:14,370 --> 00:24:18,310
+point traveling along two different paths to the
+
+375
+00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:21,230
+image point. لو احنا اجينا هنقول ايش فايدة ال
+
+376
+00:24:21,230 --> 00:24:25,730
+optical path links احنا هناخد نقطة من ال object و
+
+377
+00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:29,690
+هاي صورتها في ال image بنقول الضوء هينتشر في جميع
+
+378
+00:24:29,690 --> 00:24:33,440
+الاتجاهات بس احنا هناخدTwo paths, two paths,
+
+379
+00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,340
+meaning the light followed them. To explain the
+
+380
+00:24:37,340 --> 00:24:40,500
+idea of optical path length, optical path length,
+
+381
+00:24:40,660 --> 00:24:43,140
+we say that the first path, the light started from
+
+382
+00:24:43,140 --> 00:24:46,440
+point A and broke at the front surface and broke a
+
+383
+00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,580
+little at the back surface and reached I which is
+
+384
+00:24:49,580 --> 00:24:54,540
+the emissionand it also took another ray or a
+
+385
+00:24:54,540 --> 00:24:58,000
+group of rays took the second path If we notice,
+
+386
+00:24:58,260 --> 00:25:01,220
+if we notice, the first path is much shorter and
+
+387
+00:25:01,220 --> 00:25:05,060
+the second path is much longer So, for the picture
+
+388
+00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:08,000
+to be clear and to connect, it must connect with
+
+389
+00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:10,380
+each other, the rays connect with each other Why
+
+390
+00:25:10,380 --> 00:25:12,740
+do the rays have to connect with each other? We
+
+391
+00:25:12,740 --> 00:25:15,600
+give an example from practical life, we say if a
+
+392
+00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:21,590
+person لو إنسان اتفق مع عشر أشخاصthey meet at a
+
+393
+00:25:21,590 --> 00:25:25,550
+certain place to go on a trip, okay? One comes at
+
+394
+00:25:25,550 --> 00:25:29,550
+ten in the morning at this agreed place to go on a
+
+395
+00:25:29,550 --> 00:25:32,050
+trip One comes at ten and a quarter, one comes at
+
+396
+00:25:32,050 --> 00:25:33,990
+ten and a half, one comes at eleven to the third,
+
+397
+00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:36,350
+one comes at eleven and .. In the end, this is not
+
+398
+00:25:36,350 --> 00:25:38,110
+a trip because they will not meet and gather
+
+399
+00:25:38,110 --> 00:25:42,070
+together at the same time so that later they can
+
+400
+00:25:42,070 --> 00:25:45,530
+go on their trip And also things started at a
+
+401
+00:25:45,530 --> 00:25:48,610
+certain moment from a point from the objectLazim
+
+402
+00:25:48,610 --> 00:25:52,730
+غالبا تصل في نفس اللحظة ل ال image point ل ال
+
+403
+00:25:52,730 --> 00:25:56,930
+image point اذا انطلقت في نفس اللحظة من A لازم تصل
+
+404
+00:25:56,930 --> 00:26:00,650
+في نفس ال .. او .. او .. تصل في نفس المدة الزمنية
+
+405
+00:26:00,650 --> 00:26:05,050
+ل A شرطة اللي هي سورة A طب كيف هذا بده يتوفر ..
+
+406
+00:26:05,050 --> 00:26:09,350
+كيف هذا بده يتوفر اذا كان انا عندي في مصار للضوء ل
+
+407
+00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:15,390
+بعض او لحزمة شعاعية انطلقت عبر ممر الأولو مسافتها
+
+408
+00:26:15,390 --> 00:26:19,090
+أقصر و الحزمة الشععية التانية طلقت عبر الممر
+
+409
+00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:22,230
+التاني و مسافتها أطول كده دم يصلوا في نفس الميعاد
+
+410
+00:26:22,230 --> 00:26:26,890
+بنقول أه، الان صحيح ال path one أقصر ولكن هيعدي من
+
+411
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:30,870
+منطقة سميكة من الزجاج فهيتأخر لإن الضوء في الزجاج
+
+412
+00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:36,290
+بيكون أبطأwhile the path to .. the path to .. its
+
+413
+00:26:36,290 --> 00:26:38,910
+distance is longer but it will pass through less
+
+414
+00:26:38,910 --> 00:26:42,190
+glass and therefore it will be slower and
+
+415
+00:26:42,190 --> 00:26:46,830
+therefore they will connect together here .. here
+
+416
+00:26:46,830 --> 00:26:50,050
+there is a very important point what is this
+
+417
+00:26:50,050 --> 00:26:54,370
+point? the point says that the surface of the lens
+
+418
+00:26:54,370 --> 00:26:56,010
+or the surface of the optical system must be
+
+419
+00:26:56,010 --> 00:27:00,860
+formed so that the path ..one zamanian و المصار
+
+420
+00:27:00,860 --> 00:27:04,020
+اتنين زمانيا و المصار تلاتة زمانيا و المصار اربعة
+
+421
+00:27:04,020 --> 00:27:08,240
+زمانيا يكونوا متكافئين او متساوين بحيث انه الأشعة
+
+422
+00:27:08,240 --> 00:27:12,860
+بغض النظر عدت من اي منطقة من ال optical system او
+
+423
+00:27:12,860 --> 00:27:16,890
+من العدسة يكون ال optical path length بتاعكone is
+
+424
+00:27:16,890 --> 00:27:19,630
+equal to the optical path length of two is equal
+
+425
+00:27:19,630 --> 00:27:23,630
+to three to four to five to six and so on. Why? So
+
+426
+00:27:23,630 --> 00:27:25,610
+that the rays can connect with each other, so that
+
+427
+00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:29,590
+the image can be formed in a correct and correct
+
+428
+00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:32,210
+way, and there is no delay in one beam of light
+
+429
+00:27:32,210 --> 00:27:35,210
+from another beam of light. And this is what we
+
+430
+00:27:35,210 --> 00:27:38,330
+read.According to Fermati principle for both
+
+431
+00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:41,590
+paths, path 1 and path 2, to intersect at the
+
+432
+00:27:41,590 --> 00:27:44,710
+image point, time required to travel from object
+
+433
+00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:48,570
+to image point, or alternatively, the optical path
+
+434
+00:27:48,570 --> 00:27:51,510
+lengths must be absolutely identical for each
+
+435
+00:27:51,510 --> 00:27:54,290
+path. In order to form the image, the path must
+
+436
+00:27:54,290 --> 00:27:57,230
+intersect at the first path, consume time, the
+
+437
+00:27:57,230 --> 00:27:59,430
+same time that was consumed in the second path,
+
+438
+00:27:59,510 --> 00:28:03,430
+that is, the optical path lengths, path A or path
+
+439
+00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:07,620
+1,optical path length on path 2 if the time
+
+440
+00:28:07,620 --> 00:28:11,220
+required for light to travel along each path path
+
+441
+00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:13,920
+is not exactly identical the path will not
+
+442
+00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:22,620
+intersect at the image point light traveling
+
+443
+00:28:22,620 --> 00:28:26,940
+path 1 from object to image point traverses
+
+444
+00:28:26,940 --> 00:28:30,120
+relatively thick part of the lens which is the
+
+445
+00:28:30,120 --> 00:28:34,950
+light that travels through path 1thick lens, عبر
+
+446
+00:28:34,950 --> 00:28:38,350
+thick lens وعشان هي بتعوج رغم أنه طوله قليل إلا
+
+447
+00:28:38,350 --> 00:28:42,550
+أنه هيتعوج هنا فتعويج to high هتخلي الضوء اللي سلك
+
+448
+00:28:42,550 --> 00:28:46,790
+المسرق التاني يعني يلحجوا و التانين يلتقوا في
+
+449
+00:28:46,790 --> 00:28:47,730
+الimage
+
+450
+00:28:49,910 --> 00:28:52,990
+Light travelling the longer path to goes through
+
+451
+00:28:52,990 --> 00:28:56,930
+less lens .. less glass if the lens is properly
+
+452
+00:28:56,930 --> 00:29:01,570
+shaped و هذا هو مربط الفرس و هذا هو أهم إشي ضروري
+
+453
+00:29:01,570 --> 00:29:05,970
+يكون ال lens شكلها و الانحناق بتاعها مناسببشكل
+
+454
+00:29:05,970 --> 00:29:09,710
+proper، بشكل مناسب، the greater distance in air is
+
+455
+00:29:09,710 --> 00:29:13,450
+perfectly compensated for by the shorter distance
+
+456
+00:29:13,450 --> 00:29:17,790
+in glass صحيح الممر التاني هيعدي .. هيكون طويل، بس
+
+457
+00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:21,650
+لأنه هيعدي من منطقة رفيعة من ال .. من العدسة، مش
+
+458
+00:29:21,650 --> 00:29:25,870
+هيتأخر كتير، فبالتالي هيقدر يوصل ل ال image point
+
+459
+00:29:25,870 --> 00:29:30,590
+بنفس الزمن اللي وصل الأشعة اللي عبرت عبر ممر ايه؟
+
+460
+00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:35,750
+عبر ممر ايه؟If the lens is properly shaped, the
+
+461
+00:29:35,750 --> 00:29:39,810
+greater distance in air for path 2 is perfectly
+
+462
+00:29:39,810 --> 00:29:44,950
+compensated by the shorter distance in glass. So
+
+463
+00:29:44,950 --> 00:29:47,830
+the time required to travel from object to image
+
+464
+00:29:56,010 --> 00:30:00,230
+بعبارة أخرى ال optical path length is identical
+
+465
+00:30:00,230 --> 00:30:06,050
+for both paths وبنتوقف عند هذه النقطة اللي شرحنا
+
+466
+00:30:06,050 --> 00:30:08,450
+فيها ال optical path length وحنلاقي ان شاء الله
+
+467
+00:30:08,450 --> 00:30:12,970
+تمارين، هحاول أنزل تمارين على ال model لحساب ال
+
+468
+00:30:12,970 --> 00:30:16,950
+optical path length ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+469
+00:30:16,950 --> 00:30:18,670
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/2BZ4a5vb3gE.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1398 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات ال geometric 
+
+2
+00:00:04,690 --> 00:00:09,510
+optics وحكينا المرة الماضية عن the versions of
+
+3
+00:00:09,510 --> 00:00:13,110
+light الحالة التشتتية للضوء وقولنا الضوء بيوجد على 
+
+4
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:17,820
+تلت حالات لا رابع لها ان يكون متشتت, divergent إذا
+
+5
+00:00:17,820 --> 00:00:20,860
+كانوا صادر من real object، من object حقيقي زي
+
+6
+00:00:20,860 --> 00:00:24,620
+الشمعة، زي الشمس، زي المصباح الكهربائي، بيكون 
+
+7
+00:00:24,620 --> 00:00:27,660
+متشتت في جميع الإتجاهات، و ساعتها بيقول ال 
+
+8
+00:00:27,660 --> 00:00:30,900
+versions negative، ال versions تعطيه negative،
+
+9
+00:00:30,900 --> 00:00:34,450
+الحالة التشتتية تعطيه negative أو divergent or to
+
+10
+00:00:34,450 --> 00:00:37,510
+come from a place very far away and say about it
+
+11
+00:00:37,510 --> 00:00:42,050
+or to be parallel to each other, parallel light,
+
+12
+00:00:42,190 --> 00:00:43,830
+we say its divergence is zero, it is neither
+
+13
+00:00:43,830 --> 00:00:47,510
+negative nor positive or to be out of a lens going
+
+14
+00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:50,010
+to form the image, that is, it gathers to form the 
+
+15
+00:00:50,010 --> 00:00:52,690
+imageو ساعتها ال .. ال .. ال .. ال versions بتاع
+
+16
+00:00:52,690 --> 00:00:56,710
+ال light بيكون positive أو convergent light وقولنا 
+
+17
+00:00:56,710 --> 00:00:59,790
+ال versions بتوربطوا علاقة مع المسافة ال versions
+
+18
+00:00:59,790 --> 00:01:03,810
+بتاع ال light الحالة التشتتية للضوء بتختلف اختلاف
+
+19
+00:01:03,810 --> 00:01:07,230
+مسافة اللي .. اللي قطعها الضوء وقولنا ال .. ال
+
+20
+00:01:07,230 --> 00:01:10,830
+versions حقيقة هو عبارة لما يحسب و يساوي ال
+
+21
+00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:14,150
+reciprocal of the distance of the distance يعني
+
+22
+00:01:14,150 --> 00:01:18,130
+لما نقول احسب ال versions بتاع ال light احسب ال 
+
+23
+00:01:18,130 --> 00:01:22,460
+versions بتاع ال lightWe say that the vergence of 
+
+24
+00:01:22,460 --> 00:01:28,960
+the light is equal to one over the distance, one
+
+25
+00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:31,460
+over the distance For example, the light emitted 
+
+26
+00:01:31,460 --> 00:01:36,040
+from an object a certain distance This distance, 
+
+27
+00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,600
+to calculate the vergence of the light, vergence
+
+28
+00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:48,080
+يساوي واحد على ال distance، ال distance اللي قطعها 
+
+29
+00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:52,060
+ال ضُق، واحد على ال distance، يعني لما بنجيب مثلا 
+
+30
+00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:57,810
+صورة، بنقول الضُقIt started from object point, cut 
+
+31
+00:01:57,810 --> 00:02:00,550
+a distance, for example, at this point, at this
+
+32
+00:02:00,550 --> 00:02:05,130
+limit that I'm pointing at, we say, cut a distance 
+
+33
+00:02:05,130 --> 00:02:08,710
+of two meters, which means one over two meters, 
+
+34
+00:02:08,830 --> 00:02:14,450
+one over two meters is equal to half a meter minus 
+
+35
+00:02:14,450 --> 00:02:18,810
+one If we add up, we have to calculate the 
+
+36
+00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:27,650
+versions of lightOn a distance of 2 meters, we say
+
+37
+00:02:27,650 --> 00:02:31,430
+1 First, we put a minus sign because this is a 
+
+38
+00:02:31,430 --> 00:02:34,650
+divergent light A divergent light takes a minus 
+
+39
+00:02:34,650 --> 00:02:41,710
+sign We say 1 on a distance of 2 meters I get the 
+
+40
+00:02:41,710 --> 00:02:47,230
+result half minus half meter 
+
+41
+00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:48,970
+plus minus one 
+
+42
+00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:57,620
+I'll get minus one
+
+43
+00:03:14,240 --> 00:03:19,040
+Okay, so minus half meter minus one. If the 
+
+44
+00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,920
+distance was four meters, we say minus one over
+
+45
+00:03:21,920 --> 00:03:26,260
+four meters minus one. Okay, if I have the other 
+
+46
+00:03:26,260 --> 00:03:29,500
+side of the lens, the light is collected, for 
+
+47
+00:03:29,500 --> 00:03:32,140
+example, I have the light collected and it will
+
+48
+00:03:32,140 --> 00:03:33,020
+form the image 
+
+49
+00:03:43,540 --> 00:03:47,880
+it's going to create the image as the drawing will
+
+50
+00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:51,800
+show now
+
+51
+00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:58,000
+and
+
+52
+00:03:58,000 --> 00:04:04,080
+at this line or at this distance in spacedial of
+
+53
+00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,180
+light ..dial of light .. to get it to converge ..
+
+54
+00:04:07,180 --> 00:04:10,580
+it is converging .. convergent light ..dial of 
+
+55
+00:04:10,580 --> 00:04:12,100
+light is half a meter .. so the distance from here
+
+56
+00:04:12,100 --> 00:04:14,080
+to the image is half a meter .. how much the 
+
+57
+00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:18,120
+divergence of light at this point .. we will say
+
+58
+00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:24,800
+as the following .. divergence of distance is 
+
+59
+00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:30,370
+equal to one over the distanceNow we calculate the
+
+60
+00:04:30,370 --> 00:04:32,010
+distance not from the object but from the image
+
+61
+00:04:32,010 --> 00:04:34,670
+because now we are on the other side and we are 
+
+62
+00:04:34,670 --> 00:04:37,310
+working with the image and it is equal to one of 
+
+63
+00:04:37,310 --> 00:04:39,350
+course plus why plus because the light is 
+
+64
+00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:42,930
+convergent if it is on the side of the object and 
+
+65
+00:04:42,930 --> 00:04:45,410
+the light is divergent we give it a minus sign if 
+
+66
+00:04:45,410 --> 00:04:49,090
+it is convergent we give it a plus sign half a 
+
+67
+00:04:49,090 --> 00:04:50,650
+meter is left this distance is half a meter and it
+
+68
+00:04:50,650 --> 00:04:55,790
+forms the image so one plus one over half a meter 
+
+69
+00:05:00,710 --> 00:05:09,850
+and it's equal to two meters minus one meters
+
+70
+00:05:09,850 --> 00:05:18,290
+minus one meters minus 
+
+71
+00:05:18,290 --> 00:05:20,210
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus 
+
+72
+00:05:20,210 --> 00:05:20,270
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+73
+00:05:20,270 --> 00:05:21,790
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus 
+
+74
+00:05:21,790 --> 00:05:21,990
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus 
+
+75
+00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:22,810
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+76
+00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:23,910
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus 
+
+77
+00:05:23,910 --> 00:05:27,990
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+78
+00:05:27,990 --> 00:05:29,930
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+79
+00:05:29,930 --> 00:05:29,970
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus 
+
+80
+00:05:29,970 --> 00:05:30,150
+one meters minus one meters minus one meters minus
+
+81
+00:05:30,150 --> 00:05:32,390
+one meters minusAnd it's convergent, I give it a
+
+82
+00:05:32,390 --> 00:05:34,990
+plus sign Of course, when it's away from the 
+
+83
+00:05:34,990 --> 00:05:36,970
+object and it's scattered, I have to calculate the 
+
+84
+00:05:36,970 --> 00:05:39,570
+distance from the object to the point I want to
+
+85
+00:05:39,570 --> 00:05:43,570
+calculate Okay, now for example I have a third 
+
+86
+00:05:43,570 --> 00:05:46,850
+example With the same drawing, we say the light 
+
+87
+00:05:46,850 --> 00:05:55,090
+came out of the object The object is three meters 
+
+88
+00:05:55,090 --> 00:05:55,990
+away from 
+
+89
+00:05:59,450 --> 00:06:01,210
+or let's say without using a triangle, let's say
+
+90
+00:06:01,210 --> 00:06:06,350
+twenty centimeters let's say the distance is 
+
+91
+00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:10,270
+twenty centimeters that is, from the object to the 
+
+92
+00:06:10,270 --> 00:06:12,790
+lens is twenty centimeters we want to calculate 
+
+93
+00:06:12,790 --> 00:06:16,510
+the vergence what is the vergence of light at the 
+
+94
+00:06:16,510 --> 00:06:18,490
+surface of the lens at the surface of the lens, we 
+
+95
+00:06:18,490 --> 00:06:22,990
+say as follows the 
+
+96
+00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,830
+vergence equals
+
+97
+00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:31,810
+one over the distance, the object distance over
+
+98
+00:06:31,810 --> 00:06:35,530
+the distance or
+
+99
+00:06:35,530 --> 00:06:39,770
+between two objects I can say over O, why O? No,
+
+100
+00:06:40,170 --> 00:06:44,480
+why O? Because المسافة اللى بدنا نحسب عندها هذه 
+
+101
+00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:48,160
+المسافة هي ال object ال object point وهى سطح 
+
+102
+00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:51,960
+العدسة بدنا نحسب ال divergence بتاع الدوء لما وصل 
+
+103
+00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:55,220
+لسطح العدسة يعنى جاطع من مسافة ال object ال object
+
+104
+00:06:55,220 --> 00:07:01,540
+distance يعني واحد على اول ويساويone over of 
+
+105
+00:07:01,540 --> 00:07:04,480
+course here must must not forget the sign because
+
+106
+00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:08,160
+it is a divergent line must put minus and minus 
+
+107
+00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,240
+one because it is divergent of course over the 
+
+108
+00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:13,680
+distance twenty centimeters must turn into a meter 
+
+109
+00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:20,500
+two out of ten meters and is equal to one over two 
+
+110
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:26,100
+out of ten and is equal to minus five meters minus 
+
+111
+00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:27,560
+one meters minus 
+
+112
+00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:40,360
+meteros minus one Okay, so I can calculate the
+
+113
+00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:43,420
+vergence of the light at any point away from the 
+
+114
+00:07:43,420 --> 00:07:47,400
+object I calculate one away from the object Even 
+
+115
+00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:49,420
+if we reach the surface of the mirror And I can
+
+116
+00:07:49,420 --> 00:07:52,680
+calculate the vergence of the light that is going
+
+117
+00:07:52,680 --> 00:07:55,980
+to form the image at any distance Of course, I 
+
+118
+00:07:55,980 --> 00:07:57,860
+calculate the distance of this distance from the 
+
+119
+00:07:57,860 --> 00:08:01,520
+image I can calculate at this distance 
+
+120
+00:08:06,110 --> 00:08:10,670
+or the distance is high or at the distance is high 
+
+121
+00:08:10,670 --> 00:08:13,950
+So how do I calculate the inverse of the distance, 
+
+122
+00:08:14,070 --> 00:08:17,510
+one over the distance? So the complex case of
+
+123
+00:08:17,510 --> 00:08:19,890
+light, whether negative or positive, that is,
+
+124
+00:08:19,990 --> 00:08:24,470
+whether divergent or convergent is calculated by
+
+125
+00:08:24,470 --> 00:08:27,710
+the heart of the distance away from the object or 
+
+126
+00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:30,950
+the heart of the distance away from the image Now
+
+127
+00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:31,330
+the scientists 
+
+128
+00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:39,600
+It's a matter of meter squared minus one, it's a 
+
+129
+00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:43,360
+long word, meter squared minus one is a long word,
+
+130
+00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:45,880
+so they got to know that the meter squared minus
+
+131
+00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,760
+one, we want to call it the diopter, so here I
+
+132
+00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,700
+have minus half meter squared minus one, which 
+
+133
+00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:58,480
+means minus half diopter 
+
+134
+00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:10,870
+here 2 meters minus 1 which is plus 2 
+
+135
+00:09:10,870 --> 00:09:17,450
+diopters which is equal to plus 2 diopters which 
+
+136
+00:09:17,450 --> 00:09:23,730
+is equal to minus 5 meters minus 1 which is equal
+
+137
+00:09:23,730 --> 00:09:29,890
+to minus 5 diopters a person might wonder how the 
+
+138
+00:09:29,890 --> 00:09:33,040
+power of the lens can measure the dioptersand the
+
+139
+00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:35,280
+fluctuating state of the light is measured by the
+
+140
+00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:37,440
+diode. On the contrary, this is very logical 
+
+141
+00:09:37,440 --> 00:09:40,480
+because the lens's function is to change the
+
+142
+00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,560
+fluctuating state of the light. If we look at this
+
+143
+00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:46,420
+scene, the light before entering the lens was
+
+144
+00:09:46,420 --> 00:09:49,060
+fluctuating, when it came out of the lens it was
+
+145
+00:09:49,060 --> 00:09:51,960
+collected. In other words, the divergence of the
+
+146
+00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:55,820
+light was negative, it became after it came out of
+
+147
+00:09:55,820 --> 00:09:57,920
+the lens, it is the same light that entered the
+
+148
+00:09:57,920 --> 00:10:00,640
+lens that came out of the lens.
+
+149
+00:10:05,260 --> 00:10:09,720
+So, the lens is nothing but a tool .. a tool to
+
+150
+00:10:09,720 --> 00:10:13,780
+change the fluctuating state of light If the light 
+
+151
+00:10:13,780 --> 00:10:16,620
+was divergent, that is, negative divergence, it 
+
+152
+00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:19,180
+became convergent, that is, positive divergence It
+
+153
+00:10:19,180 --> 00:10:22,300
+can sometimes be negative, of course, as long as 
+
+154
+00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:24,560
+it comes from a real object, it must be negative,
+
+155
+00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:28,680
+okay? That is, divergent, and make it parallel In 
+
+156
+00:10:28,680 --> 00:10:33,210
+other words, the fluctuating state ..it changes 
+
+157
+00:10:33,210 --> 00:10:35,030
+with the power of the lens, which means that the 
+
+158
+00:10:35,030 --> 00:10:37,690
+lens is responsible for changing the fluctuating
+
+159
+00:10:37,690 --> 00:10:40,650
+state of light, so it is natural that the 
+
+160
+00:10:40,650 --> 00:10:44,170
+fluctuating state is measured with the diopter and
+
+161
+00:10:44,170 --> 00:10:47,170
+the force that affects it is measured with the 
+
+162
+00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:53,110
+diopter if we imagine for example that 
+
+163
+00:10:53,110 --> 00:10:56,230
+the
+
+164
+00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:59,990
+fluctuating light is a coin, for example, a 
+
+165
+00:10:59,990 --> 00:11:06,130
+thousand dollar coin وفي شيء مثلا له قيمة مثلا قطعة 
+
+166
+00:11:06,130 --> 00:11:13,670
+ذهبية بالها تستخدم في سداد هذا الدينWe say that a 
+
+167
+00:11:13,670 --> 00:11:16,950
+piece of gold is valued in dollars. I can value it 
+
+168
+00:11:16,950 --> 00:11:19,730
+in dollars because a piece of gold is equal to 
+
+169
+00:11:19,730 --> 00:11:24,450
+1500 dollars. So 1000 out of 1500 will pay off the 
+
+170
+00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:29,270
+debt and 500 will remain to benefit from it in 
+
+171
+00:11:29,270 --> 00:11:31,730
+buying something else. This is an example of 
+
+172
+00:11:31,730 --> 00:11:33,730
+simplifying the situation. The conflicting
+
+173
+00:11:33,730 --> 00:11:37,950
+situation was divergent. The things that made this
+
+174
+00:11:37,950 --> 00:11:41,920
+tool that we call optical system or lensIt is the
+
+175
+00:11:41,920 --> 00:11:44,280
+combination of two things that changed the state 
+
+176
+00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:46,740
+of light from fluctuating to accumulating, so it 
+
+177
+00:11:46,740 --> 00:11:49,220
+is natural that its force is measured in the
+
+178
+00:11:49,220 --> 00:11:52,620
+diopter and it is evaluated in the diopter as we
+
+179
+00:11:52,620 --> 00:11:55,540
+evaluated the golden piece in the dollar, the 
+
+180
+00:11:55,540 --> 00:11:57,240
+force of the lens is evaluated in the diopter 
+
+181
+00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,480
+because the fluctuating state of light is measured 
+
+182
+00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:05,500
+in the diopter or in the meter minus oneThis is 
+
+183
+00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:08,860
+for the subject of vergence, that vergence is the 
+
+184
+00:12:08,860 --> 00:12:11,660
+inverse of distance The distances that are used in
+
+185
+00:12:11,660 --> 00:12:13,600
+the science of geometric optics You can find the
+
+186
+00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:16,320
+object at a distance of 4 meters, 2 meters, 1
+
+187
+00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:18,820
+meter, half a meter, third meter, quarter meter,
+
+188
+00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,400
+five meters Of course, when you calculate the
+
+189
+00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,460
+vergence of light at these distances I want to 
+
+190
+00:12:25,460 --> 00:12:27,960
+invert these distances The four meters becomes a
+
+191
+00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:30,780
+quarter meter minus one The two meters are
+
+192
+00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:33,260
+inverted one by two, that is, half a meter minus
+
+193
+00:12:33,260 --> 00:12:37,350
+oneone meter is reversed and one meter is minus
+
+
+
+223
+00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:38,740
+Okay, and it equals 1
+
+224
+00:15:38,740 --> 00:15:49,180
+over minus 4 equals Now we enlarge it again
+
+225
+00:15:49,180 --> 00:15:54,040
+equals
+
+226
+00:15:58,640 --> 00:16:03,720
+minus quarter meter
+
+227
+00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:06,960
+and one meter minus one when you go up it becomes
+
+228
+00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:11,380
+minus quarter meter here minus means
+
+229
+00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:14,440
+the distance to the left because I want to
+
+230
+00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:16,320
+calculate the distance I want the distance as long
+
+231
+00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:18,580
+as the distance turned out to be minus then the
+
+232
+00:16:18,580 --> 00:16:21,600
+distance of the object to the left of the line
+
+233
+00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,540
+that I put in the space is a quarter of a meter
+
+234
+00:16:24,540 --> 00:16:27,920
+while this minus is minus four diopters or minus
+
+235
+00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:30,520
+four times minus one this is because of the
+
+236
+00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:32,860
+fluctuating state of light I'm talking about
+
+237
+00:16:32,860 --> 00:16:35,160
+vergence, vergence is the fluctuating state of
+
+238
+00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:36,920
+light, light is fluctuating so I give it a minus
+
+239
+00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:41,200
+sign فإذا إذا عرفت المسافة بقدر أعرف ال vergence
+
+240
+00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:43,840
+بتاع ال light و إذا عرفت ال vergence بقدر أعرف
+
+241
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:49,600
+المسافة بتاعة ال object أو حتى المسافة بتاعة ال
+
+242
+00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:54,020
+image فبالتالي for convenience عشان يكون الأمر
+
+243
+00:16:54,020 --> 00:16:57,840
+أسهل في التعبير بدل ما نضل نقول متر قص ناقص واحد
+
+244
+00:16:57,840 --> 00:17:01,870
+يعني نلفظ الأربع كلماتالعلماء اتفقوا انه كلمة
+
+245
+00:17:01,870 --> 00:17:06,230
+meter قص ناقص واحد بدهم يعطوها كلمة او يسموها باسم
+
+246
+00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:11,810
+diopter ويرمزولها بالرمز D As light travels away
+
+247
+00:17:11,810 --> 00:17:16,630
+from an object point or toward an image point, its
+
+248
+00:17:16,630 --> 00:17:21,410
+divergence constantly changes كل ما سافر بعيدا عن
+
+249
+00:17:21,410 --> 00:17:26,680
+ال objectOr towards the image, the vergence of the
+
+250
+00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:29,880
+image changes, why? Because the distance changes
+
+251
+00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:33,580
+and as long as the vergence and the distance have
+
+252
+00:17:33,580 --> 00:17:35,980
+a relation, then it is true that it is opposite,
+
+253
+00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:39,980
+but if one changes, the other will change, if one
+
+254
+00:17:39,980 --> 00:17:42,680
+changes, because if the distance changes, the
+
+255
+00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,020
+vergence of light must change Let's come here to
+
+256
+00:17:46,020 --> 00:17:47,440
+an example, we say as follows
+
+257
+00:17:52,420 --> 00:17:55,780
+On a distance of 10 cm, divergence is minus 10
+
+258
+00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:59,640
+diopters 10 cm is 1 out of 10 meters, if you
+
+259
+00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:02,500
+invert it, if you invert this distance which is 1
+
+260
+00:18:02,500 --> 00:18:05,040
+out of 10 meters, 1 out of 1 out of 10 meters, you
+
+261
+00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:08,020
+get 10 diopters Why did we put minus? Because the
+
+262
+00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:10,720
+light is divergent, divergent, okay? Divergent
+
+263
+00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:14,500
+Okay, on a distance of, for example, a quarter of
+
+264
+00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:18,210
+a meterone over a quarter equals four, this is a
+
+265
+00:18:18,210 --> 00:18:20,370
+diopter, why do we put a minus on it? Because the
+
+266
+00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,430
+light is distorted and so on and so forth,
+
+267
+00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:27,910
+therefore, the more the distance that the light
+
+268
+00:18:27,910 --> 00:18:30,190
+travels away from the object, the more the
+
+269
+00:18:30,190 --> 00:18:34,610
+divergence of it changesAnd also this speech also
+
+270
+00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:38,930
+towards the image, the same thing, whenever the
+
+271
+00:18:38,930 --> 00:18:41,790
+distance changes towards the image, near or far,
+
+272
+00:18:42,010 --> 00:18:43,910
+the vergence changes, because the vergence and the
+
+273
+00:18:43,910 --> 00:18:47,390
+distance have a relation, it's a reverse relation,
+
+274
+00:18:47,510 --> 00:18:51,090
+but if one changes, the other will changeTo
+
+275
+00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:53,870
+calculate the divergence of light at any point,
+
+276
+00:18:54,010 --> 00:18:56,910
+one must know the location of the object or image
+
+277
+00:18:56,910 --> 00:18:57,250
+point
+
+278
+00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:10,220
+Conversely, if one knows the divergence at
+
+279
+00:19:10,220 --> 00:19:12,960
+a selected point, the position of the object or
+
+280
+00:19:12,960 --> 00:19:16,260
+image point can be determined. As we said before
+
+281
+00:19:16,260 --> 00:19:20,160
+in the example, the divergence at this point is
+
+282
+00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:22,720
+minus four diopters. Where is the object? We
+
+283
+00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:25,570
+calculated that it is minus four diopters.Whether
+
+284
+00:19:25,570 --> 00:19:27,410
+we know the vergence, we can determine the
+
+285
+00:19:27,410 --> 00:19:30,990
+distance, or we know the distance, we can show the
+
+286
+00:19:30,990 --> 00:19:34,590
+vergence, that is, we can point to one another, to
+
+287
+00:19:34,590 --> 00:19:37,930
+one another Now there is a term other than the
+
+288
+00:19:37,930 --> 00:19:40,310
+vergence, it is called reduced vergence, the
+
+289
+00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:43,810
+shortened vergence or shortened Of course, a
+
+290
+00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:46,630
+person may at first think that the shortened
+
+291
+00:19:46,630 --> 00:19:52,930
+vergence isDigitally, it is less than the normal
+
+292
+00:19:52,930 --> 00:19:57,110
+vergence So, reduced vergence is less than the
+
+293
+00:19:57,110 --> 00:20:01,610
+normal vergence Of course, this is not correct, it
+
+294
+00:20:01,610 --> 00:20:03,710
+is the opposite of what is correct We say reduced
+
+295
+00:20:03,710 --> 00:20:07,510
+vergence is vergence multiplied by refractive
+
+296
+00:20:07,510 --> 00:20:11,530
+index of the medium Okay, let's say this is a new
+
+297
+00:20:11,530 --> 00:20:15,870
+chip We
+
+298
+00:20:15,870 --> 00:20:19,030
+say reduced vergence, the abbreviated vergence
+
+299
+00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:24,880
+is equal to the normal vergence, which is the
+
+300
+00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:27,720
+fluctuating state of light, multiplied by the
+
+301
+00:20:27,720 --> 00:20:31,520
+refractive index of the medium in which the light
+
+302
+00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,540
+occurs. In other words, if the light I have
+
+303
+00:20:34,540 --> 00:20:43,560
+happens in water, the reduced vergence is equal
+
+304
+00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:48,580
+to the vergence, of course for water, multiplied
+
+305
+00:20:48,580 --> 00:20:52,050
+byrefractive index of science is equal to 1.3 out
+
+306
+00:20:52,050 --> 00:20:55,630
+of 10 if you multiply any value by 1.3 out of 10,
+
+307
+00:20:55,770 --> 00:20:57,730
+the value of the result will be greater than the
+
+308
+00:20:57,730 --> 00:21:02,990
+basic value to explain this issue, we need to say
+
+309
+00:21:02,990 --> 00:21:09,210
+as follows here we have an example we draw a
+
+310
+00:21:09,210 --> 00:21:10,370
+single refracting surface
+
+311
+00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:34,020
+this light is going to 
+
+312
+00:21:34,020 --> 00:21:44,380
+go this is
+
+313
+00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:47,500
+my single refracting service and this is my rays 
+
+314
+00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:50,840
+going to form rays
+
+315
+00:21:57,890 --> 00:22:00,050
+It came from an object and it's going to form an
+
+316
+00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:04,070
+image And
+
+317
+00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:15,710
+it's going to form an image Now 
+
+318
+00:22:15,710 --> 00:22:18,010
+we want to calculate the divergence of light at
+
+319
+00:22:18,010 --> 00:22:18,750
+this distance
+
+320
+00:22:25,290 --> 00:22:30,630
+this distance is one meter away from the edge this 
+
+321
+00:22:30,630 --> 00:22:38,610
+distance is one meter away from the edge from
+
+322
+00:22:38,610 --> 00:22:41,850
+here, the light is still accumulating it will 
+
+323
+00:22:41,850 --> 00:22:45,530
+eventually form an edge inside the glass how much
+
+324
+00:22:45,530 --> 00:22:48,190
+is the divergence? divergence is the inverse of 
+
+325
+00:22:48,190 --> 00:22:50,330
+the distance divergence 
+
+326
+00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:13,200
+I want to 
+
+327
+00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:14,660
+calculate the reduced vergence 
+
+328
+00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:24,280
+is equal to the vergence itself which is plus one
+
+329
+00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:29,520
+diopter which we saw a while ago in this upper
+
+330
+00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:32,740
+line multiplied by the refractive index of the
+
+331
+00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:36,740
+glass which is one and a half for example is equal
+
+332
+00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:43,870
+to plus one and a halfDiode, from this example it 
+
+333
+00:23:43,870 --> 00:23:47,410
+becomes very clear that the reduced vergence, its
+
+334
+00:23:47,410 --> 00:23:49,570
+name is vergence, its value is supposed to be
+
+335
+00:23:49,570 --> 00:23:51,490
+less, but it is clear that its value is higher 
+
+336
+00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,530
+than the vergence itself Okay, now we need to know
+
+337
+00:23:55,530 --> 00:23:59,870
+exactly that the reduced vergencereduced vergence 
+
+338
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:03,070
+دائما و أبدا بيكون أعلى من ال vergence معادة في
+
+339
+00:24:03,070 --> 00:24:06,930
+حالة واحدة إذا الضوء يسري في الفراغ، لو حسبتله ال 
+
+340
+00:24:06,930 --> 00:24:10,590
+vergence، هيطلعله قيمة، لو حسبتله ال reduced
+
+341
+00:24:10,590 --> 00:24:13,590
+vergence، هتطلع نفس القيمة، ليش؟ لأنه الآن تعطي
+
+342
+00:24:13,590 --> 00:24:17,450
+الفراغ واحد، فلما نضرب أي قيمة في واحد، بتضلها زي 
+
+343
+00:24:17,450 --> 00:24:20,810
+ما هيBut in the rest of the things, in water, in
+
+344
+00:24:20,810 --> 00:24:25,130
+glass, in any optical medium, the reduced vergence 
+
+345
+00:24:25,130 --> 00:24:27,990
+will have a numerical value higher than the 
+
+346
+00:24:27,990 --> 00:24:32,210
+vergence, so why? Because it is always higher than
+
+347
+00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:36,310
+one which is in space Okay, why do scientists call 
+
+348
+00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:39,660
+it reduced vergence? Actually the name is wrongو 
+
+349
+00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,680
+لكن الاسم متجذر تاريخيا لدرجة ان العلماء تركوه زي
+
+350
+00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:50,500
+ما هو و يعني هو متعارف عليه من زمان قديم و متجذر
+
+351
+00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:55,870
+تاريخيا لدرجة انه صعب تغيره، صعب تغيره، اذاreduced 
+
+352
+00:24:55,870 --> 00:24:59,330
+vergence is vergence multiplied مضروبا في
+
+353
+00:24:59,330 --> 00:25:02,670
+refractive index of the median. This term is
+
+354
+00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:06,010
+confusing هذا المصطلح reduced vergence ال vergence
+
+355
+00:25:06,010 --> 00:25:10,750
+المختصر او المختزل بخربط ليش لأنه reduced vergence 
+
+356
+00:25:10,750 --> 00:25:14,480
+رقميا اعلى من ال vergence نفسهاحنا في الطبيعة لما
+
+357
+00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:18,980
+نقول إشي مختزل أو مختصر نقول ملخص أو مختزل يعني
+
+358
+00:25:18,980 --> 00:25:22,680
+واحد اختزل كتاب 500 صفحة لما بنسمع كلمة اختزل
+
+359
+00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,540
+معناته عدد الصفحات قل بس هنا في هذه القضية ال
+
+360
+00:25:26,540 --> 00:25:30,340
+reduced vergence دائما أكبر من ال vergence هنا ضريب
+
+361
+00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:36,480
+لمثال أنه لما بيكون في أشعة متجمعة و رايحة على بعد
+
+362
+00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:40,850
+متر meter from the image, the reduced vergence will 
+
+363
+00:25:40,850 --> 00:25:43,550
+be plus one diopter and the reduced vergence will 
+
+364
+00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950
+be one and a half diopters as we explained in the
+
+365
+00:25:45,950 --> 00:25:49,330
+drawing and calculated it very clearly so 
+
+366
+00:25:49,330 --> 00:25:53,230
+confusing or not, whether you get confused or not,
+
+367
+00:25:53,570 --> 00:25:58,530
+the term reduced vergence is 
+
+368
+00:25:58,530 --> 00:26:01,290
+too well-intentioned to be changed 
+
+369
+00:26:05,290 --> 00:26:10,190
+Changed يعني متجذر جدا لدرجة لا يمكن تغييره
+
+370
+00:26:10,190 --> 00:26:13,230
+فبالتالي بدنا نفهم أنه رقميا ال reduced vergence
+
+371
+00:26:13,230 --> 00:26:17,970
+أكبر من ال vergence أكبر من ال vergence المرة 
+
+372
+00:26:17,970 --> 00:26:22,890
+القادمة هنعرف يعني كيف أنه ال lens makers equation
+
+373
+00:26:22,890 --> 00:26:28,830
+ممكن أنا أعبر عنها أعبر عنهابطريقة ال vergence 
+
+374
+00:26:28,830 --> 00:26:33,670
+اللي احنا شرحناها بطريقة الحالة التشتتية للضوء
+
+375
+00:26:33,670 --> 00:26:37,330
+بطريقة الحالة يعني المرة الجاية كيف أصيغ ال lens 
+
+376
+00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:43,150
+makers equation مرة أخرى بس من مفهوم أو من رؤية ال
+
+377
+00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:46,170
+vergence of light و يعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم 
+
+378
+00:26:46,170 --> 00:26:47,730
+ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3LETQng8kTU.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+
+1
+00:00:04,890 --> 00:00:06,030
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:06,850 --> 00:00:10,450
+We have an example. The object is on the left, but
+
+3
+00:00:10,450 --> 00:00:15,230
+we still don't know if it is above or below the
+
+4
+00:00:15,230 --> 00:00:19,550
+optical axis. The image is below the optical axis
+
+5
+00:00:19,550 --> 00:00:25,670
+by 15 cm. The transverse magnification is x minus
+
+6
+00:00:25,670 --> 00:00:31,150
+3. What is the object height? What is the object
+
+7
+00:00:31,150 --> 00:00:34,690
+height? We say the transference magnification is
+
+8
+00:00:34,690 --> 00:00:41,210
+equal to the image height over the object height. We
+
+9
+00:00:41,210 --> 00:00:45,090
+are looking for the object height, so the object
+
+10
+00:00:45,090 --> 00:00:48,790
+height is equal to the image height over the
+
+11
+00:00:48,790 --> 00:00:51,350
+transference magnification. We replace these
+
+12
+00:00:51,350 --> 00:00:56,940
+places with each other. So the object height is
+
+13
+00:00:56,940 --> 00:00:59,440
+equal to the image height over the transverse
+
+14
+00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:03,480
+magnification. The image height as long as it is
+
+15
+00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:06,260
+below the optical axis, I give it a minus sign.
+
+16
+00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:09,680
+Fifteen centimeters is fifteen out of one hundred
+
+17
+00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:14,740
+meters over the transverse magnification minus
+
+18
+00:01:14,740 --> 00:01:20,700
+three, which is equal to minus minus plus fifteen
+
+19
+00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:31,240
+out of one hundred meters over 3 is equal to 3
+
+20
+00:01:31,240 --> 00:01:38,180
+times 5 times 100, which is equal to plus 5 cm. So
+
+21
+00:01:38,180 --> 00:01:41,600
+the height of the object is plus 5 cm, plus means
+
+22
+00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,400
+above the optical axis and its height is 5 cm.
+
+23
+00:01:45,400 --> 00:01:50,780
+This is one third of the height of the bird which
+
+24
+00:01:50,780 --> 00:01:52,320
+gives you the bird's eye view.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3LETQng8kTU_raw.json

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The transverse magnification is x minus 3.", "tokens": [682, 264, 1315, 295, 1265, 11, 4534, 20586, 851, 11, 4534, 18897, 2069, 13, 492, 362, 364, 1365, 13, 440, 2657, 307, 322, 264, 1411, 11, 457, 321, 920, 500, 380, 458, 498, 309, 307, 3673, 420, 2507, 264, 20674, 10298, 13, 440, 3256, 307, 2507, 264, 20674, 10298, 538, 2119, 14668, 13, 440, 1145, 4308, 4944, 3774, 307, 2031, 3175, 805, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.398193365894258, "compression_ratio": 1.4911242603550297, "no_speech_prob": 8.52346420288086e-06, "words": [{"start": 4.89, "end": 5.15, "word": " In", "probability": 0.32666015625}, {"start": 5.15, "end": 5.23, "word": " the", "probability": 0.90380859375}, {"start": 5.23, "end": 5.23, "word": " name", "probability": 0.81396484375}, {"start": 5.23, "end": 5.25, "word": " of", "probability": 0.97509765625}, {"start": 5.25, "end": 5.37, "word": " God,", "probability": 0.44873046875}, {"start": 5.45, "end": 5.57, "word": " Most", "probability": 0.322998046875}, {"start": 5.57, "end": 5.65, "word": " Gracious,", "probability": 0.875}, {"start": 5.73, "end": 5.81, "word": " Most", "probability": 0.92041015625}, {"start": 5.81, "end": 6.03, "word": " Merciful.", "probability": 0.94580078125}, {"start": 6.85, "end": 7.09, "word": " We", "probability": 0.732421875}, {"start": 7.09, "end": 7.23, "word": " have", "probability": 0.92822265625}, {"start": 7.23, "end": 7.77, "word": " an", "probability": 0.65234375}, {"start": 7.77, "end": 7.77, "word": " example.", "probability": 0.9482421875}, {"start": 8.55, "end": 9.03, "word": " The", "probability": 0.73681640625}, {"start": 9.03, "end": 9.33, "word": " object", "probability": 0.88330078125}, {"start": 9.33, "end": 9.57, "word": " is", "probability": 0.445068359375}, {"start": 9.57, "end": 9.57, "word": " on", "probability": 0.54638671875}, {"start": 9.57, "end": 9.97, "word": " the", "probability": 0.88330078125}, {"start": 9.97, "end": 9.97, "word": " left,", "probability": 0.95068359375}, {"start": 10.25, "end": 10.45, "word": " but", "probability": 0.876953125}, {"start": 10.45, "end": 10.69, "word": " we", "probability": 0.7275390625}, {"start": 10.69, "end": 10.69, "word": " still", "probability": 0.486083984375}, {"start": 10.69, "end": 10.85, "word": " don't", "probability": 0.7373046875}, {"start": 10.85, "end": 11.25, "word": " know", "probability": 0.89013671875}, {"start": 11.25, "end": 11.93, "word": " if", "probability": 0.59765625}, {"start": 11.93, "end": 12.25, "word": " it", "probability": 0.92041015625}, {"start": 12.25, "end": 12.45, "word": " is", "probability": 0.68603515625}, {"start": 12.45, "end": 13.55, "word": " above", "probability": 0.75634765625}, {"start": 13.55, "end": 14.61, "word": " or", "probability": 0.65234375}, {"start": 14.61, "end": 15.07, "word": " below", "probability": 0.736328125}, {"start": 15.07, "end": 15.23, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91650390625}, {"start": 15.23, "end": 15.49, "word": " optical", "probability": 0.91015625}, {"start": 15.49, "end": 16.09, "word": " axis.", "probability": 0.96337890625}, {"start": 16.75, "end": 17.09, "word": " The", "probability": 0.8056640625}, {"start": 17.09, "end": 17.59, "word": " image", "probability": 0.875}, {"start": 17.59, "end": 18.29, "word": " is", "probability": 0.465576171875}, {"start": 18.29, "end": 18.49, "word": " below", "probability": 0.6376953125}, {"start": 18.49, "end": 18.71, "word": " the", "probability": 0.9130859375}, {"start": 18.71, "end": 19.07, "word": " optical", "probability": 0.947265625}, {"start": 19.07, "end": 19.55, "word": " axis", "probability": 0.96875}, {"start": 19.55, "end": 19.73, "word": " by", "probability": 0.22314453125}, {"start": 19.73, "end": 20.31, "word": " 15", "probability": 0.65576171875}, {"start": 20.31, "end": 21.07, "word": " cm.", "probability": 0.548828125}, {"start": 22.99, "end": 23.55, "word": " The", "probability": 0.54248046875}, {"start": 23.55, "end": 24.07, "word": " transverse", "probability": 0.48785400390625}, {"start": 24.07, "end": 24.87, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.970703125}, {"start": 24.87, "end": 25.05, "word": " is", "probability": 0.640625}, {"start": 25.05, "end": 25.31, "word": " x", "probability": 0.51416015625}, {"start": 25.31, "end": 25.67, "word": " minus", "probability": 0.67724609375}, {"start": 25.67, "end": 26.11, "word": " 3.", "probability": 0.6044921875}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 2, "seek": 5381, "start": 27.57, "end": 53.81, "text": "What is the object head? What is the object head? We say the transference magnification is equal to the image head over the object head. We are looking for the object head, so the object head is equal to the image head over the transference magnification. We replace these places with each other.", "tokens": [3748, 307, 264, 2657, 1378, 30, 708, 307, 264, 2657, 1378, 30, 492, 584, 264, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 307, 2681, 281, 264, 3256, 1378, 670, 264, 2657, 1378, 13, 492, 366, 1237, 337, 264, 2657, 1378, 11, 370, 264, 2657, 1378, 307, 2681, 281, 264, 3256, 1378, 670, 264, 5003, 655, 4944, 3774, 13, 492, 7406, 613, 3190, 365, 1184, 661, 13], "avg_logprob": -0.4055175860412419, "compression_ratio": 2.208955223880597, "no_speech_prob": 2.384185791015625e-07, "words": [{"start": 27.57, "end": 28.27, "word": "What", "probability": 0.52734375}, {"start": 28.27, "end": 28.57, "word": " is", "probability": 0.9521484375}, {"start": 28.57, "end": 28.75, "word": " the", "probability": 0.880859375}, {"start": 28.75, "end": 29.25, "word": " object", "probability": 0.96435546875}, {"start": 29.25, "end": 29.65, "word": " head?", "probability": 0.29931640625}, {"start": 29.99, "end": 30.25, "word": " What", "probability": 0.440673828125}, {"start": 30.25, "end": 30.57, "word": " is", "probability": 0.95361328125}, {"start": 30.57, "end": 30.77, "word": " the", "probability": 0.91064453125}, {"start": 30.77, "end": 31.15, "word": " object", "probability": 0.97607421875}, {"start": 31.15, "end": 31.45, "word": " head?", "probability": 0.92822265625}, {"start": 31.51, "end": 31.65, "word": " We", "probability": 0.37548828125}, {"start": 31.65, "end": 31.97, "word": " say", "probability": 0.88525390625}, {"start": 31.97, "end": 32.61, "word": " the", "probability": 0.1478271484375}, {"start": 32.61, "end": 33.33, "word": " transference", "probability": 0.5396728515625}, {"start": 33.33, "end": 34.19, "word": " magnification", "probability": 0.936279296875}, {"start": 34.19, "end": 34.69, "word": " is", "probability": 0.1959228515625}, {"start": 34.69, "end": 36.59, "word": " equal", "probability": 0.560546875}, {"start": 36.59, "end": 36.89, "word": " to", "probability": 0.95458984375}, {"start": 36.89, "end": 36.97, "word": " the", "probability": 0.48828125}, {"start": 36.97, "end": 37.37, "word": " image", "probability": 0.7978515625}, {"start": 37.37, "end": 38.19, "word": " head", "probability": 0.75927734375}, {"start": 38.19, "end": 38.97, "word": " over", "probability": 0.54638671875}, {"start": 38.97, "end": 39.49, "word": " the", "probability": 0.70556640625}, {"start": 39.49, "end": 40.03, "word": " object", "probability": 0.96875}, {"start": 40.03, "end": 40.63, "word": " head.", "probability": 0.9130859375}, {"start": 41.01, "end": 41.21, "word": " We", "probability": 0.513671875}, {"start": 41.21, "end": 41.29, "word": " are", "probability": 0.54541015625}, {"start": 41.29, "end": 41.53, "word": " looking", "probability": 0.263427734375}, {"start": 41.53, "end": 41.79, "word": " for", "probability": 0.822265625}, {"start": 41.79, "end": 41.87, "word": " the", "probability": 0.7646484375}, {"start": 41.87, "end": 42.27, "word": " object", "probability": 0.95654296875}, {"start": 42.27, "end": 42.77, "word": " head,", "probability": 0.91650390625}, {"start": 43.33, "end": 43.57, "word": " so", "probability": 0.587890625}, {"start": 43.57, "end": 44.59, "word": " the", "probability": 0.669921875}, {"start": 44.59, "end": 45.09, "word": " object", "probability": 0.96044921875}, {"start": 45.09, "end": 45.65, "word": " head", "probability": 0.8974609375}, {"start": 45.65, "end": 46.49, "word": " is", "probability": 0.57763671875}, {"start": 46.49, "end": 46.85, "word": " equal", "probability": 0.9052734375}, {"start": 46.85, "end": 47.05, "word": " to", "probability": 0.96923828125}, {"start": 47.05, "end": 47.17, "word": " the", "probability": 0.86474609375}, {"start": 47.17, "end": 47.51, "word": " image", "probability": 0.9326171875}, {"start": 47.51, "end": 48.11, "word": " head", "probability": 0.92724609375}, {"start": 48.11, "end": 48.43, "word": " over", "probability": 0.82568359375}, {"start": 48.43, "end": 48.79, "word": " the", "probability": 0.86572265625}, {"start": 48.79, "end": 49.57, "word": " transference", "probability": 0.95947265625}, {"start": 49.57, "end": 50.33, "word": " magnification.", "probability": 0.971435546875}, {"start": 50.45, "end": 50.59, "word": " We", "probability": 0.78125}, {"start": 50.59, "end": 50.85, "word": " replace", "probability": 0.435546875}, {"start": 50.85, "end": 51.35, "word": " these", "probability": 0.373779296875}, {"start": 51.35, "end": 52.17, "word": " places", "probability": 0.270263671875}, {"start": 52.17, "end": 52.97, "word": " with", "probability": 0.42578125}, {"start": 52.97, "end": 53.55, "word": " each", "probability": 0.8857421875}, {"start": 53.55, "end": 53.81, "word": " other.", "probability": 0.876953125}], "temperature": 1.0}, {"id": 3, "seek": 8398, "start": 55.06, "end": 83.98, "text": " So the object height is equal to the image height over the transphase magnification. The image height as long as it is below the optical axis, I give it a minus sign. Fifteen centimeters is fifteen out of one hundred meters over the transphase magnification minus three, which is equal to minus minus plus fifteen out of one hundred meters over", "tokens": [407, 264, 2657, 6681, 307, 2681, 281, 264, 3256, 6681, 670, 264, 1145, 43331, 4944, 3774, 13, 440, 3256, 6681, 382, 938, 382, 309, 307, 2507, 264, 20674, 10298, 11, 286, 976, 309, 257, 3175, 1465, 13, 21501, 9791, 23300, 307, 18126, 484, 295, 472, 3262, 8146, 670, 264, 1145, 43331, 4944, 3774, 3175, 1045, 11, 597, 307, 2681, 281, 3175, 3175, 1804, 18126, 484, 295, 472, 3262, 8146, 670], "avg_logprob": -0.44652288228693143, "compression_ratio": 2.0414201183431953, "no_speech_prob": 3.2186508178710938e-06, "words": [{"start": 55.06, "end": 55.74, "word": " So", "probability": 0.18701171875}, {"start": 55.74, "end": 55.94, "word": " the", "probability": 0.44580078125}, {"start": 55.94, "end": 56.34, "word": " object", "probability": 0.85302734375}, {"start": 56.34, "end": 56.7, "word": " height", 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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3T7cFI_LiH4_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2248 @@
+1
+00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:06,240
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، توقفنا في محادرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:10,720
+Geometric Optics المرة الماضية عند موضوع
+
+3
+00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,960
+الrefraction،
+
+4
+00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,240
+أنه لما الضوء بينتقل من medium of lower refractive
+
+5
+00:00:17,240 --> 00:00:21,140
+index to a medium of higher refractive index،
+
+6
+00:00:21,140 --> 00:00:25,560
+الشعاع المنكسر Bends، بينثني أو بيروح، بغير طريقه
+
+7
+00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:30,100
+باتجاه ال surface normal، بينما لما ينتقل الضوء
+
+8
+00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,520
+from higher refractive index to lower refractive
+
+9
+00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:37,820
+index, it bends away from the service norm. To
+
+10
+00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:41,200
+think about this topic and to prove it, let's go
+
+11
+00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:45,440
+back and see the simulation of the bending of
+
+12
+00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:50,900
+light. We say that the light moves from the lower
+
+13
+00:00:50,900 --> 00:00:55,460
+refractive index medium to the higher refractive
+
+14
+00:00:55,460 --> 00:00:57,240
+index medium, that is, from a substance less than
+
+15
+00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,170
+the refractive indexto a higher substance in the
+
+16
+00:01:00,170 --> 00:01:03,190
+process of oxidation. We will see if the refracted
+
+17
+00:01:03,190 --> 00:01:05,530
+light will approach or move away from the service
+
+18
+00:01:05,530 --> 00:01:07,830
+normal. This is the service normal I have drawn.
+
+19
+00:01:08,910 --> 00:01:10,830
+Now the light moves from the middle of the lowest
+
+20
+00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:13,330
+density or lowest in the refractive index which is
+
+21
+00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:16,570
+1 to the middle of the highest density or highest
+
+22
+00:01:16,570 --> 00:01:19,390
+in the refractive index which is 1 and a half. You
+
+23
+00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:22,030
+see what will happen to the light. It is clear
+
+24
+00:01:22,030 --> 00:01:26,610
+that the lightFell at a falling angle of 45
+
+25
+00:01:26,610 --> 00:01:30,750
+degrees Okay, the broken radio wave approached
+
+26
+00:01:30,750 --> 00:01:33,430
+with the proof that the breaking angle or the
+
+27
+00:01:33,430 --> 00:01:38,390
+transmission angle is 28.110 degrees Okay, if we
+
+28
+00:01:38,390 --> 00:01:41,450
+wanted to make sure of another falling angle We
+
+29
+00:01:41,450 --> 00:01:45,930
+say this is the falling angle for example35.7 out
+
+30
+00:01:45,930 --> 00:01:48,910
+of 10. The reduction angle is less than 22, which
+
+31
+00:01:48,910 --> 00:01:51,510
+means that the current of the refracted light or
+
+32
+00:01:51,510 --> 00:01:54,370
+the transmitted light approaches. So when we
+
+33
+00:01:54,370 --> 00:01:57,370
+transfer light from a medium less than the
+
+34
+00:01:57,370 --> 00:02:00,230
+density, pardon me, less than the density or less
+
+35
+00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:03,310
+than the refractive index to a medium higher than
+
+36
+00:02:03,310 --> 00:02:05,850
+the density or higher than the refractive index,
+
+37
+00:02:06,370 --> 00:02:11,290
+the transmitted light binds to where the surface
+
+38
+00:02:11,290 --> 00:02:15,480
+is normal, to where the surface is normal.الان
+
+39
+00:02:15,480 --> 00:02:22,000
+بدنا نعكس الآية و نقول الضوء
+
+40
+00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:26,620
+هينتقل من وسط أعلى في ال refractive index أو أعلى
+
+41
+00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:32,040
+كثافة لوسط أقل كثافة هي سقط بزاوية سقوط خمسة و
+
+42
+00:02:32,040 --> 00:02:36,380
+تلاتين وسبعة من عشرة زاوية الانكسار واحد وستين
+
+43
+00:02:36,380 --> 00:02:40,640
+degree يعني ابتعد أكتر عن ال service normal طيب لو
+
+44
+00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:47,590
+غيرنا زاوية السقوط كبرناها39.4 out of 10, here it
+
+45
+00:02:47,590 --> 00:02:51,430
+became 72.3 out of 10. So, what governs these two
+
+46
+00:02:51,430 --> 00:02:55,790
+angles? The law of contraction, Ni sine theta I
+
+47
+00:02:55,790 --> 00:03:00,630
+into Nt sine theta T. That is, Ni, which is the
+
+48
+00:03:00,630 --> 00:03:03,830
+refractive index of the substance from which the
+
+49
+00:03:03,830 --> 00:03:06,110
+light fell. In this case, the glass is 1.5.
+
+50
+00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:10,950
+Multiplied by J of the angle of fall is equal to
+
+51
+00:03:10,950 --> 00:03:13,130
+the refractive index of the substance from which
+
+52
+00:03:13,130 --> 00:03:15,920
+the light fell.It is written in J for the angle of
+
+53
+00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:18,960
+deflection or J for the angle of passage This is
+
+54
+00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:22,560
+the Snell's law or the law of deflection So when
+
+55
+00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:24,100
+the light moves from the middle of the highest
+
+56
+00:03:24,100 --> 00:03:27,080
+density or the highest in the refractive index to
+
+57
+00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:29,120
+the middle of the lowest density or the lowest in
+
+58
+00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:31,680
+the refractive index from the highest to the
+
+59
+00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:35,160
+lowest, the radiation goes away from the service
+
+60
+00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:37,760
+normal Well, from the lowest to the highest, the
+
+61
+00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,860
+opposite happens If we imagine that from the
+
+62
+00:03:40,860 --> 00:03:42,460
+lowest to the highest
+
+63
+00:03:46,110 --> 00:03:48,590
+It is close to the service normal When the light
+
+64
+00:03:48,590 --> 00:03:50,710
+moves from the middle of the lowest density or
+
+65
+00:03:50,710 --> 00:03:53,590
+lowest in the refractive index to the highest
+
+66
+00:03:53,590 --> 00:03:56,490
+middle in the refractive index It is close to the
+
+67
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,050
+refracted light from the service normal It is
+
+68
+00:03:59,050 --> 00:04:03,050
+close to the service normal And this is a fixed
+
+69
+00:04:03,050 --> 00:04:10,550
+thing and known in the subject of refraction Okay,
+
+70
+00:04:10,610 --> 00:04:14,530
+if the light falls vertically If the light falls
+
+71
+00:04:14,530 --> 00:04:18,050
+verticallynormal incidence يعني السقوط العمودي
+
+72
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,930
+occurs when light ray is perpendicular to the
+
+73
+00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,450
+optical interface in other words, the surface
+
+74
+00:04:25,450 --> 00:04:30,010
+normal coincides with the ray اش يعني لما بيكون
+
+75
+00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:35,790
+عندى ال ray الساقط و ال surface normal coincidence
+
+76
+00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:41,830
+يعني ايش coincidence يعني زاوية السقوط صفر زاوية
+
+77
+00:04:41,830 --> 00:04:48,220
+السقوط صفر احنا عرفنا زاوية السقوطbecause the
+
+78
+00:04:48,220 --> 00:04:53,960
+angle between incident ray
+
+79
+00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:57,020
+and service normal is zero, so the angle between
+
+80
+00:04:57,020 --> 00:04:57,500
+them is zero
+
+81
+00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:05,910
+عمودي لو بدها تنعكس طالما زاوية السقوط صفر إذا
+
+82
+00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:10,610
+زاوية الانعكاس ال reflection angle صفر ليه؟ لأنه
+
+83
+00:05:10,610 --> 00:05:15,830
+في قانون الانعكاس مش الانقسام زاوية السقوط تساوي
+
+84
+00:05:15,830 --> 00:05:20,720
+زاوية الانعكاسIt will also be the angle of passage
+
+85
+00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,500
+of the transmission angles. So, the part that is
+
+86
+00:05:23,500 --> 00:05:26,340
+reflected will be reflected along the line of
+
+87
+00:05:26,340 --> 00:05:28,600
+descent, that is, it will not change the path, but
+
+88
+00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,920
+it will just collide with the surface separated
+
+89
+00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:34,240
+between the two materials and will be reflected 90
+
+90
+00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,640
+degrees from the surface, that is, along the
+
+91
+00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:39,020
+surface normally. Okay, and the part that will
+
+92
+00:05:39,020 --> 00:05:41,380
+pass will also pass without changing its path.
+
+93
+00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:44,780
+Okay, what happens? What happens is that the speed
+
+94
+00:05:44,780 --> 00:05:48,490
+changes only, the speed changes only.فحالة السقوط
+
+95
+00:05:48,490 --> 00:05:52,710
+العمودي، إذا كان هناك انعكاس، حيكون انعكاس عمودي
+
+96
+00:05:52,710 --> 00:05:55,990
+على السطح، يعني منطبق على الشعاع، الشعاع اللي سقط
+
+97
+00:05:55,990 --> 00:05:59,670
+و ال service normal و الشعاع اللي انعكس، كله منطبق
+
+98
+00:05:59,670 --> 00:06:03,310
+على بعضه، طيب، لو في عندي سقوط عمودي و مرت بعد
+
+99
+00:06:03,310 --> 00:06:06,350
+الأشعة، أيضا هتمر بشكل عمودي على السطح، يعني
+
+100
+00:06:06,350 --> 00:06:10,090
+بتضلها بدون ما تغير طريقها straight ahead،
+
+101
+00:06:10,090 --> 00:06:14,190
+straight ahead بمعنى طريقها دُغري بدون لأ تروح
+
+102
+00:06:14,190 --> 00:06:17,700
+شمال ولا يمينفبالتالي هذا هو ال normal incidence
+
+103
+00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:21,460
+ال normal incidence اذا normal incidence occurs
+
+104
+00:06:21,460 --> 00:06:25,080
+when light ray is perpendicular to the optical
+
+105
+00:06:25,080 --> 00:06:30,060
+interface بكلمات أخرى the surface normal coincides
+
+106
+00:06:30,060 --> 00:06:33,120
+with the ray بمعنى ال surface normal اللي هو
+
+107
+00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:37,380
+العمود اللي مقام على السطح و الشعاع الساقط بنطبق
+
+108
+00:06:37,380 --> 00:06:41,940
+على بعض من البعض بمعنى زاوية السقوط تساوي صفر if
+
+109
+00:06:41,940 --> 00:06:46,100
+the interface is refracting surfaceThe optical
+
+110
+00:06:46,100 --> 00:06:51,140
+interface is refracting
+
+111
+00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:55,220
+service. The ray is undeviated.
+
+112
+00:07:00,020 --> 00:07:03,820
+Light changes speed as it crosses the interface,
+
+113
+00:07:04,260 --> 00:07:06,060
+but does not change direction.
+
+114
+00:07:12,770 --> 00:07:14,710
+If it was going to the middle, less in density,
+
+115
+00:07:14,850 --> 00:07:17,630
+the light would be faster But it does not change
+
+116
+00:07:17,630 --> 00:07:20,130
+in direction And that's why if we want to define
+
+117
+00:07:20,130 --> 00:07:23,930
+refraction, what exactly is it? It is the change
+
+118
+00:07:23,930 --> 00:07:26,630
+in the speed of light when it moves from one
+
+119
+00:07:26,630 --> 00:07:30,750
+center to another It may change in direction and
+
+120
+00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:34,570
+may not change in direction When does it not
+
+121
+00:07:34,570 --> 00:07:38,080
+change in direction when the fall is vertical?As
+
+122
+00:07:38,080 --> 00:07:42,220
+we see in this simulation, when the drop is
+
+123
+00:07:42,220 --> 00:07:43,920
+vertical, the direction does not change, it does
+
+124
+00:07:43,920 --> 00:07:46,240
+not change direction. When the drop is not
+
+125
+00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,440
+vertical, it changes with the direction, it
+
+126
+00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:52,400
+changes. Here the angle is 11.4 degrees and here
+
+127
+00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,760
+the angle is 7.6 degrees. If the direction does
+
+128
+00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:57,740
+not change, the angle should be equal to this
+
+129
+00:07:57,740 --> 00:08:00,680
+angle. So it is very important to understand this.
+
+130
+00:08:02,740 --> 00:08:05,320
+It is necessary to know that when I have a
+
+131
+00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:10,180
+vertical fall, the vertical fall does not change
+
+132
+00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:12,120
+the direction but changes the speed, while a
+
+133
+00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:15,540
+vertical fall does not change the direction, it
+
+134
+00:08:15,540 --> 00:08:18,000
+means that the angle of the fall and the angle of
+
+135
+00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:21,300
+the break or transition are not equal to each
+
+136
+00:08:25,270 --> 00:08:28,190
+طب في حالة الانعكاس if the surface reflects
+
+137
+00:08:28,190 --> 00:08:32,250
+specularly إذا في عندي انعكاس منتظم rays and
+
+138
+00:08:32,250 --> 00:08:35,670
+pencils of light will be reflected back along 90
+
+139
+00:08:35,670 --> 00:08:39,910
+degree angle to the surface يعني الجزء اللي هينعكس
+
+140
+00:08:39,910 --> 00:08:44,490
+.. الجزء اللي هينعكس هينعكس ب .. ب .. بزاوية 90
+
+141
+00:08:44,490 --> 00:08:47,830
+degree مع السطح يعني هينعكس على نفس الخط اللي إجا
+
+142
+00:08:47,830 --> 00:08:53,070
+منه على نفس الخط اللي إجا منه الآن بننتقل لموضوع
+
+143
+00:08:53,070 --> 00:08:57,780
+مهم جدااسمه Total Internal Reflection Total
+
+144
+00:08:57,780 --> 00:09:03,160
+Internal Reflection أو الإنعكاس الداخلي الكليه
+
+145
+00:09:03,160 --> 00:09:08,600
+داخلي Internal يعني الضوء بيرجع للمادة اللي إيجا
+
+146
+00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:12,660
+منها كان عايز انتقل لمادة تانية لوسط بصري تاني
+
+147
+00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:16,740
+ولكن بيصيرله Total Internal Reflection يعني إنعكاس
+
+148
+00:09:16,740 --> 00:09:21,640
+داخلي كله Total Internal Reflection occursWhen
+
+149
+00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,560
+light travels from high-index medium to low-index
+
+150
+00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:25,920
+medium
+
+151
+00:09:37,140 --> 00:09:39,300
+and we agreed that the word higher in density
+
+152
+00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:42,360
+means higher in refractive index and less in
+
+153
+00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:45,300
+density means less in refractive index it does not
+
+154
+00:09:45,300 --> 00:09:48,200
+happen when the light moves from less middle to
+
+155
+00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,760
+higher middle but this phenomenon happens which is
+
+156
+00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,100
+the total internal reflection when the light moves
+
+157
+00:09:55,100 --> 00:10:00,280
+from higher middle to less middleand the angle of
+
+158
+00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:04,820
+incidence exceeds certain critical angle عشان نفهم
+
+159
+00:10:04,820 --> 00:10:08,300
+هذه القضية بنستعين مرة تانية بال simulation أحنا
+
+160
+00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:12,000
+الضوء بدنا ننجله من وسط أعلى في الكثافة زي ال
+
+161
+00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:19,100
+glass مثلا لوسط أقل في الكثافة زي الهواء الآن عندي
+
+162
+00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:23,220
+سقوط عمودي سقوط عمودي الضوء بده يتحرك من الجزاز
+
+163
+00:10:23,220 --> 00:10:28,040
+هذا الجزاز وهذا الهواء الآن الضوء بده يتحركFalling
+
+164
+00:10:28,040 --> 00:10:30,040
+vertically, then the angle of fall is zero, it
+
+165
+00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:33,120
+will not change its direction, but when it reaches
+
+166
+00:10:33,120 --> 00:10:36,540
+this point that I am pointing at, and enters the
+
+167
+00:10:36,540 --> 00:10:39,280
+air, coming out of the glass, means it enters the
+
+168
+00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:41,240
+air, moves to a medium less in the distance, the
+
+169
+00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:43,820
+speed will change, its speed will increase because
+
+170
+00:10:43,820 --> 00:10:45,880
+the light in the air is faster than in the glass
+
+171
+00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:49,140
+Okay, now if we say we want to make a certain
+
+172
+00:10:49,140 --> 00:10:53,690
+angle of fallnotice that my falling angle is 4.9
+
+173
+00:10:53,690 --> 00:10:56,750
+degrees according to the law of contraction, the
+
+174
+00:10:56,750 --> 00:10:59,030
+angle of contraction is 7.3 degrees the angle of
+
+175
+00:10:59,030 --> 00:11:04,830
+contraction is greater than the refracted
+
+176
+00:11:04,830 --> 00:11:08,130
+ray or transmitted ray away from the normal
+
+177
+00:11:08,130 --> 00:11:10,570
+surface if we increase the angle of contraction a
+
+178
+00:11:10,570 --> 00:11:15,270
+little bit it will make it about 19.7 degrees the
+
+179
+00:11:15,270 --> 00:11:17,770
+angle of contraction has becomeor the passage
+
+180
+00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:20,790
+angle is 34, which means it increases. The larger
+
+181
+00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:25,330
+the angle of fall, the greater the angle of
+
+182
+00:11:25,330 --> 00:11:28,330
+deflection. The greater the angle of deflection,
+
+183
+00:11:28,370 --> 00:11:33,450
+which is here I have 32 and 10, here 48 and 19. We
+
+184
+00:11:33,450 --> 00:11:38,550
+also want to increase and see what happens.I have
+
+185
+00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:40,450
+an increase in falling, it increased, it became 39
+
+186
+00:11:40,450 --> 00:11:44,370
+.8, the decrease increased much more, it became
+
+187
+00:11:44,370 --> 00:11:48,030
+73, so because of the drop from the middle to the
+
+188
+00:11:48,030 --> 00:11:50,430
+top in density, to the middle to the bottom in
+
+189
+00:11:50,430 --> 00:11:54,390
+density, the increase in decreasing or the
+
+190
+00:11:54,390 --> 00:11:56,810
+increase in passing theta T becomes greater than
+
+191
+00:11:56,810 --> 00:12:00,890
+theta I, and the more theta I increases, theta T
+
+192
+00:12:00,890 --> 00:12:03,950
+increases more, more. I will keep increasing,
+
+193
+00:12:04,130 --> 00:12:06,950
+theta T will continue to increase until I reach
+
+194
+00:12:10,380 --> 00:12:15,840
+to a point of course here 89 and 6 from 10 of
+
+195
+00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,380
+course we want to connect it to 90 degrees when
+
+196
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:23,300
+theta T reaches 90 degrees it means that the
+
+197
+00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:28,760
+broken beam runs on the surface between the two
+
+198
+00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:31,760
+materials between glass and air of course I can't
+
+199
+00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:33,900
+exactly control the mouse
+
+200
+00:13:03,100 --> 00:13:06,300
+So, when it reaches a certain angle of incidence,
+
+201
+00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:10,080
+the angle of incidence becomes 90 degrees 90
+
+202
+00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:15,480
+degrees means that the broken beam runs on the
+
+203
+00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:19,920
+surface When theta T reaches an angle of incidence
+
+204
+00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:24,280
+of 90 degrees 90 degrees, then the angle of
+
+205
+00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:29,340
+incidence is called the critical angleSo, what is
+
+206
+00:13:29,340 --> 00:13:33,040
+the critical angle? The critical angle is the
+
+207
+00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:38,950
+angle of fall .. is the angle of fallبتعطيني زاوية
+
+208
+00:13:38,950 --> 00:13:42,670
+انكسار مقدارها تسعين درجة What does it mean to
+
+209
+00:13:42,670 --> 00:13:44,590
+have an angle of contraction of 90 degrees? It
+
+210
+00:13:44,590 --> 00:13:48,530
+means that the broken beam or the marble works
+
+211
+00:13:48,530 --> 00:13:51,970
+with the service normal 90 degrees Also, what does
+
+212
+00:13:51,970 --> 00:13:57,210
+it mean? It means that the broken beam runs on the
+
+213
+00:13:57,210 --> 00:13:59,010
+separated surface between the two materials
+
+214
+00:13:59,010 --> 00:14:02,270
+Neither it passed to the other material nor it
+
+215
+00:14:02,270 --> 00:14:06,850
+returned to the materialthe one that came from it.
+
+216
+00:14:07,210 --> 00:14:11,610
+Okay, so the curved angle is the angle of fall θI.
+
+217
+00:14:12,690 --> 00:14:14,490
+Okay, but what distinguishes it from the rest of
+
+218
+00:14:14,490 --> 00:14:17,450
+the angles of fall? What distinguishes it from the
+
+219
+00:14:17,450 --> 00:14:19,550
+rest of the angles of fall is that it creates an
+
+220
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:21,810
+angle of deflection with a magnitude of 90
+
+221
+00:14:21,810 --> 00:14:25,090
+degrees. With a magnitude of 90 degrees. So, let's
+
+222
+00:14:25,090 --> 00:14:29,030
+go back to the powerpoint and say that when the
+
+223
+00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:31,530
+light moves from a medium higher in density to a
+
+224
+00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:36,420
+medium lower in density,طبعاً بيبتعد الشعاع
+
+225
+00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:40,960
+المنكسر عن ال service normal لغاية ما يحدث عندى
+
+226
+00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:46,580
+انه تزيد زاوية السقوط لحد معين و هذا الحد المعين
+
+227
+00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:51,000
+يصل لـ critical angle. Under these circumstances,
+
+228
+00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:55,420
+the incident ray does not pass through the
+
+229
+00:14:55,420 --> 00:14:59,280
+interface or light is reflected back into the high
+
+230
+00:14:59,280 --> 00:15:02,820
+-index medium.Let's go back and say that if we
+
+231
+00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:04,700
+increase the critical angle,
+
+232
+00:15:07,780 --> 00:15:13,500
+all the light will reflect the same material that
+
+233
+00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,740
+came from it. Of course, the law of reflection
+
+234
+00:15:17,740 --> 00:15:20,560
+governs its direction. θI is equal to θR. There
+
+235
+00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:25,900
+are no rays passing through. So, when we reach the
+
+236
+00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:29,580
+point where the light falls,In the case of light
+
+237
+00:15:29,580 --> 00:15:32,020
+falling from a substance higher in density or
+
+238
+00:15:32,020 --> 00:15:34,640
+higher in the refractive index to a substance
+
+239
+00:15:34,640 --> 00:15:37,580
+lower in density or lower in the refractive index,
+
+240
+00:15:37,940 --> 00:15:40,760
+first of all, the refracted radiation moves away
+
+241
+00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:44,200
+from the service norm, that is, the angle of
+
+242
+00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:45,880
+contraction or θT
+
+243
+00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:55,680
+always theta T theta T which is the angle of
+
+244
+00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:59,340
+incidence greater than theta I if the light moves
+
+245
+00:15:59,340 --> 00:16:02,240
+from the upper middle to the lower middle we
+
+246
+00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:04,800
+magnify we magnify we magnify and it grows more
+
+247
+00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:07,740
+theta T we will follow with this and I will move
+
+248
+00:16:07,740 --> 00:16:11,000
+we will follow with this angle until we reach
+
+249
+00:16:21,940 --> 00:16:23,620
+This is the critical angle.
+
+250
+00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:32,540
+The critical angle is the angle of fall that makes
+
+251
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:35,220
+the angle of deflection 90 degrees. Of course,
+
+252
+00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:38,180
+here it is not 90 degrees. We can't get after 90
+
+253
+00:16:38,180 --> 00:16:40,420
+exactly, but we can imagine that the beam is
+
+254
+00:16:40,420 --> 00:16:45,160
+running on the optical interface between the two
+
+255
+00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:51,720
+mediums.ساعتها لما يحدث هذا ويصبح الشعاع المنكسر
+
+256
+00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:55,820
+اللي أنا بأشر عليه يجري على السطح الفاصل ساعتها
+
+257
+00:16:55,820 --> 00:16:59,900
+بسمي زاوية السقوط critical angle critical angle
+
+258
+00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:04,880
+السؤال يا ترى بقدر أحدد قيمة ال critical angle
+
+259
+00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:09,640
+للمواد المختلفة؟ بنقول نعم إذا the law of
+
+260
+00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:12,480
+reflection governs the direction of the reflected
+
+261
+00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:15,430
+rayThe following figure shows a light ray
+
+262
+00:17:15,430 --> 00:17:21,090
+traveling from a high-index medium into
+
+263
+00:17:21,090 --> 00:17:24,530
+low-index medium. In this situation, the
+
+264
+00:17:24,530 --> 00:17:27,090
+transmitted ray bends away from the surface
+
+265
+00:17:27,090 --> 00:17:30,990
+normal, and thus the angle of transmission exceeds
+
+266
+00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:32,850
+the angle of incidence.
+
+267
+00:17:38,250 --> 00:17:40,550
+highest in the refractive index, and if it's lower
+
+268
+00:17:40,550 --> 00:17:43,550
+than the refractive index, like air, the light
+
+269
+00:17:43,550 --> 00:17:48,310
+ray, the transmitted ray bends away, away from the
+
+270
+00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:53,250
+surface normal, and theta T exceeds theta I. Okay,
+
+271
+00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:57,910
+when I, as the angle of incidence increases, the
+
+272
+00:17:57,910 --> 00:18:01,030
+angle of transmission increases to a greater
+
+273
+00:18:01,030 --> 00:18:02,530
+degree. The more the angle of incidence increases,
+
+274
+00:18:06,820 --> 00:18:09,340
+this is the same, but the drawing is reversed, the
+
+275
+00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:11,920
+glass above and the air below, the more we
+
+276
+00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:13,340
+increase the angle of fall, the more the
+
+277
+00:18:13,340 --> 00:18:22,360
+reduction, which is which is this, excuse me which
+
+278
+00:18:22,360 --> 00:18:24,620
+is this, plus the reduction, the more we increase
+
+279
+00:18:24,620 --> 00:18:28,520
+the angle of fall, the angle of reduction
+
+280
+00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:34,520
+increases to a greater degree until it reaches
+
+281
+00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:45,010
+let's say it's around 90% it's more than 90% it's
+
+282
+00:18:45,010 --> 00:18:51,710
+more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90
+
+283
+00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:52,730
+% it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+284
+00:18:52,730 --> 00:18:52,810
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+285
+00:18:52,810 --> 00:18:52,850
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90% it's more
+
+286
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:55,110
+than 90% it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+287
+00:18:55,110 --> 00:19:00,010
+it's more than 90% it's more than 90%
+
+288
+00:19:08,390 --> 00:19:10,970
+So it increases the angle of deflection by
+
+289
+00:19:10,970 --> 00:19:12,610
+increasing the angle of deflection, but the angle
+
+290
+00:19:12,610 --> 00:19:15,410
+of deflection increases by a greater degree. Until
+
+291
+00:19:15,410 --> 00:19:18,610
+it reaches the angle of deflection equal to 90
+
+292
+00:19:18,610 --> 00:19:22,450
+degrees. 90 degrees means that the broken beam of
+
+293
+00:19:22,450 --> 00:19:27,440
+the transmitted ray becomeson the surface, on the
+
+294
+00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:29,760
+surface, it didn't move to the other substance
+
+295
+00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:31,700
+which is the air, nor did it return to the
+
+296
+00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:33,800
+substance that it came from, which is the rock.
+
+297
+00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:36,680
+When the angle of contraction reaches 90 degrees,
+
+298
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:40,040
+then I calculate the angle of descent, which is
+
+299
+00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:43,080
+theta I, I call it critical angle. And critical
+
+300
+00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:44,960
+angle, we will symbolize it with a new symbol
+
+301
+00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,960
+called theta C, from the word critical, which
+
+302
+00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:50,800
+means the crooked angle.Theta C is the same as
+
+303
+00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:55,200
+Theta I, but with
+
+304
+00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:58,920
+an angle of 90 degrees.
+
+305
+00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:04,860
+As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of
+
+306
+00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:07,440
+transmission increases to a greater degree.
+
+307
+00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:17,620
+Eventually, at this point,
+
+308
+00:20:18,020 --> 00:20:21,480
+the ray grazes along the optical interface and is
+
+309
+00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:25,430
+no longer transmitted.In this moment, the
+
+310
+00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:28,470
+transmitted ray cannot even be called a
+
+311
+00:20:28,470 --> 00:20:30,770
+transmitted ray. Why? Because it did not go to the
+
+312
+00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,330
+second substance. It began to run on the surface.
+
+313
+00:20:34,530 --> 00:20:37,110
+It grazes on the surface. It grazes on the
+
+314
+00:20:37,110 --> 00:20:40,430
+surface. As a result, it came to a distance at the
+
+315
+00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:42,790
+optical interface. I cannot say that it moved to
+
+316
+00:20:42,790 --> 00:20:45,670
+the second substance or returned to the first
+
+317
+00:20:45,670 --> 00:20:47,610
+substance, which is the glass that came from it.
+
+318
+00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:50,970
+And here, this drawing shows that this is the
+
+319
+00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,470
+case. We move from the glassNow, at the critical
+
+320
+00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:58,170
+angle, which is the angle of falling, which
+
+321
+00:20:58,170 --> 00:21:03,170
+creates a 90-degree angle of contraction, then the
+
+322
+00:21:03,170 --> 00:21:08,230
+transmitted ray or refracted ray starts to run on
+
+323
+00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:11,490
+the line, and therefore neither moves to the air
+
+324
+00:21:11,490 --> 00:21:15,330
+nor returns to
+
+325
+00:21:15,330 --> 00:21:18,290
+the glass. So if we ask ourselves, what is the
+
+326
+00:21:18,290 --> 00:21:19,910
+critical angle? What is the definition of the
+
+327
+00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:23,920
+critical angle? It is the angle of falling.It is
+
+328
+00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:26,080
+the angle of descent that makes the angle of
+
+329
+00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:30,180
+descent 90 degrees. A person may get confused or
+
+330
+00:21:30,180 --> 00:21:34,380
+think that this is the critical angle which is 90
+
+331
+00:21:34,380 --> 00:21:37,060
+degrees. No, this 90 degrees is the angle of
+
+332
+00:21:37,060 --> 00:21:42,860
+passage or theta T. As for theta I which makes
+
+333
+00:21:42,860 --> 00:21:46,980
+theta T 90 degrees, I call it the critical angle.
+
+334
+00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:53,880
+The critical angle is the angle of incidence.that
+
+335
+00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:58,200
+produce transmitted ray 90 degree to the surface
+
+336
+00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,200
+normal 90 degree to the surface normal يعني يجري
+
+337
+00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:07,180
+على السطح الان كيف نحسب θC كيف نحسب θC the
+
+338
+00:22:07,180 --> 00:22:12,320
+critical angle θC is calculated from Snell's law
+
+339
+00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:18,480
+من قانون الانكسار اللي هو بينص على انه Ni sin θI
+
+340
+00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:25,900
+يسوى Nt sin θT طيبOkay, ni sin theta I, theta I is
+
+341
+00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:28,100
+the angle of descent, but this time I will
+
+342
+00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:31,880
+calculate it for the critical angle. So, ni sin
+
+343
+00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:37,220
+theta C is equal to nT sin, which is nT sin theta
+
+344
+00:22:37,220 --> 00:22:39,960
+T, theta T is 90, because I am calculating for the
+
+345
+00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:42,140
+critical angle, which gives me the angle of
+
+346
+00:22:42,140 --> 00:22:47,400
+passage, which is 90. So, the sin of 90 is 1, so
+
+347
+00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:53,240
+the sin of 90 degrees is 1, then I sayni sine
+
+348
+00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:57,260
+theta c equals nt because we multiply it by one
+
+349
+00:22:57,260 --> 00:23:02,780
+and it remains nt I want to continue by saying
+
+350
+00:23:02,780 --> 00:23:07,680
+rearranging gives sine theta c equals nt divided
+
+351
+00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:10,480
+by ni how did we get to this point? we say that we
+
+352
+00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,480
+got to this point by dividing both sides by ni
+
+353
+00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:17,740
+sine theta t equals ni sine theta t when I divide
+
+354
+00:23:17,740 --> 00:23:22,480
+it by ni it becomes ni with niو nt لما اقسمه على
+
+355
+00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:29,940
+ni بيظل عندى nt على ni اذا sign θc يساوي nt على ni
+
+356
+00:23:29,940 --> 00:23:35,260
+so the angle of transmission is 90 degree when the
+
+357
+00:23:35,260 --> 00:23:39,500
+angle of incidence اذا انا عرف ال j بالزاوية بقدر
+
+358
+00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:44,600
+اعرف الزاوية اذا θc يساوي arc sign او shift sign
+
+359
+00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:49,620
+nt على ni و بقدر احدد بالظبط يعني مقدار هدى
+
+360
+00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:59,360
+الزاوية، مقدارها دي الزاوية Now if
+
+361
+00:23:59,360 --> 00:24:04,720
+we consider that the air is one and that the glass
+
+362
+00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:08,160
+is one and a halfthe critical angle will be
+
+363
+00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:13,320
+approximately 41 degrees 41 degrees okay now the
+
+364
+00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,340
+question that arises to itself what happens if the
+
+365
+00:24:17,340 --> 00:24:19,780
+light falls with an angle greater than the
+
+366
+00:24:19,780 --> 00:24:22,840
+critical angle greater than the critical angle
+
+367
+00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:26,280
+let's see what the simulation gives me we say
+
+368
+00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:29,160
+approximately we have to consider this critical
+
+369
+00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,160
+angle to be slightly greater than the critical
+
+370
+00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:34,820
+angle that is, when this radiation occursIt
+
+371
+00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:36,920
+becomes correct. Sometimes I consider this to be
+
+372
+00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:39,300
+the critical angle. If I want to increase the
+
+373
+00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:43,220
+critical angle, then all the things that fall at
+
+374
+00:24:43,220 --> 00:24:46,020
+the angles of fall are greater than the critical
+
+375
+00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,900
+angle, all of them.Totally بيصير لها reflection
+
+376
+00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:54,220
+تماما في المادة اللي اجت منها وعشان ايه بيسموه
+
+377
+00:24:54,220 --> 00:24:58,840
+Total Internal Reflection Reflection مفهوم انعكاس
+
+378
+00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:02,960
+في نفس المادة يعني ضال في نفس الوسط اللي اجا منه
+
+379
+00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:08,800
+Total يعني كل الأشعةWhat does it mean? Any rays,
+
+380
+00:25:09,020 --> 00:25:13,320
+all the rays that fall at an angle greater than
+
+381
+00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:16,120
+the critical angle, it must be at an angle greater
+
+382
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:23,620
+than the critical angle, all of them will have
+
+383
+00:25:23,620 --> 00:25:26,040
+an internal reflection, internal means in the same
+
+384
+00:25:26,040 --> 00:25:30,340
+substance, and all of them means if 100,000 rays
+
+385
+00:25:30,340 --> 00:25:34,870
+fall from meall the 100,000 rays fall at an angle
+
+386
+00:25:34,870 --> 00:25:39,330
+greater than the critical angle 100% of them, that
+
+387
+00:25:39,330 --> 00:25:41,510
+is, all the 100,000 rays will be reflected in the
+
+388
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,150
+matter they come from. So the total internal
+
+389
+00:25:45,150 --> 00:25:49,670
+reflection occurs when the rays fall from the
+
+390
+00:25:49,670 --> 00:25:52,910
+middle of the highest density to the middle of the
+
+391
+00:25:52,910 --> 00:25:58,470
+lowest density but at an angle greater than the
+
+392
+00:25:58,470 --> 00:26:02,110
+critical anglethen all the things that fell will
+
+393
+00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:05,010
+reflect inside the matter that came from it and
+
+394
+00:26:05,010 --> 00:26:07,470
+this phenomenon is called Total Internal
+
+395
+00:26:07,470 --> 00:26:12,350
+Reflection Total Internal Reflection Now let's see
+
+396
+00:26:12,350 --> 00:26:18,450
+some of the things that help me understand this
+
+397
+00:26:18,450 --> 00:26:21,710
+issue We say that the experience here is really
+
+398
+00:26:21,710 --> 00:26:25,190
+great Let's see the phenomenon of Total Internal
+
+399
+00:26:25,190 --> 00:26:30,020
+Reflection and follow it togetherand we see the
+
+400
+00:26:30,020 --> 00:26:33,120
+light, how it will happen in it of course these
+
+401
+00:26:33,120 --> 00:26:38,180
+drawings will happen to me this is a glass, we
+
+402
+00:26:38,180 --> 00:26:40,020
+will insert the light in the glass, but the lesson
+
+403
+00:26:40,020 --> 00:26:42,540
+is not about inserting the light this is a
+
+404
+00:26:42,540 --> 00:26:44,900
+vertical fall, a vertical fall to the light, it
+
+405
+00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:47,000
+didn't change its way, it didn't change its way
+
+406
+00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:53,320
+now we want to do I
+
+407
+00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:57,620
+will stop here and say as followsهي زاوية السقوط،
+
+408
+00:26:57,620 --> 00:27:00,660
+هاي ال service normal اللي أنا بأشير عليه، وهي
+
+409
+00:27:00,660 --> 00:27:05,720
+الشعاع الساقط، أنا مائلي في المسافة هاي، الآن
+
+410
+00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:09,420
+الشعاع في داخل الجزاز، أنا بدي أشوف الشعاع لما بدي
+
+411
+00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:14,380
+أطلع من الجزاز اللي هو وسط أعلى في الكثافة، للهوة
+
+412
+00:27:14,380 --> 00:27:18,780
+اللي هو وسط أقل في الكثافة، زاوية السقوط تساوي
+
+413
+00:27:18,780 --> 00:27:24,070
+عشرة degree، عشرة degree، هاي عشرةthis is 20, this
+
+414
+00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:28,070
+is 30, this is 40 this is the angle of fall 10
+
+415
+00:27:28,070 --> 00:27:29,790
+degrees do you see how much is the angle of
+
+416
+00:27:29,790 --> 00:27:34,030
+deflection? 15 degrees this is 10, this is 0, 10,
+
+417
+00:27:34,270 --> 00:27:38,070
+15 so the angle of deflection is greater than the
+
+418
+00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:41,530
+angle of fall because the light moves from the
+
+419
+00:27:41,530 --> 00:27:43,450
+middle of the highest density to the middle of the
+
+420
+00:27:43,450 --> 00:27:46,330
+lowest density to the middle of the lowest density
+
+421
+00:27:46,330 --> 00:27:49,210
+okay now we want to follow and see when the angle
+
+422
+00:27:49,210 --> 00:27:51,530
+of fall increases how the angle of deflection
+
+423
+00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:52,390
+increases more
+
+424
+00:28:02,250 --> 00:28:06,550
+Hannigaff هنا تقريبا زاوية السقوط 22 degree يعني
+
+425
+00:28:06,550 --> 00:28:12,290
+20 21 22 تقريبا بينما زاوية الإنكسار لما خرج الضوء
+
+426
+00:28:12,290 --> 00:28:16,510
+للهوى من الجزاز لما خرج الضوء للهوى من الجزاز هنا
+
+427
+00:28:16,510 --> 00:28:20,990
+قلنا 20 ل22 تقريبا تقريبا 21 ل22 degree زاوية
+
+428
+00:28:20,990 --> 00:28:26,310
+السقوط هنا أصبحت زاوية الإنكسار تقريبا 34 degree
+
+429
+00:28:26,310 --> 00:28:27,870
+طيب نتابع أكتر
+
+430
+00:28:37,130 --> 00:28:40,290
+وصلنا تقريبا لزاوية سقوط تلاتين واحد و تلاتين
+
+431
+00:28:40,290 --> 00:28:44,710
+degree أصبحت زاوية الانكسار تقريبا تسعة و أربعين
+
+432
+00:28:44,710 --> 00:28:47,770
+degree ليش؟ لأن الدوء بينتقل من وسط أعلى في
+
+433
+00:28:47,770 --> 00:28:51,230
+الكثافة لوسط أقل، بيبعد عن ال service normal،
+
+434
+00:28:51,230 --> 00:28:52,750
+بيبعد عن ال service normal
+
+435
+00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:09,460
+الان عندما وصلت زاوية السقوط تقريبا اربعين degree
+
+436
+00:29:09,460 --> 00:29:13,600
+واحد واربعين degree أصبحت زاوية الانكسار تقريبا
+
+437
+00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:18,900
+تقريبا تمانين
+
+438
+00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:25,800
+degree انتبع مع بعض لأ
+
+439
+00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:30,140
+بدنا نرجع شوية عشان مانفوتش لحظة ال critical angle
+
+440
+00:29:39,190 --> 00:29:42,170
+almost this critical angle or we made a mistake
+
+441
+00:29:48,870 --> 00:29:53,210
+يعني تجريبا تجريبا بعض الأشعة بعض الأشعة سقطة ب
+
+442
+00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:56,650
+critical angle و بتسبح على السطح أو قبل ما تسبح
+
+443
+00:29:56,650 --> 00:30:00,210
+على السطح و بعض الأشعة ما هي عندنا أشعات كتيرة
+
+444
+00:30:00,210 --> 00:30:03,850
+يعني حزمة من الأشعة الأشعة اللي سقطت بزاوية سقوط
+
+445
+00:30:03,850 --> 00:30:06,450
+أكبر من ال critical angle زي ما أنتوا شايفين هي
+
+446
+00:30:06,450 --> 00:30:11,420
+انعكسات و الأشعة اللي سقطت بزاوية سقوطless than
+
+447
+00:30:11,420 --> 00:30:14,320
+the critical angle, it will go to the second
+
+448
+00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:16,800
+substance and the rays that fell in the angle of
+
+449
+00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,300
+fall equal to the critical angle will remain
+
+450
+00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:23,760
+floating on the surface as I show you now
+
+451
+00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:29,720
+everything else will become total internal
+
+452
+00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:35,120
+reflection if you notice, there are no rays nowWe
+
+453
+00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,640
+have now reached the critical angle and not a
+
+454
+00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:41,540
+single ray of light is emitted from the optical
+
+455
+00:30:41,540 --> 00:30:45,900
+interface. As much as we enlarge the angle of fall
+
+456
+00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,700
+away from the critical angle, the total internal
+
+457
+00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,140
+reflection returns to the same substance that came
+
+458
+00:30:51,140 --> 00:30:55,520
+from it. No matter how much we enlarge the angle
+
+459
+00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,140
+away from the critical angle. This phenomenon is
+
+460
+00:30:58,140 --> 00:31:03,740
+called the total internal reflection.
+
+461
+00:31:04,910 --> 00:31:09,350
+we go back to the powerpoint and say that any ray
+
+462
+00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:12,950
+that falls at an angle greater than the critical
+
+463
+00:31:12,950 --> 00:31:17,050
+angle will have total internal reflection total
+
+464
+00:31:17,050 --> 00:31:22,310
+internal reflection and thus these three scenarios
+
+465
+00:31:22,310 --> 00:31:28,020
+that occur withThe light when it moves from the
+
+466
+00:31:28,020 --> 00:31:30,740
+upper middle of the density to the lower middle of
+
+467
+00:31:30,740 --> 00:31:33,640
+the density, in this example which is from the
+
+468
+00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:38,320
+water to the air, the angle of fall is greater
+
+469
+00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:40,400
+than the angle of breakage because the broken rays
+
+470
+00:31:41,170 --> 00:31:45,510
+away from the normal service when we increase the
+
+471
+00:31:45,510 --> 00:31:48,550
+angle of fall when we increase the angle of fall
+
+472
+00:31:48,550 --> 00:31:52,510
+the angle of deflection increases to a greater
+
+473
+00:31:52,510 --> 00:31:56,630
+degree until we reach a certain angle of fall this
+
+474
+00:31:56,630 --> 00:31:59,670
+certain angle of fall I call it the critical angle
+
+475
+00:31:59,670 --> 00:32:03,830
+or theta C what makes it theta C or the critical
+
+476
+00:32:03,830 --> 00:32:07,410
+angle it is the angle of fall that makes the angle
+
+477
+00:32:07,410 --> 00:32:13,330
+of deflection or theta T 90 degreesIf the angle of
+
+478
+00:32:13,330 --> 00:32:14,570
+fall increases more than the critical angle, all
+
+479
+00:32:14,570 --> 00:32:17,650
+the rays, all the rays, and we focus on the word
+
+480
+00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:22,090
+all the rays that fell at an angle greater than
+
+481
+00:32:22,090 --> 00:32:25,470
+the critical angle, it becomes total internal
+
+482
+00:32:25,470 --> 00:32:29,210
+reflection, meaning that everything is reflected
+
+483
+00:32:29,210 --> 00:32:31,210
+inside the substance, as we showed in the video
+
+484
+00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:36,650
+beforeAs figure shows, the angle of transmission
+
+485
+00:32:36,650 --> 00:32:41,010
+increases as the angle of incidence increases, but
+
+486
+00:32:41,010 --> 00:32:45,110
+the angle of transmission cannot exceed 90
+
+487
+00:32:45,110 --> 00:32:45,490
+degrees.
+
+488
+00:32:56,770 --> 00:33:01,130
+وها دي زاوية المرور، بنقوله لأ كلمة مرور، كلمة
+
+489
+00:33:01,130 --> 00:33:06,310
+مرور تعني مر من وسط و أصبح في وسط آخر، عبر من وسط
+
+490
+00:33:06,310 --> 00:33:10,950
+لوسط آخر، هل الشعاع هذا عبر؟ لأ، إذا كلمة مرور لا
+
+491
+00:33:10,950 --> 00:33:14,130
+تصلح للاستخدام، الآن مش transmission، مش
+
+492
+00:33:14,130 --> 00:33:18,110
+refraction، وإنما reflection، وإنما reflection
+
+493
+00:33:18,110 --> 00:33:23,250
+لأنه إش هو ال reflection؟It is the reflection of
+
+494
+00:33:23,250 --> 00:33:25,690
+light to the same medium that came from it when it
+
+495
+00:33:25,690 --> 00:33:28,350
+collided with a wall or a wall or a surface
+
+496
+00:33:28,350 --> 00:33:32,250
+separated between two objects. Here, exactly, the
+
+497
+00:33:32,250 --> 00:33:35,070
+light came from the glass and reached an optical
+
+498
+00:33:35,070 --> 00:33:38,490
+interface, a distance between two media, but it
+
+499
+00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:41,190
+was reflected, that is, it returned to the medium
+
+500
+00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:43,010
+that came from it. So this I do not call a break,
+
+501
+00:33:43,450 --> 00:33:46,830
+and this is the angle that I cannot call a
+
+502
+00:33:46,830 --> 00:33:49,670
+passage. That is to say, by God, the angle of
+
+503
+00:33:49,670 --> 00:33:53,770
+passagemore than 90, 91, 92, what does more than
+
+504
+00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:58,550
+90 mean? 91, 95, 100 degrees, this is not correct,
+
+505
+00:33:58,690 --> 00:34:01,030
+because if it is less than 90, it means that the
+
+506
+00:34:01,030 --> 00:34:03,510
+light is reflected in the same medium that came
+
+507
+00:34:03,510 --> 00:34:06,670
+from it, as the view I have here shows, as the
+
+508
+00:34:06,670 --> 00:34:12,310
+view shows, but the critical or but the angle of
+
+509
+00:34:12,310 --> 00:34:14,830
+transmission cannot exceed 90 degrees,
+
+510
+00:34:15,350 --> 00:34:18,330
+consequently refraction cannot occur, in this
+
+511
+00:34:18,330 --> 00:34:22,110
+case,in this case, it is not possible for
+
+512
+00:34:22,110 --> 00:34:24,810
+refraction to occur it is not possible for the
+
+513
+00:34:24,810 --> 00:34:27,810
+light to pass through the other substance the
+
+514
+00:34:27,810 --> 00:34:31,430
+light does not break, but it is reflected indeed,
+
+515
+00:34:31,750 --> 00:34:35,230
+Snell's law has no valid mathematical solution in
+
+516
+00:34:35,230 --> 00:34:39,230
+real numbers when the critical angle is exceeded
+
+517
+00:34:39,230 --> 00:34:42,070
+of course, the law of refraction, which is Snell's
+
+518
+00:34:42,070 --> 00:34:48,110
+law cannot find a solution with real numbers
+
+519
+00:34:50,610 --> 00:34:55,530
+لهدي المسألة وإنما إيش اللي حصل اللي حصل ببساطة
+
+520
+00:34:55,530 --> 00:34:59,470
+the incident ray is مئة بالمئة reflected totally
+
+521
+00:34:59,470 --> 00:35:04,850
+reflected واحنا بنركز على جملة إنه كل شعاع مهما
+
+522
+00:35:04,850 --> 00:35:10,850
+كان كمية الأشعة كل شعاع منها بيسقط بزاوية سقوط
+
+523
+00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:14,670
+أكتر من ال critical angle مئة بالمئة كل هذه الأشعة
+
+524
+00:35:14,670 --> 00:35:20,820
+بتنعكس داخل المادة اللتي أتت منهافبالتالي هذا يسمى
+
+525
+00:35:20,820 --> 00:35:24,900
+الـ Total Internal Reflection Total Internal
+
+526
+00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,220
+Reflection عبارة عن ظاهرة غريبة curious phenomenon
+
+527
+00:35:28,220 --> 00:35:32,320
+consider light traveling from spectacular crown
+
+528
+00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:38,150
+glass to air if the angle of incidence isTen
+
+529
+00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:42,150
+degrees, the light transmits easily as it crosses
+
+530
+00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:45,930
+the interface. However, if the angle of incidence
+
+531
+00:35:45,930 --> 00:35:50,050
+is 45 degrees, the interface becomes an
+
+532
+00:35:50,050 --> 00:35:55,610
+impenetrable barrier. The interface is transparent
+
+533
+00:35:55,610 --> 00:35:58,470
+to some rays and opaque to other rays.
+
+534
+00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:12,110
+to the air, we say we want to see if it is 10
+
+535
+00:36:12,110 --> 00:36:18,230
+degrees this
+
+536
+00:36:18,230 --> 00:36:22,110
+is 10 degrees, it is true that the refracted rays
+
+537
+00:36:22,110 --> 00:36:25,070
+go away, the angle of contraction is 15 degrees,
+
+538
+00:36:25,230 --> 00:36:28,190
+but the rays penetrate the other substance, which
+
+539
+00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:31,190
+is the air easily, okay, if we leave the angle of
+
+540
+00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:33,010
+contraction 45 degrees
+
+541
+00:36:37,260 --> 00:36:41,820
+the distance between the glass and the air became
+
+542
+00:36:41,820 --> 00:36:50,040
+impenetrable barrier because it
+
+543
+00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:53,800
+fell at an angle greater than the critical angle
+
+544
+00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,260
+and we should not forget that we calculated the
+
+545
+00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:01,990
+critical angle between the air andالجزاز طلعت
+
+546
+00:37:01,990 --> 00:37:05,510
+تقريبا واحد واربعين degree، واحد واربعين degree
+
+547
+00:37:05,510 --> 00:37:08,950
+يعني أي شعاع بيسقط بزاوية سقوط أكبر من واحد
+
+548
+00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:12,710
+واربعين degree، هيصيرله total internal reflection،
+
+549
+00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:15,990
+يعني هيرجع من حيثه أتا، يعني هيرجع من ناحية
+
+550
+00:37:15,990 --> 00:37:21,510
+الجزاز، هيرجع من ناحية الجزاز أو إلى الزجاج اللي
+
+551
+00:37:21,510 --> 00:37:27,360
+صدر منهPhysicists have devoted great deal
+
+552
+00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:31,540
+attention to this phenomenon. طبعا ظاهرة ال total
+
+553
+00:37:31,540 --> 00:37:35,300
+internal reflection استفادوا منها العلماء بشكل
+
+554
+00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,120
+حقيقة رائع ومميز،
+
+555
+00:37:40,120 --> 00:37:45,640
+بشكل رائع ومميز، هذا الشكل الرائع والمميز، كيف
+
+556
+00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,960
+استفادواالعلماء من ظاهرة الـ Total Internal
+
+557
+00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:54,780
+Reflection وإيش الفوائد اللي بتعطينياها وإيش حقيقة
+
+558
+00:37:54,780 --> 00:38:00,180
+الصعوبات اللي أحيانا بيواجهها طبيب العيون أثناء أو
+
+559
+00:38:00,180 --> 00:38:02,640
+بسبب ظاهرة الـ Total Internal Reflection هذا
+
+560
+00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,240
+الكلام كله هنحكي عنه المرة القادمة ان شاء الله
+
+561
+00:38:06,240 --> 00:38:09,600
+تعالى ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله
+
+562
+00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:10,500
+وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/3U8quwM9QDg_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1392 @@
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:06,140
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنبدأ مع علم ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:06,140 --> 00:00:10,160
+optics والمحاضرة الأولى ال geometric optics أو
+
+3
+00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:18,100
+البصريات الهندسية هو علم معنى بدراسة رحلة الضوء
+
+4
+00:00:18,100 --> 00:00:25,140
+انطلاقا من الأجسام ووصولا إلى صور تلك الأجسام يعني
+
+5
+00:00:25,140 --> 00:00:29,780
+كل جسمstands in front of cameras such as lenses,
+
+6
+00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,700
+mirrors or similar things or cameras that take
+
+7
+00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:36,840
+pictures of it. The light moves from this body
+
+8
+00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:39,540
+through the cameras, which we will call the
+
+9
+00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:44,460
+optical system, and the light then reaches the
+
+10
+00:00:44,460 --> 00:00:48,340
+image. The optical system collects the rays to
+
+11
+00:00:48,340 --> 00:00:51,740
+form a picture of what is in the vacuum, in the
+
+12
+00:00:51,740 --> 00:00:54,840
+place of water.And that's how the light journey
+
+13
+00:00:54,840 --> 00:01:00,060
+ends. It starts from the body, then it reaches the
+
+14
+00:01:00,060 --> 00:01:04,320
+optical system or photography equipment from a
+
+15
+00:01:04,320 --> 00:01:09,100
+lens or a mirror or a camera or anything else and
+
+16
+00:01:09,100 --> 00:01:13,620
+it reaches the image Now in scientific terms or in
+
+17
+00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,500
+English, the body is called the objectThe object
+
+18
+00:01:17,500 --> 00:01:20,940
+and the photography equipment they call it the
+
+19
+00:01:20,940 --> 00:01:24,780
+optical system or the visual system The visual
+
+20
+00:01:24,780 --> 00:01:30,180
+system and the picture they call it the image, so
+
+21
+00:01:30,180 --> 00:01:34,680
+I have object and I have optical system and I have
+
+22
+00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,250
+imageThe journey of light from the object to the
+
+23
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:40,830
+image, to the formation of the image, through the
+
+24
+00:01:40,830 --> 00:01:43,530
+optical system, this science, which is the science
+
+25
+00:01:43,530 --> 00:01:47,270
+of geometric optics, means studying this journey
+
+26
+00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:54,170
+and this path that follows the light Now I want to
+
+27
+00:01:54,170 --> 00:01:57,470
+know or .. or .. I mean, what is the thing in
+
+28
+00:01:57,470 --> 00:02:02,190
+existence that I can call optical system? Actually
+
+29
+00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:08,270
+.. actually all thingswhich can form a picture,
+
+30
+00:02:08,450 --> 00:02:12,890
+anything can form a picture, I call it a visual
+
+31
+00:02:12,890 --> 00:02:17,970
+system or optical system And here I want to point
+
+32
+00:02:17,970 --> 00:02:21,010
+out a very important point, not necessarily that
+
+33
+00:02:21,010 --> 00:02:23,950
+the picture should be clear Let's give many
+
+34
+00:02:23,950 --> 00:02:27,570
+examples of this A person with his phone, the
+
+35
+00:02:27,570 --> 00:02:31,890
+phone is turned off, he looks at the screen of the
+
+36
+00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:36,270
+black phone and seessaw a picture of himself in
+
+37
+00:02:36,270 --> 00:02:38,850
+the phone, so he used the phone as if it was a
+
+38
+00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:42,030
+mirror, as if it was a mirror, this way the phone
+
+39
+00:02:42,030 --> 00:02:44,670
+screen is considered an optical system because it
+
+40
+00:02:44,670 --> 00:02:47,730
+formed a picture, a person walking in front of a
+
+41
+00:02:47,730 --> 00:02:52,530
+glass shopوشاف صورة حاله في الإجازة هذه الواجهة
+
+42
+00:02:52,530 --> 00:02:57,490
+الزجاجية تعتبر optical system إنسان آخر يقف أمام
+
+43
+00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:04,370
+سيارة مغلق زجاجها شاف صورته في الزجاج إذا الزجاج
+
+44
+00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:10,430
+يعتبر optical system إنسان رابع بتطلع في ساعة اليد
+
+45
+00:03:10,430 --> 00:03:17,400
+بتاعتهفشاف صورة نفسه في إجزاز الساعة و هذه ساعتها
+
+46
+00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,360
+إجزاز الساعة يعتبر optical system أيضا من ال
+
+47
+00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:25,140
+optical system اللي هي عين الإنسان أو عين الحيوان
+
+48
+00:03:25,140 --> 00:03:33,160
+أو يعني العدسات، المرايا و ما إلى ذلك، إذا هذه كل
+
+49
+00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:38,360
+ما يستطيع أن يكون صورة يعتبر optical system، يعتبر
+
+50
+00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:43,310
+optical systemالآن بنبدأ مع بعض مع هذا العلم بنقول
+
+51
+00:03:43,310 --> 00:03:48,110
+Geometric optics is the study of light and images
+
+52
+00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:52,710
+using geometric principles يعني أنا بدرس الضوء و
+
+53
+00:03:52,710 --> 00:03:56,430
+الصورة اللي اتكونت بواسطة هذا الضوء، طبعا الضوء م��
+
+54
+00:03:56,430 --> 00:04:00,110
+وين؟ إجا من ال object، من الأجسام، إذا the study
+
+55
+00:04:00,110 --> 00:04:04,250
+of light and imageswhich is made up of bodies
+
+56
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:08,890
+using geometric principles by using the principles
+
+57
+00:04:08,890 --> 00:04:12,750
+of vacuum engineering to create a vacuum in the
+
+58
+00:04:12,750 --> 00:04:17,570
+vacuum or in any part of the vacuum. Geometric
+
+59
+00:04:17,570 --> 00:04:21,910
+optics uses linear rays to represent the path
+
+60
+00:04:21,910 --> 00:04:26,050
+traveled by lightNow when we want to point out and
+
+61
+00:04:26,050 --> 00:04:29,790
+point out on the path led by light When it left
+
+62
+00:04:29,790 --> 00:04:33,210
+the body and reached the camera or the optical
+
+63
+00:04:33,210 --> 00:04:37,850
+system Then after that it formed the image I use
+
+64
+00:04:37,850 --> 00:04:43,630
+straight arrows or straight rays Of course we call
+
+65
+00:04:43,630 --> 00:04:48,370
+them light rays, we call them light rays Of course
+
+66
+00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:52,070
+these light rays that we represent with straight
+
+67
+00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,160
+linesto .. to show or represent the path through
+
+68
+00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:58,860
+which the light travels .. the path through which
+
+69
+00:04:58,860 --> 00:05:02,000
+the light travels One can say that this
+
+70
+00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:03,900
+information is not strange, that is, we always
+
+71
+00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:07,880
+draw rays in a straight line It is actually ..
+
+72
+00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,940
+this case was intended to show something very
+
+73
+00:05:12,940 --> 00:05:15,980
+important that the nature of light is a wave
+
+74
+00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:17,780
+nature, that is, light is supposed to be drawn as
+
+75
+00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:23,710
+wavesLight is a kind of electromagnetic waves that
+
+76
+00:05:23,710 --> 00:05:26,370
+our eyes have sensors that can interact with it
+
+77
+00:05:26,370 --> 00:05:30,030
+and understand it Therefore, light is not .. the
+
+78
+00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:31,990
+reality of the matter does not happen in straight
+
+79
+00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:35,570
+lines, but it is waves But in the science of
+
+80
+00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:38,690
+geometric optics, we will consider light as
+
+81
+00:05:38,690 --> 00:05:42,630
+straight lines or we will use straight lines and
+
+82
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:44,250
+we will call them light rays
+
+83
+00:05:46,980 --> 00:05:50,040
+to show me where the light came from, or what is
+
+84
+00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:53,260
+the path, what is the journey, or where did the
+
+85
+00:05:53,260 --> 00:05:58,140
+light go from the object, then reaching the
+
+86
+00:05:58,140 --> 00:06:02,740
+optical system, then ending at the image. So this
+
+87
+00:06:02,740 --> 00:06:10,040
+path is .. I mean .. what do they study? Geometric
+
+88
+00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:14,450
+optics science .. Geometric optics scienceThe
+
+89
+00:06:14,450 --> 00:06:19,050
+simplest camera you can get is called the pinhole,
+
+90
+00:06:19,210 --> 00:06:23,370
+the pinhole or the pinhole, or the pinhole, or the
+
+91
+00:06:23,370 --> 00:06:26,290
+pinhole Of course, we will start by explaining a
+
+92
+00:06:26,290 --> 00:06:29,390
+very simple experiment that any person can do at
+
+93
+00:06:29,390 --> 00:06:32,750
+home If we bring a piece of paper from the drawer
+
+94
+00:06:33,620 --> 00:06:36,960
+parchment paper or aluminum foil. This aluminum
+
+95
+00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,980
+foil, which is the parchment paper that we use at
+
+96
+00:06:39,980 --> 00:06:45,740
+home to wrap some foods while putting them in the
+
+97
+00:06:45,740 --> 00:06:48,340
+oven, such as chicken and the like. This parchment
+
+98
+00:06:48,340 --> 00:06:52,240
+paper or aluminum foil, we bring a certain paper
+
+99
+00:06:52,240 --> 00:06:57,100
+or ..a small piece of paper and we make holes in
+
+100
+00:06:57,100 --> 00:07:00,960
+the middle of it, we make holes in the middle of
+
+101
+00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:04,080
+it with the tip of the pick or the tip of the
+
+102
+00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:08,310
+needleالآن هذا الثقب بنسميه pinhole يسمى باللغة
+
+103
+00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,550
+الإنجليزية pinhole الآن بقى أضوي شمعة .. بقى أضوي
+
+104
+00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:17,290
+شمعة و بقى أجيب ورقة شمع و ورقة شمع إذا ما توفرش
+
+105
+00:07:17,290 --> 00:07:20,950
+عندي بجيب ورقة عادية plain paper اللي هي ال .. ورق
+
+106
+00:07:20,950 --> 00:07:25,310
+ال A4 اللي بنستخدمه في الطبع ورق ال A4 اللي
+
+107
+00:07:25,310 --> 00:07:29,830
+بنستخدمه في الطبعةI leave the candle on the table,
+
+108
+00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:33,330
+I fix it and I light it, I light the candle and I
+
+109
+00:07:33,330 --> 00:07:36,350
+move away, I move away and the paper on which the
+
+110
+00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:38,470
+picture will remain, which is the A4 paper, I move
+
+111
+00:07:38,470 --> 00:07:41,570
+it two feet away from the candle, which is about
+
+112
+00:07:41,570 --> 00:07:45,620
+sixty-six centimetersBajeeb ال .. ال .. ورقة
+
+113
+00:07:45,620 --> 00:07:50,500
+القصدير اللي .. اللي ثقبتها أنا في المنتصف و بحطها
+
+114
+00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:55,520
+في نص المسافة .. في نص المسافة بين الشامعة و بين
+
+115
+00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:59,260
+ورقة التلقي تاعة الصورة اللي هتلق عليها الصورة
+
+116
+00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:03,300
+يعني هتبعد ورقة القصدير بال .. بين هول اللي موجود
+
+117
+00:08:03,300 --> 00:08:08,800
+فيها مسافة واحد قدم عن الشامعة و واحد قدم عن ورقة
+
+118
+00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:14,000
+التلقيالآن هيك اكملت ظروف التجربة ما عدا ظرف واحد
+
+119
+00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:18,300
+ضروري للغاية لازم أعمل الغرفة اللي بيجري فيها
+
+120
+00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,280
+التجربة أعملها معتمة للغاية يعني أسكر كل الستائر
+
+121
+00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:27,980
+يعني أغلق الستائر و أطفئ الأضواء حتى أتمكن من رؤية
+
+122
+00:08:27,980 --> 00:08:32,100
+الصورة حتى أتمكن من رؤية الصورةBut after doing all
+
+123
+00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:35,160
+these cases, I will find that on the acceptance
+
+124
+00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,240
+form, on the A4 paper, there started to appear a
+
+125
+00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:41,920
+picture that is a bit weird, why? Candle wax,
+
+126
+00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:44,960
+upside down picture, I'm not used to upside down,
+
+127
+00:08:45,340 --> 00:08:50,500
+to candle waxAs long as a picture is formed, it
+
+128
+00:08:50,500 --> 00:08:52,920
+means that the simplest way to photograph it, I
+
+129
+00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:57,120
+will call it the pinhole or the octopus, it is
+
+130
+00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:00,560
+considered an optical system, why? Because it
+
+131
+00:09:00,560 --> 00:09:01,200
+formed a picture Why? Because it formed a picture
+
+132
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:04,860
+A person might say, no, this is not a photography
+
+133
+00:09:04,860 --> 00:09:08,220
+tool, we say simply, leave the candle in its
+
+134
+00:09:08,220 --> 00:09:11,060
+place, or leave the receipt paper in its place,
+
+135
+00:09:11,540 --> 00:09:13,800
+and remove the receipt paper containing the
+
+136
+00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:15,800
+pinhole, we will find that the image of the candle
+
+137
+00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:18,880
+has disappearedIt means that the woman is the one
+
+138
+00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:25,400
+who made the image of the candle Now we want to
+
+139
+00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:31,120
+make a more advanced step in the .. I mean .. the
+
+140
+00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:33,950
+experienceWe want to move the paper of the
+
+141
+00:09:33,950 --> 00:09:36,530
+receiver towards the candle, that is, to make it
+
+142
+00:09:36,530 --> 00:09:38,570
+closer to the candle, we will find that the
+
+143
+00:09:38,570 --> 00:09:43,130
+picture is large, then we move it further, to make
+
+144
+00:09:43,130 --> 00:09:45,330
+it closer to the receipt paper, we will find that
+
+145
+00:09:45,330 --> 00:09:49,920
+the picture is smallWebsite of photography tools
+
+146
+00:09:49,920 --> 00:09:52,560
+makes the characteristics of the image change from
+
+147
+00:09:52,560 --> 00:09:56,840
+big to small. So when the pinhole I try it from
+
+148
+00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,320
+the candle, when I try it from the candle, the
+
+149
+00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:05,460
+image gets bigger. When I try it from the place of
+
+150
+00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:10,990
+the candle, the image gets smaller.حبنا نغير مش في
+
+151
+00:10:10,990 --> 00:10:14,150
+موقع ورقة القصدير اللي فيها ال pinhole، في ورقة
+
+152
+00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,830
+التلقى، لو بعتها، هتكبر الصورة، لو جربتها من ال
+
+153
+00:10:18,830 --> 00:10:23,150
+pinhole، هتصغر الصورةالمنطق في ذلك، المنطق في ذلك
+
+154
+00:10:23,150 --> 00:10:27,810
+أنه لو جربت ورقة التلقي، هتكون الصورة بالحجم اللي
+
+155
+00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:31,950
+أنا قاعد بأشر عليه لإن الأشعة لسه ما انتشرت كتير
+
+156
+00:10:31,950 --> 00:10:35,770
+فبالتالي هتكون مركزة في ال .. ال .. الحجم هذا، في
+
+157
+00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:39,190
+الحجم هذا وكل ما جربت أكتر من ال .. من ال pinhole،
+
+158
+00:10:39,190 --> 00:10:44,610
+هتصغر الصورة، هتصغر الصورة، إذا أبسط جهاز تصوير هو
+
+159
+00:10:44,610 --> 00:10:50,240
+ال pinhole، ال pinhole، بيقول make a pinholeنعمل
+
+160
+00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:54,380
+خرم إبرة near the center of a large sheet of
+
+161
+00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:58,040
+aluminum foil يعني بجيب ورق قصدير كبيرة شوية
+
+162
+00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:04,390
+بأثقبها في المنتصف, light a candleand extinguish
+
+163
+00:11:04,390 --> 00:11:16,450
+all other illumination in the room hold
+
+164
+00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:21,300
+a sheet of a plain white paperOr better يعني ممكن
+
+165
+00:11:21,300 --> 00:11:25,740
+احنا .. يعني نمسك ورقة بيضة اللي هي ورقة ال A4 أو
+
+166
+00:11:25,740 --> 00:11:29,040
+اذا .. افضل اذا عندنا ورق شمعي، في ورق شمعي يباع
+
+167
+00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:34,620
+احيانا فبالتالي ممكن استعمله، اذا مش موجود انا
+
+168
+00:11:34,620 --> 00:11:40,120
+بستعمل plain white paper اللي هي ورقة ال A4طبعا
+
+169
+00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:44,540
+الورقة ال A4 بده أحملها على بعد اتنين feet قدمين
+
+170
+00:11:44,540 --> 00:11:49,080
+from the candle من الشامعة طبعا ال pinhole place
+
+171
+00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:51,860
+the pinhole midway between the paper and the
+
+172
+00:11:51,860 --> 00:11:55,680
+candle بحطه في منتصف الطريق بين ال paper اللي
+
+173
+00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:59,560
+هتلقى عليها الصورة و بين الشامعة اللي هتمثل ليه ال
+
+174
+00:11:59,560 --> 00:12:02,320
+object اللي هتمثل ليه ال object
+
+175
+00:12:05,310 --> 00:12:09,130
+observe ..لاحظ ال inverted image of the candle
+
+176
+00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:12,710
+flame on the paper هنلاحظ صورة مجلوبة للها
+
+177
+00:12:12,710 --> 00:12:17,410
+بالشامعة للها بالشامعة on the paper moving the
+
+178
+00:12:17,410 --> 00:12:20,570
+pinhole closer to the candle while keeping the
+
+179
+00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:26,170
+paper stationary yields larger imageI moved the
+
+180
+00:12:26,170 --> 00:12:28,850
+pinhole closer to the candle, closer to the
+
+181
+00:12:28,850 --> 00:12:31,810
+candle, you will notice that the candle or the
+
+182
+00:12:31,810 --> 00:12:35,790
+picture of the candle grew because I changed the
+
+183
+00:12:35,790 --> 00:12:39,010
+location of the camera Of course, when I try from
+
+184
+00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:41,010
+the candle, when I try the pinhole from the
+
+185
+00:12:41,010 --> 00:12:44,770
+candle, the picture grows When I move the pinhole
+
+186
+00:12:44,770 --> 00:12:48,830
+from the candle, the picture shrinks, the picture
+
+187
+00:12:48,830 --> 00:12:53,370
+shrinks Okay, now we said that the journey is
+
+188
+00:12:53,370 --> 00:12:57,550
+lightIt starts from the object, it starts from the
+
+189
+00:12:57,550 --> 00:13:02,010
+object And
+
+190
+00:13:02,010 --> 00:13:04,970
+bodies, we want to talk about the body, which is
+
+191
+00:13:04,970 --> 00:13:07,410
+the beginning of the journey of light The bodies
+
+192
+00:13:07,410 --> 00:13:11,010
+in our whole life are divided into two types
+
+193
+00:13:11,010 --> 00:13:14,890
+Either a body that is narrow in itself, object,
+
+194
+00:13:15,310 --> 00:13:19,900
+its own light, like a candleزي لها بالشمعة هو مضيق
+
+195
+00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:23,820
+بذاته زي النار اللي بنوقدها زي المصباح الكهربائي
+
+196
+00:13:23,820 --> 00:13:28,540
+زي الشمس بتاعتنا أو أي نجم آخر مضيق بذاته إذا
+
+197
+00:13:28,540 --> 00:13:34,180
+الأجسام أول شيء إما بتكون مضاقة بذاتها أو مضيقة
+
+198
+00:13:34,180 --> 00:13:39,420
+بذاتها عفوا أو مضاقة وعاكسة مضاقة بس ضروري تكون
+
+199
+00:13:39,420 --> 00:13:43,980
+عاكسة مضاقة يعني هو ليس جسم مضيق بذاته يعني زي جسم
+
+200
+00:13:43,980 --> 00:13:50,110
+الإنسان زي جسم الإنسان لو اتصورناA football player
+
+201
+00:13:50,110 --> 00:13:53,770
+stands in the middle of the field and the crowd is
+
+202
+00:13:53,770 --> 00:14:02,380
+all around him, all around him from all sidesCan
+
+203
+00:14:02,380 --> 00:14:06,840
+the audience .. all the audience see the player at
+
+204
+00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:10,680
+the same moment? The answer is yes. Why? Because
+
+205
+00:14:10,680 --> 00:14:14,040
+the light of the sun, the light of the day fell on
+
+206
+00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:16,940
+the body of the player, then it reflected in all
+
+207
+00:14:16,940 --> 00:14:21,350
+directions, therefore .. therefore ..As long as we
+
+208
+00:14:21,350 --> 00:14:24,290
+saw at the same moment that he reflected the rays
+
+209
+00:14:24,290 --> 00:14:28,010
+in all directions If he couldn't reflect the rays
+
+210
+00:14:28,010 --> 00:14:32,330
+in all directions, sometimes we say that he
+
+211
+00:14:32,330 --> 00:14:35,210
+reflected them in one direction, and sometimes
+
+212
+00:14:35,210 --> 00:14:38,010
+this direction, the audience sitting in this
+
+213
+00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:40,770
+direction is the only one who can see the player
+
+214
+00:14:40,770 --> 00:14:44,880
+Another example .. another exampleIf a person or
+
+215
+00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,220
+student is sitting in the middle of the class and
+
+216
+00:14:47,220 --> 00:14:51,900
+surrounded by his classmates, all of them can see
+
+217
+00:14:51,900 --> 00:14:55,560
+him at the same moment because of the light of the
+
+218
+00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:58,180
+room or the light of the day falling on him, then
+
+219
+00:14:58,180 --> 00:15:03,160
+his body reflects him in all directions If we
+
+220
+00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:05,420
+imagine that this student does not reflect any
+
+221
+00:15:05,420 --> 00:15:08,880
+kind of light, then he will not be able to see
+
+222
+00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:12,510
+with his eyesساعتها هيختفي تماما. إذا الجسم اللي
+
+223
+00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:18,330
+مش مضيق بذاته .. الجسم اللي مش مضيق بذاته ي ..
+
+224
+00:15:18,330 --> 00:15:22,870
+لازم يكون مضاء و عاكس حتى يتم ..or حتى نتمكن من
+
+225
+00:15:22,870 --> 00:15:27,370
+رؤيته. هذا بالنسبة لأ الأجسام، إما مضيقة بذاتها أو
+
+226
+00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:31,390
+مضاءة، بس إذا مضاءة، لازم تكون عاكزة مثال آخر و
+
+227
+00:15:31,390 --> 00:15:35,750
+واضح في حياتنا العملية، إنه القمر، القمر لا يضيق
+
+228
+00:15:35,750 --> 00:15:42,950
+بذاته، ولكن يعكس إضاءة الشمس على هذا القمر، ثم
+
+229
+00:15:42,950 --> 00:15:46,690
+يعكسها باتجاه الأرض، فبالتالي احنا بنشوفه، هو طبعا
+
+230
+00:15:46,690 --> 00:15:53,300
+يعكسها في جميع الاتجاهات، ولكنWe are looking at
+
+231
+00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,480
+the moon because it reflects part of its light
+
+232
+00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,600
+towards the surface of the earth Towards the
+
+233
+00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,240
+surface of the earth Now the object is made up of
+
+234
+00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,340
+parts And these parts can be divided into smaller
+
+235
+00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:12,120
+parts And smaller parts can be divided into
+
+236
+00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:15,520
+smaller and smaller parts Until we reach the
+
+237
+00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,160
+smallest part that we call the blind spots. We
+
+238
+00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:23,350
+agreedانه الجسم اما مضيق بذاته وEither upside down
+
+239
+00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:26,170
+or upside down. We will consider that the body
+
+240
+00:16:26,170 --> 00:16:29,210
+will emit light from it, whether it is self or
+
+241
+00:16:29,210 --> 00:16:31,470
+reversed from another body. The important thing is
+
+242
+00:16:31,470 --> 00:16:34,030
+that it will emit light from it. Okay, will the
+
+243
+00:16:34,030 --> 00:16:36,970
+light come from the part that I point to, for
+
+244
+00:16:36,970 --> 00:16:39,410
+example, or from the part that I point to, or from
+
+245
+00:16:39,410 --> 00:16:42,290
+the part that I point to? No, in fact, the light
+
+246
+00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:45,790
+will come from all parts of the body. For example,
+
+247
+00:16:45,870 --> 00:16:48,970
+I see the body as a whole when we look at a candle
+
+248
+00:16:49,460 --> 00:16:52,360
+When we look at a candle, we have to consider our
+
+249
+00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,440
+eyes as the optical system, instead of the pinhole
+
+250
+00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:58,480
+We see the candle as a whole .. as a whole It's
+
+251
+00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:00,920
+true that we see the flame more than the body of
+
+252
+00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:03,480
+the candle, but we see the candle as a whole with
+
+253
+00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:06,780
+the flame around it So, as long as we see the
+
+254
+00:17:06,780 --> 00:17:09,420
+candle as a whole, it means that the flame is
+
+255
+00:17:09,420 --> 00:17:11,840
+narrowed by itself and the body of the candle ..
+
+256
+00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,060
+the body of the candle is illuminated by another
+
+257
+00:17:14,060 --> 00:17:16,200
+light, let's say the room light or the candle's
+
+258
+00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:18,540
+flame, and it is reflected towards our eyes
+
+259
+00:17:18,940 --> 00:17:23,360
+فبالتالي احنا بنشوف الشمعة متكاملةSo, when we
+
+260
+00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:26,760
+divide this body into parts, and we divide the
+
+261
+00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:29,500
+parts into parts smaller than them, and the parts
+
+262
+00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,240
+smaller than them, then smaller, then smaller, we
+
+263
+00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:34,680
+will reach that the body, any body in the world,
+
+264
+00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:38,300
+candle or non-candle, is made up of bodies or
+
+265
+00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:42,320
+things that intersect in the small, we call them
+
+266
+00:17:42,320 --> 00:17:46,580
+the point sources of light Point source of light,
+
+267
+00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:51,290
+point source of light, we considerالجسم عبارة عن
+
+268
+00:17:51,290 --> 00:17:55,890
+مجموعة لا متناهية عددها لا نهائي من النقاط الصغيرة
+
+269
+00:17:55,890 --> 00:17:59,910
+المتماسكة مع بعضها البعض و اللي بتكونلي في مجموعها
+
+270
+00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:04,050
+الجسم كل نقطة تصدر دوقها الخاص سواء دوقها الذاتي
+
+271
+00:18:04,050 --> 00:18:09,330
+أو دوقها المعكوس، اذا كل جسم مكون من عدد لا نهائي
+
+272
+00:18:09,330 --> 00:18:13,790
+من النقاط الصغيرة اللي بنسميها ال point source of
+
+273
+00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:16,970
+light ال point source of light
+
+274
+00:18:21,780 --> 00:18:26,000
+An object may be regarded as a collection of
+
+275
+00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:32,580
+points Geometric
+
+276
+00:18:32,580 --> 00:18:37,080
+optics treats every point of an object as a point
+
+277
+00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:38,160
+source of light
+
+278
+00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:53,700
+An object has an infinite number of point sources,
+
+279
+00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:58,520
+any object مهما صغر إذا شفنا عدد النقاط المضيقة
+
+280
+00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:02,000
+فيه المكونة إله هتكون عددها لانهائي infinite
+
+281
+00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:06,200
+number and each source point يعني لو جينا نمسك
+
+282
+00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:10,640
+نقطة معينة منها هنلاقيها infinitesimally small
+
+283
+00:19:10,640 --> 00:19:15,360
+يعني صغيرة متناهية في الصغر يعني أصغر شيء ممكن
+
+284
+00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:21,780
+يعني نتصورهطبعا هذا .. ممكن يقول كيف ممكن نجسم
+
+285
+00:19:21,780 --> 00:19:25,520
+الجسم حتى نصل لنقطة؟ حقيقة نقطة متناهية في الصغر،
+
+286
+00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:30,140
+يعني جد ما نجسم الجسم لأجسام، بيضل النقطة أصغر من
+
+287
+00:19:30,140 --> 00:19:33,000
+الجسم، بس هذا شيء افتراضي في علم ال geometric
+
+288
+00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,860
+optics، أنه المصدر النقطي للضوء، أن الضوء عبارة عن
+
+289
+00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:43,280
+الصدر طبعا من الأجسام، الأجسام عبارة عن ..a group
+
+290
+00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:47,260
+of narrow points that are attached side by side
+
+291
+00:19:47,260 --> 00:19:49,700
+and that are attached and that give me a group of
+
+292
+00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:53,740
+objects Why did we have to talk about the narrow
+
+293
+00:19:53,740 --> 00:19:58,180
+points? Because I will study one point or two
+
+294
+00:19:58,180 --> 00:20:02,940
+points and I will get tired of the whole body? No,
+
+295
+00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,610
+a person cannotNo matter how old he is, no matter
+
+296
+00:20:06,610 --> 00:20:11,350
+how intelligent he is, he studies all the light
+
+297
+00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:14,030
+coming out of all the points of the object because
+
+298
+00:20:14,030 --> 00:20:17,270
+his whole life will not be enough to study the
+
+299
+00:20:17,270 --> 00:20:20,230
+infinite number of light rays coming out of this
+
+300
+00:20:20,230 --> 00:20:23,670
+object So when I consider the object made up of
+
+301
+00:20:23,670 --> 00:20:27,390
+points and I focus on my study on the journey of
+
+302
+00:20:27,390 --> 00:20:31,470
+light from the object to the imageon one point or
+
+303
+00:20:31,470 --> 00:20:34,890
+two points, it makes things much easier, and
+
+304
+00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:37,870
+sometimes studying the point, the journey of this
+
+305
+00:20:37,870 --> 00:20:41,230
+point, or the rays coming from this point towards
+
+306
+00:20:41,230 --> 00:20:44,490
+the formation of the image, when I study them,
+
+307
+00:20:44,870 --> 00:20:48,030
+they block it, or they do it on purpose, or they
+
+308
+00:20:48,030 --> 00:20:50,210
+avoid it on purpose, instead of studying each
+
+309
+00:20:50,210 --> 00:20:52,530
+point of the object, instead of studying each
+
+310
+00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,650
+point of the object. NowLight radiates in all
+
+311
+00:20:57,650 --> 00:21:02,250
+directions from each point of an on an object Of
+
+312
+00:21:02,250 --> 00:21:05,510
+course, the object consists of an infinite number
+
+313
+00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:08,410
+of points We want to take an example, a single
+
+314
+00:21:08,410 --> 00:21:11,270
+point, which is the point here in the example that
+
+315
+00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:15,690
+we have presented The point is the tip of a
+
+316
+00:21:15,690 --> 00:21:20,090
+candle, which emits light, but where does the
+
+317
+00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:23,250
+light go? In which direction?حقيقة الضوء يشع في
+
+318
+00:21:23,250 --> 00:21:27,730
+جميع الاتجاهات، يشع باتجاه ال penhole و باتجاه
+
+319
+00:21:27,730 --> 00:21:30,870
+الورقة، يعني جزء من الإشعاعات الضوئية هيصطدم في
+
+320
+00:21:30,870 --> 00:21:35,290
+ورقة القصدير، وجزء حيطب للأعلى وجزء للأسفل وجزء
+
+321
+00:21:35,290 --> 00:21:39,650
+للشمال وجزء للشمال وللأعلى ومائلا، اذا light
+
+322
+00:21:39,650 --> 00:21:43,830
+radiates in all directions from each object point
+
+323
+00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:48,160
+طبعا احنا ضربنا مثال على نقطة ايه و هذا ينطبق على
+
+324
+00:21:48,160 --> 00:21:52,520
+جميع النقاط كل نقطة من النقاط بتاعة ال object سواء
+
+325
+00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:56,780
+مضيقة بذاتها او مضاءة او عاكسة هينتشر الضوء منها
+
+326
+00:21:56,780 --> 00:22:06,540
+في جميع الاتجاهات، في جميع الاتجاهات Stars
+
+327
+00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:10,680
+behave as point sources of light طبعا النجوم اللي
+
+328
+00:22:10,680 --> 00:22:16,430
+شاهقة البعد عننااحنا بنشوفها كنقط .. كنقاط مضيقة
+
+329
+00:22:16,430 --> 00:22:20,950
+في السماء ليلا وعشان هيك النجوم تتصرف وكأنها نقاط
+
+330
+00:22:20,950 --> 00:22:25,800
+مضيقةThe point source is mainly a conceptual tool
+
+331
+00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:30,080
+يعني ال point source of light المصدر النقطي للضوء
+
+332
+00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:33,700
+هو عبارة عن شيء افتراضي لأنه جد ما جسمنا الجسم
+
+333
+00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:37,520
+منها مش هنصل إنه نجسمه لأجزاء صغيرة متناهية في
+
+334
+00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:42,320
+الصغر نطلق عليها اللي هو النقاط المضيقة حقيقة
+
+335
+00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:47,620
+وإنما هي شيء افتراضي هيساعدنا على فهم رحلة الضوء
+
+336
+00:22:47,620 --> 00:22:52,560
+وعلىدراسة علم الـ Geometric Optics طبعا it is
+
+337
+00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:56,900
+easier .. it is usually easier .. أسهل لنا to
+
+338
+00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:01,580
+understand an optical system by concentrating on
+
+339
+00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:05,080
+light radiating from single object point or few
+
+340
+00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:09,370
+pointsيعني بمعنى آخر لما أفترض أنه الجسم مكوّن من
+
+341
+00:23:09,370 --> 00:23:13,670
+نقاط مضيقة متناهية في الصغر و أركز في دراستي على
+
+342
+00:23:13,670 --> 00:23:17,870
+نقطة أو نقطتين أو few points، قليل من النقاط،
+
+343
+00:23:17,870 --> 00:23:23,350
+بيكون أسهل بكثير من أني أدرس الضوء المنتشر من جميع
+
+344
+00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:27,100
+مناطق ال object و من جميع نقاط ال objectلأن هذا
+
+345
+00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:31,760
+هياخد مني وقت وجهد كبير جدا جدا لا يمكن لشخص أو
+
+346
+00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:36,800
+حتى لمجموعة كبيرة من الأشخاص تانفيف هذا إشي
+
+347
+00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:42,240
+فبالتالي هنتوقف عند هذه النقطة و هنستكمل ان شاء
+
+348
+00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,560
+الله تعالى في المحاضرة القادمة و يعطيكم العمل
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5CUCwjpHdM0_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+1
+00:00:03,950 --> 00:00:06,010
+Now we have an example that we will solve using
+
+2
+00:00:06,010 --> 00:00:09,730
+the Lensmakers equation. We have an object on the
+
+3
+00:00:09,730 --> 00:00:13,010
+left of the spherical refracting surface at 50 cm.
+
+4
+00:00:13,610 --> 00:00:17,290
+We have an image inside the glass, also at a
+
+5
+00:00:17,290 --> 00:00:19,550
+distance of 50 cm from the spherical refracting
+
+6
+00:00:19,550 --> 00:00:25,090
+surface. The n is equal to 1.5 and the n of the
+
+7
+00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:27,590
+air is equal to refractive index 1. The only thing
+
+8
+00:00:27,590 --> 00:00:29,570
+that is unknown is that we have to bring half of
+
+9
+00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:33,090
+the single refracting surface which is R. What is
+
+10
+00:00:33,090 --> 00:00:37,270
+R? We apply the lens maker equation minus N over O
+
+11
+00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:44,710
+plus N minus R equals N minus R over I minus 1
+
+12
+00:00:44,710 --> 00:00:47,530
+over O which is 50 centimeters which is 5 out of
+
+13
+00:00:47,530 --> 00:00:51,290
+10 meters. The measurements must be in meters. N
+
+14
+00:00:51,290 --> 00:00:55,950
+minus N which is 1.5 minus 1 over R which is
+
+15
+00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:01,390
+present equals N minus 1.5 over I which is The
+
+16
+00:01:01,390 --> 00:01:03,330
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+17
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:06,170
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+18
+00:01:06,170 --> 00:01:10,170
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+19
+00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:10,230
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+20
+00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,250
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+21
+00:01:10,250 --> 00:01:10,350
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+22
+00:01:10,350 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+23
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,770
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+24
+00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:11,070
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+25
+00:01:11,070 --> 00:01:12,270
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+26
+00:01:12,270 --> 00:01:12,890
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+27
+00:01:12,890 --> 00:01:13,150
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+28
+00:01:13,150 --> 00:01:15,750
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+29
+00:01:15,750 --> 00:01:17,010
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+30
+00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:27,190
+distance between the two points is 10
+
+31
+00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:34,780
+نص على R لها دل قيمة هى القيمة هنكلها عنها هى تانى
+
+32
+00:01:34,780 --> 00:01:39,700
+تساوي تلاتة متر أصناقس واحد زاقف هى اللى صارت
+
+33
+00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:44,520
+بالزاقف هننطبق عنها هى تانى اتنين متر أصناقس واحد
+
+34
+00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:58,430
+نكمل بنقول نص على R تساوي3,2,5,1,2,3,2,5,1,2,3,2,3
+
+35
+00:01:58,430 --> 00:02:01,470
+,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2
+
+36
+00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:09,050
+,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3
+
+37
+00:02:09,050 --> 00:02:10,910
+,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,
+
+38
+00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,660
+meter plus minus one half over five is equal to
+
+39
+00:02:15,660 --> 00:02:18,500
+one out of ten and meter plus minus one when it
+
+40
+00:02:18,500 --> 00:02:21,520
+comes out, it becomes a calm meter, one out of ten
+
+41
+00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:24,600
+meters, which is ten centimeters. So, half of the
+
+42
+00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:26,860
+diameter of the spherical refracting surface is
+
+43
+00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:29,640
+ten centimeters. Yes, here it is equal to ten
+
+44
+00:02:29,640 --> 00:02:32,200
+centimeters. And this is the complete story. May
+
+45
+00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:34,660
+God give you health and peace, may God's mercy be
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/5CUCwjpHdM0_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+1
+00:00:03,950 --> 00:00:06,010
+Now we have an example that we will solve using
+
+2
+00:00:06,010 --> 00:00:09,730
+the Lensmakers equation. We have an object on the
+
+3
+00:00:09,730 --> 00:00:13,010
+left of the spherical refracting surface at 50 cm.
+
+4
+00:00:13,610 --> 00:00:17,290
+We have an image inside the glass, also at a
+
+5
+00:00:17,290 --> 00:00:19,550
+distance of 50 cm from the spherical refracting
+
+6
+00:00:19,550 --> 00:00:25,090
+surface. The n is equal to 1.5 and the n of the
+
+7
+00:00:25,090 --> 00:00:27,590
+air is equal to refractive index 1. The only thing
+
+8
+00:00:27,590 --> 00:00:29,570
+that is unknown is that we have to bring half of
+
+9
+00:00:29,570 --> 00:00:33,090
+the single refracting surface which is R. What is
+
+10
+00:00:33,090 --> 00:00:37,270
+R? We apply the lens maker equation minus N over O
+
+11
+00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:44,710
+plus N minus R equals N minus R over I minus 1
+
+12
+00:00:44,710 --> 00:00:47,530
+over O which is 50 centimeters which is 5 out of
+
+13
+00:00:47,530 --> 00:00:51,290
+10 meters. The measurements must be in meters. N
+
+14
+00:00:51,290 --> 00:00:55,950
+minus N which is 1.5 minus 1 over R which is
+
+15
+00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:01,390
+present equals N minus 1.5 over I which is The
+
+16
+00:01:01,390 --> 00:01:03,330
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+17
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:06,170
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+18
+00:01:06,170 --> 00:01:10,170
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+19
+00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:10,230
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+20
+00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,230
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+21
+00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,230
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+22
+00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,230
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+23
+00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:10,250
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+24
+00:01:10,250 --> 00:01:10,350
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+25
+00:01:10,350 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+26
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+27
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+28
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+29
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+30
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+31
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,570
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+32
+00:01:10,570 --> 00:01:10,770
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+33
+00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:11,070
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+34
+00:01:11,070 --> 00:01:12,270
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+35
+00:01:12,270 --> 00:01:12,270
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+36
+00:01:12,270 --> 00:01:12,890
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+37
+00:01:12,890 --> 00:01:13,150
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+38
+00:01:13,150 --> 00:01:15,750
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+39
+00:01:15,750 --> 00:01:17,010
+distance between the two points is 10 meters The
+
+40
+00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:27,190
+distance between the two points is 10
+
+41
+00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:34,780
+نص على R لها دل قيمة هى القيمة هنكلها عنها هى تانى
+
+42
+00:01:34,780 --> 00:01:39,700
+تساوي تلاتة متر أصناقس واحد زاقف هى اللى صارت
+
+43
+00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:44,520
+بالزاقف هننطبق عنها هى تانى اتنين متر أصناقس واحد
+
+44
+00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:58,430
+نكمل بنقول نص على R تساوي3,2,5,1,2,3,2,5,1,2,3,2,3
+
+45
+00:01:58,430 --> 00:02:01,470
+,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2
+
+46
+00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:09,050
+,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3
+
+47
+00:02:09,050 --> 00:02:09,050
+,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2
+
+48
+00:02:09,050 --> 00:02:10,910
+,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,2,
+
+49
+00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,660
+meter plus minus one half over five is equal to
+
+50
+00:02:15,660 --> 00:02:18,500
+one out of ten and meter plus minus one when it
+
+51
+00:02:18,500 --> 00:02:21,520
+comes out, it becomes a calm meter, one out of ten
+
+52
+00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:24,600
+meters, which is ten centimeters. So, half of the
+
+53
+00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:26,860
+diameter of the spherical refracting surface is
+
+54
+00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:29,640
+ten centimeters. Yes, here it is equal to ten
+
+55
+00:02:29,640 --> 00:02:32,200
+centimeters. And this is the complete story. May
+
+56
+00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:34,660
+God give you health and peace, may God's mercy be
+
+57
+00:02:34,660 --> 00:02:34,660
+upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/6FQ8w-AkhPw_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,984 @@
+1
+00:00:01,910 --> 00:00:04,990
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,990 --> 00:00:09,110
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا عند موضوع Paraxial Ray
+
+3
+00:00:09,110 --> 00:00:14,190
+Tracing Through Concave Spherical Lenses، وبمعنى
+
+4
+00:00:14,190 --> 00:00:18,630
+تتبع الأشعة المارة من الـ Concave Spherical Lenses
+
+5
+00:00:18,630 --> 00:00:22,140
+أو الـ Minus Spherical Lenses، بنذكر أنه احناIn
+
+6
+00:00:22,140 --> 00:00:26,140
+the previous lectures, we followed the rays in the
+
+7
+00:00:26,140 --> 00:00:28,440
+plus lens and we said that in order to reach the
+
+8
+00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:33,600
+image, we must draw two rays, as we see in the
+
+9
+00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:37,340
+image if we go to the magnifying glassThe first
+
+10
+00:00:37,340 --> 00:00:40,480
+ray is equal to the optical axis, which is the red
+
+11
+00:00:40,480 --> 00:00:43,640
+color, when it leaves the plus lens, it passes
+
+12
+00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:46,440
+through the FB, the posterior focus, and keeps
+
+13
+00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,880
+going to the plus optical infinity. The second ray
+
+14
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:52,040
+passes through the FA, which is the yellow color.
+
+15
+00:00:53,070 --> 00:00:55,150
+As long as it passes through the F-A axis, it is
+
+16
+00:00:55,150 --> 00:00:57,210
+very important that it is parallel to the optical
+
+17
+00:00:57,210 --> 00:01:00,670
+axis. The intersection of the two rays that passes
+
+18
+00:01:00,670 --> 00:01:02,890
+through the F-B axis and is parallel determines
+
+19
+00:01:02,890 --> 00:01:06,310
+the image point. If it starts from A, it
+
+20
+00:01:06,310 --> 00:01:09,230
+determines A as a condition. When I drop a column
+
+21
+00:01:09,230 --> 00:01:11,870
+from it, this is the image or the height of the
+
+22
+00:01:11,870 --> 00:01:13,910
+image. The image will be in this area. The third
+
+23
+00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:17,210
+ray is the central ray or the chief ray that
+
+24
+00:01:17,210 --> 00:01:20,600
+passes through the nodal point.مفروض إنه يمر في
+
+25
+00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,940
+نقطة تقاطع الشعاع الأول والتاني اللي هو الشعاعين
+
+26
+00:01:23,940 --> 00:01:29,640
+الأحمر والأصفر فهذا هو ..The rules that we put or
+
+27
+00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:33,620
+that scientists concluded in tracking the para
+
+28
+00:01:33,620 --> 00:01:39,320
+-axial ray or rays through convex lens The same
+
+29
+00:01:39,320 --> 00:01:45,100
+rules apply to the concave lenses with some simple
+
+30
+00:01:45,100 --> 00:01:46,480
+adjustments What are the adjustments? The
+
+31
+00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:48,120
+adjustments because it is known that the concave
+
+32
+00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:52,730
+lens has a backand FP in front, so they are
+
+33
+00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:56,710
+reversed compared to the plus lenses, but the
+
+34
+00:01:56,710 --> 00:02:01,390
+rules are the same. We say para-axial ray tracing
+
+35
+00:02:01,390 --> 00:02:09,320
+through concave spherical lenses, the principlesof
+
+36
+00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:12,960
+para-axial ray tracing are the same for concave
+
+37
+00:02:12,960 --> 00:02:19,160
+spherical lenses as for convex spherical lenses if
+
+38
+00:02:19,160 --> 00:02:26,400
+we have for example a lens minus two diopter lens
+
+39
+00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:32,540
+its fa is fifty centimeters behind the lens behind
+
+40
+00:02:32,540 --> 00:02:35,900
+the lens behind the lens means that the fa is on
+
+41
+00:02:35,900 --> 00:02:39,620
+the right and the b is on the leftأول شيء by
+
+42
+00:02:39,620 --> 00:02:43,320
+definition by definition a ray of light directed
+
+43
+00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:47,180
+through FA will exits the lens parallel to the
+
+44
+00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:51,900
+optical axis أي .. أي شعاع .. أي شعاع بيمر في ال
+
+45
+00:02:51,900 --> 00:02:56,680
+FA أو مش بيمر في ال FA بيكون directed باتجاه ال FA
+
+46
+00:02:56,680 --> 00:03:02,570
+موجه باتجاه ال FA سوف يخرج من العدسةequal to the
+
+47
+00:03:02,570 --> 00:03:05,670
+optical axis, let's see where this radiation is,
+
+48
+00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:09,330
+in the plus lens, in the plus lens, FA in front,
+
+49
+00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:11,290
+so the radiation that really passes through it,
+
+50
+00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:14,230
+that really passes through it, will come out equal
+
+51
+00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:18,880
+to the optical axis, while in the concave lensThe
+
+52
+00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:22,580
+beam that is going towards it, if left without
+
+53
+00:03:22,580 --> 00:03:25,640
+lens, will pass through this point and will come
+
+54
+00:03:25,640 --> 00:03:28,180
+out parallel. This point is the fa of the minus
+
+55
+00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000
+lens. So in the case of the plus lens, we say that
+
+56
+00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,020
+the beam that passes through the fa will come out
+
+57
+00:03:34,020 --> 00:03:37,280
+parallel. In the case of the minus lens,The beam
+
+58
+00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:40,520
+that is directed towards F-A, it will not follow
+
+59
+00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:41,900
+its trajectory because it will collide with the
+
+60
+00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:44,540
+lens The beam that is directed towards F-A will
+
+61
+00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:46,980
+come out parallel Let's see in the simulation how
+
+62
+00:03:46,980 --> 00:03:51,620
+this is going to happen I have a lens Of course,
+
+63
+00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:56,360
+the lens is minus five, minus five Therefore, we
+
+64
+00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:02,290
+want the focal point to be F-A behind, hereOn a
+
+65
+00:04:02,290 --> 00:04:08,270
+distance of 20 cm and Fp on a distance of 20 cm on
+
+66
+00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:13,990
+the left Fp here at 700 at the point 700 and Fp at
+
+67
+00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:18,310
+the point 300 both are 20 cm away from the lens
+
+68
+00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:21,710
+because the lens has a force of 5 diopters minus 5
+
+69
+00:04:21,710 --> 00:04:26,170
+why? because the focal length is minus 200 mm that
+
+70
+00:04:26,170 --> 00:04:29,890
+is 20 cm let's see if I have rays
+
+71
+00:04:33,570 --> 00:04:40,710
+or lightning passes through the
+
+72
+00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:42,170
+point F A means that it passes through the point
+
+73
+00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:51,890
+700 let's
+
+74
+00:04:51,890 --> 00:04:56,450
+see the extension of this lightning this is for
+
+75
+00:04:56,450 --> 00:05:00,310
+the back extension for the back let's go back
+
+76
+00:05:04,340 --> 00:05:08,800
+ال extension بتاع هذا الشعاع بيمر مئة بالمئة بيمر
+
+77
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:18,440
+في النقطة سبعمية، بالنقطة سبعمية، بمعنى آخر،
+
+78
+00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:23,300
+كيف عرف أنه بيمر في النقطة سبعمية؟ لإنه خرج موازي
+
+79
+00:05:23,300 --> 00:05:27,860
+من .. موازي لل optical axis، موازي لل optical axis
+
+80
+00:05:33,830 --> 00:05:43,810
+Okay, so, no, it's away from being parallel Okay,
+
+81
+00:05:44,310 --> 00:05:46,950
+it's parallel from the lens, why? Because it's
+
+82
+00:05:46,950 --> 00:05:49,470
+directed towards the face, this is the first rule,
+
+83
+00:05:49,570 --> 00:05:53,730
+the first rule, if the beam is directed towards
+
+84
+00:05:53,730 --> 00:05:57,370
+the face, it's parallel, it's parallel, let's
+
+85
+00:05:57,370 --> 00:06:02,240
+continueSimilarly, a virtual object in the
+
+86
+00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:06,440
+anterior focal plane of a concave lens will image
+
+87
+00:06:06,440 --> 00:06:07,740
+to plus infinity.
+
+88
+00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:23,430
+This ray is a convergent ray, if we imagine that
+
+89
+00:06:23,430 --> 00:06:26,170
+the optical axis is a ray and this is a ray, these
+
+90
+00:06:26,170 --> 00:06:28,690
+are convergent rays, which means that the object
+
+91
+00:06:28,690 --> 00:06:30,670
+here is a virtual object, as long as the
+
+92
+00:06:30,670 --> 00:06:35,470
+convergent ray is a virtual object present at the
+
+93
+00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:39,960
+anterior focal planeThe image will be in the plus
+
+94
+00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:43,500
+infinity, in the plus infinity Of course, virtual
+
+95
+00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:49,740
+object, which is a convergent, which is supposed
+
+96
+00:06:49,740 --> 00:06:54,480
+to come from a convergent lens, a plus convergent
+
+97
+00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:57,080
+lens, will form an image here In the anterior
+
+98
+00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,540
+focal plane of the minus lens Of course, any
+
+99
+00:07:00,540 --> 00:07:03,520
+virtual object in the anterior focal plane exists
+
+100
+00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:06,940
+And if I have a minus lens in the anterior focal
+
+101
+00:07:06,940 --> 00:07:10,000
+plane of the minus lens, the image of this virtual
+
+102
+00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:16,480
+object will be in the plus optical infinity. So,
+
+103
+00:07:16,980 --> 00:07:20,500
+similarly, a virtual object in the anterior focal
+
+104
+00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:24,400
+plane of a concave lens will image at plus
+
+105
+00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:26,920
+infinity. Okay, let's come to the second
+
+106
+00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:30,180
+radiation, a light or ray of light entering the
+
+107
+00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:34,930
+lensparallel to the optical axis will pass through
+
+108
+00:07:34,930 --> 00:07:39,670
+the posterior focus after exiting the lens let's
+
+109
+00:07:39,670 --> 00:07:44,170
+see this on the plus lens how if I have a beam
+
+110
+00:07:44,170 --> 00:07:46,750
+parallel to the optical axis when it comes out of
+
+111
+00:07:46,750 --> 00:07:53,510
+the lens it enters FB in the minus lens in the
+
+112
+00:07:53,510 --> 00:07:58,530
+minus lens ifParallel to the optical axis, when it
+
+113
+00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,930
+comes out of the lens, it is distorted. Its length
+
+114
+00:08:01,930 --> 00:08:05,230
+goes into FB. Its length goes into FB. Let's see
+
+115
+00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:08,690
+this issue in simulation. Let's say we have a
+
+116
+00:08:08,690 --> 00:08:12,310
+parallel beam. Let's bring another ray. This is a
+
+117
+00:08:12,310 --> 00:08:13,730
+single ray and this is its duplication.
+
+118
+00:08:16,870 --> 00:08:21,050
+Let's make it parallel to the optical axis.
+
+119
+00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:32,080
+Let's see its length Exactly it entered the point
+
+120
+00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:36,320
+300 exactly it entered the point 300 which is in
+
+121
+00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:38,920
+the posterior focus of the minus lens We said that
+
+122
+00:08:38,920 --> 00:08:43,000
+the posterior focus is 20 cm away Let's go back to
+
+123
+00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:47,200
+this step to clarify things for us So, the first
+
+124
+00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:55,190
+ray is directed towards F ADirected, it doesn't go
+
+125
+00:08:55,190 --> 00:09:00,130
+through FA, but it's directed towards FA, it's
+
+126
+00:09:00,130 --> 00:09:03,170
+equal to the optical axis Second example, it's
+
+127
+00:09:03,170 --> 00:09:05,610
+equal to the optical axis, it's equal to the
+
+128
+00:09:05,610 --> 00:09:09,070
+optical axis When it comes out of the lens, it's
+
+129
+00:09:09,070 --> 00:09:12,290
+tilted, its extension enters FB, its extension
+
+130
+00:09:12,290 --> 00:09:14,630
+enters FB Now
+
+131
+00:09:19,190 --> 00:09:22,870
+Similarly, real object at minus optical infinity
+
+132
+00:09:22,870 --> 00:09:26,370
+will produce virtual image in the posterior focal
+
+133
+00:09:26,370 --> 00:09:29,810
+plane of a concave lens يعني لما بيكون عندي
+
+134
+00:09:29,810 --> 00:09:36,550
+virtual object .. virtual .. او real object عفوا
+
+135
+00:09:36,550 --> 00:09:40,530
+real object في ال minus optical infinity جاية منه
+
+136
+00:09:40,530 --> 00:09:44,240
+الأشعةThe minus lens is overshadowed by the minus
+
+137
+00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,520
+lens, resulting in a virtual image in the
+
+138
+00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:52,440
+posterior focal plane
+
+139
+00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:56,600
+Now, it is very important that the third beam,
+
+140
+00:10:00,300 --> 00:10:06,500
+which passes through the nodal pointIt doesn't
+
+141
+00:10:06,500 --> 00:10:09,080
+change its direction. So there is a parallel beam
+
+142
+00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,700
+to the optical axis that is stretched. The beam is
+
+143
+00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:14,520
+parallel to the optical axis that is stretched.
+
+144
+00:10:15,020 --> 00:10:19,600
+Its length enters FB. The second beam is directed
+
+145
+00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:25,160
+towards FA. It comes out parallel. The third beam
+
+146
+00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,740
+passes through the nodal point. Nothing happens to
+
+147
+00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:33,160
+it. The three rays that came out of the minus lens
+
+148
+00:10:34,230 --> 00:10:37,070
+This is the first ray and the second and the third
+
+149
+00:10:37,070 --> 00:10:40,270
+Divergent ray, so the image is virtual and cannot
+
+150
+00:10:40,270 --> 00:10:43,490
+form a real image Where would it be if we extend
+
+151
+00:10:43,490 --> 00:10:47,130
+these three rays to meet at one point? We will see
+
+152
+00:10:47,130 --> 00:10:51,670
+this in the simulation, but we must add the third
+
+153
+00:10:51,670 --> 00:10:59,210
+ray Duplicate
+
+154
+00:10:59,210 --> 00:11:06,790
+itand make it more than nodal point these are the
+
+155
+00:11:06,790 --> 00:11:12,690
+three rays now we draw the object this is my
+
+156
+00:11:12,690 --> 00:11:25,390
+object which is .. no we
+
+157
+00:11:25,390 --> 00:11:31,350
+use the blocker to draw the object
+
+158
+00:11:43,940 --> 00:11:47,000
+This is the object with the brown color We want to
+
+159
+00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:52,780
+see where the image should be formed The image is
+
+160
+00:11:52,780 --> 00:11:55,520
+formed on the extensions of these different
+
+161
+00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:57,860
+elements This extension to the back, and this
+
+162
+00:11:57,860 --> 00:12:00,080
+extension to the back, and this extension to the
+
+163
+00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:06,040
+back We come here and make a duplication of the
+
+164
+00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:06,580
+blocker
+
+165
+00:12:20,540 --> 00:12:28,700
+هذه الصورة مصدرة virtual erect مصدرة virtual erect
+
+166
+00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:35,280
+إذن
+
+167
+00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:41,450
+هذه الصورة، هذه الجسمAnd this is the picture The
+
+168
+00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:44,310
+picture consists of the rays that came out
+
+169
+00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:47,190
+separately from the minus lens As the picture I
+
+170
+00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:51,910
+have here shows As the picture I have here shows I
+
+171
+00:12:51,910 --> 00:12:54,390
+have the first ray parallel to the optical axis,
+
+172
+00:12:54,570 --> 00:12:57,690
+it comes out, it spreads, its range goes into FB
+
+173
+00:12:57,690 --> 00:13:02,130
+The second ray is directed towards FA, it did not
+
+174
+00:13:02,130 --> 00:13:05,410
+enter FA, but it is directed towards FA It will
+
+175
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:07,170
+collide with the lens, so it will come out
+
+176
+00:13:07,170 --> 00:13:11,040
+parallelThe third ray will enter the nodal point
+
+177
+00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:13,720
+and will not change its path. The first, second
+
+178
+00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,000
+and third rays are divergent rays, so the image is
+
+179
+00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:18,480
+virtual. Where does the image meet? Does it need
+
+180
+00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,380
+calculations? No, it does not need calculations.
+
+181
+00:13:20,860 --> 00:13:22,560
+It only needs to be extended and the drawing
+
+182
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:24,340
+should be accurate. If the drawing is accurate,
+
+183
+00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:28,450
+the rays will meet at one point.things that are
+
+184
+00:13:28,450 --> 00:13:32,950
+backward will meet in one point this is the place
+
+185
+00:13:32,950 --> 00:13:35,770
+of the image this is the place of the image so
+
+186
+00:13:35,770 --> 00:13:41,050
+this case must be very clear must be clear this is
+
+187
+00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:46,450
+an example of minus or para axial ray tracing
+
+188
+00:13:46,450 --> 00:13:52,070
+using minus spherical lens minus spherical lens
+
+189
+00:13:52,070 --> 00:13:54,550
+let's see if they give examples or not
+
+190
+00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:06,250
+Let's take the example of the minus 2 diopter lens
+
+191
+00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:14,830
+and see how it works I
+
+192
+00:14:14,830 --> 00:14:20,370
+have
+
+193
+00:14:20,370 --> 00:14:25,630
+a minus 2 diopter lens The F-A is 50 cm behind the
+
+194
+00:14:25,630 --> 00:14:31,560
+lens and the F-B is 50 cm in front of the lenssee
+
+195
+00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:42,080
+the object on any distance it's
+
+196
+00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:44,120
+not a problem the object's distance it's not a
+
+197
+00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:45,360
+problem the object's distance because it's going
+
+198
+00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:48,900
+to be small no matter the object's distance let's
+
+199
+00:14:48,900 --> 00:14:53,200
+see how it's going to be here I have grid and here
+
+200
+00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:53,780
+I have ruler
+
+201
+00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:20,590
+this is ruler now
+
+202
+00:15:20,590 --> 00:15:29,490
+we want to put minus lens this
+
+203
+00:15:29,490 --> 00:15:35,310
+is plus lens minus
+
+204
+00:15:35,310 --> 00:15:41,490
+2 so the focal length is 50cm which is minus 500
+
+205
+00:16:13,910 --> 00:16:21,070
+-500 means from
+
+206
+00:16:21,070 --> 00:16:25,550
+100 to 600 which is 500 we want to see how the
+
+207
+00:16:25,550 --> 00:16:31,910
+three rays will form a single ray let's say this
+
+208
+00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:32,910
+is a parallel single ray
+
+209
+00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:48,220
+parallel to the optical axis we see the extension
+
+210
+00:16:48,220 --> 00:16:52,500
+means that we are not yet parallel to the optical
+
+211
+00:16:52,500 --> 00:16:56,340
+axis until the extension is fixed that's why we
+
+212
+00:16:56,340 --> 00:17:00,380
+are parallel to the optical axis that's why it
+
+213
+00:17:00,380 --> 00:17:02,880
+passes through the point 100 which is 50 cm away
+
+214
+00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,920
+so parallel is flattened and its extension passes
+
+215
+00:17:06,920 --> 00:17:11,400
+through FB now we need to go back from the
+
+216
+00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:12,300
+extension a little bit
+
+217
+00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:32,660
+Okay, now we want the second ray to
+
+218
+00:17:32,660 --> 00:17:36,220
+be directed towards F
+
+219
+00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:46,960
+It was directed towards FA, it was directed
+
+220
+00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:49,420
+towards how it found out that the rays came out
+
+221
+00:17:49,420 --> 00:17:52,320
+parallel to the optical axis, parallel to the
+
+222
+00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:57,180
+optical axis The third ray that passes through the
+
+223
+00:17:57,180 --> 00:18:02,080
+nodal point will not change its path, will not
+
+224
+00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:03,120
+change its path
+
+225
+00:18:07,170 --> 00:18:10,370
+Okay, now we're going to do the extension of the
+
+226
+00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:13,170
+three rays We're going to see that the three rays
+
+227
+00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:19,050
+make a vertical picture, that is upright, virtual,
+
+228
+00:18:20,050 --> 00:18:22,910
+minified How do we know it's minified? Of course,
+
+229
+00:18:23,450 --> 00:18:31,870
+it's a miniature compared to the body This
+
+230
+00:18:31,870 --> 00:18:34,330
+is the body, put it in its right place
+
+231
+00:18:53,580 --> 00:19:03,620
+this is the height of the body and this is the
+
+232
+00:19:03,620 --> 00:19:05,660
+picture, we will put the picture in its correct
+
+233
+00:19:05,660 --> 00:19:08,260
+place too, but we will make it smaller
+
+234
+00:19:28,770 --> 00:19:33,670
+So, the rule says that regardless of the location
+
+235
+00:19:33,670 --> 00:19:38,750
+of the body, whether it is inside FP or outside
+
+236
+00:19:38,750 --> 00:19:42,870
+FP, or wherever, always the picture under the
+
+237
+00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:48,030
+minus lens will be miniatured and customizable and
+
+238
+00:19:48,030 --> 00:19:50,910
+virtual, miniatured and customizable and virtual,
+
+239
+00:19:51,130 --> 00:19:52,790
+and consequently you will have
+
+240
+00:19:55,780 --> 00:20:01,020
+The image is always miniatured and virtual, so
+
+241
+00:20:01,020 --> 00:20:06,460
+this image is called the minus lens, and I can
+
+242
+00:20:06,460 --> 00:20:09,420
+raise the image and divide it by the height of the
+
+243
+00:20:09,420 --> 00:20:13,140
+object, and I get the transference magnification,
+
+244
+00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:18,040
+transference magnification We stop at the lecture
+
+245
+00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:21,400
+of objects and images at infinity, and God bless
+
+246
+00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:22,960
+you and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/7EgIsWUhHBE_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+1
+00:00:01,500 --> 00:00:03,500
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim, we have a problem
+
+2
+00:00:03,500 --> 00:00:06,960
+with the lens decentration The optical center of
+
+3
+00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:15,120
+the lens on the right became outwards 8mm and
+
+4
+00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:22,280
+downwards 7mm So it went out 8mm and down 7mm of
+
+5
+00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:27,720
+course the lens strength Plus
+
+6
+00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:38,760
+6 diopterthe right lens and
+
+7
+00:00:38,760 --> 00:00:46,500
+the left lens plus five and a half diodes
+
+8
+00:00:46,500 --> 00:00:49,320
+by mistake,
+
+9
+00:00:50,160 --> 00:00:53,420
+the lens was focused in such a way that there was
+
+10
+00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:57,740
+a decentralizationالان بالنسبالي العدسة الشمال was
+
+11
+00:00:57,740 --> 00:01:02,500
+decentered outward لبرا خمسة ملي و لفوق upward
+
+12
+00:01:02,500 --> 00:01:05,820
+سبعة ملي متر What is the total horizontal and
+
+13
+00:01:05,820 --> 00:01:09,280
+vertical aprismatic effect and which is more
+
+14
+00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:12,580
+problematic to the patient؟ بدنا نجسم الصفحة
+
+15
+00:01:12,580 --> 00:01:14,380
+بتاعتنا لأقسام
+
+16
+00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:44,190
+لأقصى عشان نبدأ بالحل
+
+17
+00:02:04,230 --> 00:02:07,450
+first part we need to see the horizontal effect
+
+18
+00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:15,390
+for right eye of course we
+
+19
+00:02:15,390 --> 00:02:20,170
+will say horizontal effect right horizontal effect
+
+20
+00:02:20,170 --> 00:02:29,370
+right we
+
+21
+00:02:29,370 --> 00:02:33,410
+will use the horizontal cross sectionwe call it
+
+22
+00:02:33,410 --> 00:02:37,470
+optical center it
+
+23
+00:02:37,470 --> 00:02:39,850
+was supposed to be like this in the middle but it
+
+24
+00:02:39,850 --> 00:02:45,670
+moved outward by 8 mm when it moved outward, the
+
+25
+00:02:45,670 --> 00:02:53,170
+eye looks through a phase-out prism so first phase
+
+26
+00:02:53,170 --> 00:02:57,750
+-out effect phase-out prism
+
+27
+00:03:06,910 --> 00:03:14,110
+The Prismatic Gadget is equal to h into d where h
+
+28
+00:03:14,110 --> 00:03:29,330
+is the distance and
+
+29
+00:03:29,330 --> 00:03:34,090
+it is equal to 8 millimeters which is 8 out of 10
+
+30
+00:03:34,090 --> 00:03:34,650
+centimeters
+
+31
+00:03:37,470 --> 00:03:45,850
+multiply power by 6 multiply 6 by diopter and it
+
+32
+00:03:45,850 --> 00:03:52,030
+equals the prismatic effect 8x6x8x40 which is 4
+
+33
+00:03:52,030 --> 00:04:05,490
+.8x10 the prism diopter so
+
+34
+00:04:05,490 --> 00:04:06,890
+this is the horizontal effect
+
+35
+00:04:11,260 --> 00:04:17,340
+Horizontal effect for the right eye 4
+
+36
+00:04:17,340 --> 00:04:22,860
+,8,10 prism diopter, base out, base out Ok, now we
+
+37
+00:04:22,860 --> 00:04:24,920
+come to the vertical effect for the right eye to
+
+38
+00:04:24,920 --> 00:04:30,460
+finish everything The
+
+39
+00:04:30,460 --> 00:04:34,680
+vertical effect for the right eye is supposed to
+
+40
+00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:38,000
+be in the middle, but the center went down by 7
+
+41
+00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:44,450
+millimetersseven milli, then the eye has a face
+
+42
+00:04:44,450 --> 00:04:51,130
+down effect or face down prism, the vertical
+
+43
+00:04:51,130 --> 00:04:53,530
+effect of the right eye
+
+44
+00:05:09,940 --> 00:05:13,300
+vertical effect to the right eye based on the
+
+45
+00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:20,560
+prism based on the prism how much it is equal to H
+
+46
+00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:27,380
+in D and equal to H seven miles down, which is
+
+47
+00:05:27,380 --> 00:05:32,140
+seven out of ten centimeters times D, which is six
+
+48
+00:05:32,140 --> 00:05:35,300
+diopters seven times six is forty-two, which is
+
+49
+00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:39,100
+four and two out of ten diopters
+
+50
+00:05:41,360 --> 00:05:45,000
+So this is the vertical effect for the right eye
+
+51
+00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:53,080
+So the horizontal effect is based out 4 out of 10
+
+52
+00:05:53,080 --> 00:06:00,020
+prism and the vertical effect is 4 out of 10 prism
+
+53
+00:06:00,020 --> 00:06:02,560
+based down
+
+54
+00:06:13,070 --> 00:06:19,230
+Go to Horizontal Effect, it's here,
+
+55
+00:06:19,690 --> 00:06:28,750
+and press CTRL X and CTRL V, it will look like
+
+56
+00:06:28,750 --> 00:06:28,970
+this
+
+57
+00:06:32,070 --> 00:06:36,270
+to compare vertical
+
+58
+00:06:36,270 --> 00:06:39,230
+with vertical and horizontal with horizontal we
+
+59
+00:06:39,230 --> 00:06:43,250
+come to the left eye the left eye the horizontal
+
+60
+00:06:43,250 --> 00:06:49,750
+effect decentered outward 5mm to outside 5mm and
+
+61
+00:06:49,750 --> 00:06:54,610
+it should be like this
+
+62
+00:06:54,610 --> 00:06:56,630
+exactly in front of the pupil it became
+
+63
+00:06:56,630 --> 00:07:00,350
+decentration outward so I also have a base out
+
+64
+00:07:00,350 --> 00:07:05,650
+effectجداش مقداره؟ طبعاً لما بيقول horizontal
+
+65
+00:07:05,650 --> 00:07:07,130
+effect left
+
+66
+00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:27,460
+Horizontal prismatic effect on the left eye is
+
+67
+00:07:27,460 --> 00:07:29,540
+called the Bayes out effect
+
+68
+00:08:00,870 --> 00:08:11,650
+H5mmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5.5cmD5
+
+69
+00:08:11,650 --> 00:08:11,670
+.5cm
+
+70
+00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:33,780
+We say 5 times 5.5 equals
+
+71
+00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:46,920
+27.5 which is 72.75% 2.75% Prism Diopter Base Out
+
+72
+00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:52,520
+2.75% Base Out of course this is the horizontal
+
+73
+00:08:52,520 --> 00:08:53,480
+effect of
+
+74
+00:08:56,220 --> 00:08:58,820
+the left eye now we need the vertical effect of
+
+75
+00:08:58,820 --> 00:09:02,660
+the left eye which
+
+76
+00:09:02,660 --> 00:09:12,620
+is vertical effect left which
+
+77
+00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:17,740
+is how much it equals we remove the horizontal
+
+78
+00:09:17,740 --> 00:09:23,980
+effect and
+
+79
+00:09:23,980 --> 00:09:24,780
+we bring the vertical
+
+80
+00:09:30,260 --> 00:09:33,120
+vertical is the section of the plus lens which is
+
+81
+00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,640
+supposed to be exactly the center of the pupil but
+
+82
+00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:43,320
+it has a decentration of up up to 7 mm the eye
+
+83
+00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:47,780
+looks through the prism with its base up so base
+
+84
+00:09:47,780 --> 00:09:56,240
+up the prism base up effect how much is it? it is
+
+85
+00:09:56,240 --> 00:09:57,240
+equal to hvd
+
+86
+00:09:59,990 --> 00:10:06,090
+ويساوي H 7 mili يعني سبعة من عشرة سنتة في دي ضرب
+
+87
+00:10:06,090 --> 00:10:14,450
+اللي هي خمسة و نص ديوتر ويساوي سبعة من عشرة في
+
+88
+00:10:14,450 --> 00:10:23,970
+خمسة و نص لو قولنا سبعة من عشرة ضرب خمسة
+
+89
+00:10:23,970 --> 00:10:24,390
+و نص
+
+90
+00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:45,380
+This is the
+
+91
+00:10:45,380 --> 00:10:47,140
+vertical effect for the left and this is the
+
+92
+00:10:47,140 --> 00:10:49,820
+vertical effect for the right We will see if we
+
+93
+00:10:49,820 --> 00:10:52,420
+need to add them or subtract them to get the total
+
+94
+00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:56,420
+and the horizontal effect is the same case we will
+
+95
+00:10:56,420 --> 00:11:00,540
+see if we will combine them or divide them so we
+
+96
+00:11:00,540 --> 00:11:19,380
+need to understand this case first
+
+97
+00:11:19,380 --> 00:11:20,220
+thing we will see is
+
+98
+00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:26,940
+Horizontal effect
+
+99
+00:12:16,580 --> 00:12:19,720
+here I have a base out and here I have a base out
+
+100
+00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:27,180
+base out and here I also have a base out so the
+
+101
+00:12:27,180 --> 00:12:29,320
+picture of the left eye will point to the right
+
+102
+00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,580
+towards the apex of the prism in front of it and
+
+103
+00:12:32,580 --> 00:12:35,120
+the picture of the right eye will point to the
+
+104
+00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:39,010
+left so the picture of the right eyeit will go to
+
+105
+00:12:39,010 --> 00:12:41,990
+the left if we want to represent it with an arrow
+
+106
+00:12:41,990 --> 00:12:47,270
+the right eye will go like this and the left eye
+
+107
+00:12:47,270 --> 00:12:53,010
+will go like this we talked about a rule in
+
+108
+00:12:53,010 --> 00:12:56,310
+previous lessons if the apex is in the same
+
+109
+00:12:56,310 --> 00:12:59,890
+direction as the apex, we put it but here the apex
+
+110
+00:12:59,890 --> 00:13:02,330
+is going to the left and this apex is going to the
+
+111
+00:13:02,330 --> 00:13:06,750
+right so we put them together so the total
+
+112
+00:13:06,750 --> 00:13:07,950
+horizontal effect
+
+113
+00:13:15,210 --> 00:13:33,130
+total horizontal effect how much? 4.8% plus 72.75%
+
+114
+00:13:33,130 --> 00:13:40,470
+and
+
+115
+00:13:40,470 --> 00:13:40,690
+equals
+
+116
+00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:57,680
+Here 4.8 out of 10 plus 2.75 out of 100 is equal
+
+117
+00:13:57,680 --> 00:14:04,940
+to 7.55
+
+118
+00:14:04,940 --> 00:14:07,260
+out of 100 prism diopters
+
+119
+00:14:20,720 --> 00:14:24,500
+base out either in front of the right or the left,
+
+120
+00:14:24,540 --> 00:14:29,280
+there is no problem before we explain this, we
+
+121
+00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,780
+want to say as follows the picture of the left eye
+
+122
+00:14:31,780 --> 00:14:34,660
+will go to the right towards the apex of the prism
+
+123
+00:14:34,660 --> 00:14:38,740
+and the picture of the right eye will go to the
+
+124
+00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:42,780
+left towards the apex of the prism in front of the
+
+125
+00:14:42,780 --> 00:14:46,100
+right eye if the force of the prism increasesit
+
+126
+00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,220
+will go farther and farther and if this increases
+
+127
+00:14:49,220 --> 00:14:50,900
+the force of the prism, it will go farther and
+
+128
+00:14:50,900 --> 00:14:52,580
+farther, so we add, the distance between them
+
+129
+00:14:52,580 --> 00:14:55,560
+increases because the apex is opposite to the
+
+130
+00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:57,540
+apex, this one is going right and this one is
+
+131
+00:14:57,540 --> 00:15:03,240
+going left okay, now we gather and we get this
+
+132
+00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:06,300
+amount, please out in front of which eye? no, they
+
+133
+00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:08,480
+are in front of which eye, I can say in front of
+
+134
+00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:11,640
+the right eyein front of the right eye, it's like
+
+135
+00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:13,220
+I'm saying that the left eye has its picture in
+
+136
+00:15:13,220 --> 00:15:15,780
+front of it directly and all the distance that the
+
+137
+00:15:15,780 --> 00:15:18,440
+eye has relaxed or the distortion of the picture
+
+138
+00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:21,580
+of the right eye, I can say that it's like there
+
+139
+00:15:21,580 --> 00:15:23,840
+is no prism in front of the left eye and there is
+
+140
+00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:26,260
+seven and fifty-five percent of the prism in front
+
+141
+00:15:26,260 --> 00:15:29,000
+of the right eye or vice versa, I can say that the
+
+142
+00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:30,840
+right eye has its picture in front of it and the
+
+143
+00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:33,840
+left eye has its picture distortedto the right by
+
+144
+00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:39,180
+7.55% prism Ok, we're done here Does this affect?
+
+145
+00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:42,240
+No, a person can handle a horizontal effect more
+
+146
+00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:45,340
+than 10 and sometimes more than 15 and sometimes
+
+147
+00:15:45,340 --> 00:15:48,280
+more than 20 especially based out, which means
+
+148
+00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:51,040
+convergence this eye went to the right and this
+
+149
+00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:53,060
+eye went to the left which means it made a
+
+150
+00:15:53,060 --> 00:15:56,280
+convergence it can handle even reaching 20 or
+
+151
+00:15:56,280 --> 00:16:01,860
+more, this is called a prism can tolerateال
+
+152
+00:16:01,860 --> 00:16:08,420
+patient can tolerate يعني بيقدر يتحمل أو can be
+
+153
+00:16:08,420 --> 00:16:16,120
+tolerated هذه الكمية ممكن this
+
+154
+00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:19,320
+amount can be tolerated يعني ممكن يتحملها الإنسان
+
+155
+00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:24,040
+نيجي لل vertical effect ال total vertical effect
+
+156
+00:16:40,280 --> 00:16:48,200
+total vertical effect now we come here delete some
+
+157
+00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:52,680
+things to put in our drawing what we want
+
+158
+00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:29,240
+So I have here, based down in front of the right
+
+159
+00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:35,980
+eye and based up in front of the left eye Based up
+
+160
+00:17:35,980 --> 00:17:42,020
+in front of the left eye And
+
+161
+00:17:42,020 --> 00:17:50,900
+based down in front of the right eye So
+
+162
+00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:54,430
+the picture for the right eye came outbecause the
+
+163
+00:17:54,430 --> 00:17:56,790
+apex is up and the picture for the left eye is
+
+164
+00:17:56,790 --> 00:18:01,170
+down because the apex is down so we need to add
+
+165
+00:18:01,170 --> 00:18:03,450
+the total because this went up two degrees for
+
+166
+00:18:03,450 --> 00:18:05,710
+example the picture went up two degrees and this
+
+167
+00:18:05,710 --> 00:18:08,370
+picture itself went down two degrees so the total
+
+168
+00:18:08,370 --> 00:18:14,150
+effect will be total so
+
+169
+00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:20,090
+the total effect is four and two out of ten plus
+
+170
+00:18:21,790 --> 00:18:33,170
+تلاتة و خمسة و تمانين من المية و يساوي اربعة
+
+171
+00:18:33,170 --> 00:18:40,730
+و اتنين من عشرة زائد تلاتة و خمسة و تمانين من
+
+172
+00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:48,430
+المية و يساوي تمانية و خمسة من المية Prism تمانية
+
+173
+00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:55,540
+point 5 من 100 prism أقول
+
+174
+00:18:55,540 --> 00:19:02,200
+base up ولا base down ممكن أقول base up before
+
+175
+00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:12,540
+left eye قدام العين الشمال or نفس الرقم 5 و 8 من
+
+176
+00:19:12,540 --> 00:19:22,770
+100 prism or base downbefore right eye يعني بنقول
+
+177
+00:19:22,770 --> 00:19:27,490
+ممكن نعتبر أنه صورة العين الشمال أمام العين بالضبط
+
+178
+00:19:27,490 --> 00:19:31,890
+ما نزلتش، ما نزلتش وإنه كل الكمية هاي اللي خمسة و
+
+179
+00:19:31,890 --> 00:19:35,250
+تمانية و خمسة من مية صورة العين اليمين طلعت لفوق
+
+180
+00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:39,490
+أو العكس بقدر أقول صورة العين اليمين ثابتة قدامها
+
+181
+00:19:39,490 --> 00:19:44,570
+ما طلعتش وهادي صورتها نزلت بمقدار تمانية و خمسة من
+
+182
+00:19:44,570 --> 00:19:57,340
+مية طيب، الآنcan't be tolerated will
+
+183
+00:19:57,340 --> 00:20:01,260
+cause vertical diplopia
+
+184
+00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:08,620
+What does it mean will cause vertical diplopia? It
+
+185
+00:20:08,620 --> 00:20:11,480
+will cause him headaches. I mean when he wears
+
+186
+00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,080
+glasses, why? Because a person can bear up to
+
+187
+00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:19,100
+three maximum vertical effects. I mean from two to
+
+188
+00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:21,980
+three prisms, yes tolerated. But eight prisms will
+
+189
+00:20:21,980 --> 00:20:25,680
+cause him vertical diplopia. I mean he will see
+
+190
+00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:29,560
+two things, but above each other. Above each
+
+191
+00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,740
+other. Let's see an example.
+
+192
+00:20:47,360 --> 00:20:50,540
+انها ده مثال واضح، هاي ال vertical diplopia، لما
+
+193
+00:20:50,540 --> 00:20:54,960
+بتطلع الجلم، بيصير يشوفوا جلمين فوق بعض، فوق بعض،
+
+194
+00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:57,460
+هد هي ك horizontal، لأ مش هيصير عنده horizontal،
+
+195
+00:20:57,460 --> 00:21:01,020
+هيصير عنده vertical، هد النضارة لازم تتغير، هد
+
+196
+00:21:01,020 --> 00:21:04,420
+النضارة لا يمكن المريض، يعني المريض لو أصفناله
+
+197
+00:21:04,420 --> 00:21:08,960
+إياها بهد ال decentrationيعني مش هيتحمله و هيجي
+
+198
+00:21:08,960 --> 00:21:13,680
+يعني سريعا يحكي أنه أنا بشوف الحاجة حاجتين، هيك
+
+199
+00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:16,300
+بتنتهي المسألة و يعطيكم العافية و السلام عليكم و
+
+200
+00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:17,820
+رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/8PuHUF_1w_g_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,3036 @@
+1
+00:00:01,770 --> 00:00:04,810
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim، بنواصل مع محاضرات
+
+2
+00:00:04,810 --> 00:00:08,630
+الـ Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند الـ Optical
+
+3
+00:00:08,630 --> 00:00:13,050
+Aberration أو الزيغ البصري، الزيغ البصري والمقصود
+
+4
+00:00:13,050 --> 00:00:19,400
+فيه يعني ..The point is that when it goes through
+
+5
+00:00:19,400 --> 00:00:23,760
+the light through the optical system, does it make
+
+6
+00:00:23,760 --> 00:00:26,400
+it a stigmatic image, which means a perfect image,
+
+7
+00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:29,460
+or does it not make it a perfect image? If it
+
+8
+00:00:29,460 --> 00:00:31,920
+makes it a perfect image, it is called a stigmatic
+
+9
+00:00:31,920 --> 00:00:35,180
+image Of course, a stigmatic image means that
+
+10
+00:00:35,180 --> 00:00:38,200
+there is no aberration Any deviation or any
+
+11
+00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:41,960
+distanceon the stigmatic imaging is called
+
+12
+00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:46,800
+aberrations in paraxial optics the focus is
+
+13
+00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:51,700
+essentially stigmatic if we summarize things on
+
+14
+00:00:51,700 --> 00:00:56,260
+the paraxial rays around the optical axis the
+
+15
+00:00:56,260 --> 00:01:00,400
+focus is often stigmatic as for the peripheral or
+
+16
+00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:04,580
+non-paraxial rays they do not necessarily focus
+
+17
+00:01:04,580 --> 00:01:10,900
+stigmaticallyAny deviation from stigmatic imaging
+
+18
+00:01:10,900 --> 00:01:12,420
+are called aberrations.
+
+19
+00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:21,000
+Aberrations are divided into monochromatic and
+
+20
+00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:28,010
+chromaticSome colours appear in a chromatic
+
+21
+00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:30,890
+aberration, chromatic aberration, a white light
+
+22
+00:01:30,890 --> 00:01:33,810
+entering the optical system, coming out, which
+
+23
+00:01:33,810 --> 00:01:37,830
+means it is related to the complex colours or
+
+24
+00:01:37,830 --> 00:01:43,110
+spectrumAs for the other type of aberration or the
+
+25
+00:01:43,110 --> 00:01:45,770
+other group, it is called monochromatic, the white
+
+26
+00:01:45,770 --> 00:01:49,430
+light remains white, but the point source of light
+
+27
+00:01:49,430 --> 00:01:55,170
+of the object is not point but point spread
+
+28
+00:01:55,170 --> 00:01:59,050
+function in one way or another So aberrations are
+
+29
+00:01:59,050 --> 00:02:04,050
+divided into monochromatic and chromatic formsThe
+
+30
+00:02:04,050 --> 00:02:08,410
+two most common monochromatic aberrations are
+
+31
+00:02:08,410 --> 00:02:13,150
+defocus and regular astigmatism لو أجينا نفسر عن
+
+32
+00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:16,930
+ال .. ال monochromatic aberration إيش تقسيماته، ال
+
+33
+00:02:16,930 --> 00:02:21,290
+monochromatic aberration تنقسم لdefocusand regular
+
+34
+00:02:21,290 --> 00:02:24,690
+astigmatism, which means the defocus is the
+
+35
+00:02:24,690 --> 00:02:27,790
+monochromatic aberrations that show that I don't
+
+36
+00:02:27,790 --> 00:02:31,410
+have a good focus for example, myopia and another
+
+37
+00:02:31,410 --> 00:02:35,570
+example, hypermetropia or myopic and hypermetropic
+
+38
+00:02:35,570 --> 00:02:40,170
+spherical refractive error the regular astigmatism
+
+39
+00:02:40,170 --> 00:02:43,170
+which we will talk about shortly by God's will
+
+40
+00:02:43,950 --> 00:02:48,290
+Let's see the structure of aberrations Our goal of
+
+41
+00:02:48,290 --> 00:02:52,650
+aberrations is any deviation from the stigmatic
+
+42
+00:02:52,650 --> 00:02:55,030
+imaging The aberrations are divided into
+
+43
+00:02:55,030 --> 00:02:58,650
+monochromatic and chromatic Chromatic means that
+
+44
+00:02:58,650 --> 00:03:00,830
+the white light that entered the optical system
+
+45
+00:03:00,830 --> 00:03:04,810
+became non-white after leaving the optical system
+
+46
+00:03:04,810 --> 00:03:11,210
+and was analyzed to its typical configurationnot
+
+47
+00:03:11,210 --> 00:03:13,770
+our topic for chromatic aberration as much as our
+
+48
+00:03:13,770 --> 00:03:17,150
+topic which is monochromatic aberration which is
+
+49
+00:03:17,150 --> 00:03:20,810
+deviation from stigmatic imaging only for one
+
+50
+00:03:20,810 --> 00:03:24,030
+reason or another the divisions of monochromatic
+
+51
+00:03:24,030 --> 00:03:28,510
+aberration are defocus and regular astigmatism the
+
+52
+00:03:28,510 --> 00:03:33,770
+defocus is divided into myopia and hypermetropia
+
+53
+00:03:33,770 --> 00:03:38,010
+myopia and hypermetropia monochromatic
+
+54
+00:03:40,050 --> 00:03:42,750
+aberration also has another type other than
+
+55
+00:03:42,750 --> 00:03:46,030
+defocus which is regular astigmatism. In myopia,
+
+56
+00:03:46,210 --> 00:03:48,870
+of course, the defocus is in front of the retina.
+
+57
+00:03:49,550 --> 00:03:53,830
+In hypermetropia, the defocus is behind the
+
+58
+00:03:53,830 --> 00:03:56,890
+retina. In both cases, there is no focus on the
+
+59
+00:03:56,890 --> 00:04:01,090
+retina or there is no focus on the rays that
+
+60
+00:04:01,090 --> 00:04:03,290
+entered the optical system, which is the eye,
+
+61
+00:04:03,650 --> 00:04:06,630
+cornea and crystalline lens. There is no focus or
+
+62
+00:04:06,630 --> 00:04:08,970
+their focus is either in front of the retinaor
+
+63
+00:04:08,970 --> 00:04:12,350
+behind the retina We're going to talk about the
+
+64
+00:04:12,350 --> 00:04:18,770
+regular astigmatism in more detailBut we want to
+
+65
+00:04:18,770 --> 00:04:22,970
+do some things that lead to this case. So this is
+
+66
+00:04:22,970 --> 00:04:26,470
+the simplified distribution of aberrations. Why
+
+67
+00:04:26,470 --> 00:04:29,870
+chromatic and monochromatic? The monochromatic is
+
+68
+00:04:29,870 --> 00:04:33,270
+divided into defocus and regular astigmatism. And
+
+69
+00:04:33,270 --> 00:04:35,710
+defocus is divided into myopia and hypermetropia.
+
+70
+00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:38,210
+And these are simple refractive errors that can be
+
+71
+00:04:38,210 --> 00:04:42,190
+treated simply with glasses or any other means,
+
+72
+00:04:42,750 --> 00:04:45,850
+such as adhesive lenses or similar.Regular
+
+73
+00:04:45,850 --> 00:04:50,930
+astigmatism can also be treated with glasses or
+
+74
+00:04:50,930 --> 00:04:57,750
+other tools such as laser vision correction. Now
+
+75
+00:04:57,750 --> 00:05:02,010
+we will talk about some things that are used in
+
+76
+00:05:02,010 --> 00:05:04,990
+measuring aberration. The clinical application of
+
+77
+00:05:04,990 --> 00:05:09,370
+wavefront aberometry makes it possible to measure
+
+78
+00:05:09,370 --> 00:05:11,250
+higher order aberrations.
+
+79
+00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:18,440
+في ما يسمى high order aberrations high order
+
+80
+00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:23,060
+aberrations اللي هي الزيغ المعقد الزيغ المعقد أو
+
+81
+00:05:23,060 --> 00:05:26,800
+الغير منتظم أو اللي أكثر تعقيدا من الأشياء اللي
+
+82
+00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:30,400
+ذكرناها من الmiopia و الhypermetropia و ال regular
+
+83
+00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:34,700
+astigmatism في عندي high order aberration بجيسها
+
+84
+00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:42,770
+The clinical application of wavefront aperometry
+
+85
+00:05:42,770 --> 00:05:47,250
+makes it possible to measure high order or higher
+
+86
+00:05:47,250 --> 00:05:48,530
+order aberration
+
+87
+00:05:57,870 --> 00:06:02,450
+كل موجة تسمى الجبهة الموجية wave front wave front
+
+88
+00:06:02,450 --> 00:06:05,910
+يعني هذه جبهة موجية، هذه جبهة موجية، هذه جبهة
+
+89
+00:06:05,910 --> 00:06:10,350
+موجية، هذه الجبهة الموجية، بس تدخل في optical
+
+90
+00:06:10,350 --> 00:06:14,860
+system، الموجاتحسب منطقة الدخولة من ال optical
+
+91
+00:06:14,860 --> 00:06:19,340
+system ممكن ما تكونش يعني موجات الضوء ما .. ما
+
+92
+00:06:19,340 --> 00:06:23,220
+تصبعش مع بعض، يصير في تعريج فيها، يصير في تعريج
+
+93
+00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:27,420
+فيها، بسموها يعني صار في عندي تعريج في ال wave,
+
+94
+00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:31,600
+front بتاعة ال light waves, high one light wave
+
+95
+00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:34,960
+This is the second, this is the third, they walk
+
+96
+00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:37,780
+together because they started from the object at
+
+97
+00:06:37,780 --> 00:06:40,400
+the same moment. But when they enter the optical
+
+98
+00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:43,160
+system, they enter, for example, the crystalline
+
+99
+00:06:43,160 --> 00:06:45,760
+lens of the human eye, the edges of the
+
+100
+00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:48,740
+crystalline lens are less thick, the middle of the
+
+101
+00:06:48,740 --> 00:06:51,960
+crystalline lens is thicker, so the light that
+
+102
+00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,600
+entered or the light waves that entered from the
+
+103
+00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:58,200
+middle of the lenscrystalline lens will get worse
+
+104
+00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:00,580
+because it will move in the middle of high
+
+105
+00:07:00,580 --> 00:07:05,560
+density, high refractive index so the waves will
+
+106
+00:07:05,560 --> 00:07:09,200
+move together, but after passing through the
+
+107
+00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:12,740
+optical system, they will not move together which
+
+108
+00:07:12,740 --> 00:07:17,680
+is their face or wave front, their wave front
+
+109
+00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,460
+there is a device that measures the wave frontthey
+
+110
+00:07:21,460 --> 00:07:25,180
+do analysis and see the aberration that can occur
+
+111
+00:07:25,180 --> 00:07:29,280
+because of this optical system so wavefront
+
+112
+00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:32,540
+aperometry makes it possible to measure higher
+
+113
+00:07:32,540 --> 00:07:36,180
+order aberration in the past, there were many
+
+114
+00:07:36,180 --> 00:07:40,290
+types of higher order aberrationA lot, a lot, we
+
+115
+00:07:40,290 --> 00:07:42,830
+.. we know what is the lower order aberration,
+
+116
+00:07:43,050 --> 00:07:45,750
+they call it a simple lower order aberration, we
+
+117
+00:07:45,750 --> 00:07:47,870
+know myopia and hypermetropia and regular
+
+118
+00:07:47,870 --> 00:07:51,570
+astigmatism, which is regular astigmatism, while
+
+119
+00:07:51,570 --> 00:07:55,210
+the higher order aberrations are very many types,
+
+120
+00:07:55,710 --> 00:07:58,970
+in the past they included them in one term, which
+
+121
+00:07:58,970 --> 00:08:01,770
+is a term, they call it a categorical term, and
+
+122
+00:08:01,770 --> 00:08:06,530
+it's like a categorization in every ..hubba-wubba
+
+123
+00:08:06,530 --> 00:08:10,010
+of all kinds of science and knowledge, so the term
+
+124
+00:08:10,010 --> 00:08:11,990
+they used to describe it was called irregular
+
+125
+00:08:11,990 --> 00:08:15,210
+astigmatism Now they stopped using irregular
+
+126
+00:08:15,210 --> 00:08:18,710
+astigmatism, why? Because they invented the
+
+127
+00:08:18,710 --> 00:08:22,570
+apirometry devices that measure the wave front and
+
+128
+00:08:22,570 --> 00:08:26,250
+do analysis, analysis, and deduce from it the
+
+129
+00:08:26,250 --> 00:08:29,230
+types of aberrations that the optical system can
+
+130
+00:08:29,230 --> 00:08:34,670
+do to itOne of the most famous types in high order
+
+131
+00:08:34,670 --> 00:08:39,870
+aberration is called coma, spherical aberration,
+
+132
+00:08:40,430 --> 00:08:43,190
+and trefoil Of course there are other types like
+
+133
+00:08:43,190 --> 00:08:47,750
+tetrafoil, pentafoil, and many others But we
+
+134
+00:08:47,750 --> 00:08:53,170
+should focus on the higher order aberration, coma,
+
+135
+00:08:53,850 --> 00:08:57,690
+spherical aberration, and trefoilWhat do we mean
+
+136
+00:08:57,690 --> 00:09:00,850
+by coma? What do we mean by spherical aberration?
+
+137
+00:09:01,210 --> 00:09:04,670
+And what do we mean by trefoil? Before we say what
+
+138
+00:09:04,670 --> 00:09:07,390
+we mean, we also make sure that the light emits
+
+139
+00:09:07,390 --> 00:09:13,790
+electromagnetic waves. And these waves emitted
+
+140
+00:09:13,790 --> 00:09:17,890
+together form a wave front. Wave front is the
+
+141
+00:09:17,890 --> 00:09:21,330
+precursor of light waves. It is called wave front
+
+142
+00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:25,170
+analysis. It enters the lens. After exiting the
+
+143
+00:09:25,170 --> 00:09:29,720
+lens,مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+144
+00:09:29,720 --> 00:09:29,860
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+145
+00:09:29,860 --> 00:09:30,840
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+146
+00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:32,180
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+147
+00:09:32,180 --> 00:09:33,900
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+148
+00:09:33,900 --> 00:09:39,960
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+149
+00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:43,860
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+150
+00:09:43,860 --> 00:09:50,220
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+151
+00:09:50,220 --> 00:09:51,520
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+152
+00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:54,900
+مستواها بيكونش واحد .. مستواها بيكونش واحد ..
+
+153
+00:09:54,900 --> 00:09:57,480
+مستواهاComma means the magnified, from the word
+
+154
+00:09:57,480 --> 00:10:00,440
+comet, the magnified, so it becomes the shape of
+
+155
+00:10:00,440 --> 00:10:04,400
+the light spot, it becomes like this in the
+
+156
+00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:07,040
+picture, so this is called comma aberration Is
+
+157
+00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:11,060
+this the nature of the point from which the light
+
+158
+00:10:11,060 --> 00:10:12,340
+is emitted? Of course not, this is the nature of
+
+159
+00:10:12,340 --> 00:10:15,020
+the point from which the light is emitted, so this
+
+160
+00:10:15,020 --> 00:10:19,300
+issue is very important to be clear The second
+
+161
+00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:24,360
+type is the spherical aberrationIt is a spherical
+
+162
+00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:27,620
+wave of the minimum light in the intensity of the
+
+163
+00:10:27,620 --> 00:10:30,840
+light around the point image Here there is no
+
+164
+00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:34,160
+aberration, the point image is a point, okay? Or
+
+165
+00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:37,000
+the point, the object is not drawn, here are four
+
+166
+00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:40,660
+images for points without aberration Here are four
+
+167
+00:10:40,660 --> 00:10:43,280
+images for the same points with the presence of
+
+168
+00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:45,340
+the spherical aberration, it is clear that the
+
+169
+00:10:45,340 --> 00:10:48,600
+image is fixed and has become around the point
+
+170
+00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:52,480
+image in itmeans a wave of white light, this is
+
+171
+00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:54,900
+called spherical aberration, and this is also
+
+172
+00:10:54,900 --> 00:10:58,360
+different from the stigmatic imaging Now let's
+
+173
+00:10:58,360 --> 00:11:07,740
+talk about the trefoil, the point becomes like a
+
+174
+00:11:07,740 --> 00:11:14,010
+point spread function of trianglesكأنها يعني وهج
+
+175
+00:11:14,010 --> 00:11:19,570
+ثلاثي الشعب، فبيسموها Trefoil، بيسموها Trefoil،
+
+176
+00:11:19,570 --> 00:11:23,890
+هنا نفس الاشي دهرة، و هنا دهرة بس حجمها أسرع، هنا
+
+177
+00:11:23,890 --> 00:11:27,810
+لما بيكون عندي أنا مافيش aberration بالمرة، لا low
+
+178
+00:11:27,810 --> 00:11:31,010
+order aberration، لا myopia، هي minus نص myopia،
+
+179
+00:11:31,010 --> 00:11:34,570
+minus واحد myopia، هنا plus واحد .. plus نص
+
+180
+00:11:34,570 --> 00:11:37,750
+hypermetropia و plus واحد hypermetropia، الصورة،
+
+181
+00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:41,690
+النقطة هي صورتهاmeans we are able to see it
+
+182
+00:11:41,690 --> 00:11:44,090
+because the point is something consistent in the
+
+183
+00:11:44,090 --> 00:11:47,410
+character, in the character Okay, this point, if a
+
+184
+00:11:47,410 --> 00:11:49,990
+person doesn't have low order aberration, doesn't
+
+185
+00:11:49,990 --> 00:11:53,410
+have myopia, doesn't have hypermetropia, doesn't
+
+186
+00:11:53,410 --> 00:11:57,790
+have this problem, but has high order aberration,
+
+187
+00:11:57,890 --> 00:12:01,110
+has a lump, it will look like this Let's go to a
+
+188
+00:12:01,110 --> 00:12:05,690
+big picture to make the picture clearerما عنده لا
+
+189
+00:12:05,690 --> 00:12:08,630
+myopia، يعني الصورة بتيجي على ال retina، بس بتيجيش
+
+190
+00:12:08,630 --> 00:12:11,710
+على ال retina بشكل نقطة، بيصير ال focusing على ال
+
+191
+00:12:11,710 --> 00:12:17,250
+retina بشكل كومة أو بشكل ال trefoilSo therefore,
+
+192
+00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:20,690
+it is necessary to know that even if a person does
+
+193
+00:12:20,690 --> 00:12:24,270
+not have low order aberration, sometimes laser
+
+194
+00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:27,350
+vision correction, some operations are aimed to
+
+195
+00:12:27,350 --> 00:12:31,910
+get rid of the higher order aberration, because
+
+196
+00:12:31,910 --> 00:12:34,310
+sometimes it is annoying It is true that the
+
+197
+00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:39,050
+vision is 6 on 6, but the quality of vision is
+
+198
+00:12:39,050 --> 00:12:43,140
+moderateيعني ب .. بشوف مثلا خط الستة ع ستة بس مش
+
+199
+00:12:43,140 --> 00:12:47,280
+بhigh quality كما هو مطلوب، كما هو مطلوب وإنما
+
+200
+00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:50,500
+بشوف .. و هذا طبعا ممكن الناس يقول هذا ال .. ال ..
+
+201
+00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:54,320
+ال .. الصور يعني بسيطة ومش معقدة، هذه الصور نقطة
+
+202
+00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:59,180
+واحدة ومعروف إن ال object مكوّن من عدد لا نهائي من
+
+203
+00:12:59,180 --> 00:13:04,130
+النقاط، بس هذه يعني أبسط شيء ممكن يندرس أصبحيعني
+
+204
+00:13:04,130 --> 00:13:08,210
+أكثر تعقيدا مما هو عليه في حقيقة الأمر. فلمّا
+
+205
+00:13:08,210 --> 00:13:11,830
+بيكون الجسم مكوّن من نقاط عديدة، بيصير السؤال أمور
+
+206
+00:13:11,830 --> 00:13:20,180
+أصعب بكثير. إذا في عندي low order operationde
+
+207
+00:13:20,180 --> 00:13:23,360
+-focus, regular astigmatism, and high order
+
+208
+00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:28,180
+aberration, such as coma, spherical aberration,
+
+209
+00:13:28,660 --> 00:13:31,880
+and trefoil. Spherical aberration is particularly
+
+210
+00:13:31,880 --> 00:13:34,420
+relevant to higher order aberration in
+
+211
+00:13:34,420 --> 00:13:38,010
+keratorefractive surgery.Laser Refractive Surgery,
+
+212
+00:13:38,130 --> 00:13:44,890
+Laser Surgery, PRK Surgery, Smile Surgery, Laser
+
+213
+00:13:44,890 --> 00:13:48,510
+Vision Correction Surgery It is very important to
+
+214
+00:13:48,510 --> 00:13:52,130
+correct not only low order aberration that I have
+
+215
+00:13:52,130 --> 00:13:53,750
+shortness of breath that I want to correct, I have
+
+216
+00:13:53,750 --> 00:13:57,950
+height that I want to correct, but it also
+
+217
+00:13:57,950 --> 00:14:04,610
+corrects types of higher order aberrationand
+
+218
+00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:07,810
+especially these three things which are coma,
+
+219
+00:14:07,950 --> 00:14:11,690
+spherical aberration, and trefoil, and trefoil And
+
+220
+00:14:11,690 --> 00:14:15,990
+of course the medical schools talk about this
+
+221
+00:14:15,990 --> 00:14:19,770
+field, if I want to fix all kinds of high order
+
+222
+00:14:19,770 --> 00:14:22,780
+aberration, not just these threeSometimes I have
+
+223
+00:14:22,780 --> 00:14:24,920
+to take a bigger part of the equation or I will
+
+224
+00:14:24,920 --> 00:14:27,200
+have to take a bigger part of the equation and
+
+225
+00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:30,440
+maybe the patient will be in danger, so I fix the
+
+226
+00:14:30,440 --> 00:14:33,540
+most important types which are higher order
+
+227
+00:14:33,540 --> 00:14:35,260
+aberration, which is the comma, and spherical
+
+228
+00:14:35,260 --> 00:14:38,720
+aberration, and literary foil, of course if they
+
+229
+00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:42,740
+reach a certain degree of the annoying amount to
+
+230
+00:14:42,740 --> 00:14:50,000
+the patientنحكي عن regular astigmatism, regular
+
+231
+00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:53,040
+astigmatism, unlike the spherical lens service,
+
+232
+00:14:53,220 --> 00:14:56,260
+the astigmatic lens service does not have the same
+
+233
+00:14:56,260 --> 00:14:59,980
+curvature and refracting power in all meridians,
+
+234
+00:15:00,180 --> 00:15:04,820
+in all meridians يعني ال astigmatic lens أو ال
+
+235
+00:15:04,820 --> 00:15:09,460
+sphero cylindrical lens التحدوبها بتغير من
+
+236
+00:15:09,460 --> 00:15:12,760
+meridian ل meridian زي ما هنشوف بعد شوية يعني هنا
+
+237
+00:15:13,660 --> 00:15:17,820
+لو طلعنا على رسمة مكبرة، هاي عندي اللي باللون
+
+238
+00:15:17,820 --> 00:15:22,760
+الأصفر مرسومة، هي عبارة عن astigmatic lens،
+
+239
+00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:27,540
+astigmatic lens أو spherical lens وعندي أنا طبعا
+
+240
+00:15:27,540 --> 00:15:32,090
+فيها meridians كتيرة، الأبيض، اللي بعدهThe white
+
+241
+00:15:32,090 --> 00:15:34,510
+one is at 90 degrees and the blue one is at 180
+
+242
+00:15:34,510 --> 00:15:36,470
+degrees. And between them all the meridians, all
+
+243
+00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:39,070
+the places where the light will enter, is a full
+
+244
+00:15:39,070 --> 00:15:42,610
+lens. But it doesn't mean that I drew two
+
+245
+00:15:42,610 --> 00:15:44,130
+meridians, which means that the light will only
+
+246
+00:15:44,130 --> 00:15:46,630
+enter from these two meridians. It will enter from
+
+247
+00:15:46,630 --> 00:15:48,950
+this meridian, and this one, and this one, and
+
+248
+00:15:48,950 --> 00:15:53,510
+everything. Of course, in regular astigmatism, the
+
+249
+00:15:53,510 --> 00:15:58,150
+lens that has regular astigmatism means that this
+
+250
+00:15:58,150 --> 00:16:03,290
+meridianوال meridian هذا و ال meridians اللي بينهم
+
+251
+00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:05,090
+مختلفين في القوة و ال meridian هذا و ال meridians
+
+252
+00:16:05,090 --> 00:16:05,450
+اللي بينهم مختلفين في القوة و ال meridian هذا و ال
+
+253
+00:16:05,450 --> 00:16:06,670
+meridians اللي بينهم مختلفين في القوة بس ليش سمناه
+
+254
+00:16:06,670 --> 00:16:08,130
+regular astigmatism بس ليش سمناه regular
+
+255
+00:16:08,130 --> 00:16:12,350
+astigmatism لأنه هذا ال meridian له قوة معينة اللي
+
+256
+00:16:12,350 --> 00:16:19,110
+بعده أقل منه أقل أقل أقل أقل أقل أقل في تدرج منتظم
+
+257
+00:16:19,110 --> 00:16:23,240
+عشان هيك بيسموه regular astigmatismبمعنى آخر، لو
+
+258
+00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,620
+فرضت إنه هذا ال meridian قوته، هذا ال meridian
+
+259
+00:16:26,620 --> 00:16:31,180
+قوته مثلا أربعين ديوبتر، هذا اللي بعده تسعة و
+
+260
+00:16:31,180 --> 00:16:35,020
+تلاتين، اللي بعده تمانية و تلاتين، اللي بعده سبعة
+
+261
+00:16:35,020 --> 00:16:38,620
+و تلاتين، ستة و تلاتين، خمسة و تلاتين، إذا في تدرج
+
+262
+00:16:38,620 --> 00:16:45,350
+و في فرق منتظرمش مثلا بلاقي قوته اربعين ديوبتر،
+
+263
+00:16:45,350 --> 00:16:49,090
+بعدين تسعة و تلاتين، بعدين ستة و تلاتين، بعدين
+
+264
+00:16:49,090 --> 00:16:52,950
+تمانية و تلاتين، بشكل عشوائي، لأ، بتدرج من الأعلى
+
+265
+00:16:52,950 --> 00:16:57,930
+للأدنى أو من الأدنى للأعلى، يعني ممكن يكون هذا
+
+266
+00:16:57,930 --> 00:17:02,240
+الأدنى و هذا الأعلى، بس التدرج دائما منتظرAnd of
+
+267
+00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:05,440
+course this is a point, the second point, the
+
+268
+00:17:05,440 --> 00:17:08,760
+strongest meridian and the weakest meridian are 90
+
+269
+00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:11,380
+degrees between them So this is the regular
+
+270
+00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:15,300
+astigmatism So unlike the spherical lens service,
+
+271
+00:17:15,820 --> 00:17:19,760
+the astigmatic lens service does not have the same
+
+272
+00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:20,320
+curvature
+
+273
+00:17:30,920 --> 00:17:46,260
+The curvature of
+
+274
+00:17:46,260 --> 00:17:51,860
+an astigmatic lens variesthe astigmatic lens
+
+275
+00:17:51,860 --> 00:17:55,900
+diverges from a minimum value to a maximum value
+
+276
+00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:59,580
+with the extreme values, the extreme values of the
+
+277
+00:17:59,580 --> 00:18:02,880
+edges, meaning the minimum meridian force and the
+
+278
+00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:08,880
+maximum meridian force located in meridians 90
+
+279
+00:18:08,880 --> 00:18:14,300
+degrees apart. Thus, the refracting power varies
+
+280
+00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:18,090
+from one meridian to the nextand an astigmatic
+
+281
+00:18:18,090 --> 00:18:22,650
+service does not have single point of focus بمعنى
+
+282
+00:18:22,650 --> 00:18:27,930
+آخر طالما .. هاي عندي مثلاastigmatic lens, of
+
+283
+00:18:27,930 --> 00:18:30,450
+course here there's meridian and then there's
+
+284
+00:18:30,450 --> 00:18:34,050
+meridian, meridian at 90, meridian at 95, meridian
+
+285
+00:18:34,050 --> 00:18:37,010
+at 100, meridian at 105, of course, and what's
+
+286
+00:18:37,010 --> 00:18:40,070
+between them at 91 and 92, of course, all of this
+
+287
+00:18:40,070 --> 00:18:44,270
+are meridians, but here we are briefly showing the
+
+288
+00:18:44,270 --> 00:18:47,520
+picture, the meridian which is at 90The meridian
+
+289
+00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:51,760
+is drawn in red on 180 degrees The light will
+
+290
+00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:55,720
+start from the point source of light in all
+
+291
+00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:59,940
+directions A light beam will enter the vertical
+
+292
+00:18:59,940 --> 00:19:03,360
+meridian A light beam will enter the horizontal
+
+293
+00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:06,780
+meridian A third light beam will enter the oblique
+
+294
+00:19:06,780 --> 00:19:09,300
+meridian A fourth light beam will enter the second
+
+295
+00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:12,700
+oblique meridian and so on Each meridian will take
+
+296
+00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:18,670
+a share of the lightبما أنه قوة ال meridians
+
+297
+00:19:18,670 --> 00:19:22,990
+مختلفة عن بعضها البعض، إذا ال focus بتاعتها
+
+298
+00:19:22,990 --> 00:19:29,570
+هيختلف، ال meridian الأضعف، ال meridian الأضعفال
+
+299
+00:19:29,570 --> 00:19:33,470
+focus بتاعه هيكون بعيد لإنه بده مسافة عشان يتجمع و
+
+300
+00:19:33,470 --> 00:19:37,270
+ال meridian الأقوى هيقدر يجمع الأشعة بتاعته في
+
+301
+00:19:37,270 --> 00:19:42,830
+مسافة أقرى يعني لما بنقول ال meridian أبومية اللي
+
+302
+00:19:42,830 --> 00:19:45,670
+.. اللي .. اللي هو على ال .. ال meridian الأزرق
+
+303
+00:19:45,670 --> 00:19:48,530
+اللي مرسوم باللون الأزرق هنا عندى لو قولنا قوته
+
+304
+00:19:48,530 --> 00:19:53,560
+أربعين ديوبترAnd the red meridian has 44 diopters,
+
+305
+00:19:53,580 --> 00:19:56,820
+so the red meridian, which is horizontal, which is
+
+306
+00:19:56,820 --> 00:20:01,700
+180 degrees, is 4 diopters stronger than the blue
+
+307
+00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:07,100
+meridian. Of course, the red meridian above is
+
+308
+00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:11,270
+closer.The focus is closer and the meridian is
+
+309
+00:20:11,270 --> 00:20:14,050
+blue because it is weaker because the focus is
+
+310
+00:20:14,050 --> 00:20:18,410
+farther Okay, the meridians between them will be
+
+311
+00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:22,470
+their foci, a group of focus called foci, will be
+
+312
+00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:26,460
+betweenالمنطقتين هدولة اللي هي المنطقة الحمراء
+
+313
+00:20:26,460 --> 00:20:30,920
+والمنطقة الزرقاء لإنه طبعا أضعف meridian و أقوى
+
+314
+00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:33,740
+meridian بينهم تسعين درجة، إذا هدولة ال meridians
+
+315
+00:20:33,740 --> 00:20:38,180
+اللي مش مرسومة بتكون أقوى من الأضعف، أقوى من
+
+316
+00:20:38,180 --> 00:20:40,800
+الأضعف، لو قولنا هنا أربع و أربعين و هنا أربعين،
+
+317
+00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:44,830
+إذا هذا بتكون واحد و أربعينForty-two, forty-three,
+
+318
+00:20:45,150 --> 00:20:47,150
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+319
+00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:47,290
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+320
+00:20:47,290 --> 00:20:47,890
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+321
+00:20:48,130 --> 00:20:52,290
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+322
+00:20:52,630 --> 00:20:54,490
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+323
+00:20:54,490 --> 00:20:55,010
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+324
+00:20:55,010 --> 00:20:55,890
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+325
+00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:55,910
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+326
+00:20:55,910 --> 00:20:59,270
+forty-four, forty-four, forty-four, forty-four,
+
+327
+00:20:59,270 --> 00:21:04,380
+forty-four, forty-How do we know that the blue
+
+328
+00:21:04,380 --> 00:21:07,020
+meridian is the weakest? Because its focus is
+
+329
+00:21:07,020 --> 00:21:09,180
+coming to the back, its focus is coming to the
+
+330
+00:21:09,180 --> 00:21:12,100
+back Now if we ask ourselves a question, of course
+
+331
+00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:15,680
+here the picture is clear I shortened it to
+
+332
+00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,680
+meridian 1 which is the horizontal meridian and
+
+333
+00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:21,420
+shortened it to a single ray of light from the
+
+334
+00:21:21,420 --> 00:21:25,940
+point The point will send millions of light rays
+
+335
+00:21:25,940 --> 00:21:29,520
+in all directions Some of the light rays will
+
+336
+00:21:29,520 --> 00:21:36,140
+enterin the horizontal meridian and some rays will
+
+337
+00:21:36,140 --> 00:21:42,760
+enter the vertical meridian I will delete now
+
+338
+00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:50,240
+what
+
+339
+00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,040
+entered in the horizontal meridian which is the
+
+340
+00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:57,440
+meridian that I drew in blue and I will replace it
+
+341
+00:21:57,440 --> 00:22:02,950
+withThe belt that started from the same point and
+
+342
+00:22:02,950 --> 00:22:07,470
+which will enter in
+
+343
+00:22:07,470 --> 00:22:10,750
+the
+
+344
+00:22:10,750 --> 00:22:16,670
+vertical meridian in the vertical meridian coming
+
+345
+00:22:16,670 --> 00:22:19,870
+from the same point, this is another belt
+
+346
+00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:31,870
+لتدخل في العدسة بس من خلال ال meridian العمودي
+
+347
+00:22:31,870 --> 00:22:37,910
+يعني في حزمة نصيبة هتدخل في ال meridian الأفقي، في
+
+348
+00:22:37,910 --> 00:22:44,300
+حزمة هتدخل في ال meridian العمودي، في حزمة ضوئيةIt
+
+349
+00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:47,200
+will enter in the oblique meridian, there is a
+
+350
+00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,260
+light band that will enter in the second oblique
+
+351
+00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:52,480
+meridian and so on, that is, each meridian will
+
+352
+00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:58,840
+reach a part and a part of the
+
+353
+00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:02,340
+light band starting from the same point, starting
+
+354
+00:23:02,340 --> 00:23:04,160
+from the same point and so on
+
+355
+00:23:09,650 --> 00:23:13,050
+It will break these rays and change its direction
+
+356
+00:23:13,050 --> 00:23:14,790
+according to its force. According to its force.
+
+357
+00:23:15,650 --> 00:23:20,010
+What simplifies the matter is that we must look at
+
+358
+00:23:20,010 --> 00:23:22,870
+each meridian as if it is a fixed lens in itself.
+
+359
+00:23:22,990 --> 00:23:24,950
+Why? Because its force differs from the force of
+
+360
+00:23:24,950 --> 00:23:28,530
+the other meridian. It is as if this light band,
+
+361
+00:23:28,710 --> 00:23:32,650
+for example, enters a lens with a force of, for
+
+362
+00:23:32,650 --> 00:23:38,700
+example, 40 diopters.شوف المنظر كيف صار عندى هنا،
+
+363
+00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:42,120
+هذه الحزمة دخلت في ال vertical meridian، نفرض قوت
+
+364
+00:23:42,120 --> 00:23:46,300
+ال vertical meridian خمسة و أربعين ديوبطة، خمسة و
+
+365
+00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:51,940
+أربعين ديوبطة، فبالتالي كأنه هذه الحزمة اللى
+
+366
+00:23:51,940 --> 00:23:56,400
+مرسومة باللون الأبيض، يعني دخلت من خلال عدسة قوتها
+
+367
+00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:59,870
+خمسة و أربعين ديوبطةطب الحزمة الأولى اللى رسمناها
+
+368
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:02,850
+كنا رسمينها أشعة حمرا ودخلت في ال horizontal
+
+369
+00:24:02,850 --> 00:24:06,490
+meridian ال horizontal meridian مثلا قوته تسعة و
+
+370
+00:24:06,490 --> 00:24:10,150
+تلاتين ديوبتر إذا كأنها دخلت في عدسة قوتها تسعة و
+
+371
+00:24:10,150 --> 00:24:14,510
+تلاتين ديوبتر حزمة تالتة دخلت في meridian oblique
+
+372
+00:24:14,510 --> 00:24:18,450
+قوته تلاتة و أربعين ديوبتر إذا كأنها دخلة لحالة في
+
+373
+00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:23,370
+عدسة فبتعامل مع كل meridian على حدها الآن لو حكينا
+
+374
+00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:31,050
+أو يعني سألنا نفسنا سؤاليا ترى كيف رحلة الدوق بعد
+
+375
+00:24:31,050 --> 00:24:37,450
+العدسة؟ الدوق انطلق من نقطة واحدة، يعني مصدر الدوق
+
+376
+00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:42,480
+وام الدوق نقطة واحدةدخل في عدسة، بس هذه العدسة إلا
+
+377
+00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:46,860
+خصوصية، ليست sphere، ليست sphere، لا بقدر أقول
+
+378
+00:24:46,860 --> 00:24:51,400
+عنها plus sphere ولا minus sphere، إنما هذه عدسة
+
+379
+00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:56,060
+متعددة الانحناقات، يعني ال vertical meridian فيها
+
+380
+00:24:56,060 --> 00:25:00,080
+منحني، اللي بعده منحني أقل منه، اللي بعده منحني
+
+381
+00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:04,480
+أقل منه، أقل منه، أقل منه، أو هو منحني اللي بعده
+
+382
+00:25:04,480 --> 00:25:08,220
+أكتر منه، اللي بعده أكتر منه، أكتر منهوفي انحناء
+
+383
+00:25:08,220 --> 00:25:13,700
+منتظم بيزيد أو بيقل بس ال meridians مالهاش نفس
+
+384
+00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:21,920
+الانحناء ده لو حكينا كالقاعدة أول سؤال ما هو مصير
+
+385
+00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:28,860
+الضوء اللي دخل في مناطق من العدسة مختلفة القوةوين
+
+386
+00:25:28,860 --> 00:25:34,180
+هيعملي focus، إيش شكل ال image، إيش ال .. ال ..
+
+387
+00:25:34,180 --> 00:25:38,130
+الرحلة الفرارية بتاعة الضوء بعد العدسةIt is known
+
+388
+00:25:38,130 --> 00:25:40,530
+that if this is a sphere, if this is a sphere,
+
+389
+00:25:41,010 --> 00:25:43,510
+where does the light enter? Whether it enters from
+
+390
+00:25:43,510 --> 00:25:45,910
+the vertical meridian, or the horizontal meridian,
+
+391
+00:25:46,050 --> 00:25:48,990
+or the oblique meridian, it will enter from areas
+
+392
+00:25:48,990 --> 00:25:51,750
+of equal strength, and therefore it will gather
+
+393
+00:25:51,750 --> 00:25:55,590
+all in one point, and this point is received on a
+
+394
+00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,530
+screen or on a receipt paper, and I say I received
+
+395
+00:25:58,530 --> 00:26:00,910
+the image, and this is the focus of the image.
+
+396
+00:26:01,370 --> 00:26:09,530
+Okay, if I have a lens, I can consider itمزام يعني
+
+397
+00:26:09,530 --> 00:26:14,510
+مجازا بقدر اعتبره كأنها عدسات متعددة في عدسة واحدة
+
+398
+00:26:14,870 --> 00:26:17,110
+One is weak, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+399
+00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:23,230
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+400
+00:26:23,230 --> 00:26:24,410
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+401
+00:26:24,410 --> 00:26:26,230
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+402
+00:26:26,230 --> 00:26:26,530
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+403
+00:26:26,530 --> 00:26:26,550
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+404
+00:26:26,550 --> 00:26:26,650
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+405
+00:26:26,650 --> 00:26:26,830
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+406
+00:26:26,830 --> 00:26:28,830
+is stronger, one is stronger, one is stronger, one
+
+407
+00:26:28,830 --> 00:26:32,490
+is stronger, one is stronger,
+
+408
+00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:43,150
+أو لأن في عندي multiple foci عندي طالما قوة مختلفة
+
+409
+00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:47,750
+إذا هذا ال meridian هيجمع الأشعة في منطقة ما و هذا
+
+410
+00:26:47,750 --> 00:26:50,650
+ال meridian هيجمع الأشعة في منطقة ما و هذا هيجمع
+
+411
+00:26:50,650 --> 00:26:55,690
+.. ما هو الشكل الفراغي للصورة العلماء لما درسوا
+
+412
+00:26:55,690 --> 00:27:01,610
+هذا الكلام وجدوا إنه أول حاجة الشكل الفراغي للصورة
+
+413
+00:27:01,610 --> 00:27:08,930
+إن في عندي two focal linesone suitable for the
+
+414
+00:27:08,930 --> 00:27:11,710
+vertical meridian force and one suitable for the
+
+415
+00:27:11,710 --> 00:27:14,410
+horizontal meridian force of course, the direction
+
+416
+00:27:14,410 --> 00:27:18,310
+of the focal line, not the focal point, the
+
+417
+00:27:18,310 --> 00:27:23,740
+vertical direction of the meridianتجاهه عمودي على
+
+418
+00:27:23,740 --> 00:27:27,380
+اتجاه ال meridian بتاعه، بمعنى آخر، هاي أنا عندي
+
+419
+00:27:27,380 --> 00:27:29,960
+ال horizontal meridian، وقولنا ال horizontal
+
+420
+00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:33,680
+meridian مرسوم باللون الأحمر، وهو الأقوى، وعشان
+
+421
+00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:40,570
+هيك ال focal line بتاعهأقرب أقرب focus أقرب focus
+
+422
+00:27:40,570 --> 00:27:44,130
+يعني هنا لو جيت أتلقى الصورة هنا هيطلع عندي line
+
+423
+00:27:44,130 --> 00:27:48,250
+هي point هي point ال object point بس أنا هتلقاه
+
+424
+00:27:48,250 --> 00:27:54,710
+بشكل line بشكل line تمام؟ طيب هذا ال line عمودي
+
+425
+00:27:54,710 --> 00:27:57,370
+على اتجاه ال meridian ال meridian أفقي ال line
+
+426
+00:27:57,370 --> 00:28:00,860
+عموديOkay, the weakest meridian, as long as this
+
+427
+00:28:00,860 --> 00:28:02,880
+is the strongest, the weakest meridian will be
+
+428
+00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:06,120
+vertical on it We study the regular astigmatism,
+
+429
+00:28:06,420 --> 00:28:11,400
+which is the regular astigmatism Okay, this is the
+
+430
+00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:13,660
+weakest meridian, which is vertical, so its focus
+
+431
+00:28:13,660 --> 00:28:17,200
+will be delayed As long as this is vertical, this
+
+432
+00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:18,380
+is supposed to be drawn, here is a mistake in
+
+433
+00:28:18,380 --> 00:28:21,860
+drawing, a blue horizontal line is supposed to be
+
+434
+00:28:21,860 --> 00:28:24,640
+drawn A blue horizontal line, this is the focal
+
+435
+00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:28,320
+line, if I come and click on the pictureبتاعة
+
+436
+00:28:28,320 --> 00:28:34,520
+العدسة ككل هلاقيها في المكان هذا بشكل خط أفقي طبعا
+
+437
+00:28:34,520 --> 00:28:38,300
+احنا بنقول لون أزرق هو .. هو خط أفقي مضيق لا أزرق
+
+438
+00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:41,760
+ولا أحمر بس هنا لتمييز ال meridians لتمييز ال
+
+439
+00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:45,960
+meridians فبالتالي لو إجيت أطلق الصورة هنا هلاقي
+
+440
+00:28:45,960 --> 00:28:50,980
+خط أفقي مستعرض هذا هو ال focus بتاع أو .. أو البعد
+
+441
+00:28:50,980 --> 00:28:54,680
+بتاع ال focus بتاع ال vertical meridian طب لو إجيت
+
+442
+00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:59,030
+أطلق الصورة بينهموجدوا العلماء إن الصورة بينهم
+
+443
+00:28:59,030 --> 00:29:05,370
+إلها أشكال متعددة في مجموعها فراغيا .. فراغيا في
+
+444
+00:29:05,370 --> 00:29:11,530
+مجموعة بيسموها Conoid of Sternconoid of stern اللي
+
+445
+00:29:11,530 --> 00:29:17,390
+هو الشكل الفراغي للصورة اللتي تصنعها ال astigmatic
+
+446
+00:29:17,390 --> 00:29:21,670
+lens الشكل الفراغي للصورة اللي بتصنعها ال
+
+447
+00:29:21,670 --> 00:29:25,650
+astigmatic lens الآن نيجي نقول .. بس نعرف إيش ال
+
+448
+00:29:25,650 --> 00:29:33,070
+conoid of stern conoid of
+
+449
+00:29:33,070 --> 00:29:33,770
+stern
+
+450
+00:29:40,460 --> 00:29:46,500
+عرفه باللغة العربية عشان الامر أسهل الشكل الفراغي
+
+451
+00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:51,700
+للصورة
+
+452
+00:29:51,700 --> 00:29:56,540
+التي تصنعها
+
+453
+00:29:56,540 --> 00:30:01,140
+العدسة
+
+454
+00:30:01,140 --> 00:30:09,100
+that الastigmatism المنتظر اللي هو الastigmatism
+
+455
+00:30:15,410 --> 00:30:19,110
+لو جينا نعرفه بالانجليزي اللي هو ال three
+
+456
+00:30:19,110 --> 00:30:28,370
+-dimensional image
+
+457
+00:30:28,370 --> 00:30:32,250
+of the astigmatic lens
+
+458
+00:30:36,710 --> 00:30:40,390
+وهنا لازم احنا نقول او نتوقف قليلا عشان نفهم
+
+459
+00:30:40,390 --> 00:30:44,030
+بالضبط اشي المقصود ب three dimensional image of
+
+460
+00:30:44,030 --> 00:30:59,010
+the astigmatic lens لو احنا خرجنا ليه رؤية Okay
+
+461
+00:30:59,010 --> 00:31:01,610
+guys here's our basic lab setup for this week We
+
+462
+00:31:01,610 --> 00:31:04,870
+have our optical bench with our elements on it We
+
+463
+00:31:04,870 --> 00:31:07,370
+have a light box over here to the left.
+
+464
+00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:30,600
+cylindrical lens or sphero cylindrical lens, I can
+
+465
+00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:34,840
+use two cylindrical lenses two cylindrical lenses
+
+466
+00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:40,540
+to work as if they are sphero cylindrical lens or
+
+467
+00:31:40,540 --> 00:31:45,240
+plano cylindrical lens now we want to take a
+
+468
+00:31:45,240 --> 00:31:48,880
+picture in space these two lenses let me stop for
+
+469
+00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:53,080
+a moment these
+
+470
+00:31:53,080 --> 00:32:00,750
+two lensesهيقوم مقامهيقوموا مقام ال astigmatic
+
+471
+00:32:00,750 --> 00:32:05,110
+lens astigmatic lens يعني lens فيها astigmatism
+
+472
+00:32:05,110 --> 00:32:10,450
+صورتها مش زي صورة ال spherical lens ال astigmatic
+
+473
+00:32:10,450 --> 00:32:14,330
+lens هذا meridian بختلف عن هذا ال meridian بختلف
+
+474
+00:32:14,330 --> 00:32:16,830
+عن هذا ال meridian بختلف عن هذا ال meridian في
+
+475
+00:32:16,830 --> 00:32:21,170
+القوة و ال meridians الأقوى و الأضعف بينهم زاوية
+
+476
+00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,830
+تسعين درجة الآن هذه معمليا معمليا
+
+477
+00:32:29,460 --> 00:32:33,780
+يمكن باستعمال عدة عدسات أحصل على ال stigmaic lens
+
+478
+00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:38,140
+ممكن استعمل two cylinders المهم بده أشوف إيش الشكل
+
+479
+00:32:38,140 --> 00:32:42,620
+الفراغي إيه اللي هيتكون لضوء في الهواء طبعا لازم
+
+480
+00:32:42,620 --> 00:32:48,520
+أنا أطلق الشكل الفراغي هذا مقاطعه على التوالي
+
+481
+00:32:48,520 --> 00:32:53,020
+بقدرش أشوفه في الهواء مرة واحدة بقدرش أشوفه في
+
+482
+00:32:53,020 --> 00:32:57,220
+الهواء مرة واحدة أنا هرجع شوية و أقول الشكل
+
+483
+00:32:57,220 --> 00:33:01,860
+الفراغي اللي هو ال conoid of a star اللي حكينا عنه
+
+484
+00:33:02,490 --> 00:33:06,690
+It is the spatial shape of the image, from length,
+
+485
+00:33:06,870 --> 00:33:10,550
+from length,
+
+486
+00:33:10,550 --> 00:33:14,970
+if I come to this picture, it will be white, but
+
+487
+00:33:14,970 --> 00:33:18,790
+it will be very complex, here less complex, less
+
+488
+00:33:18,790 --> 00:33:22,250
+complex, less complex, this is the first focal
+
+489
+00:33:22,250 --> 00:33:26,430
+line, this first focal line is away from the lens,
+
+490
+00:33:27,070 --> 00:33:30,350
+a distance appropriate to the strongest meridian
+
+491
+00:33:30,350 --> 00:33:39,030
+focus,الان من هنا لهنا بسموه stern interval stern
+
+492
+00:33:39,030 --> 00:33:43,210
+interval or conoid of stern لإن شكله بيشبه المخروض
+
+493
+00:33:43,210 --> 00:33:46,510
+lineThen if you move away a little bit, you will
+
+494
+00:33:46,510 --> 00:33:50,170
+catch it. Of course, this is formed in space. The
+
+495
+00:33:50,170 --> 00:33:53,710
+light that comes out of the astigmatic lens will
+
+496
+00:33:53,710 --> 00:33:57,710
+happen to be a white cut. All the light that
+
+497
+00:33:57,710 --> 00:34:00,490
+entered all the meridians and came out of them
+
+498
+00:34:00,490 --> 00:34:04,960
+will be a white cut and it flows in space.Then, by
+
+499
+00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:08,780
+the way, but less height, the height is going
+
+500
+00:34:08,780 --> 00:34:11,920
+down, here the height is high, which I indicate on
+
+501
+00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,880
+it, here the height is less, this is a section in
+
+502
+00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:16,940
+the light that came out of the lens and will form
+
+503
+00:34:16,940 --> 00:34:20,500
+the image, here is another section less height,
+
+504
+00:34:20,700 --> 00:34:23,860
+less height, the height became zero, here focus,
+
+505
+00:34:25,200 --> 00:34:29,990
+so the point that issueda different light band,
+
+506
+00:34:30,170 --> 00:34:33,130
+and each band entered meridian, and each light
+
+507
+00:34:33,130 --> 00:34:38,950
+band became a line, a focal line, a faced focal
+
+508
+00:34:38,950 --> 00:34:42,550
+line. Okay, if I want to see these words, I can't
+
+509
+00:34:42,550 --> 00:34:45,330
+see them in the air, like this, in three
+
+510
+00:34:45,330 --> 00:34:49,250
+dimensions, without having a receipt. So, I'm
+
+511
+00:34:49,250 --> 00:34:50,930
+going to put the receipt here, I'm going to see
+
+512
+00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:53,450
+this view, I'm going to put it away a little bit,
+
+513
+00:34:53,490 --> 00:34:56,230
+I'm going to see that the focal line has turned
+
+514
+00:34:56,230 --> 00:35:00,910
+into a line,All the rays of all the meridians, the
+
+515
+00:35:00,910 --> 00:35:03,190
+strongest and the weakest and the middle power and
+
+516
+00:35:03,190 --> 00:35:07,730
+everything between them all gathered themselves in
+
+517
+00:35:07,730 --> 00:35:10,690
+a focal line Then it started to spread again, it
+
+518
+00:35:10,690 --> 00:35:14,410
+gave me an oval shape, then we reached a point
+
+519
+00:35:14,410 --> 00:35:18,270
+where it became a circle shapeهذه بيسموها circle
+
+520
+00:35:18,270 --> 00:35:22,050
+of least confusion، هنا أوضح صورة ممكنة
+
+521
+00:35:22,050 --> 00:35:26,450
+للـstigmatic lens، لأن كل ال meridians بتكون ال
+
+522
+00:35:26,450 --> 00:35:30,070
+focus تاعة عبارة عن دائرة و كأنها تشبه النقطة
+
+523
+00:35:30,070 --> 00:35:34,430
+المضيقة، بس حجمها أكبر من النقطةI became here, I
+
+524
+00:35:34,430 --> 00:35:37,850
+have an oval shape, but vertical on this oval
+
+525
+00:35:37,850 --> 00:35:41,530
+shape, I raise the oval shape, then of course here
+
+526
+00:35:41,530 --> 00:35:44,070
+its height is more or its width is more, width is
+
+527
+00:35:44,070 --> 00:35:46,290
+less, then I became without width, I mean I
+
+528
+00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:49,970
+became, I have a focal line again, vertical on the
+
+529
+00:35:49,970 --> 00:35:54,450
+first one After that, it continues that I have, I
+
+530
+00:35:54,450 --> 00:35:57,390
+mean the rays scatter again, here is the place of
+
+531
+00:35:57,390 --> 00:36:02,280
+the image, here is the place of the imagewhich is
+
+532
+00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:08,100
+the light, its accumulation and its attempt to
+
+533
+00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:10,360
+form the image after passing through the
+
+534
+00:36:10,360 --> 00:36:13,840
+astigmatic lens gives me a hollow shape which we
+
+535
+00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,980
+call a conoid of stern or stern interval. Now we
+
+536
+00:36:16,980 --> 00:36:19,260
+want to see it, of course, we cannot see it with
+
+537
+00:36:19,260 --> 00:36:22,280
+the naked eye unless we print each piece of it on
+
+538
+00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:26,500
+the paper of the printer. Now we want to go back
+
+539
+00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:29,640
+and see the experiment together and say as follows
+
+540
+00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:33,550
+This is a preparation to prepare the astigmatic
+
+541
+00:36:33,550 --> 00:36:33,990
+lens.
+
+542
+00:36:36,990 --> 00:36:39,470
+This is the white shape just before the first
+
+543
+00:36:39,470 --> 00:36:40,310
+focal line.
+
+544
+00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:46,010
+This starts to move away from the reception paper.
+
+545
+00:36:47,030 --> 00:36:51,050
+This is the first focal line. This is the first
+
+546
+00:36:51,050 --> 00:36:54,430
+focal line. Now we have reached the circle of
+
+547
+00:36:54,430 --> 00:36:57,850
+least confusion. This is the second focal line
+
+548
+00:36:57,850 --> 00:36:58,730
+vertical to the first.
+
+549
+00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:06,980
+Then, let's go back again, this is the first focal
+
+550
+00:37:06,980 --> 00:37:10,840
+line. Now I just need to stop at a point to
+
+551
+00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:11,460
+explain it.
+
+552
+00:37:15,310 --> 00:37:17,850
+هي ال first focal line .. هى ال first focal line
+
+553
+00:37:17,850 --> 00:37:22,490
+طالما ال first focal line عمودي .. أفقي معناته
+
+554
+00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:25,670
+أقوى meridian هو عمودي لإن بنقول first focal line
+
+555
+00:37:25,670 --> 00:37:30,110
+يعني أقرب focal line للعدسة .. للعدسة طبعا هنا هو
+
+556
+00:37:30,110 --> 00:37:36,320
+استعمل عدستين بس ..Some lenses use two lenses to
+
+557
+00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:40,500
+better clarify the experience. As long as the
+
+558
+00:37:40,500 --> 00:37:45,700
+first focal line is horizontal, then the vertical
+
+559
+00:37:45,700 --> 00:37:50,280
+meridian is stronger. Now it started to turn
+
+560
+00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:56,120
+white. Yes, white. He hurried up a bit here.
+
+561
+00:37:59,150 --> 00:38:01,410
+So those are my three marker locations within SAT.
+
+562
+00:38:01,750 --> 00:38:06,530
+This is the first focal line. This is the second
+
+563
+00:38:06,530 --> 00:38:10,430
+focal line. Here between them is the circle of
+
+564
+00:38:10,430 --> 00:38:12,410
+least confusion. As you can see, the board moves
+
+565
+00:38:12,410 --> 00:38:16,010
+forward by G and back. So if we imagine what is
+
+566
+00:38:16,010 --> 00:38:20,080
+the three-dimensional spatial shape,The first
+
+567
+00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:23,580
+focal line, for example, horizontal, then if we go
+
+568
+00:38:23,580 --> 00:38:25,560
+back a little bit, move away from the lens a
+
+569
+00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:28,720
+little bit, it will become oval, also horizontal,
+
+570
+00:38:29,180 --> 00:38:32,500
+oval, horizontal oval, then circle of least
+
+571
+00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:38,420
+confusion, then vertical oval, then vertical focal
+
+572
+00:38:38,420 --> 00:38:43,920
+line, as we see in the experiment This is the
+
+573
+00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:47,340
+second focal line, focal line which is vertical
+
+574
+00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:54,110
+Let's go back to this setup again, just to make
+
+575
+00:38:54,110 --> 00:38:56,250
+sure we're clear. Again, the idea is that these
+
+576
+00:38:56,250 --> 00:38:57,910
+lenses are not touching each other, so we can't
+
+577
+00:38:57,910 --> 00:38:59,690
+add them up directly just by saying the power of
+
+578
+00:38:59,690 --> 00:39:01,930
+lens 1 plus the power of lens 2 is your total
+
+579
+00:39:01,930 --> 00:39:04,390
+power. You have to figure out what version of
+
+580
+00:39:04,390 --> 00:39:22,370
+these lenses...
+
+581
+00:39:23,240 --> 00:39:26,460
+two that you add to the power of two to figure out
+
+582
+00:39:26,460 --> 00:39:29,240
+what the power is for each meridian. Since we have
+
+583
+00:39:29,240 --> 00:39:32,580
+a plano and one meridian for the cylinder and a
+
+584
+00:39:32,580 --> 00:39:33,960
+minus for the power unit.
+
+585
+00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:58,500
+بحيث يعطوني astigmatic lens .. astigmatic lens هنا
+
+586
+00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:02,160
+بنتهي هذا ال .. ال .. ال video لهادي القضية، اذا
+
+587
+00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:07,040
+في عندى الconoid of a stern هو عبارة عن الشكل
+
+588
+00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:15,480
+الفراغي لضوء بعد خروجه من ..من ال astigmatic lens
+
+589
+00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:18,180
+في منطقة ال image بتاعته، في منطقة ال image
+
+590
+00:40:18,180 --> 00:40:21,780
+بتاعته، إذا الشكل الفراغي للصورة التي تصنعها
+
+591
+00:40:21,780 --> 00:40:24,620
+العدسة ذات ال astigmatism المنتظم أو ال three
+
+592
+00:40:24,620 --> 00:40:28,120
+-dimensional image of the astigmatic lens وطبعا
+
+593
+00:40:28,120 --> 00:40:32,080
+أنا عشان أشوفه و بشوفوش مرة واحدة لازم أتلقى مقطع
+
+594
+00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:36,380
+مقطع و عبارة عن two focal lines are formed .. ده
+
+595
+00:40:36,380 --> 00:40:40,480
+complicateda geometric envelope of a pencil of
+
+596
+00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:45,040
+light rays emanating from a single point source of
+
+597
+00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:48,340
+refracted and refracted by a spherocylindrical
+
+598
+00:40:48,340 --> 00:40:52,800
+lens is called the conoid of Stern and what this
+
+599
+00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,960
+view shows me is the first focal line if after the
+
+600
+00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:02,030
+first focal line I take a vertical ovalthen it
+
+601
+00:41:02,030 --> 00:41:05,470
+will find the circle of least confusion, then it
+
+602
+00:41:05,470 --> 00:41:07,910
+will become a horizontal oval, and then it will
+
+603
+00:41:07,910 --> 00:41:13,250
+become a horizontal focal line, this is called
+
+604
+00:41:13,250 --> 00:41:17,810
+interval of stern or conoid of stern, here the
+
+605
+00:41:17,810 --> 00:41:19,950
+first focal line which is closest to the lens and
+
+606
+00:41:19,950 --> 00:41:23,930
+the second focal line which is farthest from the
+
+607
+00:41:23,930 --> 00:41:28,790
+lens, which is farthest fromالعدسة طبعا هنا أيضا
+
+608
+00:41:28,790 --> 00:41:32,490
+صورة توضحية، هاي ال first focal line، هاي ال
+
+609
+00:41:32,490 --> 00:41:34,970
+second focal line، هاي ال circle of least
+
+610
+00:41:34,970 --> 00:41:39,030
+confusion، ال circle of least confusion، الان ضل
+
+611
+00:41:39,030 --> 00:41:43,070
+بس نحكي انه ال conoid of stern has two focal lines
+
+612
+00:41:43,070 --> 00:41:46,550
+each parallel to one of the principal meridians of
+
+613
+00:41:46,550 --> 00:41:49,940
+the spherocylindrical lensAll the rays in the
+
+614
+00:41:49,940 --> 00:41:52,980
+pencil pass through each of the focal lines
+
+615
+00:42:09,260 --> 00:42:12,840
+The cross-section of the conoid of a stern vary in
+
+616
+00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:21,480
+shape along
+
+617
+00:42:21,480 --> 00:42:24,740
+its
+
+618
+00:42:24,740 --> 00:42:30,240
+length but are generally elliptical
+
+619
+00:42:37,300 --> 00:42:41,960
+At the dioptric mean of
+
+620
+00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:44,700
+the focal lines, there is a cross-section of the
+
+621
+00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:48,540
+conoid of a stern that is circular We want to
+
+622
+00:42:48,540 --> 00:42:50,720
+understand what is at the dioptric mean Let's go
+
+623
+00:42:50,720 --> 00:42:55,140
+back here and say as follows This
+
+624
+00:42:55,140 --> 00:42:59,320
+lens is a spherocylindrical lens or they call it a
+
+625
+00:42:59,320 --> 00:43:04,340
+stigmatic lens A stigmatic lens means that the
+
+626
+00:43:04,340 --> 00:43:07,790
+meridians in it are not united by forceWhat does
+
+627
+00:43:07,790 --> 00:43:11,990
+diopteric mean? What does diopteric mean? It means
+
+628
+00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:16,290
+the average strength .. average strength of all
+
+629
+00:43:16,290 --> 00:43:22,690
+meridians Okay, let's say here as usual Let's say
+
+630
+00:43:22,690 --> 00:43:30,890
+here its strength plus 44 diopters plus 44 plus 44
+
+631
+00:43:30,890 --> 00:43:32,810
+diopters for example
+
+632
+00:43:35,340 --> 00:43:47,700
+ال meridian اللي بعده قوته plus 43 ال
+
+633
+00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:54,540
+meridian اللي بعده plus
+
+634
+00:43:54,540 --> 00:44:01,340
+42 ال
+
+635
+00:44:01,340 --> 00:44:02,420
+meridian اللي بعده
+
+636
+00:44:06,560 --> 00:44:13,900
+plus 41 meridian
+
+637
+00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:25,120
+horizontal plus 40 what
+
+638
+00:44:25,120 --> 00:44:30,280
+is diopteric mean? it is the average power of the
+
+639
+00:44:30,280 --> 00:44:37,630
+meridianاربع واربعين زائد تلاتة واربعين زائد ..
+
+640
+00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:45,630
+عفوا .. زائد اتنين واربعين زائد واحد واربعين ..
+
+641
+00:44:45,630 --> 00:44:53,790
+عفوا .. واحد واربعين زائد اربعين واجسمهم كلهم على
+
+642
+00:44:53,790 --> 00:44:58,170
+خمسة لإن هم خمسة meridian Forty-four and forty
+
+643
+00:44:58,170 --> 00:45:00,530
+-three and forty-two and forty-one and forty-four
+
+644
+00:45:00,530 --> 00:45:04,250
+and forty-five per one, two, three, four, five.
+
+645
+00:45:04,370 --> 00:45:06,250
+Let's go to the calculator and calculate it. Let's
+
+646
+00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:06,550
+see.
+
+647
+00:45:16,170 --> 00:45:21,230
+Let's say here forty-four Forty
+
+648
+00:45:21,230 --> 00:45:32,920
+-four plus forty-threeزائد اتنين واربعين زائد واحد
+
+649
+00:45:32,920 --> 00:45:44,620
+واربعين زائد اربعين يساوي تقسيم كامسة ويساوي،
+
+650
+00:45:44,620 --> 00:45:49,040
+بتطلع عندي المتوسط اتنين واربعين، المتوسط اتنين
+
+651
+00:45:49,040 --> 00:45:53,040
+واربعين طيب، الآن ال regular astigmatism ريحني،
+
+652
+00:45:53,040 --> 00:45:57,640
+جالي لا تجمع ولا تجسم، بس codeThe largest meridian
+
+653
+00:45:57,640 --> 00:45:59,920
+in force and the smallest meridian in force, add
+
+654
+00:45:59,920 --> 00:46:04,400
+them together to get 44 and 40 and 84 Divide them
+
+655
+00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:10,100
+by 2 to get 42 44 which is the strongest meridian,
+
+656
+00:46:10,160 --> 00:46:18,380
+and the weakest meridian is 210 Divide
+
+657
+00:46:18,380 --> 00:46:22,060
+them by 5 to get 42
+
+658
+00:46:24,120 --> 00:46:28,380
+Also if I add 44 which is the strongest meridian
+
+659
+00:46:28,380 --> 00:46:32,840
+plus 40 which is the weakest meridian, it becomes
+
+660
+00:46:32,840 --> 00:46:38,900
+84 If we multiply them by 2, we get the same thing
+
+661
+00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:42,880
+which is 42 diopters So far, this is the Dioptric
+
+662
+00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:45,700
+mean What is its relation to the circle of least
+
+663
+00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:49,320
+confusion? We say as follows, its relation is very
+
+664
+00:46:49,320 --> 00:46:56,280
+simpleلو العدسة .. لو العدسة مش astigmatic lens
+
+665
+00:46:56,280 --> 00:47:01,580
+وإنما spherical lens، لو العدسة هاي مش astigmatic
+
+666
+00:47:01,580 --> 00:47:07,000
+lens وإنما spherical lens قوتها 42 ديوبتر، ساعتها
+
+667
+00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:11,620
+هي هتعطيني صورة أو focus في منطقة ال circle of
+
+668
+00:47:11,620 --> 00:47:16,200
+least confusionThe lens that was made for the
+
+669
+00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:18,080
+Conoid of Sturm, as long as it was made for the
+
+670
+00:47:18,080 --> 00:47:20,100
+Conoid of Sturm, then this is a stigmatic lens
+
+671
+00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:23,420
+Because the spherical lens, the usual lens that we
+
+672
+00:47:23,420 --> 00:47:27,520
+study all the time, is a normal spherical lens So
+
+673
+00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:30,500
+when we say plus five, this is negative, all the
+
+674
+00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:32,420
+meridians, this is five, this is five, this is
+
+675
+00:47:32,420 --> 00:47:33,620
+five, this is five, this is five, this is five,
+
+676
+00:47:33,620 --> 00:47:34,280
+this is five, this is five, this is five, this is
+
+677
+00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:34,360
+five, this is five, this is five, this is five,
+
+678
+00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:35,140
+this is five, this is five, this is five, this is
+
+679
+00:47:35,140 --> 00:47:35,200
+five, this is five, this is five, this is five,
+
+680
+00:47:35,980 --> 00:47:43,100
+this is five, this is five, this is five, this is
+
+681
+00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:52,380
+five,If we ask someone a question, where is
+
+682
+00:47:52,380 --> 00:47:54,740
+the circle of least confusion? Or think of the
+
+683
+00:47:54,740 --> 00:47:57,160
+circle of least confusion as its location in space
+
+684
+00:47:57,160 --> 00:48:00,320
+and say okayThis is the astigmatic lens for
+
+685
+00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:02,940
+example, the strongest meridian for example is 40
+
+686
+00:48:02,940 --> 00:48:07,700
+and the weakest meridian is 38 40 and 38 is 78
+
+687
+00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:11,960
+divided by 2 is 39, we can say that the circle of
+
+688
+00:48:11,960 --> 00:48:16,000
+least confusion will be in the same point or if we
+
+689
+00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:19,060
+imagine that this lens has a force of 39 diopters,
+
+690
+00:48:19,620 --> 00:48:20,300
+where is its focus?
+
+691
+00:48:30,660 --> 00:48:35,500
+At the dioptric mean of the focal lines, there is
+
+692
+00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,520
+a cross-section of the conoid of a stern that is
+
+693
+00:48:38,520 --> 00:48:42,920
+circular. This circular patch of light rays is
+
+694
+00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:46,970
+called the circle of least confusion.It represents
+
+695
+00:48:46,970 --> 00:48:50,530
+the circle of least confusion, the best overall
+
+696
+00:48:50,530 --> 00:48:54,430
+focus of the spherocylindrical lens We want to
+
+697
+00:48:54,430 --> 00:49:02,350
+understand this sentence because
+
+698
+00:49:02,350 --> 00:49:06,350
+it is very important The spherocylindrical lens
+
+699
+00:49:06,350 --> 00:49:09,830
+does not give a stigmatic image The
+
+700
+00:49:09,830 --> 00:49:12,650
+spherocylindrical lens does not give a stigmatic
+
+701
+00:49:12,650 --> 00:49:16,720
+imageBut the best picture given by the spherical
+
+702
+00:49:16,720 --> 00:49:20,560
+and cylindrical lens is in this area, in the
+
+703
+00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:24,880
+circle of least confusion, it is in this area So
+
+704
+00:49:24,880 --> 00:49:28,140
+the spherical and cylindrical lens, of course, the
+
+705
+00:49:28,140 --> 00:49:31,800
+perfect image is that the point source should be
+
+706
+00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:37,640
+pointمش هذه الأشكال المعقدة اللي لو حابيت أطلقها
+
+707
+00:49:37,640 --> 00:49:41,500
+هنا بطلعلي line، لو حابيت أطلقها هنا بطلعلي oval،
+
+708
+00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:44,700
+لو حابيت أطلقها هنا بطلعلي circle، بس بتضل هذه
+
+709
+00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:49,240
+المنطقة هي أفضل focus ممكن تعمليها ال spherical
+
+710
+00:49:49,240 --> 00:49:52,900
+cylindrical lens، ال spherical cylindrical lens،
+
+711
+00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:56,400
+it represents the best ovalIt's the best it can
+
+712
+00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:01,080
+be. But it's not the ideal. It represents the
+
+713
+00:50:01,080 --> 00:50:04,600
+best, not the ideal. The best overall focus of the
+
+714
+00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:08,220
+spherical cylindrical lens. The circle of least
+
+715
+00:50:08,220 --> 00:50:12,360
+confusion occupies the position where all the rays
+
+716
+00:50:12,360 --> 00:50:15,460
+would be brought to a focus if the lens had a
+
+717
+00:50:15,460 --> 00:50:18,460
+spherical power equal to the average spherical
+
+718
+00:50:18,460 --> 00:50:21,880
+power of all meridians of a spherical cylindrical
+
+719
+00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:23,020
+lens. A while ago,
+
+720
+00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,840
+This spherical cylindrical lens or the astigmatic
+
+721
+00:50:30,840 --> 00:50:32,520
+lens, if we combine the forces of all the
+
+722
+00:50:32,520 --> 00:50:37,500
+meridians and divide it into a medium If we remove
+
+723
+00:50:37,500 --> 00:50:40,320
+this lens with the different meridians and put a
+
+724
+00:50:40,320 --> 00:50:43,760
+spherical lens with a force of 42 diopters I will
+
+725
+00:50:43,760 --> 00:50:48,660
+have its focus in this region in this region in
+
+726
+00:50:48,660 --> 00:50:51,820
+this region Therefore,
+
+727
+00:50:52,380 --> 00:50:57,140
+this is the meaning of the wordThe circle of least
+
+728
+00:50:57,140 --> 00:50:57,860
+confusion
+
+729
+00:51:05,490 --> 00:51:09,830
+It was supposed to gather in a point if it was not
+
+730
+00:51:09,830 --> 00:51:14,090
+a stigmatic lens but a spherical lens If it was a
+
+731
+00:51:14,090 --> 00:51:17,090
+spherical lens equivalent to a spherocylindrical
+
+732
+00:51:17,090 --> 00:51:21,610
+lens equivalent to the average spherical power of
+
+733
+00:51:21,610 --> 00:51:24,590
+all meridians of the spherocylindrical lens
+
+734
+00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:38,640
+Its power is equal to the average power of the
+
+735
+00:51:38,640 --> 00:51:41,640
+meridians of the spherocylindrical lens This
+
+736
+00:51:41,640 --> 00:51:44,740
+average spherical power of a spherocylindrical
+
+737
+00:51:44,740 --> 00:51:53,640
+lens is called the spherical equivalent The
+
+738
+00:51:53,640 --> 00:52:00,420
+average spherical power of this lensThis is the
+
+739
+00:52:00,420 --> 00:52:02,580
+lens that I wrote on the Meridian of the Earth.
+
+740
+00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:05,500
+How much is the spherical equivalent of it? I say
+
+741
+00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:08,880
+42. What does spherical equivalent mean? What is
+
+742
+00:52:08,880 --> 00:52:11,740
+the spherical equivalent of it? Spherical
+
+743
+00:52:11,740 --> 00:52:15,080
+equivalent means spherical equivalent. This
+
+744
+00:52:15,080 --> 00:52:18,120
+astigmatic lens or spherical and cylindrical lens
+
+745
+00:52:18,120 --> 00:52:19,800
+does not need it. It needs something equivalent
+
+746
+00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:23,390
+but spherical.فبقول هي ال spherical equivalent
+
+747
+00:52:23,390 --> 00:52:27,710
+بجمع ال meridians كلهم و بجسمهم على عددهم أو بجمع
+
+748
+00:52:27,710 --> 00:52:31,590
+أقوى meridian و أضعف meridian عشان أطلع ال
+
+749
+00:52:31,590 --> 00:52:34,590
+spherical equivalent عشان أطلع ال spherical
+
+750
+00:52:34,590 --> 00:52:40,540
+equivalentهدا الـ spherical equivalent.طيب، الآن
+
+751
+00:52:40,540 --> 00:52:45,140
+في معادلة للـ spherical equivalent، the average،
+
+752
+00:52:45,140 --> 00:52:47,960
+this average spherical power of sphero cylindrical
+
+753
+00:52:47,960 --> 00:52:51,440
+lens is called the spherical equivalent of the
+
+754
+00:52:51,440 --> 00:52:54,930
+lens.It is calculated by the following
+
+755
+00:52:54,930 --> 00:52:58,750
+relationship, the spherical equivalent يساوي
+
+756
+00:52:58,750 --> 00:53:02,950
+الاسفير زائد السلندر على اتنين زائد نص السلندر
+
+757
+00:53:02,950 --> 00:53:07,470
+الاسفير زائد نص السلندر و هذا الكلام ان شاء الله
+
+758
+00:53:07,470 --> 00:53:12,090
+تعالى هنكمله في ملحق المحاضرة و يعطيكم العافية و
+
+759
+00:53:12,090 --> 00:53:14,970
+السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/8Z-oDrNuidI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1772 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:05,390
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,390 --> 00:00:09,390
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا عند موضوع حقيقة غاية في
+
+3
+00:00:09,390 --> 00:00:15,470
+الأهمية وإتقانه لابد منه واللي هو موضوع الـ Lens
+
+4
+00:00:15,470 --> 00:00:20,510
+Combinations يعني كيف أنا أتعامل مع optical system
+
+5
+00:00:20,510 --> 00:00:26,130
+ومع رحلة الضوء من object بس مش رحلة خلال عدسة
+
+6
+00:00:26,130 --> 00:00:38,240
+واحدة وإنماmost optical
+
+7
+00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:43,910
+systems consist of several lensesSo, most of the
+
+8
+00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:47,190
+optical systems are made up of multiple lenses,
+
+9
+00:00:47,490 --> 00:00:50,750
+not one lens We want to make an example, we say
+
+10
+00:00:50,750 --> 00:00:54,330
+consider an optical system consisting of two thin
+
+11
+00:00:54,330 --> 00:00:59,690
+lenses in air We have two lenses, these two thin
+
+12
+00:00:59,690 --> 00:01:03,330
+lenses are in the air The first lens has a force
+
+13
+00:01:03,330 --> 00:01:06,930
+of plus five diopters, the second lens has a force
+
+14
+00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:11,450
+of plus eight dioptersand they are separated by 45
+
+15
+00:01:11,450 --> 00:01:13,770
+cm. The distance between the first lens and the
+
+16
+00:01:13,770 --> 00:01:19,810
+second lens is 45 cm. If we place an object on the
+
+17
+00:01:19,810 --> 00:01:23,150
+left of the first lens, which is plus 5, on its
+
+18
+00:01:23,150 --> 00:01:26,370
+left, I mean, we start from the left in Geometric
+
+19
+00:01:26,370 --> 00:01:29,350
+Optics, as it is known, this object moves away
+
+20
+00:01:29,350 --> 00:01:31,610
+from the first lens, which is its force plus 5,
+
+21
+00:01:31,710 --> 00:01:36,230
+which is one meter away, one meter to the left,
+
+22
+00:01:36,810 --> 00:01:40,550
+that is, in front of the first lens.السؤال المطلوب
+
+23
+00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:44,130
+او المطروح where is the final image and what is
+
+24
+00:01:44,130 --> 00:01:47,470
+the total transphase magnification؟ وين الصورة
+
+25
+00:01:47,470 --> 00:01:52,070
+النهائية هتتكون؟ وما هو ال transphase
+
+26
+00:01:52,070 --> 00:01:56,290
+magnification الكل؟ الكل لان انا عندي عدستين من
+
+27
+00:01:56,290 --> 00:01:59,990
+عدسة واحدةIn my mind now, we need to understand a
+
+28
+00:01:59,990 --> 00:02:03,890
+very important rule When I deal with two lenses,
+
+29
+00:02:04,130 --> 00:02:07,790
+more, more than one lens, more than one lens It is
+
+30
+00:02:07,790 --> 00:02:10,930
+very, very, very important that I deal with each
+
+31
+00:02:10,930 --> 00:02:14,070
+lens one by one If I want to succeed in solving a
+
+32
+00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:15,650
+problem like that, a problem like that is not
+
+33
+00:02:15,650 --> 00:02:19,570
+complicated at all But I want to imagine when I
+
+34
+00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:22,310
+deal with the first lens, which in my example is
+
+35
+00:02:22,310 --> 00:02:26,530
+plus fiveI start to imagine that the object is one
+
+36
+00:02:26,530 --> 00:02:28,610
+meter away from the first lens and I completely
+
+37
+00:02:28,610 --> 00:02:32,350
+forget that there is another lens But I finish, I
+
+38
+00:02:32,350 --> 00:02:36,890
+find the first picture of the first lens, my work
+
+39
+00:02:36,890 --> 00:02:40,470
+with the first lens is done I move to the second
+
+40
+00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:44,470
+lens to deal with it, to deal with it When I move
+
+41
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,430
+to the second lens to deal with it, I forget that
+
+42
+00:02:47,430 --> 00:02:50,510
+there is a first lens So dealing with each lens
+
+43
+00:02:50,510 --> 00:02:55,730
+one by oneهذه القضية مهمة للغاية للغاية للغاية So
+
+44
+00:02:55,730 --> 00:02:59,330
+in paraxial optics, the way to analyze a
+
+45
+00:02:59,330 --> 00:03:03,490
+combination of lenses is to look at each lens
+
+46
+00:03:03,490 --> 00:03:08,250
+individually أنه نتطلع أو نتعامل مع كل عدسة على
+
+47
+00:03:08,250 --> 00:03:13,170
+حده بدون ما .. يعني ندخل شغل العدسات على بعضها
+
+48
+00:03:13,170 --> 00:03:16,050
+البعض ممكن إنسان يسأل طب ليش هذا الكلام؟ ليش أنا
+
+49
+00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:21,430
+مضطر أتعامل مع كل عدسة على حده؟الجواب غير في
+
+50
+00:03:21,430 --> 00:03:25,970
+البساطة، بنقول الان الضوء هيصل للعدسة التانية بعد
+
+51
+00:03:25,970 --> 00:03:29,170
+ما يكون غادر العدسة الأولى، بعد ما يكون غادر
+
+52
+00:03:29,170 --> 00:03:32,490
+العدسة الأولى و خلص شغله معاها، يعني الحالة
+
+53
+00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:36,830
+التشتتية بتاعة الضوء، العدسة الأولى غيرتها و أصبح
+
+54
+00:03:36,830 --> 00:03:41,630
+له حالة تشتتية جديدة، بعد هيك الضوء هيدخل العدسة
+
+55
+00:03:41,630 --> 00:03:46,240
+التانيةSo, the first rule of success in dealing
+
+56
+00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:50,380
+with lens combination or any optical system made
+
+57
+00:03:50,380 --> 00:03:54,420
+up of several lenses is to look at each lens
+
+58
+00:03:54,420 --> 00:04:01,040
+individually Okay, now we need .. this rule has
+
+59
+00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:03,620
+been reached Now there is another thing that I
+
+60
+00:04:03,620 --> 00:04:07,260
+need to understand that each lens in itself is an
+
+61
+00:04:07,260 --> 00:04:11,310
+optical systemAnd all of them in their group are
+
+62
+00:04:11,310 --> 00:04:14,790
+considered as a new optical system Now, as long as
+
+63
+00:04:14,790 --> 00:04:18,230
+each lens is considered as an optical system It
+
+64
+00:04:18,230 --> 00:04:21,150
+means that I should look for the image of the
+
+65
+00:04:21,150 --> 00:04:25,490
+first lens wherever it is in space This image of
+
+66
+00:04:25,490 --> 00:04:27,910
+the first lens is considered as an object of the
+
+67
+00:04:27,910 --> 00:04:32,720
+second lensهذا ال object اللي هو صورة العدسة
+
+68
+00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,360
+الأولى اللي اعتبرناه object للعدسة التانية
+
+69
+00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:39,980
+هيتكونله العدسة التانية صورة هذه الصورة تاعت
+
+70
+00:04:39,980 --> 00:04:44,520
+العدسة التانية ممكن تعتبر object للعدسة التالتة
+
+71
+00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:48,440
+إذا في عندي عدسة تالتة و هكذاSo, the first lens
+
+72
+00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,460
+image is the object of the second lens, the second
+
+73
+00:04:51,460 --> 00:04:54,380
+lens image is the object of the third lens, the
+
+74
+00:04:54,380 --> 00:04:56,960
+third lens image is the object of the fourth lens,
+
+75
+00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:00,960
+and so on So, the previous lens image is the
+
+76
+00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:04,300
+object of the next lens, the previous lens image
+
+77
+00:05:04,300 --> 00:05:09,180
+is the object of the next lens, the object of the
+
+78
+00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:12,500
+next lens So, I have two rules, the first rule is
+
+79
+00:05:12,500 --> 00:05:15,810
+to deal with each lens individuallyand after that
+
+80
+00:05:15,810 --> 00:05:18,770
+I dealt with each lens one by one I started
+
+81
+00:05:18,770 --> 00:05:22,030
+dealing with the first lens it showed me a picture
+
+82
+00:05:22,030 --> 00:05:24,210
+according to its location in space according to
+
+83
+00:05:24,210 --> 00:05:27,370
+the thin lens equation it showed me a specific
+
+84
+00:05:27,370 --> 00:05:30,170
+location in space I drew the picture at the
+
+85
+00:05:30,170 --> 00:05:32,870
+location that showed up according to the thin lens
+
+86
+00:05:32,870 --> 00:05:35,470
+equation calculations this picture that I drew I
+
+87
+00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:37,690
+want to consider it an object for the next lens
+
+88
+00:05:37,690 --> 00:05:42,140
+which is number 2طيب العدسة رقم اتنين حسبنا حسب ال
+
+89
+00:05:42,140 --> 00:05:46,120
+.. ال thin lens equation طلعتلي صورة هذه الصورة
+
+90
+00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,360
+بتاعة العدسة رقم اتنين بتاعتبرها object للعدسة رقم
+
+91
+00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:54,040
+تلاتة و هكذا و هكذا اذا the thin lens equation
+
+92
+00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:58,400
+shows that the first lens produces an image خمسة و
+
+93
+00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:03,420
+عشرين سانتي behind itself with a magnification of
+
+94
+00:06:03,420 --> 00:06:06,750
+minus ربيعIn fact, it is necessary to draw this
+
+95
+00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:20,450
+case, we say as follows We will add a strip We
+
+96
+00:06:20,450 --> 00:06:25,230
+will try to speed up the drawing a bit We say that
+
+97
+00:06:25,230 --> 00:06:26,530
+this is the optical axis
+
+98
+00:06:39,940 --> 00:06:51,700
+This is the first lens which is plus 5 This
+
+99
+00:06:51,700 --> 00:06:53,500
+is the second lens which is plus 8
+
+100
+00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:23,840
+plus 8 diopter the
+
+101
+00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:29,280
+distance between them is 45 cm distance
+
+102
+00:07:29,280 --> 00:07:36,720
+between
+
+103
+00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:40,120
+the first lens and the second lens and I have an
+
+104
+00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:42,580
+object one meter away from the first lens
+
+105
+00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:48,620
+The object is one meter away from the first lens.
+
+106
+00:07:54,460 --> 00:07:57,180
+These objects are clear to me. These objects are
+
+107
+00:07:57,180 --> 00:08:01,700
+clear to me. One meter away from the first lens.
+
+108
+00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,380
+In fact, I prefer using colors in drawing in lens
+
+109
+00:08:11,380 --> 00:08:14,820
+combination for beginners, so that there is no
+
+110
+00:08:14,820 --> 00:08:21,300
+confusion in this matter. Now, to make things
+
+111
+00:08:21,300 --> 00:08:24,060
+easier, I want to separate the first lens and the
+
+112
+00:08:24,060 --> 00:08:27,140
+second lens by an imaginary line. This imaginary
+
+113
+00:08:27,140 --> 00:08:30,920
+line is like saying I have a problem alone. Like I
+
+114
+00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:31,920
+have a problem alone.
+
+115
+00:08:35,830 --> 00:08:38,910
+We want to forget this whole area, as if I have
+
+116
+00:08:38,910 --> 00:08:43,150
+one lens, one lens, in front of it an object, to
+
+117
+00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:45,210
+its left an object, which is considered in front
+
+118
+00:08:45,210 --> 00:08:46,670
+of it, at a distance of one meter, the power of
+
+119
+00:08:46,670 --> 00:08:50,770
+the lens plus five diopters, this distance we want
+
+120
+00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:52,390
+to consider that it is not forty-five centimeters,
+
+121
+00:08:52,450 --> 00:08:55,750
+it is extended to infinity. Now, what is required
+
+122
+00:08:55,750 --> 00:08:59,590
+is that wherever the image of the first lens
+
+123
+00:08:59,590 --> 00:09:01,710
+falls, we will say as follows
+
+124
+00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:14,780
+We want to deal with the lens as if I have two
+
+125
+00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:24,120
+lenses and we say as follows We say
+
+126
+00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:29,380
+u is equal to negative n over o
+
+127
+00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:34,850
+Why negative? Because the rays are divergent and
+
+128
+00:09:34,850 --> 00:09:37,550
+it is equal to negative one. Of course, everything
+
+129
+00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:42,410
+in the air, the refractive index is one. Negative
+
+130
+00:09:42,410 --> 00:09:49,030
+one over one meter is equal to negative one over
+
+131
+00:09:49,030 --> 00:09:51,570
+plus one, which is considered negative one. And
+
+132
+00:09:51,570 --> 00:09:53,410
+the meter in the station, when it goes up, it
+
+133
+00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:55,870
+becomes one minus negative one, which is equal to
+
+134
+00:09:55,870 --> 00:09:56,670
+negative one.
+
+135
+00:10:00,330 --> 00:10:05,770
+I want to come and write that here on the front
+
+136
+00:10:05,770 --> 00:10:12,390
+surface of U there is minus 1 and this is U It
+
+137
+00:10:12,390 --> 00:10:15,250
+is as if the light reaches the front surface of
+
+138
+00:10:15,250 --> 00:10:17,990
+the lens and it fluctuatesMinus one, this is
+
+139
+00:10:17,990 --> 00:10:21,070
+better Now, the power of the lens is plus five It
+
+140
+00:10:21,070 --> 00:10:23,710
+will be released to the front surface And it will
+
+141
+00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:26,830
+take the front surface the power of plus one from
+
+142
+00:10:26,830 --> 00:10:30,110
+the plus five And it will remain four This one is
+
+143
+00:10:30,110 --> 00:10:34,250
+to zero the minus one To reach the V how much it
+
+144
+00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:45,010
+equals We say U plus P equals V Equals
+
+145
+00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:53,620
+VU which is minus one diopter plus P which is five
+
+146
+00:10:53,620 --> 00:10:58,760
+diopters equals
+
+147
+00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:07,220
+V so V equals minus one diopter plus five diopters
+
+148
+00:11:07,220 --> 00:11:14,480
+so I have plus four diopters plus four diopters
+
+149
+00:11:17,530 --> 00:11:25,990
+V تساوي أنشرطة على I،
+
+150
+00:11:25,990 --> 00:11:32,770
+إذن I
+
+151
+00:11:32,770 --> 00:11:36,470
+تساوي أنشرطة على V
+
+152
+00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:44,520
+this is equal to, let's say I'm in the same line,
+
+153
+00:11:44,660 --> 00:11:49,080
+is equal to one on V, plus four came out with me
+
+154
+00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:53,640
+quickly I go and put the V here on the back
+
+155
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:59,240
+surface of the lens and say plus four, this is
+
+156
+00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:02,160
+startedWhy do I put it on the back of the screen?
+
+157
+00:12:02,300 --> 00:12:04,840
+Because I say that the lens changed the
+
+158
+00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:08,880
+fluctuation state of the light and after it
+
+159
+00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:10,600
+finished dealing with the light, the light came
+
+160
+00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:13,440
+out with a collection or with the power of the
+
+161
+00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:16,720
+collection plus four, this means that the rays are
+
+162
+00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:21,700
+convergent, so it is going to form an image. Now a
+
+163
+00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:24,520
+person can say, okayI mean, why do I intentionally
+
+164
+00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,600
+draw or put the U on the front and the V on the
+
+165
+00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:32,020
+back? So that when I reach the transference
+
+166
+00:12:32,020 --> 00:12:34,820
+magnification, which is equal to U over V, I don't
+
+167
+00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:38,740
+get involved in many of these numbers, and it can
+
+168
+00:12:38,740 --> 00:12:45,070
+happen that ..Mixing between numbers, so the U
+
+169
+00:12:45,070 --> 00:12:47,410
+will be placed on the front surface and the V will
+
+170
+00:12:47,410 --> 00:12:50,430
+be placed on the back surface So I is equal to
+
+171
+00:12:50,430 --> 00:12:54,810
+unconditional on V, which is 1 on V which is plus
+
+172
+00:12:54,810 --> 00:13:01,270
+4 diopter and
+
+173
+00:13:01,270 --> 00:13:08,250
+it is equal to 1 on 4 plus 1 or 1 on plus 4 plus
+
+174
+00:13:08,250 --> 00:13:08,630
+quarter
+
+175
+00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:16,260
+والديوبتر اللي هو متر أصناقس واحد لما بيسير في ال
+
+176
+00:13:16,260 --> 00:13:22,560
+bus أو بيطلع من المقام بيسير متر أصناقس واحد و لما
+
+177
+00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:26,740
+بيطلع بيسير متر بيسير متر الديوبتر هو عبارة عن متر
+
+178
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:30,000
+أصناقس واحد موجود في المقام لما بطلع و بيسير متر
+
+179
+00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:34,620
+إذا الصورة بتاعة العدسة الأولىOn a distance of a
+
+180
+00:13:34,620 --> 00:13:38,360
+meter, excuse me, on a distance of a quarter of a
+
+181
+00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:41,000
+meter from the lens on its right, because the
+
+182
+00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,880
+distance to the plus is the distance to the right
+
+183
+00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:47,080
+of the lens. Any lens in them, we remember
+
+184
+00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,540
+completely, we are now working with the first
+
+185
+00:13:49,540 --> 00:13:51,500
+lens, we did not completely put the thick white
+
+186
+00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,840
+line here to forget this lens, to forget this
+
+187
+00:13:55,840 --> 00:14:01,530
+lens. NowWe need to consider, or derive a meaning
+
+188
+00:14:01,530 --> 00:14:04,850
+according to the thin lens equation, that the
+
+189
+00:14:04,850 --> 00:14:07,910
+first lens gives me a picture on its right, on its
+
+190
+00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:10,530
+right, at a distance of a quarter of a meter, a
+
+191
+00:14:10,530 --> 00:14:13,030
+quarter of a meter is twenty-five centimeters The
+
+192
+00:14:13,030 --> 00:14:15,490
+distance between the two lenses is forty-five
+
+193
+00:14:15,490 --> 00:14:24,350
+centimeters, so I will have the picture at
+
+194
+00:14:24,350 --> 00:14:28,640
+a distance of twenty-five centimetersfrom the lens
+
+195
+00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:52,800
+this
+
+196
+00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:55,360
+is the first picture that I made
+
+197
+00:15:00,380 --> 00:15:04,980
+the lens this is the first image that was created
+
+198
+00:15:04,980 --> 00:15:07,620
+by the lens did we finish our work with the first
+
+199
+00:15:07,620 --> 00:15:10,660
+lens? of course we didn't finish our work with the
+
+200
+00:15:10,660 --> 00:15:13,140
+first lens we want to calculate for transfers
+
+201
+00:15:13,140 --> 00:15:15,880
+magnification for transfers magnification but
+
+202
+00:15:15,880 --> 00:15:20,660
+first we want to put the distance hypelon this is
+
+203
+00:15:20,660 --> 00:15:25,700
+the distance of the image we
+
+204
+00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:27,280
+say as follows for transfers
+
+205
+00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:46,020
+Magnification is equal to U over V is
+
+206
+00:15:46,020 --> 00:15:56,360
+equal to U minus one diopter over V plus four
+
+207
+00:15:56,360 --> 00:16:02,990
+diopters plus four diopters is equal toPlus over
+
+208
+00:16:02,990 --> 00:16:06,230
+minus, of course X, the X sign is necessary Minus
+
+209
+00:16:06,230 --> 00:16:10,510
+over plus, it becomes minus One over four, which
+
+210
+00:16:10,510 --> 00:16:15,510
+is a quarter Minus a quarter X minus a quarter,
+
+211
+00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:17,530
+and the diopter goes with the diopter, so the
+
+212
+00:16:17,530 --> 00:16:22,050
+picture is upside down
+
+213
+00:16:22,050 --> 00:16:26,990
+The
+
+214
+00:16:26,990 --> 00:16:31,490
+picture is upside downوربع ال object فى الارتفاع
+
+215
+00:16:31,490 --> 00:16:32,170
+وربع ال object فى الارتفاع and a quarter of the
+
+216
+00:16:32,170 --> 00:16:34,130
+object in height يعنى لو فرضنا ال object ارتفاعه
+
+217
+00:16:34,130 --> 00:16:35,910
+عشرة صنطة if we suppose the object is 10 cm high
+
+218
+00:16:35,910 --> 00:16:42,670
+if we suppose the object is 10 cm high it will be
+
+219
+00:16:42,670 --> 00:16:47,790
+2.5 cm high 2.5 cm because it is a quarter of the
+
+220
+00:16:47,790 --> 00:16:49,530
+object in height because it is a quarter of the
+
+221
+00:16:49,530 --> 00:16:50,430
+object in height
+
+222
+00:16:58,050 --> 00:17:05,910
+2.5 cm which is
+
+223
+00:17:05,910 --> 00:17:11,850
+the height of the image Now, to finish this topic,
+
+224
+00:17:11,930 --> 00:17:14,230
+we say that the distance from the lens to the
+
+225
+00:17:14,230 --> 00:17:18,010
+image is 25 cm
+
+226
+00:17:33,030 --> 00:17:35,690
+Here, the height of the object and the image is
+
+227
+00:17:35,690 --> 00:17:42,750
+different from
+
+228
+00:17:42,750 --> 00:17:45,130
+the distance. This is the height. The one with the
+
+229
+00:17:45,130 --> 00:17:48,170
+yellow color is the height. Now, my work is
+
+230
+00:17:48,170 --> 00:17:52,350
+completely done with the first lens. I brought a
+
+231
+00:17:52,350 --> 00:17:54,510
+picture at a distance of how much? And I brought
+
+232
+00:17:54,510 --> 00:17:56,450
+the magnification, the magnification of the first
+
+233
+00:17:56,450 --> 00:18:00,650
+image for the object. Now, I want to remove this
+
+234
+00:18:00,650 --> 00:18:07,690
+line from this side.the work is done this is a
+
+235
+00:18:07,690 --> 00:18:10,430
+lens, where is the object? we said that the first
+
+236
+00:18:10,430 --> 00:18:14,770
+image of the lens is this object for the second
+
+237
+00:18:14,770 --> 00:18:18,930
+lens object for the second lens, so this object
+
+238
+00:18:18,930 --> 00:18:21,810
+needs to calculate its distance in the first one
+
+239
+00:18:22,440 --> 00:18:24,300
+How do I know the distance of the object? We say
+
+240
+00:18:24,300 --> 00:18:27,140
+that the distance between the two lenses is 45 cm
+
+241
+00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:31,120
+and the image is 25 cm away from the first lens,
+
+242
+00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:35,520
+so it remains from the 45, 45 minus, we took 25
+
+243
+00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:41,900
+from them, I still have 20 cm, so this
+
+244
+00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:44,660
+distance is 25 cm
+
+245
+00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:56,960
+Where is the object? Where is the object of the
+
+246
+00:18:56,960 --> 00:19:01,940
+second lens? The object of the second lens is the
+
+247
+00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:03,800
+image of the first lens, which is this one that
+
+248
+00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:06,640
+I'm pointing at The first lens constitutes an
+
+249
+00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:08,340
+image. This image is considered to be the object
+
+250
+00:19:08,340 --> 00:19:10,820
+of the second lens The object of the second lens
+
+251
+00:19:10,820 --> 00:19:16,720
+is 20 cm away from the second lens. Where did you
+
+252
+00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:20,300
+get 20 cm? Where did you know 20 cm? We said in
+
+253
+00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:22,820
+the example given that the total distance between
+
+254
+00:19:22,820 --> 00:19:27,200
+the two lenses is 45 cmBut the first lens formed a
+
+255
+00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:29,280
+picture on its right at a distance of twenty-five
+
+256
+00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:32,820
+centimeters This picture is twenty-five
+
+257
+00:19:32,820 --> 00:19:36,480
+centimeters away from the first lens and twenty
+
+258
+00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:38,820
+centimeters away from the second lens which is
+
+259
+00:19:38,820 --> 00:19:40,900
+forty-five centimeters The total distance between
+
+260
+00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:43,440
+the two lenses is minus twenty-five centimeters
+
+261
+00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:47,240
+The distance of the first image from the first
+
+262
+00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,150
+lens remains twenty centimeters this distanceThis
+
+263
+00:19:50,150 --> 00:19:53,330
+first picture, picture number one, which is of the
+
+264
+00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:56,790
+first lens, is considered a body .. is considered
+
+265
+00:19:56,790 --> 00:20:00,410
+a body of the second lens Okay, now we want to
+
+266
+00:20:00,410 --> 00:20:05,350
+start the solution ..
+
+267
+00:20:05,350 --> 00:20:09,890
+in
+
+268
+00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:13,490
+the same way that we did the solution with the
+
+269
+00:20:13,490 --> 00:20:14,730
+lens ..
+
+270
+00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:29,740
+بنقول U تساوي ناقص N على O و
+
+271
+00:20:29,740 --> 00:20:30,380
+يساوي
+
+272
+00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:37,280
+minus 1 over O which is the distance of the object
+
+273
+00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:40,520
+any object that we finish with this from the white
+
+274
+00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,640
+line and left we forget it completely we deal with
+
+275
+00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:48,780
+each lens one by one minus N over O which is the
+
+276
+00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:51,220
+object of the second lens which is this picture
+
+277
+00:20:51,220 --> 00:20:53,060
+this picture now I want to consider it as an
+
+278
+00:20:53,060 --> 00:20:56,640
+object minus 1 over 20 centimeters which is 2 out
+
+279
+00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:04,260
+of 10 meters and equalsMinus one out of two from
+
+280
+00:21:04,260 --> 00:21:08,740
+ten to five, that's better Meter in the station,
+
+281
+00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:11,040
+when it goes up, it becomes meter minus one,
+
+282
+00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:16,860
+that's better Quickly, I go and put on the front
+
+283
+00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:20,480
+surface of the lens, the U, which is the latitude
+
+284
+00:21:20,480 --> 00:21:23,860
+that the light reaches Minus five, that's better
+
+285
+00:21:23,860 --> 00:21:27,580
+On the front surface of the lens
+
+286
+00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:34,760
+We continue, we say that the intensity of the lens
+
+287
+00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:41,640
+is 8, we calculate the V, it will go from 8 to 5
+
+288
+00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,480
+to cancel the oscillation, and it will stay with
+
+289
+00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:49,180
+it after losing 5 to 2, it will stay with it 3.
+
+290
+00:21:49,340 --> 00:21:58,860
+Look at this case, we say U plus P equals V equals
+
+291
+00:21:58,860 --> 00:22:02,100
+V. Okay, okay, now
+
+292
+00:22:04,790 --> 00:22:13,810
+u minus 5 diopters plus 8 diopters equals
+
+293
+00:22:13,810 --> 00:22:14,570
+v,
+
+294
+00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:24,410
+so v equals plus 3 diopters
+
+295
+00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:30,820
+Quickly, I'll go again and write on the back of
+
+296
+00:22:30,820 --> 00:22:33,560
+the screen that the divergent case of the light
+
+297
+00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,620
+after leaving is plus three diopters because the
+
+298
+00:22:37,620 --> 00:22:40,660
+light's divergent case reached a divergent
+
+299
+00:22:40,660 --> 00:22:44,360
+divergent of five diopters and turned out to be a
+
+300
+00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:47,540
+convergent of three diopters. That is, it is as if
+
+301
+00:22:47,540 --> 00:22:49,900
+the lens, which has a force of plus eight, turned
+
+302
+00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:53,340
+from minus five divergent to plus three
+
+303
+00:22:53,340 --> 00:22:56,100
+convergent. To plus three convergent. So
+
+304
+00:22:58,990 --> 00:23:00,910
+I see where this picture is going to form, the
+
+305
+00:23:00,910 --> 00:23:02,810
+final picture, which is the picture of the second
+
+306
+00:23:02,810 --> 00:23:05,650
+lens, which is V is equal to the condition on I
+
+307
+00:23:05,650 --> 00:23:10,750
+then
+
+308
+00:23:10,750 --> 00:23:15,950
+I
+
+309
+00:23:15,950 --> 00:23:18,770
+is equal to the condition on V, I change the place
+
+310
+00:23:18,770 --> 00:23:24,530
+of each other and it is equal to the condition one
+
+311
+00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:28,050
+on the V we got plus three, this is positive
+
+312
+00:23:34,330 --> 00:23:42,410
+وهي ساوى واحد ع plus تلاتة plus تلت متر plus تلت
+
+313
+00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:48,010
+او تلاتة و تلاتين صنطة تقريبا تلت متر plus تلاتة و
+
+314
+00:23:48,010 --> 00:23:49,490
+تلاتين من مية متر
+
+315
+00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:54,640
+The meter from where you got the diopter is meter
+
+316
+00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:57,320
+plus minus one. It is present in the position when
+
+317
+00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,940
+it goes up, it becomes a meter. It becomes a
+
+318
+00:23:59,940 --> 00:24:03,800
+meter. So plus 33 out of 100 meters.
+
+319
+00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:12,320
+Plus 33, yes, 33 out of 100 meters. This picture
+
+320
+00:24:13,430 --> 00:24:15,110
+What does plus mean? It means the length of the
+
+321
+00:24:15,110 --> 00:24:19,790
+lens, which is 33
+
+322
+00:24:19,790 --> 00:24:24,570
+cm. Of course, the distances of the image, the
+
+323
+00:24:24,570 --> 00:24:26,550
+first picture and the second picture, I write them
+
+324
+00:24:26,550 --> 00:24:30,630
+in red so that I don't get confused. So, the
+
+325
+00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:36,650
+second picture should be 33 cm away from the ...
+
+326
+00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,980
+from the lens that made it up from the lens that
+
+327
+00:24:42,980 --> 00:24:45,240
+made it up okay we say the transference
+
+328
+00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:54,840
+magnification the
+
+329
+00:24:54,840 --> 00:25:00,080
+transference magnification is equal to u over v
+
+330
+00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,400
+and
+
+331
+00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:05,520
+it is equal to I take out the drawing directly the
+
+332
+00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:06,880
+u minus five this is greater than
+
+333
+00:25:11,140 --> 00:25:11,860
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+334
+00:25:11,860 --> 00:25:18,460
+magnification y minus
+
+335
+00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:21,540
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+336
+00:25:21,540 --> 00:25:25,860
+magnification x minus transference magnification y
+
+337
+00:25:25,860 --> 00:25:28,500
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+338
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:29,820
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+339
+00:25:29,820 --> 00:25:30,260
+magnification x minus transference magnification y
+
+340
+00:25:30,260 --> 00:25:31,060
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+341
+00:25:31,060 --> 00:25:31,520
+transference magnification y minus transference
+
+342
+00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:32,440
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+343
+00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:32,940
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+344
+00:25:32,940 --> 00:25:33,420
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+345
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:35,840
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+346
+00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:36,200
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+347
+00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:36,500
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+348
+00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:36,520
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+349
+00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:36,560
+minus transference magnification x minus
+
+350
+00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:36,780
+transference magnification x minus transference
+
+351
+00:25:36,780 --> 00:25:36,940
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+352
+00:25:36,940 --> 00:25:39,300
+magnification x minus transference magnification x
+
+353
+00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:45,060
+minus transferenceminus 61% diopter What does it
+
+354
+00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,920
+mean that the image is upside down? The image is
+
+355
+00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:49,340
+upside down Can a person say that it is upside
+
+356
+00:25:49,340 --> 00:25:52,920
+down? That's it, it is below the optical axis
+
+357
+00:25:52,920 --> 00:25:56,120
+Here, here we say to those who say that the image
+
+358
+00:25:56,120 --> 00:25:58,440
+is below the optical axis You started to mix
+
+359
+00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,970
+between the two lenses This lensمالناش فيها. هذا
+
+360
+00:26:02,970 --> 00:26:06,410
+الجزء من المسألة خلص وانتهى زمانه. الان احنا
+
+361
+00:26:06,410 --> 00:26:10,070
+بنتعامل مع هذا الجزء من المسألة الصورة مجلوبة،
+
+362
+00:26:10,070 --> 00:26:13,750
+ممتاز جدا، متفقين ان الصورة مجلوبة، بالنسبة لمين؟
+
+363
+00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:17,270
+بالنسبة لل object بتاعها، طب وين ال object بتاعها؟
+
+364
+00:26:17,270 --> 00:26:20,850
+ال object بتاعها تحت ال optical axisunder the
+
+365
+00:26:20,850 --> 00:26:23,610
+optical axis as long as it's under the optical
+
+366
+00:26:23,610 --> 00:26:26,330
+axis and it's upside down for it, then it's upside
+
+367
+00:26:26,330 --> 00:26:29,090
+down, upside down, straight up upside down, upside
+
+368
+00:26:29,090 --> 00:26:35,070
+down, straight up, so it's 33 cm away from the
+
+369
+00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:38,610
+other lens to the right of the other lens, so it
+
+370
+00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:43,710
+will be above the optical axis with a distance of
+
+371
+00:26:43,710 --> 00:26:50,080
+33 cm, 33 cmand one and two-thirds bigger than its
+
+372
+00:26:50,080 --> 00:26:58,520
+object one and two-thirds bigger than its object
+
+373
+00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:03,620
+So, it is inverted with respect to its object with
+
+374
+00:27:03,620 --> 00:27:07,880
+respect to its object So, now we want to say as
+
+375
+00:27:07,880 --> 00:27:12,210
+followsNow, the second part of the question is not
+
+376
+00:27:12,210 --> 00:27:14,510
+finished yet The last part of the question, of
+
+377
+00:27:14,510 --> 00:27:16,350
+course, we put here that the distance is thirty
+
+378
+00:27:16,350 --> 00:27:21,390
+-three centimeters, a third of a meter The
+
+379
+00:27:21,390 --> 00:27:24,830
+distance is thirty-three centimeters, which is a
+
+380
+00:27:24,830 --> 00:27:26,890
+third of a meter The distance between the second
+
+381
+00:27:26,890 --> 00:27:31,330
+image, which is the final image, and the lens that
+
+382
+00:27:31,330 --> 00:27:34,610
+formed it This is the final image Now we calculate
+
+383
+00:27:34,610 --> 00:27:37,130
+the total transfers magnification
+
+384
+00:27:52,870 --> 00:27:59,790
+Total Transfers Magnification
+
+385
+00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:05,370
+Total Transfers Magnification Total Transfers
+
+386
+00:28:05,370 --> 00:28:10,550
+Magnification Total Transfers Magnification Total
+
+387
+00:28:10,550 --> 00:28:15,410
+Transfers
+
+388
+00:28:15,410 --> 00:28:19,510
+Magnification Total Transfers Magnification
+
+389
+00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:30,400
+multiply by minus
+
+390
+00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:35,480
+one point sixty six percent which is equal to
+
+391
+00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:51,340
+let's go to the computer let's
+
+392
+00:28:51,340 --> 00:29:01,420
+say quarter multiply byone point sixty-six one
+
+393
+00:29:01,420 --> 00:29:03,580
+point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+394
+00:29:03,580 --> 00:29:04,480
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+395
+00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:04,520
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+396
+00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:04,540
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+397
+00:29:04,540 --> 00:29:04,640
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+398
+00:29:04,640 --> 00:29:05,200
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+399
+00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:05,740
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+400
+00:29:05,740 --> 00:29:07,240
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+401
+00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:08,000
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+402
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,340
+sixty-six one point sixty-six one point sixty-six
+
+403
+00:29:10,340 --> 00:29:13,160
+one point sixty-six one point sixty-six one point
+
+404
+00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:21,410
+sixty-six one point sixty-and approximately 4
+
+405
+00:29:21,410 --> 00:29:27,450
+out of 10 x 4 out of 10 x plus 4 out of 10 now
+
+406
+00:29:27,450 --> 00:29:42,690
+this I want to make it bigger and
+
+407
+00:29:42,690 --> 00:29:45,470
+color it with another color completely different
+
+408
+00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:58,500
+What does X mean? Or the total transfer
+
+409
+00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:03,020
+magnification X plus four out of ten We say as
+
+410
+00:30:03,020 --> 00:30:06,920
+follows Total transfer magnification means how
+
+411
+00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:11,000
+much the final image is magnified compared to the
+
+412
+00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,080
+original first object TM1 is the magnification of
+
+413
+00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:20,360
+the first image compared to its object TM2 is the
+
+414
+00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:22,020
+magnification of the second image compared to its
+
+415
+00:30:22,020 --> 00:30:27,460
+objectTM Total Transverse Magnification Total يعني
+
+416
+00:30:27,460 --> 00:30:32,020
+قداش تكبير تكبير الصورة النهائية بالنسبة للجسم
+
+417
+00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:36,080
+الأول تقريبا بتطلع أربعة من عشرة منه قولنا ارتفاعه
+
+418
+00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:39,800
+عشرة سانتي طبعا plus يعني الصورة معتادلة الصورة
+
+419
+00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:42,900
+النهائية في ال total magnification الصورة النهائية
+
+420
+00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:46,620
+معتادلة بالنسبة لل object الأصلي هو فوق ال optical
+
+421
+00:30:46,620 --> 00:30:50,300
+axis و هي فوق ال optical axis ارتفاعها تقريبا
+
+422
+00:30:50,300 --> 00:30:54,020
+أربعة من عشرة من ارتفاع ال object الأصليواحنا قلنا
+
+423
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:56,960
+ال object الاصلي فرضناه عشرة سانتي فهي هتكون
+
+424
+00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,320
+ارتفاعها أربع سانتي تقريبا، أربع سانتي تقريبا
+
+425
+00:31:16,260 --> 00:31:19,420
+This is how the whole problem ended with us
+
+426
+00:31:19,420 --> 00:31:23,040
+dealing with each lens one by one and now I
+
+427
+00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,540
+separate the line or delete the line that exists
+
+428
+00:31:26,540 --> 00:31:32,520
+between the two lenses. This is dealing with the
+
+429
+00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:36,270
+lens combination.notice that some people say the
+
+430
+00:31:36,270 --> 00:31:38,270
+total magnification or the first transference
+
+431
+00:31:38,270 --> 00:31:40,790
+magnification and the second transference
+
+432
+00:31:40,790 --> 00:31:43,370
+magnification should be combined, of course this
+
+433
+00:31:43,370 --> 00:31:47,610
+is a very big mistake, why? because we exaggerated
+
+434
+00:31:47,610 --> 00:31:50,590
+somethingor we make it smaller and it has a
+
+435
+00:31:50,590 --> 00:31:53,170
+certain size, from this certain size, we enlarge
+
+436
+00:31:53,170 --> 00:32:01,190
+it again, enlarge it again, so it will be almost
+
+437
+00:32:01,190 --> 00:32:06,830
+necessary to hit it, not to put togetherThe total
+
+438
+00:32:06,830 --> 00:32:11,150
+transphase magnification is equal to Tm1
+
+439
+00:32:11,150 --> 00:32:13,850
+multiplied by Tm2 multiplied by Tm3 This is the
+
+440
+00:32:13,850 --> 00:32:17,150
+end of the lecture. God bless you all. And we
+
+441
+00:32:17,150 --> 00:32:21,770
+remind you that there will be several training
+
+442
+00:32:21,770 --> 00:32:23,790
+sessions on this topic in our training sessions.
+
+443
+00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:27,090
+God bless you all and peace be upon you all.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Ep-c1SfnZDY.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2134 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,690 --> 00:00:04,610
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,610 --> 00:00:10,570
+Geometric Optics، واتوقفنا عند الطرق اللي بقدر
+
+3
+00:00:10,570 --> 00:00:14,510
+أعبّر فيها عن الـ Spherical and Cylindrical Lens،
+
+4
+00:00:14,510 --> 00:00:19,290
+أو ال Powers، تاعة ال Meridians، تاعة ال Spherical
+
+5
+00:00:19,290 --> 00:00:22,470
+and Cylindrical Lens، إذن the Powers،in the
+
+6
+00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:25,570
+principal meridians and cylindrical axes of sphero
+
+7
+00:00:25,570 --> 00:00:28,990
+cylindrical lenses may be specified in several
+
+8
+00:00:28,990 --> 00:00:35,410
+ways يعني ممكن أعبر عنهم أو أكتبهم بطرق متعددة أول
+
+9
+00:00:35,410 --> 00:00:38,430
+طريقة بيسموها ال power cross the common graphical
+
+10
+00:00:38,430 --> 00:00:42,950
+method is called power cross يعني بعدي برسم power
+
+11
+00:00:42,950 --> 00:00:52,120
+cross هيرسمنا power crosswe can draw it like this
+
+12
+00:00:52,120 --> 00:01:08,540
+for example meridian of 90 and meridian of 180 and
+
+13
+00:01:08,540 --> 00:01:13,060
+write here for example plus 3 and plus 1 plus 3
+
+14
+00:01:13,060 --> 00:01:17,700
+and plus 1 of course plus 3 is more
+
+15
+00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:34,840
+and here plus one, this is better so
+
+16
+00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,600
+this
+
+17
+00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:43,030
+is called power crossThe word power across means
+
+18
+00:01:43,030 --> 00:01:46,830
+that it defines the power of each meridian. What
+
+19
+00:01:46,830 --> 00:01:49,210
+does it mean plus three diopter of the vertical
+
+20
+00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:51,770
+meridian or meridian ninety? It means that this
+
+21
+00:01:51,770 --> 00:01:54,550
+meridian ninety, when rays enter from it, from
+
+22
+00:01:54,550 --> 00:01:57,570
+this meridian, it is as if it entered from a plus
+
+23
+00:01:57,570 --> 00:02:00,190
+three diopter lens. It is as if it entered from a
+
+24
+00:02:00,190 --> 00:02:01,950
+sphere lens, but this is specific to this
+
+25
+00:02:01,950 --> 00:02:05,930
+meridian. The rays that enter from the horizontal
+
+26
+00:02:05,930 --> 00:02:09,430
+meridian are as if they entered from a plus one
+
+27
+00:02:09,430 --> 00:02:12,430
+lens.Of course, the meridians between them, their
+
+28
+00:02:12,430 --> 00:02:15,070
+forces are gradually rising in this direction,
+
+29
+00:02:15,250 --> 00:02:18,750
+here plus one and a half, plus two, plus three,
+
+30
+00:02:18,870 --> 00:02:22,170
+plus two and a half, plus three, or decreasing in
+
+31
+00:02:22,170 --> 00:02:25,570
+this direction, that is, each meridian acts as a
+
+32
+00:02:25,570 --> 00:02:26,690
+sphere by itself
+
+33
+00:02:49,090 --> 00:02:52,310
+across is a drone oriented in the principal
+
+34
+00:02:52,310 --> 00:02:52,970
+meridians
+
+35
+00:02:56,620 --> 00:03:00,780
+the first line in the cross is parallel to the
+
+36
+00:03:00,780 --> 00:03:06,240
+first line in the cross and the second line is
+
+37
+00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:06,420
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+38
+00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:09,480
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+39
+00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,880
+in the cross and
+
+40
+00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:13,200
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+41
+00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:15,180
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+42
+00:03:15,180 --> 00:03:16,020
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+43
+00:03:16,020 --> 00:03:16,500
+is perpendicular to the first line in the cross
+
+44
+00:03:16,500 --> 00:03:17,800
+and the second line is perpendicular to the first
+
+45
+00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:19,280
+line in the cross and the second line is
+
+46
+00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:21,760
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+47
+00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:22,200
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+48
+00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:23,060
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+49
+00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,560
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+50
+00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:25,580
+line in the cross and the second line is
+
+51
+00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:25,600
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+52
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:33,670
+line in the cross andso meridian at 120 degrees
+
+53
+00:03:33,670 --> 00:03:37,530
+and meridian at 30 degrees depending on which
+
+54
+00:03:37,530 --> 00:03:40,290
+meridian is stronger or weaker but it is very
+
+55
+00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:43,410
+important that the angle between the stronger and
+
+56
+00:03:43,410 --> 00:03:45,830
+weaker meridian is 90 degrees
+
+57
+00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:57,500
+A cross is a drone oriented in the principal
+
+58
+00:03:57,500 --> 00:04:01,340
+meridians and
+
+59
+00:04:01,340 --> 00:04:06,260
+each arm of the cross is labeled with the power
+
+60
+00:04:06,260 --> 00:04:07,860
+acting in that meridian.
+
+61
+00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:24,690
+plus one, we write plus one, minus four, we write
+
+62
+00:04:24,690 --> 00:04:27,270
+minus four, as much as the power of this meridian,
+
+63
+00:04:27,310 --> 00:04:30,650
+the meridian can work as a plus lens, or the
+
+64
+00:04:30,650 --> 00:04:34,090
+meridian can work as a minus lens, as a minus
+
+65
+00:04:34,090 --> 00:04:40,700
+lens, so the first way of expressionIt's the way
+
+66
+00:04:40,700 --> 00:04:44,560
+of power across This describes the spherical and
+
+67
+00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:48,660
+cylindrical down The second way is called the
+
+68
+00:04:48,660 --> 00:04:53,640
+combined cylindrical form The
+
+69
+00:04:53,640 --> 00:05:00,160
+same power cross If I find this meridian strength
+
+70
+00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:03,860
+plus one and this meridian strength plus threeI
+
+71
+00:05:03,860 --> 00:05:07,480
+want to come to the spherical-cylindrical lens and
+
+72
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:11,820
+compensate for it with two cylinders. So that the
+
+73
+00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:16,380
+force at the vertical meridian is Q2 plus 3 and
+
+74
+00:05:16,380 --> 00:05:19,940
+the horizontal meridian is Q2 plus 1. Look at this
+
+75
+00:05:19,940 --> 00:05:26,900
+view. This is the planocylindrical lens.
+
+76
+00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:29,040
+Planocylindrical lens
+
+77
+00:05:41,850 --> 00:05:44,810
+Planoconvex lens which is cylindrical lens plus
+
+78
+00:05:44,810 --> 00:05:47,790
+cylindrical lens which is painted in white The
+
+79
+00:05:47,790 --> 00:05:51,350
+axis is horizontal, so its force is vertical This
+
+80
+00:05:51,350 --> 00:05:54,610
+force must be plus three diopters to give me a
+
+81
+00:05:54,610 --> 00:05:58,890
+vertical effect plus three diopters So I say here
+
+82
+00:05:58,890 --> 00:06:02,010
+Spherocylindrical
+
+83
+00:06:02,010 --> 00:06:05,910
+lens which we saw in this exampleand the vertical
+
+84
+00:06:05,910 --> 00:06:08,910
+meridian is plus 3 and the horizontal meridian is
+
+85
+00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:12,050
+plus 1 I can express them in the combined
+
+86
+00:06:12,050 --> 00:06:16,410
+cylindrical form meaning two cylinders together I
+
+87
+00:06:16,410 --> 00:06:21,650
+put in front of the patient's eye a cylindrical
+
+88
+00:06:21,650 --> 00:06:24,990
+lens of course plano cylindrical meaning that the
+
+89
+00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:31,260
+sphere has zero on plus threewhere is the axis?
+
+90
+00:06:31,780 --> 00:06:34,360
+this is the axis of the cylinder 180 degrees to
+
+91
+00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:40,480
+affect 90 degrees and also it has plan and convex
+
+92
+00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:47,780
+lens with power plus one plus one diopter cylinder
+
+93
+00:06:47,780 --> 00:06:51,820
+in
+
+94
+00:06:51,820 --> 00:06:58,770
+axis 90 degrees in axis 90 degreesنعمل بس ال
+
+95
+00:06:58,770 --> 00:07:07,150
+degree نعمل إدراج و
+
+96
+00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:16,170
+هنا نعملها نفس الشيء
+
+97
+00:07:16,170 --> 00:07:20,730
+ما
+
+98
+00:07:20,730 --> 00:07:24,450
+معنى هذا الكلام؟ معنى هذا الكلام
+
+99
+00:07:27,030 --> 00:07:32,310
+is if you bring a planoconvex cylinder which is
+
+100
+00:07:32,310 --> 00:07:36,850
+written in white color and you put its axis on 180
+
+101
+00:07:36,850 --> 00:07:42,370
+the maximum power will be 90 what is the maximum
+
+102
+00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,590
+power? it is plus 3 so meridian will have 90 and
+
+103
+00:07:46,590 --> 00:07:50,670
+its force will be plus 3 and if you bring with it
+
+104
+00:07:50,670 --> 00:07:56,290
+also in front or behind plus 1diopter cylinder
+
+105
+00:07:56,290 --> 00:07:59,810
+liplano convex its power is plus one diopter I put
+
+106
+00:07:59,810 --> 00:08:05,030
+its axis which is drawn in red I put its axis on
+
+107
+00:08:05,030 --> 00:08:09,550
+ninety its maximum power which is plus one will be
+
+108
+00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:13,150
+one hundred and eighty this means that I have
+
+109
+00:08:13,150 --> 00:08:16,070
+meridian ninety its power is plus three and
+
+110
+00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:18,730
+meridian one hundred and eighty its power is plus
+
+111
+00:08:18,730 --> 00:08:22,470
+one so instead of expressing by power across I say
+
+112
+00:08:23,140 --> 00:08:27,480
+Sphero-cylindrical lens are two cylinders
+
+113
+00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:33,780
+perpendicular to each other's axes
+
+114
+00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:38,960
+So this is another way to express the sphero
+
+115
+00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:43,420
+-cylindrical lens Here, the power of the cross
+
+116
+00:08:43,420 --> 00:08:47,060
+represents the force of each meridian Here is
+
+117
+00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:50,900
+another form of expression which is the combined
+
+118
+00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,160
+cylindrical formThe third shape is the most common
+
+119
+00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:59,760
+shape, which is the spherical cylindrical form.
+
+120
+00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:06,120
+Instead of putting two cylinders, I put a sphere
+
+121
+00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:08,720
+with a cylinder, and in the end it will be the
+
+122
+00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:12,880
+same result. The result says that the force of the
+
+123
+00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:16,280
+meridian 90 must be plus 3, and the force of the
+
+124
+00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:18,740
+meridian 180 must be plus 1.
+
+125
+00:09:21,830 --> 00:09:25,110
+The spherical cylindrical form is what? The
+
+126
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:27,890
+spherical cylindrical form is that I want to bring
+
+127
+00:09:27,890 --> 00:09:31,030
+a spherical lens. Why? Because I want to put the
+
+128
+00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:34,510
+blue circle in front of the patient's eye plus one
+
+129
+00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:37,590
+diopter. What does plus one diopter mean? It means
+
+130
+00:09:37,590 --> 00:09:41,790
+that each meridian of its meridian is plus one.
+
+131
+00:09:42,150 --> 00:09:44,170
+The horizontal meridian is plus one and the
+
+132
+00:09:44,170 --> 00:09:48,090
+vertical meridian is plus one. When we put a
+
+133
+00:09:48,090 --> 00:09:51,080
+spherical lens in front of the eyeThe power of the
+
+134
+00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:54,200
+spherical lens is equal in all meridians. What is
+
+135
+00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,420
+the horizontal meridian? As if I gave it plus one
+
+136
+00:09:59,110 --> 00:10:01,650
+And the vertical meridian gave it plus one, and
+
+137
+00:10:01,650 --> 00:10:03,450
+what's between them, but what's between them is
+
+138
+00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:07,110
+not necessary to clarify the issue So when I put
+
+139
+00:10:07,110 --> 00:10:09,390
+plus one in the diopter sphere, then the
+
+140
+00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:12,050
+horizontal meridian gave it plus one, and the
+
+141
+00:10:12,050 --> 00:10:15,930
+vertical meridian gave it plus one Okay, the
+
+142
+00:10:15,930 --> 00:10:18,730
+vertical meridian's true force is plus three, how
+
+143
+00:10:18,730 --> 00:10:21,710
+do I make it plus three?We added the sphere to it
+
+144
+00:10:21,710 --> 00:10:23,930
+and it became plus one, but it's missing two. We
+
+145
+00:10:23,930 --> 00:10:27,230
+also need to add two to it. We also need to add
+
+146
+00:10:27,230 --> 00:10:29,970
+two to it. How do we add two to it? In the
+
+147
+00:10:29,970 --> 00:10:34,390
+following way, we put a cylinder with its axis at
+
+148
+00:10:34,390 --> 00:10:37,630
+180 degrees so that its force becomes 90 degrees.
+
+149
+00:10:40,250 --> 00:10:45,630
+Plus 2 diopter, Planoconvex,
+
+150
+00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:51,310
+Axis is 180 because its effect is 90 At the
+
+151
+00:10:51,310 --> 00:10:55,890
+sphere, its force is equal to plus 1 diopter, so
+
+152
+00:10:55,890 --> 00:11:00,670
+all meridians take plus 1 diopterIt is the rays
+
+153
+00:11:00,670 --> 00:11:02,650
+that will enter from the horizontal meridian to
+
+154
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:06,150
+the sphere It will enter from a plus one diopter
+
+155
+00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:08,130
+lens And the rays that will enter from the
+
+156
+00:11:08,130 --> 00:11:11,990
+vertical meridian will also enter from a meridian
+
+157
+00:11:11,990 --> 00:11:15,110
+with a force plus one diopter And any axis between
+
+158
+00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:18,210
+them also has a force as if it is a plus one
+
+159
+00:11:18,210 --> 00:11:21,650
+diopter lens This is for the sphere For the
+
+160
+00:11:21,650 --> 00:11:24,950
+cylinder, if we put its axis on one hundred and
+
+161
+00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:28,760
+eighty, its force is one hundred and eighty zeroit
+
+162
+00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:31,440
+will not affect 180, it will not add to this plus
+
+163
+00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:34,800
+one anything while all its force is out of its
+
+164
+00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:40,400
+axis at 180 its maximum power will be at 90 its
+
+165
+00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:44,540
+maximum power is plus two, so the vertical
+
+166
+00:11:44,540 --> 00:11:48,320
+meridian will be plus two and there is plus one
+
+167
+00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,920
+with it basically from the spherical lens, so it
+
+168
+00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:57,280
+will line up their groupplus one plus zero plus
+
+169
+00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,200
+one this is the axis of the horizontal axis plus
+
+170
+00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,780
+one plus two from the cylinder from the plano
+
+171
+00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,380
+convex then it will be plus three this is how it
+
+172
+00:12:07,380 --> 00:12:11,040
+is written how do I write this? we write this in
+
+173
+00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:16,400
+writing we give in front of the patient plus one
+
+174
+00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:21,780
+this is the diopterosphere and
+
+175
+00:12:21,780 --> 00:12:29,750
+the cylinder plus twoDiopter cylinder على المحور
+
+176
+00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:33,450
+بتاع السيليندر عشان تأثرلي ع تسعين بتنحط على مية و
+
+177
+00:12:33,450 --> 00:12:39,650
+تمانية اذا هدى هدى للسفير و cylindrical for سفير
+
+178
+00:12:39,650 --> 00:12:49,130
+plus واحد diopter plus واحد diopter سفيرplus 2 is
+
+179
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,210
+the diameter of a cylinder in the axis 180 in the
+
+180
+00:12:52,210 --> 00:12:57,410
+axis 180 I can write it in another way, yes I can
+
+181
+00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:01,130
+write it in another way, in another way, but
+
+182
+00:13:01,130 --> 00:13:03,190
+sometimes I have to change the direction of the
+
+183
+00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:06,290
+cylinder, and we will get this in due course, God
+
+184
+00:13:06,290 --> 00:13:10,890
+willing. So this is the third form of the forms of
+
+185
+00:13:10,890 --> 00:13:13,250
+expression for the spherical cylindrical, the
+
+186
+00:13:13,250 --> 00:13:19,460
+first formwhich is power cross I can write power
+
+187
+00:13:19,460 --> 00:13:24,150
+crossI can write it in combined cylindrical form,
+
+188
+00:13:24,670 --> 00:13:28,370
+meaning two cylinders together I can write it in
+
+189
+00:13:28,370 --> 00:13:31,950
+spherical cylindrical form, which is the most
+
+190
+00:13:31,950 --> 00:13:35,570
+common form Or I can express it in spherical
+
+191
+00:13:35,570 --> 00:13:38,390
+equivalent form, meaning I put a lens in a sphere
+
+192
+00:13:38,390 --> 00:13:42,230
+and I say plus 2 diopter, sphere, why plus 2
+
+193
+00:13:42,230 --> 00:13:45,230
+diopter? We will say, because to get the spherical
+
+194
+00:13:45,230 --> 00:13:51,350
+equivalentI say plus three plus one plus four
+
+195
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:53,790
+divided by two which is the average force of the
+
+196
+00:13:53,790 --> 00:13:56,
+
+223
+00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:36,100
+form I have plus 1 by 180 plus 1 by 180 and plus 4
+
+224
+00:15:36,100 --> 00:15:40,240
+in axis 90 When we convert it to power cross
+
+225
+00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:56,900
+this is a cylinder, plus one, its axis is one
+
+226
+00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:00,580
+hundred eighty, so its force is ninety, so plus
+
+227
+00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:02,880
+one works on the axis of ninety
+
+228
+00:16:18,970 --> 00:16:20,950
+I also have a cylinder which is the combined
+
+229
+00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:24,510
+cylinder form plus 4 over 90 as long as the axis
+
+230
+00:16:24,510 --> 00:16:34,890
+is plus 4 over 90 then its force is 108 plus
+
+231
+00:16:34,890 --> 00:16:39,990
+4 diode so I converted the combined cylindrical
+
+232
+00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:43,360
+form to power crossThis is how I converted the
+
+233
+00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:48,660
+Combined Cylindrical Form to Power Cross Now I
+
+234
+00:16:48,660 --> 00:16:58,640
+want to convert it to Power Cross This
+
+235
+00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:04,740
+is 
+
+236
+00:17:04,740 --> 00:17:06,940
+what we did now, we converted the Combined
+
+237
+00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:11,570
+Cylindrical Form to Power Crossnow we want to
+
+238
+00:17:11,570 --> 00:17:15,070
+write or write the combined cylindrical form and 
+
+239
+00:17:15,070 --> 00:17:19,810
+turn it into a spherical cylindrical lens either I
+
+240
+00:17:19,810 --> 00:17:22,790
+turn it into a power cross or I turn it into a
+
+241
+00:17:22,790 --> 00:17:25,270
+combined cylindrical form but into a power cross
+
+242
+00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:28,530
+because it's graphical because it's official, it's
+
+243
+00:17:28,530 --> 00:17:32,850
+better for me I need two things either I say as 
+
+244
+00:17:32,850 --> 00:17:34,490
+follows the first picture
+
+245
+00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:39,920
+We take the strongest meridian and say that plus 4
+
+246
+00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:47,500
+is the sphere. When I say that I have plus 4
+
+247
+00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:51,540
+spheres, it means that I gave all the meridians
+
+248
+00:17:51,540 --> 00:17:55,000
+plus 4. This is plus 4 and this is plus 4 and what
+
+249
+00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,800
+is between them. It is like a spherical lens, all
+
+250
+00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,640
+the meridians have strength plus 4.But the
+
+251
+00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:05,760
+meridian is less than plus 4 How can we make it
+
+252
+00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:09,340
+plus 1? We have to divide it by 3 So we gave them
+
+253
+00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:16,060
+all plus 4 spheres We say plus 4 spheres minus 3
+
+254
+00:18:16,060 --> 00:18:20,400
+But I want the minus 3 to have an effect of 90Its
+
+255
+00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:26,060
+effect is 90, so its axis must be 180 High Sphero
+
+256
+00:18:26,060 --> 00:18:29,660
+Cylindrical Lens Let's do it in the way of power
+
+257
+00:18:29,660 --> 00:18:32,360
+across In the way of power cross, we say as
+
+258
+00:18:32,360 --> 00:18:42,400
+follows In
+
+259
+00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:47,620
+the way of power cross We lower it
+
+260
+00:18:54,120 --> 00:18:55,600
+In order to expand the distance
+
+261
+00:19:24,490 --> 00:19:30,470
+Here we say we took plus 4 and put it as a sphere,
+
+262
+00:19:30,790 --> 00:19:41,770
+which means all meridians were given plus 4 The
+
+263
+00:19:41,770 --> 00:19:43,750
+horizontal meridian and the vertical meridian
+
+264
+00:20:13,770 --> 00:20:16,390
+But we know that the vertical meridian is plus
+
+265
+00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:19,830
+one, not plus four, so we need to adjust it from
+
+266
+00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:24,370
+plus four to plus one So we need to give it
+
+267
+00:20:24,370 --> 00:20:31,030
+planoconcave, meaning cylindrical lens should have 
+
+268
+00:20:31,030 --> 00:20:34,390
+minus cylinder
+
+269
+00:20:47,130 --> 00:20:50,470
+When I put the minus cylinder on 180, its force on
+
+270
+00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:59,630
+180 is zero Of
+
+271
+00:20:59,630 --> 00:21:02,990
+course,
+
+272
+00:21:03,150 --> 00:21:07,190
+the axis is 180, which means that the total force 
+
+273
+00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:10,990
+or the strongest force on it is 90, which is its 
+
+274
+00:21:10,990 --> 00:21:12,130
+force minus three
+
+275
+00:21:15,310 --> 00:21:22,910
+minus 3 diopter In
+
+276
+00:21:22,910 --> 00:21:25,430
+spherical and cylindrical lens, it is as if a
+
+277
+00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:27,830
+sphere has four forces, which are distributed by 
+
+278
+00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:32,050
+each of the four forces, each meridian has four
+
+279
+00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:37,490
+forces. In a cylinder, the axis is 180 degrees,
+
+280
+00:21:37,530 --> 00:21:39,250
+which means that the force of the vertical axis is 
+
+281
+00:21:39,250 --> 00:21:44,140
+minus 3.because it's vertical to the axis when we
+
+282
+00:21:44,140 --> 00:21:45,960
+see the result like this, what happened to me? 
+
+283
+00:21:51,460 --> 00:22:00,860
+the result is equal to the next cross zoom
+
+284
+00:22:00,860 --> 00:22:01,280
+in a little bit below
+
+285
+00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:21,700
+The vertical meridian has a force that acts as if
+
+286
+00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:25,880
+there is a plus 4 in front of it and a minus 3 in 
+
+287
+00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:27,620
+front of it at the same time, so it acts as if
+
+288
+00:22:27,620 --> 00:22:29,980
+there is a plus 1 in front of it as if there is a
+
+289
+00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:39,200
+plus 1 in front of it This is the vertical axis I
+
+290
+00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:43,400
+will write it below the meridian to make it easier 
+
+291
+00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,500
+to understand
+
+292
+00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:50,740
+this is a point, the second point here is plus 
+
+293
+00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:55,920
+four plus zero plus four, it remains plus four
+
+294
+00:23:05,030 --> 00:23:08,230
+The same power across, horizontal, plus four, and
+
+295
+00:23:08,230 --> 00:23:10,750
+vertical, plus one I expressed them in 
+
+296
+00:23:10,750 --> 00:23:14,550
+cylindrical, spherical, cylindrical form, but the 
+
+297
+00:23:14,550 --> 00:23:16,990
+cylinder has minus, that's why it's called minus 
+
+298
+00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:20,770
+cylinder form, which is this third line, plus 
+
+299
+00:23:20,770 --> 00:23:24,110
+four, minus three, axis one hundred and eighty Now
+
+300
+00:23:24,110 --> 00:23:27,630
+we want to repeat all this, but we want to make
+
+301
+00:23:27,630 --> 00:23:28,590
+the cylinder plus
+
+302
+00:23:32,150 --> 00:23:34,910
+Here we will leave the sphere, no we have to
+
+303
+00:23:34,910 --> 00:23:43,530
+change it to get the plus cylinder So
+
+304
+00:23:43,530 --> 00:23:48,830
+plus 
+
+305
+00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:55,930
+4 minus 3, axis 180, here we will delete it, here 
+
+306
+00:23:55,930 --> 00:23:57,930
+also delete it 
+
+307
+00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:04,600
+So we expressed it with combined cylindrical form 
+
+308
+00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:09,080
+We expressed it with power cross And we expressed
+
+309
+00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,100
+it with spherical cylindrical lens with minus in
+
+310
+00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:14,340
+the cylinder Now we want to express it with 
+
+311
+00:24:14,340 --> 00:24:17,660
+spherical cylindrical lens with plus in the sphere
+
+312
+00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:20,800
+We say that this is the power cross The power 
+
+313
+00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,700
+cross is plus one vertical and plus four
+
+314
+00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:27,500
+horizontal I can consider that I want to give a 
+
+315
+00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:30,180
+sphere to all meridians with power plus one 
+
+316
+00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:40,770
+So the vertical meridian took its full size which
+
+317
+00:24:40,770 --> 00:24:44,610
+is plus one, I changed it, it has nothing left For 
+
+318
+00:24:44,610 --> 00:24:47,130
+plus four which is the horizontal meridian, I gave 
+
+319
+00:24:47,130 --> 00:24:50,230
+it plus one, it still has plus three, I want to
+
+320
+00:24:50,230 --> 00:24:53,870
+add plus three to it, we say as follows, let's
+
+321
+00:24:53,870 --> 00:24:55,990
+assume that the sphere is plus one 
+
+322
+00:24:59,710 --> 00:25:03,110
+And I want to add plus 3 to the horizontal axis to
+
+323
+00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:05,450
+make it plus 4, because it's force is actually 
+
+324
+00:25:05,450 --> 00:25:10,290
+plus 4 How do I add plus 3 to it? I bring plano
+
+325
+00:25:10,290 --> 00:25:15,090
+convex plus cylinder and I put its axis on 90, its
+
+326
+00:25:15,090 --> 00:25:20,650
+force will be 180, so plus 3this is what is
+
+327
+00:25:20,650 --> 00:25:23,430
+missing for meridian which has a force of 4 
+
+328
+00:25:23,430 --> 00:25:27,990
+diopters, it took one of the spheres and left 
+
+329
+00:25:27,990 --> 00:25:30,270
+three of them, the three of them, in order to
+
+330
+00:25:30,270 --> 00:25:32,870
+affect it, the axis of the lens of the plus 
+
+331
+00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:38,040
+cylinder must be 90 degrees, then in axis90 as we 
+
+332
+00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:44,100
+see here plus 1 plus 3 axis 90 okay here I say
+
+333
+00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:50,320
+when axis is at 90 it means force is at 180 so 
+
+334
+00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:57,940
+force becomes here at 180 which is plus 3 plus 3
+
+335
+00:25:57,940 --> 00:25:58,660
+diopter
+
+336
+00:26:08,530 --> 00:26:13,730
+So, plus three is negative And 
+
+337
+00:26:13,730 --> 00:26:16,690
+here, as long as the axis of the lens is at ninety 
+
+338
+00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:19,370
+As long as the axis is at ninety, the force at
+
+339
+00:26:19,370 --> 00:26:22,910
+ninety is zero Zero
+
+340
+00:26:32,370 --> 00:26:34,870
+So this is the spherical lens plus one, each
+
+341
+00:26:34,870 --> 00:26:38,130
+meridian is plus one, and this is the cylindrical
+
+342
+00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,990
+lens, its axis is ninety, so its total force or
+
+343
+00:26:41,990 --> 00:26:46,490
+maximum power is one hundred and eighty. The
+
+344
+00:26:46,490 --> 00:26:50,910
+result is plus one horizontally with plus three 
+
+345
+00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:53,550
+horizontally, which is plus four, plus four on the 
+
+346
+00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:54,170
+horizontal axis.
+
+347
+00:27:04,260 --> 00:27:09,060
+Plus one plus zero means plus one on the vertical 
+
+348
+00:27:09,060 --> 00:27:15,780
+axis This
+
+349
+00:27:15,780 --> 00:27:18,240
+is how I get the same power across So this 
+
+350
+00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,140
+spherical and cylindrical lens is called plus 
+
+351
+00:27:21,140 --> 00:27:25,220
+cylindrical form And the previous one is minus 
+
+352
+00:27:25,220 --> 00:27:30,750
+cylindrical formNow we have the last method which 
+
+353
+00:27:30,750 --> 00:27:35,670
+is the spherical equivalent. I add the two
+
+354
+00:27:35,670 --> 00:27:38,450
+meridians, the weakest and strongest, plus one and 
+
+355
+00:27:38,450 --> 00:27:41,010
+plus four, which is plus five divided by two, plus 
+
+356
+00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,130
+two and a half diopter. So I can say that if we
+
+357
+00:27:44,130 --> 00:27:47,490
+bring a sphere plus two diopters, it becomes a
+
+358
+00:27:47,490 --> 00:27:52,570
+spherical and cylindrical lens. We repeat again.To
+
+359
+00:27:52,570 --> 00:27:56,630
+express the astigmatic lens, I either use power
+
+360
+00:27:56,630 --> 00:28:03,230
+cross, combined cylindrical form, or spherical
+
+361
+00:28:03,230 --> 00:28:08,630
+cylindrical form, which is the most common, and
+
+362
+00:28:08,630 --> 00:28:11,510
+there are two forms of it, plus cylindrical form, 
+
+363
+00:28:11,670 --> 00:28:15,710
+which we see here, and minus cylindrical form, 
+
+364
+00:28:15,790 --> 00:28:18,650
+which we explained in the example, or spherical
+
+365
+00:28:18,650 --> 00:28:21,130
+equivalent
+
+366
+00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:27,590
+طبعا هدولة كلهم أشكال لنفس العدسة Remember that or
+
+367
+00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:30,290
+the following example of sphero cylindrical
+
+368
+00:28:30,290 --> 00:28:35,250
+expression are entirely equivalent مكافئين لبعض من
+
+369
+00:28:35,250 --> 00:28:40,530
+البعض بشكل كامل شكل كامل بدنا نتذكر و احنا بنعمل
+
+370
+00:28:40,530 --> 00:28:44,730
+أي شكل من الأشكال الأربعةThe maximum power of a
+
+371
+00:28:44,730 --> 00:28:48,150
+cylinder is in the meridian 90 degrees away from
+
+372
+00:28:48,150 --> 00:28:49,590
+the axis of the cylinder 
+
+373
+00:29:11,390 --> 00:29:17,790
+to avoid errors in transcription it
+
+374
+00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:20,930
+is helpful to notate the axis using all three 
+
+375
+00:29:20,930 --> 00:29:25,430
+digits and dropping the degree notation in other
+
+376
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:30,350
+words if you notice the word degree is not written
+
+377
+00:29:30,350 --> 00:29:32,870
+here why is the word degree not written here? we 
+
+378
+00:29:32,870 --> 00:29:34,570
+can lower it and then lower it again
+
+379
+00:29:40,110 --> 00:29:45,770
+نقول ليش احنا مش كاتبينها أحيانا
+
+380
+00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:48,970
+الإنسان مع السرع بيكتب كلمة degree بس بتكبر معاه 
+
+381
+00:29:48,970 --> 00:29:54,190
+شوية الحجم بتاعها فمثلا على سبيل المثال، بدي أكتب 
+
+382
+00:29:54,190 --> 00:29:58,670
+axis 11 و 
+
+383
+00:29:58,670 --> 00:30:06,240
+degree على سبيل المثال degreeيعني ال .. ال
+
+384
+00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:09,660
+cylinder بده أحطها على degree .. على أحداشر degree 
+
+385
+00:30:09,660 --> 00:30:14,840
+أو خلينا نقول على عشرةon the axis of 10, the axis
+
+386
+00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:17,840
+of the cylinder on the axis of 10 and it was
+
+387
+00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:22,760
+written 10 degree and the circles of the degree
+
+388
+00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:26,580
+became not 10 but 100 so sometimes who wants to 
+
+389
+00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:30,880
+implement this recipe of the glasses will have a
+
+390
+00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:34,640
+problem he will make the axis on 100 not on 10
+
+391
+00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:38,440
+which means the axis is wrongتماما access خطأ بشكل 
+
+392
+00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:43,120
+كامل فبالتالي الأفضل انه انا بستعمل three digits
+
+393
+00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:48,060
+أرقام ثلاثية لكل عدسة من العدسات ال .. ال .. و 
+
+394
+00:30:48,060 --> 00:30:52,040
+بالتالي ب .. الأفضل انه ماكتبش كلمة degree مفهومة
+
+395
+00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:58,200
+انه degree and 
+
+396
+00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:03,780
+dropping the degree notationI write axis from
+
+397
+00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:09,500
+three numbers and I don't write degree So it's 
+
+398
+00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:13,420
+better than to write it and make a mistake in
+
+399
+00:31:13,420 --> 00:31:16,800
+pronouncing it Now we come to transposition 
+
+400
+00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:22,980
+Transposition means to change the plus cylindrical
+
+401
+00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:27,080
+form to the minus cylindrical form Or vice versa, 
+
+402
+00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,940
+from minus cylindrical form to plus cylindrical
+
+403
+00:31:29,940 --> 00:31:35,510
+formin the spherocylindrical lens We said that the
+
+404
+00:31:35,510 --> 00:31:38,970
+spherocylindrical form is the most common The
+
+405
+00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:42,570
+spherocylindrical form is the most common How do I 
+
+406
+00:31:42,570 --> 00:31:45,550
+change the plus cylindrical form to minus
+
+407
+00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:50,030
+cylindrical form Or the minus cylindrical form to 
+
+408
+00:31:50,030 --> 00:31:53,930
+plus cylindrical form I have an example here I 
+
+409
+00:31:53,930 --> 00:31:59,530
+have this minus cylindrical formThis is minus 
+
+410
+00:31:59,530 --> 00:32:03,710
+cylindrical form I want to turn it into plus 
+
+411
+00:32:03,710 --> 00:32:11,270
+cylindrical form I have two ways The first way is 
+
+412
+00:32:11,270 --> 00:32:16,110
+to turn this minus cylindrical form into power
+
+413
+00:32:16,110 --> 00:32:21,170
+cross And from the power cross I extract the other 
+
+414
+00:32:21,170 --> 0
+
+445
+00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:25,360
+Because it's a sphere. Its force is distributed 
+
+446
+00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:27,120
+equally over all the meridians.
+
+447
+00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:37,090
+He put 4. Ok. I have a cylinder of minus 2 and its
+
+448
+00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:41,110
+axis is 90 degrees. So its force is 180 degrees.
+
+449
+00:34:41,150 --> 00:34:42,730
+So here also minus 2.
+
+450
+00:34:45,470 --> 00:34:55,240
+Minus 2. Ok. So this axis affects only plus 4, and 
+
+451
+00:34:55,240 --> 00:34:58,560
+this axis affects from the sphere plus 4 and from 
+
+452
+00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:02,840
+the cylinder minus 2, plus 4 and minus 2 gives me 
+
+453
+00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:09,000
+plus 2. Or
+
+454
+00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,720
+I can say directly
+
+455
+00:35:17,420 --> 00:35:21,640
+this is my plus 4, we put it on the mentioned axis
+
+456
+00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:28,880
+and minus 2 which is less than 4 by 2, the axis is
+
+457
+00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:32,480
+180. Why? Because minus 2 by 90 has an effect on 
+
+458
+00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:37,280
+180. Now we haven't finished yet, we have converted
+
+459
+00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:41,860
+one of the forms to power cross, now from the power 
+
+460
+00:35:41,860 --> 00:35:45,080
+cross I have to extract the other form, I look here
+
+461
+00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:49,020
+Plus four, if I take the plus four, it will appear 
+
+462
+00:35:49,020 --> 00:35:52,120
+with me again the same thing. As long as here in
+
+463
+00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:54,380
+the initial form, the sphere is plus four, this 
+
+464
+00:35:54,380 --> 00:35:58,320
+time I want to take the sphere plus two. The sphere 
+
+465
+00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:02,480
+plus two, Okay, plus two means here plus two and 
+
+466
+00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,260
+here plus two. Okay, but here plus four means I
+
+467
+00:36:06,260 --> 00:36:10,740
+want above two another two فبحطلها سلندر plus 2 ع
+
+468
+00:36:10,740 --> 00:36:16,380
+180 عشان اتأثر على 90 عشان اتأثر على 90 يعني بنقول 
+
+469
+00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:24,220
+سفير plus 2 إذا هنا plus 2 هنا خلّيني نشطبها و هنا 
+
+470
+00:36:24,220 --> 00:36:26,920
+كمان plus 2 لأنه السفير عندي plus 2 
+
+471
+00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:36,770
+But I know that the vertical axis is plus four. So
+
+472
+00:36:36,770 --> 00:36:40,770
+it needs two more. So we get a cylinder with its
+
+473
+00:36:40,770 --> 00:36:43,990
+axis at one hundred and eighty. Its force is plus 
+
+474
+00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:47,190
+two to its force at ninety. So it becomes plus two
+
+475
+00:36:47,190 --> 00:36:56,330
+and plus two, I have plus four and plus two. So plus 
+
+476
+00:36:56,330 --> 00:36:59,570
+two plus two is one hundred and eighty. So I
+
+477
+00:36:59,570 --> 00:37:00,850
+convert to power cross
+
+478
+00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:14,400
+and from power cross I get the 
+
+479
+00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:20,080
+other form of cylinder, so this is the first way
+
+480
+00:37:20,080 --> 00:37:25,460
+first way I change the form. I have to power cross
+
+481
+00:37:25,460 --> 00:37:30,720
+and from power cross I get the other form in power
+
+482
+00:37:30,720 --> 00:37:34,080
+cross. To change it quickly I say sphere, I put it 
+
+483
+00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:39,250
+on the existing axis, and I say either the cylinder 
+
+484
+00:37:39,250 --> 00:37:41,610
+decreases or increases, decreases if the sign is 
+
+485
+00:37:41,610 --> 00:37:45,910
+minus from the sphere, so plus 4 we put it on 90
+
+486
+00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:48,790
+because 90 is what I have mentioned and I say the 
+
+487
+00:37:48,790 --> 00:37:51,990
+other meridian which is meridian 180, how did I 
+
+488
+00:37:51,990 --> 00:37:54,270
+know that it is 180, because it is away from the
+
+489
+00:37:54,270 --> 00:37:57,290
+first meridian that I specified which is 90, it is
+
+490
+00:37:57,290 --> 00:38:01,520
+90 degrees away, the other meridian which is 180 
+
+491
+00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:06,960
+minus 2 from plus 4, which is plus 2, if it was plus 
+
+492
+00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:10,540
+here, we say that the other meridian is plus 2
+
+493
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:16,440
+from plus 4, we change it to power cross. I take the 
+
+494
+00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:19,960
+sphere of the last meridian that we got and I put
+
+495
+00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,600
+it as the sphere and I say that the other meridian
+
+496
+00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:28,580
+is plus 2 from it on an axis. I deal with this 
+
+497
+00:38:28,580 --> 00:38:32,420
+meridian that I want to increase. There is another 
+
+498
+00:38:32,420 --> 00:38:36,760
+way, which is the most commonly used and easiest 
+
+499
+00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:42,620
+way to make a transposition. I add the cylinder 
+
+500
+00:38:42,620 --> 00:38:48,280
+with its sign to the sphere. Then I change the sign
+
+501
+00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:51,500
+of the cylinder and I turn the axis 90 degrees. 
+
+502
+00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:57,860
+Let's see how this works. We say as follows, we have 
+
+503
+00:38:57,860 --> 00:39:01,880
+minus 2, I want to add it to plus 4, so I have 
+
+504
+00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:07,520
+plus 2, this is the new sphere, this is the new 
+
+505
+00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:12,720
+sphere. Okay, I want to change the sign of the
+
+506
+00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:18,040
+cylinder to plus 2, I 
+
+507
+00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:23,000
+want to change the axis to 90 degrees, it is 90, so 
+
+508
+00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:27,570
+it will become 180, so notice, the method is very 
+
+509
+00:39:27,570 --> 00:39:30,310
+easy, plus two plus two is one hundred and eighty
+
+510
+00:39:30,310 --> 00:39:33,650
+plus two plus two is one hundred and eighty. So in 
+
+511
+00:39:33,650 --> 00:39:37,490
+three very fast steps, I add the cylinder to the
+
+512
+00:39:37,490 --> 00:39:40,770
+sphere, the first step, I add the cylinder to the
+
+513
+00:39:40,770 --> 00:39:44,170
+sphere, all with signs, and we add a plural with 
+
+514
+00:39:44,170 --> 00:39:48,270
+signs, minus two and plus four, so I have plus two
+
+515
+00:39:48,270 --> 00:39:51,090
+The second step, this sign is minus, I want to
+
+516
+00:39:51,090 --> 00:39:54,100
+turn it into plus. The third thing is that I need to
+
+517
+00:39:54,100 --> 00:40:01,000
+change the axis 90 degrees. The axis needs to
+
+518
+00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:04,520
+change 90 degrees, if it was 90 it became 180
+
+519
+00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:07,860
+degrees. If this needs to do the same thing, I need 
+
+520
+00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:10,440
+to do the transposition to change it to minus form
+
+521
+00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:16,160
+and not plus form. The cylinder and the sphere
+
+522
+00:40:29,110 --> 00:40:31,530
+Cylinder and sphere, we add them together, plus 2
+
+523
+00:40:31,530 --> 00:40:36,250
+and plus 2, I get plus 4. This is the new sphere. Now
+
+524
+00:40:36,250 --> 00:40:40,360
+I change the sign of the cylinder to minus 2 and 
+
+525
+00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:46,160
+the axis 180 need to move 90, of course, any axis 
+
+526
+00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:50,920
+above 90, we move 90 of it. Any axis above 90, 91,
+
+527
+00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:56,860
+92, 100, 110, 120, 170, 180, we move 90 of it, it 
+
+528
+00:40:56,860 --> 00:40:59,880
+becomes 90 for me, when I move 180, I move 90 of 
+
+529
+00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:02,700
+it, so I have become
+
+530
+00:41:06,390 --> 00:41:10,290
+plus four minus two axis ninety degree, plus four 
+
+531
+00:41:10,290 --> 00:41:18,410
+minus two axis ninety degree, plus four minus two 
+
+532
+00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,730
+axis ninety degree, plus four minus two axis ninety
+
+533
+00:41:22,730 --> 00:41:23,490
+degree, plus four minus two axis ninety degree plus
+
+534
+00:41:23,490 --> 00:41:23,830
+four minus two axis ninety degree plus four minus 
+
+535
+00:41:23,830 --> 00:41:24,990
+two axes ninety degree, plus four minus two axes
+
+536
+00:41:24,990 --> 00:41:25,150
+ninety degree, plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+537
+00:41:25,150 --> 00:41:25,350
+degree, plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+538
+00:41:25,350 --> 00:41:26,550
+four minus two axes ninety degree, plus four minus 
+
+539
+00:41:26,550 --> 00:41:30,070
+two axes ninety degree, plus four minus two axes 
+
+540
+00:41:30,070 --> 00:41:32,570
+ninety degree, plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+541
+00:41:32,570 --> 00:41:33,870
+degree, plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+542
+00:41:33,870 --> 00:41:33,990
+two axes ninety degree, plus four minus two axes
+
+543
+00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:34,730
+ninety degree, plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+544
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,770
+axes ninety degree, plus two axes ninety degree
+
+545
+00:41:34,770 --> 00:41:40,020
+plus two axes ninety.  أن انا ب .. اعمل transposition
+
+546
+00:41:40,020 --> 00:41:44,720
+أو يعني تحويل من form ل form تاني بتلت خطوات سريع
+
+547
+00:41:44,720 --> 00:41:48,820
+ال cylinder بضيفه ل ال sphere بإشارته طبعا بطلع 
+
+548
+00:41:48,820 --> 00:41:53,210
+عندى ل new sphere, بغير إشارة ال cylinder بطلع عندى 
+
+549
+00:41:53,210 --> 00:41:57,350
+ل new cylinder و بحول المحور تسعين درجة بحول
+
+550
+00:41:57,350 --> 00:42:01,830
+المحور تسعين درجة طبعا ضرورى هذا الكلام يكون يعني
+
+551
+00:42:01,830 --> 00:42:11,130
+واضح هنا واضح طب نشوف هنا عندنا مثال آخر نبدأ 
+
+552
+00:42:11,130 --> 00:42:15,510
+في حلو المثال 
+
+553
+00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:20,960
+بيقول plus خمسة minus ستة axis مية و تلاتين. Plus
+
+554
+00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:24,680
+five minus six axis one hundred and thirty. This 
+
+555
+00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:29,560
+axis is one hundred and thirty. So this line is one
+
+556
+00:42:29,560 --> 00:42:33,180
+hundred and thirty. Plus five we say the sphere we 
+
+557
+00:42:33,180 --> 00:42:40,280
+put it on the existing axis. Now we say the other
+
+558
+00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,040
+axis, if this axis is one hundred and thirty, the
+
+559
+00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:47,850
+vertical axis on it is forty. The axis is forty. How 
+
+560
+00:42:47,850 --> 00:42:49,650
+much is the force of the axis 40? This we know
+
+561
+00:42:49,650 --> 00:42:52,610
+that its force is plus 5 to the sphere and we put 
+
+562
+00:42:52,610 --> 00:42:54,670
+it on the axis written in the spherical and 
+
+563
+00:42:54,670 --> 00:42:58,250
+cylindrical form. We say that the other axis which 
+
+564
+00:42:58,250 --> 00:43:03,170
+is 40, vertical to 130 of course is minus 6 
+
+565
+00:43:03,170 --> 00:43:04,990
+degrees. Why is it minus? Because it is a minus
+
+566
+00:43:04,990 --> 00:43:09,810
+sign. It is minus 6 degrees from plus 5. 5 minus 6 
+
+567
+00:43:09,810 --> 00:43:16,390
+remains minus 1 for me. Okay. Now if my power cross
+
+568
+00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,630
+is ready, now if I want to take the plus 5, it 
+
+569
+00:43:19,630 --> 00:43:24,110
+will be the same thing. I want to take the other
+
+570
+00:43:24,110 --> 00:43:26,170
+meridian, the power of the other meridian, and
+
+571
+00:43:26,170 --> 00:43:29,950
+consider it as a sphere. So minus 1 is a sphere, 
+
+572
+00:43:31,290 --> 00:43:37,690
+and the second axis is 6. From minus 1 to plus 5, it 
+
+573
+00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:44,790
+adds 6 to it. So minus 1 plus 6 x is 40 to affect
+
+574
+00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:52,370
+130. If we want the quick way, we add the cylinder
+
+575
+00:43:52,370 --> 00:43:57,330
+to the sphere, minus 6 plus 5 remains minus 1. We 
+
+576
+00:43:57,330 --> 00:44:00,290
+flip the sign of 6, which is minus, which becomes 
+
+577
+00:44:00,290 --> 00:44:05,090
+plus. و المحور بنحركه تسعين درجة، مية و تلاتين ناقص 
+
+578
+00:44:05,090 --> 00:44:08,790
+تسعين، بيضال أربعين degree فبالتالي أي من 
+
+579
+00:44:08,790 --> 00:44:15,930
+الطريقتين اتبعت فهي يعني سهلة، فهي سهلة، بس طبعا 
+
+580
+00:44:15,930 --> 00:44:21,100
+الطريقة التانية أسرع وأكثر استعمالها. A simpler
+
+581
+00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:24,380
+method is more frequently used to convert a 
+
+582
+00:44:24,380 --> 00:44:27,340
+prescription from plus to minus cylindrical form,
+
+583
+00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:31,840
+or al-aqs, add sphere and cylindrical power
+
+584
+00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:34,220
+together to obtain the new sphere.
+
+585
+00:44:41,690 --> 00:44:46,710
+it changed the sign of the cylinder, rotate
+
+586
+00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,670
+the axis 90 degree to obtain the new axis to
+
+587
+00:44:52,670 --> 00:44:56,870
+obtain a new axis and at this point we stop and 
+
+588
+00:44:56,870 --> 00:45:00,250
+next time we will take the combination of 
+
+589
+00:45:00,250 --> 00:45:03,270
+spherical and cylindrical lenses and God bless you
+
+590
+00:45:03,270 --> 00:45:05,110
+and peace be upon you.

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Ep-c1SfnZDY_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2360 @@
+1
+00:00:01,690 --> 00:00:04,610
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,610 --> 00:00:10,570
+Geometric Optics، واتوقفنا عند الطرق اللي بقدر
+
+3
+00:00:10,570 --> 00:00:14,510
+أعبّر فيها عن الـ Spherical and Cylindrical Lens،
+
+4
+00:00:14,510 --> 00:00:19,290
+أو ال Powers، تاعة ال Meridians، تاعة ال Spherical
+
+5
+00:00:19,290 --> 00:00:22,470
+and Cylindrical Lens، إذن the Powers،in the
+
+6
+00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:25,570
+principal meridians and cylindrical axes of sphero
+
+7
+00:00:25,570 --> 00:00:28,990
+cylindrical lenses may be specified in several
+
+8
+00:00:28,990 --> 00:00:35,410
+ways يعني ممكن أعبر عنهم أو أكتبهم بطرق متعددة أول
+
+9
+00:00:35,410 --> 00:00:38,430
+طريقة بيسموها ال power cross the common graphical
+
+10
+00:00:38,430 --> 00:00:42,950
+method is called power cross يعني بعدي برسم power
+
+11
+00:00:42,950 --> 00:00:52,120
+cross هيرسمنا power crosswe can draw it like this
+
+12
+00:00:52,120 --> 00:01:08,540
+for example meridian of 90 and meridian of 180 and
+
+13
+00:01:08,540 --> 00:01:13,060
+write here for example plus 3 and plus 1 plus 3
+
+14
+00:01:13,060 --> 00:01:17,700
+and plus 1 of course plus 3 is more
+
+15
+00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:34,840
+and here plus one, this is better so
+
+16
+00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,600
+this
+
+17
+00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:43,030
+is called power crossThe word power across means
+
+18
+00:01:43,030 --> 00:01:46,830
+that it defines the power of each meridian. What
+
+19
+00:01:46,830 --> 00:01:49,210
+does it mean plus three diopter of the vertical
+
+20
+00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:51,770
+meridian or meridian ninety? It means that this
+
+21
+00:01:51,770 --> 00:01:54,550
+meridian ninety, when rays enter from it, from
+
+22
+00:01:54,550 --> 00:01:57,570
+this meridian, it is as if it entered from a plus
+
+23
+00:01:57,570 --> 00:02:00,190
+three diopter lens. It is as if it entered from a
+
+24
+00:02:00,190 --> 00:02:01,950
+sphere lens, but this is specific to this
+
+25
+00:02:01,950 --> 00:02:05,930
+meridian. The rays that enter from the horizontal
+
+26
+00:02:05,930 --> 00:02:09,430
+meridian are as if they entered from a plus one
+
+27
+00:02:09,430 --> 00:02:12,430
+lens.Of course, the meridians between them, their
+
+28
+00:02:12,430 --> 00:02:15,070
+forces are gradually rising in this direction,
+
+29
+00:02:15,250 --> 00:02:18,750
+here plus one and a half, plus two, plus three,
+
+30
+00:02:18,870 --> 00:02:22,170
+plus two and a half, plus three, or decreasing in
+
+31
+00:02:22,170 --> 00:02:25,570
+this direction, that is, each meridian acts as a
+
+32
+00:02:25,570 --> 00:02:26,690
+sphere by itself
+
+33
+00:02:49,090 --> 00:02:52,310
+across is a drone oriented in the principal
+
+34
+00:02:52,310 --> 00:02:52,970
+meridians
+
+35
+00:02:56,620 --> 00:03:00,780
+the first line in the cross is parallel to the
+
+36
+00:03:00,780 --> 00:03:06,240
+first line in the cross and the second line is
+
+37
+00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:06,420
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+38
+00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:09,480
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+39
+00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,880
+in the cross and
+
+40
+00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:13,200
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+41
+00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:15,180
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+42
+00:03:15,180 --> 00:03:16,020
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+43
+00:03:16,020 --> 00:03:16,500
+is perpendicular to the first line in the cross
+
+44
+00:03:16,500 --> 00:03:17,800
+and the second line is perpendicular to the first
+
+45
+00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:19,280
+line in the cross and the second line is
+
+46
+00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:21,760
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+47
+00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:22,200
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+48
+00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:23,060
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+49
+00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,560
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+50
+00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:25,580
+line in the cross and the second line is
+
+51
+00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:25,600
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+52
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:33,670
+line in the cross andso meridian at 120 degrees
+
+53
+00:03:33,670 --> 00:03:37,530
+and meridian at 30 degrees depending on which
+
+54
+00:03:37,530 --> 00:03:40,290
+meridian is stronger or weaker but it is very
+
+55
+00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:43,410
+important that the angle between the stronger and
+
+56
+00:03:43,410 --> 00:03:45,830
+weaker meridian is 90 degrees
+
+57
+00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:57,500
+A cross is a drone oriented in the principal
+
+58
+00:03:57,500 --> 00:04:01,340
+meridians and
+
+59
+00:04:01,340 --> 00:04:06,260
+each arm of the cross is labeled with the power
+
+60
+00:04:06,260 --> 00:04:07,860
+acting in that meridian.
+
+61
+00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:24,690
+plus one, we write plus one, minus four, we write
+
+62
+00:04:24,690 --> 00:04:27,270
+minus four, as much as the power of this meridian,
+
+63
+00:04:27,310 --> 00:04:30,650
+the meridian can work as a plus lens, or the
+
+64
+00:04:30,650 --> 00:04:34,090
+meridian can work as a minus lens, as a minus
+
+65
+00:04:34,090 --> 00:04:40,700
+lens, so the first way of expressionIt's the way
+
+66
+00:04:40,700 --> 00:04:44,560
+of power across This describes the spherical and
+
+67
+00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:48,660
+cylindrical down The second way is called the
+
+68
+00:04:48,660 --> 00:04:53,640
+combined cylindrical form The
+
+69
+00:04:53,640 --> 00:05:00,160
+same power cross If I find this meridian strength
+
+70
+00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:03,860
+plus one and this meridian strength plus threeI
+
+71
+00:05:03,860 --> 00:05:07,480
+want to come to the spherical-cylindrical lens and
+
+72
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:11,820
+compensate for it with two cylinders. So that the
+
+73
+00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:16,380
+force at the vertical meridian is Q2 plus 3 and
+
+74
+00:05:16,380 --> 00:05:19,940
+the horizontal meridian is Q2 plus 1. Look at this
+
+75
+00:05:19,940 --> 00:05:26,900
+view. This is the planocylindrical lens.
+
+76
+00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:29,040
+Planocylindrical lens
+
+77
+00:05:41,850 --> 00:05:44,810
+Planoconvex lens which is cylindrical lens plus
+
+78
+00:05:44,810 --> 00:05:47,790
+cylindrical lens which is painted in white The
+
+79
+00:05:47,790 --> 00:05:51,350
+axis is horizontal, so its force is vertical This
+
+80
+00:05:51,350 --> 00:05:54,610
+force must be plus three diopters to give me a
+
+81
+00:05:54,610 --> 00:05:58,890
+vertical effect plus three diopters So I say here
+
+82
+00:05:58,890 --> 00:06:02,010
+Spherocylindrical
+
+83
+00:06:02,010 --> 00:06:05,910
+lens which we saw in this exampleand the vertical
+
+84
+00:06:05,910 --> 00:06:08,910
+meridian is plus 3 and the horizontal meridian is
+
+85
+00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:12,050
+plus 1 I can express them in the combined
+
+86
+00:06:12,050 --> 00:06:16,410
+cylindrical form meaning two cylinders together I
+
+87
+00:06:16,410 --> 00:06:21,650
+put in front of the patient's eye a cylindrical
+
+88
+00:06:21,650 --> 00:06:24,990
+lens of course plano cylindrical meaning that the
+
+89
+00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:31,260
+sphere has zero on plus threewhere is the axis?
+
+90
+00:06:31,780 --> 00:06:34,360
+this is the axis of the cylinder 180 degrees to
+
+91
+00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:40,480
+affect 90 degrees and also it has plan and convex
+
+92
+00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:47,780
+lens with power plus one plus one diopter cylinder
+
+93
+00:06:47,780 --> 00:06:51,820
+in
+
+94
+00:06:51,820 --> 00:06:58,770
+axis 90 degrees in axis 90 degreesنعمل بس ال
+
+95
+00:06:58,770 --> 00:07:07,150
+degree نعمل إدراج و
+
+96
+00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:16,170
+هنا نعملها نفس الشيء
+
+97
+00:07:16,170 --> 00:07:20,730
+ما
+
+98
+00:07:20,730 --> 00:07:24,450
+معنى هذا الكلام؟ معنى هذا الكلام
+
+99
+00:07:27,030 --> 00:07:32,310
+is if you bring a planoconvex cylinder which is
+
+100
+00:07:32,310 --> 00:07:36,850
+written in white color and you put its axis on 180
+
+101
+00:07:36,850 --> 00:07:42,370
+the maximum power will be 90 what is the maximum
+
+102
+00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,590
+power? it is plus 3 so meridian will have 90 and
+
+103
+00:07:46,590 --> 00:07:50,670
+its force will be plus 3 and if you bring with it
+
+104
+00:07:50,670 --> 00:07:56,290
+also in front or behind plus 1diopter cylinder
+
+105
+00:07:56,290 --> 00:07:59,810
+liplano convex its power is plus one diopter I put
+
+106
+00:07:59,810 --> 00:08:05,030
+its axis which is drawn in red I put its axis on
+
+107
+00:08:05,030 --> 00:08:09,550
+ninety its maximum power which is plus one will be
+
+108
+00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:13,150
+one hundred and eighty this means that I have
+
+109
+00:08:13,150 --> 00:08:16,070
+meridian ninety its power is plus three and
+
+110
+00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:18,730
+meridian one hundred and eighty its power is plus
+
+111
+00:08:18,730 --> 00:08:22,470
+one so instead of expressing by power across I say
+
+112
+00:08:23,140 --> 00:08:27,480
+Sphero-cylindrical lens are two cylinders
+
+113
+00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:33,780
+perpendicular to each other's axes
+
+114
+00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:38,960
+So this is another way to express the sphero
+
+115
+00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:43,420
+-cylindrical lens Here, the power of the cross
+
+116
+00:08:43,420 --> 00:08:47,060
+represents the force of each meridian Here is
+
+117
+00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:50,900
+another form of expression which is the combined
+
+118
+00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,160
+cylindrical formThe third shape is the most common
+
+119
+00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:59,760
+shape, which is the spherical cylindrical form.
+
+120
+00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:06,120
+Instead of putting two cylinders, I put a sphere
+
+121
+00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:08,720
+with a cylinder, and in the end it will be the
+
+122
+00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:12,880
+same result. The result says that the force of the
+
+123
+00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:16,280
+meridian 90 must be plus 3, and the force of the
+
+124
+00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:18,740
+meridian 180 must be plus 1.
+
+125
+00:09:21,830 --> 00:09:25,110
+The spherical cylindrical form is what? The
+
+126
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:27,890
+spherical cylindrical form is that I want to bring
+
+127
+00:09:27,890 --> 00:09:31,030
+a spherical lens. Why? Because I want to put the
+
+128
+00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:34,510
+blue circle in front of the patient's eye plus one
+
+129
+00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:37,590
+diopter. What does plus one diopter mean? It means
+
+130
+00:09:37,590 --> 00:09:41,790
+that each meridian of its meridian is plus one.
+
+131
+00:09:42,150 --> 00:09:44,170
+The horizontal meridian is plus one and the
+
+132
+00:09:44,170 --> 00:09:48,090
+vertical meridian is plus one. When we put a
+
+133
+00:09:48,090 --> 00:09:51,080
+spherical lens in front of the eyeThe power of the
+
+134
+00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:54,200
+spherical lens is equal in all meridians. What is
+
+135
+00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,420
+the horizontal meridian? As if I gave it plus one
+
+136
+00:09:59,110 --> 00:10:01,650
+And the vertical meridian gave it plus one, and
+
+137
+00:10:01,650 --> 00:10:03,450
+what's between them, but what's between them is
+
+138
+00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:07,110
+not necessary to clarify the issue So when I put
+
+139
+00:10:07,110 --> 00:10:09,390
+plus one in the diopter sphere, then the
+
+140
+00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:12,050
+horizontal meridian gave it plus one, and the
+
+141
+00:10:12,050 --> 00:10:15,930
+vertical meridian gave it plus one Okay, the
+
+142
+00:10:15,930 --> 00:10:18,730
+vertical meridian's true force is plus three, how
+
+143
+00:10:18,730 --> 00:10:21,710
+do I make it plus three?We added the sphere to it
+
+144
+00:10:21,710 --> 00:10:23,930
+and it became plus one, but it's missing two. We
+
+145
+00:10:23,930 --> 00:10:27,230
+also need to add two to it. We also need to add
+
+146
+00:10:27,230 --> 00:10:29,970
+two to it. How do we add two to it? In the
+
+147
+00:10:29,970 --> 00:10:34,390
+following way, we put a cylinder with its axis at
+
+148
+00:10:34,390 --> 00:10:37,630
+180 degrees so that its force becomes 90 degrees.
+
+149
+00:10:40,250 --> 00:10:45,630
+Plus 2 diopter, Planoconvex,
+
+150
+00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:51,310
+Axis is 180 because its effect is 90 At the
+
+151
+00:10:51,310 --> 00:10:55,890
+sphere, its force is equal to plus 1 diopter, so
+
+152
+00:10:55,890 --> 00:11:00,670
+all meridians take plus 1 diopterIt is the rays
+
+153
+00:11:00,670 --> 00:11:02,650
+that will enter from the horizontal meridian to
+
+154
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:06,150
+the sphere It will enter from a plus one diopter
+
+155
+00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:08,130
+lens And the rays that will enter from the
+
+156
+00:11:08,130 --> 00:11:11,990
+vertical meridian will also enter from a meridian
+
+157
+00:11:11,990 --> 00:11:15,110
+with a force plus one diopter And any axis between
+
+158
+00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:18,210
+them also has a force as if it is a plus one
+
+159
+00:11:18,210 --> 00:11:21,650
+diopter lens This is for the sphere For the
+
+160
+00:11:21,650 --> 00:11:24,950
+cylinder, if we put its axis on one hundred and
+
+161
+00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:28,760
+eighty, its force is one hundred and eighty zeroit
+
+162
+00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:31,440
+will not affect 180, it will not add to this plus
+
+163
+00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:34,800
+one anything while all its force is out of its
+
+164
+00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:40,400
+axis at 180 its maximum power will be at 90 its
+
+165
+00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:44,540
+maximum power is plus two, so the vertical
+
+166
+00:11:44,540 --> 00:11:48,320
+meridian will be plus two and there is plus one
+
+167
+00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,920
+with it basically from the spherical lens, so it
+
+168
+00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:57,280
+will line up their groupplus one plus zero plus
+
+169
+00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,200
+one this is the axis of the horizontal axis plus
+
+170
+00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,780
+one plus two from the cylinder from the plano
+
+171
+00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,380
+convex then it will be plus three this is how it
+
+172
+00:12:07,380 --> 00:12:11,040
+is written how do I write this? we write this in
+
+173
+00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:16,400
+writing we give in front of the patient plus one
+
+174
+00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:21,780
+this is the diopterosphere and
+
+175
+00:12:21,780 --> 00:12:29,750
+the cylinder plus twoDiopter cylinder على المحور
+
+176
+00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:33,450
+بتاع السيليندر عشان تأثرلي ع تسعين بتنحط على مية و
+
+177
+00:12:33,450 --> 00:12:39,650
+تمانية اذا هدى هدى للسفير و cylindrical for سفير
+
+178
+00:12:39,650 --> 00:12:49,130
+plus واحد diopter plus واحد diopter سفيرplus 2 is
+
+179
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,210
+the diameter of a cylinder in the axis 180 in the
+
+180
+00:12:52,210 --> 00:12:57,410
+axis 180 I can write it in another way, yes I can
+
+181
+00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:01,130
+write it in another way, in another way, but
+
+182
+00:13:01,130 --> 00:13:03,190
+sometimes I have to change the direction of the
+
+183
+00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:06,290
+cylinder, and we will get this in due course, God
+
+184
+00:13:06,290 --> 00:13:10,890
+willing. So this is the third form of the forms of
+
+185
+00:13:10,890 --> 00:13:13,250
+expression for the spherical cylindrical, the
+
+186
+00:13:13,250 --> 00:13:19,460
+first formwhich is power cross I can write power
+
+187
+00:13:19,460 --> 00:13:24,150
+crossI can write it in combined cylindrical form,
+
+188
+00:13:24,670 --> 00:13:28,370
+meaning two cylinders together I can write it in
+
+189
+00:13:28,370 --> 00:13:31,950
+spherical cylindrical form, which is the most
+
+190
+00:13:31,950 --> 00:13:35,570
+common form Or I can express it in spherical
+
+191
+00:13:35,570 --> 00:13:38,390
+equivalent form, meaning I put a lens in a sphere
+
+192
+00:13:38,390 --> 00:13:42,230
+and I say plus 2 diopter, sphere, why plus 2
+
+193
+00:13:42,230 --> 00:13:45,230
+diopter? We will say, because to get the spherical
+
+194
+00:13:45,230 --> 00:13:51,350
+equivalentI say plus three plus one plus four
+
+195
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:53,790
+divided by two which is the average force of the
+
+196
+00:13:53,790 --> 00:13:56,730
+stronger meridian with the weaker meridian which
+
+197
+00:13:56,730 --> 00:14:02,290
+is the spherical equivalent plus three which is
+
+198
+00:14:02,290 --> 00:14:04,410
+the vertical and plus one which is the horizontal
+
+199
+00:14:04,410 --> 00:14:06,730
+we combine them together and we get plus four
+
+200
+00:14:06,730 --> 00:14:08,730
+which is divided by their number which is two
+
+201
+00:14:08,730 --> 00:14:12,530
+which means I get plus two so I can express about
+
+202
+00:14:12,530 --> 00:14:17,910
+the spherical cylindricallens with four forms,
+
+203
+00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:22,010
+which are power cross, combined cylindrical form,
+
+204
+00:14:22,570 --> 00:14:24,830
+sphero cylindrical form which is the most common
+
+205
+00:14:24,830 --> 00:14:27,650
+one, or spherical equivalent or spherical
+
+206
+00:14:27,650 --> 00:14:32,700
+equivalentNow, how do I write the spherical
+
+207
+00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:35,740
+cylindrical form, which is the most common
+
+208
+00:14:35,740 --> 00:14:40,640
+spherical cylindrical form We write the sphere, we
+
+209
+00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:42,880
+write the cylinder, we write the axis of the
+
+210
+00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,860
+cylinder The axis of the cylinder cannot be
+
+211
+00:14:45,860 --> 00:14:48,720
+written as cylindrical lens without writing its
+
+212
+00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:53,260
+axis The sphere has no axis, its force is on all
+
+213
+00:14:53,260 --> 00:14:56,780
+meridians unitedHere, when we wrote the cylinder,
+
+214
+00:14:57,360 --> 00:14:59,740
+we wrote its axis. When we wrote the second
+
+215
+00:14:59,740 --> 00:15:02,080
+cylinder, we wrote its axis. So it is very
+
+216
+00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:05,740
+important that this issue is not forgotten The
+
+217
+00:15:05,740 --> 00:15:09,000
+most common written notation specifies sphere
+
+218
+00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,740
+power, I write the sphere, then I write the
+
+219
+00:15:11,740 --> 00:15:15,200
+cylindrical power and the axis of the cylinder The
+
+220
+00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:19,820
+axis of the cylinder Now there are examples, all
+
+221
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:23,520
+for the same lensIt's all for the same lens Let's
+
+222
+00:15:23,520 --> 00:15:29,080
+try to conclude this case Combined cylindrical
+
+223
+00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:36,100
+form I have plus 1 by 180 plus 1 by 180 and plus 4
+
+224
+00:15:36,100 --> 00:15:40,240
+in axis 90 When we convert it to power cross
+
+225
+00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:56,900
+this is a cylinder, plus one, its axis is one
+
+226
+00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:00,580
+hundred eighty, so its force is ninety, so plus
+
+227
+00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:02,880
+one works on the axis of ninety
+
+228
+00:16:18,970 --> 00:16:20,950
+I also have a cylinder which is the combined
+
+229
+00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:24,510
+cylinder form plus 4 over 90 as long as the axis
+
+230
+00:16:24,510 --> 00:16:34,890
+is plus 4 over 90 then its force is 108 plus
+
+231
+00:16:34,890 --> 00:16:39,990
+4 diode so I converted the combined cylindrical
+
+232
+00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:43,360
+form to power crossThis is how I converted the
+
+233
+00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:48,660
+Combined Cylindrical Form to Power Cross Now I
+
+234
+00:16:48,660 --> 00:16:58,640
+want to convert it to Power Cross This
+
+235
+00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:04,740
+is
+
+236
+00:17:04,740 --> 00:17:06,940
+what we did now, we converted the Combined
+
+237
+00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:11,570
+Cylindrical Form to Power Crossnow we want to
+
+238
+00:17:11,570 --> 00:17:15,070
+write or write the combined cylindrical form and
+
+239
+00:17:15,070 --> 00:17:19,810
+turn it into a spherical cylindrical lens either I
+
+240
+00:17:19,810 --> 00:17:22,790
+turn it into a power cross or I turn it into a
+
+241
+00:17:22,790 --> 00:17:25,270
+combined cylindrical form but into a power cross
+
+242
+00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:28,530
+because it's graphical because it's official, it's
+
+243
+00:17:28,530 --> 00:17:32,850
+better for me I need two things either I say as
+
+244
+00:17:32,850 --> 00:17:34,490
+follows the first picture
+
+245
+00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:39,920
+We take the strongest meridian and say that plus 4
+
+246
+00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:47,500
+is the sphere. When I say that I have plus 4
+
+247
+00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:51,540
+spheres, it means that I gave all the meridians
+
+248
+00:17:51,540 --> 00:17:55,000
+plus 4. This is plus 4 and this is plus 4 and what
+
+249
+00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,800
+is between them. It is like a spherical lens, all
+
+250
+00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,640
+the meridians have strength plus 4.But the
+
+251
+00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:05,760
+meridian is less than plus 4 How can we make it
+
+252
+00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:09,340
+plus 1? We have to divide it by 3 So we gave them
+
+253
+00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:16,060
+all plus 4 spheres We say plus 4 spheres minus 3
+
+254
+00:18:16,060 --> 00:18:20,400
+But I want the minus 3 to have an effect of 90Its
+
+255
+00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:26,060
+effect is 90, so its axis must be 180 High Sphero
+
+256
+00:18:26,060 --> 00:18:29,660
+Cylindrical Lens Let's do it in the way of power
+
+257
+00:18:29,660 --> 00:18:32,360
+across In the way of power cross, we say as
+
+258
+00:18:32,360 --> 00:18:42,400
+follows In
+
+259
+00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:47,620
+the way of power cross We lower it
+
+260
+00:18:54,120 --> 00:18:55,600
+In order to expand the distance
+
+261
+00:19:24,490 --> 00:19:30,470
+Here we say we took plus 4 and put it as a sphere,
+
+262
+00:19:30,790 --> 00:19:41,770
+which means all meridians were given plus 4 The
+
+263
+00:19:41,770 --> 00:19:43,750
+horizontal meridian and the vertical meridian
+
+264
+00:20:13,770 --> 00:20:16,390
+But we know that the vertical meridian is plus
+
+265
+00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:19,830
+one, not plus four, so we need to adjust it from
+
+266
+00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:24,370
+plus four to plus one So we need to give it
+
+267
+00:20:24,370 --> 00:20:31,030
+planoconcave, meaning cylindrical lens should have
+
+268
+00:20:31,030 --> 00:20:34,390
+minus cylinder
+
+269
+00:20:47,130 --> 00:20:50,470
+When I put the minus cylinder on 180, its force on
+
+270
+00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:59,630
+180 is zero Of
+
+271
+00:20:59,630 --> 00:21:02,990
+course,
+
+272
+00:21:03,150 --> 00:21:07,190
+the axis is 180, which means that the total force
+
+273
+00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:10,990
+or the strongest force on it is 90, which is its
+
+274
+00:21:10,990 --> 00:21:12,130
+force minus three
+
+275
+00:21:15,310 --> 00:21:22,910
+minus 3 diopter In
+
+276
+00:21:22,910 --> 00:21:25,430
+spherical and cylindrical lens, it is as if a
+
+277
+00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:27,830
+sphere has four forces, which are distributed by
+
+278
+00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:32,050
+each of the four forces, each meridian has four
+
+279
+00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:37,490
+forces. In a cylinder, the axis is 180 degrees,
+
+280
+00:21:37,530 --> 00:21:39,250
+which means that the force of the vertical axis is
+
+281
+00:21:39,250 --> 00:21:44,140
+minus 3.because it's vertical to the axis when we
+
+282
+00:21:44,140 --> 00:21:45,960
+see the result like this, what happened to me?
+
+283
+00:21:51,460 --> 00:22:00,860
+the result is equal to the next cross zoom
+
+284
+00:22:00,860 --> 00:22:01,280
+in a little bit below
+
+285
+00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:21,700
+The vertical meridian has a force that acts as if
+
+286
+00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:25,880
+there is a plus 4 in front of it and a minus 3 in
+
+287
+00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:27,620
+front of it at the same time, so it acts as if
+
+288
+00:22:27,620 --> 00:22:29,980
+there is a plus 1 in front of it as if there is a
+
+289
+00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:39,200
+plus 1 in front of it This is the vertical axis I
+
+290
+00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:43,400
+will write it below the meridian to make it easier
+
+291
+00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,500
+to understand
+
+292
+00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:50,740
+this is a point, the second point here is plus
+
+293
+00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:55,920
+four plus zero plus four, it remains plus four
+
+294
+00:23:05,030 --> 00:23:08,230
+The same power across, horizontal, plus four, and
+
+295
+00:23:08,230 --> 00:23:10,750
+vertical, plus one I expressed them in
+
+296
+00:23:10,750 --> 00:23:14,550
+cylindrical, spherical, cylindrical form, but the
+
+297
+00:23:14,550 --> 00:23:16,990
+cylinder has minus, that's why it's called minus
+
+298
+00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:20,770
+cylinder form, which is this third line, plus
+
+299
+00:23:20,770 --> 00:23:24,110
+four, minus three, axis one hundred and eighty Now
+
+300
+00:23:24,110 --> 00:23:27,630
+we want to repeat all this, but we want to make
+
+301
+00:23:27,630 --> 00:23:28,590
+the cylinder plus
+
+302
+00:23:32,150 --> 00:23:34,910
+Here we will leave the sphere, no we have to
+
+303
+00:23:34,910 --> 00:23:43,530
+change it to get the plus cylinder So
+
+304
+00:23:43,530 --> 00:23:48,830
+plus
+
+305
+00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:55,930
+4 minus 3, axis 180, here we will delete it, here
+
+306
+00:23:55,930 --> 00:23:57,930
+also delete it
+
+307
+00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:04,600
+So we expressed it with combined cylindrical form
+
+308
+00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:09,080
+We expressed it with power cross And we expressed
+
+309
+00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,100
+it with spherical cylindrical lens with minus in
+
+310
+00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:14,340
+the cylinder Now we want to express it with
+
+311
+00:24:14,340 --> 00:24:17,660
+spherical cylindrical lens with plus in the sphere
+
+312
+00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:20,800
+We say that this is the power cross The power
+
+313
+00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,700
+cross is plus one vertical and plus four
+
+314
+00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:27,500
+horizontal I can consider that I want to give a
+
+315
+00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:30,180
+sphere to all meridians with power plus one
+
+316
+00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:40,770
+So the vertical meridian took its full size which
+
+317
+00:24:40,770 --> 00:24:44,610
+is plus one, I changed it, it has nothing left For
+
+318
+00:24:44,610 --> 00:24:47,130
+plus four which is the horizontal meridian, I gave
+
+319
+00:24:47,130 --> 00:24:50,230
+it plus one, it still has plus three, I want to
+
+320
+00:24:50,230 --> 00:24:53,870
+add plus three to it, we say as follows, let's
+
+321
+00:24:53,870 --> 00:24:55,990
+assume that the sphere is plus one
+
+322
+00:24:59,710 --> 00:25:03,110
+And I want to add plus 3 to the horizontal axis to
+
+323
+00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:05,450
+make it plus 4, because it's force is actually
+
+324
+00:25:05,450 --> 00:25:10,290
+plus 4 How do I add plus 3 to it? I bring plano
+
+325
+00:25:10,290 --> 00:25:15,090
+convex plus cylinder and I put its axis on 90, its
+
+326
+00:25:15,090 --> 00:25:20,650
+force will be 180, so plus 3this is what is
+
+327
+00:25:20,650 --> 00:25:23,430
+missing for meridian which has a force of 4
+
+328
+00:25:23,430 --> 00:25:27,990
+diopters, it took one of the spheres and left
+
+329
+00:25:27,990 --> 00:25:30,270
+three of them, the three of them, in order to
+
+330
+00:25:30,270 --> 00:25:32,870
+affect it, the axis of the lens of the plus
+
+331
+00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:38,040
+cylinder must be 90 degrees, then in axis90 as we
+
+332
+00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:44,100
+see here plus 1 plus 3 axis 90 okay here I say
+
+333
+00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:50,320
+when axis is at 90 it means force is at 180 so
+
+334
+00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:57,940
+force becomes here at 180 which is plus 3 plus 3
+
+335
+00:25:57,940 --> 00:25:58,660
+diopter
+
+336
+00:26:08,530 --> 00:26:13,730
+So, plus three is negative And
+
+337
+00:26:13,730 --> 00:26:16,690
+here, as long as the axis of the lens is at ninety
+
+338
+00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:19,370
+As long as the axis is at ninety, the force at
+
+339
+00:26:19,370 --> 00:26:22,910
+ninety is zero Zero
+
+340
+00:26:32,370 --> 00:26:34,870
+So this is the spherical lens plus one, each
+
+341
+00:26:34,870 --> 00:26:38,130
+meridian is plus one, and this is the cylindrical
+
+342
+00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,990
+lens, its axis is ninety, so its total force or
+
+343
+00:26:41,990 --> 00:26:46,490
+maximum power is one hundred and eighty. The
+
+344
+00:26:46,490 --> 00:26:50,910
+result is plus one horizontally with plus three
+
+345
+00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:53,550
+horizontally, which is plus four, plus four on the
+
+346
+00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:54,170
+horizontal axis.
+
+347
+00:27:04,260 --> 00:27:09,060
+Plus one plus zero means plus one on the vertical
+
+348
+00:27:09,060 --> 00:27:15,780
+axis This
+
+349
+00:27:15,780 --> 00:27:18,240
+is how I get the same power across So this
+
+350
+00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,140
+spherical and cylindrical lens is called plus
+
+351
+00:27:21,140 --> 00:27:25,220
+cylindrical form And the previous one is minus
+
+352
+00:27:25,220 --> 00:27:30,750
+cylindrical formNow we have the last method which
+
+353
+00:27:30,750 --> 00:27:35,670
+is the spherical equivalent. I add the two
+
+354
+00:27:35,670 --> 00:27:38,450
+meridians, the weakest and strongest, plus one and
+
+355
+00:27:38,450 --> 00:27:41,010
+plus four, which is plus five divided by two, plus
+
+356
+00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,130
+two and a half diopter. So I can say that if we
+
+357
+00:27:44,130 --> 00:27:47,490
+bring a sphere plus two diopters, it becomes a
+
+358
+00:27:47,490 --> 00:27:52,570
+spherical and cylindrical lens. We repeat again.To
+
+359
+00:27:52,570 --> 00:27:56,630
+express the astigmatic lens, I either use power
+
+360
+00:27:56,630 --> 00:28:03,230
+cross, combined cylindrical form, or spherical
+
+361
+00:28:03,230 --> 00:28:08,630
+cylindrical form, which is the most common, and
+
+362
+00:28:08,630 --> 00:28:11,510
+there are two forms of it, plus cylindrical form,
+
+363
+00:28:11,670 --> 00:28:15,710
+which we see here, and minus cylindrical form,
+
+364
+00:28:15,790 --> 00:28:18,650
+which we explained in the example, or spherical
+
+365
+00:28:18,650 --> 00:28:21,130
+equivalent
+
+366
+00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:27,590
+طبعا هدولة كلهم أشكال لنفس العدسة Remember that or
+
+367
+00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:30,290
+the following example of sphero cylindrical
+
+368
+00:28:30,290 --> 00:28:35,250
+expression are entirely equivalent مكافئين لبعض من
+
+369
+00:28:35,250 --> 00:28:40,530
+البعض بشكل كامل شكل كامل بدنا نتذكر و احنا بنعمل
+
+370
+00:28:40,530 --> 00:28:44,730
+أي شكل من الأشكال الأربعةThe maximum power of a
+
+371
+00:28:44,730 --> 00:28:48,150
+cylinder is in the meridian 90 degrees away from
+
+372
+00:28:48,150 --> 00:28:49,590
+the axis of the cylinder
+
+373
+00:29:11,390 --> 00:29:17,790
+to avoid errors in transcription it
+
+374
+00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:20,930
+is helpful to notate the axis using all three
+
+375
+00:29:20,930 --> 00:29:25,430
+digits and dropping the degree notation in other
+
+376
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:30,350
+words if you notice the word degree is not written
+
+377
+00:29:30,350 --> 00:29:32,870
+here why is the word degree not written here? we
+
+378
+00:29:32,870 --> 00:29:34,570
+can lower it and then lower it again
+
+379
+00:29:40,110 --> 00:29:45,770
+نقول ليش احنا مش كاتبينها أحيانا
+
+380
+00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:48,970
+الإنسان مع السرع بيكتب كلمة degree بس بتكبر معاه
+
+381
+00:29:48,970 --> 00:29:54,190
+شوية الحجم بتاعها فمثلا على سبيل المثال، بدي أكتب
+
+382
+00:29:54,190 --> 00:29:58,670
+axis 11 و
+
+383
+00:29:58,670 --> 00:30:06,240
+degree على سبيل المثال degreeيعني ال .. ال
+
+384
+00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:09,660
+cylinder بده أحطها على degree .. على أحداشر degree
+
+385
+00:30:09,660 --> 00:30:14,840
+أو خلينا نقول على عشرةon the axis of 10, the axis
+
+386
+00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:17,840
+of the cylinder on the axis of 10 and it was
+
+387
+00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:22,760
+written 10 degree and the circles of the degree
+
+388
+00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:26,580
+became not 10 but 100 so sometimes who wants to
+
+389
+00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:30,880
+implement this recipe of the glasses will have a
+
+390
+00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:34,640
+problem he will make the axis on 100 not on 10
+
+391
+00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:38,440
+which means the axis is wrongتماما access خطأ بشكل
+
+392
+00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:43,120
+كامل فبالتالي الأفضل انه انا بستعمل three digits
+
+393
+00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:48,060
+أرقام ثلاثية لكل عدسة من العدسات ال .. ال .. و
+
+394
+00:30:48,060 --> 00:30:52,040
+بالتالي ب .. الأفضل انه ماكتبش كلمة degree مفهومة
+
+395
+00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:58,200
+انه degree and
+
+396
+00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:03,780
+dropping the degree notationI write axis from
+
+397
+00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:09,500
+three numbers and I don't write degree So it's
+
+398
+00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:13,420
+better than to write it and make a mistake in
+
+399
+00:31:13,420 --> 00:31:16,800
+pronouncing it Now we come to transposition
+
+400
+00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:22,980
+Transposition means to change the plus cylindrical
+
+401
+00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:27,080
+form to the minus cylindrical form Or vice versa,
+
+402
+00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,940
+from minus cylindrical form to plus cylindrical
+
+403
+00:31:29,940 --> 00:31:35,510
+formin the spherocylindrical lens We said that the
+
+404
+00:31:35,510 --> 00:31:38,970
+spherocylindrical form is the most common The
+
+405
+00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:42,570
+spherocylindrical form is the most common How do I
+
+406
+00:31:42,570 --> 00:31:45,550
+change the plus cylindrical form to minus
+
+407
+00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:50,030
+cylindrical form Or the minus cylindrical form to
+
+408
+00:31:50,030 --> 00:31:53,930
+plus cylindrical form I have an example here I
+
+409
+00:31:53,930 --> 00:31:59,530
+have this minus cylindrical formThis is minus
+
+410
+00:31:59,530 --> 00:32:03,710
+cylindrical form I want to turn it into plus
+
+411
+00:32:03,710 --> 00:32:11,270
+cylindrical form I have two ways The first way is
+
+412
+00:32:11,270 --> 00:32:16,110
+to turn this minus cylindrical form into power
+
+413
+00:32:16,110 --> 00:32:21,170
+cross And from the power cross I extract the other
+
+414
+00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:24,430
+form Here minus cylindrical form and here plus
+
+415
+00:32:24,430 --> 00:32:26,050
+cylindrical form
+
+416
+00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:33,300
+So, the first way is to convert any form to power
+
+417
+00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:34,640
+across, whether it's minus or plus, then I
+
+418
+00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:38,060
+subtract the other form. How does this work? This
+
+419
+00:32:38,060 --> 00:32:40,920
+is the sphere, this is the cylinder, and this is
+
+420
+00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:46,220
+the axis. So, I put the force of the sphere on the
+
+421
+00:32:46,220 --> 00:32:49,240
+axis that I have written. So, I have plus four
+
+422
+00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:52,380
+diopter sphere, and I have the axis of the
+
+423
+00:32:52,380 --> 00:32:57,670
+cylinder 90, I put plus four on the meridian 90.If
+
+424
+00:32:57,670 --> 00:33:01,390
+the meridian here is 120, I put plus 4 over 120.
+
+425
+00:33:01,550 --> 00:33:04,810
+So the sphere, I put its force on the meridian
+
+426
+00:33:04,810 --> 00:33:07,350
+written here. The meridian written here is 90, I
+
+427
+00:33:07,350 --> 00:33:13,250
+put plus 4 over 90. Okay. Now this cylinder does
+
+428
+00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:17,610
+not move as it is. It does not move as it is. We
+
+429
+00:33:17,610 --> 00:33:23,850
+sayThe second Meridian, we solved half of the
+
+430
+00:33:23,850 --> 00:33:26,410
+power cross, the power cross is 2 Meridian, one
+
+431
+00:33:26,410 --> 00:33:30,390
+bigger and one smaller, for plus 4, we solved it
+
+432
+00:33:30,390 --> 00:33:34,240
+for 90The second axis which is 90 degrees away
+
+433
+00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:36,920
+from it which is 180 degrees and we say The second
+
+434
+00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:41,660
+axis minus 2 minus 2 from plus 4 which is plus 2
+
+435
+00:33:41,660 --> 00:33:46,600
+We repeat to remind you I put the arrow on the
+
+436
+00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:49,600
+written meridian So we put the arrow on the
+
+437
+00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,240
+written meridian The written meridian is 90 So we
+
+438
+00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:57,680
+put this arrow on 90 And how much do I put on the
+
+439
+00:33:57,680 --> 00:33:59,680
+second meridian? I don't put minus 2 as it is
+
+440
+00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:03,760
+written, noThe cylinder here either decreases or
+
+441
+00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,840
+increases from the first meridian. Here it is four
+
+442
+00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:11,320
+and here it is four. It's like I'm saying this to
+
+443
+00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:16,920
+make it easier for you to understand. Because it's
+
+444
+00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:21,880
+a sphere, I put the sphere on all the meridians.
+
+445
+00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:25,360
+Because it's a sphere. Its force is distributed
+
+446
+00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:27,120
+equally over all the meridians.
+
+447
+00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:37,090
+He put 4. Ok. I have a cylinder of minus 2 and its
+
+448
+00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:41,110
+axis is 90 degrees. So its force is 180 degrees.
+
+449
+00:34:41,150 --> 00:34:42,730
+So here also minus 2.
+
+450
+00:34:45,470 --> 00:34:55,240
+Minus 2. Ok.So this axis affects only plus 4, and
+
+451
+00:34:55,240 --> 00:34:58,560
+this axis affects from the sphere plus 4 and from
+
+452
+00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:02,840
+the cylinder minus 2, plus 4 and minus 2 gives me
+
+453
+00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:09,000
+plus 2 Or
+
+454
+00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,720
+I can say directly
+
+455
+00:35:17,420 --> 00:35:21,640
+this is my plus 4 we put it on the mentioned axis
+
+456
+00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:28,880
+and minus 2 which is less than 4 by 2 the axis is
+
+457
+00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:32,480
+180 why? because minus 2 by 90 has an effect on
+
+458
+00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:37,280
+180 now we haven't finished yet, we have converted
+
+459
+00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:41,860
+one of the forms to power cross now from the power
+
+460
+00:35:41,860 --> 00:35:45,080
+cross I have to extract the other form I look here
+
+461
+00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:49,020
+Plus four, if I take the plus four, it will appear
+
+462
+00:35:49,020 --> 00:35:52,120
+with me again the same thing As long as here in
+
+463
+00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:54,380
+the initial form, the sphere is plus four, this
+
+464
+00:35:54,380 --> 00:35:58,320
+time I want to take the sphere plus two The sphere
+
+465
+00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:02,480
+plus two Okay, plus two means here plus two and
+
+466
+00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,260
+here plus two Okay, but here plus four means I
+
+467
+00:36:06,260 --> 00:36:10,740
+want above two another twoفبحطلها سلندر plus 2 ع
+
+468
+00:36:10,740 --> 00:36:16,380
+180 عشان اتأثر على 90 عشان اتأثر على 90 يعني بنقول
+
+469
+00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:24,220
+سفير plus 2 إذا هنا plus 2 هنا خلّيني نشطبها و هنا
+
+470
+00:36:24,220 --> 00:36:26,920
+كمان plus 2 لأنه السفير عندي plus 2
+
+471
+00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:36,770
+But I know that the vertical axis is plus four So
+
+472
+00:36:36,770 --> 00:36:40,770
+it needs two more So we get a cylinder with its
+
+473
+00:36:40,770 --> 00:36:43,990
+axis at one hundred and eighty Its force is plus
+
+474
+00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:47,190
+two to its force at ninety So it becomes plus two
+
+475
+00:36:47,190 --> 00:36:56,330
+and plus two I have plus four and plus two So plus
+
+476
+00:36:56,330 --> 00:36:59,570
+two plus two is one hundred and eighty So I
+
+477
+00:36:59,570 --> 00:37:00,850
+convert to power cross
+
+478
+00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:14,400
+and from power cross I get the
+
+479
+00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:20,080
+other form of cylinder so this is the first way
+
+480
+00:37:20,080 --> 00:37:25,460
+first way I change the form I have to power cross
+
+481
+00:37:25,460 --> 00:37:30,720
+and from power cross I get the other form in power
+
+482
+00:37:30,720 --> 00:37:34,080
+cross to change it quickly I say sphere I put it
+
+483
+00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:39,250
+on the existing axisand I say either the cylinder
+
+484
+00:37:39,250 --> 00:37:41,610
+decreases or increases, decreases if the sign is
+
+485
+00:37:41,610 --> 00:37:45,910
+minus from the sphere, so plus 4 we put it on 90
+
+486
+00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:48,790
+because 90 is what I have mentioned and I say the
+
+487
+00:37:48,790 --> 00:37:51,990
+other meridian which is meridian 180, how did I
+
+488
+00:37:51,990 --> 00:37:54,270
+know that it is 180 because it is away from the
+
+489
+00:37:54,270 --> 00:37:57,290
+first meridian that I specified which is 90, it is
+
+490
+00:37:57,290 --> 00:38:01,520
+90 degrees awaythe other meridian which is 180
+
+491
+00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:06,960
+minus 2 from plus 4 which is plus 2 if it was plus
+
+492
+00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:10,540
+here, we say that the other meridian is plus 2
+
+493
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:16,440
+from plus 4 we change it to power cross I take the
+
+494
+00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:19,960
+sphere of the last meridian that we got and I put
+
+495
+00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,600
+it as the sphere and I say that the other meridian
+
+496
+00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:28,580
+is plus 2 from it on an axisI deal with this
+
+497
+00:38:28,580 --> 00:38:32,420
+meridian that I want to increase There is another
+
+498
+00:38:32,420 --> 00:38:36,760
+way Which is the most commonly used and easiest
+
+499
+00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:42,620
+way To make a transposition I add the cylinder
+
+500
+00:38:42,620 --> 00:38:48,280
+with its sign to the sphere Then I change the sign
+
+501
+00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:51,500
+of the cylinder And I turn the axis 90 degrees
+
+502
+00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:57,860
+Let's see how this works We say as follows we have
+
+503
+00:38:57,860 --> 00:39:01,880
+minus 2, i want to add it to plus 4, so i have
+
+504
+00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:07,520
+plus 2 this is the new sphere this is the new
+
+505
+00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:12,720
+sphere okay, i want to change the sign of the
+
+506
+00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:18,040
+cylinder to plus 2 i
+
+507
+00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:23,000
+want to change the axis to 90 degrees it is 90, so
+
+508
+00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:27,570
+it will become 180 so noticeThe method is very
+
+509
+00:39:27,570 --> 00:39:30,310
+easy plus two plus two is one hundred and eighty
+
+510
+00:39:30,310 --> 00:39:33,650
+plus two plus two is one hundred and eighty So in
+
+511
+00:39:33,650 --> 00:39:37,490
+three very fast steps I add the cylinder to the
+
+512
+00:39:37,490 --> 00:39:40,770
+sphere, the first step, I add the cylinder to the
+
+513
+00:39:40,770 --> 00:39:44,170
+sphere all with signs, and we add a plural with
+
+514
+00:39:44,170 --> 00:39:48,270
+signs minus two and plus four, so I have plus two
+
+515
+00:39:48,270 --> 00:39:51,090
+The second step, this sign is minus, I want to
+
+516
+00:39:51,090 --> 00:39:54,100
+turn it into plusThe third thing is that I need to
+
+517
+00:39:54,100 --> 00:40:01,000
+change the axis 90 degrees The axis needs to
+
+518
+00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:04,520
+change 90 degrees, if it was 90 it became 180
+
+519
+00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:07,860
+degrees If this needs to do the same thing, I need
+
+520
+00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:10,440
+to do the transposition to change it to minus form
+
+521
+00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:16,160
+and not plus form The cylinder and the sphere
+
+522
+00:40:29,110 --> 00:40:31,530
+Cylinder and sphere we add them together, plus 2
+
+523
+00:40:31,530 --> 00:40:36,250
+and plus 2 I get plus 4 This is the new sphere Now
+
+524
+00:40:36,250 --> 00:40:40,360
+I change the sign of the cylinder to minus 2and
+
+525
+00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:46,160
+the axis 180 need to move 90 of course, any axis
+
+526
+00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:50,920
+above 90, we move 90 of it any axis above 90, 91,
+
+527
+00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:56,860
+92, 100, 110, 120, 170, 180, we move 90 of it, it
+
+528
+00:40:56,860 --> 00:40:59,880
+becomes 90 for me when I move 180, I move 90 of
+
+529
+00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:02,700
+it, so I have become
+
+530
+00:41:06,390 --> 00:41:10,290
+plus four minus two axis ninety degree plus four
+
+531
+00:41:10,290 --> 00:41:18,410
+minus two axis ninety degree plus four minus two
+
+532
+00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,730
+axis ninety degree plus four minus two axis ninety
+
+533
+00:41:22,730 --> 00:41:23,490
+degree plus four minus two axis ninety degree plus
+
+534
+00:41:23,490 --> 00:41:23,830
+four minus two axis ninety degree plus four minus
+
+535
+00:41:23,830 --> 00:41:24,990
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+536
+00:41:24,990 --> 00:41:25,150
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+537
+00:41:25,150 --> 00:41:25,350
+degree plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+538
+00:41:25,350 --> 00:41:26,550
+four minus two axes ninety degree plus four minus
+
+539
+00:41:26,550 --> 00:41:30,070
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+540
+00:41:30,070 --> 00:41:32,570
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+541
+00:41:32,570 --> 00:41:33,870
+degree plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+542
+00:41:33,870 --> 00:41:33,990
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+543
+00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:34,730
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+544
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,770
+axes ninety degree plus two axes ninety degree
+
+545
+00:41:34,770 --> 00:41:40,020
+plus two axes ninetyان انا ب .. اعمل transposition
+
+546
+00:41:40,020 --> 00:41:44,720
+او يعني تحويل من form ل form تاني بتلت خطوات سريع
+
+547
+00:41:44,720 --> 00:41:48,820
+ال cylinder بضيفه ل ال sphere بإشارته طبعا بطلع
+
+548
+00:41:48,820 --> 00:41:53,210
+عندى ل new sphereبغير إشارة ال cylinder بطلع عندى
+
+549
+00:41:53,210 --> 00:41:57,350
+ل new cylinder و بحول المحور تسعين درجة بحول
+
+550
+00:41:57,350 --> 00:42:01,830
+المحور تسعين درجة طبعا ضرورى هذا الكلام يكون يعني
+
+551
+00:42:01,830 --> 00:42:11,130
+واضح هنا واضح طب نشوف هنا عندنا مثال آخر نبدأ
+
+552
+00:42:11,130 --> 00:42:15,510
+في حلو المثال
+
+553
+00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:20,960
+بيقول plus خمسة minus ستة axis مية و تلاتينPlus
+
+554
+00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:24,680
+five minus six axis one hundred and thirty This
+
+555
+00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:29,560
+axis is one hundred and thirty So this line is one
+
+556
+00:42:29,560 --> 00:42:33,180
+hundred and thirty Plus five we say the sphere we
+
+557
+00:42:33,180 --> 00:42:40,280
+put it on the existing axis Now we say the other
+
+558
+00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,040
+axis if this axis is one hundred and thirty the
+
+559
+00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:47,850
+vertical axis on it is forty The axis is fortyHow
+
+560
+00:42:47,850 --> 00:42:49,650
+much is the force of the axis 40? This we know
+
+561
+00:42:49,650 --> 00:42:52,610
+that its force is plus 5 to the sphere and we put
+
+562
+00:42:52,610 --> 00:42:54,670
+it on the axis written in the spherical and
+
+563
+00:42:54,670 --> 00:42:58,250
+cylindrical form. We say that the other axis which
+
+564
+00:42:58,250 --> 00:43:03,170
+is 40 vertical to 130 of course is minus 6
+
+565
+00:43:03,170 --> 00:43:04,990
+degrees. Why is it minus? Because it is a minus
+
+566
+00:43:04,990 --> 00:43:09,810
+sign. It is minus 6 degrees from plus 5. 5 minus 6
+
+567
+00:43:09,810 --> 00:43:16,390
+remains minus 1 for me. Okay. NowIf my power cross
+
+568
+00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,630
+is ready, now if I want to take the plus 5, it
+
+569
+00:43:19,630 --> 00:43:24,110
+will be the same thing I want to take the other
+
+570
+00:43:24,110 --> 00:43:26,170
+meridian, the power of the other meridian, and
+
+571
+00:43:26,170 --> 00:43:29,950
+consider it as a sphere So minus 1 is a sphere,
+
+572
+00:43:31,290 --> 00:43:37,690
+and the second axis is 6From minus 1 to plus 5, it
+
+573
+00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:44,790
+adds 6 to it. So minus 1 plus 6 x is 40 to affect
+
+574
+00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:52,370
+130. If we want the quick way, we add the cylinder
+
+575
+00:43:52,370 --> 00:43:57,330
+to the sphere, minus 6 plus 5 remains minus 1. We
+
+576
+00:43:57,330 --> 00:44:00,290
+flip the sign of 6, which is minus, which becomes
+
+577
+00:44:00,290 --> 00:44:05,090
+plus.والمحور بنحركه تسعين درجة، مية و تلاتين ناقص
+
+578
+00:44:05,090 --> 00:44:08,790
+تسعين، بيضال أربعين degree فبالتالي أي من
+
+579
+00:44:08,790 --> 00:44:15,930
+الطريقتين اتبعت فهي يعني سهلة، فهي سهلة، بس طبعا
+
+580
+00:44:15,930 --> 00:44:21,100
+الطريقة التانية أسرع وأكثر استعمالهاA simpler
+
+581
+00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:24,380
+method is more frequently used to convert a
+
+582
+00:44:24,380 --> 00:44:27,340
+prescription from plus to minus cylindrical form,
+
+583
+00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:31,840
+or al-aqs, add sphere and cylindrical power
+
+584
+00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:34,220
+together to obtain the new sphere
+
+585
+00:44:41,690 --> 00:44:46,710
+it changed the sign of the cylinder rotate
+
+586
+00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,670
+the axis 90 degree to obtain the new axis to
+
+587
+00:44:52,670 --> 00:44:56,870
+obtain a new axis and at this point we stop and
+
+588
+00:44:56,870 --> 00:45:00,250
+next time we will take the combination of
+
+589
+00:45:00,250 --> 00:45:03,270
+spherical and cylindrical lenses and God bless you
+
+590
+00:45:03,270 --> 00:45:05,110
+and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Ep-c1SfnZDY_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2428 @@
+1
+00:00:01,690 --> 00:00:04,610
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,610 --> 00:00:10,570
+Geometric Optics، واتوقفنا عند الطرق اللي بقدر
+
+3
+00:00:10,570 --> 00:00:14,510
+أعبّر فيها عن الـ Spherical and Cylindrical Lens،
+
+4
+00:00:14,510 --> 00:00:19,290
+أو ال Powers، تاعة ال Meridians، تاعة ال Spherical
+
+5
+00:00:19,290 --> 00:00:22,470
+and Cylindrical Lens، إذن the Powers،in the
+
+6
+00:00:22,470 --> 00:00:25,570
+principal meridians and cylindrical axes of sphero
+
+7
+00:00:25,570 --> 00:00:28,990
+cylindrical lenses may be specified in several
+
+8
+00:00:28,990 --> 00:00:35,410
+ways يعني ممكن أعبر عنهم أو أكتبهم بطرق متعددة أول
+
+9
+00:00:35,410 --> 00:00:38,430
+طريقة بيسموها ال power cross the common graphical
+
+10
+00:00:38,430 --> 00:00:42,950
+method is called power cross يعني بعدي برسم power
+
+11
+00:00:42,950 --> 00:00:52,120
+cross هيرسمنا power crosswe can draw it like this
+
+12
+00:00:52,120 --> 00:01:08,540
+for example meridian of 90 and meridian of 180 and
+
+13
+00:01:08,540 --> 00:01:13,060
+write here for example plus 3 and plus 1 plus 3
+
+14
+00:01:13,060 --> 00:01:17,700
+and plus 1 of course plus 3 is more
+
+15
+00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:34,840
+and here plus one, this is better so
+
+16
+00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,600
+this
+
+17
+00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:43,030
+is called power crossThe word power across means
+
+18
+00:01:43,030 --> 00:01:46,830
+that it defines the power of each meridian. What
+
+19
+00:01:46,830 --> 00:01:49,210
+does it mean plus three diopter of the vertical
+
+20
+00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:51,770
+meridian or meridian ninety? It means that this
+
+21
+00:01:51,770 --> 00:01:54,550
+meridian ninety, when rays enter from it, from
+
+22
+00:01:54,550 --> 00:01:57,570
+this meridian, it is as if it entered from a plus
+
+23
+00:01:57,570 --> 00:02:00,190
+three diopter lens. It is as if it entered from a
+
+24
+00:02:00,190 --> 00:02:01,950
+sphere lens, but this is specific to this
+
+25
+00:02:01,950 --> 00:02:05,930
+meridian. The rays that enter from the horizontal
+
+26
+00:02:05,930 --> 00:02:09,430
+meridian are as if they entered from a plus one
+
+27
+00:02:09,430 --> 00:02:12,430
+lens.Of course, the meridians between them, their
+
+28
+00:02:12,430 --> 00:02:15,070
+forces are gradually rising in this direction,
+
+29
+00:02:15,250 --> 00:02:18,750
+here plus one and a half, plus two, plus three,
+
+30
+00:02:18,870 --> 00:02:22,170
+plus two and a half, plus three, or decreasing in
+
+31
+00:02:22,170 --> 00:02:25,570
+this direction, that is, each meridian acts as a
+
+32
+00:02:25,570 --> 00:02:26,690
+sphere by itself
+
+33
+00:02:49,090 --> 00:02:52,310
+across is a drone oriented in the principal
+
+34
+00:02:52,310 --> 00:02:52,970
+meridians
+
+35
+00:02:56,620 --> 00:03:00,780
+the first line in the cross is parallel to the
+
+36
+00:03:00,780 --> 00:03:06,240
+first line in the cross and the second line is
+
+37
+00:03:06,240 --> 00:03:06,420
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+38
+00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:09,480
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+39
+00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,880
+in the cross and
+
+40
+00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:13,200
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+41
+00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:15,180
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+42
+00:03:15,180 --> 00:03:16,020
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+43
+00:03:16,020 --> 00:03:16,500
+is perpendicular to the first line in the cross
+
+44
+00:03:16,500 --> 00:03:17,800
+and the second line is perpendicular to the first
+
+45
+00:03:17,800 --> 00:03:19,280
+line in the cross and the second line is
+
+46
+00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:21,760
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+47
+00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:22,200
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+48
+00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:23,060
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+49
+00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,560
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+50
+00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:25,560
+is perpendicular to the first line in the cross
+
+51
+00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:25,560
+and the second line is perpendicular to the first
+
+52
+00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:25,580
+line in the cross and the second line is
+
+53
+00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:25,580
+perpendicular to the first line in the cross and
+
+54
+00:03:25,580 --> 00:03:25,600
+the second line is perpendicular to the first line
+
+55
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:25,600
+in the cross and the second line is perpendicular
+
+56
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:25,600
+to the first line in the cross and the second line
+
+57
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:25,600
+is perpendicular to the first line in the cross
+
+58
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:25,600
+and the second line is perpendicular to the first
+
+59
+00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:33,670
+line in the cross andso meridian at 120 degrees
+
+60
+00:03:33,670 --> 00:03:37,530
+and meridian at 30 degrees depending on which
+
+61
+00:03:37,530 --> 00:03:40,290
+meridian is stronger or weaker but it is very
+
+62
+00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:43,410
+important that the angle between the stronger and
+
+63
+00:03:43,410 --> 00:03:45,830
+weaker meridian is 90 degrees
+
+64
+00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:57,500
+A cross is a drone oriented in the principal
+
+65
+00:03:57,500 --> 00:04:01,340
+meridians and
+
+66
+00:04:01,340 --> 00:04:06,260
+each arm of the cross is labeled with the power
+
+67
+00:04:06,260 --> 00:04:07,860
+acting in that meridian.
+
+68
+00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:24,690
+plus one, we write plus one, minus four, we write
+
+69
+00:04:24,690 --> 00:04:27,270
+minus four, as much as the power of this meridian,
+
+70
+00:04:27,310 --> 00:04:30,650
+the meridian can work as a plus lens, or the
+
+71
+00:04:30,650 --> 00:04:34,090
+meridian can work as a minus lens, as a minus
+
+72
+00:04:34,090 --> 00:04:40,700
+lens, so the first way of expressionIt's the way
+
+73
+00:04:40,700 --> 00:04:44,560
+of power across This describes the spherical and
+
+74
+00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:48,660
+cylindrical down The second way is called the
+
+75
+00:04:48,660 --> 00:04:53,640
+combined cylindrical form The
+
+76
+00:04:53,640 --> 00:05:00,160
+same power cross If I find this meridian strength
+
+77
+00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:03,860
+plus one and this meridian strength plus threeI
+
+78
+00:05:03,860 --> 00:05:07,480
+want to come to the spherical-cylindrical lens and
+
+79
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:11,820
+compensate for it with two cylinders. So that the
+
+80
+00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:16,380
+force at the vertical meridian is Q2 plus 3 and
+
+81
+00:05:16,380 --> 00:05:19,940
+the horizontal meridian is Q2 plus 1. Look at this
+
+82
+00:05:19,940 --> 00:05:26,900
+view. This is the planocylindrical lens.
+
+83
+00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:29,040
+Planocylindrical lens
+
+84
+00:05:41,850 --> 00:05:44,810
+Planoconvex lens which is cylindrical lens plus
+
+85
+00:05:44,810 --> 00:05:47,790
+cylindrical lens which is painted in white The
+
+86
+00:05:47,790 --> 00:05:51,350
+axis is horizontal, so its force is vertical This
+
+87
+00:05:51,350 --> 00:05:54,610
+force must be plus three diopters to give me a
+
+88
+00:05:54,610 --> 00:05:58,890
+vertical effect plus three diopters So I say here
+
+89
+00:05:58,890 --> 00:06:02,010
+Spherocylindrical
+
+90
+00:06:02,010 --> 00:06:05,910
+lens which we saw in this exampleand the vertical
+
+91
+00:06:05,910 --> 00:06:08,910
+meridian is plus 3 and the horizontal meridian is
+
+92
+00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:12,050
+plus 1 I can express them in the combined
+
+93
+00:06:12,050 --> 00:06:16,410
+cylindrical form meaning two cylinders together I
+
+94
+00:06:16,410 --> 00:06:21,650
+put in front of the patient's eye a cylindrical
+
+95
+00:06:21,650 --> 00:06:24,990
+lens of course plano cylindrical meaning that the
+
+96
+00:06:24,990 --> 00:06:31,260
+sphere has zero on plus threewhere is the axis?
+
+97
+00:06:31,780 --> 00:06:34,360
+this is the axis of the cylinder 180 degrees to
+
+98
+00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:40,480
+affect 90 degrees and also it has plan and convex
+
+99
+00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:47,780
+lens with power plus one plus one diopter cylinder
+
+100
+00:06:47,780 --> 00:06:51,820
+in
+
+101
+00:06:51,820 --> 00:06:58,770
+axis 90 degrees in axis 90 degreesنعمل بس ال
+
+102
+00:06:58,770 --> 00:07:07,150
+degree نعمل إدراج و
+
+103
+00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:16,170
+هنا نعملها نفس الشيء
+
+104
+00:07:16,170 --> 00:07:20,730
+ما
+
+105
+00:07:20,730 --> 00:07:24,450
+معنى هذا الكلام؟ معنى هذا الكلام
+
+106
+00:07:27,030 --> 00:07:32,310
+is if you bring a planoconvex cylinder which is
+
+107
+00:07:32,310 --> 00:07:36,850
+written in white color and you put its axis on 180
+
+108
+00:07:36,850 --> 00:07:42,370
+the maximum power will be 90 what is the maximum
+
+109
+00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,590
+power? it is plus 3 so meridian will have 90 and
+
+110
+00:07:46,590 --> 00:07:50,670
+its force will be plus 3 and if you bring with it
+
+111
+00:07:50,670 --> 00:07:56,290
+also in front or behind plus 1diopter cylinder
+
+112
+00:07:56,290 --> 00:07:59,810
+liplano convex its power is plus one diopter I put
+
+113
+00:07:59,810 --> 00:08:05,030
+its axis which is drawn in red I put its axis on
+
+114
+00:08:05,030 --> 00:08:09,550
+ninety its maximum power which is plus one will be
+
+115
+00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:13,150
+one hundred and eighty this means that I have
+
+116
+00:08:13,150 --> 00:08:16,070
+meridian ninety its power is plus three and
+
+117
+00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:18,730
+meridian one hundred and eighty its power is plus
+
+118
+00:08:18,730 --> 00:08:22,470
+one so instead of expressing by power across I say
+
+119
+00:08:23,140 --> 00:08:27,480
+Sphero-cylindrical lens are two cylinders
+
+120
+00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:33,780
+perpendicular to each other's axes
+
+121
+00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:38,960
+So this is another way to express the sphero
+
+122
+00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:43,420
+-cylindrical lens Here, the power of the cross
+
+123
+00:08:43,420 --> 00:08:47,060
+represents the force of each meridian Here is
+
+124
+00:08:47,060 --> 00:08:50,900
+another form of expression which is the combined
+
+125
+00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,160
+cylindrical formThe third shape is the most common
+
+126
+00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:59,760
+shape, which is the spherical cylindrical form.
+
+127
+00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:06,120
+Instead of putting two cylinders, I put a sphere
+
+128
+00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:08,720
+with a cylinder, and in the end it will be the
+
+129
+00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:12,880
+same result. The result says that the force of the
+
+130
+00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:16,280
+meridian 90 must be plus 3, and the force of the
+
+131
+00:09:16,280 --> 00:09:18,740
+meridian 180 must be plus 1.
+
+132
+00:09:21,830 --> 00:09:25,110
+The spherical cylindrical form is what? The
+
+133
+00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:27,890
+spherical cylindrical form is that I want to bring
+
+134
+00:09:27,890 --> 00:09:31,030
+a spherical lens. Why? Because I want to put the
+
+135
+00:09:31,030 --> 00:09:34,510
+blue circle in front of the patient's eye plus one
+
+136
+00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:37,590
+diopter. What does plus one diopter mean? It means
+
+137
+00:09:37,590 --> 00:09:41,790
+that each meridian of its meridian is plus one.
+
+138
+00:09:42,150 --> 00:09:44,170
+The horizontal meridian is plus one and the
+
+139
+00:09:44,170 --> 00:09:48,090
+vertical meridian is plus one. When we put a
+
+140
+00:09:48,090 --> 00:09:51,080
+spherical lens in front of the eyeThe power of the
+
+141
+00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:54,200
+spherical lens is equal in all meridians. What is
+
+142
+00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,420
+the horizontal meridian? As if I gave it plus one
+
+143
+00:09:59,110 --> 00:10:01,650
+And the vertical meridian gave it plus one, and
+
+144
+00:10:01,650 --> 00:10:03,450
+what's between them, but what's between them is
+
+145
+00:10:03,450 --> 00:10:07,110
+not necessary to clarify the issue So when I put
+
+146
+00:10:07,110 --> 00:10:09,390
+plus one in the diopter sphere, then the
+
+147
+00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:12,050
+horizontal meridian gave it plus one, and the
+
+148
+00:10:12,050 --> 00:10:15,930
+vertical meridian gave it plus one Okay, the
+
+149
+00:10:15,930 --> 00:10:18,730
+vertical meridian's true force is plus three, how
+
+150
+00:10:18,730 --> 00:10:21,710
+do I make it plus three?We added the sphere to it
+
+151
+00:10:21,710 --> 00:10:23,930
+and it became plus one, but it's missing two. We
+
+152
+00:10:23,930 --> 00:10:27,230
+also need to add two to it. We also need to add
+
+153
+00:10:27,230 --> 00:10:29,970
+two to it. How do we add two to it? In the
+
+154
+00:10:29,970 --> 00:10:34,390
+following way, we put a cylinder with its axis at
+
+155
+00:10:34,390 --> 00:10:37,630
+180 degrees so that its force becomes 90 degrees.
+
+156
+00:10:40,250 --> 00:10:45,630
+Plus 2 diopter, Planoconvex,
+
+157
+00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:51,310
+Axis is 180 because its effect is 90 At the
+
+158
+00:10:51,310 --> 00:10:55,890
+sphere, its force is equal to plus 1 diopter, so
+
+159
+00:10:55,890 --> 00:11:00,670
+all meridians take plus 1 diopterIt is the rays
+
+160
+00:11:00,670 --> 00:11:02,650
+that will enter from the horizontal meridian to
+
+161
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:06,150
+the sphere It will enter from a plus one diopter
+
+162
+00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:08,130
+lens And the rays that will enter from the
+
+163
+00:11:08,130 --> 00:11:11,990
+vertical meridian will also enter from a meridian
+
+164
+00:11:11,990 --> 00:11:15,110
+with a force plus one diopter And any axis between
+
+165
+00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:18,210
+them also has a force as if it is a plus one
+
+166
+00:11:18,210 --> 00:11:21,650
+diopter lens This is for the sphere For the
+
+167
+00:11:21,650 --> 00:11:24,950
+cylinder, if we put its axis on one hundred and
+
+168
+00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:28,760
+eighty, its force is one hundred and eighty zeroit
+
+169
+00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:31,440
+will not affect 180, it will not add to this plus
+
+170
+00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:34,800
+one anything while all its force is out of its
+
+171
+00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:40,400
+axis at 180 its maximum power will be at 90 its
+
+172
+00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:44,540
+maximum power is plus two, so the vertical
+
+173
+00:11:44,540 --> 00:11:48,320
+meridian will be plus two and there is plus one
+
+174
+00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,920
+with it basically from the spherical lens, so it
+
+175
+00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:57,280
+will line up their groupplus one plus zero plus
+
+176
+00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,200
+one this is the axis of the horizontal axis plus
+
+177
+00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,780
+one plus two from the cylinder from the plano
+
+178
+00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:07,380
+convex then it will be plus three this is how it
+
+179
+00:12:07,380 --> 00:12:11,040
+is written how do I write this? we write this in
+
+180
+00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:16,400
+writing we give in front of the patient plus one
+
+181
+00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:21,780
+this is the diopterosphere and
+
+182
+00:12:21,780 --> 00:12:29,750
+the cylinder plus twoDiopter cylinder على المحور
+
+183
+00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:33,450
+بتاع السيليندر عشان تأثرلي ع تسعين بتنحط على مية و
+
+184
+00:12:33,450 --> 00:12:39,650
+تمانية اذا هدى هدى للسفير و cylindrical for سفير
+
+185
+00:12:39,650 --> 00:12:49,130
+plus واحد diopter plus واحد diopter سفيرplus 2 is
+
+186
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,210
+the diameter of a cylinder in the axis 180 in the
+
+187
+00:12:52,210 --> 00:12:57,410
+axis 180 I can write it in another way, yes I can
+
+188
+00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:01,130
+write it in another way, in another way, but
+
+189
+00:13:01,130 --> 00:13:03,190
+sometimes I have to change the direction of the
+
+190
+00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:06,290
+cylinder, and we will get this in due course, God
+
+191
+00:13:06,290 --> 00:13:10,890
+willing. So this is the third form of the forms of
+
+192
+00:13:10,890 --> 00:13:13,250
+expression for the spherical cylindrical, the
+
+193
+00:13:13,250 --> 00:13:19,460
+first formwhich is power cross I can write power
+
+194
+00:13:19,460 --> 00:13:24,150
+crossI can write it in combined cylindrical form,
+
+195
+00:13:24,670 --> 00:13:28,370
+meaning two cylinders together I can write it in
+
+196
+00:13:28,370 --> 00:13:31,950
+spherical cylindrical form, which is the most
+
+197
+00:13:31,950 --> 00:13:35,570
+common form Or I can express it in spherical
+
+198
+00:13:35,570 --> 00:13:38,390
+equivalent form, meaning I put a lens in a sphere
+
+199
+00:13:38,390 --> 00:13:42,230
+and I say plus 2 diopter, sphere, why plus 2
+
+200
+00:13:42,230 --> 00:13:45,230
+diopter? We will say, because to get the spherical
+
+201
+00:13:45,230 --> 00:13:51,350
+equivalentI say plus three plus one plus four
+
+202
+00:13:51,350 --> 00:13:53,790
+divided by two which is the average force of the
+
+203
+00:13:53,790 --> 00:13:56,730
+stronger meridian with the weaker meridian which
+
+204
+00:13:56,730 --> 00:14:02,290
+is the spherical equivalent plus three which is
+
+205
+00:14:02,290 --> 00:14:04,410
+the vertical and plus one which is the horizontal
+
+206
+00:14:04,410 --> 00:14:06,730
+we combine them together and we get plus four
+
+207
+00:14:06,730 --> 00:14:08,730
+which is divided by their number which is two
+
+208
+00:14:08,730 --> 00:14:12,530
+which means I get plus two so I can express about
+
+209
+00:14:12,530 --> 00:14:17,910
+the spherical cylindricallens with four forms,
+
+210
+00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:22,010
+which are power cross, combined cylindrical form,
+
+211
+00:14:22,570 --> 00:14:24,830
+sphero cylindrical form which is the most common
+
+212
+00:14:24,830 --> 00:14:27,650
+one, or spherical equivalent or spherical
+
+213
+00:14:27,650 --> 00:14:32,700
+equivalentNow, how do I write the spherical
+
+214
+00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:35,740
+cylindrical form, which is the most common
+
+215
+00:14:35,740 --> 00:14:40,640
+spherical cylindrical form We write the sphere, we
+
+216
+00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:42,880
+write the cylinder, we write the axis of the
+
+217
+00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,860
+cylinder The axis of the cylinder cannot be
+
+218
+00:14:45,860 --> 00:14:48,720
+written as cylindrical lens without writing its
+
+219
+00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:53,260
+axis The sphere has no axis, its force is on all
+
+220
+00:14:53,260 --> 00:14:56,780
+meridians unitedHere, when we wrote the cylinder,
+
+221
+00:14:57,360 --> 00:14:59,740
+we wrote its axis. When we wrote the second
+
+222
+00:14:59,740 --> 00:15:02,080
+cylinder, we wrote its axis. So it is very
+
+223
+00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:05,740
+important that this issue is not forgotten The
+
+224
+00:15:05,740 --> 00:15:09,000
+most common written notation specifies sphere
+
+225
+00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:11,740
+power, I write the sphere, then I write the
+
+226
+00:15:11,740 --> 00:15:15,200
+cylindrical power and the axis of the cylinder The
+
+227
+00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:19,820
+axis of the cylinder Now there are examples, all
+
+228
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:23,520
+for the same lensIt's all for the same lens Let's
+
+229
+00:15:23,520 --> 00:15:29,080
+try to conclude this case Combined cylindrical
+
+230
+00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:36,100
+form I have plus 1 by 180 plus 1 by 180 and plus 4
+
+231
+00:15:36,100 --> 00:15:40,240
+in axis 90 When we convert it to power cross
+
+232
+00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:56,900
+this is a cylinder, plus one, its axis is one
+
+233
+00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:00,580
+hundred eighty, so its force is ninety, so plus
+
+234
+00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:02,880
+one works on the axis of ninety
+
+235
+00:16:18,970 --> 00:16:20,950
+I also have a cylinder which is the combined
+
+236
+00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:24,510
+cylinder form plus 4 over 90 as long as the axis
+
+237
+00:16:24,510 --> 00:16:34,890
+is plus 4 over 90 then its force is 108 plus
+
+238
+00:16:34,890 --> 00:16:39,990
+4 diode so I converted the combined cylindrical
+
+239
+00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:43,360
+form to power crossThis is how I converted the
+
+240
+00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:48,660
+Combined Cylindrical Form to Power Cross Now I
+
+241
+00:16:48,660 --> 00:16:58,640
+want to convert it to Power Cross This
+
+242
+00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:04,740
+is
+
+243
+00:17:04,740 --> 00:17:06,940
+what we did now, we converted the Combined
+
+244
+00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:11,570
+Cylindrical Form to Power Crossnow we want to
+
+245
+00:17:11,570 --> 00:17:15,070
+write or write the combined cylindrical form and
+
+246
+00:17:15,070 --> 00:17:19,810
+turn it into a spherical cylindrical lens either I
+
+247
+00:17:19,810 --> 00:17:22,790
+turn it into a power cross or I turn it into a
+
+248
+00:17:22,790 --> 00:17:25,270
+combined cylindrical form but into a power cross
+
+249
+00:17:25,270 --> 00:17:28,530
+because it's graphical because it's official, it's
+
+250
+00:17:28,530 --> 00:17:32,850
+better for me I need two things either I say as
+
+251
+00:17:32,850 --> 00:17:34,490
+follows the first picture
+
+252
+00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:39,920
+We take the strongest meridian and say that plus 4
+
+253
+00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:47,500
+is the sphere. When I say that I have plus 4
+
+254
+00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:51,540
+spheres, it means that I gave all the meridians
+
+255
+00:17:51,540 --> 00:17:55,000
+plus 4. This is plus 4 and this is plus 4 and what
+
+256
+00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,800
+is between them. It is like a spherical lens, all
+
+257
+00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,640
+the meridians have strength plus 4.But the
+
+258
+00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:05,760
+meridian is less than plus 4 How can we make it
+
+259
+00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:09,340
+plus 1? We have to divide it by 3 So we gave them
+
+260
+00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:16,060
+all plus 4 spheres We say plus 4 spheres minus 3
+
+261
+00:18:16,060 --> 00:18:20,400
+But I want the minus 3 to have an effect of 90Its
+
+262
+00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:26,060
+effect is 90, so its axis must be 180 High Sphero
+
+263
+00:18:26,060 --> 00:18:29,660
+Cylindrical Lens Let's do it in the way of power
+
+264
+00:18:29,660 --> 00:18:32,360
+across In the way of power cross, we say as
+
+265
+00:18:32,360 --> 00:18:42,400
+follows In
+
+266
+00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:47,620
+the way of power cross We lower it
+
+267
+00:18:54,120 --> 00:18:55,600
+In order to expand the distance
+
+268
+00:19:24,490 --> 00:19:30,470
+Here we say we took plus 4 and put it as a sphere,
+
+269
+00:19:30,790 --> 00:19:41,770
+which means all meridians were given plus 4 The
+
+270
+00:19:41,770 --> 00:19:43,750
+horizontal meridian and the vertical meridian
+
+271
+00:20:13,770 --> 00:20:16,390
+But we know that the vertical meridian is plus
+
+272
+00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:19,830
+one, not plus four, so we need to adjust it from
+
+273
+00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:24,370
+plus four to plus one So we need to give it
+
+274
+00:20:24,370 --> 00:20:31,030
+planoconcave, meaning cylindrical lens should have
+
+275
+00:20:31,030 --> 00:20:34,390
+minus cylinder
+
+276
+00:20:47,130 --> 00:20:50,470
+When I put the minus cylinder on 180, its force on
+
+277
+00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:59,630
+180 is zero Of
+
+278
+00:20:59,630 --> 00:21:02,990
+course,
+
+279
+00:21:03,150 --> 00:21:07,190
+the axis is 180, which means that the total force
+
+280
+00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:10,990
+or the strongest force on it is 90, which is its
+
+281
+00:21:10,990 --> 00:21:12,130
+force minus three
+
+282
+00:21:15,310 --> 00:21:22,910
+minus 3 diopter In
+
+283
+00:21:22,910 --> 00:21:25,430
+spherical and cylindrical lens, it is as if a
+
+284
+00:21:25,430 --> 00:21:27,830
+sphere has four forces, which are distributed by
+
+285
+00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:32,050
+each of the four forces, each meridian has four
+
+286
+00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:37,490
+forces. In a cylinder, the axis is 180 degrees,
+
+287
+00:21:37,530 --> 00:21:39,250
+which means that the force of the vertical axis is
+
+288
+00:21:39,250 --> 00:21:44,140
+minus 3.because it's vertical to the axis when we
+
+289
+00:21:44,140 --> 00:21:45,960
+see the result like this, what happened to me?
+
+290
+00:21:51,460 --> 00:22:00,860
+the result is equal to the next cross zoom
+
+291
+00:22:00,860 --> 00:22:01,280
+in a little bit below
+
+292
+00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:21,700
+The vertical meridian has a force that acts as if
+
+293
+00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:25,880
+there is a plus 4 in front of it and a minus 3 in
+
+294
+00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:27,620
+front of it at the same time, so it acts as if
+
+295
+00:22:27,620 --> 00:22:29,980
+there is a plus 1 in front of it as if there is a
+
+296
+00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:39,200
+plus 1 in front of it This is the vertical axis I
+
+297
+00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:43,400
+will write it below the meridian to make it easier
+
+298
+00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,500
+to understand
+
+299
+00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:50,740
+this is a point, the second point here is plus
+
+300
+00:22:50,740 --> 00:22:55,920
+four plus zero plus four, it remains plus four
+
+301
+00:23:05,030 --> 00:23:08,230
+The same power across, horizontal, plus four, and
+
+302
+00:23:08,230 --> 00:23:10,750
+vertical, plus one I expressed them in
+
+303
+00:23:10,750 --> 00:23:14,550
+cylindrical, spherical, cylindrical form, but the
+
+304
+00:23:14,550 --> 00:23:16,990
+cylinder has minus, that's why it's called minus
+
+305
+00:23:16,990 --> 00:23:20,770
+cylinder form, which is this third line, plus
+
+306
+00:23:20,770 --> 00:23:24,110
+four, minus three, axis one hundred and eighty Now
+
+307
+00:23:24,110 --> 00:23:27,630
+we want to repeat all this, but we want to make
+
+308
+00:23:27,630 --> 00:23:28,590
+the cylinder plus
+
+309
+00:23:32,150 --> 00:23:34,910
+Here we will leave the sphere, no we have to
+
+310
+00:23:34,910 --> 00:23:43,530
+change it to get the plus cylinder So
+
+311
+00:23:43,530 --> 00:23:48,830
+plus
+
+312
+00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:55,930
+4 minus 3, axis 180, here we will delete it, here
+
+313
+00:23:55,930 --> 00:23:57,930
+also delete it
+
+314
+00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:04,600
+So we expressed it with combined cylindrical form
+
+315
+00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:09,080
+We expressed it with power cross And we expressed
+
+316
+00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,100
+it with spherical cylindrical lens with minus in
+
+317
+00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:14,340
+the cylinder Now we want to express it with
+
+318
+00:24:14,340 --> 00:24:17,660
+spherical cylindrical lens with plus in the sphere
+
+319
+00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:20,800
+We say that this is the power cross The power
+
+320
+00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,700
+cross is plus one vertical and plus four
+
+321
+00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:27,500
+horizontal I can consider that I want to give a
+
+322
+00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:30,180
+sphere to all meridians with power plus one
+
+323
+00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:40,770
+So the vertical meridian took its full size which
+
+324
+00:24:40,770 --> 00:24:44,610
+is plus one, I changed it, it has nothing left For
+
+325
+00:24:44,610 --> 00:24:47,130
+plus four which is the horizontal meridian, I gave
+
+326
+00:24:47,130 --> 00:24:50,230
+it plus one, it still has plus three, I want to
+
+327
+00:24:50,230 --> 00:24:53,870
+add plus three to it, we say as follows, let's
+
+328
+00:24:53,870 --> 00:24:55,990
+assume that the sphere is plus one
+
+329
+00:24:59,710 --> 00:25:03,110
+And I want to add plus 3 to the horizontal axis to
+
+330
+00:25:03,110 --> 00:25:05,450
+make it plus 4, because it's force is actually
+
+331
+00:25:05,450 --> 00:25:10,290
+plus 4 How do I add plus 3 to it? I bring plano
+
+332
+00:25:10,290 --> 00:25:15,090
+convex plus cylinder and I put its axis on 90, its
+
+333
+00:25:15,090 --> 00:25:20,650
+force will be 180, so plus 3this is what is
+
+334
+00:25:20,650 --> 00:25:23,430
+missing for meridian which has a force of 4
+
+335
+00:25:23,430 --> 00:25:27,990
+diopters, it took one of the spheres and left
+
+336
+00:25:27,990 --> 00:25:30,270
+three of them, the three of them, in order to
+
+337
+00:25:30,270 --> 00:25:32,870
+affect it, the axis of the lens of the plus
+
+338
+00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:38,040
+cylinder must be 90 degrees, then in axis90 as we
+
+339
+00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:44,100
+see here plus 1 plus 3 axis 90 okay here I say
+
+340
+00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:50,320
+when axis is at 90 it means force is at 180 so
+
+341
+00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:57,940
+force becomes here at 180 which is plus 3 plus 3
+
+342
+00:25:57,940 --> 00:25:58,660
+diopter
+
+343
+00:26:08,530 --> 00:26:13,730
+So, plus three is negative And
+
+344
+00:26:13,730 --> 00:26:16,690
+here, as long as the axis of the lens is at ninety
+
+345
+00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:19,370
+As long as the axis is at ninety, the force at
+
+346
+00:26:19,370 --> 00:26:22,910
+ninety is zero Zero
+
+347
+00:26:32,370 --> 00:26:34,870
+So this is the spherical lens plus one, each
+
+348
+00:26:34,870 --> 00:26:38,130
+meridian is plus one, and this is the cylindrical
+
+349
+00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,990
+lens, its axis is ninety, so its total force or
+
+350
+00:26:41,990 --> 00:26:46,490
+maximum power is one hundred and eighty. The
+
+351
+00:26:46,490 --> 00:26:50,910
+result is plus one horizontally with plus three
+
+352
+00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:53,550
+horizontally, which is plus four, plus four on the
+
+353
+00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:54,170
+horizontal axis.
+
+354
+00:27:04,260 --> 00:27:09,060
+Plus one plus zero means plus one on the vertical
+
+355
+00:27:09,060 --> 00:27:15,780
+axis This
+
+356
+00:27:15,780 --> 00:27:18,240
+is how I get the same power across So this
+
+357
+00:27:18,240 --> 00:27:21,140
+spherical and cylindrical lens is called plus
+
+358
+00:27:21,140 --> 00:27:25,220
+cylindrical form And the previous one is minus
+
+359
+00:27:25,220 --> 00:27:30,750
+cylindrical formNow we have the last method which
+
+360
+00:27:30,750 --> 00:27:35,670
+is the spherical equivalent. I add the two
+
+361
+00:27:35,670 --> 00:27:38,450
+meridians, the weakest and strongest, plus one and
+
+362
+00:27:38,450 --> 00:27:41,010
+plus four, which is plus five divided by two, plus
+
+363
+00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,130
+two and a half diopter. So I can say that if we
+
+364
+00:27:44,130 --> 00:27:47,490
+bring a sphere plus two diopters, it becomes a
+
+365
+00:27:47,490 --> 00:27:52,570
+spherical and cylindrical lens. We repeat again.To
+
+366
+00:27:52,570 --> 00:27:56,630
+express the astigmatic lens, I either use power
+
+367
+00:27:56,630 --> 00:28:03,230
+cross, combined cylindrical form, or spherical
+
+368
+00:28:03,230 --> 00:28:08,630
+cylindrical form, which is the most common, and
+
+369
+00:28:08,630 --> 00:28:11,510
+there are two forms of it, plus cylindrical form,
+
+370
+00:28:11,670 --> 00:28:15,710
+which we see here, and minus cylindrical form,
+
+371
+00:28:15,790 --> 00:28:18,650
+which we explained in the example, or spherical
+
+372
+00:28:18,650 --> 00:28:21,130
+equivalent
+
+373
+00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:27,590
+طبعا هدولة كلهم أشكال لنفس العدسة Remember that or
+
+374
+00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:30,290
+the following example of sphero cylindrical
+
+375
+00:28:30,290 --> 00:28:35,250
+expression are entirely equivalent مكافئين لبعض من
+
+376
+00:28:35,250 --> 00:28:40,530
+البعض بشكل كامل شكل كامل بدنا نتذكر و احنا بنعمل
+
+377
+00:28:40,530 --> 00:28:44,730
+أي شكل من الأشكال الأربعةThe maximum power of a
+
+378
+00:28:44,730 --> 00:28:48,150
+cylinder is in the meridian 90 degrees away from
+
+379
+00:28:48,150 --> 00:28:49,590
+the axis of the cylinder
+
+380
+00:29:11,390 --> 00:29:17,790
+to avoid errors in transcription it
+
+381
+00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:20,930
+is helpful to notate the axis using all three
+
+382
+00:29:20,930 --> 00:29:25,430
+digits and dropping the degree notation in other
+
+383
+00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:30,350
+words if you notice the word degree is not written
+
+384
+00:29:30,350 --> 00:29:32,870
+here why is the word degree not written here? we
+
+385
+00:29:32,870 --> 00:29:34,570
+can lower it and then lower it again
+
+386
+00:29:40,110 --> 00:29:45,770
+نقول ليش احنا مش كاتبينها أحيانا
+
+387
+00:29:45,770 --> 00:29:48,970
+الإنسان مع السرع بيكتب كلمة degree بس بتكبر معاه
+
+388
+00:29:48,970 --> 00:29:54,190
+شوية الحجم بتاعها فمثلا على سبيل المثال، بدي أكتب
+
+389
+00:29:54,190 --> 00:29:58,670
+axis 11 و
+
+390
+00:29:58,670 --> 00:30:06,240
+degree على سبيل المثال degreeيعني ال .. ال
+
+391
+00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:09,660
+cylinder بده أحطها على degree .. على أحداشر degree
+
+392
+00:30:09,660 --> 00:30:14,840
+أو خلينا نقول على عشرةon the axis of 10, the axis
+
+393
+00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:17,840
+of the cylinder on the axis of 10 and it was
+
+394
+00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:22,760
+written 10 degree and the circles of the degree
+
+395
+00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:26,580
+became not 10 but 100 so sometimes who wants to
+
+396
+00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:30,880
+implement this recipe of the glasses will have a
+
+397
+00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:34,640
+problem he will make the axis on 100 not on 10
+
+398
+00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:38,440
+which means the axis is wrongتماما access خطأ بشكل
+
+399
+00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:43,120
+كامل فبالتالي الأفضل انه انا بستعمل three digits
+
+400
+00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:48,060
+أرقام ثلاثية لكل عدسة من العدسات ال .. ال .. و
+
+401
+00:30:48,060 --> 00:30:52,040
+بالتالي ب .. الأفضل انه ماكتبش كلمة degree مفهومة
+
+402
+00:30:52,040 --> 00:30:58,200
+انه degree and
+
+403
+00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:03,780
+dropping the degree notationI write axis from
+
+404
+00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:09,500
+three numbers and I don't write degree So it's
+
+405
+00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:13,420
+better than to write it and make a mistake in
+
+406
+00:31:13,420 --> 00:31:16,800
+pronouncing it Now we come to transposition
+
+407
+00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:22,980
+Transposition means to change the plus cylindrical
+
+408
+00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:27,080
+form to the minus cylindrical form Or vice versa,
+
+409
+00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,940
+from minus cylindrical form to plus cylindrical
+
+410
+00:31:29,940 --> 00:31:35,510
+formin the spherocylindrical lens We said that the
+
+411
+00:31:35,510 --> 00:31:38,970
+spherocylindrical form is the most common The
+
+412
+00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:42,570
+spherocylindrical form is the most common How do I
+
+413
+00:31:42,570 --> 00:31:45,550
+change the plus cylindrical form to minus
+
+414
+00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:50,030
+cylindrical form Or the minus cylindrical form to
+
+415
+00:31:50,030 --> 00:31:53,930
+plus cylindrical form I have an example here I
+
+416
+00:31:53,930 --> 00:31:59,530
+have this minus cylindrical formThis is minus
+
+417
+00:31:59,530 --> 00:32:03,710
+cylindrical form I want to turn it into plus
+
+418
+00:32:03,710 --> 00:32:11,270
+cylindrical form I have two ways The first way is
+
+419
+00:32:11,270 --> 00:32:16,110
+to turn this minus cylindrical form into power
+
+420
+00:32:16,110 --> 00:32:21,170
+cross And from the power cross I extract the other
+
+421
+00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:24,430
+form Here minus cylindrical form and here plus
+
+422
+00:32:24,430 --> 00:32:26,050
+cylindrical form
+
+423
+00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:33,300
+So, the first way is to convert any form to power
+
+424
+00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:34,640
+across, whether it's minus or plus, then I
+
+425
+00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:38,060
+subtract the other form. How does this work? This
+
+426
+00:32:38,060 --> 00:32:40,920
+is the sphere, this is the cylinder, and this is
+
+427
+00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:46,220
+the axis. So, I put the force of the sphere on the
+
+428
+00:32:46,220 --> 00:32:49,240
+axis that I have written. So, I have plus four
+
+429
+00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:52,380
+diopter sphere, and I have the axis of the
+
+430
+00:32:52,380 --> 00:32:57,670
+cylinder 90, I put plus four on the meridian 90.If
+
+431
+00:32:57,670 --> 00:33:01,390
+the meridian here is 120, I put plus 4 over 120.
+
+432
+00:33:01,550 --> 00:33:04,810
+So the sphere, I put its force on the meridian
+
+433
+00:33:04,810 --> 00:33:07,350
+written here. The meridian written here is 90, I
+
+434
+00:33:07,350 --> 00:33:13,250
+put plus 4 over 90. Okay. Now this cylinder does
+
+435
+00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:17,610
+not move as it is. It does not move as it is. We
+
+436
+00:33:17,610 --> 00:33:23,850
+sayThe second Meridian, we solved half of the
+
+437
+00:33:23,850 --> 00:33:26,410
+power cross, the power cross is 2 Meridian, one
+
+438
+00:33:26,410 --> 00:33:30,390
+bigger and one smaller, for plus 4, we solved it
+
+439
+00:33:30,390 --> 00:33:34,240
+for 90The second axis which is 90 degrees away
+
+440
+00:33:34,240 --> 00:33:36,920
+from it which is 180 degrees and we say The second
+
+441
+00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:41,660
+axis minus 2 minus 2 from plus 4 which is plus 2
+
+442
+00:33:41,660 --> 00:33:46,600
+We repeat to remind you I put the arrow on the
+
+443
+00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:49,600
+written meridian So we put the arrow on the
+
+444
+00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,240
+written meridian The written meridian is 90 So we
+
+445
+00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:57,680
+put this arrow on 90 And how much do I put on the
+
+446
+00:33:57,680 --> 00:33:59,680
+second meridian? I don't put minus 2 as it is
+
+447
+00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:03,760
+written, noThe cylinder here either decreases or
+
+448
+00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,840
+increases from the first meridian. Here it is four
+
+449
+00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:11,320
+and here it is four. It's like I'm saying this to
+
+450
+00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:16,920
+make it easier for you to understand. Because it's
+
+451
+00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:21,880
+a sphere, I put the sphere on all the meridians.
+
+452
+00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:25,360
+Because it's a sphere. Its force is distributed
+
+453
+00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:27,120
+equally over all the meridians.
+
+454
+00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:37,090
+He put 4. Ok. I have a cylinder of minus 2 and its
+
+455
+00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:41,110
+axis is 90 degrees. So its force is 180 degrees.
+
+456
+00:34:41,150 --> 00:34:42,730
+So here also minus 2.
+
+457
+00:34:45,470 --> 00:34:55,240
+Minus 2. Ok.So this axis affects only plus 4, and
+
+458
+00:34:55,240 --> 00:34:58,560
+this axis affects from the sphere plus 4 and from
+
+459
+00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:02,840
+the cylinder minus 2, plus 4 and minus 2 gives me
+
+460
+00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:09,000
+plus 2 Or
+
+461
+00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,720
+I can say directly
+
+462
+00:35:17,420 --> 00:35:21,640
+this is my plus 4 we put it on the mentioned axis
+
+463
+00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:28,880
+and minus 2 which is less than 4 by 2 the axis is
+
+464
+00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:32,480
+180 why? because minus 2 by 90 has an effect on
+
+465
+00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:37,280
+180 now we haven't finished yet, we have converted
+
+466
+00:35:37,280 --> 00:35:41,860
+one of the forms to power cross now from the power
+
+467
+00:35:41,860 --> 00:35:45,080
+cross I have to extract the other form I look here
+
+468
+00:35:45,960 --> 00:35:49,020
+Plus four, if I take the plus four, it will appear
+
+469
+00:35:49,020 --> 00:35:52,120
+with me again the same thing As long as here in
+
+470
+00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:54,380
+the initial form, the sphere is plus four, this
+
+471
+00:35:54,380 --> 00:35:58,320
+time I want to take the sphere plus two The sphere
+
+472
+00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:02,480
+plus two Okay, plus two means here plus two and
+
+473
+00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,260
+here plus two Okay, but here plus four means I
+
+474
+00:36:06,260 --> 00:36:10,740
+want above two another twoفبحطلها سلندر plus 2 ع
+
+475
+00:36:10,740 --> 00:36:16,380
+180 عشان اتأثر على 90 عشان اتأثر على 90 يعني بنقول
+
+476
+00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:24,220
+سفير plus 2 إذا هنا plus 2 هنا خلّيني نشطبها و هنا
+
+477
+00:36:24,220 --> 00:36:26,920
+كمان plus 2 لأنه السفير عندي plus 2
+
+478
+00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:36,770
+But I know that the vertical axis is plus four So
+
+479
+00:36:36,770 --> 00:36:40,770
+it needs two more So we get a cylinder with its
+
+480
+00:36:40,770 --> 00:36:43,990
+axis at one hundred and eighty Its force is plus
+
+481
+00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:47,190
+two to its force at ninety So it becomes plus two
+
+482
+00:36:47,190 --> 00:36:56,330
+and plus two I have plus four and plus two So plus
+
+483
+00:36:56,330 --> 00:36:59,570
+two plus two is one hundred and eighty So I
+
+484
+00:36:59,570 --> 00:37:00,850
+convert to power cross
+
+485
+00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:14,400
+and from power cross I get the
+
+486
+00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:20,080
+other form of cylinder so this is the first way
+
+487
+00:37:20,080 --> 00:37:25,460
+first way I change the form I have to power cross
+
+488
+00:37:25,460 --> 00:37:30,720
+and from power cross I get the other form in power
+
+489
+00:37:30,720 --> 00:37:34,080
+cross to change it quickly I say sphere I put it
+
+490
+00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:39,250
+on the existing axisand I say either the cylinder
+
+491
+00:37:39,250 --> 00:37:41,610
+decreases or increases, decreases if the sign is
+
+492
+00:37:41,610 --> 00:37:45,910
+minus from the sphere, so plus 4 we put it on 90
+
+493
+00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:48,790
+because 90 is what I have mentioned and I say the
+
+494
+00:37:48,790 --> 00:37:51,990
+other meridian which is meridian 180, how did I
+
+495
+00:37:51,990 --> 00:37:54,270
+know that it is 180 because it is away from the
+
+496
+00:37:54,270 --> 00:37:57,290
+first meridian that I specified which is 90, it is
+
+497
+00:37:57,290 --> 00:38:01,520
+90 degrees awaythe other meridian which is 180
+
+498
+00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:06,960
+minus 2 from plus 4 which is plus 2 if it was plus
+
+499
+00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:10,540
+here, we say that the other meridian is plus 2
+
+500
+00:38:10,540 --> 00:38:16,440
+from plus 4 we change it to power cross I take the
+
+501
+00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:19,960
+sphere of the last meridian that we got and I put
+
+502
+00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,600
+it as the sphere and I say that the other meridian
+
+503
+00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:28,580
+is plus 2 from it on an axisI deal with this
+
+504
+00:38:28,580 --> 00:38:32,420
+meridian that I want to increase There is another
+
+505
+00:38:32,420 --> 00:38:36,760
+way Which is the most commonly used and easiest
+
+506
+00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:42,620
+way To make a transposition I add the cylinder
+
+507
+00:38:42,620 --> 00:38:48,280
+with its sign to the sphere Then I change the sign
+
+508
+00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:51,500
+of the cylinder And I turn the axis 90 degrees
+
+509
+00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:57,860
+Let's see how this works We say as follows we have
+
+510
+00:38:57,860 --> 00:39:01,880
+minus 2, i want to add it to plus 4, so i have
+
+511
+00:39:01,880 --> 00:39:07,520
+plus 2 this is the new sphere this is the new
+
+512
+00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:12,720
+sphere okay, i want to change the sign of the
+
+513
+00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:18,040
+cylinder to plus 2 i
+
+514
+00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:23,000
+want to change the axis to 90 degrees it is 90, so
+
+515
+00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:27,570
+it will become 180 so noticeThe method is very
+
+516
+00:39:27,570 --> 00:39:30,310
+easy plus two plus two is one hundred and eighty
+
+517
+00:39:30,310 --> 00:39:33,650
+plus two plus two is one hundred and eighty So in
+
+518
+00:39:33,650 --> 00:39:37,490
+three very fast steps I add the cylinder to the
+
+519
+00:39:37,490 --> 00:39:40,770
+sphere, the first step, I add the cylinder to the
+
+520
+00:39:40,770 --> 00:39:44,170
+sphere all with signs, and we add a plural with
+
+521
+00:39:44,170 --> 00:39:48,270
+signs minus two and plus four, so I have plus two
+
+522
+00:39:48,270 --> 00:39:51,090
+The second step, this sign is minus, I want to
+
+523
+00:39:51,090 --> 00:39:54,100
+turn it into plusThe third thing is that I need to
+
+524
+00:39:54,100 --> 00:40:01,000
+change the axis 90 degrees The axis needs to
+
+525
+00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:04,520
+change 90 degrees, if it was 90 it became 180
+
+526
+00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:07,860
+degrees If this needs to do the same thing, I need
+
+527
+00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:10,440
+to do the transposition to change it to minus form
+
+528
+00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:16,160
+and not plus form The cylinder and the sphere
+
+529
+00:40:29,110 --> 00:40:31,530
+Cylinder and sphere we add them together, plus 2
+
+530
+00:40:31,530 --> 00:40:36,250
+and plus 2 I get plus 4 This is the new sphere Now
+
+531
+00:40:36,250 --> 00:40:40,360
+I change the sign of the cylinder to minus 2and
+
+532
+00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:46,160
+the axis 180 need to move 90 of course, any axis
+
+533
+00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:50,920
+above 90, we move 90 of it any axis above 90, 91,
+
+534
+00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:56,860
+92, 100, 110, 120, 170, 180, we move 90 of it, it
+
+535
+00:40:56,860 --> 00:40:59,880
+becomes 90 for me when I move 180, I move 90 of
+
+536
+00:40:59,880 --> 00:41:02,700
+it, so I have become
+
+537
+00:41:06,390 --> 00:41:10,290
+plus four minus two axis ninety degree plus four
+
+538
+00:41:10,290 --> 00:41:18,410
+minus two axis ninety degree plus four minus two
+
+539
+00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,730
+axis ninety degree plus four minus two axis ninety
+
+540
+00:41:22,730 --> 00:41:23,490
+degree plus four minus two axis ninety degree plus
+
+541
+00:41:23,490 --> 00:41:23,830
+four minus two axis ninety degree plus four minus
+
+542
+00:41:23,830 --> 00:41:24,990
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+543
+00:41:24,990 --> 00:41:25,150
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+544
+00:41:25,150 --> 00:41:25,350
+degree plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+545
+00:41:25,350 --> 00:41:26,550
+four minus two axes ninety degree plus four minus
+
+546
+00:41:26,550 --> 00:41:30,070
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+547
+00:41:30,070 --> 00:41:32,570
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+548
+00:41:32,570 --> 00:41:33,870
+degree plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+549
+00:41:33,870 --> 00:41:33,870
+four minus two axes ninety degree plus four minus
+
+550
+00:41:33,870 --> 00:41:33,990
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+551
+00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:34,730
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+552
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+degree plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+553
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+four minus two axes ninety degree plus four minus
+
+554
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+two axes ninety degree plus four minus two axes
+
+555
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+ninety degree plus four minus two axes ninety
+
+556
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+degree plus four minus two axes ninety degree plus
+
+557
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+two axes ninety degree plus two axes ninety degree
+
+558
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+plus two axes ninety degree plus two axes ninety
+
+559
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+degree plus two axes ninety degree plus two axes
+
+560
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,730
+ninety degree plus two axes ninety degree plus two
+
+561
+00:41:34,730 --> 00:41:34,770
+axes ninety degree plus two axes ninety degree
+
+562
+00:41:34,770 --> 00:41:40,020
+plus two axes ninetyان انا ب .. اعمل transposition
+
+563
+00:41:40,020 --> 00:41:44,720
+او يعني تحويل من form ل form تاني بتلت خطوات سريع
+
+564
+00:41:44,720 --> 00:41:48,820
+ال cylinder بضيفه ل ال sphere بإشارته طبعا بطلع
+
+565
+00:41:48,820 --> 00:41:53,210
+عندى ل new sphereبغير إشارة ال cylinder بطلع عندى
+
+566
+00:41:53,210 --> 00:41:57,350
+ل new cylinder و بحول المحور تسعين درجة بحول
+
+567
+00:41:57,350 --> 00:42:01,830
+المحور تسعين درجة طبعا ضرورى هذا الكلام يكون يعني
+
+568
+00:42:01,830 --> 00:42:11,130
+واضح هنا واضح طب نشوف هنا عندنا مثال آخر نبدأ
+
+569
+00:42:11,130 --> 00:42:15,510
+في حلو المثال
+
+570
+00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:20,960
+بيقول plus خمسة minus ستة axis مية و تلاتينPlus
+
+571
+00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:24,680
+five minus six axis one hundred and thirty This
+
+572
+00:42:24,680 --> 00:42:29,560
+axis is one hundred and thirty So this line is one
+
+573
+00:42:29,560 --> 00:42:33,180
+hundred and thirty Plus five we say the sphere we
+
+574
+00:42:33,180 --> 00:42:40,280
+put it on the existing axis Now we say the other
+
+575
+00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,040
+axis if this axis is one hundred and thirty the
+
+576
+00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:47,850
+vertical axis on it is forty The axis is fortyHow
+
+577
+00:42:47,850 --> 00:42:49,650
+much is the force of the axis 40? This we know
+
+578
+00:42:49,650 --> 00:42:52,610
+that its force is plus 5 to the sphere and we put
+
+579
+00:42:52,610 --> 00:42:54,670
+it on the axis written in the spherical and
+
+580
+00:42:54,670 --> 00:42:58,250
+cylindrical form. We say that the other axis which
+
+581
+00:42:58,250 --> 00:43:03,170
+is 40 vertical to 130 of course is minus 6
+
+582
+00:43:03,170 --> 00:43:04,990
+degrees. Why is it minus? Because it is a minus
+
+583
+00:43:04,990 --> 00:43:09,810
+sign. It is minus 6 degrees from plus 5. 5 minus 6
+
+584
+00:43:09,810 --> 00:43:16,390
+remains minus 1 for me. Okay. NowIf my power cross
+
+585
+00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,630
+is ready, now if I want to take the plus 5, it
+
+586
+00:43:19,630 --> 00:43:24,110
+will be the same thing I want to take the other
+
+587
+00:43:24,110 --> 00:43:26,170
+meridian, the power of the other meridian, and
+
+588
+00:43:26,170 --> 00:43:29,950
+consider it as a sphere So minus 1 is a sphere,
+
+589
+00:43:31,290 --> 00:43:37,690
+and the second axis is 6From minus 1 to plus 5, it
+
+590
+00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:44,790
+adds 6 to it. So minus 1 plus 6 x is 40 to affect
+
+591
+00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:52,370
+130. If we want the quick way, we add the cylinder
+
+592
+00:43:52,370 --> 00:43:57,330
+to the sphere, minus 6 plus 5 remains minus 1. We
+
+593
+00:43:57,330 --> 00:44:00,290
+flip the sign of 6, which is minus, which becomes
+
+594
+00:44:00,290 --> 00:44:05,090
+plus.والمحور بنحركه تسعين درجة، مية و تلاتين ناقص
+
+595
+00:44:05,090 --> 00:44:08,790
+تسعين، بيضال أربعين degree فبالتالي أي من
+
+596
+00:44:08,790 --> 00:44:15,930
+الطريقتين اتبعت فهي يعني سهلة، فهي سهلة، بس طبعا
+
+597
+00:44:15,930 --> 00:44:21,100
+الطريقة التانية أسرع وأكثر استعمالهاA simpler
+
+598
+00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:24,380
+method is more frequently used to convert a
+
+599
+00:44:24,380 --> 00:44:27,340
+prescription from plus to minus cylindrical form,
+
+600
+00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:31,840
+or al-aqs, add sphere and cylindrical power
+
+601
+00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:34,220
+together to obtain the new sphere
+
+602
+00:44:41,690 --> 00:44:46,710
+it changed the sign of the cylinder rotate
+
+603
+00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,670
+the axis 90 degree to obtain the new axis to
+
+604
+00:44:52,670 --> 00:44:56,870
+obtain a new axis and at this point we stop and
+
+605
+00:44:56,870 --> 00:45:00,250
+next time we will take the combination of
+
+606
+00:45:00,250 --> 00:45:03,270
+spherical and cylindrical lenses and God bless you
+
+607
+00:45:03,270 --> 00:45:05,110
+and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/I56VffKvb88_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1760 @@
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:04,970
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محادرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,970 --> 00:00:08,310
+Geometric Optics ووصلنا لموضوع Stigmatic Imaging
+
+3
+00:00:08,310 --> 00:00:13,310
+Using Single Refracting Surface يعني الحصول على
+
+4
+00:00:13,310 --> 00:00:17,710
+Stigmatic Image صورة طبق الأصل أو صورة يعني غاية
+
+5
+00:00:17,710 --> 00:00:21,830
+في ال quality وغاية في الدقة وصورة طبق الأصل
+
+6
+00:00:21,830 --> 00:00:25,850
+باستعمال Single Refracting Surface يعني سطح واحد
+
+7
+00:00:25,850 --> 00:00:33,610
+فاصل بين مادتين By the early 1600s
+
+8
+00:00:33,610 --> 00:00:38,190
+century, the telescope and microscope had been
+
+9
+00:00:38,190 --> 00:00:38,690
+invented.
+
+10
+00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:50,630
+Although the images produced by early devices were
+
+11
+00:00:50,630 --> 00:00:53,730
+useful, their quality was not very high because
+
+12
+00:00:53,730 --> 00:00:57,700
+the lenses did not focus stigmatically.طبعا لما تم
+
+13
+00:00:57,700 --> 00:01:01,040
+اختراع ال telescope و ال microscope الصور اللي
+
+14
+00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:05,380
+كانت تعطيها هذه الأجهزة اللي هو في بداية اختراعها
+
+15
+00:01:05,380 --> 00:01:10,160
+كانت صور بنطلق عليها انها صور useful useful يعني
+
+16
+00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:17,180
+بتمشي الحالOr useful in a way, but the quality of
+
+17
+00:01:17,180 --> 00:01:21,220
+these pictures was not high enough Why? Because
+
+18
+00:01:21,220 --> 00:01:26,500
+the lenses used in making the telescope and the
+
+19
+00:01:26,500 --> 00:01:31,860
+microscope at that time did not focus or focus the
+
+20
+00:01:31,860 --> 00:01:35,240
+rays in a stigmatic way In other words, the
+
+21
+00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:37,340
+pictures of the points of the object were not just
+
+22
+00:01:37,340 --> 00:01:41,770
+pointsrather than point spread function and the
+
+23
+00:01:41,770 --> 00:01:45,030
+quality was not high. Do you know what is the
+
+24
+00:01:45,030 --> 00:01:48,510
+reason for this issue? At the time, lens makers
+
+25
+00:01:48,510 --> 00:01:52,130
+were not very particular about the shape of the
+
+26
+00:01:52,130 --> 00:01:55,570
+surfaces that were ground on the lens. I mean,
+
+27
+00:01:56,990 --> 00:02:02,770
+when the lens makers at that timethey didn't care
+
+28
+00:02:02,770 --> 00:02:05,790
+much about the mechanical shape of the surface of
+
+29
+00:02:05,790 --> 00:02:10,590
+the glass, whether it's oval, spherical, or curved
+
+30
+00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:15,310
+in a certain way, but rather they cared more about
+
+31
+00:02:15,310 --> 00:02:16,870
+the smoothness of the surface, there's a
+
+32
+00:02:16,870 --> 00:02:19,460
+difference between having a polished surfacehe
+
+33
+00:02:19,460 --> 00:02:23,820
+polished it well and made sure that it has a
+
+34
+00:02:23,820 --> 00:02:27,300
+certain mechanical shape, egg-shaped, ball-shaped,
+
+35
+00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:33,080
+etc. So, the lenses manufacturers at that time
+
+36
+00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,580
+were not interested in this topic, but they
+
+37
+00:02:36,580 --> 00:02:39,780
+thoughtOr they had a principle that any curved
+
+38
+00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:46,060
+surface could give them an image It seemed that
+
+39
+00:02:46,060 --> 00:02:49,940
+any curved surface produced an image It's true
+
+40
+00:02:49,940 --> 00:02:56,840
+that any curved surface of glassHe can give me a
+
+41
+00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:59,400
+picture, why can he give me a picture? Because the
+
+42
+00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:01,820
+light when it falls from the air to penetrate this
+
+43
+00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:05,060
+curved surface, even if it is a curved and
+
+44
+00:03:05,060 --> 00:03:07,740
+irregular surface in its curvature, part of the
+
+45
+00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:10,960
+light that fell from the air towards the glass
+
+46
+00:03:10,960 --> 00:03:14,260
+will reflect towards the eye of the person looking
+
+47
+00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,880
+at the view, and therefore he will see a picture,
+
+48
+00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:19,800
+but the quality of this picture will of course be
+
+49
+00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:24,010
+low, it will be lowIt seemed that any curved
+
+50
+00:03:24,010 --> 00:03:28,390
+surface produced an image, so lens surfaces were
+
+51
+00:03:28,390 --> 00:03:32,330
+carefully polished but haphazardly shaped عشان هيك
+
+52
+00:03:32,330 --> 00:03:35,430
+هما ماكانوش مهتمين بالشكل إنما كانوا مهتمين بال
+
+53
+00:03:35,430 --> 00:03:38,870
+polishing يعني عملية التنعيم للسطح المهم إنه يكون
+
+54
+00:03:38,870 --> 00:03:44,240
+سطح منحني و خلاص حتى لو كان انحناقه مش منتظمSo,
+
+55
+00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,000
+they were not asking about the shape, so any shape
+
+56
+00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:50,140
+that came up with them, they would reject it and
+
+57
+00:03:50,140 --> 00:03:52,460
+they would just say yes to this surface and that's
+
+58
+00:03:52,460 --> 00:03:57,220
+it However, as ideas such as stigmatic imaging and
+
+59
+00:03:57,220 --> 00:04:00,780
+Snell's law developed, it became clear that the
+
+60
+00:04:00,780 --> 00:04:04,180
+shape of the lens surfaces determined the quality
+
+61
+00:04:04,180 --> 00:04:08,220
+of the image As soon as it startedThe ideas of
+
+62
+00:04:08,220 --> 00:04:11,780
+scientists are aimed at getting stigmatic imaging,
+
+63
+00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:15,140
+to get the original image and improve the quality
+
+64
+00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:18,500
+of the image, and as soon as they discovered the
+
+65
+00:04:18,500 --> 00:04:21,380
+law of contraction, which is Snell's law, it
+
+66
+00:04:21,380 --> 00:04:23,680
+became that there are two new things in the
+
+67
+00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:26,380
+scientific community at that time, the idea that
+
+68
+00:04:26,380 --> 00:04:30,010
+we want to get stigmatic imagingAnd another thing
+
+69
+00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:33,390
+is that when the law of friction was proven and
+
+70
+00:04:33,390 --> 00:04:36,850
+proved by the scientist Snell, it became clear
+
+71
+00:04:36,850 --> 00:04:39,950
+that the shape of the lens surfaces determines the
+
+72
+00:04:39,950 --> 00:04:43,490
+quality of the image. It became clear that not
+
+73
+00:04:43,490 --> 00:04:46,730
+only polishing is what is necessary, but what is
+
+74
+00:04:46,730 --> 00:04:52,530
+more important than polishing is that it must have
+
+75
+00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:55,410
+a specific shape because there are certain shapes
+
+76
+00:04:56,200 --> 00:05:00,000
+It produces image quality much higher than other
+
+77
+00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,020
+forms, so the shape or shape or the nature of the
+
+78
+00:05:03,020 --> 00:05:06,900
+curve, whether it's curved, oval, curved, whether
+
+79
+00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:08,940
+it's like this, whether it's like that, became
+
+80
+00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:12,620
+that it has a great importance in image quality
+
+81
+00:05:12,620 --> 00:05:16,880
+and improving image qualityIn the 17th century,
+
+82
+00:05:18,300 --> 00:05:22,220
+lens makers began to carefully shape the lens
+
+83
+00:05:22,220 --> 00:05:25,700
+surface in order to improve image quality. In
+
+84
+00:05:25,700 --> 00:05:28,320
+addition to what they used to do before, from
+
+85
+00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:33,640
+perfectly smoothing the surface of the lens at the
+
+86
+00:05:33,640 --> 00:05:39,280
+beginning of the 17th century and towards the end
+
+87
+00:05:39,280 --> 00:05:44,020
+of theThe manufacturers of lenses started to make
+
+88
+00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:50,820
+specific shapes for the lens surface to give me or
+
+89
+00:05:50,820 --> 00:05:55,840
+improve my image quality Now they had a very
+
+90
+00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:59,620
+simple and very important question The following
+
+91
+00:05:59,620 --> 00:06:03,740
+question arose I had a question What service
+
+92
+00:06:03,740 --> 00:06:07,360
+produces the best image? Now it is agreed that we
+
+93
+00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:12,140
+..There are ideas that the shape of the lens, the
+
+94
+00:06:12,140 --> 00:06:15,540
+mechanical shape of the surface of the lens is
+
+95
+00:06:15,540 --> 00:06:17,840
+very important in the subject of image quality
+
+96
+00:06:17,840 --> 00:06:22,460
+Well, you see, any mechanical shape is the best
+
+97
+00:06:22,460 --> 00:06:26,800
+and will produce the best image quality, the best
+
+98
+00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:30,640
+image qualityThe scientist Descartes came at that
+
+99
+00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:34,700
+time and applied the Fermat principle to the
+
+100
+00:06:34,700 --> 00:06:38,420
+simplest situation possible, a single refracting
+
+101
+00:06:38,420 --> 00:06:42,380
+surface The scientist Descartes, René Descartes,
+
+102
+00:06:42,820 --> 00:06:45,340
+applied the Fermat principle, the principle of
+
+103
+00:06:45,340 --> 00:06:47,600
+Fermat that we talked about in previous lectures,
+
+104
+00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:52,720
+to the simplest subject or the simplest lens,
+
+105
+00:06:52,940 --> 00:06:56,100
+let's say, or the simplest flat surface for light
+
+106
+00:06:56,100 --> 00:06:59,950
+What is the simplest surface?single refracting
+
+107
+00:06:59,950 --> 00:07:03,070
+service single refracting service كيف يعني single
+
+108
+00:07:03,070 --> 00:07:09,370
+refracting service لو اجينا احنا نظرنا للمنظر اللي
+
+109
+00:07:09,370 --> 00:07:14,710
+انا بده العدسة هلها دي أبسط شئ لأ ليش لإن انا
+
+110
+00:07:14,710 --> 00:07:18,630
+مكورة من سطحين سطح أمامي و سطح خالفي فDescartes
+
+111
+00:07:18,630 --> 00:07:22,510
+قال لأ احنا بدنا نختارrefracting service should
+
+112
+00:07:22,510 --> 00:07:25,550
+consist of one service only, there is no other,
+
+113
+00:07:25,770 --> 00:07:27,970
+there is no such thing as a front surface and a
+
+114
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,250
+back surface and we want to get the simplest
+
+115
+00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:34,930
+object which is single or single object point,
+
+116
+00:07:35,010 --> 00:07:39,350
+single object point, therefore simplest ..
+
+117
+00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:44,910
+simplest ..A camera is a single refracting service
+
+118
+00:07:44,910 --> 00:07:49,170
+and what we mean by that is a glass rod I'm not
+
+119
+00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:52,630
+drawing a full glass rod here, but I'm drawing the
+
+120
+00:07:52,630 --> 00:07:54,670
+part that we're going to use in the formation of a
+
+121
+00:07:54,670 --> 00:07:57,130
+picture This is a single refracting service and
+
+122
+00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:59,950
+this is an object pointThe light spread from it in
+
+123
+00:07:59,950 --> 00:08:04,750
+all directions. Part of this light entered the
+
+124
+00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,590
+single refracting surface, penetrated the glass
+
+125
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:10,910
+and formed a picture inside the glass. This is the
+
+126
+00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:13,250
+simplest camera possible. There can be nothing
+
+127
+00:08:13,250 --> 00:08:15,590
+simpler than that. There can be nothing simpler
+
+128
+00:08:15,590 --> 00:08:17,970
+than that when it comes to the transition of light
+
+129
+00:08:17,970 --> 00:08:20,690
+from one substance to another that differs from it
+
+130
+00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:24,050
+in the refractive index. So
+
+131
+00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:30,110
+Descartes applied the Fermat principle to the
+
+132
+00:08:30,110 --> 00:08:33,170
+simplest situation possible, meaning the simplest
+
+133
+00:08:33,170 --> 00:08:36,230
+possible situation is to have a single refractive
+
+134
+00:08:36,230 --> 00:08:41,170
+surface, which is a single object point and a long
+
+135
+00:08:41,170 --> 00:08:44,710
+glass rod. Why a long glass rod? So that the image
+
+136
+00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:47,430
+is formed inside the glass. It can be difficult
+
+137
+00:08:47,430 --> 00:08:49,350
+for a person to understand how the image is formed
+
+138
+00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:51,630
+inside the glass. Is this possible? Of course this
+
+139
+00:08:51,630 --> 00:08:56,310
+is possible.وبيحدث في حياتنا كثيرا يعني كل إنسان
+
+140
+00:08:56,310 --> 00:09:00,510
+عنده myopia ..كل إنسان عنده myopia قصر نظر لو
+
+141
+00:09:00,510 --> 00:09:04,210
+مالبسش النضارات بتاعته الصورة عنده بتتكون أمام
+
+142
+00:09:04,210 --> 00:09:07,210
+الشبكة إيش يعني أمام الشبكة يعني في السائل الزجاجي
+
+143
+00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:10,550
+يعني داخل ال gel اللي بنسميه ال vitreous أو السائل
+
+144
+00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:14,790
+الزجاجي زي ما اتكونت الصورة في ال myopic eye داخل
+
+145
+00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:18,600
+ال gel أو داخل ال vitreous يعني قبل ال retinaايضا
+
+146
+00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:22,080
+ممكن الصورة تتكون داخل ال glass زي ما الصورة عندي
+
+147
+00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,340
+هنا بتوضح، زي ما الصورة عندي هنا بتوضح، اذا
+
+148
+00:09:25,340 --> 00:09:30,180
+consider a single object point and a long glass
+
+149
+00:09:30,180 --> 00:09:34,270
+road، هاي أنا عندي single object pointI have a
+
+150
+00:09:34,270 --> 00:09:36,410
+long glass rod, not drawn or anything like that,
+
+151
+00:09:36,510 --> 00:09:39,390
+we are drawing the part where the picture will be
+
+152
+00:09:39,390 --> 00:09:41,790
+formed, which is marked with the symbol I, and
+
+153
+00:09:41,790 --> 00:09:45,190
+this is enough to clarify the idea Now, what will
+
+154
+00:09:45,190 --> 00:09:49,610
+Descartes and the team of researchers with him do?
+
+155
+00:09:49,790 --> 00:09:54,390
+They want to start playing or changing the shapes
+
+156
+00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:58,660
+ofالسطح هذا ال refracting surface هذا مرة يخليه
+
+157
+00:09:58,660 --> 00:10:04,380
+كروي مرة ينحطه بشكل بيضاوي مرة ينحطه بشكل مخروطي و
+
+158
+00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:08,440
+مرة ينحطه بشكل يعني جميع الأشكال الهندسية اللي هو
+
+159
+00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:12,320
+يعني عايز هذا يعني بمعنى أخر أنه بدنا نغير ال
+
+160
+00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:16,620
+shape بدنا نغير ال shape يعني الشكلطيب، إيش حصل مع
+
+161
+00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:21,600
+Rene Descartes، بنقول، Descartes realized that if
+
+162
+00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:25,420
+the end of the road was configured in a nearly
+
+163
+00:10:25,420 --> 00:10:29,880
+elliptical shape, a stigmatic image would form in
+
+164
+00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:30,320
+the glass
+
+165
+00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:38,130
+بننحطه و بنخلي شكله شبه بيضاوي, nearly elliptical,
+
+166
+00:10:38,510 --> 00:10:43,130
+nearly elliptical shape ساعتها stigmatic image لل
+
+167
+00:10:43,130 --> 00:10:46,670
+object point، لل object point، هذه ال object
+
+168
+00:10:46,670 --> 00:10:51,850
+point، هيتكون لها stigmatic image داخل ال glass
+
+169
+00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:56,030
+road، داخل ال glass road، يعني الأشعة، الأشعة كلها
+
+170
+00:10:56,030 --> 00:11:00,690
+هتتجمع في نقطة واحدة، إذا كان الشكل هنا، شكل السطح
+
+171
+00:11:00,690 --> 00:11:06,270
+شبه بيضاويWhat did René Descartes do next? René
+
+172
+00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:09,790
+Descartes went to the place where the stigmatic
+
+173
+00:11:09,790 --> 00:11:12,950
+image was formed and cut the glass rod from there
+
+174
+00:11:12,950 --> 00:11:18,110
+and brought a glass rod similar in size to him and
+
+175
+00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:23,810
+stuck it in the back part of the first glass rod
+
+176
+00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:28,460
+this image, this image where the light is gathered
+
+177
+00:11:28,460 --> 00:11:31,780
+in a point shape and then it started again, it
+
+178
+00:11:31,780 --> 00:11:34,720
+became a divergence facing the other surface which
+
+179
+00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,540
+is also nearly elliptical. So why did Descartes do
+
+180
+00:11:38,540 --> 00:11:41,820
+such a thing? He did it to get a stigmatic image
+
+181
+00:11:41,820 --> 00:11:43,500
+in the vacuum, he didn't want to be humiliated in
+
+182
+00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:47,360
+the glass road. So this primary image became a
+
+183
+00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:51,560
+body that emits light and consequently when we
+
+184
+00:11:51,560 --> 00:11:56,140
+pass through the light froma new glass rode which
+
+185
+00:11:56,140 --> 00:11:58,660
+has the same characteristics and length which is
+
+186
+00:11:58,660 --> 00:12:04,460
+nearly elliptical and here it is almost elliptical
+
+187
+00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:07,120
+the light from the first image which was
+
+188
+00:12:07,120 --> 00:12:10,040
+considered as if it was a body was scattered and
+
+189
+00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:12,940
+then broke through the single refracting surface
+
+190
+00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:16,520
+here and collected and the image was printed on
+
+191
+00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:19,380
+the printing paper and the image was really
+
+192
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:23,850
+stigmaticعندي intermediate image, stigmatic,
+
+193
+00:12:23,930 --> 00:12:27,190
+stigmatic يعني طبق الأصل من ال object و final
+
+194
+00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:31,590
+image اللي هي الصورة الأخيرة أيضا stigmatic بمعنى
+
+195
+00:12:31,590 --> 00:12:38,050
+صورة طبق الصورة طبق الأصل Descartes realized or
+
+196
+00:12:38,050 --> 00:12:41,350
+Descartes realized that if the end of the road was
+
+197
+00:12:41,350 --> 00:12:44,930
+configured in a nearly elliptical shape هذه هو
+
+198
+00:12:44,930 --> 00:12:48,940
+الشكل هذه هو الشكل اللي هيطيني stigmatic imagea
+
+199
+00:12:48,940 --> 00:12:52,620
+stigmatic image would form in the glass, this
+
+200
+00:12:52,620 --> 00:12:57,520
+shape .. هذا .. هذا المنظر glass rod و الحفة
+
+201
+00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:02,460
+بتاعته منحوطة بشكل .. منحوطة بشكل .. تتاخد شكل شبه
+
+202
+00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:07,800
+بيضاوي، هذا أصبح يسمى Cartesian ellipsoid أو
+
+203
+00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:11,160
+Cartesian conoid أو Cartesian conoid، اذا
+
+204
+00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:17,590
+Cartesian ellipsoid أو Cartesian conoidبعض القراء
+
+205
+00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:20,790
+أو بعض الطلبة may be troubled by the fact that the
+
+206
+00:13:20,790 --> 00:13:25,170
+image forms in glass instead of air, but this is
+
+207
+00:13:25,170 --> 00:13:29,410
+not a problem. After all, in a myopic eye, the
+
+208
+00:13:29,410 --> 00:13:34,050
+image forms in the vitreous, and in an amyotropic
+
+209
+00:13:34,050 --> 00:13:37,920
+eye it forms on the retina.In other words, the
+
+210
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:44,660
+myopic person's image is formed in the vitreous
+
+211
+00:13:44,660 --> 00:13:52,320
+gel. Also, the immature person's image is formed
+
+212
+00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:57,140
+on the retina, which is also not in the air.
+
+213
+00:14:01,620 --> 00:14:05,600
+Once a stigmatic image is produced, the rod is cut
+
+214
+00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,560
+and a second Cartesian ellipsoid placed on the
+
+215
+00:14:08,560 --> 00:14:11,740
+back surface. As the following picture shows,
+
+216
+00:14:14,220 --> 00:14:20,440
+I have a stigmatic image inside the glass. Now we
+
+217
+00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:22,520
+cut from the stigmatic image and put another
+
+218
+00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:26,360
+Cartesian ellipsoid with the same dimensions on
+
+219
+00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:31,670
+the back surface of the first Cartesian conoid.The
+
+220
+00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:34,110
+final image that we will receive in the air is
+
+221
+00:14:34,110 --> 00:14:38,030
+also stigmatic Okay, excellent, so we solved the
+
+222
+00:14:38,030 --> 00:14:42,590
+problem of stigmatic imaging And we can get a
+
+223
+00:14:42,590 --> 00:14:48,190
+stigmatic image of any object we want The truth is
+
+224
+00:14:48,190 --> 00:14:51,970
+that this is not correct Why is it not correct?
+
+225
+00:14:52,050 --> 00:14:56,790
+Because we used the simplest object and the
+
+226
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:59,490
+simplest camera The simplest object is a single
+
+227
+00:14:59,490 --> 00:15:03,320
+object pointAnd the simplest camera is a single
+
+228
+00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,620
+refracting service. You may remember the first
+
+229
+00:15:06,620 --> 00:15:08,720
+lecture that said that the simplest camera is a
+
+230
+00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:10,360
+pinhole camera. But we said that the pinhole
+
+231
+00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:16,220
+camera cannot be used because its pictures are too
+
+232
+00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:18,060
+faint to be useful. Meaning that it is too faint
+
+233
+00:15:18,060 --> 00:15:24,780
+to be useful. So the
+
+234
+00:15:24,780 --> 00:15:29,370
+solution to the problem is no.one point or if the
+
+235
+00:15:29,370 --> 00:15:33,490
+body is one point then the Cartesian ellipsoid
+
+236
+00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:37,890
+produces a stigmatic image of only one object
+
+237
+00:15:37,890 --> 00:15:41,090
+point and the rest of the points all other object
+
+238
+00:15:41,090 --> 00:15:45,590
+points image non-stigmatically if the object for
+
+239
+00:15:45,590 --> 00:15:49,670
+example consists of ten points of course the
+
+240
+00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:52,250
+object consists of an infinite number of points
+
+241
+00:15:52,250 --> 00:15:56,130
+but we imagine that the object consists of ten
+
+242
+00:15:56,130 --> 00:16:02,020
+pointsOne of these points will have a stigmatic
+
+243
+00:16:02,020 --> 00:16:04,140
+picture and the other nine will be non-stigmatic,
+
+244
+00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:06,460
+which means it's a point spread function One might
+
+245
+00:16:06,460 --> 00:16:09,900
+say, well, what did we gain from all this work of
+
+246
+00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:14,120
+Descartes? Descartes put the feet of scientists at
+
+247
+00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,530
+the beginning of our journeyin terms of getting a
+
+248
+00:16:18,530 --> 00:16:21,210
+stigmatic image ..in terms of getting a stigmatic
+
+249
+00:16:21,210 --> 00:16:24,470
+image ..it is true that the formation ..the
+
+250
+00:16:24,470 --> 00:16:27,110
+formation of a glass rod in a nearly elliptical
+
+251
+00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:31,550
+shape leads to one object point ..only one object
+
+252
+00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:35,330
+point being stigmatic and the rest not ..but as
+
+253
+00:16:35,330 --> 00:16:38,130
+long as we get one point that is stigmatic it
+
+254
+00:16:38,130 --> 00:16:41,210
+means that we started to walk on the beginning of
+
+255
+00:16:41,210 --> 00:16:46,130
+the road to get ..Stigmatic imaging of other
+
+256
+00:16:46,130 --> 00:16:51,290
+object points. The Cartesian ellipsoid produces a
+
+257
+00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:55,450
+stigmatic image of only one object point. All
+
+258
+00:16:55,450 --> 00:16:58,350
+other object points image non-stigmatically.
+
+259
+00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:06,960
+في نقطة تانية او صعوبة تانية واجهت العلماء في ذلك
+
+260
+00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:11,800
+الزمن انه لغاية 1960 لعصرنا الحالي او للقرن
+
+261
+00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:16,780
+العشرين لبعد منتصف القرن العشرين 1960 يعني تقريبا
+
+262
+00:17:16,780 --> 00:17:22,520
+من ستين سنة من ستين سنة بالضبط it was impossibleto
+
+263
+00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:36,420
+manufacture a Cartesian ellipsoid. The only
+
+264
+00:17:36,420 --> 00:17:39,520
+surfaces that could be accurately figured were
+
+265
+00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:43,700
+spheres, cylinders, spherocylinders and flats.
+
+266
+00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:47,940
+Now, aspheric surfaces are relatively easy to
+
+267
+00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:48,400
+manufacture.
+
+268
+00:17:52,390 --> 00:17:56,530
+The rectangular shapes, the rectangular spherical
+
+269
+00:17:56,530 --> 00:18:03,640
+shapes, and the flat shapes.As for manufacturing
+
+270
+00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:07,400
+Cartesian ellipsoids and manufacturing them
+
+271
+00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,540
+artificially in large quantities in order to
+
+272
+00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:12,980
+distribute them for practical use, of course this
+
+273
+00:18:12,980 --> 00:18:15,560
+was almost impossible ..almost impossible
+
+274
+00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:37,840
+بشكل سهل جدا و ال computer ممكن هو اللي يشرف على
+
+275
+00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:42,300
+القضية تقصها و تنتج بشكل صناعي بسهولة شديدة،
+
+276
+00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:49,020
+بسهولة شديدة بدون تدخل يد الإنسان The
+
+277
+00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:52,500
+cart established that a single refracting surface
+
+278
+00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,020
+could at best produce a stigmatic image of only
+
+279
+00:18:56,020 --> 00:19:00,080
+one object pointThe scholar René Descartes reached
+
+280
+00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,600
+to a rule that if I have one refracting service,
+
+281
+00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:08,560
+single refracting service, and I shaped it in the
+
+282
+00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:11,340
+best possible way or in the most appropriate way,
+
+283
+00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,180
+the maximum that this single refracting service
+
+284
+00:19:15,180 --> 00:19:18,580
+has is to make a stigmatic image for only one
+
+285
+00:19:18,580 --> 00:19:22,260
+point. Okay, I want more than one point to have a
+
+286
+00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:26,330
+stigmatic imageطبعا باستعمال علم الرياضيات by
+
+287
+00:19:26,330 --> 00:19:30,070
+means of mathematics it has been demonstrated that
+
+288
+00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:34,650
+an optical system can produce a stigmatic image of
+
+289
+00:19:34,650 --> 00:19:38,710
+only as many object points as there are degrees of
+
+290
+00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:42,650
+freedom in the optical system يعني ما معنى هذا
+
+291
+00:19:42,650 --> 00:19:48,160
+الكلام؟ ما معنى هذا الكلام؟Now, before we say the
+
+292
+00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:49,360
+meaning of this word, let's go back to the
+
+293
+00:19:49,360 --> 00:19:52,480
+previous sentence, Descartes reached a base, that
+
+294
+00:19:52,480 --> 00:19:56,400
+if I have a single refractive surface, I can get
+
+295
+00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,120
+from the single refractive surface on one object
+
+296
+00:20:00,120 --> 00:20:04,770
+point that its shape is stigmaticI get the object
+
+297
+00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:07,030
+points, I get the point of the object, it's not
+
+298
+00:20:07,030 --> 00:20:10,610
+possible because I have a chance to get one point
+
+299
+00:20:10,610 --> 00:20:14,110
+on a picture like the original And I get the point
+
+300
+00:20:14,110 --> 00:20:16,150
+of the object, it's not possible, why? Because I
+
+301
+00:20:16,150 --> 00:20:19,610
+have single refracting surface, single refracting
+
+302
+00:20:19,610 --> 00:20:23,120
+surfaceNow, by using mathematical science,
+
+303
+00:20:24,060 --> 00:20:28,100
+scientists proved that any optical system .. any
+
+304
+00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:32,600
+optical system .. will give me a stigmatic image
+
+305
+00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,520
+of the number of points of the object as much as
+
+306
+00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:36,540
+there are degrees of freedom in this optical
+
+307
+00:20:36,540 --> 00:20:41,020
+systemWe want to understand what degrees of
+
+308
+00:20:41,020 --> 00:20:43,140
+freedom means. We want to understand what degrees
+
+309
+00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:46,260
+of freedom means. We repeat, we say if I have an
+
+310
+00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:50,020
+optical system scene and another optical system
+
+311
+00:20:50,020 --> 00:20:53,540
+shot, and the optical system scene has degrees of
+
+312
+00:20:53,540 --> 00:20:57,740
+freedom more than the optical system shot, then
+
+313
+00:20:57,740 --> 00:21:01,760
+the optical system scene will give me a stigmatic
+
+314
+00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:04,300
+image for the number of points of the object more
+
+315
+00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:09,790
+than what the optical system shot gives me.Okay,
+
+316
+00:21:09,970 --> 00:21:12,970
+what is meant by degrees of freedom here? Of
+
+317
+00:21:12,970 --> 00:21:14,950
+course, what is meant is not the political freedom
+
+318
+00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:18,530
+that we hear about But degrees of freedom means
+
+319
+00:21:18,530 --> 00:21:22,110
+how much I am free to change the characteristics
+
+320
+00:21:22,110 --> 00:21:24,810
+of the optical system Also, we want to understand
+
+321
+00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,510
+more, we say I have one lens with two surfaces One
+
+322
+00:21:29,510 --> 00:21:34,950
+lens with two surfaces Let's see this drawing We
+
+323
+00:21:34,950 --> 00:21:38,080
+will take this lens onlyWhat are the attributes
+
+324
+00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:41,560
+that I can change in the lens? I can change the
+
+325
+00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,180
+shape and tilt of the surface in front of me, this
+
+326
+00:21:44,180 --> 00:21:46,440
+is the first degree of freedom I have, which means
+
+327
+00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:50,100
+I am free to change it or tilt it in a certain way
+
+328
+00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:54,300
+Second thing, the back surface, I can change its
+
+329
+00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:56,460
+shape and tilt it, so I have two degrees of
+
+330
+00:21:56,460 --> 00:22:02,450
+freedom Third thing, third thingالسمك .. السمك
+
+331
+00:22:02,450 --> 00:22:06,510
+بتاع العدسة فأقدر أخليها سميكة، أرفع شويه،
+
+332
+00:22:06,510 --> 00:22:10,290
+أرفيعها، إذا برضه .. برضه عندي درجة أو عندي مجال
+
+333
+00:22:10,290 --> 00:22:13,970
+من الحرية إن أنا أغير السمك بتاع العدسة، إذا هذه
+
+334
+00:22:13,970 --> 00:22:18,810
+عدسة لها تلت درجات حرية، إذا هذه بتقدر تعطيني
+
+335
+00:22:18,810 --> 00:22:24,550
+تلاتة points، تلاتة pointsOr more than the
+
+336
+00:22:24,550 --> 00:22:27,270
+stigmatic imaging, than the stigmatic imaging I
+
+337
+00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:31,690
+mean if the single refracting service gave me,
+
+338
+00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:35,270
+because it's single, gave me only a stigmatic
+
+339
+00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:37,250
+picture for one object point and the rest of the
+
+340
+00:22:37,250 --> 00:22:42,510
+object points were not stigmatic pictures, while I
+
+341
+00:22:42,510 --> 00:22:47,990
+haveA single lens has three degrees of freedom.
+
+342
+00:22:48,650 --> 00:22:51,090
+What are these three degrees of freedom? The front
+
+343
+00:22:51,090 --> 00:22:55,170
+surface, I can control its shape, change it, bend
+
+344
+00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,890
+it in one way, then change it in another way until
+
+345
+00:22:57,890 --> 00:23:03,650
+I get a stigmatic image to one point. The back
+
+346
+00:23:03,650 --> 00:23:06,890
+surface to another point, I can change it. The
+
+347
+00:23:06,890 --> 00:23:11,370
+thickness, I can control it until it gives me a
+
+348
+00:23:11,370 --> 00:23:16,220
+third point. So, onesingle lens and have three
+
+349
+00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:17,880
+degrees of freedom
+
+350
+00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,820
+Two lenses, two lenses, as the drawing here shows,
+
+351
+00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:27,920
+I have two lenses. How many degrees of freedom do
+
+352
+00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,600
+I have? I have seven degrees of freedom. What are
+
+353
+00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,200
+they? The front surface and the back surface, I
+
+354
+00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,660
+can control their shape and thickness. These are
+
+355
+00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:40,200
+three. And here also three, six. So why did we say
+
+356
+00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,420
+seven? Because I can also control the distance
+
+357
+00:23:43,420 --> 00:23:46,820
+between the two lenses. These two lenses together,
+
+358
+00:23:47,020 --> 00:23:51,200
+optical system oneSo I have three degrees of
+
+359
+00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:53,860
+freedom here, and three, this is six, and the
+
+360
+00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:57,740
+seventh that I can control, which is what? The
+
+361
+00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:00,980
+distance between them We notice some press cameras
+
+362
+00:24:00,980 --> 00:24:06,140
+in conferences and similarYou can .. or you find
+
+363
+00:24:06,140 --> 00:24:10,160
+that the camera is extended forward, some people
+
+364
+00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:11,520
+or some journalists say that they are doing
+
+365
+00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,040
+zooming, they are doing zooming From the concept
+
+366
+00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:16,180
+of geometrical optics, we say that it is extended
+
+367
+00:24:16,180 --> 00:24:19,140
+forward to make a greater distance between the
+
+368
+00:24:19,140 --> 00:24:24,020
+lenses, why? To get a higher image quality, to get
+
+369
+00:24:24,020 --> 00:24:28,330
+a higher image qualityNow, how will the journalist
+
+370
+00:24:28,330 --> 00:24:31,150
+know that he got a higher image quality when he
+
+371
+00:24:31,150 --> 00:24:33,530
+sees that his image is clearer and more obvious
+
+372
+00:24:33,530 --> 00:24:39,570
+and it becomes to a higher degree of clarity? Some
+
+373
+00:24:39,570 --> 00:24:42,590
+cameras don't even wait for the journalist to
+
+374
+00:24:42,590 --> 00:24:45,710
+change the distance of the lenses from each other,
+
+375
+00:24:45,750 --> 00:24:51,540
+but they do this automaticallyThe proof that I can
+
+376
+00:24:51,540 --> 00:24:54,660
+control the distance is that these are two lenses
+
+377
+00:24:54,660 --> 00:24:57,140
+connected to each other, so the distance between
+
+378
+00:24:57,140 --> 00:24:59,920
+them is zero, while these two lenses have a
+
+379
+00:24:59,920 --> 00:25:01,940
+certain distance between them, I can try them, I
+
+380
+00:25:01,940 --> 00:25:03,620
+can distance them, so this is one degree of
+
+381
+00:25:03,620 --> 00:25:08,610
+freedom degrees. A person may wonder why I putThis
+
+382
+00:25:08,610 --> 00:25:14,090
+picture, this picture is about a bed that needs to
+
+383
+00:25:14,090 --> 00:25:17,170
+be moved to another house or something similar We
+
+384
+00:25:17,170 --> 00:25:20,590
+say that if we ask one person, because you see
+
+385
+00:25:20,590 --> 00:25:26,890
+that he carries two people, one person to carry
+
+386
+00:25:26,890 --> 00:25:29,710
+the bed, he will find it difficult because it is
+
+387
+00:25:29,710 --> 00:25:34,930
+big and has floors, I mean, toilets and pillows
+
+388
+00:25:34,930 --> 00:25:39,960
+and so onNow if we ask .. of course he is one
+
+389
+00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,440
+person, he has both hands, so he has two degrees
+
+390
+00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,140
+of freedom to control and hold with both hands If
+
+391
+00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:48,360
+we add another person, the situation becomes
+
+392
+00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:52,920
+easier, I have four degrees or four working hands,
+
+393
+00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:56,340
+four working hands If we bring a third person, we
+
+394
+00:25:56,340 --> 00:25:58,930
+say to him, hold these tools with your handsIt
+
+395
+00:25:58,930 --> 00:26:02,690
+will be easier and easier. If we bring a fourth
+
+396
+00:26:02,690 --> 00:26:04,710
+person, it will be easier. That is, the more the
+
+397
+00:26:04,710 --> 00:26:08,450
+number of working hands, the easier it is to carry
+
+398
+00:26:08,450 --> 00:26:11,610
+out the mission without any problems. And also,
+
+399
+00:26:11,850 --> 00:26:15,310
+the more lenses we have, the more freedom I have.
+
+400
+00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:19,640
+and therefore I have more quality of the picture
+
+401
+00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:22,980
+because the more degrees of freedom I have, the
+
+402
+00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,920
+more points I can get from the object on a
+
+403
+00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:32,320
+stigmatic image in the picture Stigmatic image
+
+404
+00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:37,220
+means that these object points are points Let's go
+
+405
+00:26:37,220 --> 00:26:39,280
+to the optical system here in the drawing, let's
+
+406
+00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:43,400
+say how many lenses are there? One, two, three,
+
+407
+00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:48,810
+four, fiveكل عدسة إلها تلت درجات حرية، سطحها
+
+408
+00:26:48,810 --> 00:26:52,230
+الأمامي و سطحها الخالفي و السمك بتاعها، بغض النظر
+
+409
+00:26:52,230 --> 00:26:56,810
+العدسة محددة أو مقعرة، إذا عندي خمس عدسات في تلت
+
+410
+00:26:56,810 --> 00:27:01,290
+درجات حرية، إذا عندي خمستاشر درجة حرية زائد، كام
+
+411
+00:27:01,290 --> 00:27:05,970
+مسافة بينهم هاي مسافة؟ تنتين، تلاتة، أربع، خمستاشر
+
+412
+00:27:05,970 --> 00:27:11,180
+درجة حرية زائدplus four degrees or four distances
+
+413
+00:27:11,180 --> 00:27:13,980
+between them, so I have nineteen degrees of
+
+414
+00:27:13,980 --> 00:27:19,500
+freedom, nineteen opportunities of freedom or
+
+415
+00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:22,820
+degrees of freedom that I can control I can change
+
+416
+00:27:22,820 --> 00:27:26,420
+the surface in front of me here, I can change the
+
+417
+00:27:26,420 --> 00:27:28,920
+depth, I can change the surface behind me, I can
+
+418
+00:27:28,920 --> 00:27:30,980
+change the distance between the first and second
+
+419
+00:27:30,980 --> 00:27:34,960
+lens and so on, so I have freedom areas or degrees
+
+420
+00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:38,300
+of freedom nineteenكل ما زادت ال degrees of
+
+421
+00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:41,600
+freedom كل ما كان ال quality of the image أعلى كل
+
+422
+00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:46,320
+of the image أعلى Why? لأنه .. لأنه بنحصل على عدد
+
+423
+00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,260
+أكبر من ال object points لإنه .. لإنه بنحصل على
+
+424
+00:27:48,260 --> 00:27:50,780
+عدد أكبر من ال object points بتكون صوره .. صوره أو
+
+425
+00:27:50,780 --> 00:27:51,380
+صور ال object points هذه بشكل أستigmatic بتكون
+
+426
+00:27:51,380 --> 00:27:53,020
+صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object points هذه بشكل
+
+427
+00:27:53,020 --> 00:27:54,520
+أستigmatic بتكون صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object
+
+428
+00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:57,320
+points هذه بشكل أستigmatic بتكون صوره .. صوره أو
+
+429
+00:27:57,320 --> 00:27:59,120
+صور ال object points هذه بشكل أستigmatic بتكون
+
+430
+00:27:59,120 --> 00:27:59,600
+صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object points هذه بشكل
+
+431
+00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,600
+أستigmatic بتكون صوره .. صوره أو صور ال object
+
+432
+00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:04,940
+points هذه بشكل أستigmaticThe lenses in the
+
+433
+00:28:04,940 --> 00:28:07,360
+optical system, that is, the optical system that
+
+434
+00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:11,860
+has multiple lenses, its image quality is higher
+
+435
+00:28:11,860 --> 00:28:18,600
+than if I had fewer lenses, than the lenses. These
+
+436
+00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,360
+are examples that we have explained. We will stop
+
+437
+00:28:21,360 --> 00:28:25,840
+here this time, and next time, God willing, we
+
+438
+00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:29,160
+will enter into the topic of first order optics
+
+439
+00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:31,460
+and give you wellness and peace, and God's mercy
+
+440
+00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:32,600
+and blessings.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/IiCVj1ZAxis_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+1
+00:00:01,670 --> 00:00:03,610
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim What is the
+
+2
+00:00:03,610 --> 00:00:09,250
+transverse magnification if we know that object is
+
+3
+00:00:09,250 --> 00:00:14,290
+40 centimeter height and image is 10 centimeter
+
+4
+00:00:14,290 --> 00:00:17,310
+height below the optical axis. Transverse
+
+5
+00:00:17,310 --> 00:00:22,870
+magnification is equal to image height over object
+
+6
+00:00:22,870 --> 00:00:29,590
+height. Image height below the optical axis is
+
+7
+00:00:29,590 --> 00:00:34,540
+negative.10 cm means 1 out of 10 meters over
+
+8
+00:00:34,540 --> 00:00:38,660
+object height above the optical axis, plus, don't
+
+9
+00:00:38,660 --> 00:00:45,340
+forget the sign 40 cm means 4 out of 10 meters and
+
+10
+00:00:45,340 --> 00:00:49,860
+it equals minus over plus minus, of course we will
+
+11
+00:00:49,860 --> 00:00:53,360
+put the x sign to indicate magnification minus
+
+12
+00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,240
+means the picture is upside down 1 out of 10 over
+
+13
+00:00:56,240 --> 00:01:01,270
+4 out of 10 is a quarterوالمتر على متر بيروح
+
+14
+00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:06,150
+النسبة لا تميز، هاي الجواب X يعني تكبير الصورة
+
+15
+00:01:06,150 --> 00:01:09,830
+minus مجلوبة، أول إشي هنعرف أنها مجلوبة، تكبيرها
+
+16
+00:01:09,830 --> 00:01:13,150
+ربع، يعني ارتفاعها ربع ارتفاع ال object فعلا
+
+17
+00:01:13,150 --> 00:01:15,970
+ارتفاعها عشر سانتي وربع الاربعين سانتي اللي هو
+
+18
+00:01:15,970 --> 00:01:18,190
+ارتفاع ال object ويعطيكم العافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/JynOvdHtkQI_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2172 @@
+1
+00:00:01,580 --> 00:00:02,600
+In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
+
+2
+00:00:03,180 --> 00:00:06,260
+We continue with the lectures of Geometric Optics
+
+3
+00:00:06,260 --> 00:00:11,040
+and we said that scientists in the 17th century
+
+4
+00:00:11,040 --> 00:00:15,640
+found a system of equations and mathematical
+
+5
+00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:18,690
+calculationswhich made it easier to understand the
+
+6
+00:00:18,690 --> 00:00:21,230
+science of geometric optics and made it easier to
+
+7
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,890
+understand the journey of light from the object to
+
+8
+00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:26,910
+the optical system, to the image This system of
+
+9
+00:00:26,910 --> 00:00:30,170
+equations and mathematical calculations became
+
+10
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:35,810
+known as the first order optics which is the basic
+
+11
+00:00:35,810 --> 00:00:41,780
+stone for understanding geometryoptics وعشان نفهم
+
+12
+00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:46,400
+بالتفصيل إيش اللي عملوه العلماء بنحكي إيش أول خطوة
+
+13
+00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:50,120
+عملوها العلماء قبل ما نحكي الخطوة الأولى و اللي هي
+
+14
+00:00:50,120 --> 00:00:53,400
+ignoring image quality بنذكر بصفات ال image أو ال
+
+15
+00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,080
+image characteristics و اللي هي ال magnification و
+
+16
+00:00:57,080 --> 00:01:01,180
+ال location و ال quality و ال brightness هنمسك
+
+17
+00:01:01,180 --> 00:01:05,620
+تالت شئ اللي هي ال quality اللي هيone of the most
+
+18
+00:01:05,620 --> 00:01:07,460
+important characteristics of the image and we said
+
+19
+00:01:07,460 --> 00:01:09,880
+that the quality is required that the optical
+
+20
+00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:13,400
+system creates a high quality image and if
+
+21
+00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:16,340
+possible it should create a stigmatic image that
+
+22
+00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:18,460
+is a picture that is as it should be this is the
+
+23
+00:01:18,460 --> 00:01:22,940
+best thing possible in the seventeenth century the
+
+24
+00:01:22,940 --> 00:01:27,820
+issue of obtaining a very high qualityIt was a
+
+25
+00:01:27,820 --> 00:01:32,380
+dream of scientists that the optical system at
+
+26
+00:01:32,380 --> 00:01:38,380
+that time was giving useful images, pictures that
+
+27
+00:01:38,380 --> 00:01:42,320
+were practical and useful, but not high quality,
+
+28
+00:01:42,420 --> 00:01:47,570
+not high quality. So first of all, scientistsIn
+
+29
+00:01:47,570 --> 00:01:51,210
+order for the image to shine through the optical
+
+30
+00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:53,770
+system, they said that the first thing we should
+
+31
+00:01:53,770 --> 00:01:57,190
+do is to ignore image quality. We should not study
+
+32
+00:01:57,190 --> 00:02:01,050
+image quality. Ignoring image quality. We will say
+
+33
+00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:06,120
+why they .. I mean ..I mean they agreed to neglect
+
+34
+00:02:06,120 --> 00:02:11,640
+image quality because they don't want high image
+
+35
+00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:15,280
+quality, but they can't make an optical system
+
+36
+00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:19,040
+that's not high quality or that gives me high
+
+37
+00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:23,330
+quality pictures or imagesهدا لو احنا جبنا مثل من
+
+38
+00:02:23,330 --> 00:02:29,410
+الحياة، بنقول إنسان بسيط للغاية في حياته ما هيصعد
+
+39
+00:02:29,410 --> 00:02:34,210
+على سطح القمر في سفينة فضاء، ليش يشغل نفسه ب ..
+
+40
+00:02:34,210 --> 00:02:39,870
+يعني تفصيل بدلة مثل البدلة اللي بيلبسها رواد
+
+41
+00:02:39,870 --> 00:02:43,720
+الفضاء، يعني هذا بيكون مضيع للوقتAnd in comparison
+
+42
+00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:47,520
+to that, scientists in the 17th century said that
+
+43
+00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:51,840
+we are not able to create a high quality optical
+
+44
+00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:56,060
+system So as long as our image quality is
+
+45
+00:02:56,060 --> 00:03:00,760
+basically humbleThe image quality is low, so the
+
+46
+00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:02,980
+first thing to study the journey of light and
+
+47
+00:03:02,980 --> 00:03:06,700
+study the image characteristics, we need to
+
+48
+00:03:06,700 --> 00:03:09,160
+neglect the image quality. This is basically what
+
+49
+00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,320
+they mean or what they simplified to consider that
+
+50
+00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:15,340
+neglecting the image quality and ignoring the
+
+51
+00:03:15,340 --> 00:03:20,880
+image quality simplified the topic. To know the
+
+52
+00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,180
+image quality exactly, I need to see the point
+
+53
+00:03:24,180 --> 00:03:25,460
+spread function.
+
+54
+00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:37,630
+If we look at this view and make it bigger, we say
+
+55
+00:03:37,630 --> 00:03:42,180
+this is the point spread functionwhich is
+
+56
+00:03:42,180 --> 00:03:45,700
+irregular and irregular shape to one point of the
+
+57
+00:03:45,700 --> 00:03:49,280
+object's point You might ask, what are these
+
+58
+00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,700
+colors? These colors show the intensity of the
+
+59
+00:03:51,700 --> 00:03:54,360
+light The red color in the middle of the point
+
+60
+00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,320
+spread function, here is the largest amount of
+
+61
+00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:59,360
+light that ended here is the intensity of the
+
+62
+00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:01,680
+light, less, less, less, but these are the limits
+
+63
+00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:04,480
+of the point spread functionthis is the limits of
+
+64
+00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:07,940
+point spread function in the rectangular form that
+
+65
+00:04:07,940 --> 00:04:13,940
+looks like a ghost to define its limits, it must
+
+66
+00:04:13,940 --> 00:04:17,140
+be from a point in the object, this is a picture
+
+67
+00:04:17,140 --> 00:04:19,120
+of one point let's assume that this is a
+
+68
+00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:21,640
+condition, it means that in this body, the point
+
+69
+00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,420
+is a, and this picture is a condition I didn't
+
+70
+00:04:24,420 --> 00:04:27,540
+draw the body, nor did I draw the optical system,
+
+71
+00:04:27,580 --> 00:04:30,100
+because I want to know what is the point spread
+
+72
+00:04:30,100 --> 00:04:33,860
+functionIn order to know point spread function of
+
+73
+00:04:33,860 --> 00:04:36,920
+A, in other words, in order to know the shape of A
+
+74
+00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:41,280
+in the image, A is a point in the object, we see,
+
+75
+00:04:41,420 --> 00:04:46,000
+we pass around 200 or 300 rays in the optical
+
+76
+00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:51,010
+system, and we apply all of them Snell's lawOn
+
+77
+00:04:51,010 --> 00:04:53,830
+each of the rays to know how much is the angle of
+
+78
+00:04:53,830 --> 00:04:56,970
+deflection or the angle of passage θt for each of
+
+79
+00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,390
+the rays And consequently, this ray ends here,
+
+80
+00:04:59,470 --> 00:05:02,090
+this ray ends here, this ray ends here, this one
+
+81
+00:05:02,090 --> 00:05:04,210
+here, this one here, and so on until I see the
+
+82
+00:05:04,210 --> 00:05:09,110
+limits of all of them, of course, this workedIt's
+
+83
+00:05:09,110 --> 00:05:14,930
+very fast and it doesn't take a day or two or a
+
+84
+00:05:14,930 --> 00:05:19,110
+month or two to see one point picture. So why do I
+
+85
+00:05:19,110 --> 00:05:21,770
+want to know the point spread function? Because
+
+86
+00:05:21,770 --> 00:05:24,790
+it's known that I have a rule. The smaller the
+
+87
+00:05:24,790 --> 00:05:28,140
+point spread function,The higher the equality,
+
+88
+00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,440
+why? Because when the point spread function is
+
+89
+00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,240
+smaller, its limits are smaller, it means that its
+
+90
+00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:36,400
+interaction with the point spread function of the
+
+91
+00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:39,120
+second point is less, and of the third point is
+
+92
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,740
+less, and we said that the stigmatic image, which
+
+93
+00:05:41,740 --> 00:05:45,020
+is the image of the original quality, which is the
+
+94
+00:05:45,020 --> 00:05:48,180
+original quality must be a point, like the object
+
+95
+00:05:48,180 --> 00:05:51,400
+is a pointA point means that A condition must be a
+
+96
+00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:53,980
+point and B point means that B condition must be a
+
+97
+00:05:53,980 --> 00:05:57,420
+point and so on. So, as long as I have A as a
+
+98
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:06:00,300
+certain area that I call the point spread function
+
+99
+00:06:00,300 --> 00:06:03,080
+of the area in the image or part of the image, it
+
+100
+00:06:03,080 --> 00:06:05,020
+means that I must know its limits. In order to
+
+101
+00:06:05,020 --> 00:06:09,080
+know its limits, I must follow literally exact ray
+
+102
+00:06:09,080 --> 00:06:14,440
+tracing for hundreds of rays must be exactly
+
+103
+00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:16,880
+traced in order to know the limits of the point
+
+104
+00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:21,820
+spread function.How do we know image quality? We
+
+105
+00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:25,760
+define point spread function, if it's too small,
+
+106
+00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:28,880
+image quality will be higher, if it's too big,
+
+107
+00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:31,880
+image quality will be lower. Because if point
+
+108
+00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:33,720
+spread function is too big, the interaction
+
+109
+00:06:33,720 --> 00:06:39,980
+between point spread functions will be higher
+
+110
+00:06:39,980 --> 00:06:42,780
+because it's too big, and if it's too small, the
+
+111
+00:06:42,780 --> 00:06:43,300
+interaction between point spread functions will be
+
+112
+00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:46,300
+lower.Of course, the scientists were very
+
+113
+00:06:46,300 --> 00:06:49,440
+realistic in this field, they said, well, we are
+
+114
+00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:53,080
+basically unable to create an optical system or a
+
+115
+00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,380
+lens or a refracting service that gives me high
+
+116
+00:06:55,380 --> 00:06:59,740
+image quality, so why should I bother with image
+
+117
+00:06:59,740 --> 00:07:04,700
+equality?To determine the point spread function,
+
+118
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:06,920
+or let's read from the beginning, ignoring image
+
+119
+00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:09,380
+quality is the first thing in the first order
+
+120
+00:07:09,380 --> 00:07:13,880
+optics, the first thing in the first order optics
+
+121
+00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:16,200
+system that scientists adopted is ignoring image
+
+122
+00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:21,380
+qualityTo determine image quality,
+
+123
+00:07:23,540 --> 00:07:27,160
+it is necessary to know how light from a single
+
+124
+00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:30,180
+object
+
+125
+00:07:30,180 --> 00:07:34,800
+point is distributed in the image, to know the
+
+126
+00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,990
+point spread functionIn order to define Point
+
+127
+00:07:37,990 --> 00:07:41,310
+Spread Function, hundreds of rays must be
+
+128
+00:07:41,310 --> 00:07:42,550
+accurately traced
+
+129
+00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,310
+In Gauss's time, which is of course what we said
+
+130
+00:08:00,310 --> 00:08:02,750
+about the first order optics, which means that its
+
+131
+00:08:02,750 --> 00:08:05,950
+legacy basically goes back to the scientist Karl
+
+132
+00:08:05,950 --> 00:08:09,670
+Gauss and the scientists of his time. We say, in
+
+133
+00:08:09,670 --> 00:08:14,110
+Gauss's days, manufacturing techniques rather than
+
+134
+00:08:14,110 --> 00:08:17,600
+optical system design limited the image quality.in
+
+135
+00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:21,600
+that period of time, the manufacturing methods of
+
+136
+00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:25,020
+optical systems used to give me or produce optical
+
+137
+00:08:25,020 --> 00:08:29,060
+systems, lenses that do not give high quality in
+
+138
+00:08:29,060 --> 00:08:31,120
+the picture, so therefore I do not concern myself
+
+139
+00:08:31,120 --> 00:08:32,880
+with the quality of the picture and I am not able
+
+140
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:41,140
+to get a high picture qualityThis is also similar
+
+141
+00:08:41,140 --> 00:08:45,200
+to our general life, I have 4 or 5 cars in my
+
+142
+00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:48,660
+parking lot and they are all used and used cars
+
+143
+00:08:48,660 --> 00:08:52,040
+and they all drive and they can go from Gaza city
+
+144
+00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,200
+to Khan Younes city for example, so there is no
+
+145
+00:08:55,200 --> 00:08:57,440
+difference if we want to drive the first car or
+
+146
+00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,260
+the second or the third or the fourth, they are
+
+147
+00:08:59,260 --> 00:09:02,400
+all used and used cars and they all serve the
+
+148
+00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:04,780
+purpose and there is no distinction between them,
+
+149
+00:09:05,220 --> 00:09:09,250
+so any carBet .. bet .. bet .. bet .. betafi ..
+
+150
+00:09:09,250 --> 00:09:15,630
+betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+151
+00:09:15,630 --> 00:09:15,730
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+152
+00:09:15,730 --> 00:09:21,210
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+153
+00:09:21,210 --> 00:09:28,870
+.. betafi .. betafi
+
+154
+00:09:28,870 --> 00:09:30,830
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+155
+00:09:30,830 --> 00:09:32,290
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+156
+00:09:32,290 --> 00:09:34,370
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+157
+00:09:34,370 --> 00:09:34,450
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi .. betafi
+
+158
+00:09:34,450 --> 00:09:35,850
+.. betafi .. betafi .. betafiI'm not able to make
+
+159
+00:09:35,850 --> 00:09:43,370
+high quality lenses, so why should I analyze the
+
+160
+00:09:43,370 --> 00:09:46,630
+image quality and draw hundreds of rays from an
+
+161
+00:09:46,630 --> 00:09:48,370
+object point and insert them into the optical
+
+162
+00:09:48,370 --> 00:09:52,370
+system and then apply Snell's law on each ray of
+
+163
+00:09:52,370 --> 00:09:55,540
+these rays? This is very tiring work.interestingly
+
+164
+00:09:55,540 --> 00:09:59,480
+instead in analyzing other image features such as
+
+165
+00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,960
+magnification and location and scientists said
+
+166
+00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,220
+let's stop with the rest of the image features
+
+167
+00:10:06,220 --> 00:10:08,420
+like location, which is the distance between the
+
+168
+00:10:08,420 --> 00:10:12,300
+image and the optical system and magnification,
+
+169
+00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:14,640
+which is the transfer of magnification, which is
+
+170
+00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:17,740
+the method of calculation, which is the method of
+
+171
+00:10:17,740 --> 00:10:18,260
+calculation
+
+172
+00:10:20,930 --> 00:10:27,070
+على كيف يعني بجيت صفات ال image بدون يعني مع تحييض
+
+173
+00:10:27,070 --> 00:10:32,350
+ال image equality مع تحييض ال image equality اذا
+
+174
+00:10:32,350 --> 00:10:36,310
+to determine all image characteristics except
+
+175
+00:10:36,310 --> 00:10:41,380
+image equality requires tracing only a few raysIf
+
+176
+00:10:41,380 --> 00:10:44,540
+image quality is ignored, analysis of optical
+
+177
+00:10:44,540 --> 00:10:48,300
+systems is reduced from tracing hundreds of rays
+
+178
+00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:50,200
+to tracing just two rays
+
+179
+00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,820
+In order to clarify the idea, when I want to
+
+180
+00:10:56,820 --> 00:10:59,820
+define that we want to study image quality, it
+
+181
+00:10:59,820 --> 00:11:01,660
+means that we have to define the point spread
+
+182
+00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:02,260
+function
+
+183
+00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:28,560
+Two rays, two rays, and the point of meeting the
+
+184
+00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:31,920
+two rays after leaving the optical system, after
+
+185
+00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:34,860
+breaking them and leaving the optical system, this
+
+186
+00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:37,580
+point is considered the area of ​​the image, the
+
+187
+00:11:37,580 --> 00:11:40,480
+distance from the meeting of the two rays to the
+
+188
+00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:43,480
+optical system is considered the image distance or
+
+189
+00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:45,580
+image location, and greater than the image
+
+190
+00:11:45,580 --> 00:11:48,620
+distance, I get the magnification, because the
+
+191
+00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:50,960
+magnification equals the image distance over the
+
+192
+00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:55,500
+object distanceSo, neglecting image quality, or
+
+193
+00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:00,020
+putting it aside, reduced my tracking of rays from
+
+194
+00:12:00,020 --> 00:12:03,240
+having to track hundreds of rays to determine the
+
+195
+00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:06,660
+limits of the point spread function, to only
+
+196
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,760
+tracking two rays accurately. Okay, someone might
+
+197
+00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:13,640
+say now the case is solved and everything is very
+
+198
+00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:18,640
+simple.We say that in Carl Gauss era, when the
+
+199
+00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:23,340
+optical system was made up of many lenses, just by
+
+200
+00:12:23,340 --> 00:12:26,400
+tracking two rays, it was also considered a
+
+201
+00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:28,740
+masterpiece. And we will talk about why it was a
+
+202
+00:12:28,740 --> 00:12:32,930
+masterpiece when we talk about ..To this point, we
+
+203
+00:12:32,930 --> 00:12:37,570
+will explain why just tracking two rays is tiring
+
+204
+00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:41,850
+especially if the optical system is made up of
+
+205
+00:12:41,850 --> 00:12:45,950
+many lenses. Aside from that, when we neglected
+
+206
+00:12:45,950 --> 00:12:51,430
+image quality, the huge number of rays that I was
+
+207
+00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:55,930
+supposed to track accurately and do exact ray
+
+208
+00:12:55,930 --> 00:12:58,940
+tracing,In order to determine the limits of point
+
+209
+00:12:58,940 --> 00:13:02,460
+spread function of one point of the object When we
+
+210
+00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:04,780
+reduced it to two pixels by neglecting the image
+
+211
+00:13:04,780 --> 00:13:08,560
+quality The situation became much easier But there
+
+212
+00:13:08,560 --> 00:13:11,300
+are still some difficulties And these difficulties
+
+213
+00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:14,340
+scientists said that we must overcome them in
+
+214
+00:13:14,340 --> 00:13:19,580
+order to simplify or understand the science of
+
+215
+00:13:19,580 --> 00:13:22,820
+geometric optics So the first point in the first
+
+216
+00:13:22,820 --> 00:13:33,210
+order opticsIgnore image equality In Gauss's time
+
+217
+00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:38,550
+In Gauss's time, exactly tracing even two rays was
+
+218
+00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:45,310
+daunting task especially
+
+219
+00:13:45,310 --> 00:13:49,550
+if the optical system consisted of several lenses
+
+220
+00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:08,200
+ومرتين ع السطح الخلفي يعني أربع مرات لو عندي عدسة
+
+221
+00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,820
+تانية بده تضافلها كمان أربع عدسة تالتة كمان أربع
+
+222
+00:14:11,820 --> 00:14:15,200
+طبعا ممكن سانيقول ما أطبق ال snails law هذا شغلة
+
+223
+00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:20,040
+بسيطة لأ مش بسيطة السطوح المنحنية السطوح المنحنية
+
+224
+00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,680
+عشان أعرف زاوية السقوط عليها لازم أرسم ال
+
+225
+00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:27,930
+coordinate system اللي هو الإحداثياتOr the three
+
+226
+00:14:27,930 --> 00:14:32,830
+dimensions which are X, Y and Z at the point where
+
+227
+00:14:32,830 --> 00:14:35,510
+the beam hits the surface of this refracting
+
+228
+00:14:35,510 --> 00:14:38,810
+surface or lens Therefore, this process is not
+
+229
+00:14:38,810 --> 00:14:43,090
+easy even if we shorten it to just two beams
+
+230
+00:14:43,090 --> 00:14:47,150
+Scientists moved to the second point of
+
+231
+00:14:47,150 --> 00:14:49,930
+simplification and facilitation in this science Or
+
+232
+00:14:49,930 --> 00:14:54,710
+the second partFrom the system of first order
+
+233
+00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:58,030
+optics, we said that first order optics is a
+
+234
+00:14:58,030 --> 00:15:01,350
+system of equations and calculations that makes it
+
+235
+00:15:01,350 --> 00:15:03,730
+easier to understand the science of geometric
+
+236
+00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:05,850
+optics The first thing we talked about was
+
+237
+00:15:05,850 --> 00:15:09,130
+ignoring image quality, now we want to talk about
+
+238
+00:15:09,130 --> 00:15:11,950
+something else, which is number 2, the paraxial
+
+239
+00:15:11,950 --> 00:15:16,610
+approximationParaaxial Approximation When we say
+
+240
+00:15:16,610 --> 00:15:20,370
+paraaxial, it means adjacent to the optical axis
+
+241
+00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:23,790
+Adjacent to the optical axis We say to exactly
+
+242
+00:15:23,790 --> 00:15:27,370
+trace a ray through a refracting surface We need
+
+243
+00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:30,930
+to establish a coordinate system In order to track
+
+244
+00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:34,790
+our rays, here we are not tracing the rays
+
+245
+00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:38,030
+directly We are not tracing the rays, but if I
+
+246
+00:15:38,030 --> 00:15:41,790
+have a single refracting surfaceThis is a glass
+
+247
+00:15:41,790 --> 00:15:48,910
+rod drawn in blue To track our rays Let's say I'm
+
+248
+00:15:48,910 --> 00:15:53,050
+pointing at the ray Or let's draw a ray To track a
+
+249
+00:15:53,050 --> 00:15:55,710
+ray For example, it should hit the refracting
+
+250
+00:15:55,710 --> 00:15:59,350
+surface at this point Let's make the ray another
+
+251
+00:15:59,350 --> 00:16:05,170
+color To
+
+252
+00:16:05,170 --> 00:16:06,170
+track the ray
+
+253
+00:16:39,740 --> 00:16:44,130
+Let's look at the enlarged pictureو Y شرطة طبعا X
+
+254
+00:16:44,130 --> 00:16:48,610
+هنا .. X هنا عمودي على سطح المكتب عمودي على سطح
+
+255
+00:16:48,610 --> 00:16:52,990
+المكتب يعني باتجاه الإنسان اللي قاعد على مقابل
+
+256
+00:16:52,990 --> 00:16:57,490
+الشاشة بتاعة ال laptop أو ال computer Z على سطح
+
+257
+00:16:57,490 --> 00:17:02,050
+المكتب بشكل أفقي و Y على سطح المكتب بشكل عمودي و
+
+258
+00:17:02,050 --> 00:17:07,110
+عمودي عليه على سطح المكتب يعني يخترق من اتجاه
+
+259
+00:17:07,110 --> 00:17:13,210
+الناظر باتجاهSo these are the main objectivesThese
+
+260
+00:17:13,210 --> 00:17:16,310
+main innovations are applied to the optical axis
+
+261
+00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:19,270
+of the system. Of course, the optical axis, we all
+
+262
+00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:22,770
+know what is the optical axis. Of course, the
+
+263
+00:17:22,770 --> 00:17:28,330
+beam, which is seen, which is drawn in red, hit
+
+264
+00:17:28,330 --> 00:17:30,550
+the refracting surface at this point and it became
+
+265
+00:17:30,550 --> 00:17:33,390
+broken. In order to know its direction inside the
+
+266
+00:17:33,390 --> 00:17:37,210
+glass, I must first know the angle of fall. In
+
+267
+00:17:37,210 --> 00:17:41,160
+order to know the angle of fall, I must drawلازم
+
+268
+00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:46,800
+أرسم إحداثيات فرعيةequal to the basic priorities
+
+269
+00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:52,280
+of the system as all its priorities in space of
+
+270
+00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:54,880
+course this is not easy this is something that
+
+271
+00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,140
+requires the intervention of mathematics in this
+
+272
+00:17:57,140 --> 00:18:02,420
+matter so to exactly trace in order to follow a
+
+273
+00:18:02,420 --> 00:18:05,340
+beam through a refracting surface we need to
+
+274
+00:18:05,340 --> 00:18:08,520
+establish a coordinate system by convention
+
+275
+00:18:08,520 --> 00:18:12,650
+according to what is known to himThe origin of the
+
+276
+00:18:12,650 --> 00:18:15,910
+coordinate system is located at the vertex, the
+
+277
+00:18:15,910 --> 00:18:19,190
+point where the optical axis intersects the
+
+278
+00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:19,670
+surface.
+
+279
+00:18:36,580 --> 00:18:41,680
+also by convention the y-axis is vertical the z
+
+280
+00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:45,700
+-axis coincides with the optical axis and the x
+
+281
+00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:48,060
+-axis is perpendicular to the page
+
+282
+00:18:52,630 --> 00:18:56,110
+The optical axis, the y-axis is vertical but it
+
+283
+00:18:56,110 --> 00:18:58,990
+comes to the exact surface of the desk, both come
+
+284
+00:18:58,990 --> 00:19:02,470
+to y and z, and the x is vertical on the surface
+
+285
+00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:05,010
+of the desk, vertical on the surface of the desk
+
+286
+00:19:05,010 --> 00:19:07,870
+or on the surface of the paper if we explain on
+
+287
+00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:13,650
+paper, that is written. I also have y and z, z is
+
+288
+00:19:13,650 --> 00:19:16,710
+applied to the optical axis and y is vertical but
+
+289
+00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:18,970
+both are on the surface of the desk and x is
+
+290
+00:19:18,970 --> 00:19:24,150
+vertical on the surface of the desk.an object
+
+291
+00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:29,050
+point is selected and a ray is drawn from the
+
+292
+00:19:29,050 --> 00:19:32,810
+object point to the refracting surface as we draw
+
+293
+00:19:32,810 --> 00:19:36,770
+now we choose an object point let's call it point
+
+294
+00:19:36,770 --> 00:19:45,610
+A point A as we used to
+
+295
+00:19:45,610 --> 00:19:49,490
+draw from point A of the object we draw
+
+296
+00:19:56,350 --> 00:20:00,810
+an object point is selected and a ray is drawn
+
+297
+00:20:00,810 --> 00:20:04,420
+from the object point to the refracting surfaceThe
+
+298
+00:20:04,420 --> 00:20:08,480
+first difficulty in making an exact ray trace is
+
+299
+00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,900
+determining the precise coordinates Y and Z where
+
+300
+00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:16,280
+the ray strikes the refracting surface.
+
+301
+00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:43,060
+The formula for finding the intersection of array
+
+302
+00:20:43,060 --> 00:20:46,260
+with a spherical surface requires fairly
+
+303
+00:20:46,260 --> 00:20:50,340
+complicated calculations involving square roots.
+
+304
+00:20:54,930 --> 00:20:57,910
+I want to enter into academic calculations and
+
+305
+00:20:57,910 --> 00:21:01,090
+curriculum, and this complicates the issue, not
+
+306
+00:21:01,090 --> 00:21:03,850
+makes it easier. I mean, it's true that we made it
+
+307
+00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:07,050
+easier. We simplified hundreds of things into two
+
+308
+00:21:07,050 --> 00:21:10,250
+chapters, but still working with two chapters is
+
+309
+00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:13,650
+also a difficult subject and not easy, and science
+
+310
+00:21:13,650 --> 00:21:15,990
+and mathematics need to intervene in this subject.
+
+311
+00:21:18,650 --> 00:21:21,610
+Instead of tracing a ray through an optical
+
+312
+00:21:21,610 --> 00:21:25,150
+system, it is easier to deal with rays extremely
+
+313
+00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:29,730
+close to the optical axis, so-called paraxial ray
+
+314
+00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:52,960
+Well, why did they choose the rays adjacent to the
+
+315
+00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:57,700
+optical axis and ignore the rays away from the
+
+316
+00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,440
+optical axis because there is a feature of the
+
+317
+00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:05,680
+rays which is close to the optical axis? Let's see
+
+318
+00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,400
+this amount of rays coming out of one object
+
+319
+00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:14,190
+point, let's look at the upper drawingالرسمة
+
+320
+00:22:14,190 --> 00:22:18,570
+العليا هنا الـ Paraxial region يعني هذه المنطقة
+
+321
+00:22:18,570 --> 00:22:22,770
+بتشمل الأشعة الـ Paraxial rays يعني الأشعة
+
+322
+00:22:22,770 --> 00:22:26,890
+المجاورة للـ optical axis
+
+323
+00:22:27,970 --> 00:22:32,550
+while this distant area and this distant area is
+
+324
+00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:36,670
+considered peripheral rays or non-paraxial region
+
+325
+00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:39,030
+Why did scientists say that we should ignore
+
+326
+00:22:39,030 --> 00:22:43,250
+peripheral rays and shorten our studies to reach
+
+327
+00:22:43,250 --> 00:22:45,450
+the rest of the image characteristics on the
+
+328
+00:22:45,450 --> 00:22:47,710
+paraxial ray because there is a feature of the
+
+329
+00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:50,910
+paraxial
+
+330
+00:22:50,910 --> 00:22:57,110
+rayHere I have the para axial rays in another
+
+331
+00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:57,550
+picture
+
+332
+00:23:06,860 --> 00:23:10,200
+Peripheral ray Here, para axial ray is parallel to
+
+333
+00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,260
+the optical axis And here, peripheral ray is far
+
+334
+00:23:13,260 --> 00:23:15,280
+from the optical axis You can say that it is
+
+335
+00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:18,140
+parallel to this point, to the tipping point This
+
+336
+00:23:18,140 --> 00:23:21,560
+is not called, to call it para axial ray, the beam
+
+337
+00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:24,200
+must be parallel to the length of the line Not
+
+338
+00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,480
+necessarily parallel, it can be parallel to the
+
+339
+00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:30,400
+optical axis Or it can have a slight angle between
+
+340
+00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:34,500
+themmeans not parallel, but adjacent to it and
+
+341
+00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:36,760
+adjacent to it and adjacent to it along the line
+
+342
+00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,100
+from the starting point until it reaches the
+
+343
+00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:41,860
+optical system if it starts adjacent to the
+
+344
+00:23:41,860 --> 00:23:44,080
+optical axis and then goes away, this is called
+
+345
+00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:47,990
+peripheral ray if I have an extended objectI mean
+
+346
+00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:50,690
+for example a candle or something and it took a
+
+347
+00:23:50,690 --> 00:23:54,150
+point from the top of the candle and one of the
+
+348
+00:23:54,150 --> 00:23:57,690
+candles started from A and reached and hit the
+
+349
+00:23:57,690 --> 00:24:01,370
+optical system in the lens near the optical axis
+
+350
+00:24:01,370 --> 00:24:03,630
+which is also not called adjacent because it is ..
+
+351
+00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,610
+means that there is a period of time that his
+
+352
+00:24:06,610 --> 00:24:10,170
+money is away from the optical axis in order to
+
+353
+00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:12,990
+call it para-axial ray it is very important that
+
+354
+00:24:12,990 --> 00:24:16,190
+the line is always adjacent to the optical axis
+
+355
+00:24:16,190 --> 00:24:18,690
+and this will give me a benefit or why scientists
+
+356
+00:24:18,690 --> 00:24:22,690
+chose to deal with the optical or with the para
+
+357
+00:24:22,690 --> 00:24:27,060
+-axial ray and nothing elseInstead of tracing a
+
+358
+00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:30,880
+ray through an optical system, it is easier to
+
+359
+00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,600
+deal with rays extremely close to the optical axis
+
+360
+00:24:47,830 --> 00:24:51,790
+The portion of the refracting surface near the
+
+361
+00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:56,910
+optical axis may be treated as flat. Just as the
+
+362
+00:24:56,910 --> 00:25:00,410
+earth's surface seems flat to a human observer, a
+
+363
+00:25:00,410 --> 00:25:04,450
+refracting surface seems flat to a paraxial ray.
+
+364
+00:25:06,500 --> 00:25:12,520
+this part of
+
+365
+00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:18,940
+the surface of the refracting surface which is
+
+366
+00:25:18,940 --> 00:25:21,820
+very close to the optical axis this part of the
+
+367
+00:25:21,820 --> 00:25:24,480
+surface of the lens which is very close to the
+
+368
+00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:29,300
+optical axis can be treated as flat here I took
+
+369
+00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:34,680
+this part and cut it and enlarged it hereOf
+
+370
+00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:38,420
+course, these rays and these rays are very close
+
+371
+00:25:38,420 --> 00:25:44,000
+to the optical axis, but in order to clarify that
+
+372
+00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:46,140
+they are rays and that there is a small angle
+
+373
+00:25:46,140 --> 00:25:48,080
+between them, we extended the image vertically.
+
+374
+00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:54,560
+This image, we cut a part of it in the way we see
+
+375
+00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,830
+it.and we extended it vertically and we enlarged
+
+376
+00:25:57,830 --> 00:26:01,690
+it vertically the vertical drawing we enlarged it
+
+377
+00:26:01,690 --> 00:26:03,310
+vertically and we enlarged it vertically just to
+
+378
+00:26:03,310 --> 00:26:06,690
+clarify the idea this part of the surface for the
+
+379
+00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:10,950
+para-axial ray can exceed and almost we said the
+
+380
+00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:13,630
+approximation is what is dependent on this subject
+
+381
+00:26:13,630 --> 00:26:18,330
+we can consider it flat for the para-axial ray or
+
+382
+00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:22,350
+we consider the para-axial ray if a person falls
+
+383
+00:26:22,350 --> 00:26:25,060
+with an umbrella on the groundThe surface of the
+
+384
+00:26:25,060 --> 00:26:27,340
+earth is spherical, but this person who is very
+
+385
+00:26:27,340 --> 00:26:30,360
+small in size compared to the surface of the
+
+386
+00:26:30,360 --> 00:26:34,120
+entire earth, it is clear that he looks down into
+
+387
+00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:37,560
+the darkness and sees the earth as if it were a
+
+388
+00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:42,100
+flat surface. On the same scale, the para-axial
+
+389
+00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:47,680
+ray is a very small thing. When it falls on the
+
+390
+00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:50,280
+para-axial region in the lens or in the spherical
+
+391
+00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:53,910
+refracting surface,It is possible to consider this
+
+392
+00:26:53,910 --> 00:26:57,230
+surface as a very large surface, it is possible to
+
+393
+00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:01,250
+consider this area as flat as the area on which it
+
+394
+00:27:01,250 --> 00:27:04,210
+fell. So, scientists said that the first thing we
+
+395
+00:27:04,210 --> 00:27:08,030
+will do is ignoring image quality. Excellent. This
+
+396
+00:27:08,030 --> 00:27:11,710
+is short for 200 or 300 rays, not two rays. Now I
+
+397
+00:27:11,710 --> 00:27:14,170
+want to simplify it more. I want to choose the two
+
+398
+00:27:14,170 --> 00:27:16,290
+rays not far from the optical axis. I want to
+
+399
+00:27:16,290 --> 00:27:21,340
+choose them close to the optical axis. Why?The
+
+400
+00:27:21,340 --> 00:27:24,180
+paraxial ray is the surface of the spherical
+
+401
+00:27:24,180 --> 00:27:27,300
+refracting surface, which is flat to them, just
+
+402
+00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:30,160
+like the surface of the earth is considered to be
+
+403
+00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:31,600
+flat to the human observer. For example, if a
+
+404
+00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:35,860
+person comes down from a building or a tower, the
+
+405
+00:27:35,860 --> 00:27:37,520
+surface of the earth appears to be flat to him,
+
+406
+00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,140
+despite the fact that the surface of the earth is
+
+407
+00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:42,340
+round. Why does the surface of the earth appear to
+
+408
+00:27:42,340 --> 00:27:46,160
+be flat to him? Because it is very, very small
+
+409
+00:27:46,160 --> 00:27:47,500
+compared to the surface of the earth.
+
+410
+00:27:53,290 --> 00:27:55,650
+paraxial ray is considered to be very small
+
+411
+00:27:55,650 --> 00:28:01,950
+compared to the lens. If we agree on this point,
+
+412
+00:28:02,970 --> 00:28:05,550
+or scientists agree on this point, that the
+
+413
+00:28:05,550 --> 00:28:09,950
+surface of the lens at the optical axis is almost
+
+414
+00:28:09,950 --> 00:28:14,190
+flat, almost flat, then when I say that this
+
+415
+00:28:14,190 --> 00:28:19,980
+paraxial ray hits the point C,In a flat surface,
+
+416
+00:28:20,360 --> 00:28:24,640
+it is enough to say that this point C is away from
+
+417
+00:28:24,640 --> 00:28:29,160
+the optical axis H And we're done, I don't want to
+
+418
+00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:32,020
+build a basic coordinate system or sub-system,
+
+419
+00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:35,100
+this is the work that I want to confuse myself in,
+
+420
+00:28:35,180 --> 00:28:37,840
+this is the coordinate system, the basic events,
+
+421
+00:28:38,180 --> 00:28:43,510
+and I want sub-eventsI follow the red line for
+
+422
+00:28:43,510 --> 00:28:46,830
+example, I don't want to draw two systems, one
+
+423
+00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,390
+basic and one sub-system. No, I want to consider
+
+424
+00:28:50,390 --> 00:28:53,900
+the surface at the para-axial region flatYou
+
+425
+00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:55,820
+consider it flat, and it is enough for me to say
+
+426
+00:28:55,820 --> 00:28:59,900
+that the C-ray, the C-ray hit at a point that is
+
+427
+00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:03,020
+flat on the surface, and this flat surface or this
+
+428
+00:29:03,020 --> 00:29:07,720
+point that is H away from the optical axis, and
+
+429
+00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:11,180
+that's how we simplify calculations and cancel out
+
+430
+00:29:11,180 --> 00:29:13,360
+the topic of modernity and the roots of education
+
+431
+00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:15,700
+and so on and so forth
+
+432
+00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:22,580
+هذه مثال على ال para axial ray، طبعا السطح هنا
+
+433
+00:29:22,580 --> 00:29:26,320
+تقريبا flat بالنسبة لل para axial ray، و هنا هيكون
+
+434
+00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:31,060
+أكثر انحناء، أكثر انحناء عند ال periphery، أكثر
+
+435
+00:29:31,060 --> 00:29:33,940
+انحناء عند ال periphery، يعني هنا عند ال .. عند ال
+
+436
+00:29:33,940 --> 00:29:37,480
+.. ال optical axis تقريبا flat، بنقولش flat،
+
+437
+00:29:37,480 --> 00:29:40,940
+تقريبا approximation، و بنكونش بعيدنا كتير عن
+
+438
+00:29:40,940 --> 00:29:41,820
+الصحيح
+
+439
+00:29:45,390 --> 00:29:48,790
+For a ray to be para-axial, it must hug the
+
+440
+00:29:48,790 --> 00:29:52,250
+optical axis over its entire course from the
+
+441
+00:29:52,250 --> 00:29:53,190
+object to the image
+
+442
+00:30:12,860 --> 00:30:16,860
+A ray from an object point far off-axis is not
+
+443
+00:30:16,860 --> 00:30:20,200
+para-axial even if it strikes the refracting
+
+444
+00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:21,620
+surface near the axis.
+
+445
+00:30:35,660 --> 00:30:39,800
+لا يعتبر para axial ray. Treating a lens as a flat
+
+446
+00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:45,400
+plane instead of a sphere eliminates the
+
+447
+00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:48,880
+calculation necessary to find the intersection of
+
+448
+00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:52,060
+the ray and the surface. لما أنا بتعامل مع السطح
+
+449
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:55,760
+عند ال optical axis مع سطح العدسة عند ال optical
+
+450
+00:30:55,760 --> 00:31:00,520
+axis على أساس أنه flat هذا بلغيلي قضية الحسابات
+
+451
+00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:03,980
+واني جيب ال coordinate الإحداثياتالأساسية
+
+452
+00:31:03,980 --> 00:31:07,060
+والإحداثيات الفرعية يعني في النقطة اللي ضرب فيها
+
+453
+00:31:07,060 --> 00:31:10,860
+الشعاع في السطح فبالتالي هذا الكلام كله بيلتذا
+
+454
+00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:23,110
+ويكفيThe intersection of
+
+455
+00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:26,690
+the ray with the surface is specified simply as
+
+456
+00:31:26,690 --> 00:31:28,770
+the distance from the optical axis
+
+457
+00:31:42,690 --> 00:31:48,550
+هذا الشعاع برق Axial خلينا نعطيلهanother color,
+
+458
+00:31:48,870 --> 00:31:52,450
+this is the para-axial beam, which is the falling
+
+459
+00:31:52,450 --> 00:31:56,290
+beam, and we considered the spherical refracting
+
+460
+00:31:56,290 --> 00:31:59,490
+surface at the optical axis flat, of course, the
+
+461
+00:31:59,490 --> 00:32:02,010
+picture is rotated vertically to clarify the idea,
+
+462
+00:32:02,110 --> 00:32:05,950
+if we don't rotate it vertically, all these lines
+
+463
+00:32:05,950 --> 00:32:07,630
+will appear to be very intertwined with each other
+
+464
+00:32:07,630 --> 00:32:10,570
+because they are very close to each other, from
+
+465
+00:32:10,570 --> 00:32:15,230
+each other to each other, and thereforeيعني هذا
+
+466
+00:32:15,230 --> 00:32:19,270
+الكلام بده يكون واضح انه هذه المنطقة صغيرة جدا
+
+467
+00:32:19,270 --> 00:32:22,450
+قريبة جدا من ال optical axis يعني بتمتد من هنا لما
+
+468
+00:32:22,450 --> 00:32:26,990
+هنا بس احنا مطناها بشكل عمودي يكفي اقول ان الشعاع
+
+469
+00:32:26,990 --> 00:32:30,000
+اللي باللون الأحمر اللي هو الشعاع الساقطIn order
+
+470
+00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,320
+to deal with it, I don't want to bring up the
+
+471
+00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:35,260
+subjects, and compare them with the main topics,
+
+472
+00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:37,600
+and go deep into the roots of education. No, no.
+
+473
+00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,500
+All this talk has become unnecessary. I say the
+
+474
+00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:43,640
+red light hits the refracting surface at a point
+
+475
+00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,520
+away from the refracting surface, as we can see.
+
+476
+00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:53,460
+Only by doing this, I become not only ..I gave up
+
+477
+00:32:53,460 --> 00:32:56,940
+hundreds of rays when I did ignoring for image
+
+478
+00:32:56,940 --> 00:33:00,280
+quality Also, the two rays that remained with me
+
+479
+00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:06,180
+.. the two rays that remained with me .. For me,
+
+480
+00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:09,340
+the treatment affected me a lot when I considered
+
+481
+00:33:09,340 --> 00:33:11,540
+.. When I considered that the two rays .. I didn't
+
+482
+00:33:11,540 --> 00:33:13,300
+take them as a peripheral ray, I took them as a
+
+483
+00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,960
+para axial ray To consider the surface flat, and
+
+484
+00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:19,140
+instead of drawing the need to say, by God, the
+
+485
+00:33:19,140 --> 00:33:25,320
+first rayالشعاع الأول ضرب في ال refracting surface
+
+486
+00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,740
+ضرب في ال refracting surface بعيد في منطقة أو عند
+
+487
+00:33:29,740 --> 00:33:34,340
+نقطة تبعد مسافة H عن ال optical axis عن ال optical
+
+488
+00:33:34,340 --> 00:33:38,280
+axis ممكن إنسان يتسأل يقول طب يا عم الشعاع التاني
+
+489
+00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:41,720
+وين احنا عشان تتكون صورة أقل إشي لازم شعاعين الحد
+
+490
+00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:44,820
+الأدنى يعني بنفع الشعاع واحد يلتقي مع ذاته لازم
+
+491
+00:33:44,820 --> 00:33:49,130
+شعاعين ومنطقة تقاطعهمAnd the intersection point
+
+492
+00:33:49,130 --> 00:33:51,630
+here is called the image We say that the second
+
+493
+00:33:51,630 --> 00:33:55,470
+ray is perfectly aligned with the optical axis As
+
+494
+00:33:55,470 --> 00:33:58,730
+long as it is perfectly aligned with the white
+
+495
+00:33:58,730 --> 00:34:01,310
+color With the white color Let's give it another
+
+496
+00:34:01,310 --> 00:34:04,770
+color to make things clear Let's make it yellow
+
+497
+00:34:04,770 --> 00:34:13,110
+The ray And here with the red colorThese two rays,
+
+498
+00:34:13,690 --> 00:34:16,830
+the red one broke inside the chicken, and the
+
+499
+00:34:16,830 --> 00:34:20,130
+yellow one remained in its path. We will say why
+
+500
+00:34:20,130 --> 00:34:21,410
+they remained in their path without breaking.
+
+501
+00:34:21,650 --> 00:34:23,930
+Their meeting point is the image area. The image
+
+502
+00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:27,130
+will be at this point. So why is the yellow ray,
+
+503
+00:34:27,270 --> 00:34:29,710
+which is adjacent to the optical axis, did not
+
+504
+00:34:29,710 --> 00:34:31,930
+undergo any change? Because we should not forget
+
+505
+00:34:31,930 --> 00:34:34,270
+that this is a spherical refracting surface. This
+
+506
+00:34:34,270 --> 00:34:37,460
+is a sphere.This is the center of the ball. It is
+
+507
+00:34:37,460 --> 00:34:39,240
+true that we assumed from the approximation that
+
+508
+00:34:39,240 --> 00:34:42,200
+this surface is flat, but in the end it is
+
+509
+00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,560
+spherical. And any line that extends from the
+
+510
+00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:47,260
+center of the ball to the surface is considered
+
+511
+00:34:47,260 --> 00:34:49,480
+vertical on the surface. So this yellow light fell
+
+512
+00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:53,320
+vertically, this yellow light fell vertically, so
+
+513
+00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:55,300
+it will not change its path, but it will slow down
+
+514
+00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:57,940
+its speed in the ball and remain straight in the
+
+515
+00:34:57,940 --> 00:35:00,460
+same direction without changing anything other
+
+516
+00:35:00,460 --> 00:35:04,860
+than speed.الان هذا الشعاع الأحمر سقط بزاوية سقوط
+
+517
+00:35:04,860 --> 00:35:08,340
+صغيرة جدا، على فكرة الزوايا هي صغيرة جدا، بس مبينة
+
+518
+00:35:08,340 --> 00:35:13,220
+إلها يعني قيمة كبيرة لأنه احنا مطينا الرسم عموديا
+
+519
+00:35:13,220 --> 00:35:17,820
+لتوضيح الفكرة، لتوضيح الفكرةSo this is the first
+
+520
+00:35:17,820 --> 00:35:20,760
+ray which is red and the second ray which is
+
+521
+00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:23,240
+yellow and they meet in the image, they intersect
+
+522
+00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:26,060
+in the image, the image is formed, I can calculate
+
+523
+00:35:26,060 --> 00:35:28,520
+the image distance and object distance, that is,
+
+524
+00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,980
+the image location and object location and get the
+
+525
+00:35:31,980 --> 00:35:34,620
+magnification from them, and so I calculate the
+
+526
+00:35:34,620 --> 00:35:37,060
+remaining image properties other than image
+
+527
+00:35:37,060 --> 00:35:42,630
+qualitySo far, scientists have used two
+
+528
+00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:44,030
+principles, the first one is to ignore image
+
+529
+00:35:44,030 --> 00:35:46,530
+quality, and the second one is para axial
+
+530
+00:35:46,530 --> 00:35:51,190
+approximation The para axial approximation is
+
+531
+00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,810
+summarized in two words only, not a third of them
+
+532
+00:35:53,810 --> 00:35:57,450
+That we will use as scientists the para axial ray,
+
+533
+00:35:57,570 --> 00:35:59,810
+not the peripheral ray, and we will consider the
+
+534
+00:35:59,810 --> 00:36:00,090
+surface
+
+535
+00:36:04,590 --> 00:36:09,410
+in comparison to paraaxial ray, flat, not curved,
+
+536
+00:36:09,490 --> 00:36:13,150
+flat, not curved to facilitate the task next time,
+
+537
+00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:20,450
+or let's read, next time we will takeThe third
+
+538
+00:36:20,450 --> 00:36:22,450
+thing that scientists did to simplify it even
+
+539
+00:36:22,450 --> 00:36:26,510
+more, which is called Small Angle Approximation,
+
+540
+00:36:26,510 --> 00:36:29,070
+which means this time we explained the ignoring
+
+541
+00:36:29,070 --> 00:36:31,590
+for image quality, and the second thing is the
+
+542
+00:36:31,590 --> 00:36:34,550
+Paraxial Approximation, God bless you all and
+
+543
+00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:35,510
+peace be upon you all
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/OSUPUrFrhtg_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+1
+00:00:01,850 --> 00:00:02,730
+In the name of God, the most gracious, the most
+
+2
+00:00:02,730 --> 00:00:06,170
+merciful We have an example We want to calculate
+
+3
+00:00:06,170 --> 00:00:09,930
+the vergence and the reduced vergence of the light
+
+4
+00:00:09,930 --> 00:00:13,090
+that started from a point point source that I
+
+5
+00:00:13,090 --> 00:00:16,330
+pointed out This point started from this point and
+
+6
+00:00:16,330 --> 00:00:18,870
+the light went through the air After 10
+
+7
+00:00:18,870 --> 00:00:20,710
+centimeters, we want to calculate the vergence and
+
+8
+00:00:20,710 --> 00:00:22,810
+the reduced vergence We say that the vergence is
+
+9
+00:00:22,810 --> 00:00:24,810
+the inverse of the distance The calculation is
+
+10
+00:00:24,810 --> 00:00:30,710
+done in the form of vergence equals one over the
+
+11
+00:00:30,710 --> 00:00:31,110
+distance
+
+12
+00:00:38,510 --> 00:00:41,010
+Divergent light is a negative divergence that
+
+13
+00:00:41,010 --> 00:00:46,070
+takes a negative sign. 1 over 10 cm becomes 1
+
+14
+00:00:46,070 --> 00:00:48,550
+meter, which is 1 out of 10 meters.
+
+15
+00:00:51,310 --> 00:00:56,290
+Minus 1 over 1 out of 10 equals minus 10and when
+
+16
+00:00:56,290 --> 00:00:58,790
+the meter is in the right place, it becomes meter
+
+17
+00:00:58,790 --> 00:01:04,510
+cos minus one meter cos minus one and then it
+
+18
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:09,850
+becomes minus meter
+
+19
+00:01:09,850 --> 00:01:14,210
+cos minus one this
+
+20
+00:01:14,210 --> 00:01:18,970
+is the variance let's make it smaller by minus one
+
+21
+00:01:18,970 --> 00:01:23,170
+which is cosWe say one meter minus one. Of course,
+
+22
+00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:35,110
+one meter minus one is equal to minus
+
+23
+00:01:35,110 --> 00:01:35,690
+ten
+
+24
+00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:45,080
+because the meter must be less than 1 which is
+
+25
+00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,500
+equal to minus 10 diopters minus 10 diopters is
+
+26
+00:01:48,500 --> 00:01:51,280
+the vergence the reduced vergence the reduced
+
+27
+00:01:51,280 --> 00:02:00,200
+vergence is equal to the vergence times the
+
+28
+00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:03,160
+refractive index which is n times n which is equal
+
+29
+00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:07,660
+to refractive index 1 which is minus 10 diopters
+
+30
+00:02:07,660 --> 00:02:22,650
+times 1تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+31
+00:02:22,650 --> 00:02:24,030
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+32
+00:02:24,030 --> 00:02:24,390
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+33
+00:02:24,390 --> 00:02:26,450
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي
+
+34
+00:02:26,450 --> 00:02:29,150
+minus عشرة ديوتر تساوي minus عشرةEnded the matter,
+
+35
+00:02:29,350 --> 00:02:31,950
+minus 10 diopters, the vergence of light at a
+
+36
+00:02:31,950 --> 00:02:34,810
+distance of 10 cm from the starting point, and the
+
+37
+00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,350
+reduced vergence at this distance, minus 10
+
+38
+00:02:38,350 --> 00:02:40,830
+diopters. May Allah give you health and peace, and
+
+39
+00:02:40,830 --> 00:02:42,330
+His mercy and blessings are upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Q0jwlQFH1sU.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2030 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,470 --> 00:00:04,770
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنبدأ في حل النسخة الأولى
+
+2
+00:00:04,770 --> 00:00:08,650
+من الاختبار النسخة، النسخة الأولى، السؤال أول،
+
+3
+00:00:08,650 --> 00:00:11,270
+light rays coming from real objects have negative
+
+4
+00:00:11,270 --> 00:00:13,870
+versions؟ هذا كلام صحيح، إذا الإجابة صح
+
+5
+00:00:17,570 --> 00:00:20,690
+How much is the divergence of light coming from a
+
+6
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:24,350
+candle after two meters of propagation of air? I
+
+7
+00:00:24,350 --> 00:00:27,570
+have two words, distance which is two meters and
+
+8
+00:00:27,570 --> 00:00:32,350
+candle which is a real object, so the rail will
+
+9
+00:00:32,350 --> 00:00:35,310
+diverge from it, so every plus is an exception,
+
+10
+00:00:35,890 --> 00:00:39,330
+plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus
+
+11
+00:00:39,330 --> 00:00:39,870
+five, plus six, plus seven, plus eight, plus nine,
+
+12
+00:00:39,870 --> 00:00:40,190
+plus ten, plus eleven, plus twelve, plus thirteen,
+
+13
+00:00:40,190 --> 00:00:40,210
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+14
+00:00:40,210 --> 00:00:40,230
+eighteen, plus eighteen, plus eighteen, plus
+
+15
+00:00:40,230 --> 00:00:42,540
+eighteen, plus eighteen, طيب ال divergence مقلوب
+
+16
+00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:47,820
+المسافة واحد على اتنين متر .. واحد على اتنين بيصير
+
+17
+00:00:47,820 --> 00:00:52,000
+نص و متر لما بطلع بيصير متر اصلا minus واحد يعني
+
+18
+00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:54,920
+ضايب تر يعني minus نص ضايب تر ال minus عشانه
+
+19
+00:00:54,920 --> 00:01:00,820
+divergence إذا الإجابة minus نص ضايب تر السؤال
+
+20
+00:01:00,820 --> 00:01:01,360
+اللي بعده
+
+21
+00:01:04,440 --> 00:01:08,840
+سؤال سهل جدا ال image ارتفاع ال image اربعين صنطي
+
+22
+00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:12,620
+تحت ال optical axis تحت ال optical axis اذا ال
+
+23
+00:01:12,620 --> 00:01:16,500
+image بتمتد او ارتفاعها تحت ال optical axis اربعين
+
+24
+00:01:16,500 --> 00:01:20,820
+صنطي ال transfers magnification minus نص minus
+
+25
+00:01:20,820 --> 00:01:23,560
+يعني هي مجلوبة الصورة نفسها مجلوبة ايه بما انها
+
+26
+00:01:23,560 --> 00:01:26,360
+تحت ال optical axis معناته ال object above the
+
+27
+00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:29,840
+optical axis اذا كلمة below و belowها دي هدول
+
+28
+00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:34,070
+إجابة الأولى و الرابعة not flowers, because as long
+
+29
+00:01:34,070 --> 00:01:37,090
+as the image is down, the object is up, why?
+
+30
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:39,210
+because the transfer is magnification with minus,
+
+31
+00:01:39,310 --> 00:01:41,650
+so the image is upside down and its position is
+
+32
+00:01:41,650 --> 00:01:45,490
+upside down with respect to the object and its
+
+33
+00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:48,110
+height is half the height of the object, but if
+
+34
+00:01:48,110 --> 00:01:52,170
+its height is 40 cm, then the object is 80 cm, so
+
+35
+00:01:52,170 --> 00:01:59,720
+80 cm above the optical axis next questionAn
+
+36
+00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:02,560
+object stands to the left of a single reflecting
+
+37
+00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:05,860
+surface with a radius of curvature R, the image
+
+38
+00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:08,100
+distance is mid-centimeter and the transverse
+
+39
+00:02:08,100 --> 00:02:12,240
+magnification is minus two. Find the object
+
+40
+00:02:12,240 --> 00:02:14,340
+distance and the radius of curvature.
+
+41
+00:02:23,640 --> 00:02:27,400
+وعندي image معلومة المسافة ال image معلومة المسافة
+
+42
+00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:31,680
+ال image على بعد 100
+
+43
+00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:37,400
+cm يعني واحد متر 100 cm تمام and the image
+
+44
+00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:41,980
+distance is 100 cm لtransfiguration magnification
+
+45
+00:02:41,980 --> 00:02:48,500
+minus 2 بنقول هذه المسافة عبارة عن واحد متر اللي
+
+46
+00:02:48,500 --> 00:02:51,420
+هى 100 عفوان 100
+
+47
+00:02:53,390 --> 00:02:57,990
+100 cm The
+
+48
+00:02:57,990 --> 00:03:00,790
+distance between the image and the surface of the
+
+49
+00:03:00,790 --> 00:03:04,270
+refracting surface is 100 cm We want to see what
+
+50
+00:03:04,270 --> 00:03:10,410
+is the object distance Transverse magnification
+
+51
+00:03:10,410 --> 00:03:13,270
+equals image distance
+
+52
+00:03:22,310 --> 00:03:29,590
+on object distance I
+
+53
+00:03:29,590 --> 00:03:38,530
+want object distance to be
+
+54
+00:03:38,530 --> 00:03:44,890
+equal to transference magnification to be equal
+
+55
+00:03:44,890 --> 00:03:48,470
+to image distance to transference magnification
+
+56
+00:03:56,370 --> 00:04:03,970
+and it's equal to image distance 1 meter over
+
+57
+00:04:03,970 --> 00:04:08,730
+transference magnification minus 2 and it's equal
+
+58
+00:04:08,730 --> 00:04:15,350
+to 1 over minus 2 which is minus half and the
+
+59
+00:04:15,350 --> 00:04:20,370
+meter is simply the same so the object is at minus
+
+60
+00:04:20,370 --> 00:04:26,660
+half meter the object is at minus half meter50 cm
+
+61
+00:04:26,660 --> 00:04:29,860
+to the left, the word minus means 50 cm to the
+
+62
+00:04:29,860 --> 00:04:37,140
+left, 50 cm to the left if
+
+63
+00:04:37,140 --> 00:04:39,480
+the object distance is minus half a meter, which
+
+64
+00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:42,340
+means 50 cm to the left, now we want to get the
+
+65
+00:04:42,340 --> 00:04:45,380
+radius of curvature, it is known that all the
+
+66
+00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:50,020
+problems in this exam, the n condition is one and
+
+67
+00:04:50,020 --> 00:04:53,720
+a half and the n is one, okay, we say negative n
+
+68
+00:04:53,720 --> 00:05:02,210
+to oplus the power which is unconditional minus n
+
+69
+00:05:02,210 --> 00:05:14,410
+over r equals unconditional over i minus
+
+70
+00:05:14,410 --> 00:05:21,790
+one over half
+
+71
+00:05:21,790 --> 00:05:22,130
+a meter
+
+72
+00:05:27,220 --> 00:05:35,740
+plus one and a half minus one over the unknown r
+
+73
+00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:42,620
+equals minus one over I minus one and a half over
+
+74
+00:05:42,620 --> 00:05:47,980
+I which is one meter minus
+
+75
+00:05:47,980 --> 00:05:51,600
+one over half is equal to minus two and the meter
+
+76
+00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:53,320
+in the place that comes out becomes the diopter
+
+77
+00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:57,310
+which is minus one plusone and a half minus one
+
+78
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:04,030
+remains as half over R unknown equals one and a
+
+79
+00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:07,590
+half over one which is one and a half and the
+
+80
+00:06:07,590 --> 00:06:15,370
+meter in the place appears as a diode half over R
+
+81
+00:06:15,370 --> 00:06:17,730
+equals
+
+82
+00:06:19,100 --> 00:06:21,840
+when I move minus two diopters to the other side
+
+83
+00:06:21,840 --> 00:06:25,640
+it becomes plus two diopters plus two diopters and
+
+84
+00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:27,680
+if I have one and a half diopters it means three
+
+85
+00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:34,620
+and a half diopters so
+
+86
+00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:37,540
+half over r is equal to three and a half diopters
+
+87
+00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:43,820
+so r I change it to three and a half r is equal to
+
+88
+00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:48,760
+half
+
+89
+00:06:51,670 --> 00:06:57,110
+on three and a half diopters if you want to know
+
+90
+00:06:57,110 --> 00:07:07,210
+how much it equals, go to the calculator say
+
+91
+00:07:07,210 --> 00:07:11,810
+half divided
+
+92
+00:07:11,810 --> 00:07:17,110
+by three and a half equals
+
+93
+00:07:19,190 --> 00:07:21,690
+one hundred or one thousand four hundred and
+
+94
+00:07:21,690 --> 00:07:24,310
+twenty-eight one thousand four hundred and twenty
+
+95
+00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:27,770
+-eight or let's use the nearest three numbers
+
+96
+00:07:27,770 --> 00:07:30,070
+twenty one hundred and forty-two thousand meters
+
+97
+00:07:30,070 --> 00:07:33,870
+one hundred and forty-two thousand meters one
+
+98
+00:07:33,870 --> 00:07:38,530
+hundred and forty-two thousand meters the diopter
+
+99
+00:07:38,530 --> 00:07:40,410
+in the building when it goes up becomes a meter
+
+100
+00:07:40,410 --> 00:07:45,650
+then it equals fourteen centimeters and two tenths
+
+101
+00:07:45,650 --> 00:07:48,090
+fourteen centimeters and two tenths
+
+102
+00:07:54,960 --> 00:08:02,280
+so r is 14.2 cm and the object is about minus half
+
+103
+00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:05,480
+a meter or half a meter on the left this is the
+
+104
+00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:09,820
+answer to the question let's see from among the
+
+105
+00:08:09,820 --> 00:08:15,340
+answers object
+
+106
+00:08:15,340 --> 00:08:24,380
+is half a meterThe radius is 14.2 cm You
+
+107
+00:08:24,380 --> 00:08:31,800
+can ask me why I put 1 meter and read 12.4 cm
+
+108
+00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:36,860
+instead of 14.2 cm So the correct answer is number
+
+109
+00:08:36,860 --> 00:08:41,520
+2 here
+
+110
+00:08:44,190 --> 00:08:46,610
+we have another question object is one meter to
+
+111
+00:08:46,610 --> 00:08:50,890
+the left of spherical refracting surface radius is
+
+112
+00:08:50,890 --> 00:08:54,230
+two out of ten meters where is damage and what is
+
+113
+00:08:54,230 --> 00:08:57,230
+the transverse magnification? there are drawings
+
+114
+00:08:57,230 --> 00:09:02,510
+that explain this issue radius is two out of ten
+
+115
+00:09:02,510 --> 00:09:07,970
+meters radius is two out of ten meters and the
+
+116
+00:09:07,970 --> 00:09:10,170
+object is one meter away and the object is one
+
+117
+00:09:10,170 --> 00:09:14,920
+meter awaythere is a drawing that I drew with this
+
+118
+00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:20,120
+meaning this is the object at a distance of one
+
+119
+00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,080
+meter and the radius is two tenths of a meter to
+
+120
+00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:26,780
+get the image we say minus n over o plus
+
+121
+00:09:26,780 --> 00:09:29,460
+unconditional minus n over r equals unconditional
+
+122
+00:09:29,460 --> 00:09:33,300
+over i minus one over o which is one meter plus
+
+123
+00:09:33,300 --> 00:09:36,080
+one and a half minus one we said unconditional in
+
+124
+00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:39,100
+every subject of the exam one and a half and n one
+
+125
+00:09:39,470 --> 00:09:42,270
+one and a half minus one over the radius which is
+
+126
+00:09:42,270 --> 00:09:44,410
+two out of ten meters is equal to one and a half
+
+127
+00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:47,750
+over I here minus one over one is equal to minus
+
+128
+00:09:47,750 --> 00:09:50,090
+one and the meter when it comes out becomes a
+
+129
+00:09:50,090 --> 00:09:54,130
+diopter plus one and a half minus one remains
+
+130
+00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:56,610
+half, the half when I divide by two out of ten
+
+131
+00:09:56,610 --> 00:09:59,490
+meters comes out two and a half diopter is equal
+
+132
+00:09:59,490 --> 00:10:04,480
+to one and a half over Iminus diopter plus two and
+
+133
+00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:06,480
+a half diopter gives me plus one and a half
+
+134
+00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:10,400
+diopter equals one and a half over I so I change
+
+135
+00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:13,420
+the place of one and a half diopter and one and a
+
+136
+00:10:13,420 --> 00:10:15,700
+half diopter changes the place of I so I equals
+
+137
+00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:19,040
+one and a half over plus one and a half diopter
+
+138
+00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:21,980
+one and a half over one and a half of course plus
+
+139
+00:10:21,980 --> 00:10:25,320
+on plus equals plus one and a half on one and a
+
+140
+00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:30,150
+half oneوالديوبتر لما بيطلع من المقام بيصير واحد
+
+141
+00:10:30,150 --> 00:10:35,350
+متر اذا الصورة على بعد واحد متر
+
+142
+00:10:35,350 --> 00:10:39,350
+ال transfer is magnificationit's supposed to be
+
+143
+00:10:39,350 --> 00:10:42,730
+one it's supposed to be minus one, excuse me minus
+
+144
+00:10:42,730 --> 00:10:46,890
+one so it should be one meter to the right of
+
+145
+00:10:46,890 --> 00:10:50,310
+refracting service and TM is equal to minus one
+
+146
+00:10:50,310 --> 00:10:54,250
+this is the correct answer why minus one? we say
+
+147
+00:10:54,250 --> 00:10:59,110
+as follows the body let's solve it with a better
+
+148
+00:10:59,110 --> 00:11:03,670
+book we
+
+149
+00:11:03,670 --> 00:11:07,530
+say TM is equal toimage distance over object
+
+150
+00:11:07,530 --> 00:11:12,710
+distance image distance plus one meter plus one
+
+151
+00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:18,010
+meter over the object distance minus one meter and
+
+152
+00:11:18,010 --> 00:11:23,810
+it equals x plus minus minus and one by one
+
+153
+00:11:23,810 --> 00:11:27,890
+remains one and meter by meter goes to x minus one
+
+154
+00:11:27,890 --> 00:11:30,690
+so the image is one meter away and the
+
+155
+00:11:30,690 --> 00:11:32,850
+magnification is minus one magnification is minus
+
+156
+00:11:32,850 --> 00:11:37,560
+one move on to the next questionThe critical angle
+
+157
+00:11:37,560 --> 00:11:42,160
+is, is the angle of incidence that gives an angle
+
+158
+00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:45,380
+of transmission which equals 90.
+
+159
+00:11:59,890 --> 00:12:03,950
+Okay, an optical system consisting of seven lenses
+
+160
+00:12:03,950 --> 00:12:08,310
+has how many degrees of freedom? كل لنز تلاتة، كل
+
+161
+00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:11,210
+لنز تلاتة، سطحة الأمامي و سطحة الخلفي و السمك
+
+162
+00:12:11,210 --> 00:12:15,290
+بتاعها، هدول بقدر أتحكم فيهم و أغيرهم طالما كل لنز
+
+163
+00:12:15,290 --> 00:12:19,560
+تلاتة، عندي سبعة لنز في تلاتة بواحد وعشرين7 lenses
+
+164
+00:12:19,560 --> 00:12:22,760
+have 21 degrees of freedom and I also have 6
+
+165
+00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:24,720
+degrees of freedom which are the distances between
+
+166
+00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:27,100
+the 7 lenses distance between the first lens and
+
+167
+00:12:27,100 --> 00:12:29,820
+the second lens I can control between the second
+
+168
+00:12:29,820 --> 00:12:31,120
+lens and the third lens between the third lens I
+
+169
+00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,760
+have 6 distances between the 7 lenses so I have 21
+
+170
+00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:39,620
+and I have 6 which means 27 is the correct answer
+
+171
+00:12:39,620 --> 00:12:42,660
+okay
+
+172
+00:12:45,350 --> 00:12:48,270
+for light travelling from a medium with lower
+
+173
+00:12:48,270 --> 00:12:51,850
+refractive index زي الهوى to a medium with higher
+
+174
+00:12:51,850 --> 00:12:56,230
+refractive index زي الميقى which is true فلنقرأ
+
+175
+00:12:56,230 --> 00:13:00,560
+the refracted ray gets fartherfrom the service
+
+176
+00:13:00,560 --> 00:13:01,000
+normal.
+
+177
+00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:11,080
+The transmitted ray does not change its direction
+
+178
+00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:17,560
+if the angle of incidence is equal to zero.Theta T
+
+179
+00:13:17,560 --> 00:13:20,060
+is greater than Theta I. No, when we move from air
+
+180
+00:13:20,060 --> 00:13:23,180
+to water, or from air to glass, or from medium to
+
+181
+00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:26,420
+less medium to higher medium, theta I is greater
+
+182
+00:13:26,420 --> 00:13:29,620
+than theta T Of course, not all choices are wrong,
+
+183
+00:13:29,680 --> 00:13:33,700
+because this choice is correct When the angle of
+
+184
+00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:39,400
+incidence is equal to zero, it does not change its
+
+185
+00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:39,940
+direction
+
+186
+00:13:43,450 --> 00:13:45,670
+What is the refractive power of a spherical
+
+187
+00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:48,490
+surface of a glass rod if the object was half a
+
+188
+00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:52,050
+meter distance to the left of the surface and the
+
+189
+00:13:52,050 --> 00:13:55,150
+image formed one meter right to the surface?
+
+190
+00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:21,580
+Okay, this is the drawing. We say... What is
+
+191
+00:14:21,580 --> 00:14:27,000
+required? We want refractive power of spherical
+
+192
+00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:27,660
+surface.
+
+193
+00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:37,220
+We say as follows...
+
+194
+00:14:37,220 --> 00:14:40,740
+All
+
+195
+00:14:40,740 --> 00:14:41,840
+these words will be cancelled.
+
+196
+00:14:45,190 --> 00:14:47,890
+let's say I have an object half a meter away from
+
+197
+00:14:47,890
+
+223
+00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:20,280
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+224
+00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:21,420
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+225
+00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:21,940
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+226
+00:17:21,940 --> 00:17:22,360
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+227
+00:17:22,360 --> 00:17:26,540
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. the
+
+228
+00:17:26,540 --> 00:17:32,460
+.. the .. the .. the .. the .. the .. 
+
+229
+00:17:32,460 --> 00:17:35,180
+the .. the ..
+
+230
+00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:50,720
+fourteen or one hundred and forty two thousand
+
+231
+00:17:50,720 --> 00:17:51,200
+meters.
+
+232
+00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:57,540
+I still haven't got the power. Now I'm going to
+
+233
+00:17:57,540 --> 00:18:01,020
+get the power. The power of the refracting service 
+
+234
+00:18:01,020 --> 00:18:09,700
+is equal to N minus N divided by R.
+
+235
+00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:30,250
+It is equal to 1.5 minus 1 over R which is 142 out 
+
+236
+00:18:30,250 --> 00:18:35,390
+of 1000. It
+
+237
+00:18:35,390 --> 00:18:39,070
+is equal to
+
+238
+00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:51,020
+1.5 minus 1 which is half to 142,000 and it equals 
+
+239
+00:18:51,020 --> 00:18:58,220
+142
+
+240
+00:18:58,220 --> 00:19:02,820
+.000 meters from the meter because when it comes 
+
+241
+00:19:02,820 --> 00:19:08,420
+out, it becomes a power diopter. Let's 
+
+242
+00:19:08,420 --> 00:19:12,140
+go to the calculator to divide half by 142.000 
+
+243
+00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:20,550
+one and a half divided
+
+244
+00:19:20,550 --> 00:19:28,030
+by one hundred and forty two thousand is equal to
+
+245
+00:19:28,030 --> 00:19:30,350
+three and a half diopters. Three and a half
+
+246
+00:19:30,350 --> 00:19:36,890
+diopters approximately. Let's see the answers. Three
+
+247
+00:19:36,890 --> 00:19:40,710
+and 
+
+248
+00:19:40,710 --> 00:19:43,840
+a half diopters. The closest answer is three and a
+
+249
+00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:48,740
+half diopters. As we got the meaning here. The
+
+250
+00:19:48,740 --> 00:19:51,240
+closest answer is three and a half diopters. So we
+
+251
+00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:58,700
+go to the next question. Of 
+
+252
+00:19:58,700 --> 00:20:02,960
+course, the question has three marks, three marks
+
+253
+00:20:02,960 --> 00:20:06,560
+I
+
+254
+00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:10,300
+have 
+
+255
+00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:14,120
+a question. Where is the image if we know that 
+
+256
+00:20:14,120 --> 00:20:18,360
+object is 50 cm to the left of the lens and the
+
+257
+00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:22,920
+transphase magnification x minus 2 from 10. Okay.
+
+258
+00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:26,620
+This is a direct question. We say that the object 
+
+259
+00:20:26,620 --> 00:20:30,320
+is 50 cm away and the transphase magnification is 
+
+260
+00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:32,740
+x minus 2 from 10. We say that the transphase
+
+261
+00:20:32,740 --> 00:20:35,580
+magnification is the image distance over the
+
+262
+00:20:35,580 --> 00:20:38,400
+object distance. We repeat directly the transphase
+
+263
+00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,940
+magnification is minus 2 from 10. The image distance
+
+264
+00:20:42,940 --> 00:20:46,040
+is unknown and the object distance is less than 5 
+
+265
+00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:49,640
+meters. Why is it less than 5 meters? Because we 
+
+266
+00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:53,120
+are dealing with distances that are less than 5
+
+267
+00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:57,820
+meters. عشان أعرف ال image بضرب الاتنين في بعض، إذا 
+
+268
+00:20:57,820 --> 00:21:03,260
+ال image تساوي minus 2 من 10 في minus نص متر، ال 
+
+269
+00:21:03,260 --> 00:21:06,640
+minus في minus بيصير plus و ال 2 من 10 ضرب نص 
+
+270
+00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:11,120
+بيطلع 1 من 10 متر، إذا plus 1 من 10 متر على اليمين
+
+271
+00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:16,860
+يعني plus 10 cm، plus 10 cm، نشوف الإجابات، طبعا
+
+272
+00:21:16,860 --> 00:21:20,540
+10 cm to the right of the lens، 10 cm to the right 
+
+273
+00:21:20,540 --> 00:21:25,330
+of the lens، هذا هو الجواب الصحيح. In para-axial
+
+274
+00:21:25,330 --> 00:21:27,390
+regions, the surface of spherical refracting
+
+275
+00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,250
+surfaces can be considered flat.
+
+276
+00:21:32,210 --> 00:21:36,110
+The more
+
+277
+00:21:36,110 --> 00:21:38,710
+the difference in refractive indices between the
+
+278
+00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:39,350
+two media,
+
+279
+00:21:48,650 --> 00:21:53,230
+كل مكان more كل مكانة الـ small critical angle. 
+
+280
+00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:55,390
+The smaller the critical angle.
+
+281
+00:22:00,910 --> 00:22:06,070
+طيب. An object 20 cm to the left of a thin lens in 
+
+282
+00:22:06,070 --> 00:22:09,550
+air, the image is formed to the right of the lens
+
+283
+00:22:09,550 --> 00:22:12,750
+at a distance of 20 cm. What is the power of the 
+
+284
+00:22:12,750 --> 00:22:14,990
+lens? هذا سؤال أيضا رسمناه. 
+
+285
+00:22:17,710 --> 00:22:21,230
+The object is 20 cm to the left and the image is
+
+286
+00:22:21,230 --> 00:22:26,130
+20 cm to the right. What is the power of the lens?
+
+287
+00:22:26,570 --> 00:22:29,390
+We say negative n over o plus p is equal to 
+
+288
+00:22:29,390 --> 00:22:32,470
+uncertainty over i. Thin lens equation. Negative
+
+289
+00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:35,870
+one over two of ten meters plus the power is equal 
+
+290
+00:22:35,870 --> 00:22:41,050
+to one over two of ten meters. Notice herethe
+
+291
+00:22:41,050 --> 00:22:45,550
+distance or the divergent ray, divergent ray, I 
+
+292
+00:22:45,550 --> 00:22:49,090
+give it minus, or even in distances, this distance 
+
+293
+00:22:49,090 --> 00:22:51,210
+on the left I give it minus, here the distance on
+
+294
+00:22:51,210 --> 00:22:55,830
+the right I give it plus. Okay, so minus one out of 
+
+295
+00:22:55,830 --> 00:22:58,690
+two out of ten, minus five, and the meter turns
+
+296
+00:22:58,690 --> 00:23:02,190
+out to be minus five diopter plus power here it's
+
+297
+00:23:02,190 --> 00:23:04,270
+the same thing but the sign is plus one and two
+
+298
+00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:06,470
+from ten is five and the meter turns out to be one
+
+299
+00:23:06,470 --> 00:23:09,570
+minus one which is the diopter so minus five 
+
+300
+00:23:09,570 --> 00:23:13,070
+diopters plus the power equals five diopters or 
+
+301
+00:23:13,070 --> 00:23:16,150
+plus five diopters when I subtract minus five from
+
+302
+00:23:16,150 --> 00:23:18,950
+the other side and it becomes plus five plus five
+
+303
+00:23:18,950 --> 00:23:22,730
+with plus five so the power is plus ten diopters 
+
+304
+00:23:22,730 --> 00:23:26,270
+so the power is plus ten diopters and this is the 
+
+305
+00:23:26,270 --> 00:23:26,870
+correct answer.
+
+306
+00:23:31,420 --> 00:23:34,560
+What is the transphase magnification if we know 
+
+307
+00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:38,640
+that the object is 50 cm to the left of a lens and 
+
+308
+00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:42,080
+the image is 20 cm to the right of the lens?
+
+309
+00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:56,560
+Transfers magnification is equal to image distance 
+
+310
+00:23:56,560 --> 00:24:00,020
+over object distance, the image distance is plus 2
+
+311
+00:24:00,020 --> 00:24:02,840
+out of 10 meters, the object distance is minus
+
+312
+00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,420
+half a meter, plus 2 out of 10 meters is plus 20 
+
+313
+00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:08,440
+centimeters, and here minus 50 centimeters, so the 
+
+314
+00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:13,360
+answer is x minus 4 out of 10, x minus 4 out of 10
+
+315
+00:24:13,360 --> 00:24:18,880
+is the correct answer. In an optical medium, the 
+
+316
+00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:21,860
+longer the wavelength of light passing through it, 
+
+317
+00:24:22,140 --> 00:24:25,660
+the lower the refractive index of that medium for 
+
+318
+00:24:25,660 --> 00:24:26,660
+that wavelength. 
+
+319
+00:24:48,660 --> 00:24:51,440
+An object stands 0.5 meters to the left of a
+
+320
+00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:55,660
+single refracting surface with R 5 cm and for air 
+
+321
+00:24:55,660 --> 00:24:58,380
+of course 1 and for glass 1.5 meters. Where is the 
+
+322
+00:24:58,380 --> 00:25:02,420
+image and what is transphase magnification? So the
+
+323
+00:25:02,420 --> 00:25:04,960
+object is about 0.5 meters away and the radius is
+
+324
+00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:06,000
+5 cm. 
+
+325
+00:25:20,660 --> 00:25:24,000
+single refractive, the radius is 5. What is required 
+
+326
+00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,000
+is the image and the transference magnification.
+
+327
+00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:30,980
+We say negative n over O plus negative n over R is
+
+328
+00:25:30,980 --> 00:25:34,180
+equal to negative n over I minus one over half a 
+
+329
+00:25:34,180 --> 00:25:35,900
+meter which is the distance of the object which is 
+
+330
+00:25:35,900 --> 00:25:39,340
+O plus one and a half minus one which is negative
+
+331
+00:25:39,340 --> 00:25:43,140
+n over R which is five centimeters. Note that five
+
+332
+00:25:43,140 --> 00:25:45,300
+centimeters is not half a meter. Fifty centimeters 
+
+333
+00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:47,160
+is half a meter. Five centimeters is five out of 
+
+334
+00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:49,640
+one hundred meters. It is equal to negative n over 
+
+335
+00:25:49,640 --> 00:25:51,260
+I which is negative one and a half over the 
+
+336
+00:25:51,260 --> 00:25:54,980
+unknown I. minus 1 over half becomes minus 2 and 
+
+337
+00:25:54,980 --> 00:25:58,840
+the meter becomes diopter when it goes up plus 1 
+
+338
+00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:02,040
+and a half minus 1 is half the half when I 
+
+339
+00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:05,240
+multiply by 5 from 100 it becomes 10 and the meter 
+
+340
+00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:09,060
+becomes diopter so minus 2 diopter plus 10 diopter 
+
+341
+00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,180
+equals 1 and a half over I goes down as it is 
+
+342
+00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:16,380
+minus 2 and plus 10 remains plus 8 diopter equals 
+
+343
+00:26:16,380 --> 00:26:21,000
+1 and a half over I. إذن I تساوي واحد و نص على 
+
+344
+00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:26,060
+تمانية ديوبتر و يساوي مية أو الف و تمانية و خمسة و
+
+345
+00:26:26,060 --> 00:26:28,700
+سبعين، ممكن نقول مية و سبعة و تمانين من الف من
+
+346
+00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:31,940
+المتر، يعني تمانتاشر صانتي و تلت تربع، تمانتاشر 
+
+347
+00:26:31,940 --> 00:26:35,760
+صانتي و تلت تربع على اليمين لإنها طلعت بالإبلاس
+
+348
+00:26:36,750 --> 00:26:39,330
+Transphase Magnification Image Distance by Object 
+
+349
+00:26:39,330 --> 00:26:42,790
+Distance. Now there is a point that the image 
+
+350
+00:26:42,790 --> 00:26:47,170
+distance is 18.75 meters and the object distance 
+
+351
+00:26:47,170 --> 00:26:49,370
+is half a meter, but we agreed that it should be 
+
+352
+00:26:49,370 --> 00:26:54,110
+measured from the radius of curvature. 5 cm will be
+
+353
+00:26:54,110 --> 00:26:56,270
+added to the distance of the object and will be 
+
+354
+00:26:56,270 --> 00:26:59,650
+subtracted from the distance of the image when I
+
+355
+00:26:59,650 --> 00:27:01,170
+subtract from the distance of the image which is
+
+356
+00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:05,770
+18 and three quarters 5 cm will subtract 13.75 cm
+
+357
+00:27:05,770 --> 00:27:09,470
+from 100 cm when I add to the half meter 5 cm will
+
+358
+00:27:09,470 --> 00:27:13,370
+become 55 cm so the transfer magnification is
+
+359
+00:27:13,370 --> 00:27:17,710
+equal to 13.75 cm which is the distance of the 
+
+360
+00:27:17,710 --> 00:27:22,790
+image from the center of curvature to minus 55 
+
+361
+00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,030
+because it is on the left which is equal to x
+
+362
+00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:27,670
+minus quarter which is equal to x minus quarter so 
+
+363
+00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:30,510
+the image distance from the surface of the
+
+364
+00:27:30,510 --> 00:27:34,660
+refracting surface is 18.75 cmand the transference
+
+365
+00:27:34,660 --> 00:27:37,860
+magnification is x minus a quarter, x minus a
+
+366
+00:27:37,860 --> 00:27:40,100
+quarter, so eighteen and three quarters 
+
+367
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:42,540
+centimeters and the transference magnification is
+
+368
+00:27:42,540 --> 00:27:46,180
+x minus a quarter. By mistake in the program, the 
+
+369
+00:27:46,180 --> 00:27:48,560
+answer was set to eighteen and three quarters
+
+370
+00:27:48,560 --> 00:27:50,440
+centimeters
+
+371
+00:27:51,610 --> 00:27:54,850
+Eighteen and three quarters of an inch, here,
+
+372
+00:27:54,950 --> 00:27:57,250
+eighteen and three quarters of an inch and the 
+
+373
+00:27:57,250 --> 00:27:59,370
+transference magnification minus four is this 
+
+374
+00:27:59,370 --> 00:28:01,990
+error that was modified, so that's why some
+
+375
+00:28:01,990 --> 00:28:04,710
+students found that the mark went down because 
+
+376
+00:28:04,710 --> 00:28:07,210
+they had solved the error and considered that it
+
+377
+00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:10,550
+was a correct answer, this is the correct answer,
+
+378
+00:28:10,670 --> 00:28:13,370
+this is the correct answer, let's move to the next 
+
+379
+00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:19,960
+question. This question is very easy, the smaller
+
+380
+00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,880
+the radius of curvature, the more power you have.
+
+381
+00:28:22,920 --> 00:28:25,300
+This is the most powerful, this is the most 
+
+382
+00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:27,600
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the 
+
+383
+00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:27,920
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is
+
+384
+00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:27,980
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the 
+
+385
+00:28:27,980 --> 00:28:29,280
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+386
+00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:29,320
+is the most powerful, this is the most powerful, 
+
+387
+00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:29,660
+this is the most powerful, this is the most 
+
+388
+00:28:29,660 --> 00:28:29,860
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is 
+
+389
+00:28:29,860 --> 00:28:31,180
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+390
+00:28:31,180 --> 00:28:32,140
+is the most powerful, this is the most powerful, 
+
+391
+00:28:32,140 --> 00:28:33,880
+this is the most powerful, this is the most 
+
+392
+00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:35,040
+powerful, this is the most powerful, this is the 
+
+393
+00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:37,140
+most powerful, this is the most powerful, this is 
+
+394
+00:28:37,140 --> 00:28:40,640
+the most powerful, this is the most powerful, this
+
+395
+00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:47,750
+refractive error means a mistake in any of the 
+
+396
+00:28:47,750 --> 00:28:51,670
+image characteristics in the location. Here we 
+
+397
+00:28:51,670 --> 00:28:57,610
+finished the first version, let's go to the second
+
+398
+00:28:57,610 --> 00:29:03,610
+version. Let's go to the second version. Let's see 
+
+399
+00:29:03,610 --> 00:29:05,910
+what it has, it has similar questions, but there 
+
+400
+00:29:05,910 --> 00:29:07,350
+are some differences. 
+
+401
+00:29:11,990 --> 00:29:14,470
+We will start with the first question. 
+
+402
+00:29:17,450 --> 00:29:21,150
+The critical angle is the angle of incidence that 
+
+403
+00:29:21,150 --> 00:29:23,810
+gives an angle of transmission which equals 90
+
+404
+00:29:23,810 --> 00:29:24,870
+degrees. The question was asked in the first 
+
+405
+00:29:24,870 --> 00:29:29,890
+version. If the image is 40 cm, also mark 80 cm
+
+406
+00:29:29,890 --> 00:29:33,150
+above the optical axis. Mark in the same 
+
+407
+00:29:33,150 --> 00:29:36,350
+recording. Whoever wants to go back can go back.
+
+408
+00:29:40,410 --> 00:29:48,730
+هنا أيضا ..هنا أيضا مر The 
+
+409
+00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:51,870
+higher 
+
+410
+00:29:51,870
+
+445
+00:32:31,170 --> 00:32:34,030
+The longer the wavelength of light, the lower the 
+
+446
+00:32:34,030 --> 00:32:34,890
+refractive index.
+
+447
+00:32:44,370 --> 00:32:47,450
+Light exiting a high-index medium to air is 
+
+448
+00:32:47,450 --> 00:32:50,910
+bent toward the surface normal.  لأ away from the 
+
+449
+00:32:50,910 --> 00:32:54,470
+surface normal. لما بنتقل من high exiting يعني خارج 
+
+450
+00:32:54,470 --> 00:32:57,770
+من high-index medium to air يعني air to lower 
+
+451
+00:32:57,770 --> 00:33:01,810
+-index medium.  فبالتالي هيروح away from مش toward 
+
+452
+00:33:01,810 --> 00:33:07,310
+the surface normal. إذا الإجابة خاطئة
+
+453
+00:33:07,310 --> 00:33:11,350
+Larger pinhole gives dimmer. خطأ ال smaller pinhole 
+
+454
+00:33:11,350 --> 00:33:13,410
+gives dimmer image.
+
+455
+00:33:16,820 --> 00:33:20,340
+Images are imperfect facsimiles, not exact scaled
+
+456
+00:33:20,340 --> 00:33:22,340
+duplicates of the original object.
+
+457
+00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:32,060
+Total internal reflection occurs when light 
+
+458
+00:33:32,060 --> 00:33:35,360
+travels from a medium with lower refractive index
+
+459
+00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:37,340
+to a medium with higher refractive index.
+
+460
+00:33:52,770 --> 00:33:56,450
+from higher to lower.  If I find from lower to
+
+461
+00:33:56,450 --> 00:33:58,310
+higher, I will not complete the example.  Total 
+
+462
+00:33:58,310 --> 00:34:01,470
+internal reflection is impossible to occur if the
+
+463
+00:34:01,470 --> 00:34:04,630
+light moves from a lower refractive index medium
+
+464
+00:34:04,630 --> 00:34:08,970
+to a medium with a higher refractive index.
+
+465
+00:34:32,470 --> 00:34:36,550
+The more difference in refractive indices between
+
+466
+00:34:36,550 --> 00:34:39,150
+the two media, the smaller the critical angle.
+
+467
+00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:45,180
+The image for the diaphanous system is the 
+
+468
+00:34:45,180 --> 00:34:49,320
+spatial summation of point spread functions for 
+
+469
+00:34:49,320 --> 00:34:50,400
+every object point.
+
+470
+00:34:59,270 --> 00:35:02,550
+Single refracting surface with R equal quarter
+
+471
+00:35:02,550 --> 00:35:05,270
+meter and the object is met centimeter to the 
+
+472
+00:35:05,270 --> 00:35:09,670
+left of this service is a radius quarter meter and
+
+473
+00:35:09,670 --> 00:35:12,550
+the object is one meter away.  Where is the image?
+
+474
+00:35:12,890 --> 00:35:15,390
+Only the image is required. Let's see the drawing 
+
+475
+00:35:16,530 --> 00:35:18,930
+which explains this situation.  This is the 
+
+476
+00:35:18,930 --> 00:35:22,690
+drawing, we say 1 meter and R is quarter meter 
+
+477
+00:35:22,690 --> 00:35:25,590
+which is 25 centimeters, we say negative N over O 
+
+478
+00:35:25,590 --> 00:35:28,750
+plus negative N minus N over R is equal to 
+
+479
+00:35:28,750 --> 00:35:32,470
+negative N minus I minus 1 over 1 meter which is 
+
+480
+00:35:32,470 --> 00:35:35,000
+the distance of the object plus one and a half
+
+481
+00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,220
+minus one over a quarter of a meter which is the 
+
+482
+00:35:37,220 --> 00:35:40,720
+radius which is one and a half minus one over a 
+
+483
+00:35:40,720 --> 00:35:40,760
+quarter of a meter which is the radius which is
+
+484
+00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:41,820
+one and a half minus one over a quarter of a meter
+
+485
+00:35:41,820 --> 00:35:43,340
+which is the radius which is one and a half minus
+
+486
+00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:44,800
+one over a quarter of a meter which is one and a
+
+487
+00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:44,840
+half minus one over a quarter of a meter which is
+
+488
+00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:45,680
+one and a half minus one over a quarter of a meter 
+
+489
+00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:46,660
+which is one and a half minus one over a quarter
+
+490
+00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:49,860
+of a meter which is one and a half minus one over
+
+491
+00:35:49,860 --> 00:35:51,080
+a quarter of a meter which is one and a half minus
+
+492
+00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:56,540
+one over a quarter of a meter which is one and 
+
+493
+00:35:56,540 --> 00:35:58,900
+a half minus one over a quarter of a meter which
+
+494
+00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:01,680
+is one and a half minus one over a quarter of a 
+
+495
+00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:03,820
+meter which is one and a half minus one over a 
+
+496
+00:36:03,820 --> 00:36:06,020
+which is one and So I change the place of one
+
+497
+00:36:06,020 --> 00:36:08,800
+diopter to become I equals one and a half to plus
+
+498
+00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:12,080
+one diopter, one and a half to one becomes plus
+
+499
+00:36:12,080 --> 00:36:14,980
+one and a half, and the diopter becomes a meter.
+
+500
+00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:17,740
+So plus one and a half meters, then on the right 
+
+501
+00:36:17,740 --> 00:36:19,740
+of the refracting surface with a quantity of one
+
+502
+00:36:19,740 --> 00:36:23,400
+and a half meters is the correct answer.  So plus 
+
+503
+00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,780
+one and a half meters.  Plus one and a half meters.
+
+504
+00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:34,430
+See the next question.  Okay. An object stands one
+
+505
+00:36:34,430 --> 00:36:37,270
+meter to the left of a thin lens in air.  The power 
+
+506
+00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:40,190
+is plus 5.  Where is the image and what is the
+
+507
+00:36:40,190 --> 00:36:43,010
+transverse magnification?  Let's see the picture
+
+508
+00:36:43,010 --> 00:36:45,710
+that shows this example.
+
+509
+00:36:52,710 --> 00:36:53,230
+Okay.
+
+510
+00:36:58,010 --> 00:37:00,650
+We don't have a picture.  Let's make a picture, God 
+
+511
+00:37:00,650 --> 00:37:09,270
+willing.  To solve this problem
+
+512
+00:37:09,270 --> 00:37:18,310
+I have the optical axis and 
+
+513
+00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:24,050
+here I have the lens. The 
+
+514
+00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:27,130
+lens has 5 diopters, plus 5 diopters.
+
+515
+00:37:36,910 --> 00:37:43,710
+and the object on the rod let's 
+
+516
+00:37:43,710 --> 00:37:48,470
+go back to the object and say one meter, one meter.
+
+517
+00:37:48,470 --> 00:37:59,110
+Okay, so the distance of the object is one meter.  We 
+
+518
+00:37:59,110 --> 00:38:01,650
+want to calculate where is the image. 
+
+519
+00:38:11,410 --> 00:38:18,810
+And the transverse magnification we 
+
+520
+00:38:18,810 --> 00:38:26,330
+say u is equal to minus n by o is 
+
+521
+00:38:26,330 --> 00:38:34,950
+equal to minus one by one meter is equal to minus
+
+522
+00:38:34,950 --> 00:38:41,500
+one diopter.  Quickly I put that the light will
+
+523
+00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,320
+reach a wavelength of minus one diopter.  This will
+
+524
+00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:50,100
+be placed on the front surface of the lens, the 
+
+525
+00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:52,980
+light will reach a wavelength of one diopter.  We 
+
+526
+00:38:52,980 --> 00:38:54,380
+will see how much light will come out of the lens
+
+527
+00:38:54,380 --> 00:39:04,100
+by wavelength, we say u plus p equals v. 
+
+528
+00:39:05,910 --> 00:39:13,730
+U minus 1 diopter plus power, a 5 diopter, is equal to V,
+
+529
+00:39:14,410 --> 00:39:20,390
+so V is equal to plus 4 diopter, plus 4 diopter,
+
+530
+00:39:21,470 --> 00:39:25,230
+so the light will come out in a fluctuation, in a 
+
+531
+00:39:25,230 --> 00:39:26,510
+fluctuation of the amount A
+
+532
+00:39:32,980 --> 00:39:36,820
+plus 4 diopter means that I am plural in the case
+
+533
+00:39:36,820 --> 00:39:39,220
+of apostrophe. I am plural because plus, the virgin 
+
+534
+00:39:39,220 --> 00:39:42,440
+is plus as long as I am plural, it will form a 
+
+535
+00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:45,900
+real picture in whatever space we want to see
+
+536
+00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,520
+where this picture is, let's say v equals 
+
+537
+00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:55,600
+unconditional on i, then 
+
+538
+00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:57,100
+i equals
+
+539
+00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:08,510
+I equals condition
+
+540
+00:40:08,510 --> 00:40:12,670
+on V which
+
+541
+00:40:12,670 --> 00:40:16,890
+equals condition which is one because we are in 
+
+542
+00:40:16,890 --> 00:40:20,050
+the air on V which is plus four which is greater
+
+543
+00:40:20,050 --> 00:40:23,550
+which 
+
+544
+00:40:23,550 --> 00:40:27,530
+equals one over plus four, plus quarter 
+
+545
+00:40:37,330 --> 00:40:40,610
+Image distance on the right side of the lens 
+
+546
+00:40:40,610 --> 00:40:44,110
+Transverse
+
+547
+00:40:44,110 --> 00:40:49,270
+magnification is equal to U over V or image
+
+548
+00:40:49,270 --> 00:40:50,870
+distance over object distance
+
+549
+00:40:58,710 --> 00:41:06,530
+imageDistance over objectDistance is
+
+550
+00:41:06,530 --> 00:41:17,650
+equal to imageDistance plus quarter meter over 
+
+551
+00:41:17,650 --> 00:41:22,130
+objectDistance minus one meter. Why minus? Because
+
+552
+00:41:22,130 --> 00:41:26,690
+the object is on the left.  Plus over minus gives me
+
+553
+00:41:26,690 --> 00:41:32,730
+minus, so x minus, and a quarter over one remains 
+
+554
+00:41:32,730 --> 00:41:35,270
+a quarter.  Anything divided by one remains as it
+
+555
+00:41:35,270 --> 00:41:39,750
+is, so minus a quarter.  Minus a quarter, excuse 
+
+556
+00:41:39,750 --> 00:41:47,490
+me, a quarter, x minus a quarter, this is the 
+
+557
+00:41:47,490 --> 00:41:50,850
+transverse magnification in this problem.
+
+558
+00:42:06,650 --> 00:42:09,570
+to the right of the lens which transfers
+
+559
+00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:11,550
+magnification x minus quarter. 
+
+560
+00:42:15,720 --> 00:42:18,040
+Total internal reflection occurs when light 
+
+561
+00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:21,500
+travels from a medium with higher refractive index 
+
+562
+00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,900
+to a medium with lower refractive index, if the 
+
+563
+00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:27,640
+incidence angle is more than the critical angle.
+
+564
+00:42:33,420 --> 00:42:38,200
+طيب أخر سؤال مر علينا optical system سبعة عدسات
+
+565
+00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:42,040
+كام degrees of freedom سبعة وعشرين و هيك بنكون 
+
+566
+00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:46,120
+احنا حلنا أسئلة النسختين و يعطيكم العافية والسلام 
+
+567
+00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:48,420
+عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/SNwhZDaqSxM.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+1
+00:00:03,740 --> 00:00:09,020
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم اليوم هنحكي عن ال angular
+
+2
+00:00:09,020 --> 00:00:13,100
+magnification نقول find angular magnification for
+
+3
+00:00:13,100 --> 00:00:18,100
+the following magnifiers if viewing distance is 25
+
+4
+00:00:18,100 --> 00:00:21,820
+cm ال viewing distance مسافة الرؤية اللي بستعمل
+
+5
+00:00:21,820 --> 00:00:25,160
+فيها ال magnifier 25 cm يعني ال object بدي بعيد عن
+
+6
+00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:29,960
+عيني ربع متر و بدي أحط مرة plus 20 And again I put
+
+7
+00:00:29,960 --> 00:00:33,740
+plus 28 How much angular magnification happens
+
+8
+00:00:33,740 --> 00:00:36,440
+with me? As long as the distance of vision is a
+
+9
+00:00:36,440 --> 00:00:39,000
+quarter of a meter, then I want to divide by 4 The
+
+10
+00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:42,700
+equation of angular magnification which is M which
+
+11
+00:00:42,700 --> 00:00:45,280
+is the angular magnification equals the power of
+
+12
+00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:48,540
+the magnifier which is 20 diopters divided by 4
+
+13
+00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:54,000
+and equals the power plus 20 divided by 4 and
+
+14
+00:00:54,000 --> 00:01:00,990
+equals x5X5 يعني هيصير يعمل زاوية معيني خمس أضعاف
+
+15
+00:01:00,990 --> 00:01:04,750
+الزاوية اللي كان يعملها ال object نفسه قبل ما
+
+16
+00:01:04,750 --> 00:01:09,010
+أستعمل ال magnifier لو أنا كنت بتطلع على شمعة و
+
+17
+00:01:09,010 --> 00:01:13,330
+هاد الشمعة من قمتها لأسفل هتعمل معيني زاوية عشرة
+
+18
+00:01:13,330 --> 00:01:17,970
+degree و حطيت هذا ال magnifier هتصير تعمل خمسين
+
+19
+00:01:17,970 --> 00:01:22,290
+degree بدل العشرة degree يعني بمعنى هتكبر أو يضعف
+
+20
+00:01:22,290 --> 00:01:26,370
+الزاوية اللي بتعملها معيني خمس أضعاف Now for the
+
+21
+00:01:26,370 --> 00:01:30,190
+other magnifier, we want to see the angular
+
+22
+00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:31,670
+magnification, which is the same as the distance
+
+23
+00:01:31,670 --> 00:01:33,490
+of vision, which is a quarter of a meter, then the
+
+24
+00:01:33,490 --> 00:01:39,610
+power over four is equal to28 divided by 4 is
+
+25
+00:01:39,610 --> 00:01:45,210
+equal to x7 So this magnifier amplifies the angle
+
+26
+00:01:45,210 --> 00:01:48,790
+of the object that I'm looking at Of course it
+
+27
+00:01:48,790 --> 00:01:50,670
+amplifies the angle when I put it in front of my
+
+28
+00:01:50,670 --> 00:01:54,230
+eye, it amplifies it 7 times So if the candle or
+
+29
+00:01:54,230 --> 00:01:59,690
+the object that I'm looking at is 25 cm away from
+
+30
+00:01:59,690 --> 00:02:04,410
+me بيعمل زاوية مع عيني 10 degree إذا لما بحط هذا ال
+
+31
+00:02:04,410 --> 00:02:08,530
+magnifier أمام عيني بيصير بدل 10 degree 70 degree
+
+32
+00:02:08,530 --> 00:02:12,690
+يعني 7 أضعاف ال angular height ال angular height
+
+33
+00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:15,930
+إذا هذا بيكبر 5 مرات angular magnification و هذا
+
+34
+00:02:15,930 --> 00:02:19,910
+بيكبر 7 مرات angular magnification و هيك بيكون
+
+35
+00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:22,870
+الحل انتهى و يعطيكم العافية و السلام عليكم و رحمة
+
+36
+00:02:22,870 --> 00:02:24,230
+الله وبركاته 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/T12yPtB_D3A.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,550 --> 00:00:06,090
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنتواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:06,090 --> 00:00:10,050
+geometric optics واتوقفنا المرة الماضية عند depth
+
+3
+00:00:10,050 --> 00:00:17,070
+of focus أو عمق البقرة perform the basic imaging
+
+4
+00:00:17,070 --> 00:00:19,910
+demonstration with a lens as described before
+
+5
+00:00:19,910 --> 00:00:24,680
+imaging with lenses and mirrors And notice that if
+
+6
+00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:28,900
+the paper is moved forward or backward within a
+
+7
+00:00:28,900 --> 00:00:32,880
+range of a few millimeters, the image remains
+
+8
+00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:36,740
+relatively focused. With the paper positioned
+
+9
+00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:40,280
+outside this region, the image appears blurred.
+
+10
+00:00:40,870 --> 00:00:49,890
+بمعنى هنعيد التجربة بتاعة الشامعة و العدسة و نتلقى
+
+11
+00:00:49,890 --> 00:00:54,790
+صورة للشامعة على ورقة التلقى او ال A4 هنلاقي
+
+12
+00:00:54,790 --> 00:01:00,230
+الصورة انها اتكونت في مكان ما من الفراخ خلف العدسة
+
+13
+00:01:00,230 --> 00:01:08,920
+و الصورة واضحة جدا, focused لو حركنا ورقة التلقي
+
+14
+00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:14,180
+إلى الأمام قليلا أو إلى الخلف قليلا، هنلاحظ أن
+
+15
+00:01:14,180 --> 00:01:19,620
+الصورة لازالة واضحة، ل range معين، لو حركنا ورقة
+
+16
+00:01:19,620 --> 00:01:23,700
+التلقي للأمام كتير أو للخلف كتير، هتصير الصورة
+
+17
+00:01:23,700 --> 00:01:32,380
+مربشة، هذا الكلام بدنا نحاول نشوفه
+
+18
+00:01:32,380 --> 00:01:38,870
+على الصورة it will be better let's go back to the
+
+19
+00:01:38,870 --> 00:01:45,550
+experiment in 
+
+20
+00:01:45,550 --> 00:01:51,510
+other words, the receipt paper is
+
+21
+00:01:51,510 --> 00:01:56,090
+in this area, the picture is clear now if we
+
+22
+00:01:56,090 --> 00:02:00,650
+provide the receipt paper simple millimeters to the
+
+23
+00:02:00,650 --> 00:02:03,950
+front or we delayed it by simple millimeters to
+
+24
+00:02:03,950 --> 00:02:06,370
+the back, the picture will remain clear to a
+
+25
+00:02:06,370 --> 00:02:10,830
+certain range, from to .. from to .. outside this
+
+26
+00:02:10,830 --> 00:02:14,530
+range, in front of it or behind it, the picture
+
+27
+00:02:14,530 --> 00:02:16,910
+will not be clear
+
+28
+00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:25,260
+اللي لو حطينا ورقة التلقي تحت الصورة أو ورقة ال A4
+
+29
+00:02:25,260 --> 00:02:29,860
+في داخلها، هذه المسافة، لو حطينا ورقة التلقي في
+
+30
+00:02:29,860 --> 00:02:34,280
+داخلها، هتكون الصورة عندي واضحة، لو حطينا ورقة
+
+31
+00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:38,280
+التلقي خارجها، يعني برة منها للخلف أو برة منها
+
+32
+00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:42,890
+للأمام، هتكون الصورة مش واضحة This range of clarity
+
+33
+00:02:42,890 --> 00:02:48,350
+is called depth of focus or عمق البقرة or عمق
+
+34
+00:02:48,350 --> 00:02:52,810
+البقرة And this is available for most lenses that
+
+35
+00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:56,130
+have depth of focus, which means a certain area
+
+36
+00:02:56,130 --> 00:03:01,490
+where I can capture the image clearly Of course
+
+37
+00:03:01,490 --> 00:03:05,350
+around the main location of the image
+
+38
+00:03:11,620 --> 00:03:14,920
+This drawing also explains things in a better way
+
+39
+00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:18,740
+We say that this is the image, the place where I
+
+40
+00:03:18,740 --> 00:03:22,320
+got it, which is the red arrow, is the image If I
+
+41
+00:03:22,320 --> 00:03:29,900
+.. If I ..I put the receipt paper in front of me,
+
+42
+00:03:30,020 --> 00:03:33,220
+if I put it in this area, I will also see a clear
+
+43
+00:03:33,220 --> 00:03:35,080
+picture, in this area, I will see a clear picture,
+
+44
+00:03:35,500 --> 00:03:37,860
+in this area, I will see a clear picture, I have
+
+45
+00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:41,060
+the blue arrow, which is the most point in front
+
+46
+00:03:41,060 --> 00:03:44,000
+of me, I can get a clear picture of it, outside
+
+47
+00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:48,100
+it, here, if I put it here, I will have a blurry
+
+48
+00:03:48,100 --> 00:03:51,380
+picture, also if I go back from the main place of
+
+49
+00:03:51,380 --> 00:03:55,380
+the picture a little bit هضل أتلقى صورة واضحة، يعني
+
+50
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,200
+لو حطيت ورقة ال A4 هنا، هتلقى صورة واضحة لو حطيتها
+
+51
+00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:04,300
+هنا، لغاية ما أصل لسهم الأخضر، المكان هذا، أخر
+
+52
+00:04:04,300 --> 00:04:08,420
+منطقة بقدر أشوف فيها صورة واضحةلو حطيت ورقة التلقي
+
+53
+00:04:08,420 --> 00:04:12,020
+بعده، برات منه، ساعتها الصورة هتكون مربشة، يعني
+
+54
+00:04:12,020 --> 00:04:15,480
+برات هذا ال range اللي هو بيمتد من السهم الأزرق
+
+55
+00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:19,820
+للسهم الأخضر، براته إلى الخلف منه أو إلى الأمام
+
+56
+00:04:19,820 --> 00:04:23,620
+منه، الصورة بتكون مش واضحة، ليش؟ لأنه احنا طلعنا
+
+57
+00:04:23,620 --> 00:04:29,660
+من المنطقة اللي بيسموها depth of focus أو العمق
+
+58
+00:04:29,660 --> 00:04:33,900
+البؤري، أو العمق البؤري، اذا كل عدسة الليها depth
+
+59
+00:04:33,900 --> 00:04:37,830
+ofFocus. Outside with the paper positioned.
+
+60
+00:04:38,390 --> 00:04:41,850
+Outside this region, the image appears blurred.
+
+61
+00:04:42,410 --> 00:04:47,510
+لما بنحط ورقة التلقى خارج هذه ال range أو خارج ال
+
+62
+00:04:47,510 --> 00:04:53,410
+depth of focus، بنحصل على صورة مغبشة مش واضحة لإن
+
+63
+00:04:53,410 --> 00:04:59,670
+احنا خارج العمق البؤري للعدسة أو لل optical system
+
+64
+00:04:59,670 --> 00:05:01,250
+أو لل optical system
+
+65
+00:05:13,270 --> 00:05:18,030
+The size of this region represents the depth of
+
+66
+00:05:18,030 --> 00:05:21,550
+focus which may be small or large depending on
+
+67
+00:05:21,550 --> 00:05:22,750
+several factors
+
+68
+00:05:29,970 --> 00:05:31,730
+It starts from how much to how much? Is it
+
+69
+00:05:31,730 --> 00:05:35,770
+measured in millimeters or in centimeters? Or in
+
+70
+00:05:35,770 --> 00:05:39,290
+meters? Or how is it measured? Is it small or big?
+
+71
+00:05:39,670 --> 00:05:43,410
+Of course, the depth of focus can be small or big
+
+72
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:48,350
+This depends on many factors If we want to give an
+
+73
+00:05:48,350 --> 00:05:51,710
+example, let's say a person is looking at a tree
+
+74
+00:05:51,710 --> 00:06:01,430
+50 meters away, a big tree This treeit forms a
+
+75
+00:06:01,430 --> 00:06:04,170
+picture on the network, it forms a picture on the
+
+76
+00:06:04,170 --> 00:06:09,550
+network of this person, then .. then the receipt
+
+77
+00:06:09,550 --> 00:06:12,450
+paper in this case is the network, if this person
+
+78
+00:06:12,450 --> 00:06:14,690
+tried one meter from the tree, that is, it became
+
+79
+00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:18,290
+49 meters away or one meter away from its original
+
+80
+00:06:18,290 --> 00:06:21,010
+location, it became 51 meters and the picture of
+
+81
+00:06:21,010 --> 00:06:23,990
+the tree remained clear on the network as proof
+
+82
+00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:30,210
+thatand it's clear, it's focused, it means that it
+
+83
+00:06:30,210 --> 00:06:34,190
+still sees the tree clearly So I have a range,
+
+84
+00:06:34,290 --> 00:06:37,470
+depth of focus of two meters and maybe more than
+
+85
+00:06:37,470 --> 00:06:39,910
+two meters, the reason is that the object is big,
+
+86
+00:06:39,970 --> 00:06:42,330
+the object is big, there are many factors that
+
+87
+00:06:42,330 --> 00:06:47,010
+control the depth of focus of the image, the depth
+
+88
+00:06:47,010 --> 00:06:50,130
+of focus of the image, maybe in other cases when
+
+89
+00:06:50,130 --> 00:06:55,340
+the object is smalland the experience is limited,
+
+90
+00:06:55,620 --> 00:07:00,320
+the depth of focus can be very small, it can be
+
+91
+00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:02,180
+measured in millimeters, it can be measured in
+
+92
+00:07:02,180 --> 00:07:07,180
+millimeters, so the depth of focus depends on many
+
+93
+00:07:07,180 --> 00:07:11,760
+factors Okay, what is the benefit of depth of
+
+94
+00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:15,500
+focus? In the past, depth of focus was of concern
+
+95
+00:07:15,500 --> 00:07:19,970
+only in the management of presbyopiaHowever, it is
+
+96
+00:07:19,970 --> 00:07:23,190
+an important concept in refractive surgery as
+
+97
+00:07:23,190 --> 00:07:29,190
+well. A long time ago before humans discovered the
+
+98
+00:07:29,190 --> 00:07:32,150
+subject of LASIK, refractive surgery, they
+
+99
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:35,570
+benefited from the issue of depth of focus during
+
+100
+00:07:35,570 --> 00:07:39,290
+the treatment of breast biopia. Breast biopia, or
+
+101
+00:07:39,290 --> 00:07:44,730
+short-sightedness,It's a situation that hits the
+
+102
+00:07:44,730 --> 00:07:48,710
+lens of the eye in a person who is over 40 years
+
+103
+00:07:48,710 --> 00:07:51,830
+old, so that the lens loses its flexibility and
+
+104
+00:07:51,830 --> 00:07:56,790
+you can't do accommodationand consequently, a
+
+105
+00:07:56,790 --> 00:08:01,050
+person needs glasses for reading, a person needs
+
+106
+00:08:01,050 --> 00:08:03,910
+glasses for reading, this case we call it
+
+107
+00:08:03,910 --> 00:08:08,870
+presbyopia or presbyopia, presbyopia When a person
+
+108
+00:08:08,870 --> 00:08:12,190
+wants to describe glasses to this person, these
+
+109
+00:08:12,190 --> 00:08:14,930
+glasses or lenses that are attached should be
+
+110
+00:08:14,930 --> 00:08:17,790
+describedin order to help this person who is
+
+111
+00:08:17,790 --> 00:08:23,710
+presbyopic to read or see things clearly it is
+
+112
+00:08:23,710 --> 00:08:25,690
+necessary that the lenses that you recommend him
+
+113
+00:08:25,690 --> 00:08:29,570
+or her have a range of depth of focus that is
+
+114
+00:08:29,570 --> 00:08:36,720
+comfortable so that if this person reads a bookand
+
+115
+00:08:36,720 --> 00:08:39,280
+tried to take the book out of his eyes, or even a
+
+116
+00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:44,840
+little bit, he wouldn't have any blurring in his
+
+117
+00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:46,820
+vision, meaning he wouldn't have any blurring in
+
+118
+00:08:46,820 --> 00:08:49,100
+his vision, but rather he would have range for the
+
+119
+00:08:49,100 --> 00:08:52,440
+depth of focus in a comfortable way, in a
+
+120
+00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:55,340
+comfortable way. Now, this issue is also taken
+
+121
+00:08:55,340 --> 00:08:58,400
+into consideration in refractive surgery, that the
+
+122
+00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:01,320
+person who wants to do the Lasik operation to get
+
+123
+00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:03,800
+rid of shortness of vision, or length of vision,
+
+124
+00:09:03,940 --> 00:09:08,460
+or astigmatism,In lasek and similar operations, it
+
+125
+00:09:08,460 --> 00:09:12,760
+is very important that after the operation, the
+
+126
+00:09:12,760 --> 00:09:16,080
+new optical system that is produced, which is the
+
+127
+00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:20,340
+retina after modification, has a range of depth of
+
+128
+00:09:20,340 --> 00:09:24,100
+focus that is comfortable, so that this person can
+
+129
+00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:30,060
+see all distances clearly without having to wear
+
+130
+00:09:30,060 --> 00:09:35,950
+glasses again. Now we are going to moveLet's talk
+
+131
+00:09:35,950 --> 00:09:39,130
+about another thing which is called depth of field
+
+132
+00:09:39,130 --> 00:09:43,310
+The depth of field is the same idea as depth of
+
+133
+00:09:43,310 --> 00:09:47,190
+focus, but this is specific to the object In other
+
+134
+00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:51,750
+words, when we talk about the image, if we move
+
+135
+00:09:51,750 --> 00:09:55,170
+the focus point or move the focus point, there is
+
+136
+00:09:55,170 --> 00:09:59,150
+a certain range in which the image is clear, and
+
+137
+00:09:59,150 --> 00:10:03,720
+this is called depth of focusWe don't want to move
+
+138
+00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:06,080
+the receipt paper, we want to keep it fixed in its
+
+139
+00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:09,980
+place And we ask ourselves a question, if we keep
+
+140
+00:10:09,980 --> 00:10:14,600
+the receipt paper fixed and the optical system
+
+141
+00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:20,240
+fixed in its placeBut we moved the object closer
+
+142
+00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,840
+to the lens and moved it away from the lens Is
+
+143
+00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:26,620
+there a certain range? Is there a certain range?
+
+144
+00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:31,340
+The picture remains clear even though we moved the
+
+145
+00:10:31,340 --> 00:10:33,840
+object and changed its location Of course there is
+
+146
+00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,160
+a certain range, the picture remains clear, we
+
+147
+00:10:37,160 --> 00:10:40,230
+agreed that the picture should beWe leave the
+
+148
+00:10:40,230 --> 00:10:43,070
+place where we received it fixed, while what we
+
+149
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:46,730
+want to change in its content is the object Once
+
+150
+00:10:46,730 --> 00:10:49,750
+we try it from the optical system and once we move
+
+151
+00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:51,630
+away from the optical system, scientists found
+
+152
+00:10:51,630 --> 00:10:55,750
+that there is a certain range If we move in the
+
+153
+00:10:55,750 --> 00:10:59,430
+object towards the lens or away from the lens,
+
+154
+00:11:00,010 --> 00:11:03,210
+then the image will remain clear outside this
+
+155
+00:11:03,210 --> 00:11:07,230
+rangecloser to the lens or farther from it to the
+
+156
+00:11:07,230 --> 00:11:10,790
+lens outside of this area which extends from blue
+
+157
+00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:14,970
+to green, outside of it if we keep using the same
+
+158
+00:11:14,970 --> 00:11:17,870
+lens and the same reception paper and their sites
+
+159
+00:11:17,870 --> 00:11:21,630
+are stable and we go out of this range, then the
+
+160
+00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:24,210
+picture will fade away, this range where the
+
+161
+00:11:24,210 --> 00:11:27,860
+picture remains clear لو حركنا فيه ال object في
+
+162
+00:11:27,860 --> 00:11:31,600
+خلاله، هذا ال range يسمى depth of field أو عمق
+
+163
+00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:37,400
+الحقل، عمق الحقل، وبالتالي هذه القضية يعني بدها
+
+164
+00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:42,240
+تكون واضحة ان شاء الله تعالى، اذا depth of focus
+
+165
+00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:46,160
+applies to the image, depth of field is the same
+
+166
+00:11:46,160 --> 00:11:50,710
+idea applied to objectsIf a camera or other
+
+167
+00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:53,870
+optical system is focused on an object, nearby
+
+168
+00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:58,910
+objects also are also in focus لو جبنا كاميرا،
+
+169
+00:11:58,910 --> 00:12:01,990
+كاميرا التصوير، و اتطلعنا في العدسة تاعتها، و
+
+170
+00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:07,870
+ركزنا على object معين في الفراق، محيط فينا، هنلاقي
+
+171
+00:12:07,870 --> 00:12:14,070
+انه مش بس ال object هذا focused، ولكن ايضا الاجسام
+
+172
+00:12:14,070 --> 00:12:18,160
+المجاورة إليه بتكون also in focusobjects within
+
+173
+00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:21,060
+the range of depth of field will be in focus
+
+174
+00:12:21,060 --> 00:12:25,020
+whereas objects outside the depth of field will be
+
+175
+00:12:25,020 --> 00:12:29,940
+out of focus ويمكن الصورة هي يعني خير دليل ويمكن
+
+176
+00:12:29,940 --> 00:12:31,960
+الصورة هي يعني خير دليل احنا عندنا تجربة مكونة من
+
+177
+00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:36,140
+كاميرتين كل كاميرا محتوطة على stand هاي الكاميرا
+
+178
+00:12:36,140 --> 00:12:40,940
+الأولى وهي الكاميرا التانية الكاميرا الأولى فيها
+
+179
+00:12:40,940 --> 00:12:45,500
+عدسة وفيها film العدسة .. العدسة هي ال optical
+
+180
+00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,130
+systemوالفيلم هو ورقة التلقى، إذا العدسة ثابتة في
+
+181
+00:12:51,130 --> 00:12:55,790
+مكانها، ال stand مش هنحركه وورقة التلقى، وورقة
+
+182
+00:12:55,790 --> 00:12:58,850
+التلقى اللي هي الفيلم بتاع الكاميرا ثابت في مكانه،
+
+183
+00:12:58,850 --> 00:13:02,410
+مابتغيرش طالما العدسة ثابتة، الكاميرا ككل ثابتة،
+
+184
+00:13:02,410 --> 00:13:08,390
+تمام؟ الآن الإنسان هذا بدأ يتطلع بعينه عشان يشوف
+
+185
+00:13:08,390 --> 00:13:13,110
+وضوح وضوح الصورة قبل ما يلتقط الصورة، فوجد هو مركز
+
+186
+00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:17,310
+عند النقطة هىعند النقطة high ليه؟ عند رأس القط،
+
+187
+00:13:17,310 --> 00:13:21,250
+عند رأس القط أو رأس النمر إلى آخرين، فلاجف أنه في
+
+188
+00:13:21,250 --> 00:13:26,090
+range حوالين رأس القط واضحSo it's true that the
+
+189
+00:13:26,090 --> 00:13:28,650
+focus point is at the top of the cat
+
+223
+00:15:25,620 --> 00:15:28,960
+tree and the trees and the mountain and the trees 
+
+224
+00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,420
+on the mountain, so I have large depth of field,
+
+225
+00:15:32,540 --> 00:15:37,460
+large depth of field, which is compared to narrow
+
+226
+00:15:37,460 --> 00:15:41,920
+depth of field, of course, in quality, in quality, 
+
+227
+00:15:42,260 --> 00:15:44,980
+the second camera is considered better than the
+
+228
+00:15:44,980 --> 00:15:47,980
+first camera. Because when we meet a picture in it, 
+
+229
+00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:52,140
+we will be focusing on a certain point in the film 
+
+230
+00:15:52,140 --> 00:15:56,260
+And a wide area around this point that we are
+
+231
+00:15:56,260 --> 00:16:00,290
+focusing on, it will also be in focus, the depth of 
+
+232
+00:16:00,290 --> 00:16:04,030
+field is wide, so I will have a picture that is
+
+233
+00:16:04,030 --> 00:16:13,250
+very wide and not narrow as in the first picture. I
+
+234
+00:16:13,250 --> 00:16:16,540
+also have another example. I have the same two
+
+235
+00:16:16,540 --> 00:16:19,420
+cameras, but they are different. I mean the lenses 
+
+236
+00:16:19,420 --> 00:16:23,580
+are different, so here the focus point is on the 
+
+237
+00:16:23,580 --> 00:16:27,680
+man, we meet the image of the man, I mean to the 
+
+238
+00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:32,980
+point that we see or meet a picture of him here I 
+
+239
+00:16:32,980 --> 00:16:35,520
+have narrow depth or shallow depth of field 
+
+240
+00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:38,600
+shallow or narrow means narrow then it got deep 
+
+241
+00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:43,680
+and brought me deep so as we notice outside the
+
+242
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:49,760
+depth of field area I have the tree very deep and
+
+243
+00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:53,970
+the herbs very deep here I have wide or large depth
+
+244
+00:16:53,970 --> 00:16:56,670
+of field. It's true that the focus through the 
+
+245
+00:16:56,670 --> 00:16:59,770
+lens of the camera is focused on the man, but 
+
+246
+00:16:59,770 --> 00:17:05,910
+everything after the man is clear 
+
+247
+00:17:05,910 --> 00:17:09,690
+because I have a large depth of field. Large depth
+
+248
+00:17:09,690 --> 00:17:11,230
+of field.
+
+249
+00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:16,830
+So, we will stop, God willing, at the image
+
+250
+00:17:16,830 --> 00:17:20,610
+quality and God bless you. Peace, mercy and 
+
+251
+00:17:20,610 --> 00:17:21,170
+blessings of God be upon you. 

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/THW_ZA0qQJ8_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2752 @@
+1
+00:00:01,670 --> 00:00:05,130
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل مع محاضرات ال
+
+2
+00:00:05,130 --> 00:00:07,830
+geometric optics و اليوم هنحكي عن ال spherical
+
+3
+00:00:07,830 --> 00:00:15,670
+aberration الزيغ الكوراوي و هي نوع من أنواع ال
+
+4
+00:00:15,670 --> 00:00:19,350
+higher order aberration ال higher order aberration
+
+5
+00:00:19,350 --> 00:00:23,130
+هنشوف بس عشان نتخيل الموضوع كيف احنا بنحكي عن
+
+6
+00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,010
+spherical aberrations, we said that there are many
+
+7
+00:00:27,010 --> 00:00:30,570
+types of spherical aberrations or higher order
+
+8
+00:00:30,570 --> 00:00:34,310
+aberrations including spherical aberrations, let's
+
+9
+00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:43,170
+see how it means
+
+10
+00:00:43,170 --> 00:00:47,330
+of
+
+11
+00:00:47,330 --> 00:00:52,230
+point source of
+
+12
+00:00:52,230 --> 00:00:52,590
+light
+
+13
+00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:03,320
+Here we have an example of spherical aberrations,
+
+14
+00:01:03,940 --> 00:01:07,600
+where the point source of light is surrounded by a
+
+15
+00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:11,220
+halo of light that does not look like a point. Of
+
+16
+00:01:11,220 --> 00:01:13,360
+course, this has spherical aberration, and
+
+17
+00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:16,600
+everything we see has spherical aberration. So,
+
+18
+00:01:16,820 --> 00:01:20,540
+what causes spherical aberration? First of all,
+
+19
+00:01:20,620 --> 00:01:24,240
+spherical aberration causes night myopia, and in
+
+20
+00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:27,660
+some cases, a fluctuation of vision following
+
+21
+00:01:27,660 --> 00:01:31,740
+keratorefractive surgery.Spherical aberration, the
+
+22
+00:01:31,740 --> 00:01:34,460
+harm of its existence can happen to night myopia,
+
+23
+00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:38,160
+which means when the light is low, which means
+
+24
+00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:42,320
+close to the end of the day, at sunset or after
+
+25
+00:01:42,320 --> 00:01:46,240
+sunset, and the pupil of the person expands, it is
+
+26
+00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,020
+possible that because of the spherical aberration,
+
+27
+00:01:49,140 --> 00:01:52,900
+I get night myopia, instead of M trough, I get
+
+28
+00:01:52,900 --> 00:01:56,500
+myopia, or maybe the person who did Lasik and his
+
+29
+00:01:56,500 --> 00:01:59,720
+Lasik operation was successful,في النهار ممكن يشوف
+
+30
+00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:05,020
+كويس، في الليل يصير عنده تردي في حدة الإبصار زي ما
+
+31
+00:02:05,020 --> 00:02:09,150
+هنشوف بعد شويةIn order to understand why the
+
+32
+00:02:09,150 --> 00:02:12,210
+spherical aberration causes this problem, we need
+
+33
+00:02:12,210 --> 00:02:15,030
+to give an introduction. We say that although the
+
+34
+00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,730
+spherical surface focuses rays stigmatically in
+
+35
+00:02:18,730 --> 00:02:22,110
+the para-axial region according to the lensmaker's
+
+36
+00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:30,110
+equation that we took, rays outside that region do
+
+37
+00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:33,430
+not focus to a point, but rather give a point
+
+38
+00:02:33,430 --> 00:02:35,890
+spread function. If we go to a magnifying glass
+
+39
+00:02:35,890 --> 00:02:41,080
+here,الـ light rays اللي مشغلها باللون الأحمر هي
+
+40
+00:02:42,220 --> 00:02:45,280
+Paraxial ray is close to the optical axis and its
+
+41
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,400
+focus is ideal
+
+42
+00:03:13,380 --> 00:03:16,460
+The light ray, which is drawn in green, has its
+
+43
+00:03:16,460 --> 00:03:19,000
+focus here, while the red, which is drawn in
+
+44
+00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:24,120
+paraxial, has its focus here, the ideal focus,
+
+45
+00:03:24,220 --> 00:03:27,240
+which is the paraxial focus. The most peripheral
+
+46
+00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:32,360
+blue light rays are closest to the lens, so
+
+47
+00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:38,990
+wherever away from the optical axis, whereverThe
+
+48
+00:03:38,990 --> 00:03:42,830
+focus will be closer to the optical system This is
+
+49
+00:03:42,830 --> 00:03:49,430
+the reason of the multiple of the foci in the same
+
+50
+00:03:49,430 --> 00:03:54,730
+light band leading to the spherical aberration
+
+51
+00:03:54,730 --> 00:03:57,250
+leading to the spherical aberration
+
+52
+00:03:59,540 --> 00:04:02,540
+For a positive spherical surface, the farther
+
+53
+00:04:02,540 --> 00:04:05,860
+array is from the axis, the more anterior its
+
+54
+00:04:05,860 --> 00:04:06,260
+focus.
+
+55
+00:04:16,700 --> 00:04:19,540
+Spherical aberration has two effects
+
+56
+00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:26,820
+أول أثر ال image quality أو بين جسين ال visual
+
+57
+00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,240
+acuity decreases because the focus is not
+
+58
+00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:35,820
+stigmatic يعني لما أنا بشوف بعيني المجردة نفرض هذه
+
+59
+00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:40,840
+هي القرنية و العدسة و ورقة ا��تلقي هي ال retina لما
+
+60
+00:04:40,840 --> 00:04:43,700
+بقول أنه هذه العين فيها أو بتعمل spherical
+
+61
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,940
+aberration معناته بعض الأشعة يكون ال focus بتاعها
+
+62
+00:04:46,940 --> 00:04:50,580
+هنا بعضة هنا بعضة على ال retinasome behind the
+
+63
+00:04:50,580 --> 00:04:54,700
+retina, so not all rays are concentrated in one
+
+64
+00:04:54,700 --> 00:04:59,400
+point, which leads to poor image quality. Image
+
+65
+00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:03,600
+quality is affected by visual acuity
+
+66
+00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:12,560
+The image location is changed from the position
+
+67
+00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:15,820
+predicted by the lensmaker's equation and vergence
+
+68
+00:05:15,820 --> 00:05:18,040
+equation
+
+69
+00:05:23,050 --> 00:05:26,350
+It was derived from the use of Paraxial rays, when
+
+70
+00:05:26,350 --> 00:05:29,010
+we use the lens maker equation, it will tell us
+
+71
+00:05:29,010 --> 00:05:31,390
+that the focus is here or the image location is
+
+72
+00:05:31,390 --> 00:05:36,390
+here I have some rays here and some rays here and
+
+73
+00:05:36,390 --> 00:05:41,010
+some rays here and some rays hereإذن بقدرش أحدد
+
+74
+00:05:41,010 --> 00:05:45,190
+باستعمال ال lens maker equation إذا كل هذه الأشعة
+
+75
+00:05:45,190 --> 00:05:49,750
+بده تدخل لهذا ال optical system بقدرش أستعمل ال
+
+76
+00:05:49,750 --> 00:05:52,650
+lens maker equation و أقول والله ال image هتكون
+
+77
+00:05:52,650 --> 00:05:56,990
+هناI also can't use divergence calculations for
+
+78
+00:05:56,990 --> 00:06:04,030
+this purpose, so I have two
+
+79
+00:06:04,030 --> 00:06:10,290
+negative things or two negative effects for
+
+80
+00:06:10,290 --> 00:06:12,950
+spherical aberration or something that affects my
+
+81
+00:06:12,950 --> 00:06:14,990
+visual acuity or something that doesn't let me
+
+82
+00:06:14,990 --> 00:06:19,310
+know exactly where the image location isطيب لو
+
+83
+00:06:19,310 --> 00:06:23,390
+اجينا احنا نسينا شوية ال .. ال .. ال aberration و
+
+84
+00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:27,030
+نسينا شوية ال para axial ray و ال peripheral ray و
+
+85
+00:06:27,030 --> 00:06:30,810
+قولنا أين تقع ال image Roughly speaking, the best
+
+86
+00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:34,930
+focus is achieved where the rays are confined to
+
+87
+00:06:34,930 --> 00:06:38,450
+the smallest area بمعنى أخر، هاي عندي أنا عندي
+
+88
+00:06:38,450 --> 00:06:43,120
+نفرض ست أشعةIt's two red and two green and two
+
+89
+00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:47,220
+blue Let's suppose that they are all together They
+
+90
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,140
+all want to make a picture of me because they all
+
+91
+00:06:51,140 --> 00:06:55,200
+started from the same point Okay, if I took a clip
+
+92
+00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:59,240
+here, the clip will be .. if I put the receipt
+
+93
+00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,940
+paper here, it will be the circle made up of these
+
+94
+00:07:01,940 --> 00:07:05,760
+rays, that is, its diameter is large The smallest
+
+95
+00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:08,160
+diameter possible here, that's why they call it
+
+96
+00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,430
+the best focusYou can also say that here is an
+
+97
+00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:16,350
+ideal focus, here are two of the six rays, meaning
+
+98
+00:07:16,350 --> 00:07:20,670
+one third of the rays are focusing here, while the
+
+99
+00:07:20,670 --> 00:07:26,590
+rest are not, so if I take a point here, it will
+
+100
+00:07:26,590 --> 00:07:29,790
+be the circle, if we assume that this is a wall,
+
+101
+00:07:29,910 --> 00:07:34,590
+the circle will be its line from here to hereوهنا
+
+102
+00:07:34,590 --> 00:07:37,430
+برضه مش مناسب، من هنا لأ، يعني أصغر مقطع هيكون
+
+103
+00:07:37,430 --> 00:07:41,370
+هنا، هذا ال best focus، هذا ال best focus، اذا the
+
+104
+00:07:41,370 --> 00:07:44,870
+best focus is achieved where the rays are confined
+
+105
+00:07:44,870 --> 00:07:47,690
+to the smallest area، واضح أنه ال best focus هنا
+
+106
+00:07:47,690 --> 00:07:52,290
+عنديIf I use the lens maker equation, it will show
+
+107
+00:07:52,290 --> 00:07:54,890
+me the image here, while the best focus is here.
+
+108
+00:07:55,010 --> 00:07:58,310
+Why? Because the lens maker equation is used only
+
+109
+00:07:58,310 --> 00:08:01,150
+for the Paraxial ray, while I don't want to take
+
+110
+00:08:01,150 --> 00:08:04,750
+all the rays, no, the best focus is here, the best
+
+111
+00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,590
+focus is here. Okay, we want to imagine as usual
+
+112
+00:08:07,590 --> 00:08:12,170
+that this is the crystalline lens, this is the
+
+113
+00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:18,350
+crystalline lens and we come hereNorrison, the
+
+114
+00:08:18,350 --> 00:08:18,630
+pupil
+
+115
+00:08:46,140 --> 00:08:50,060
+In the day, the pupil, which is the opening in the
+
+116
+00:08:50,060 --> 00:08:55,300
+iris, allows only in the day, because the pupil is
+
+117
+00:08:55,300 --> 00:08:58,440
+closed, it allows only the para-axial ray to pass,
+
+118
+00:08:58,620 --> 00:09:03,220
+and if we imagine that the retina is here, then
+
+119
+00:09:03,220 --> 00:09:07,620
+the para-axial ray focuses on the retina, so the
+
+120
+00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,000
+picture is very clear, there is no problem. In the
+
+121
+00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:16,410
+day. At night, the butt will happen.expanded as a
+
+122
+00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:19,150
+result of the light of the sun and the amount of
+
+123
+00:09:19,150 --> 00:09:21,690
+light in the darkness is less, so it expands the
+
+124
+00:09:21,690 --> 00:09:25,910
+belly All these rays enter the crystalline lens,
+
+125
+00:09:26,150 --> 00:09:29,150
+of course after entering the cornea So where is
+
+126
+00:09:29,150 --> 00:09:31,010
+the best focus? The best focus is in front of the
+
+127
+00:09:31,010 --> 00:09:34,210
+retina, so that's why this is for the person who
+
+128
+00:09:34,210 --> 00:09:38,670
+has the focus The best focus means the best focus
+
+129
+00:09:38,670 --> 00:09:41,970
+for all the rays gathered herewhile the retina is
+
+130
+00:09:41,970 --> 00:09:44,830
+here, the retina will not change its place, so
+
+131
+00:09:44,830 --> 00:09:48,390
+when the focus is in front of the retina, then
+
+132
+00:09:48,390 --> 00:09:54,390
+this person who was before m-trop, that is, he has
+
+133
+00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:56,730
+neither short nor long, that is, neither in front
+
+134
+00:09:56,730 --> 00:09:59,670
+of the retina nor behind the retina, became at
+
+135
+00:09:59,670 --> 00:10:04,010
+night with myopia because the focus became .. the
+
+136
+00:10:04,010 --> 00:10:07,630
+focus becameIn this region, in front of the
+
+137
+00:10:07,630 --> 00:10:09,810
+retina, it is known that the focus in front of the
+
+138
+00:10:09,810 --> 00:10:14,750
+retina is considered major. So this patient...This
+
+139
+00:10:14,750 --> 00:10:17,630
+patient, during the day, is immature, and during
+
+140
+00:10:17,630 --> 00:10:20,270
+the night, he has night myopia. We need to make
+
+141
+00:10:20,270 --> 00:10:22,350
+sure that if we examine him during sunset, and the
+
+142
+00:10:22,350 --> 00:10:25,370
+amount of light in the room reduces a little, if
+
+143
+00:10:25,370 --> 00:10:28,290
+we put minus one or minus half, we will find that
+
+144
+00:10:28,290 --> 00:10:31,750
+he started to see more clearly than if we did not
+
+145
+00:10:31,750 --> 00:10:35,610
+put any lens on him. So this night myopia is
+
+146
+00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:38,130
+caused by the enlargement of the pupil, the
+
+147
+00:10:38,130 --> 00:10:40,490
+peripheral ray, which is larger than the para
+
+148
+00:10:40,490 --> 00:10:47,140
+-axial ray, all entered the eye,الاشعع مجتمع سواء
+
+149
+00:10:47,140 --> 00:10:49,760
+paraaxial أو peripheral كلها مع بعضها ال best
+
+150
+00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,860
+focus بتاعها هنا و هذا الموقع هو أمام ال retina هو
+
+151
+00:10:53,860 --> 00:11:00,420
+أمام ال retina فبالتالي هذا بيحكيلي أنه ال
+
+152
+00:11:00,420 --> 00:11:04,040
+spherical aberration بتسبب night myopia in the
+
+153
+00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:09,260
+human eye spherical aberrationIt shifts the focus
+
+154
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:13,300
+anteriorly, بتحركلي ال focus في ال human eye بتحرك
+
+155
+00:11:13,300 --> 00:11:17,760
+ال focus anteriorly يعني كان على الشبكية بس بسبب
+
+156
+00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,340
+ال spherical aberration اتحرك للأمام
+
+157
+00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:26,600
+making the patient slightly more myopic than would
+
+158
+00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,180
+be expected from vergence calculations
+
+159
+00:11:48,290 --> 00:11:50,710
+The object at a certain distance, for example, and
+
+160
+00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:53,570
+this is the optical system, and according to the
+
+161
+00:11:53,570 --> 00:11:55,290
+image distance, it came out in front of the
+
+162
+00:11:55,290 --> 00:11:57,930
+network of half a diopter. I said that this eye
+
+163
+00:11:57,930 --> 00:12:02,070
+has a myopia of half a diopter. Half a diopter,
+
+164
+00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:06,150
+according to Virgin's calculations.The spherical
+
+165
+00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:08,450
+aberration will make it slightly more than half a
+
+166
+00:12:08,450 --> 00:12:10,310
+diopter, for example one diopter, one and a
+
+167
+00:12:10,310 --> 00:12:13,670
+quarter diopter, one and a half diopter, so this
+
+168
+00:12:13,670 --> 00:12:18,150
+case is slightly more myopic than would be
+
+169
+00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:23,870
+expected from virgin's calculations Okay, this is
+
+170
+00:12:23,870 --> 00:12:26,830
+a point, there is also something that if a person
+
+171
+00:12:26,830 --> 00:12:30,390
+is already myopicThe spherical aberration
+
+172
+00:12:30,390 --> 00:12:33,610
+exacerbates myopia in low light. The spherical
+
+173
+00:12:33,610 --> 00:12:35,590
+aberration increases myopia. For example, if
+
+174
+00:12:35,590 --> 00:12:39,150
+someone has two degrees of myopia and has
+
+175
+00:12:39,150 --> 00:12:41,290
+spherical aberration, two degrees during the day
+
+176
+00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:44,210
+will become two and a half or three degrees at
+
+177
+00:12:44,210 --> 00:12:49,890
+night. On the contrary, in low light, in brighter
+
+178
+00:12:49,890 --> 00:12:53,270
+conditions during the day, the pupil constricts,
+
+179
+00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:56,150
+blocking the more peripheral ray and minimizing
+
+180
+00:12:56,150 --> 00:12:59,980
+the effect of spherical aberration.So, during the
+
+181
+00:12:59,980 --> 00:13:03,660
+day, when there is a high external radiation to
+
+182
+00:13:03,660 --> 00:13:08,840
+the pupil constricts
+
+183
+00:13:16,450 --> 00:13:22,650
+It means that only the para-axial region is
+
+184
+00:13:22,650 --> 00:13:23,410
+allowed to enter the eye, but the peripheral
+
+185
+00:13:23,410 --> 00:13:25,390
+region will be blocked because it will collide
+
+186
+00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,950
+with the iris, so it will get rid of the spherical
+
+187
+00:13:28,950 --> 00:13:31,250
+aberration A person can say that it is excellent,
+
+188
+00:13:31,390 --> 00:13:33,810
+so the solution is to make a meiosis for a person
+
+189
+00:13:33,810 --> 00:13:36,610
+who has a spherical aberration We make a meiosis
+
+190
+00:13:36,610 --> 00:13:41,970
+for a person who has a spherical aberration, that
+
+191
+00:13:41,970 --> 00:13:46,940
+is, we make a contraction for the buttطبعا لو
+
+192
+00:13:46,940 --> 00:13:50,960
+شوفنا الرسم هاي هذا meiotic pupil constricted او
+
+193
+00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,940
+meiotic pupil هذا normal او حتى slightly dilated
+
+194
+00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:00,240
+pupil هنا يعني maximally dilated pupil maximally
+
+195
+00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:04,780
+dilated pupil طبعا احنا بنقدر نحدث meiosis نقدر
+
+196
+00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:08,720
+نحدث meiosis pharmacologically بواسطة قطرة ال
+
+197
+00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:14,640
+bilocarbine بواسطة قطرة ال bilocarbine تستخدمليه
+
+198
+00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:19,480
+تضيق البقبو؟ ليه تضيق البقبو؟ ليه bilocarbine
+
+199
+00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:23,980
+تستخدم في علاج أنواع معينة من الglucoma، من ارتفاع
+
+200
+00:14:23,980 --> 00:14:29,360
+ضغط العين، بس هي بتعمل تضيق في البقبو، بتعمل تضيق
+
+201
+00:14:29,360 --> 00:14:32,460
+في البقبو طيب، ممكن إنسان يقول طيب إذا الحل عشان
+
+202
+00:14:32,460 --> 00:14:36,520
+نخلص من ال spherical aberration، بنضيق البقبو،
+
+203
+00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:41,000
+بنقول هنا الحل هيقدّي له مشكلتين، احنا حلينا مشكلة
+
+204
+00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:45,390
+ال spherical aberrationBut we will increase the
+
+205
+00:14:45,390 --> 00:14:47,330
+diffraction problem It is known that when the
+
+206
+00:14:47,330 --> 00:14:50,270
+pupil shrinks, the diffraction increases The
+
+207
+00:14:50,270 --> 00:14:52,830
+radiation fluctuation increases, so I will make
+
+208
+00:14:52,830 --> 00:14:55,590
+another problem Other than the spherical
+
+209
+00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:57,450
+aberration problem, which is diffraction This is
+
+210
+00:14:57,450 --> 00:15:01,670
+one point The second point becomes the field that
+
+211
+00:15:01,670 --> 00:15:06,430
+the eye can see constricted The field that the eye
+
+212
+00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:10,110
+can see constricted, that is, the peripheral areas
+
+213
+00:15:17,460 --> 00:15:19,820
+constricted field of vision constricted field of
+
+214
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:28,060
+vision constricted
+
+215
+00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:33,640
+field of vision constricted field of vision
+
+216
+00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:39,660
+constricted field of vision constricted
+
+217
+00:15:39,660 --> 00:15:40,320
+field of vision
+
+218
+00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:47,160
+constricted field of vision, maybe this picture is
+
+219
+00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:51,460
+more expressive when I do meiosis, here the field
+
+220
+00:15:51,460 --> 00:15:58,600
+extends 180 degrees on both sidesالان هذه المناطق
+
+221
+00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:03,460
+أصبحت برا ال field وممكن هذه المناطق تكبر مع ال
+
+222
+00:16:03,460 --> 00:16:07,480
+meiosis يعني بمعنى بس ال central area هي اللي
+
+223
+00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:10,080
+واضحة بس ال central area هي اللي واضحة فبصير
+
+224
+00:16:10,080 --> 00:16:15,560
+construction لل field of vision فهذا بالتالي من
+
+225
+00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:18,120
+عيوب ال meiosis يعني ال meiosis هعمل diffraction
+
+226
+00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:21,230
+أكترIt will create a constriction in the field, so
+
+227
+00:16:21,230 --> 00:16:28,570
+the patient with myosis will only see the central
+
+228
+00:16:28,570 --> 00:16:32,350
+field in front of him and the edges of the field
+
+229
+00:16:32,350 --> 00:16:35,490
+will not be able to see it because of myosis, so
+
+230
+00:16:35,490 --> 00:16:38,810
+it will create a problem for him. So in brighter
+
+231
+00:16:38,810 --> 00:16:45,040
+conditions, the pupil constrictsblocking the more
+
+232
+00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,140
+peripheral rays and minimizing the effect of
+
+233
+00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:55,140
+spherical aberration. As the pupil enlarges more
+
+234
+00:16:55,140 --> 00:16:59,480
+peripheral
+
+235
+00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:04,320
+rays enter the eye and the focus shifts anteriorly
+
+236
+00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:07,280
+making the patient slightly more myopic in low
+
+237
+00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,700
+light conditions.Okay, how much does it become
+
+238
+00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:13,740
+myopic? Does it become 10 myopia diopters or 5
+
+239
+00:17:13,740 --> 00:17:16,260
+diopters? No, it's typically the amount of myopic
+
+240
+00:17:16,260 --> 00:17:20,020
+shift is about half a diopter, is about half a
+
+241
+00:17:20,020 --> 00:17:22,400
+diopter. Okay, a person might say, well, half a
+
+242
+00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:24,900
+diopter is little. We say, no, it's little, but it
+
+243
+00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,240
+can affect the patient. Look how a person has, for
+
+244
+00:17:28,240 --> 00:17:32,580
+example, minus 6 myopia diopters. This is before
+
+245
+00:17:32,580 --> 00:17:37,790
+the laser operation. After the laser operation,It
+
+246
+00:17:37,790 --> 00:17:41,110
+remained half-diopter myopia minus half-diopter,
+
+247
+00:17:41,950 --> 00:17:46,330
+which is
+
+248
+00:17:46,330 --> 00:17:49,110
+amazing because after having six degrees of
+
+249
+00:17:49,110 --> 00:17:51,870
+myopia, it became half-diopter myopia. But because
+
+250
+00:17:51,870 --> 00:17:55,210
+of the spherical aberration at night, this half
+
+251
+00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,950
+-diopter became one-diopter. One-diopter means
+
+252
+00:17:57,950 --> 00:18:00,510
+that Morocco needs glasses.especially if he
+
+253
+00:18:00,510 --> 00:18:04,850
+watches TV, if he wants to read on his phone or in
+
+254
+00:18:04,850 --> 00:18:08,530
+his book or any close work, there is no problem
+
+255
+00:18:08,530 --> 00:18:12,630
+with one diopter myopia. But if there is no
+
+256
+00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:15,270
+spherical aberration as much as the half diopter
+
+257
+00:18:15,270 --> 00:18:18,770
+myopia can seeThe distance when near is good, but
+
+258
+00:18:18,770 --> 00:18:22,610
+on one diopter myopia, usually when you read the
+
+259
+00:18:22,610 --> 00:18:26,390
+newspaper, you might need glasses So he did the
+
+260
+00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:29,370
+laser operation and paid for it to get rid of the
+
+261
+00:18:29,370 --> 00:18:32,350
+glasses But because of the spherical aberration,
+
+262
+00:18:32,430 --> 00:18:34,910
+this is an example, so that we don't get bored
+
+263
+00:18:34,910 --> 00:18:38,410
+with the word half-diopter myopia This is an
+
+264
+00:18:38,410 --> 00:18:41,070
+example that explains why half-diopter might make
+
+265
+00:18:41,070 --> 00:18:46,090
+sense to meTypically, the amount of myopic shift
+
+266
+00:18:46,090 --> 00:18:55,230
+is about half a diopter. In addition, because of
+
+267
+00:18:55,230 --> 00:18:56,110
+dark adaptation
+
+268
+00:19:09,670 --> 00:19:12,250
+The human eye enters a state called dark
+
+269
+00:19:12,250 --> 00:19:17,250
+adaptation In this dark adaptation, what happens
+
+270
+00:19:17,250 --> 00:19:24,380
+chemically in the retinal rodswhich is the
+
+271
+00:19:24,380 --> 00:19:27,540
+photoreceptors, which are the rods become more
+
+272
+00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:30,500
+sensitive to the shorter blue wavelength of light
+
+273
+00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,840
+become more sensitive to the shorter wavelength of
+
+274
+00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:36,520
+light, which is what we mean by blue light okay,
+
+275
+00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:40,280
+for blue light, its focus is still more anterior
+
+276
+00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:45,020
+contributing further to night myopia okay let's
+
+277
+00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:45,900
+see this picture
+
+278
+00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:53,620
+these eyes have spherical aberration spherical
+
+279
+00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:58,940
+aberration occurs to night myopia this is one
+
+280
+00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:01,880
+point but there is another point as long as it is
+
+281
+00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:04,060
+night myopia means that darkness is gone these
+
+282
+00:20:04,060 --> 00:20:07,460
+eyes become dark adapted the rods in the retina
+
+283
+00:20:07,460 --> 00:20:10,600
+become more sensitive to blue light and blue
+
+284
+00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:14,800
+light's focus is still anteriorIn comparison with
+
+285
+00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:19,200
+red and yellow and green, it's more anterior, if
+
+286
+00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:22,460
+this eye is closer to the red light
+
+287
+00:20:31,520 --> 00:20:34,300
+closer to the optical system than the red light
+
+288
+00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:36,380
+because the refractive index for the eye is higher
+
+289
+00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:39,140
+for the blue than for the green than for the red.
+
+290
+00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:44,920
+Okay. The night myopia happened to the white
+
+291
+00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,580
+wavelength which is contained on all this
+
+292
+00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:50,740
+spectrum, but for the blue it is stronger. The
+
+293
+00:20:50,740 --> 00:20:53,780
+night myopia is stronger and this contributes
+
+294
+00:20:53,780 --> 00:20:58,260
+further to night myopia.Spherical aberration
+
+295
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,960
+accounts
+
+296
+00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:19,720
+for
+
+297
+00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:23,500
+some cases of fluctuating vision following
+
+298
+00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:27,150
+keratorefractive surgery.Keratorefractive surgery
+
+299
+00:21:27,150 --> 00:21:30,490
+which
+
+300
+00:21:30,490 --> 00:21:34,030
+is laser, PRK, and similar operations that are
+
+301
+00:21:34,030 --> 00:21:40,170
+modified by correlation or interference in two
+
+302
+00:21:40,170 --> 00:21:42,730
+lenses to change the refractive error or correct
+
+303
+00:21:42,730 --> 00:21:45,110
+the refractive error and all of them are combined
+
+304
+00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:48,290
+under one title which is laser vision correction
+
+305
+00:21:52,050 --> 00:21:54,270
+One of the most famous operations is the Lasik
+
+306
+00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:57,510
+operation and PRK operation. Of course, the name
+
+307
+00:21:57,510 --> 00:22:00,210
+that was given to them is keratorefractive
+
+308
+00:22:00,210 --> 00:22:03,470
+surgery, which means the refraction operations
+
+309
+00:22:03,470 --> 00:22:06,450
+that occur on the cornea, kerato means cornea.
+
+310
+00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,620
+in the day it's good, 6 out of 6, at night it's
+
+311
+00:22:25,620 --> 00:22:29,040
+bad, it comes back the next day, it's good, in the
+
+312
+00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:33,280
+day .. so therefore the vision fluctuates between
+
+313
+00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,860
+good and bad, of course bad because of the
+
+314
+00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:39,380
+spherical aberration in the low light conditions,
+
+315
+00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:43,380
+in the low light condition normally the cornea is
+
+316
+00:22:43,380 --> 00:22:46,160
+flatter peripherally than centrally which
+
+317
+00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:51,220
+decreases spherical aberration okay, we say that a
+
+318
+00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,300
+personmeans that it is created in relation to the
+
+319
+00:22:55,300 --> 00:23:00,660
+edges more flat. Why? Because its force is less
+
+320
+00:23:00,660 --> 00:23:03,360
+than the central cornea. The central cornea
+
+321
+00:23:03,360 --> 00:23:08,060
+focuses on the retina, behind the axial rays. And
+
+322
+00:23:08,060 --> 00:23:11,120
+here, the peripheral cornea, if the force of the
+
+323
+00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:12,940
+cornea here is the same force in the central
+
+324
+00:23:12,940 --> 00:23:18,020
+retina, then the peripheral ray should shift to
+
+325
+00:23:18,020 --> 00:23:22,440
+the anterior focus, as shown in this drawing.ليه
+
+326
+00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:26,340
+أول رسم؟ هاي ال peripheral ray، هذي sphere تماما،
+
+327
+00:23:26,340 --> 00:23:29,460
+يعني التحدب هنا، نفس التحدب هنا، نفس التحدب هنا،
+
+328
+00:23:29,460 --> 00:23:33,520
+نفس التحدب هنا، كل نقاطها متحدبة بنفس القدر،
+
+329
+00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:37,060
+فبالتالي هذا ال spherical shape، ال total
+
+330
+00:23:37,060 --> 00:23:42,230
+spherical shapeبخل عندى تحدث spherical aberration,
+
+331
+00:23:42,350 --> 00:23:46,510
+spherical aberration يعني رب العالمين لما يعني خلق
+
+332
+00:23:46,510 --> 00:23:50,390
+الإنسان أحسن تقويمه لقد خلقنا الإنسان في أحسن
+
+333
+00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:55,260
+تقويم كانت الكورنيا flat peripherallyflat
+
+334
+00:23:55,260 --> 00:23:58,440
+peripherally يعني flat بمعنى إذا كان هنا قوتها
+
+335
+00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,460
+أربعة و أربعين ديوقتر هنا ممكن تكون تلاتة و أربعين
+
+336
+00:24:01,460 --> 00:24:05,060
+أو اتنين و أربعين و نص يعني أضعف كعدسة هذه المنطقة
+
+337
+00:24:05,060 --> 00:24:08,320
+و هذه المنطقة ال periphery of the cornea ليش؟ عشان
+
+338
+00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:13,170
+ماتقدرش تجمع الأشعة أمامthe retina, so that
+
+339
+00:24:13,170 --> 00:24:15,970
+everything is gathered in one point. If the retina
+
+340
+00:24:15,970 --> 00:24:18,490
+is peripherally flat and centrally more steep,
+
+341
+00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:22,050
+this delays or prevents or reduces the spherical
+
+342
+00:24:22,050 --> 00:24:25,030
+aberration, and the peripheral with the paraxial
+
+343
+00:24:25,030 --> 00:24:30,150
+rays gather in one point and reduce the spherical
+
+344
+00:24:30,150 --> 00:24:34,230
+aberration. Normally, in normal conditions, the
+
+345
+00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:37,610
+cornea is flatter peripherally than centrally,طبعا
+
+346
+00:24:37,610 --> 00:24:41,450
+هذا ايش فيته؟ هذا decreases spherical aberration
+
+347
+00:24:41,450 --> 00:24:43,810
+.. decreases spherical aberration ممكن انسان يقول
+
+348
+00:24:43,810 --> 00:24:46,990
+طب هنا احنا ال pupil هو اللي بيمنع اصلا ال
+
+349
+00:24:46,990 --> 00:24:50,770
+peripheral ray مش هتدخل مظبوط هنا لما يكون ال
+
+350
+00:24:50,770 --> 00:24:55,050
+pupil constricted ال peripheral ray مش هتدخل ففيش
+
+351
+00:24:55,050 --> 00:24:59,650
+spherical aberration بس من عظمة الخلق انه حتى في
+
+352
+00:24:59,650 --> 00:25:04,470
+الليل لما ال pupil بتوسعWhen the pupil expands and
+
+353
+00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:06,950
+enters the peripheral ray, which we called the
+
+354
+00:25:06,950 --> 00:25:10,710
+yellow color, even if the pupil is wide at night,
+
+355
+00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:15,150
+the focus will not change because the cornea here
+
+356
+00:25:15,150 --> 00:25:17,170
+is closed. The focus will not change because the
+
+357
+00:25:17,170 --> 00:25:23,110
+cornea here is closed. Now, some operations that
+
+358
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,790
+correct the vision increase the spherical
+
+359
+00:25:27,790 --> 00:25:30,960
+aberration. One of the most common operationswhich
+
+360
+00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,240
+causes the spherical aberration called radial
+
+361
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:37,340
+keratotomy. Radial keratotomy is the process of
+
+362
+00:25:37,340 --> 00:25:43,540
+coronal abrasion. This is what was discovered or
+
+363
+00:25:43,540 --> 00:25:46,200
+thought about in the beginning by Feodorov, the
+
+364
+00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,960
+Russian scientist Feodorov, a scientist of eye
+
+365
+00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:52,300
+medicine, who has a institute of eye medicine in
+
+366
+00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:54,100
+Moscow.
+
+367
+00:25:55,940 --> 00:25:58,820
+The injection process is what corrects the vision.
+
+368
+00:25:59,380 --> 00:26:04,060
+This process is a radial incision in the cornea.
+
+369
+00:26:04,580 --> 00:26:07,980
+This is one of the incisions. If we take a picture
+
+370
+00:26:07,980 --> 00:26:12,320
+of this, from the paracentral cornea, it does not
+
+371
+00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:13,800
+come to the center because it does not make a mess
+
+372
+00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:18,360
+in the vision. And it makes an incision, a cut. Of
+
+373
+00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:20,080
+course, the cut is not full thickness. That is,
+
+374
+00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:23,600
+the cut is about 70% to 80% of the corneal
+
+375
+00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,410
+thickness. The cut ends here.طبعا إيش هذا أهميته؟
+
+376
+00:26:27,410 --> 00:26:30,570
+هذا ال .. هذه طبعا هنا عامل تقريبا عشرة، واحد،
+
+377
+00:26:30,570 --> 00:26:33,630
+اتنين، تلاتة، أربعة، على ناحية التانية أربعة وعلى
+
+378
+00:26:33,630 --> 00:26:38,210
+تسعين فيه كمان اتنين، إذا في عشر ممكن توصل لستاش و
+
+379
+00:26:38,210 --> 00:26:41,790
+أحيانا بنعمل تمانية طيب إيش ال .. الأهمية بتاعة
+
+380
+00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:46,390
+إحداث تشطيبات في الكورية؟ إنه نعملها يسموها تشطيب
+
+381
+00:26:46,390 --> 00:26:51,140
+القرانيةTashteeb القرنية or Radial .. Radial لإنه
+
+382
+00:26:51,140 --> 00:26:56,380
+جاية كإنها radius كإنه نصف قطر فبالتالي إيش
+
+383
+00:26:56,380 --> 00:27:00,300
+الفايدة منها؟ إنه تضعف القرنية في المناطق هاي ليش
+
+384
+00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:03,620
+بدنا تضعف القرنية في المناطق هاي؟ عشان ضغط العين
+
+385
+00:27:03,620 --> 00:27:08,810
+من الداخل يدفعها للخارج فلما بيدفعها للخارجThe
+
+386
+00:27:08,810 --> 00:27:11,890
+central cornea becomes flat, as seen in this
+
+387
+00:27:11,890 --> 00:27:14,350
+picture, the pressure of the eye pushes it
+
+388
+00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:19,470
+outward, because it has become thin areas, and
+
+389
+00:27:19,470 --> 00:27:21,410
+most areas will be affected by the pressure of the
+
+390
+00:27:21,410 --> 00:27:21,610
+eye,
+
+391
+00:27:27,970 --> 00:27:29,950
+in the areas of wrinkles
+
+392
+00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:37,800
+and as a result of the intraocular pressure
+
+393
+00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:39,860
+pressure, the central cornea will become more
+
+394
+00:27:39,860 --> 00:27:44,340
+flat. This will heal to about 2 to 2.5 degrees and
+
+395
+00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:47,800
+sometimes more than myopia and sometimes more than
+
+396
+00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,780
+myopia. Of course, this process will stop now for
+
+397
+00:27:50,780 --> 00:27:55,160
+several reasons.It's not predictable. You can't
+
+398
+00:27:55,160 --> 00:28:02,500
+determine how much the story can
+
+399
+00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:04,100
+be corrected. Can it be corrected to a degree or
+
+400
+00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:06,300
+another degree? You can't control it at any point.
+
+401
+00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:11,020
+The second point is that we can't after that make
+
+402
+00:28:11,020 --> 00:28:13,320
+it difficult to measure the power of the lens if
+
+403
+00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:16,240
+this person or this eye has cataract after that
+
+404
+00:28:17,650 --> 00:28:20,010
+means that after the keratotomy, it becomes very
+
+405
+00:28:20,010 --> 00:28:22,670
+difficult or requires complicated calculations to
+
+406
+00:28:22,670 --> 00:28:26,150
+reach the correct lens strength. But our topic
+
+407
+00:28:26,150 --> 00:28:30,490
+today is that we said in the natural, the
+
+408
+00:28:30,490 --> 00:28:38,770
+peripheral cornea should beflatter than
+
+409
+00:28:38,770 --> 00:28:44,550
+the central cornea
+
+410
+00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,320
+Peripheral cornea is steep, so this will increase
+
+411
+00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:56,980
+the spherical aberration,
+
+412
+00:28:57,080 --> 00:28:59,200
+and this is the secret of the sentence high radial
+
+413
+00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,600
+keratotomy makes the cornea more spherical
+
+414
+00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:08,350
+increasing the spherical aberrationAlso, the laser
+
+415
+00:29:08,350 --> 00:29:11,110
+in situ keratomylosis, which is the laser, and the
+
+416
+00:29:11,110 --> 00:29:13,610
+photorefractive keratectomy, which is the PRK,
+
+417
+00:29:13,710 --> 00:29:16,570
+which is a type of laser vision correction, the
+
+418
+00:29:16,570 --> 00:29:18,810
+laser process and the PRK process, which is the
+
+419
+00:29:18,810 --> 00:29:22,250
+laser on the surface they call it, can make the
+
+420
+00:29:22,250 --> 00:29:25,150
+central cornea flatter than the peripheral cornea,
+
+421
+00:29:25,670 --> 00:29:30,030
+with the same view that we see, so this leads to
+
+422
+00:29:30,030 --> 00:29:35,440
+increased spherical aberration. So here we sayThe
+
+423
+00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:39,800
+spherical aberration is responsible for the
+
+424
+00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:43,040
+fluctuating vision between good and bad, good and
+
+425
+00:29:43,040 --> 00:29:46,900
+bad after keratorefractive surgery. All these
+
+426
+00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:49,900
+operations, whether radial keratotomy, which is
+
+427
+00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,320
+now stopped by the world to run it, or LASIK or
+
+428
+00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:55,000
+PRK, are all considered keratorefractive
+
+429
+00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,960
+procedures, keratorefractive procedures.
+
+430
+00:29:58,140 --> 00:30:06,680
+Therefore, this case must be clear.Here, when we
+
+431
+00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,980
+take an Arabic paragraph, this is before LASIK and
+
+432
+00:30:09,980 --> 00:30:11,840
+this is after LASIK, it is clear that the central
+
+433
+00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:14,540
+cornea became flat, so it became a challenge to
+
+434
+00:30:14,540 --> 00:30:15,640
+the peripheral cornea
+
+435
+00:30:18,910 --> 00:30:24,190
+in general, the effect of spherical
+
+436
+00:30:24,190 --> 00:30:33,690
+aberration
+
+437
+00:30:33,690 --> 00:30:37,770
+increases as the force power of the pupil diameter
+
+438
+00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:41,500
+Doubling pupil diameter increases spherical
+
+439
+00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:46,200
+aberration 16 times ما .. ما معنا هذا الكلام؟ نطلع
+
+440
+00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:54,000
+على ال calculator بنقول كالقاعدى لو افترضنا انه في
+
+441
+00:30:54,000 --> 00:31:02,520
+وضعية .. و البقبق في وضع الطبيعي في النهار البقبق
+
+442
+00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:04,180
+في وضع الطبيعي في النهار
+
+443
+00:31:06,740 --> 00:31:08,780
+The natural state of the owl is that it is not
+
+444
+00:31:08,780 --> 00:31:11,600
+enlarged due to the presence of high light, which
+
+445
+00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:15,880
+is the rays of the sun or light in general Let's
+
+446
+00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,220
+assume that in this state there is spherical
+
+447
+00:31:18,220 --> 00:31:20,780
+aberration, but its quantity is small and caused
+
+448
+00:31:20,780 --> 00:31:25,600
+by a myopia whose amount is minus a quarter of a
+
+449
+00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,860
+diopter. Not many people will feel it So in the
+
+450
+00:31:28,860 --> 00:31:33,700
+state of the size of the owl like thisPupil
+
+451
+00:31:33,700 --> 00:31:36,760
+diameter is 3 mm
+
+452
+00:31:43,890 --> 00:31:45,950
+you enter a little bit of peripheral rays, it will
+
+453
+00:31:45,950 --> 00:31:48,890
+make an aberration, spherical aberration, it will
+
+454
+00:31:48,890 --> 00:31:51,710
+lead to a myopia of a quarter of a diopter, not
+
+455
+00:31:51,710 --> 00:31:53,870
+very significant, meaning retina here, for
+
+456
+00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:57,350
+example, and the focus, the best focus here, a
+
+457
+00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,270
+person will not feel it much, so you have a 3 mm
+
+458
+00:32:01,270 --> 00:32:04,090
+bulb, the spherical aberration is a quarter of it,
+
+459
+00:32:04,250 --> 00:32:06,770
+okay, let's assume that with Morocco, the bulb
+
+460
+00:32:06,770 --> 00:32:10,710
+became 6
+
+461
+00:32:10,710 --> 00:32:15,440
+mm in size6 millimeters means it doubled twice so
+
+462
+00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,520
+the bubble at night or in the dark is 6
+
+463
+00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:25,880
+millimeters okay 6 millimeters so
+
+464
+00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:29,380
+the amount of duplication in the bubble became
+
+465
+00:32:29,380 --> 00:32:34,920
+double how much increased the spherical aberration
+
+466
+00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:40,660
+the spherical aberration shortened SA increased in
+
+467
+00:32:40,660 --> 00:32:46,480
+amount The increase in
+
+468
+00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:54,140
+pupil diameter Pupil
+
+469
+00:32:54,140 --> 00:33:00,220
+diameter Equals
+
+470
+00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:08,480
+to 4 Equals to 4 How much did it increase? It
+
+471
+00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:12,200
+doubled So the spherical aberration hereThe
+
+472
+00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:17,800
+spherical aberration is equal to... The parrot
+
+473
+00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:27,920
+doubled twice 4 times which is equal to 16 Look at
+
+474
+00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:38,280
+the calculator The
+
+475
+00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:39,520
+parrot doubled twice
+
+476
+00:33:45,250 --> 00:33:50,210
+4 times equals 16 times what is 16 times? it is
+
+477
+00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:51,990
+the percentage of increase in the operation it
+
+478
+00:33:51,990 --> 00:33:58,010
+means that the diopter when it was 3 times
+
+479
+00:33:58,010 --> 00:34:01,850
+increased 16 times so let's see how much myopia
+
+480
+00:34:01,850 --> 00:34:11,030
+will give me we say as follows quarter
+
+481
+00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:13,430
+times 16
+
+482
+00:34:16,820 --> 00:34:21,320
+بساوية أربعة ديوبتر ميوبيا في الليل هذا الرجل أو
+
+483
+00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:27,000
+هذه العين أصبح عندها spherical aberration تحدثلها
+
+484
+00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,880
+ميوبيا مقدارها minus أربعة ديوبتر، و هذه شيء مشكلة
+
+485
+00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:35,820
+عظيمة جدا، مشكلة عظيمة جدا، ناخد مثال آخر، بس هروح
+
+486
+00:34:35,820 --> 00:34:39,680
+على صفحة جديدة
+
+487
+00:34:53,980 --> 00:34:59,600
+we say this is an example of course and these
+
+488
+00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,720
+examples can come in exams we say the pupil
+
+489
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:08,200
+diameter we say diameter in short in day in light
+
+490
+00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:12,440
+is
+
+491
+00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:18,980
+equal to four millimeters meters
+
+492
+00:35:18,980 --> 00:35:25,380
+the aberrations the spherical aberrationsin this
+
+493
+00:35:25,380 --> 00:35:31,400
+pupil it will be minus for example two out of ten
+
+494
+00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:45,640
+diopters in dark, diameter dark the
+
+495
+00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:48,200
+pupil will be six millimeters at this man or this
+
+496
+00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:53,510
+eye six millimetersSo, how many times do we need
+
+497
+00:35:53,510 --> 00:36:00,170
+to calculate aberrations in darkness?
+
+498
+00:36:00,890 --> 00:36:03,050
+We say as usual, the first thing is to multiply
+
+499
+00:36:03,050 --> 00:36:07,370
+times and a half The aberrations will be
+
+500
+00:36:07,370 --> 00:36:11,490
+multiplied by how many times and a half divided by
+
+501
+00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:15,410
+four And
+
+502
+00:36:15,410 --> 00:36:19,970
+it equals, we go to the calculator, we say here
+
+503
+00:36:19,970 --> 00:36:28,020
+one and a half1.5 times 4
+
+504
+00:36:28,020 --> 00:36:31,660
+is equal
+
+505
+00:36:31,660 --> 00:36:42,560
+to 5.6
+
+506
+00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:45,440
+this is the amount of multiplication in the
+
+507
+00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:50,040
+aberration the aberration is basically minus 2 out
+
+508
+00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:54,740
+of 10 diopters let's see how much will happentwo
+
+509
+00:36:54,740 --> 00:36:56,580
+out of ten, of course the minus sign we will put
+
+510
+00:36:56,580 --> 00:37:04,120
+later, times five or six out of one hundred and
+
+511
+00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:07,480
+it equals so you will give me approximately one
+
+512
+00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:12,020
+diopter of myopia so you will give me
+
+513
+00:37:12,020 --> 00:37:18,080
+approximately one diopter of myopia so
+
+514
+00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:19,880
+I have the aberrations
+
+515
+00:37:22,580 --> 00:37:25,100
+it will double five times and a little bit, here
+
+516
+00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:27,700
+two out of ten will become one, correct, so minus
+
+517
+00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:32,280
+one diopter myopia, approximately, so this if it
+
+518
+00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:34,320
+increases once and a half, if it increases twice
+
+519
+00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:36,960
+it will be more, always the aberration increases
+
+520
+00:37:36,960 --> 00:37:40,080
+with the amount of the fourth force, increases
+
+521
+00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:42,840
+with the amount of the fourth force, the fourth
+
+522
+00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:45,300
+axis to the amount of increase in the pupillary
+
+523
+00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:51,730
+diameter, soDoubling or in general the effect of
+
+524
+00:37:51,730 --> 00:37:58,650
+spherical aberration increases as
+
+525
+00:37:58,650 --> 00:38:02,500
+the fourth power of the pupil diameterdoubling,
+
+526
+00:38:02,660 --> 00:38:05,440
+doubling the pupil diameter, if the pupil
+
+527
+00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:07,760
+increases to double, the aberrations will increase
+
+528
+00:38:07,760 --> 00:38:12,380
+from their original position to 16 times because 2
+
+529
+00:38:12,380 --> 00:38:16,020
+plus 4 equals 2 times 2 times 2 times 2 equals 16
+
+530
+00:38:16,020 --> 00:38:20,240
+thus a small change in pupil size can cause a
+
+531
+00:38:20,240 --> 00:38:23,320
+significant change in refraction and this makes a
+
+532
+00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:27,760
+lazy person happy during the day but very tired at
+
+533
+00:38:27,760 --> 00:38:42,490
+nightLaser vision corrections should be considered
+
+534
+00:38:42,490 --> 00:38:46,270
+in patients who have fluctuating vision despite
+
+535
+00:38:46,270 --> 00:38:49,910
+stable K readings.and well-healed corneas
+
+536
+00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:53,170
+following keratorefractive surgery. When we
+
+537
+00:38:53,170 --> 00:38:57,330
+examine a person after keratorefractive surgery,
+
+538
+00:38:57,470 --> 00:39:01,050
+such as LASIK or PRK, and we are not happy, and we
+
+539
+00:39:01,050 --> 00:39:04,070
+examined him with K1 and K2, his cornea is stable,
+
+540
+00:39:04,310 --> 00:39:06,930
+today we examined him after a month, after two
+
+541
+00:39:06,930 --> 00:39:10,440
+months, he is stable, there is no change.and the
+
+542
+00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:13,500
+patient was treated after the laser operation in
+
+543
+00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:17,300
+an excellent way and he is not happy, we have to
+
+544
+00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:20,240
+take into account the case of night myopia because
+
+545
+00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:22,660
+of the spherical aberration because of the
+
+546
+00:39:22,660 --> 00:39:27,320
+spherical aberration, so this case must be clear
+
+547
+00:39:27,320 --> 00:39:30,900
+let's talk about the last topic in geometric
+
+548
+00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:34,300
+optics with us which is the chromatic aberration
+
+549
+00:39:36,860 --> 00:39:40,580
+من اسمها يعني الزيغ اللوني، الزيغ اللوني بنقول
+
+550
+00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:44,260
+thus far in our analysis of aberrations لما
+
+551
+00:39:44,260 --> 00:39:46,660
+اتحدثنا عن ال spherical aberration, we have
+
+552
+00:39:46,660 --> 00:39:50,160
+ignored the effect of wavelengths ماكناش نفرج بين
+
+553
+00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:53,140
+blue wavelengths أو red wavelengths أو green
+
+554
+00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,580
+wavelengths، ماكننا نفرج منهمOphthalmic lenses and
+
+555
+00:39:56,580 --> 00:40:01,280
+the human eye are often treated as they focus all
+
+556
+00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:04,020
+wavelengths identically, but this is not true.
+
+557
+00:40:08,620 --> 00:40:11,280
+Most lenses
+
+558
+00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:24,720
+introduce dispersion. Dispersion in the human eye
+
+559
+00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:27,280
+causes chromatic aberration. A chromatic
+
+560
+00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:31,080
+aberration in which blue light focuses in front of
+
+561
+00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:34,180
+red light.يعني لما تضوء ال white light بيدخل لعين
+
+562
+00:40:34,180 --> 00:40:38,460
+الإنسان بما إنها optical system وإله كثافات متعددة
+
+563
+00:40:38,460 --> 00:40:42,390
+ومختلفة ال cornea بتختلف كثافتها عن ال ACAquarius
+
+564
+00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:45,590
+is different from Crystalline lens and vitreous is
+
+565
+00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:53,790
+different from Crystalline
+
+566
+00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,650
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+567
+00:40:56,650 --> 00:40:57,430
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+568
+00:40:57,430 --> 00:40:57,450
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+569
+00:40:57,450 --> 00:40:57,450
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+570
+00:40:57,450 --> 00:40:57,470
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+571
+00:40:57,470 --> 00:40:57,470
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+572
+00:40:57,470 --> 00:40:57,470
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+573
+00:40:57,470 --> 00:40:57,470
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+574
+00:40:57,470 --> 00:40:57,690
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+575
+00:40:57,690 --> 00:40:57,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+576
+00:40:57,970 --> 00:40:57,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+577
+00:40:57,970 --> 00:40:58,010
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+578
+00:40:58,010 --> 00:40:58,010
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+579
+00:40:58,010 --> 00:40:58,010
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+580
+00:40:58,010 --> 00:40:58,010
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+581
+00:40:58,010 --> 00:41:08,970
+lens and vitreous is different from Crystalline
+
+582
+00:41:08,970 --> 00:41:11,090
+lens and vitreous is different from CrystThe
+
+583
+00:41:11,090 --> 00:41:14,390
+difference between the blue and red foci is about
+
+584
+00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:34,870
+half a diopter
+
+585
+00:41:35,730 --> 00:41:38,730
+Okay, if you imagine the opposite, that the blue
+
+586
+00:41:38,730 --> 00:41:41,170
+light is fixed, it will not be affected by the
+
+587
+00:41:41,170 --> 00:41:43,690
+lens that I put, and I put plus and a half, there
+
+588
+00:41:43,690 --> 00:41:45,750
+at the beginning I put minus and a half, it
+
+589
+00:41:45,750 --> 00:41:48,970
+returned to the focus and left it at the red If I
+
+590
+00:41:48,970 --> 00:41:51,470
+put plus and a half and I imagine that the blue is
+
+591
+00:41:51,470 --> 00:41:57,220
+fixedال Red هيقدم بال plus نص هتجمعه في مسافة أقرب
+
+592
+00:41:57,220 --> 00:42:01,020
+فهيصير hand ل blue، اذا الفرق بين ال blue focus و
+
+593
+00:42:01,020 --> 00:42:07,300
+ال red focus هو نص ديوبتر كقيمة، كقيمة in the
+
+594
+00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:11,260
+average eyeBut maybe much greater, it can be more
+
+595
+00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:13,820
+than half a diopter, but usually the difference is
+
+596
+00:42:13,820 --> 00:42:16,800
+between the two foci, the red focus and the blue
+
+597
+00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:19,720
+focus, or the blue wavelength focus and the red
+
+598
+00:42:19,720 --> 00:42:25,570
+wavelength focus is half a diopterEven if all
+
+599
+00:42:25,570 --> 00:42:28,970
+monochromatic aberrations could be compensated for
+
+600
+00:42:28,970 --> 00:42:32,510
+or eliminated by contact lenses or refractive
+
+601
+00:42:32,510 --> 00:42:35,390
+surgery, chromatic aberration and diffraction
+
+602
+00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:38,290
+would still limit the optical resolving power of
+
+603
+00:42:38,290 --> 00:42:38,630
+the eye.
+
+604
+00:43:06,450 --> 00:43:09,970
+No, this is called monochromatic aberration It's
+
+605
+00:43:09,970 --> 00:43:13,070
+like one light, one color, without multiple colors
+
+606
+00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:17,950
+So if I can get rid of spherical aberration with
+
+607
+00:43:17,950 --> 00:43:25,310
+contact lens or kerato refractive procedure So if
+
+608
+00:43:25,310 --> 00:43:29,310
+I can get rid of monochromatic aberration
+
+609
+00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:33,700
+Either it's the taglines or the modern refractive
+
+610
+00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:37,480
+surgery, the chromatic aberration and diffraction
+
+611
+00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:41,920
+are still restricting me from resolving the power
+
+612
+00:43:41,920 --> 00:43:46,140
+of the eye to be ideal It's true that it's
+
+613
+00:43:46,140 --> 00:43:49,740
+improved, but because of the chromatic aberration
+
+614
+00:43:49,740 --> 00:43:53,860
+and diffraction, there's still a kind of
+
+615
+00:43:53,860 --> 00:43:59,970
+limitationThe ability of the eye to see and the
+
+616
+00:43:59,970 --> 00:44:03,990
+quality of vision This example explains to me how
+
+617
+00:44:03,990 --> 00:44:07,010
+the chromatic aberration looks like I explain the
+
+618
+00:44:07,010 --> 00:44:09,670
+color hallucinations around the picture, that is,
+
+619
+00:44:09,670 --> 00:44:11,610
+the author of the topic is a chromatic aberration
+
+620
+00:44:11,610 --> 00:44:15,850
+and he imagines himself to give me a chromatic
+
+621
+00:44:15,850 --> 00:44:17,870
+aberration simulation Sometimes when we look with
+
+622
+00:44:17,870 --> 00:44:20,770
+the naked eye, if there is a lot of chromatic
+
+623
+00:44:20,770 --> 00:44:23,970
+aberration, or through the lens of the glassesOr
+
+624
+00:44:23,970 --> 00:44:26,970
+through any optical system, we can see color halos
+
+625
+00:44:26,970 --> 00:44:32,490
+as we see Also here when we test the vision, this
+
+626
+00:44:32,490 --> 00:44:36,390
+is the letter E and the E chart Here there is a
+
+627
+00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:39,010
+little chromatic aberration, here there is more
+
+628
+00:44:39,010 --> 00:44:42,030
+chromatic aberration, here the chromatic
+
+629
+00:44:42,030 --> 00:44:47,150
+aberration is not present So this is the case, of
+
+630
+00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,630
+courseممكن أحدث هذه بواسطة بريزمات متعددة القوة،
+
+631
+00:44:52,630 --> 00:44:57,650
+بريزم خفيف القوة مثلا، هنا بريزم يعني عالي القوة،
+
+632
+00:44:57,650 --> 00:45:02,930
+هنا بدون بريزم without the prism، فبنلاقي أنه ال
+
+633
+00:45:02,930 --> 00:45:06,450
+aberration أقل، ال aberration أقلزي الـ prism أحدث
+
+634
+00:45:06,450 --> 00:45:10,130
+لـ chromatic aberration أي عدسة نضارة ممكن تحدث
+
+635
+00:45:10,130 --> 00:45:15,110
+لهذه القضية طيب كيف نتخلص من ال aberration من ال
+
+636
+00:45:15,110 --> 00:45:18,630
+chromatic aberration بعملية اسمها ال chromatic
+
+637
+00:45:18,630 --> 00:45:22,290
+compensation ال chromatic compensation is common
+
+638
+00:45:22,290 --> 00:45:26,390
+in microscope, telescope, camera lenses بمعنى أخر
+
+639
+00:45:26,390 --> 00:45:31,000
+الميكросكبات تستخدم فيه العملياتOr in factories,
+
+640
+00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:35,720
+telescopes used in space science, and some lenses
+
+641
+00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:40,140
+for sensitive cameras, they take into account that
+
+642
+00:45:40,140 --> 00:45:42,200
+they do chromatic compensation, they don't let
+
+643
+00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:46,480
+them make additions where there is no chromatic
+
+644
+00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:49,740
+aberrationbut it is not yet available in
+
+645
+00:45:49,740 --> 00:45:52,460
+spectacled contact or intraocular lenses. The
+
+646
+00:45:52,460 --> 00:45:56,240
+chromatic compensation is not yet available in
+
+647
+00:45:56,240 --> 00:45:59,820
+spectacled contact lenses or intraocular lenses
+
+648
+00:45:59,820 --> 00:46:03,480
+that are planted in the place where the
+
+649
+00:46:03,480 --> 00:46:07,440
+crystalline lens is removed during the cataract
+
+650
+00:46:07,440 --> 00:46:10,560
+operation. Okay, if it is not available, how do we
+
+651
+00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:14,710
+solve the problem of chromatic aberration?بنشوف أي
+
+652
+00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:18,430
+.. أي هالة لونية أكثر إزعاجا هي ال .. هي ال ..
+
+653
+00:46:18,430 --> 00:46:22,390
+الزرقاء و لا ال red و لا ال green و بنعملها
+
+654
+00:46:22,390 --> 00:46:25,550
+blocking و بنعملها blocking في عندنا blue blocking
+
+655
+00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:30,170
+lenses أو glasses، red blocking glasses و other
+
+656
+00:46:30,170 --> 00:46:34,150
+colored sunglasses improve visual acuity by
+
+657
+00:46:34,150 --> 00:46:36,810
+decreasing chromatic aberration مابتنهيش ل
+
+658
+00:46:36,810 --> 00:46:39,690
+chromatic aberration و أنما بتشيل منها أكثر
+
+659
+00:46:39,690 --> 00:46:44,440
+wavelengths إزعاجا للمريضممتاز، هذا شيء رائع، آه
+
+660
+00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:48,320
+بس إله ثمن، هذا الشيء الرائع، إله ثمن، اللي هو إيش
+
+661
+00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:52,100
+الثمن، they do so however at the cost of reducing
+
+662
+00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:55,000
+the color content of the perceived image، يعني
+
+663
+00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:59,160
+بيصير كمية اللون في ال image اللي أنا ماخدها أقل
+
+664
+00:46:59,160 --> 00:47:03,100
+من وضعها في الطبيعي، أقل من وضعها في الطبيعي، شوف
+
+665
+00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:08,460
+هنا الصورة، هاي camera، هنا في عندي شوية
+
+666
+00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:13,220
+aberrations, chromatic aberrationsوهنا بدون .. or
+
+667
+00:47:13,220 --> 00:47:16,300
+corrected .. يعني هنا strong chromatic
+
+668
+00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:21,440
+aberrations، فيه حالات لونية حول صورة الفهد، إذا
+
+669
+00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:26,380
+بندجق فيها، بنشوفها، هنا واضحة جدا طبعا، بس كمية
+
+670
+00:47:26,380 --> 00:47:31,670
+اللون، كمية اللون أقلكمية اللون في الصورة أقل كمية
+
+671
+00:47:31,670 --> 00:47:34,970
+اللون في الصورة أقل لازال
+
+672
+00:47:34,970 --> 00:47:41,290
+فيها لون بس أقل من الصورة اللي في الوضع الأساسي
+
+673
+00:47:41,290 --> 00:47:41,290
+لازال فيها لون بس أقل من الصورة اللي في الوضع
+
+674
+00:47:41,290 --> 00:47:41,410
+الأساسي لازال فيها لون بس أقل من الصورة اللي في
+
+675
+00:47:41,410 --> 00:47:44,090
+الوضع الأساسي هنا الصورة يعني بتبين الوضع أكتر من
+
+676
+00:47:44,090 --> 00:47:47,930
+صورة الفهد هنا جذع الشجرة هنا قبل ال correction
+
+677
+00:47:47,930 --> 00:47:50,690
+for a chromatic aberration واضح الهالات اللونية
+
+678
+00:47:50,690 --> 00:47:55,910
+واضح الهالات اللونية و هنا after after correction
+
+679
+00:47:55,910 --> 00:47:57,410
+of a chromatic aberration
+
+680
+00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:03,890
+But the amount of color, if we notice, is less
+
+681
+00:48:03,890 --> 00:48:06,850
+than the picture before correcting the chromatic
+
+682
+00:48:06,850 --> 00:48:09,410
+aberration of course, this is of course for blue
+
+683
+00:48:09,410 --> 00:48:13,670
+blocking, glasses and regular sunglasses, all
+
+684
+00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:17,310
+these help in decreasing aberration, but according
+
+685
+00:48:17,310 --> 00:48:22,200
+to ..المحتوى اللونى بتاع ال perceived image بتاع
+
+686
+00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:26,600
+ال perceived image هنا احنا بتنتهي مادة ال
+
+687
+00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,240
+geometric optics ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+688
+00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:32,140
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/TU2A-S6Meww.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1798 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:05,180
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:05,180 --> 00:00:09,300
+Geometric Optics، وشرحنا المرة الماضية ظاهرة الـ
+
+3
+00:00:09,300 --> 00:00:13,080
+Total Internal Reflection، وقولنا هاي بتحدث لما
+
+4
+00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:17,960
+بيسقط الضوء من مادة أعلى في ال refractive index
+
+5
+00:00:17,960 --> 00:00:22,830
+لمادة أقل في ال refractive index and its fall angle
+
+6
+00:00:22,830 --> 00:00:27,150
+is greater than the critical angle. So, each ray
+
+7
+00:00:27,150 --> 00:00:32,310
+falls from a higher substance in the density or
+
+8
+00:00:32,310 --> 00:00:35,070
+refractive index to a lower substance in the
+
+9
+00:00:35,070 --> 00:00:40,110
+density or refractive index and its fall angle is
+
+10
+00:00:40,110 --> 00:00:43,050
+greater than the critical angle and it is
+
+11
+00:00:43,050 --> 00:00:45,230
+reflected inside the substance that came from it
+
+12
+00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:48,770
+and this phenomenon is called the total internal
+
+13
+00:00:48,770 --> 00:00:53,410
+reflection. The total internal reflection is rather
+
+14
+00:00:53,410 --> 00:00:59,470
+curious phenomenon, ظاهرة غريبة لو احنا حكينا انه
+
+15
+00:00:59,470 --> 00:01:04,950
+في عندنا ضوء بيسقط from spectacular crown glass to
+
+16
+00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:08,970
+air if the angle of incidence is 10 degree the
+
+17
+00:01:08,970 --> 00:01:12,350
+light transmits easily as it crosses the interface
+
+18
+00:01:12,350 --> 00:01:16,910
+however if the angle of incidence is 45 degree the
+
+19
+00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:21,190
+interface becomes an impenetrable barrier to the
+
+20
+00:01:21,190 --> 00:01:25,330
+interface, or impenetrable barrier, the interface
+
+21
+00:01:25,330 --> 00:01:28,290
+is transparent to some rays and opaque to other
+
+22
+00:01:28,290 --> 00:01:34,130
+rays. Because of this, we see that we need to go
+
+23
+00:01:34,130 --> 00:01:39,850
+back to our simulation and say that if the light
+
+24
+00:01:39,850 --> 00:01:43,610
+falls from the glass, which is a higher substance
+
+25
+00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:48,660
+in density, to the air, which is less dense matter,
+
+26
+00:01:48,800 --> 00:01:52,540
+if the angle of fall, let's see the angle of fall,
+
+27
+00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:58,320
+if the angle of fall is 10 degrees
+
+28
+00:02:06,510 --> 00:02:08,770
+this is the angle of fall of 10 degrees which is
+
+29
+00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:10,730
+between the service normal and the falling rays
+
+30
+00:02:10,730 --> 00:02:14,890
+the rays pass through easily and of course they
+
+31
+00:02:14,890 --> 00:02:17,370
+move away from the service normal this is the
+
+32
+00:02:17,370 --> 00:02:20,670
+angle of transmission or short circuit of 15.1
+
+33
+00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:24,990
+degrees if we increase the angle of fall to 45
+
+34
+00:02:24,990 --> 00:02:25,770
+degrees
+
+35
+00:02:33,110 --> 00:02:35,090
+Forty-five degrees, not even a ray passed through,
+
+36
+00:02:35,290 --> 00:02:37,910
+not even a group of rays passed through because
+
+37
+00:02:37,910 --> 00:02:41,530
+the forty-five degrees is more than the critical
+
+38
+00:02:41,530 --> 00:02:43,930
+angle, which we calculated in the previous lecture
+
+39
+00:02:43,930 --> 00:02:46,290
+between air and gas, which is approximately forty
+
+40
+00:02:46,290 --> 00:02:50,290
+-one degrees. Approximately forty-one degrees. So
+
+41
+00:02:50,290 --> 00:02:54,250
+this is the case means an example that explains to
+
+42
+00:02:54,250 --> 00:02:58,870
+me the topic of total internal reflection Of
+
+43
+00:02:58,870 --> 00:03:01,270
+course, a person can ask himself, if some things
+
+44
+00:03:01,270 --> 00:03:08,030
+fall at an angle of fall more than the critical
+
+45
+00:03:08,030 --> 00:03:10,730
+angle and some at an angle of fall less than the
+
+46
+00:03:10,730 --> 00:03:13,970
+critical angle we say, who falls at an angle of
+
+47
+00:03:13,970 --> 00:03:17,110
+fall less than the critical angle, he passes who
+
+48
+00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:20,960
+falls at an angle of fall more than the critical
+
+49
+00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:23,860
+angle, it will decrease In other words, the mass
+
+50
+00:03:23,860 --> 00:03:26,540
+of the rays and millions of rays coming from the
+
+51
+00:03:26,540 --> 00:03:28,900
+light source, some of them will have a small angle
+
+52
+00:03:28,900 --> 00:03:31,980
+of fall less than the critical angle, so it will
+
+53
+00:03:31,980 --> 00:03:34,440
+pass, it will pass to the other substance, and
+
+54
+00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:37,620
+some of the rays will have a small angle of fall
+
+55
+00:04:01,130 --> 00:04:05,560
+Physicists have devoted a great deal Attention to
+
+56
+00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:09,020
+this phenomenon طبعا استفادوا العلماء من ظاهرة ال
+
+57
+00:04:09,020 --> 00:04:12,700
+total internal reflection من قديم الزمان وحتى
+
+58
+00:04:12,700 --> 00:04:16,600
+عصرنا الحالي استفادات كثيرة واهتموا فيها اهتمام
+
+59
+00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:21,960
+كثير Total internal reflection has a great
+
+60
+00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,060
+practical value
+
+61
+00:04:25,610 --> 00:04:29,150
+in early 1600 it was difficult to make a good
+
+62
+00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:32,270
+mirror المرأة اللي احنا كل يوم بنوجف أمامها قبل
+
+63
+00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:37,090
+خروجنا من بيوتنا و بنشوف صورتنا بشكل واضح جدا فيها
+
+64
+00:04:37,090 --> 00:04:44,830
+زمان في سنوات القرن السابع عشر و 1600 و لجاى كان
+
+65
+00:04:44,830 --> 00:04:48,470
+صعب جدا تصنيع مرأة ب good quality زي اللي موجودة
+
+66
+00:04:48,470 --> 00:04:53,440
+في عصرنا الحالي The best services could specularly
+
+67
+00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:58,200
+reflect only about 80% of incident light.
+
+68
+00:05:02,620 --> 00:05:06,140
+It was reflecting or giving a regular reflection
+
+69
+00:05:06,140 --> 00:05:09,820
+of 80% of the rays hitting it. Well, the remaining
+
+70
+00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:14,800
+20% is reflected diffusely, so it ruins the
+
+71
+00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:19,740
+picture and ruins the 80% that was reflected from
+
+72
+00:05:19,740 --> 00:05:23,040
+the rays in a regular way. In other words, if I'm
+
+73
+00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:26,120
+standing in front of a mirror and my picture, the
+
+74
+00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:28,080
+light falls on it, then it is reflected towards
+
+75
+00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:31,730
+the mirror to see my picture The old modern mirrors
+
+76
+00:05:31,730 --> 00:05:37,810
+1600 and above reflect from the image or from the
+
+77
+00:05:37,810 --> 00:05:43,990
+incident light 80% in a spherical way and 20% in a
+
+78
+00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:48,430
+diffuse way, meaning randomly, these 20% it will
+
+79
+00:05:48,430 --> 00:05:51,110
+distort a lot and create a bad quality of the
+
+80
+00:05:51,110 --> 00:05:56,290
+image which is distorted and the rest was
+
+81
+00:05:56,290 --> 00:05:59,510
+diffusely reflected which made these services
+
+82
+00:05:59,510 --> 00:06:04,190
+nearly useless as imaging devices that's why using
+
+83
+00:06:04,190 --> 00:06:07,890
+it as a mirror to get a picture that was useless
+
+84
+00:06:07,890 --> 00:06:13,110
+what did they use instead of that? they took
+
+85
+00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:17,940
+advantage of the total internal reflection The
+
+86
+00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:20,920
+total internal reflection is just that total
+
+87
+00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:25,320
+ببساطة ال total internal reflection من اسمه total
+
+88
+00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:30,360
+بمعنى انعكاس كله انعكاس كله وبالتالي when total
+
+89
+00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,820
+internal reflection occurs لما يحدث ال total
+
+90
+00:06:33,820 --> 00:06:37,700
+internal reflection مية في المية of light is
+
+91
+00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:43,060
+reflected نشوف هذا المنظر internally reflecting
+
+92
+00:06:43,060 --> 00:06:45,830
+prison meaning it's printed in glass, which is
+
+93
+00:06:45,830 --> 00:06:50,130
+painted in blue, the object stands in front of it,
+
+94
+00:06:50,190 --> 00:06:51,890
+here they drew a tree, it could be a human or
+
+95
+00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:53,930
+something like that, it could stand in the middle,
+
+96
+00:06:54,050 --> 00:06:57,830
+there's no problem, but here they put it aside to
+
+97
+00:06:57,830 --> 00:07:02,640
+make the object clear و صورة ال object ال object
+
+98
+00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:07,260
+و صورة ال object يعني لو إنسان وقف الأشعة منه هتسقط
+
+99
+00:07:07,260 --> 00:07:11,060
+على السطح الأول سقوط عمودي هذا السطح الأول اللي
+
+100
+00:07:11,060 --> 00:07:15,240
+أنا بأشر عليه سقوط عمودي هذه الأشعة من قمة ال
+
+101
+00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:19,400
+object لأسفل ال object هتسقط سقوط عمودي طالما سقوط
+
+102
+00:07:19,400 --> 00:07:23,080
+عمودي هتمر الأشعة في داخل ال prism اللي هو مصنوع
+
+103
+00:07:23,080 --> 00:07:28,230
+من الزجاج هتلتقي بالسطح التاني It will meet on the
+
+104
+00:07:28,230 --> 00:07:31,770
+other side, but it will fall at an angle greater
+
+105
+00:07:31,770 --> 00:07:35,110
+than the critical angle So it will have a total
+
+106
+00:07:35,110 --> 00:07:39,730
+internal reflection, as the books show When it has
+
+107
+00:07:39,730 --> 00:07:42,290
+a total internal reflection, it will stay inside
+
+108
+00:07:42,290 --> 00:07:45,810
+the glass Internal reflection means the internal
+
+109
+00:07:45,810 --> 00:07:48,370
+reflection, okay? And total means that nothing
+
+110
+00:07:48,370 --> 00:07:52,400
+will be lost Okay, you will walk inside the glass,
+
+111
+00:07:52,780 --> 00:07:55,000
+you will meet the third surface, that is, this is
+
+112
+00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,900
+the first surface of the prism, this is the second
+
+113
+00:07:57,900 --> 00:08:00,260
+surface, this is the third surface, you will meet
+
+114
+00:08:00,260 --> 00:08:03,280
+the third surface of the glass, also at an angle
+
+115
+00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:07,240
+greater than the critical angle, it will happen
+
+116
+00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:10,260
+again total internal reflection, that is, total
+
+117
+00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:12,640
+internal reflection will happen for the first time
+
+118
+00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:16,650
+on the second surface وهي حيحدث ثاني مرة على السطح
+
+119
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:21,070
+رقم تلاتة السطح رقم واحد استقبل الأشعة بشكل عمودي
+
+120
+00:08:21,070 --> 00:08:26,670
+و قولنا الأشعة لما بتسقط من مادة لمادة من الهواء
+
+121
+00:08:26,670 --> 00:08:30,790
+للجزاز أو من الهواء للميه بشكل عمودي بتغيرش طريقها
+
+122
+00:08:30,790 --> 00:08:36,350
+و إنما بتتغير سرعة سقوط عمودي، مافيش تغير للمسار،
+
+123
+00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:40,830
+بعدين سقوط مرة تانية على السطح التاني، اللي هو فيه
+
+124
+00:08:40,830 --> 00:08:43,950
+هنا هوا وفيه إني هنا جزاز، إذا سطح فاصل بين
+
+125
+00:08:43,950 --> 00:08:48,810
+مادتين، سقوط بزاوية .. سقوط أكبر من ال critical
+
+126
+00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:52,770
+angle، هيصير total internal reflection، مرة تانية
+
+127
+00:08:52,770 --> 00:08:56,350
+سقوط بزاوية سقوط أكبر من ال .. ال .. ال critical
+
+128
+00:08:56,350 --> 00:09:01,530
+angle، مرة تانية total internal reflection The
+
+129
+00:09:01,530 --> 00:09:04,530
+things happened here, but you will fall, you will
+
+130
+00:09:04,530 --> 00:09:07,890
+fall back to the first floor, with an angle of 90
+
+131
+00:09:07,890 --> 00:09:12,600
+degrees Excuse me, it adds zero to zero because
+
+132
+00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,000
+it's vertical on the surface, which means it's
+
+133
+00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:18,440
+appropriate to the normal surface So it will keep
+
+134
+00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:20,900
+going in a different direction and it will return
+
+135
+00:09:20,900 --> 00:09:27,200
+to form a picture again Okay, if I'm standing in
+
+136
+00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:29,680
+this area, the same thing happened with the tree,
+
+137
+00:09:29,860 --> 00:09:32,610
+with the object It will happen with me, the light
+
+138
+00:09:32,610 --> 00:09:34,570
+of the day or the light of the room will fall on
+
+139
+00:09:34,570 --> 00:09:37,910
+my body, it will reflect towards the prism, a
+
+140
+00:09:37,910 --> 00:09:41,590
+vertical fall, total internal reflection, again
+
+141
+00:09:41,590 --> 00:09:45,550
+total internal reflection, again a vertical fall,
+
+142
+00:09:46,070 --> 00:09:49,010
+and thus the rays will return, but this time it
+
+143
+00:09:49,010 --> 00:09:54,270
+will be received by the papyrus of its eye I will
+
+144
+00:09:54,270 --> 00:09:57,090
+look at my current picture and the picture will be
+
+145
+00:09:57,090 --> 00:10:03,770
+as clear as the mirrors that we use in our current
+
+146
+00:10:03,770 --> 00:10:06,070
+era and we see our picture clear in it and we do
+
+147
+00:10:06,070 --> 00:10:07,890
+not suffer from any problems in the subject of
+
+148
+00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:11,270
+clarity when we come in front of a level mirror or
+
+149
+00:10:11,270 --> 00:10:14,330
+a plain mirror. There in their time they used the
+
+150
+00:10:14,330 --> 00:10:17,090
+internally reflecting prism for this purpose as
+
+151
+00:10:17,090 --> 00:10:21,390
+the picture we explained above. In the past often
+
+152
+00:10:21,390 --> 00:10:29,930
+the only way to make a practical mirror was
+
+153
+00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:35,390
+to use internally reflecting
+
+154
+00:10:35,390 --> 00:10:40,220
+iparism. طيب بس هيك استفادوا من ال total internal
+
+155
+00:10:40,220 --> 00:10:44,240
+reflection لأ في استفادات أخرى كثيرة today في
+
+156
+00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:48,240
+عصرنا الحالي total internal reflection is still
+
+157
+00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:53,320
+used in prisms found in binoculars slit lamps and
+
+158
+00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:57,320
+operating microscope to give just a few examples
+
+159
+00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:02,650
+أيضا تستعمل ظاهرة ال total internal reflection Of
+
+160
+00:11:02,650 --> 00:11:05,470
+course, we use the total internal friction, or we
+
+161
+00:11:05,470 --> 00:11:09,490
+get this phenomenon through the glass manifolds
+
+162
+00:11:09,490 --> 00:11:13,070
+that we insert into the nozzle assembly, the
+
+163
+00:11:13,070 --> 00:11:18,720
+nozzle, or the nozzle, the slit lamp, operating
+
+164
+00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:20,880
+microscopes, microscopes that are used in
+
+165
+00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:23,920
+operating rooms to perform surgical operations and
+
+166
+00:11:23,920 --> 00:11:29,100
+these are some examples of many examples and
+
+167
+00:11:29,100 --> 00:11:35,320
+therefore these examples use or these devices use
+
+168
+00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:38,020
+the phenomenon of total internal reflection
+
+169
+00:11:38,020 --> 00:11:43,440
+through the prism through the prism, we see a view
+
+170
+00:11:43,440 --> 00:11:46,460
+that explains this issue, this is from a vase this
+
+171
+00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:50,220
+is from a vase The person puts his eyes here, two
+
+172
+00:11:50,220 --> 00:11:54,500
+eyes, these lenses are called eye lenses, the
+
+173
+00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:58,100
+eyepiece, and these are the rays coming, these are
+
+174
+00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:00,900
+the rays coming, let's go to a bigger picture,
+
+175
+00:12:01,660 --> 00:12:04,880
+this is the first prism, this is the first prism
+
+176
+00:12:04,880 --> 00:12:09,000
+that I'm pointing to, first of all, the rays come,
+
+177
+00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:14,140
+total internal reflection on this surface then
+
+178
+00:12:14,140 --> 00:12:16,720
+again on the next surface, total internal
+
+179
+00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:20,080
+reflection, then vertical fall on the surface to
+
+180
+00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:23,540
+get out of the first prism, also vertical fall on
+
+181
+00:12:23,540 --> 00:12:26,060
+the surface of the second prism, this second prism
+
+182
+00:12:26,060 --> 00:12:30,260
+is inverted, vertical fall, total internal
+
+183
+00:12:30,260 --> 00:12:34,880
+reflection, again total internal reflection Last
+
+184
+00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:38,260
+time, a vertical fall towards the eye, towards the
+
+185
+00:12:38,260 --> 00:12:42,060
+eye So, the total internal reflection in the view,
+
+186
+00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:45,020
+or the view that we call it, happens how many
+
+187
+00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:46,640
+times according to the picture I have, the first
+
+188
+00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:49,960
+time total internal reflection, total, complete,
+
+189
+00:12:50,220 --> 00:12:52,960
+internal means inside the material itself Now we
+
+190
+00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:57,440
+are glass, this is the prism made of glasstotal
+
+191
+00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,200
+internal reflection of all rays reflected inside
+
+192
+00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:03,580
+the glass also again still inside the glass
+
+193
+00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:07,260
+reflected inside the glass reflected then went out
+
+194
+00:13:07,260 --> 00:
+
+223
+00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:03,700
+to produce the total internal reflection this
+
+224
+00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:08,840
+light comes out from a high index medium to a low
+
+225
+00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:12,760
+index medium when it falls at an angle of less
+
+226
+00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:17,170
+than or more than the critical angle is going to
+
+227
+00:15:17,170 --> 00:15:20,230
+have total internal reflection But the light has
+
+228
+00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:23,530
+to be at the beginning in high refractive index
+
+229
+00:15:23,530 --> 00:15:27,350
+medium and around it in low refractive index
+
+230
+00:15:27,350 --> 00:15:29,870
+medium These are two different kinds of glasses Of
+
+231
+00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:35,990
+course we know that glasses are made of glass When
+
+232
+00:15:35,990 --> 00:15:40,590
+the light .. I .. this is the light فى طرف المنظر
+
+233
+00:15:40,590 --> 00:15:45,910
+أنا وصلت للمعدة دخلت بهدا المنظر ووصلت للمعدة ضويت
+
+234
+00:15:45,910 --> 00:15:50,930
+على جدار المعدة من الداخل أصبح جدار المعدة مضاء
+
+235
+00:15:50,930 --> 00:15:55,270
+هيعكس الضوء مرة تانية فى جميع الاتجاهات ومنها حزمة
+
+236
+00:15:55,270 --> 00:16:00,770
+ضوئية هتدخل فى الزجاج فى الوسط هنا زى ما أنا بأشر
+
+237
+00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:04,750
+ال light زى ما السهم بيوضّح طيب الآن دخلت فى
+
+238
+00:16:04,750 --> 00:16:09,120
+الإجاز دخلت فى الإجازNow, this light beam that
+
+239
+00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260
+entered the glass will fall at a angle greater
+
+240
+00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,020
+than the critical angle and it will have a total
+
+241
+00:16:16,020 --> 00:16:19,720
+internal reflection. Why? Because the light will
+
+242
+00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:22,280
+come out of the glass higher than the refractive
+
+243
+00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:25,800
+index, which is drawn in blue. Let's look at a
+
+244
+00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:26,260
+large picture.
+
+245
+00:16:29,770 --> 00:16:34,590
+A glass of another kind, surrounded by it, less
+
+246
+00:16:34,590 --> 00:16:38,870
+than the refractive index. If it falls from the
+
+247
+00:16:38,870 --> 00:16:41,570
+highest point to the lowest point, and falls more
+
+248
+00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:44,670
+than the critical angle, I will have total
+
+249
+00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:49,510
+internal reflection. Also, if it collides with the
+
+250
+00:16:49,510 --> 00:16:53,390
+wall, and falls more than the critical angle, I
+
+251
+00:16:53,390 --> 00:16:58,470
+will have total internal reflection. Total, total,
+
+252
+00:16:58,650 --> 00:17:02,940
+total, total. until my eyes reach what I'm looking
+
+253
+00:17:02,940 --> 00:17:05,600
+at until my eyes reach what I'm looking at these
+
+254
+00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:08,180
+eyepieces, I'm looking at the axis through the
+
+255
+00:17:08,180 --> 00:17:11,100
+flow, the flexible tip, of course, of course, here
+
+256
+00:17:11,100 --> 00:17:13,680
+there is a light source, okay, and therefore I
+
+257
+00:17:13,680 --> 00:17:17,320
+have total internal reflection directly, as we
+
+258
+00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,760
+see, total, total internal reflection when my eyes
+
+259
+00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,580
+reach the observer, or the observer, or the person
+
+260
+00:17:23,580 --> 00:17:26,920
+who looks at this issue, of course, here too, a
+
+261
+00:17:26,920 --> 00:17:30,880
+drawing explains this issueضويرا جدار المعدة،
+
+262
+00:17:30,880 --> 00:17:35,040
+الجدار المعدة أو الأمعاء أو ما شابه، بي .. بي ..
+
+263
+00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,900
+بيعتسل الضوء باتجاه المنظر، بيدخل الضوء في ال ..
+
+264
+00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:41,060
+في ال .. في الإجزاز الكثيف اللي هو عالي ال
+
+265
+00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:45,440
+refractive index، بييجي و بيطلع للي أقل كثافة،
+
+266
+00:17:45,440 --> 00:17:48,520
+بسقط بزاوية السقوط أكتر من ال critical angle،
+
+267
+00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:51,420
+بيصيرله total internal reflection, total, total,
+
+268
+00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:57,970
+total طيب السؤال، مهما انثنى، لو انثنى ألف مرةAs
+
+269
+00:17:57,970 --> 00:18:02,270
+long as the total internal reflection occurs, the
+
+270
+00:18:02,270 --> 00:18:05,390
+light beam that enters does not lose anything from
+
+271
+00:18:05,390 --> 00:18:07,430
+it. Why? Because it is total. Let's not forget
+
+272
+00:18:07,430 --> 00:18:10,330
+that it is total internal reflection and sometimes
+
+273
+00:18:10,330 --> 00:18:13,830
+it gives me clarity in the picture in a big way.
+
+274
+00:18:14,130 --> 00:18:17,690
+So we benefited in the past from the total
+
+275
+00:18:17,690 --> 00:18:20,230
+internal reflection phenomenon in the matter of
+
+276
+00:18:20,230 --> 00:18:23,350
+using prismas as mirrors, as practical mirrors
+
+277
+00:18:23,990 --> 00:18:29,290
+Also, we benefited in the speech from the lenses,
+
+278
+00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:32,490
+the lens, the slit lamp, which is an eye detector,
+
+279
+00:18:33,330 --> 00:18:36,290
+the surgical microscopes, and we also benefited
+
+280
+00:18:36,290 --> 00:18:38,970
+from the subject of glass lenses and internal
+
+281
+00:18:38,970 --> 00:18:41,570
+lenses, whether from the back of the stomach, or
+
+282
+00:18:41,570 --> 00:18:43,130
+from the back of the colon, or from the back of
+
+283
+00:18:43,130 --> 00:18:45,330
+the 12th, or from the back of the stomach, I mean,
+
+284
+00:18:45,470 --> 00:18:50,830
+medicine advanced or .. or .. or .. I mean ..So
+
+285
+00:18:50,830 --> 00:18:54,590
+let's say it advanced with the help of total
+
+286
+00:18:54,590 --> 00:18:58,150
+internal reflection in addition to many similar
+
+287
+00:18:58,150 --> 00:19:01,850
+things in addition to many similar things Now
+
+288
+00:19:01,850 --> 00:19:04,890
+there are many benefits of total internal
+
+289
+00:19:04,890 --> 00:19:09,510
+reflection, but there is also something annoying
+
+290
+00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:14,130
+in total internal reflection, which is لما بنيجي
+
+291
+00:19:14,130 --> 00:19:17,990
+نفحص ال anterior chamber angle ال anterior chamber
+
+292
+00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:22,730
+angle clinically طبيا total internal reflection is
+
+293
+00:19:22,730 --> 00:19:28,090
+a nuisance when clinicians are trying to examine
+
+294
+00:19:28,090 --> 00:19:32,010
+the anterior chamber angle الان عشان اشوف الاشي
+
+295
+00:19:32,010 --> 00:19:35,590
+عشان اي object في الدنيا اشوفه لازم
+
+296
+00:19:38,330 --> 00:19:40,910
+The light must fall on it, and the light after
+
+297
+00:19:40,910 --> 00:19:43,630
+falling on it should reflect in the direction of
+
+298
+00:19:43,630 --> 00:19:45,970
+my eye as a observer .. in the direction of my eye
+
+299
+00:19:45,970 --> 00:19:49,810
+as an observer As we learned in anatomy, the
+
+300
+00:19:49,810 --> 00:19:52,850
+anterior chamber angle, which is the angle of the
+
+301
+00:19:52,850 --> 00:19:55,310
+anterior cavity, is the source of fluid in the eye
+
+302
+00:19:55,310 --> 00:19:57,150
+Fluid in the eye is produced in the ciliary body,
+
+303
+00:19:57,750 --> 00:19:59,670
+it goes through the posterior chamber, as I
+
+304
+00:19:59,670 --> 00:20:03,230
+pointed out, and through the pupilAnd it comes to
+
+305
+00:20:03,230 --> 00:20:05,850
+the anterior chamber angle, to the trabecular
+
+306
+00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:11,290
+meshwork to move it out of the eye, out of the
+
+307
+00:20:11,290 --> 00:20:14,290
+eye. Now, sometimes the eye doctor wants to look
+
+308
+00:20:14,290 --> 00:20:17,770
+at the anterior chamber angle, to check it, to
+
+309
+00:20:17,770 --> 00:20:21,170
+check the anterior chamber angle, to see if there
+
+310
+00:20:21,170 --> 00:20:23,170
+is a problem or if there is no problem, because
+
+311
+00:20:23,170 --> 00:20:26,790
+the patient may suffer from glaucoma disease, and
+
+312
+00:20:26,790 --> 00:20:28,990
+sometimes there is glaucoma disease, which is eye
+
+313
+00:20:28,990 --> 00:20:32,840
+pressure increase, I have a problem, انه مثلا في
+
+314
+00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:36,900
+تسديد او في تليفات او في مشاكل او اتهابات في ال
+
+315
+00:20:36,900 --> 00:20:41,760
+anterior chamber يعني طيب الان احنا ضوينا ال slit
+
+316
+00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:45,770
+lamp جهاز فحص العينWe turned on the light on the
+
+317
+00:20:45,770 --> 00:20:47,970
+anterior chamber angle. The light should
+
+318
+00:20:47,970 --> 00:20:52,050
+automatically reflect from the anterior chamber
+
+319
+00:20:52,050 --> 00:20:55,550
+angle and come out of the eye towards the device.
+
+320
+00:20:55,770 --> 00:20:57,790
+And I put my eye on the eyepiece, which means that
+
+321
+00:20:57,790 --> 00:21:00,150
+I look at the device to wait for the light to
+
+322
+00:21:00,150 --> 00:21:03,450
+reflect towards me. But when the light comes and
+
+323
+00:21:03,450 --> 00:21:06,690
+leaves the cornea, which is drawn in blue, it
+
+324
+00:21:06,690 --> 00:21:09,010
+falls in an angle. So where does it leave the
+
+325
+00:21:09,010 --> 00:21:13,020
+cornea? To the air. To the air. means not directly
+
+326
+00:21:13,020 --> 00:21:15,720
+to the eye, first to the air, then to the lenses
+
+327
+00:21:15,720 --> 00:21:19,920
+of the slit lamp, then to the eye When the cornea
+
+328
+00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:23,680
+leaves the air, of course from the highest point
+
+329
+00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:26,500
+in the refractive index, which is the cornea, and
+
+330
+00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:28,140
+from the lowest point in the refractive index,
+
+331
+00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:31,160
+which is the air, it falls at an angle greater
+
+332
+00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:33,320
+than the critical angle, so everything is
+
+333
+00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:38,220
+reflected inside the eyeThe phenomenon of total
+
+334
+00:21:38,220 --> 00:21:41,820
+internal reflection started to form a problem for
+
+335
+00:21:41,820 --> 00:21:46,940
+me .. a problem for me and therefore I have to
+
+336
+00:21:46,940 --> 00:21:50,020
+find a solution to this problem because with the
+
+337
+00:21:50,020 --> 00:21:52,780
+naked eye with the use of a slit lamp, it is
+
+338
+00:21:52,780 --> 00:21:56,240
+impossible to see the corner of the eye and the
+
+339
+00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:59,860
+point is not that it is a skill, meaning that
+
+340
+00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:01,300
+there is a doctor who can do it and a doctor who
+
+341
+00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,300
+cannot do it as long as the light does not reach
+
+342
+00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,410
+us, it means that nobody saw itAs long as we
+
+343
+00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:08,410
+didn't reach the light, it means no one saw it.
+
+344
+00:22:08,450 --> 00:22:11,890
+But why no one saw it? Because when the light that
+
+345
+00:22:11,890 --> 00:22:16,850
+is reflected from the anterior chamber angle, when
+
+346
+00:22:16,850 --> 00:22:20,490
+it passes from the anterior chamber to the cornea,
+
+347
+00:22:20,570 --> 00:22:23,650
+there is no problem, okay? From the lowest to the
+
+348
+00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:25,850
+highest, from the lowest in the refractive index
+
+349
+00:22:25,850 --> 00:22:29,650
+to the highest The anterior chamber, the aqueous,
+
+350
+00:22:30,170 --> 00:22:34,090
+the aqueous is one point three three three while
+
+351
+00:22:34,090 --> 00:22:40,210
+the cornea is 1.376 so from the lowest point to
+
+352
+00:22:40,210 --> 00:22:41,870
+the highest point, there will not be a total
+
+353
+00:22:41,870 --> 00:22:43,950
+internal reflection okay, he passed through the
+
+354
+00:22:43,950 --> 00:22:45,730
+cornea and reached the surface of the cornea in
+
+355
+00:22:45,730 --> 00:22:47,630
+front of him, he wants to go out into the air he
+
+356
+00:22:47,630 --> 00:22:50,750
+will fall at an angle greater than the critical
+
+357
+00:22:50,750 --> 00:22:53,010
+angle and do not forget that he wants to move from
+
+358
+00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:55,110
+the highest point, which is the cornea, to the
+
+359
+00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:56,510
+lowest point in the air if possible, there will be
+
+360
+00:22:56,510 --> 00:23:00,190
+a total internal reflection for the rays that fall
+
+361
+00:23:00,190 --> 00:23:03,510
+at angles greater than the critical angleAnd this
+
+362
+00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:07,050
+is really what happens. The treatment for this
+
+363
+00:23:07,050 --> 00:23:14,350
+problem, or so that we can see the .. which is the
+
+364
+00:23:14,350 --> 00:23:19,590
+problem of anterior chamber angle, I put the
+
+365
+00:23:19,590 --> 00:23:23,230
+gonioscopy lens, a specific lens, okay? I stick
+
+366
+00:23:23,230 --> 00:23:25,690
+it, I stick it to the surface of the chamber, I
+
+367
+00:23:25,690 --> 00:23:28,430
+put it on the surface of the chamber, okay? With
+
+368
+00:23:28,430 --> 00:23:30,930
+the help of a smooth material. Now I have
+
+369
+00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,840
+Quarantine is a liquid substance and then the
+
+370
+00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:37,220
+lens. The lens is of course made of glass.
+
+371
+00:23:38,060 --> 00:23:41,440
+Quarantine is a liquid substance and the lens has
+
+372
+00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:46,780
+no air, so the rays can go out. You might ask, how
+
+373
+00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:50,320
+did the total internal reflection appear? Of
+
+374
+00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,880
+course, when I use a liquid substance close to the
+
+375
+00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:57,820
+refractive index, close to the refractive index of
+
+376
+00:23:57,820 --> 00:24:02,030
+the quarantine, then sometimes بيكون الفرق في
+
+377
+00:24:02,030 --> 00:24:06,350
+refractive index بسيط فصعب جدا جدا أصل لل critical
+
+378
+00:24:06,350 --> 00:24:11,730
+angle و ساعتها الأشعة هتخرج هنا في مرايا داخل
+
+379
+00:24:11,730 --> 00:24:15,810
+العدسة داخل العدسة هاي العدسة هنا في مرايا داخلها
+
+380
+00:24:15,810 --> 00:24:19,180
+و هتشوفوها ان شاء الله تعالىin practical lessons,
+
+381
+00:24:19,660 --> 00:24:22,920
+and these mirrors reflect towards the eye of the
+
+382
+00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,040
+observer or the eye of the doctor who checks the
+
+383
+00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:29,640
+anterior chamber angle, who checks the anterior
+
+384
+00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:34,700
+chamber angle. One can say, okay, if the two
+
+385
+00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:36,200
+media, the two media
+
+386
+00:24:39,450 --> 00:24:43,830
+لو كانت two media قريبين من بعض .. قريبين من بعض
+
+387
+00:24:43,830 --> 00:24:48,550
+.. هل .. يعني هذا بيفيد في .. في تقليل ال total
+
+388
+00:24:48,550 --> 00:24:51,830
+internal reflection؟ بنقول خلينا احنا على المثال
+
+389
+00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:57,050
+هذا، لما كان عندي glass و هوا، زجاج و هوا، اللي ..
+
+390
+00:24:57,050 --> 00:25:01,610
+اللي .. عندي هنا في انكسار، فيش total internal
+
+391
+00:25:01,610 --> 00:25:05,270
+reflectionWhen I increase the angle, it increases
+
+392
+00:25:05,270 --> 00:25:07,750
+and increases, now I'm praying for a critical
+
+393
+00:25:07,750 --> 00:25:09,690
+angle, like this, almost like this, this is the
+
+394
+00:25:09,690 --> 00:25:14,510
+critical angle, almost, almost 42 degrees, now we
+
+395
+00:25:14,510 --> 00:25:18,050
+increased it to 42 and 1, nothing, everything is
+
+396
+00:25:18,050 --> 00:25:23,110
+reversed, so when I have glass and air, glass and
+
+397
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:26,970
+air, the critical angle is almost 42, more than
+
+398
+00:25:26,970 --> 00:25:33,060
+42, I have what? Total internal reflectionالان انا
+
+399
+00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:36,000
+بدي الفرق في ال refractive index بين ال glass و
+
+400
+00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:41,620
+بين ال هو تقريبا نص لإن واحد و نص ناقص واحد نص اذا
+
+401
+00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:44,980
+لما بيكون الفرق كبير هي كان عندي زاوية ال critical
+
+402
+00:25:44,980 --> 00:25:50,920
+angle طيب انا بدي أخلي water شايفين في انكسار مش
+
+403
+00:25:50,920 --> 00:25:54,160
+total internal reflection طيب عشان أشوف ال
+
+404
+00:25:54,160 --> 00:25:59,000
+critical angle بين ال glass و ال هو و بين ال glass
+
+405
+00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:04,390
+و الميه و ال water شايفينThis is when I reached 53
+
+406
+00:26:04,390 --> 00:26:07,910
+or 54 degrees of fall, and still the rays are
+
+407
+00:26:07,910 --> 00:26:09,890
+passing through, so there is no total internal
+
+408
+00:26:09,890 --> 00:26:11,710
+reflection. Can you see?
+
+409
+00:26:16,150 --> 00:26:23,730
+Here I reached almost, almost, the critical angle
+
+410
+00:26:23,730 --> 00:26:28,670
+is around 63 degrees. What does this mean? When I
+
+411
+00:26:28,670 --> 00:26:34,520
+reached 63 degrees, 63 total internal reflection
+
+412
+00:26:34,
+
+445
+00:28:22,970 --> 00:28:26,690
+air, total internal reflection why? because glass
+
+446
+00:28:26,690 --> 00:28:31,530
+with air, the critical angle is less now we are
+
+447
+00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,710
+less than the critical angle, the rays started to
+
+448
+00:28:33,710 --> 00:28:38,050
+go away that's how we got critical angle and total
+
+449
+00:28:38,050 --> 00:28:41,530
+internal reflection so, the bigger the difference
+
+450
+00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:45,210
+in refractive index between two objects, the
+
+451
+00:28:45,210 --> 00:28:47,950
+smaller the difference in refractive index and the
+
+452
+00:28:47,950 --> 00:28:52,630
+smaller the difference in critical angle and the
+
+453
+00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:55,030
+smaller the difference in refractive index and the
+
+454
+00:28:55,030 --> 00:28:55,630
+smaller the difference in refractive index and the
+
+455
+00:28:55,630 --> 00:28:58,610
+smaller the difference in critical angle and the
+
+456
+00:28:58,610 --> 00:29:01,410
+difference in refractive index opposite
+
+457
+00:29:01,410 --> 00:29:07,140
+relationship between critical angle and which is
+
+458
+00:29:07,140 --> 00:29:11,380
+the difference in the refractive index between the
+
+459
+00:29:11,380 --> 00:29:15,100
+two substances and thus we overcome the phenomenon
+
+460
+00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:19,220
+of total internal reflection because when we
+
+461
+00:29:19,220 --> 00:29:21,380
+benefit from it, there is no problem, but when it
+
+462
+00:29:21,380 --> 00:29:23,560
+bothers us in the matter of seeing the anterior
+
+463
+00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:30,280
+chamber angle, then we must overcome
+
+464
+00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,780
+it by reducing the difference in the refractive
+
+465
+00:29:33,780 --> 00:29:36,330
+index between the particle and the substance اللي
+
+466
+00:29:36,330 --> 00:29:42,770
+بعت القرانية الان بده نستعرض بعض الأشياء اللي يعني
+
+467
+00:29:42,770 --> 00:29:46,390
+بتذكرنا او بتثبت لدينا فكرة ال total internal
+
+468
+00:29:46,390 --> 00:29:50,090
+reflection وننهي المحاضرة بذلك هاي عندي مصدر للضوء
+
+469
+00:29:50,090 --> 00:29:53,890
+داخل الزجاج السقوط عمودي باتجاه الهواء هذا اللي
+
+470
+00:29:53,890 --> 00:29:56,270
+فوق اللي هو الهواء وهنا الجزاز اللي هو باللون
+
+471
+00:29:56,270 --> 00:30:00,170
+الأزرق هاي المصدر الدوء سقوط عمودي الدوء ما تغير
+
+472
+00:30:00,170 --> 00:30:02,890
+اتجاهه it didn't change its direction, it changed
+
+473
+00:30:02,890 --> 00:30:04,750
+its speed, when it comes out of the exhaust to the
+
+474
+00:30:04,750 --> 00:30:07,650
+air, it speeds up more, it speeds up more, now
+
+475
+00:30:07,650 --> 00:30:11,110
+there is a certain angle of fall The angle of
+
+476
+00:30:11,110 --> 00:30:13,850
+deflection is greater than that, which means that
+
+477
+00:30:13,850 --> 00:30:16,250
+when the sun sets and moves away from the wind, it
+
+478
+00:30:16,250 --> 00:30:18,390
+moves away from the normal surface. Of course, the
+
+479
+00:30:18,390 --> 00:30:21,490
+normal surface I have here is not drawn. Well, the
+
+480
+00:30:21,490 --> 00:30:24,970
+angle of deflection increased, the angle of
+
+481
+00:30:24,970 --> 00:30:27,170
+deflection increased, the angle of deflection
+
+482
+00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:29,210
+increased, until it reached a greater angle of
+
+483
+00:30:29,210 --> 00:30:33,520
+deflection, greater than the critical angle from
+
+484
+00:30:33,520 --> 00:30:37,220
+the critical angle, then I have total internal
+
+485
+00:30:37,220 --> 00:30:39,600
+reflection, and as you can see here, there is no
+
+486
+00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,080
+radiation going out, all the rays fell at an angle
+
+487
+00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:46,680
+greater than the critical angle Of course, here I
+
+488
+00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:50,200
+have, maybe some of you noticed, that I have some
+
+489
+00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:53,960
+rays floating on the surface, these rays floating
+
+490
+00:30:53,960 --> 00:30:55,640
+on the surface, meaning there are thousands of
+
+491
+00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:59,270
+rays العلاق في الأشعة، بعض الأشعة اللي تسبح على
+
+492
+00:30:59,270 --> 00:31:03,830
+السطح تمام، تمام، هذه سقطت بزاوية سقوط تساوي ل
+
+493
+00:31:03,830 --> 00:31:07,870
+critical angle، تساوي ل critical angleanother view
+
+494
+00:31:07,870 --> 00:31:11,430
+shows me the total internal reflection inside the
+
+495
+00:31:11,430 --> 00:31:15,710
+glass by using a red laser pen of course a fall
+
+496
+00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:18,950
+greater than the critical angle will leave the
+
+497
+00:31:18,950 --> 00:31:22,690
+laser inside the glass a fall again on the second
+
+498
+00:31:22,690 --> 00:31:24,970
+floor which is this floor will increase the fall
+
+499
+00:31:24,970 --> 00:31:30,090
+greater than the critical angle again total
+
+500
+00:31:30,090 --> 00:31:34,790
+internal reflection also here the same case total
+
+501
+00:31:34,790 --> 00:31:37,560
+internal reflection repeated means that the light
+
+502
+00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:42,420
+is still trapped inside the glass Also here, the
+
+503
+00:31:42,420 --> 00:31:46,040
+light was in the air, the light was in the air, it
+
+504
+00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:48,480
+entered the water, it entered the water, it
+
+505
+00:31:48,480 --> 00:31:49,900
+reached the surface of the water, it wanted to go
+
+506
+00:31:49,900 --> 00:31:55,210
+up to the air but it fell بزاوية سقوط اكبر من ال
+
+507
+00:31:55,210 --> 00:31:58,550
+critical angle فيعني اعكس داخل الماء ايضا ظاهرة ال
+
+508
+00:31:58,550 --> 00:32:01,790
+total internal reflection ال total internal
+
+509
+00:32:01,790 --> 00:32:05,950
+reflection بنتوقف عند موضوع ال dispersion ويعطيكم
+
+510
+00:32:05,950 --> 00:32:08,690
+العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/Xkbo6AAQi3o_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1508 @@
+1
+00:00:01,570 --> 00:00:05,910
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم نواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:05,910 --> 00:00:09,530
+optics ووصلنا عند modeling an unknown optical
+
+3
+00:00:09,530 --> 00:00:16,720
+systemيعني كيف احنا نحلل عناصر optical system مش
+
+4
+00:00:16,720 --> 00:00:22,080
+معروف لنا أو كيف نعرف هذا ال optical system ككل،
+
+5
+00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:25,740
+يعني بنقول عنه، بنعمله modeling، إيش يعني
+
+6
+00:00:25,740 --> 00:00:31,120
+modeling، هنفهم فيه ال .. الكلمات التالية In the
+
+7
+00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:33,800
+previous examples, we showed how vergence
+
+8
+00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:37,370
+calculations could be usedto determine image
+
+9
+00:00:37,370 --> 00:00:41,510
+location and magnification for a single lens or
+
+10
+00:00:41,510 --> 00:00:44,450
+combination of two lenses or more
+
+11
+00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:09,780
+However most optical systems consist of many
+
+12
+00:01:09,780 --> 00:01:10,200
+lenses
+
+13
+00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:18,860
+35mm camera lens contains between 6 and 12
+
+14
+00:01:18,860 --> 00:01:22,800
+individual lens. Virgin's calculations become
+
+15
+00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:25,600
+tedious for such systems.
+
+16
+00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:47,840
+عامة المرهق عامة
+
+17
+00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:52,180
+المرهق عامة
+
+18
+00:01:52,180 --> 00:01:53,860
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+19
+00:01:53,860 --> 00:01:54,080
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+20
+00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:54,360
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+21
+00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:54,380
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+22
+00:01:54,380 --> 00:01:54,400
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+23
+00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,780
+المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة المرهق عامة
+
+24
+00:01:57,780 --> 00:02:00,180
+المرهق عامة المرهق
+
+25
+00:02:05,660 --> 00:02:10,440
+Thick lenses and complex optical systems are
+
+26
+00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,140
+modeled using principal planes, nodal points and
+
+27
+00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:17,520
+focal points. If the optical surfaces are
+
+28
+00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:21,120
+spherical and we restrict the analysis to para
+
+29
+00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,720
+-axial rays, the location of each point or plane
+
+30
+00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,560
+is determined experimentally.First of all, we need
+
+31
+00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:31,200
+to understand that in order to do modeling for
+
+32
+00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:34,400
+unknown optical system, modeling means to
+
+33
+00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:36,900
+determine what is the optical system, meaning what
+
+34
+00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,820
+is it? Not .. we don't mean what is the number of
+
+35
+00:02:40,820 --> 00:02:45,060
+lenses or whether the lenses are fixed or flat or
+
+36
+00:02:45,060 --> 00:02:48,840
+plus lenses or minus lenses, no, but when I want
+
+37
+00:02:48,840 --> 00:02:53,680
+to determineor اعمل analysis ل optical system يعني
+
+38
+00:02:53,680 --> 00:02:57,360
+بدي احدد ال cardinal points بتاعته هذا ال optical
+
+39
+00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:00,940
+system ككل وين ال anterior focal point وين ال
+
+40
+00:03:00,940 --> 00:03:04,480
+posterior focal point وين ال anterior nodal point
+
+41
+00:03:04,480 --> 00:03:07,520
+وين ال posterior nodal point وين ال anterior
+
+42
+00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,220
+principal point وين ال posterior principal point و
+
+43
+00:03:11,220 --> 00:03:15,850
+هذا ال system ككل بيشتغلlike .. or it blocks from
+
+44
+00:03:15,850 --> 00:03:19,330
+.. does it have a plus lens position or does it
+
+45
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:23,730
+have a minus lens position in its group? When I do
+
+46
+00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:26,770
+these things and I define the cardinal points, it
+
+47
+00:03:26,770 --> 00:03:30,110
+means that I did modeling for the optical system,
+
+48
+00:03:30,110 --> 00:03:33,880
+which means that I defined this optical systemهذه
+
+49
+00:03:33,880 --> 00:03:39,820
+القضية بنوصلها بالرسم عن طريق إجراء تجربة طبعا
+
+50
+00:03:39,820 --> 00:03:44,620
+التجربة هاي بتقول إنه consider an unknown optical
+
+51
+00:03:44,620 --> 00:03:48,660
+system that contains any number of optical element
+
+52
+00:03:48,660 --> 00:03:52,200
+هاي عندي أنا optical system unknown يعني مش معروف
+
+53
+00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:56,600
+يعني مافي عندي أي معلومات عنه جدش قوة العدسات جدش
+
+54
+00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:00,380
+عدد العدسات بغض النظر عددها ستة سبعة عشرة عشرين
+
+55
+00:04:00,380 --> 00:04:04,250
+إلى آخرينقوة كل عدسة مش معروفة يعني هذا optical
+
+56
+00:04:04,250 --> 00:04:10,170
+system مجهول optical system مجهولSo therefore I
+
+57
+00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:14,050
+want to analyze this optical system by way of
+
+58
+00:04:14,050 --> 00:04:17,730
+experience and by way of graphic drawing, graphic
+
+59
+00:04:17,730 --> 00:04:21,650
+drawing. For example, a friend of mine brought me
+
+60
+00:04:21,650 --> 00:04:24,310
+a camera, he works in journalism and media, and he
+
+61
+00:04:24,310 --> 00:04:26,730
+told me that this camera was given to him or I
+
+62
+00:04:26,730 --> 00:04:30,530
+bought it, but I don't know its catalog, and I
+
+63
+00:04:30,530 --> 00:04:35,520
+don't know how .. I mean ..I mean, I understand
+
+64
+00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:37,980
+this camera and I understand how it works and what
+
+65
+00:04:37,980 --> 00:04:43,200
+is the nature of the optical system in it We can
+
+66
+00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:48,060
+make this
+
+67
+00:04:48,060 --> 00:04:51,760
+camera as an optical system as if it is one lens
+
+68
+00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:56,330
+as if it is one lensوبدنا ننظر إيه لها كإنها black
+
+69
+00:04:56,330 --> 00:05:02,270
+box إيش يعني black box؟ طبعا مصطلح black box أو
+
+70
+00:05:02,270 --> 00:05:06,690
+الصندوق الأسود غالبا بيستخدم في موضوع حوادث
+
+71
+00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:13,250
+الطائرات هو عبارة عن يعني جهاز يحتوي على يعني
+
+72
+00:05:13,250 --> 00:05:16,630
+أدوات لتسجيل الصوت من بداية رحلة الطائرة إلى
+
+73
+00:05:16,630 --> 00:05:22,570
+نهايتها بحيثI mean, if there was a problem with
+
+74
+00:05:22,570 --> 00:05:26,310
+the plane, or the plane crashed, or it fell, or it
+
+75
+00:05:26,310 --> 00:05:30,030
+was dropped, etc. This black box is taken out of
+
+76
+00:05:30,030 --> 00:05:32,750
+the plane wreckage, and they listen to the records
+
+77
+00:05:32,750 --> 00:05:37,930
+to try to reach the truth in this matterHere we
+
+78
+00:05:37,930 --> 00:05:41,170
+want to deal with the optical system, which is not
+
+79
+00:05:41,170 --> 00:05:44,630
+known to us that it is a black box And we want to
+
+80
+00:05:44,630 --> 00:05:47,850
+run an experiment on it This experiment shows us
+
+81
+00:05:47,850 --> 00:05:52,190
+the nature of this optical system Does it have a
+
+82
+00:05:52,190 --> 00:05:54,590
+plus lens position as a whole? The lenses work
+
+83
+00:05:54,590 --> 00:05:57,870
+together Does it have a plus lens position or a
+
+84
+00:05:57,870 --> 00:06:00,610
+minus lens position? First of all, we will say
+
+85
+00:06:00,610 --> 00:06:05,330
+that there is an object on the left of the optical
+
+86
+00:06:05,330 --> 00:06:09,230
+system, that is, in front of itYou say a rule from
+
+87
+00:06:09,230 --> 00:06:11,810
+the rules. We learned this rule, but we haven't
+
+88
+00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:13,950
+talked about it yet. We say if the picture is
+
+89
+00:06:13,950 --> 00:06:17,410
+formed on the left also, it means the picture is
+
+90
+00:06:17,410 --> 00:06:22,050
+virtual. On the same side of the object. And if it
+
+91
+00:06:22,050 --> 00:06:26,150
+is formed on its right, behind the optical system,
+
+92
+00:06:26,270 --> 00:06:29,590
+of course, the picture will be real. So, we say
+
+93
+00:06:29,590 --> 00:06:33,450
+sometimes that this optical system, if it forms a
+
+94
+00:06:33,450 --> 00:06:36,070
+picture on the left, it means it forms a virtual
+
+95
+00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:40,040
+image.لو كوّنلي صورة عاليمين، معناه تكوّن real
+
+96
+00:06:40,040 --> 00:06:45,740
+image بمعنى إنه مصير الأشعة اللي دخلت في كل هذه
+
+97
+00:06:45,740 --> 00:06:50,400
+العدسات اتجمعت و اتكوّنت و كوّنت real image أو
+
+98
+00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:54,480
+مصير الأشعة اللي دخلت في كل هذه العدسات اتشتتت في
+
+99
+00:06:54,480 --> 00:06:58,220
+النهاية، يعني هتكوّنلي virtual image، virtual
+
+100
+00:06:58,220 --> 00:07:01,760
+image، إذن هذه أول شيء بدنا نعمله، we will treat
+
+101
+00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:06,960
+itهذا ال optical system هنتعامل معاه we will treat
+
+102
+00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:12,800
+it as a black box a real object placed in front of
+
+103
+00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:17,640
+the black box will image somewhere in space يعني
+
+104
+00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:21,370
+لما أحط real objectin front of the optical system
+
+105
+00:07:21,370 --> 00:07:24,830
+it must have a picture of what is in the space
+
+106
+00:07:24,830 --> 00:07:27,390
+where is the space? here? behind the optical
+
+107
+00:07:27,390 --> 00:07:30,990
+system? or here? in front of the optical system?
+
+108
+00:07:31,450 --> 00:07:34,730
+depending on where it is formed if the image forms
+
+109
+00:07:34,730 --> 00:07:37,770
+in front of the box it is virtual if the picture
+
+110
+00:07:37,770 --> 00:07:40,630
+is formed in front of the box in front of the
+
+111
+00:07:40,630 --> 00:07:44,150
+black box sometimes this picture will be virtual
+
+112
+00:07:44,150 --> 00:07:50,470
+this is on the left side but if it is formedbehind
+
+113
+00:07:50,470 --> 00:08:00,570
+the box it is real now consider
+
+114
+00:08:00,570 --> 00:08:08,110
+a single ray of light
+
+115
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:12,570
+that leaves a point on the object such as the tip
+
+116
+00:08:12,570 --> 00:08:14,030
+of the arrow in the drawing
+
+117
+00:08:18,440 --> 00:08:22,620
+It leaves a point from the object And we have to
+
+118
+00:08:22,620 --> 00:08:25,440
+follow this ray Of course, we will use the laser
+
+119
+00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:29,680
+beam to point to this case The laser beam to point
+
+120
+00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,880
+to this case I have to keep leaning on this beam
+
+121
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:38,240
+until it leaves the optical system parallel to the
+
+122
+00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:41,380
+optical axis In other words, if we imagine that I
+
+123
+00:08:41,380 --> 00:08:45,900
+have a beam It will start from point A, let's
+
+124
+00:08:45,900 --> 00:08:51,400
+assumeBut it's necessary to color the rays This
+
+125
+00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:56,080
+ray has
+
+126
+00:08:56,080 --> 00:09:05,920
+a certain curvature, this is a curvature This
+
+127
+00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:08,320
+is a curvature, and this is a curvature, and this
+
+128
+00:09:08,320 --> 00:09:11,120
+is a curvature, and this is a curvature I move the
+
+129
+00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:16,040
+rays, of course, from the tip, from the start, to
+
+130
+00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,830
+a certain pointfrom both sides, we will find that
+
+131
+00:09:20,830 --> 00:09:24,150
+the radiation entered the optical system, but it
+
+132
+00:09:24,150 --> 00:09:30,570
+came out parallel to the optical axis
+
+133
+00:09:30,570 --> 00:09:39,650
+if
+
+134
+00:09:39,650 --> 00:09:45,710
+this happens with meIt means that the rays of its
+
+135
+00:09:45,710 --> 00:09:50,250
+wave enters the F-A of the whole system In the F-A
+
+136
+00:09:50,250 --> 00:09:52,310
+of the whole system I'm not saying that it enters
+
+137
+00:09:52,310 --> 00:09:56,150
+the F-A of the first lens Because if it enters the
+
+138
+00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,610
+F-A of the first lens, it will come out parallel
+
+139
+00:09:58,610 --> 00:10:01,530
+in this region After that, the second lens will
+
+140
+00:10:01,530 --> 00:10:04,390
+change direction and will become non-parallel And
+
+141
+00:10:04,390 --> 00:10:06,650
+the third lens will change direction as well
+
+142
+00:10:06,650 --> 00:10:11,840
+Therefore, when I control the laser beamon this
+
+143
+00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:15,960
+black box or on this optical system and I keep
+
+144
+00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,700
+changing the laser axis once, I don't leave it
+
+145
+00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:28,200
+this way and
+
+146
+00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:32,360
+once this way and once this way and once this way
+
+147
+00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:34,780
+so its axis changes with respect to the optical
+
+148
+00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,150
+axis its angle with respect to the optical axisIt
+
+149
+00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:41,730
+changes Now I noticed in a certain email that the
+
+150
+00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:44,670
+light comes out of this optical system parallel to
+
+151
+00:10:44,670 --> 00:10:47,870
+the optical axis, so that's it This is the first
+
+152
+00:10:47,870 --> 00:10:50,210
+point from the cardinal points that we will define
+
+153
+00:10:50,210 --> 00:10:54,770
+Which is FA, so this is FA
+
+154
+00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,380
+So this is fa of the system, of the system as a
+
+155
+00:11:17,380 --> 00:11:25,240
+whole, the first point we determined Okay, now we
+
+156
+00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:29,060
+want to continue with this topic, we say if we
+
+157
+00:11:29,060 --> 00:11:33,480
+draw a line, if we draw a line, a dotted line
+
+158
+00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:39,500
+inside the black box The
+
+159
+00:11:39,500 --> 00:11:41,700
+rays that came out parallel, we drew
+
+160
+00:11:50,490 --> 00:12:01,250
+we give it another color and we give it a cut and
+
+161
+00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:03,090
+we extend the rays that came in
+
+162
+00:12:20,510 --> 00:12:28,330
+also cut out their meeting, their meeting so the
+
+163
+00:12:28,330 --> 00:12:32,430
+ray that entered from the FA and came out parallel
+
+164
+00:12:32,430 --> 00:12:34,650
+FA under the system as a whole and came out
+
+165
+00:12:34,650 --> 00:12:38,950
+parallel we extend them to meet their meeting
+
+166
+00:12:38,950 --> 00:12:43,530
+point is in the anterior principal plane anterior
+
+167
+00:12:43,530 --> 00:12:47,590
+principal plane we want to draw the anterior
+
+168
+00:12:47,590 --> 00:12:48,710
+principal plane
+
+169
+00:12:53,920 --> 00:13:01,940
+and give it a color and
+
+170
+00:13:01,940 --> 00:13:05,680
+move it to its right place at the intersection
+
+171
+00:13:05,680 --> 00:13:10,920
+point of the rectangle almost at the intersection
+
+172
+00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:14,520
+point of the
+
+173
+00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:18,700
+rectangle so this is the anterior principal plane
+
+174
+00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:22,120
+and we write anterior principal plane on it
+
+175
+00:13:34,570 --> 00:13:43,010
+Okay, now we want another ray to
+
+176
+00:13:43,010 --> 00:13:46,970
+be parallel to the optical axis to start from the
+
+177
+00:13:46,970 --> 00:13:52,650
+same point from the same point this ray will have
+
+178
+00:13:52,650 --> 00:13:56,370
+a lot of refractions inside the black box but in
+
+179
+00:13:56,370 --> 00:13:59,870
+the end it will come out and cut the optical axis
+
+180
+00:13:59,870 --> 00:14:02,590
+it will come out and cut the optical axis
+
+181
+00:14:15,680 --> 00:14:21,600
+So this came out parallel to the optical axis and
+
+182
+00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:26,300
+the cut of the optical axis will cut it in FP The
+
+183
+00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,380
+posterior focus is not of the last lens, but of
+
+184
+00:14:29,380 --> 00:14:36,040
+the system as a whole So this is the F in the
+
+185
+00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:37,220
+posterior focus
+
+186
+00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:55,270
+So this is the FB Okay,
+
+187
+00:14:55,530 --> 00:14:58,890
+now we want to extend the outer beam to the back
+
+188
+00:14:58,890 --> 00:15:02,210
+and the inner beam to the front The outer beam to
+
+189
+00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:08,670
+the back and the inner beam to the front Until
+
+190
+00:15:08,670 --> 00:15:09,470
+they meet
+
+191
+00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:45,480
+until they meet of course
+
+192
+00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:50,560
+we extend them in a straight line now they meet so
+
+193
+00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:54,720
+they will meet in the posterior principal plane in
+
+194
+00:15:54,720 --> 00:16:04,340
+the posterior principal plane which
+
+195
+00:16:04,340 --> 00:16:08,220
+happens exactly at the meeting pointOkay, the
+
+196
+00:16:08,220 --> 00:16:12,420
+intersection of the anterior
+
+197
+00:16:12,420 --> 00:16:25,860
+principal plane with
+
+198
+00:16:25,860 --> 00:16:30,040
+the optical axis defines the anterior principal
+
+199
+00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:35,380
+point So this is the anterior principal point
+
+200
+00:16:36,210 --> 00:17:00,690
+anterior principal point So
+
+201
+00:17:00,690 --> 00:17:06,250
+this point intersects the anterior principala
+
+202
+00:17:06,250 --> 00:17:10,030
+plane with the optical axis is the point of
+
+203
+00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:13,630
+anterior principal point and the posterior
+
+204
+00:17:13,630 --> 00:17:16,290
+principal plane when it intersects with the
+
+205
+00:17:16,290 --> 00:17:19,590
+optical axis intersects with the posterior
+
+206
+00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:23,370
+principal point posterior principal point
+
+207
+00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:51,610
+So, the intersection point is in the posterior
+
+208
+00:17:51,610 --> 00:17:54,890
+principal point So, we defined the anterior and
+
+209
+00:17:54,890 --> 00:17:57,530
+posterior focal points, this is the posterior
+
+210
+00:17:57,530 --> 00:18:00,270
+focal point that I'm pointing at, and this is the
+
+211
+00:18:00,270 --> 00:18:04,610
+anterior focal point, we defined the anterior and
+
+212
+00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:09,090
+posterior principal planeswe defined the anterior
+
+213
+00:18:09,090 --> 00:18:12,810
+and posterior principal points the nodal points
+
+214
+00:18:12,810 --> 00:18:15,050
+remained the nodal points remained the nodal
+
+215
+00:18:15,050 --> 00:18:17,150
+points the nodal points, if the middle is
+
+216
+00:18:17,150 --> 00:18:22,590
+homogenous if the middle is homogenous then the
+
+217
+00:18:22,590 --> 00:18:25,770
+nodal points apply to the principal points that
+
+218
+00:18:25,770 --> 00:18:28,850
+is, the anterior principal point and the anterior
+
+219
+00:18:28,850 --> 00:18:33,250
+nodal point they are in the same place they are in
+
+220
+00:18:33,250 --> 00:18:34,890
+the same place so this is
+
+221
+00:18:58,740 --> 00:19:00,760
+This is what I'm pointing out, this is the
+
+222
+00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:02,140
+anterior nodal point
+
+223
+00:19:27,650 --> 00:19:31,210
+What I'm pointing at is the posterior nodal point.
+
+224
+00:19:44,310 --> 00:19:49,590
+Now I want to point the laser from this point
+
+225
+00:19:49,590 --> 00:19:52,970
+towards the anterior nodal point.
+
+226
+00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,400
+Laser light comes out from the posterior nodal
+
+227
+00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:28,800
+point and goes to the image and goes to the image
+
+228
+00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:38,800
+That's how I determined all
+
+229
+00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:46,200
+reference points all cardinal points of
+
+230
+00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,480
+the system If we take a magnified view of this
+
+231
+00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:54,460
+pictureWe will notice that when it lands on a
+
+232
+00:20:54,460 --> 00:20:56,560
+certain point, when it lands on a certain point of
+
+233
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,680
+the laser beam that starts from point A, the beam
+
+234
+00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:03,520
+comes out parallel to the optical axis. Sometimes
+
+235
+00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:08,760
+I say that the beam or the laser beam must pass
+
+236
+00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:14,840
+through the point that is the anterior focus of
+
+237
+00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:19,970
+the system as a whole.طيب، لما بوجه ضوء ال laser
+
+238
+00:21:19,970 --> 00:21:25,570
+من نفس النقطة parallel to the optical axis، هيخرج
+
+239
+00:21:25,570 --> 00:21:29,950
+بميلان معين، ساعة ما خرج بميلان معين، بما انه
+
+240
+00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:32,790
+parallel، حسب القاعدة المعروفة، ان اللي parallel
+
+241
+00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,760
+بخش في ال FBWhether it's one lens or the whole
+
+242
+00:21:36,760 --> 00:21:40,560
+system. Here I have the FB that includes the whole
+
+243
+00:21:40,560 --> 00:21:44,260
+system. The whole system as a whole and we agreed
+
+244
+00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:48,380
+to treat the system or deal with it as one lens.
+
+245
+00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:54,900
+Okay, soWe defined FA and FB. Now we define the
+
+246
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,980
+anterior and posterior principal planes along the
+
+247
+00:21:58,980 --> 00:22:02,080
+rays that came out with the parallel rays that
+
+248
+00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:04,060
+came in, which is parallel to the optical axis,
+
+249
+00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:07,400
+their meeting point is the posterior principal
+
+250
+00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:12,670
+plane.The first case that entered in the FA by
+
+251
+00:22:12,670 --> 00:22:15,030
+stretching and came out parallel by stretching
+
+252
+00:22:15,030 --> 00:22:18,510
+backwards will meet in the anterior principal
+
+253
+00:22:18,510 --> 00:22:21,630
+plane
+
+254
+00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:24,330
+The intersection of the anterior principal plane
+
+255
+00:22:24,330 --> 00:22:27,930
+with the optical axis defines the anterior
+
+256
+00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,150
+principal pointCrossing between the posterior
+
+257
+00:22:31,150 --> 00:22:35,770
+principal plane and the optical axis defines the
+
+258
+00:22:35,770 --> 00:22:39,170
+posterior principal point Now if the middle is
+
+259
+00:22:39,170 --> 00:22:41,670
+homogeneous, that is, what is in front of the
+
+260
+00:22:41,670 --> 00:22:43,950
+optical system is the same as what is behind it
+
+261
+00:22:43,950 --> 00:22:48,310
+For example, air and here air I have the anterior
+
+262
+00:22:48,310 --> 00:22:51,050
+nodal point and the anterior principal point
+
+263
+00:22:51,050 --> 00:22:54,430
+adjacent to each other At the same time, the
+
+264
+00:22:54,430 --> 00:22:57,470
+posterior principal point and the posterior nodal
+
+265
+00:22:57,470 --> 00:23:01,800
+pointapplying to each other I direct the laser
+
+266
+00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:06,080
+towards the anterior principal point of the system
+
+267
+00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:10,040
+then it will leave the posterior principal point
+
+268
+00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:13,500
+of this beam and go to the point where the first
+
+269
+00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,280
+and second beams meet and form the image this way
+
+270
+00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:21,920
+I have modeling and analysis of the optical system
+
+271
+00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:27,240
+to his cardinal points
+
+272
+00:23:29,990 --> 00:23:33,690
+It means that it is drawn and explained in the
+
+273
+00:23:33,690 --> 00:23:38,030
+same way that I have explained now The rays that
+
+274
+00:23:38,030 --> 00:23:41,870
+entered in the system's face came out parallel to
+
+275
+00:23:41,870 --> 00:23:45,570
+the optical axis When I extend the exit and the
+
+276
+00:23:45,570 --> 00:23:48,110
+rays that came out extend to the back and the rays
+
+277
+00:23:48,110 --> 00:23:50,790
+that entered extend to the front and meet in the
+
+278
+00:23:50,790 --> 00:23:56,580
+anterior principal planeOkay, now the laser beam
+
+279
+00:23:56,580 --> 00:23:59,400
+parallel to the optical axis will come out in a
+
+280
+00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,280
+certain way and cut the optical axis while it is
+
+281
+00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:06,280
+out of the system, it will cut in the FB of the
+
+282
+00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,720
+system as a whole, its length backwards and the
+
+283
+00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,720
+length of the beam parallel to the front defines
+
+284
+00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,300
+the posterior principal plane.
+
+285
+00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:21,300
+The anterior principal plane with the optical axis
+
+286
+00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,020
+is the anterior nodal, the anterior principal
+
+287
+00:24:24,020 --> 00:24:27,620
+point And the intersection of the posterior
+
+288
+00:24:27,620 --> 00:24:30,800
+principal plane with the optical axis is the
+
+289
+00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:33,520
+posterior principal point If the middle is
+
+290
+00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,620
+homogeneous, the anterior principal is the same as
+
+291
+00:24:36,620 --> 00:24:39,140
+the anterior nodal in the same place And the
+
+292
+00:24:39,140 --> 00:24:41,440
+posterior principal point is the same as the
+
+293
+00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:44,850
+posterior nodal pointفى نفس المكان بشرط أنه يكون
+
+294
+00:24:44,850 --> 00:24:49,910
+الوسط متجانس يعني ما أمام ال optical system من وسط
+
+295
+00:24:49,910 --> 00:24:54,170
+هو نفس ما خالف ال optical system من وسط
+
+296
+00:24:57,710 --> 00:25:01,650
+النتيجة The result is an optical model that
+
+297
+00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:05,010
+simplifies complicated optical system اذا ملاحظين
+
+298
+00:25:05,010 --> 00:25:11,130
+احنا مستخدماش ولا شيء في .. ولا شيء في ال .. من
+
+299
+00:25:11,130 --> 00:25:16,070
+الحسابات بس مجرد رسم اي رسمة نهائية دخل في ال FA
+
+300
+00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:20,010
+بتاعة ال system بيخرج موازي بيخرج موازي امتداده
+
+301
+00:25:20,010 --> 00:25:23,460
+للخلفAnd its extension to the front will define
+
+302
+00:25:23,460 --> 00:25:26,100
+the anterior principal plane So I can remove the
+
+303
+00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:29,800
+whole system with its lenses and put only anterior
+
+304
+00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,420
+principal plane and posterior principal plane And
+
+305
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:36,100
+this explains what we talked about in previous
+
+306
+00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:40,440
+lectures That the principal plane is the place
+
+307
+00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,860
+where the refraction blocks all the refraction of
+
+308
+00:25:43,860 --> 00:25:46,530
+the lensesYou notice that in the anterior
+
+309
+00:25:46,530 --> 00:25:49,850
+principal plane, this ray changed its path,
+
+310
+00:25:50,330 --> 00:25:51,950
+instead of being perpendicular to the bottom, it
+
+311
+00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:55,010
+became parallel to the optical axis. Here, in the
+
+312
+00:25:55,010 --> 00:25:58,710
+posterior principal plane, this ray changed its
+
+313
+00:25:58,710 --> 00:26:02,710
+path, and instead of being parallel to the optical
+
+314
+00:26:02,710 --> 00:26:04,770
+axis, it became perpendicular to the optical axis.
+
+315
+00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:08,250
+It is as if the refraction happened in these two
+
+316
+00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:13,010
+planes only.اند ادولا ال two planes فهم بيقوموا
+
+317
+00:26:13,010 --> 00:26:18,530
+مقام بيسدوا مكان كل العدسات مهما كان عدادها
+
+318
+00:26:18,530 --> 00:26:23,690
+فبالتالي هذه فكرة ال principle airplanes if the
+
+319
+00:26:23,690 --> 00:26:27,820
+media pounding the system are differentLike the
+
+320
+00:26:27,820 --> 00:26:30,720
+human eye. The human eye has cornea and
+
+321
+00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:33,620
+crystalline lens. It's an optical system together.
+
+322
+00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:40,160
+But the media is different. In front of the cornea
+
+323
+00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,200
+there's air and behind the cornea there's water.
+
+324
+00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,620
+So there's water on one side and water on the
+
+325
+00:26:45,620 --> 00:26:54,540
+other.So, the nodal points are not aligned with
+
+326
+00:26:54,540 --> 00:26:57,340
+the principal points, but rather the nodal points
+
+327
+00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,920
+pull in the direction of the medium with the
+
+328
+00:26:59,920 --> 00:27:03,540
+higher refractive index. In other words, if we
+
+329
+00:27:03,540 --> 00:27:04,540
+look at this picture
+
+330
+00:27:20,010 --> 00:27:21,910
+schematic I
+
+331
+00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,100
+هي عندى انا optical system اللى مرسوم باللون
+
+332
+00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:43,780
+الأزرق اللى كورنيا و ال crystalline lens طبعا لو
+
+333
+00:27:43,780 --> 00:27:47,280
+حددنا لهدا ال optical system لبرنسيبالي planes
+
+334
+00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:51,840
+لبرنسيبالي planes ال nodal points ال nodal points
+
+335
+00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:55,320
+هيكونوا مسحوبين باتجاه ال media of higher
+
+336
+00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:58,230
+refractive indexthey don't match the principal
+
+337
+00:27:58,230 --> 00:28:01,110
+points in this case why? because here the media in
+
+338
+00:28:01,110 --> 00:28:03,410
+front of the optical system is air and behind the
+
+339
+00:28:03,410 --> 00:28:06,890
+optical system is vitreous which is water which is
+
+340
+00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:10,030
+water therefore this optical system its nodal
+
+341
+00:28:10,030 --> 00:28:13,730
+points don't match the principal points but the
+
+342
+00:28:13,730 --> 00:28:17,250
+nodal points are shifted towards the upper middle
+
+343
+00:28:17,250 --> 00:28:20,630
+point in the refractive index if we imagine these
+
+344
+00:28:20,630 --> 00:28:23,930
+are the principal points these are the principal
+
+345
+00:28:23,930 --> 00:28:27,320
+pointsThe nodal points will be offset in this
+
+346
+00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:30,740
+direction, offset in this direction. So, if the
+
+347
+00:28:30,740 --> 00:28:34,140
+media pounding around the system are different,
+
+348
+00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:38,020
+the human eye has air on one side and vitreous gel
+
+349
+00:28:38,020 --> 00:28:41,380
+on the other side, the nodal points pull in the
+
+350
+00:28:41,380 --> 00:28:44,540
+direction of the medium with the higher refractive
+
+351
+00:28:44,540 --> 00:28:47,700
+index, and we will have a lecture to calculate the
+
+352
+00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:50,580
+location of the nodal points relative to the
+
+353
+00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:54,230
+principal points, God willing.The anterior focal
+
+354
+00:28:54,230 --> 00:28:57,190
+length of the system is the distance from F-A to
+
+355
+00:28:57,190 --> 00:29:00,610
+anterior principal point, not the distance to the
+
+356
+00:29:00,610 --> 00:29:04,390
+first lens and in the black box." يعني الآن لما
+
+357
+00:29:04,390 --> 00:29:10,010
+بدنا نقول ال object distance من وين؟ من ال object
+
+358
+00:29:10,010 --> 00:29:15,430
+لل anterior principal point. هذه المسافة هي ال
+
+359
+00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:19,790
+anterior focal length، هي ال anterior أو عفوا أسف
+
+360
+00:29:20,740 --> 00:29:25,920
+المسافة بين الـ anterior focus و الـ anterior
+
+361
+00:29:25,920 --> 00:29:29,400
+principal point هي الـ anterior focal length مش
+
+362
+00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,360
+المسافة للعدسة الأولى، مش المسافة للعدسة الأولى
+
+363
+00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:36,160
+The anterior focal length of the system is the
+
+364
+00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:39,960
+distance from FA to the anterior principal point
+
+365
+00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:44,180
+وليس to the distance to the face lens in the black
+
+366
+00:29:44,180 --> 00:29:48,150
+boxThe posterior focal length is the distance from
+
+367
+00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:51,590
+FB to the posterior principal point زي ما الرسم
+
+368
+00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:55,990
+هنا بتوضح يعني هنا الرسم اللي ملونة بتكون أكتر
+
+369
+00:29:55,990 --> 00:30:02,850
+وضوحا نطلع الرسم المكبّر ال anterior focal length
+
+370
+00:30:02,850 --> 00:30:06,710
+مش من العدسة الأولى لفA لأن فA مش تعتي العدسة
+
+371
+00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:12,140
+الأولى انما من ال anterior principal pointto fa,
+
+372
+00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:18,040
+this is called anterior focal length and from fb
+
+373
+00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:27,140
+to posterior principal point to
+
+374
+00:30:27,140 --> 00:30:32,100
+fb, this is called posterior focal lengthالخلفى
+
+375
+00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:37,360
+البعد البقري الخلفى هذا بالنسبة لموضوع البعد
+
+376
+00:30:37,360 --> 00:30:42,640
+البقري بنتوقف عند thick lenses ويعطيكم العافية
+
+377
+00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,900
+والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

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PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/_gaLIGfFKl4.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2043 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,240
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:08,180
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Paraxial Ray
+
+3
+00:00:08,180 --> 00:00:11,440
+Tracing Through Convex Spherical Lenses، هذه
+
+4
+00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:15,180
+المحاضرة حقيقة تعتمد على المحاضرة السابقة، و اللي
+
+5
+00:00:15,180 --> 00:00:19,260
+بنذكر في بعض المعلومات اللي وردت فيها، بنقول أي
+
+6
+00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:24,440
+أشعة موازية to the optical axis any rays parallel
+
+7
+00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:28,600
+to the optical axis will meet in the Fp in the
+
+8
+00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,200
+posterior focal point we don't want all the rays,
+
+9
+00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:34,400
+we want only one ray, that is, any ray any ray
+
+10
+00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,620
+that is parallel to the optical axis after leaving
+
+11
+00:00:37,620 --> 00:00:42,000
+the lens passes in the Fp in the posterior focal
+
+12
+00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:46,540
+point another information, any ray any ray that
+
+13
+00:00:46,540 --> 00:00:53,080
+passes through the Faمر في الـ F-A يعتبر كأنه صادر
+
+14
+00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:55,620
+من الـ F-A من الـ anterior focus و بالتالي لما
+
+15
+00:00:55,620 --> 00:00:59,660
+بيخرج من ال lens بيخرج موازي لل lens هاي عندي كمان
+
+16
+00:00:59,660 --> 00:01:04,600
+شعاع مر في ال F-A و هو ذاهب إلى ال lens لما خرج
+
+17
+00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:09,270
+خرج موازي لل optical axis موازي لل optical axis The
+
+18
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:11,810
+third thing we need to remember is that any ray
+
+19
+00:01:11,810 --> 00:01:14,190
+that passes through the nodal point remains
+
+20
+00:01:14,190 --> 00:01:18,010
+undeviated. Undeviated means that it does not
+
+21
+00:01:18,010 --> 00:01:21,130
+change its path at all because it passed through
+
+22
+00:01:21,130 --> 00:01:22,890
+the nodal point. Because it passed through the
+
+23
+00:01:22,890 --> 00:01:25,890
+nodal point. These are the things we need to
+
+24
+00:01:25,890 --> 00:01:29,800
+remember before we startin our lecture, which is
+
+25
+00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:32,860
+Paraxial Ray Tracing Through Convex Spherical
+
+26
+00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:38,660
+Lenses We want to trace the paraxial ray during
+
+27
+00:01:38,660 --> 00:01:43,320
+its passage through a convex spherical lens and
+
+28
+00:01:43,320 --> 00:01:50,040
+see that we can use two or three rays to reach the
+
+29
+00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:51,960
+location of the image without any calculations,
+
+30
+00:01:52,180 --> 00:01:57,540
+but only by drawingfrom any object point, three
+
+31
+00:01:57,540 --> 00:02:00,320
+simple, يعني لو اختارنا object point، ال object في
+
+32
+00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:05,080
+multiple points، بس احنا هنختار point معينة، نفرض
+
+33
+00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:09,300
+انها point A، نسميها النقطة A، three simple rays
+
+34
+00:02:09,300 --> 00:02:12,380
+are drawn through a thin lens to locate a
+
+35
+00:02:12,380 --> 00:02:15,260
+corresponding point in the image، يعني اذا اختارنا
+
+36
+00:02:15,260 --> 00:02:19,570
+النقطة A،Its image will be a condition. So if you
+
+37
+00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:21,930
+see a condition, where will it fall in space?
+
+38
+00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:24,790
+Where is its location in space? By using three
+
+39
+00:02:24,790 --> 00:02:29,710
+rays, three lines or three rays, three light rays
+
+40
+00:02:29,710 --> 00:02:32,810
+coming from the object point that we chose, which
+
+41
+00:02:32,810 --> 00:02:37,250
+is a, we can determine the location of a
+
+42
+00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:40,950
+condition, which is the image of a, the image of a
+
+43
+00:02:41,250 --> 00:02:44,710
+وحقيقة احنا مش محتاجين three rays وانما محتاجين
+
+44
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:47,870
+only two rays are actually needed زي ما هنشوف بعد
+
+45
+00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:51,410
+قليل، the same rays are used to find the
+
+46
+00:02:51,410 --> 00:02:55,630
+corresponding points if a thick lens or multiple
+
+47
+00:02:55,630 --> 00:02:58,910
+multi-element lens system is modeled by first
+
+48
+00:02:58,910 --> 00:03:02,540
+order optical principlesSo these words that we are
+
+49
+00:03:02,540 --> 00:03:03,660
+going to talk about, we are going to talk about
+
+50
+00:03:03,660 --> 00:03:07,880
+thin lenses, right convex lens, spherical lens,
+
+51
+00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:11,240
+but they are thin lenses. So, is it okay to use
+
+52
+00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:17,860
+retracing or drawing if I have a thick lens?If I
+
+53
+00:03:17,860 --> 00:03:47,580
+have a thick lens, yes I can use it
+
+54
+00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:59,300
+The first two rays traverse F-A and F-B The
+
+55
+00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:03,160
+final ray, known as the central ray or chief ray,
+
+56
+00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:04,920
+traverses the nodal point
+
+57
+00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:29,180
+For a thin lens immersed in a medium with a
+
+58
+00:04:29,180 --> 00:04:32,220
+uniform refractive index, the nodal points
+
+59
+00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:32,840
+overlap.
+
+60
+00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,320
+يعني هنا هوا و هنا هوا أو هنا مية و هنا مية
+
+61
+00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,300
+بيسموها uniform medium مادة متجانسة يعني مرموزة
+
+62
+00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:53,020
+فيه مادة متجانسة ال nodal points ال anterior و ال
+
+63
+00:04:53,020 --> 00:04:56,680
+posterior overlap يعني بيعتبروا نقطة واحدة يعني
+
+64
+00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:00,420
+جايين على بعضهم البعض هذا الكلام ضروري جدا احنا
+
+65
+00:05:00,420 --> 00:05:04,440
+نتذكره اذا for a thin lens immersed in a uniform
+
+66
+00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:08,600
+optical medium such as air or water
+
+67
+00:05:16,840 --> 00:05:20,160
+For a thin lens emits in a medium with a uniform
+
+68
+00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,900
+refractive index, the nodal points overlap at the
+
+69
+00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:27,840
+optical center of the lens. The central ray, or
+
+70
+00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:32,180
+the chief ray, هو الشعع اللي بيعدي في ال nodal
+
+71
+00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:35,300
+point. It traverses the nodal points undeviated
+
+72
+00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:39,040
+يعني مابيصيرلوش انكسار بالمرةthat is it does not
+
+73
+00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:46,000
+change direction with respect to the optical axis
+
+74
+00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,660
+it is
+
+75
+00:05:49,660 --> 00:05:55,860
+customary to represent object as arrows to
+
+76
+00:05:55,860 --> 00:05:57,500
+show size and orientation
+
+77
+00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:12,660
+The tip of an arrow represents a single object
+
+78
+00:06:12,660 --> 00:06:13,040
+point
+
+79
+00:06:23,710 --> 00:06:29,130
+assume an object is placed 20 cm in front of plus
+
+80
+00:06:29,130 --> 00:06:31,730
+10 diopter lens immersed in air
+
+81
+00:06:35,590 --> 00:06:39,390
+object, we represented it with an arrow, the tip
+
+82
+00:06:39,390 --> 00:06:42,610
+of the arrow is the point A, we took it as an
+
+83
+00:06:42,610 --> 00:06:44,690
+example on the points of the object, that is, it
+
+84
+00:06:44,690 --> 00:06:46,970
+will represent the points of the object, we said
+
+85
+00:06:46,970 --> 00:06:50,230
+that A is a point in the object, A condition is
+
+86
+00:06:50,230 --> 00:06:53,310
+the image of A. Well, let's see what happens to A
+
+87
+00:06:53,310 --> 00:06:56,270
+condition in space. Without using any
+
+88
+00:06:56,270 --> 00:06:59,570
+calculations, without using any calculations, I
+
+89
+00:06:59,570 --> 00:07:02,330
+need to draw three rays. The first ray is equal to
+
+90
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:05,330
+the optical axis.From the previous lecture, we
+
+91
+00:07:05,330 --> 00:07:08,310
+know that any beam parallel to the optical axis,
+
+92
+00:07:08,470 --> 00:07:11,870
+without calculations, will enter the posterior
+
+93
+00:07:11,870 --> 00:07:16,990
+focus, which is the tail of this lens. As long as
+
+94
+00:07:16,990 --> 00:07:19,870
+it enters the posterior focus, and I define where
+
+95
+00:07:19,870 --> 00:07:22,890
+the posterior focus is, I draw a line that enters
+
+96
+00:07:22,890 --> 00:07:25,130
+the posterior focus, and I extend it to infinity,
+
+97
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,970
+to the plus optical infinity. Okay, second thing,
+
+98
+00:07:29,550 --> 00:07:34,020
+the beam number twoThe second ray of light Let's
+
+99
+00:07:34,020 --> 00:07:40,180
+color the rays so that it becomes clear in the
+
+100
+00:07:40,180 --> 00:07:44,860
+vision This is the first ray in red And we
+
+101
+00:07:44,860 --> 00:07:49,200
+continue with the red color to make it clear So
+
+102
+00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,840
+the ray parallel to the optical axis Entered the
+
+103
+00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:56,900
+posterior focus of the lens Which is plus ten
+
+104
+00:07:56,900 --> 00:08:02,650
+dioders Okay, the second rayمر هو رايح على العدسة
+
+105
+00:08:02,650 --> 00:08:06,650
+و ذهب إلى العدسة صادف مروره بال .. بال fa بال
+
+106
+00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:11,370
+anterior focus هذا معروف أنه من المحاضرة السابقة
+
+107
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:15,750
+أنه أي شعاع بيمر بال anterior focal point كأنه
+
+108
+00:08:15,750 --> 00:08:19,570
+صادر منها بالضبط كأنه صادر منها مافي اختلاف بتاتا
+
+109
+00:08:19,570 --> 00:08:24,110
+سواء مر فيها مرور أو صادر منها بالفعلIt's like
+
+110
+00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:27,050
+it's coming out of it, so its fate is to come out
+
+111
+00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:31,330
+of the lens parallel to the optical axis, as the
+
+112
+00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:34,930
+picture shows. The point of contact between the
+
+113
+00:08:34,930 --> 00:08:37,350
+two rays determines the location of a condition in
+
+114
+00:08:37,350 --> 00:08:41,490
+space. From this point, I draw or lower a column.
+
+115
+00:08:41,750 --> 00:08:45,050
+I lower a column on the optical axis. This is the
+
+116
+00:08:45,050 --> 00:08:47,270
+height of the image. This is the height of the
+
+117
+00:08:47,270 --> 00:08:49,970
+image. If you notice, until now, we have not used
+
+118
+00:08:51,380 --> 00:08:54,900
+Any kind of calculations, but it's necessary if we
+
+119
+00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:59,000
+choose a lens with a certain power, we find FA and
+
+120
+00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:03,540
+FB and we put FA and FB in their correct place in
+
+121
+00:09:03,540 --> 00:09:09,220
+relation to the sourceالان احنا باستعمال شعاعين
+
+122
+00:09:09,220 --> 00:09:13,700
+اقدرنا نصل لهدي الغاية الشعاع التالت هو شعاع
+
+123
+00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:18,680
+للتأكيد فقط بيسموه ال Central Ray اللي هو مرسوم
+
+124
+00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:23,220
+باللون الأبيض ال Central Ray طبعا زي ما هو عارفين
+
+125
+00:09:23,220 --> 00:09:26,540
+زي ما احنا عارفين انه Central Ray بصدر من A و
+
+126
+00:09:26,540 --> 00:09:29,920
+بصادف دخوله في ال nodal point اذا مش هيغير طريقه
+
+127
+00:09:29,920 --> 00:09:34,460
+ضروري بعد ما انا رسمت الشعاع الأول والتانيThe
+
+128
+00:09:34,460 --> 00:09:37,900
+parallel who went in the posterior focus or in the
+
+129
+00:09:37,900 --> 00:09:41,160
+FB and who passed in the FA and came out parallel
+
+130
+00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:43,920
+and met at a point It is very important if the
+
+131
+00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:45,800
+drawing is correct, if the drawing is correct,
+
+132
+00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:48,180
+there is no mistake That when he passes through
+
+133
+00:09:48,180 --> 00:09:51,380
+the central ray, he must meet them at the meeting
+
+134
+00:09:51,380 --> 00:09:54,800
+point That is, he should not be off the meeting
+
+135
+00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,600
+point, he must be directed towards the meeting
+
+136
+00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,620
+point as the drawing indicatesSometimes here, I'm
+
+137
+00:10:00,620 --> 00:10:03,720
+confirming that this is really the meeting point,
+
+138
+00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:06,080
+and what is the condition here in the gap? I mean,
+
+139
+00:10:06,140 --> 00:10:07,780
+what is the condition of what picture is happening
+
+140
+00:10:07,780 --> 00:10:10,180
+here in the gap? And according to the drawing that
+
+141
+00:10:10,180 --> 00:10:11,980
+shows me, it tells me that the picture is upside
+
+142
+00:10:11,980 --> 00:10:16,810
+down. Now, I keep seeingto transfer magnification
+
+143
+00:10:16,810 --> 00:10:18,630
+either I measure the height of the image and I
+
+144
+00:10:18,630 --> 00:10:21,090
+divide it by the height of the object or I measure
+
+145
+00:10:21,090 --> 00:10:23,150
+the distance of the image and I divide it by the
+
+146
+00:10:23,150 --> 00:10:24,870
+distance of the object and that's how you solve
+
+147
+00:10:24,870 --> 00:10:28,610
+the problem without any calculations in terms of
+
+148
+00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:31,230
+versions or anything similar in terms of versions
+
+149
+00:10:31,230 --> 00:10:33,230
+or anything similar but as we said at the
+
+150
+00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:35,610
+beginning it is very important that wemeans to
+
+151
+00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:39,890
+make sure of the distance between FA and FB from
+
+152
+00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:42,190
+this case let's try to see what the simulation
+
+153
+00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,970
+will give us today we want to take the grid and we
+
+154
+00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:51,770
+want to say that I have a single ray I want to
+
+155
+00:10:51,770 --> 00:10:53,230
+consider that this is not a ray, I want to
+
+156
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:58,070
+consider it a line representing
+
+157
+00:10:58,070 --> 00:11:00,790
+the optical axis because we don't have lines here
+
+158
+00:11:00,790 --> 00:11:01,970
+now
+
+159
+00:11:06,170 --> 00:11:12,790
+I want to use an ideal
+
+160
+00:11:12,790 --> 00:11:19,190
+lens plus 10 megapixels let's make it bigger
+
+161
+00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:33,940
+this is my optical axis and this is my lens okay
+
+162
+00:11:33,940 --> 00:11:37,260
+now I want to draw a parallel beam to the optical
+
+163
+00:11:37,260 --> 00:11:42,040
+axis and we see this beam of course just make sure
+
+164
+00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:46,980
+that the lens is 10 diopter the focal length is
+
+165
+00:11:46,980 --> 00:11:51,920
+100 mm which is 10 cm which is the focal length of
+
+166
+00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:58,170
+the plus 10 diopter lens now I want to take a rayI
+
+167
+00:11:58,170 --> 00:12:04,970
+will make it parallel to the optical axis I will
+
+168
+00:12:04,970 --> 00:12:09,970
+make it parallel to the optical axis This
+
+169
+00:12:09,970 --> 00:12:14,730
+ray will enter exactly in the FB Okay, we want to
+
+170
+00:12:14,730 --> 00:12:19,310
+make sure of this, we say where is the ruler? Here
+
+171
+00:12:19,310 --> 00:12:19,670
+is the ruler
+
+172
+00:12:26,780 --> 00:12:32,080
+we need to move the ruler distance
+
+173
+00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:38,560
+from the lens to this point where this beam cut
+
+174
+00:12:38,560 --> 00:12:41,380
+was parallel to the optical axis entered the lens
+
+175
+00:12:41,380 --> 00:12:44,620
+and cut it 100mm which means 10cm so the posterior
+
+176
+00:12:44,620 --> 00:12:49,440
+focus really goes away 10cm as this drawing says
+
+177
+00:12:55,020 --> 00:12:57,620
+Posterior focal point is 10 cm away from the point
+
+178
+00:12:57,620 --> 00:12:59,160
+of reference. Why? Because if we multiply the
+
+179
+00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,320
+refractive index 1 by 10 diopters, we get 1 from
+
+180
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:06,420
+10 meters, which is 10 cm. So here, when I had a
+
+181
+00:13:06,420 --> 00:13:09,000
+parallel beam, what is this point? What is this
+
+182
+00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:13,580
+point? Okay, now I want to cancel the ruler.
+
+183
+00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,840
+And I want to take another beam to pass through F
+
+184
+00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:26,800
+A. which is let's put the ruler on the other side
+
+185
+00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:38,280
+so
+
+186
+00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:43,600
+this point is 10 cm away so this point is FA now I
+
+187
+00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:46,380
+want to pass a ray through this point we will see
+
+188
+00:13:46,380 --> 00:13:51,920
+how it will come out parallel to the optical axis
+
+189
+00:13:56,290 --> 00:13:58,510
+No, we don't want to move this ray, this is
+
+190
+00:13:58,510 --> 00:14:01,510
+basically equal, it will enter the FB Now I want
+
+191
+00:14:01,510 --> 00:14:14,210
+another ray Duplicate Here
+
+192
+00:14:14,210 --> 00:14:20,550
+we inserted it in the point Now
+
+193
+00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:24,990
+exactly, it entered in this point
+
+223
+00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:30,800
+The second ray is a drone that parallels the
+
+224
+00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:35,460
+optical axis until it enters the lens, it emerges 
+
+225
+00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:40,120
+from the lens and passes through FB on its way to
+
+226
+00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:43,560
+plus infinity. The intersection of these two rays
+
+227
+00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:46,520
+defines the corresponding image point. Let's look
+
+228
+00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:48,740
+at this. We say that the secondary is drawn
+
+229
+00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:52,080
+parallel to the optical axis after it leaves the
+
+230
+00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:54,460
+lens and passes through FB and remains going
+
+231
+00:16:54,460 --> 00:16:56,980
+towards the plus optical infinity. The plus
+
+232
+00:16:56,980 --> 00:16:59,040
+optical infinity is not only the one towards the
+
+233
+00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:01,940
+optical axis. Whatever is on the right of the lens
+
+234
+00:17:01,940 --> 00:17:04,540
+extends to its final destination, this is the plus
+
+235
+00:17:04,540 --> 00:17:07,340
+optical infinity. The intersection of the first
+
+236
+00:17:07,340 --> 00:17:10,400
+ray with the second ray determines the image
+
+237
+00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,690
+point. هذه هي ال intersection، إذاً هذه هي ال image
+
+238
+00:17:14,690 --> 00:17:19,370
+point، إذاً a second ray، قلنا the intersection of
+
+239
+00:17:19,370 --> 00:17:22,910
+these two rays defines the corresponding image
+
+240
+00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,230
+point. Note that the image in this example is
+
+241
+00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:29,690
+inverted، نفس ما طلع معانا بالرسم inverted، يعني
+
+242
+00:17:29,690 --> 00:17:32,950
+below the optical axis، وينما ال object above the
+
+243
+00:17:32,950 --> 00:17:37,090
+optical axis. The location of the image is
+
+244
+00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:39,410
+determined by vergence calculations.
+
+245
+00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:55,860
+Divergence of light entering the lens is minus one
+
+246
+00:17:55,860 --> 00:17:57,860
+minus because the light is divergent from the
+
+247
+00:17:57,860 --> 00:18:02,100
+object to twenty centimeters which is minus five
+
+248
+00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,180
+diopters according to the lens maker equation or
+
+249
+00:18:05,180 --> 00:18:08,160
+according to the thin lens equation. Divergence of
+
+250
+00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:11,900
+light exiting the lens is minus five diopters plus
+
+251
+00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:15,140
+the power gives me v which is plus five diopters.
+
+252
+00:18:15,140 --> 00:18:20,210
+The image uncertainty over V I equals uncertainty
+
+253
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:22,830
+over V which is one over plus five diopters which
+
+254
+00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:25,710
+equals plus two out of ten meters which equals
+
+255
+00:18:25,710 --> 00:18:28,630
+twenty centimeters to the right of the lens. Twenty
+
+256
+00:18:28,630 --> 00:18:30,870
+centimeters to the right of the lens of course
+
+257
+00:18:30,870 --> 00:18:36,310
+here we used different distances. Here we used 
+
+258
+00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:39,390
+different distances so it will not be twenty 
+
+259
+00:18:39,390 --> 00:18:42,850
+centimeters to the right of the lens. We can adjust
+
+260
+00:18:42,850 --> 00:18:45,710
+all our work and repeat it from the beginning. High
+
+261
+00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:52,510
+reset. We put grid here and we assume that this is a
+
+262
+00:18:52,510 --> 00:18:58,390
+ray and we want to use it as an optical axis.
+
+263
+00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:07,270
+Now
+
+264
+00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,470
+we put lens
+
+265
+00:19:21,230 --> 00:19:24,690
+This lens has a power of plus 10 diopters because
+
+266
+00:19:24,690 --> 00:19:30,610
+the focal length is 10 cm in the air. Now my body
+
+267
+00:19:30,610 --> 00:19:34,350
+is supposed to be 20 cm by 20 cm, I want to use
+
+268
+00:19:34,350 --> 00:19:34,830
+the ruler.
+
+269
+00:19:50,620 --> 00:19:53,460
+200 mm means 20 cm, which means the object point
+
+270
+00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:55,980
+will be at this distance. Now let's take another
+
+271
+00:19:55,980 --> 00:19:56,160
+ray
+
+272
+00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,440
+Notice that it entered the FB, the FB is 10 cm
+
+273
+00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:13,540
+away from the lens. Because it is parallel to the
+
+274
+00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:17,080
+optical axis, of course, 10 cm from 200 mm to 300
+
+275
+00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,000
+mm means that there is a distance of 100 mm, which
+
+276
+00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:33,600
+is 10 cm. The second flash Now
+
+277
+00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:39,210
+this flash happened inside. No, it's not inside yet.
+
+278
+00:20:39,930 --> 00:20:44,130
+It's in the posterior focal point. It's inside, in
+
+279
+00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:46,210
+the anterior, sorry, focal point. It comes out
+
+280
+00:20:46,210 --> 00:20:49,510
+parallel. The place where they meet determines the
+
+281
+00:20:49,510 --> 00:20:53,660
+image. Do you see the image apart? 20 cm, how did
+
+282
+00:20:53,660 --> 00:20:56,560
+she know that from 200 to 400 there is 200 mm
+
+283
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,500
+which means 20 cm. The object is also at a distance
+
+284
+00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,380
+of 20 cm, the image is at a distance of 20 cm and 
+
+285
+00:21:02,380 --> 00:21:06,360
+the object is at a distance of 20 cm. The ray that
+
+286
+00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:10,140
+remained with him
+
+287
+00:21:10,140 --> 00:21:11,560
+is the chief ray.
+
+288
+00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:25,110
+Image distance is 20 cm to the right and object
+
+289
+00:21:25,110 --> 00:21:30,030
+distance is 20 cm to the left, so transference
+
+290
+00:21:30,030 --> 00:21:32,950
+magnification is minus 1 because image distance to
+
+291
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:38,490
+object distance is plus 2 out of 10 meters on minus
+
+292
+00:21:38,490 --> 00:21:41,490
+two out of ten meters, which is x minus one. The
+
+293
+00:21:41,490 --> 00:21:43,730
+picture is upside down and exactly the height of 
+
+294
+00:21:43,730 --> 00:21:46,170
+the object. If we multiply the height of the object
+
+295
+00:21:46,170 --> 00:21:50,710
+by squares, square two, three, four, five. Here
+
+296
+00:21:50,710 --> 00:21:55,850
+also square two, three, four, five, five.
+
+297
+00:21:55,850 --> 00:21:58,810
+Therefore, the height of the picture is the same
+
+298
+00:21:58,810 --> 00:22:03,920
+as the height of the object. Because the object and 
+
+299
+00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:06,880
+the image are equidistant from the lens, the 
+
+300
+00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,460
+transphase magnification is minus one, the central
+
+301
+00:22:10,460 --> 00:22:14,920
+ray can also be drawn through the optical center
+
+302
+00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,080
+of the lens to confirm the location, to confirm. 
+
+303
+00:22:22,780 --> 00:22:27,220
+Now what if the object in the previous example
+
+304
+00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:30,880
+is moved closer so that it is five centimeters in
+
+305
+00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:35,300
+front of the lens, instead of عشرين صنطي in front
+
+306
+00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:39,820
+يعني inside FA الآن بدنا بنقول هذا السيناريو حدث 
+
+307
+00:22:39,820 --> 00:22:44,720
+معنا هى FA هى نقطة FA طب لو ال object كان جوا 
+
+308
+00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,940
+المنطقة يعني أقرب لل lens من البقرة الأمامية يعني 
+
+309
+00:22:48,940 --> 00:22:53,100
+ال object محتوط هنا يا ترى إيش السيناريوهات اللى 
+
+310
+00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:56,520
+هتسير معانا إيش السيناريوهات اللى هتسير معانا
+
+311
+00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:57,300
+بنقول
+
+312
+00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:07,990
+Here I have the lens, its strength is plus 10
+
+313
+00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:11,030
+diopters, if we point to the lens, the focal
+
+314
+00:23:11,030 --> 00:23:14,390
+length will be 100mm, which is 10 diopters. We put 
+
+315
+00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:19,310
+the lens at a distance, or we put the object at
+
+316
+00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,950
+half the distance. At half the distance, we say
+
+317
+00:23:21,950 --> 00:23:25,510
+here is the ray, and here I have an object point.
+
+318
+00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:33,250
+What will happen is the first thing. This is the
+
+319
+00:23:33,250 --> 00:23:36,630
+first thing. Parallel rays will enter the FB, there
+
+320
+00:23:36,630 --> 00:23:40,470
+is no change on this issue. Okay, FA is here, 
+
+321
+00:23:42,330 --> 00:23:45,850
+excuse me, FA at a distance of 10 cm, this point
+
+322
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:48,790
+that indicates it is FA. Because this is above, the
+
+323
+00:23:48,790 --> 00:23:52,830
+lens is plus 10, then the original distance is 10
+
+324
+00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:57,250
+cm, that is, at this point, FA falls. Okay, we want
+
+325
+00:23:57,250 --> 00:23:58,790
+to try the object and keep it at a distance of
+
+326
+00:23:58,790 --> 00:24:04,780
+exactly 5 cm, means two and a half squares, and this 
+
+327
+00:24:04,780 --> 00:24:09,820
+lens, we have to extend it a lot. No, we will not
+
+328
+00:24:09,820 --> 00:24:17,240
+extend it, we will do something else. This
+
+329
+00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:22,680
+beam is parallel to the optical axis. It
+
+330
+00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:25,180
+will pass through FB completely. 
+
+331
+00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:33,680
+This FB has a sign of 300 minus 200, so this is 10
+
+332
+00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,880
+cm. As long as it is equal without calculations, it 
+
+333
+00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,900
+enters the FB. Okay, you can say I don't believe
+
+334
+00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:48,000
+it, we can say this is duplication. And here we 
+
+335
+00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:53,360
+took another ray and made it also equal to the
+
+336
+00:24:53,360 --> 00:24:54,300
+optical axis. 
+
+337
+00:24:56,970 --> 00:24:59,670
+Equal to the optical axis, as long as it is equal
+
+338
+00:24:59,670 --> 00:25:02,210
+to the optical axis, it must pass through FB, and
+
+339
+00:25:02,210 --> 00:25:04,970
+third, fourth, tenth, and twentieth rays, of course
+
+340
+00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:09,210
+here. This ray is delayed. We now have an object
+
+341
+00:25:09,210 --> 00:25:12,750
+present inside an area inside the frontal 
+
+342
+00:25:12,750 --> 00:25:14,430
+capillary region. This is called the frontal
+
+343
+00:25:14,430 --> 00:25:16,350
+capillary region, from the frontal capillary
+
+344
+00:25:16,350 --> 00:25:19,110
+region which is FA, anterior focus to the lens,
+
+345
+00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:23,850
+which is called anterior focal link, object 5 cm
+
+346
+00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:29,690
+away and fa 10 cm away. How do we find the image? 
+
+347
+00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:34,210
+With the three equations or with the three data.
+
+348
+00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:37,650
+Any beam parallel to the optical system to the 
+
+349
+00:25:37,650 --> 00:25:42,970
+optical axis passes through FB. Ok. The second beam 
+
+350
+00:25:42,970 --> 00:25:47,050
+the second beam is supposed to pass through FA
+
+351
+00:25:47,050 --> 00:25:52,160
+like the drawing here. Like the yellow light is 
+
+352
+00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:56,620
+telling me. Yes, but F-A is behind me. F-A is
+
+353
+00:25:56,620 --> 00:25:59,320
+behind me. The light does not go back, it goes
+
+354
+00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:01,420
+back. The light is directed towards the lens. We
+
+355
+00:26:01,420 --> 00:26:04,260
+say correct, but now we want to make a simple
+
+356
+00:26:04,260 --> 00:26:07,100
+modification. We say that the beam that extends
+
+357
+00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:13,060
+through F-A will come out parallel to the optical
+
+358
+00:26:13,060 --> 00:26:16,100
+axis. Let's see how this case will happen with us.
+
+359
+00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:18,380
+This beam started from the point. 
+
+360
+00:26:23,650 --> 00:26:27,690
+It started from the same point, point A. The length 
+
+361
+00:26:27,690 --> 00:26:31,750
+of this ray... The length of this ray passes
+
+362
+00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:34,890
+through F A. How did you know that it passes 
+
+363
+00:26:34,890 --> 00:26:41,930
+through F A? It's still... it's still a little bit
+
+364
+00:26:41,930 --> 00:26:44,250
+So, the length of this... No, still.
+
+365
+00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:51,800
+في صعوبة بسيطة فى التحكم ايوة الان هذا الشعاع لو
+
+366
+00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:57,220
+انا جيت بالمصطره هجيه بمر بالظبط على فى ال F A
+
+367
+00:26:57,220 --> 00:27:03,200
+امتداده الخلفى بمر فى ال F A اى شعاع بتكون ال F A
+
+368
+00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:08,110
+ورا ورا للخلف منه. It is directed to the lens. If
+
+369
+00:27:08,110 --> 00:27:10,250
+its extension passes through the eye, it will come
+
+370
+00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:15,230
+out parallel to the optical axis.
+
+371
+00:27:15,690 --> 00:27:21,790
+So, this issue must be clear to us. So this issue 
+
+372
+00:27:21,790 --> 00:27:25,310
+is this point. The third ray is the Chifre. 
+
+373
+00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:34,020
+Which passes through the nodal point. هذا الشعاع لا
+
+374
+00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:38,340
+يغير طريقه أبدا إذا ملاحظين الشعاع الأول والتاني
+
+375
+00:27:38,340 --> 00:27:44,100
+وا��تالت Divergent Divergent إيش يعني Divergent
+
+376
+00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:48,840
+يعني متفرقين عن بعضهم البعض إذا مهما امتدوا على 
+
+377
+00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:53,160
+اليمين لن يؤدوا إلى تكوين صورة إذا الصورة خيالية
+
+378
+00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:57,760
+الصورة خيالية وهذا الكلام مثبت بالتجربة هذا الكلام
+
+379
+00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:02,870
+مثبت بالتجربة إذا إحنا الآن وصلنا لقاعدة that any
+
+380
+00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,890
+radiation or any body that falls within the
+
+381
+00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:12,240
+frontal lobe, closer to the lens than FA. The rays
+
+382
+00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:16,460
+will come out of it and enter the lens and will
+
+383
+00:28:16,460 --> 00:28:19,360
+also produce divergence. In other words, the power
+
+384
+00:28:19,360 --> 00:28:22,080
+of the lens will not be enough for the divergence
+
+385
+00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:25,480
+coming from this object. As long as the rays will
+
+386
+00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:27,700
+produce divergence, then the picture is imaginary.
+
+387
+00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:32,620
+The location of the picture will be as many as
+
+388
+00:28:32,620 --> 00:28:36,520
+these three rays that came out. As many as the 
+
+389
+00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:39,740
+three rays that came out, and this is necessary
+
+390
+00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:49,950
+for us. يعني... نحاول 
+
+391
+00:28:49,950 --> 00:28:56,990
+نثبته بالتجربة هذا الشعاع الموازي لل optical axis
+
+392
+00:28:56,990 --> 00:29:03,790
+لو مديناه للخلف و هذا الشعاع أيضا لو مديناه للخلف
+
+393
+00:29:03,790 --> 00:29:11,930
+نعمل كمان duplication لههدا شوية لو مدناها للخلف،
+
+394
+00:29:11,930 --> 00:29:17,630
+بس ضروري يكون على نفس التوازن،
+
+395
+00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:22,130
+لأ أنا بدنا نلغي هدا، ضروري يكون على نفس امتداد
+
+396
+00:29:22,130 --> 00:29:34,390
+الخط اللي خرج من، لأ تمام
+
+397
+00:29:52,480 --> 00:30:07,280
+because the password is supposed
+
+398
+00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,080
+to meet in one point and define the place of the
+
+399
+00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:18,580
+image. So here I have a rectangle like this, here
+
+400
+00:30:18,580 --> 00:30:19,300
+is the place of the image.
+
+401
+00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:25,780
+وهدا الصورة، هذا الشعاع اللي خرج من ال lens مديته
+
+402
+00:30:25,780 --> 00:30:30,900
+للخلف، و هذا ال chief rail اللي خرج من ال lens
+
+403
+00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:35,320
+مديته للخلف، نقطة التقائهم هنا هي ال image، هي ال
+
+404
+00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,620
+image اللي هي النقطة هذه الحمرة اللي احنا قاعدين،
+
+405
+00:30:38,620 --> 00:30:43,760
+يعني، هذه
+
+406
+00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:49,400
+هي النقطة الحمرة، اذا ال image. ال image هتكون يعني
+
+407
+00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:54,020
+على بعد معين من ال lens على بعد معين من ال lens و
+
+408
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:31:00,760
+بالتالي ممكن أجيسه و أعرف بالحسابات كدهش بتطلع
+
+409
+00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:01,220
+معاه
+
+410
+00:31:
+
+445
+00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:41,610
+it to the back, it will be as if it is starting
+
+446
+00:33:41,610 --> 00:33:44,350
+from A to E, it will come out parallel to the
+
+447
+00:33:44,350 --> 00:33:46,590
+optical axis, it will come out parallel to the
+
+448
+00:33:46,590 --> 00:33:50,510
+optical axis The second ray, we will give it
+
+449
+00:33:50,510 --> 00:33:53,450
+another color, it came parallel to the optical
+
+450
+00:33:53,450 --> 00:33:56,830
+axis, when it comes out of the lens
+
+451
+00:34:00,340 --> 00:34:07,820
+The third ray is the chief ray that enters the
+
+452
+00:34:07,820 --> 00:34:08,720
+nodal point
+
+453
+00:34:12,340 --> 00:34:16,780
+In the blue color, we find that it does not change
+
+454
+00:34:16,780 --> 00:34:19,820
+its way. If we look at these rays, this is the
+
+455
+00:34:19,820 --> 00:34:21,940
+back of the lens and this is the anterior part of
+
+456
+00:34:21,940 --> 00:34:23,880
+the lens. We will find that these rays are
+
+457
+00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:26,380
+divergent. Now, where is the picture? The picture
+
+458
+00:34:26,380 --> 00:34:29,780
+is on the extensions of these three rays to the
+
+459
+00:34:29,780 --> 00:34:35,300
+back, on their extensions to the back, so I get
+
+460
+00:34:40,910 --> 00:34:48,630
+بنمد هذا شعاع للخلف، وبنمد هذا شعاع للخلف، وبنمد
+
+461
+00:34:48,630 --> 00:34:52,990
+شعاع التالت للخلف، خليني بس أشر على شعاع التالت
+
+462
+00:34:59,250 --> 00:35:03,190
+they will meet at one point this point is the
+
+463
+00:35:03,190 --> 00:35:08,010
+image point of the point since divergent ray is
+
+464
+00:35:08,010 --> 00:35:12,290
+known as virtual image virtual image distance
+
+465
+00:35:12,290 --> 00:35:16,790
+which is the distance of the image from the lens
+
+466
+00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:19,970
+to the object distance gives me a transfer of
+
+467
+00:35:19,970 --> 00:35:22,890
+magnification gives me a transfer of magnification
+
+468
+00:35:22,890 --> 00:35:25,750
+and this shape now when it becomes colored becomes
+
+469
+00:35:25,750 --> 00:35:26,530
+clearer
+
+470
+00:35:29,990 --> 00:35:32,530
+by the lens makers equation or the thin lens
+
+471
+00:35:32,530 --> 00:35:35,990
+equation divergence of light exiting the lens is
+
+472
+00:35:35,990 --> 00:35:39,930
+minus 10 diopter why minus 10 diopter because the
+
+473
+00:35:39,930 --> 00:35:44,110
+light will reach minus 20 diopter because the
+
+474
+00:35:44,110 --> 00:35:47,330
+object is at a distance of 5 cm if we calculate it
+
+475
+00:35:47,330 --> 00:35:54,870
+at a distance of 5 cm how much is U? U is equal to
+
+476
+00:35:54,870 --> 00:35:56,090
+negative N over O
+
+477
+00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:05,000
+and it's negative because it's divergent from the
+
+478
+00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,640
+object because it's a real object over 5 cm which
+
+479
+00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:13,780
+is 5 out of 100 meters and
+
+480
+00:36:13,780 --> 00:36:19,320
+it's equal to minus 20 diopters as long as u is
+
+481
+00:36:19,320 --> 00:36:25,320
+minus 20 diopters العدسة هتبغي كل قوتها هتلغي عشرة
+
+482
+00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:29,940
+من العشرين و هيضل تشتت بمقدار عشرة ديوبتر، إذا
+
+483
+00:36:29,940 --> 00:36:32,800
+الصورة هتتكون على بعد عشرة أقصان، نروح لل
+
+484
+00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:37,440
+simulation، هاي الصورة اتكونت هنا، في المنطقة هاي
+
+485
+00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:39,980
+طبعا، نروح نرفع ال roller لفوق
+
+486
+00:36:45,710 --> 00:36:48,490
+So the image from 100 to 200 mm is at a distance
+
+487
+00:36:48,490 --> 00:36:51,710
+of 10 cm. This distance is 100 mm. 100 mm means 10
+
+488
+00:36:51,710 --> 00:36:56,690
+cm. The object is
+
+489
+00:36:56,690 --> 00:37:01,730
+the object point here at a distance of 5 cm. The
+
+490
+00:37:01,730 --> 00:37:04,090
+rule that we want to reach is that any object
+
+491
+00:37:04,090 --> 00:37:10,620
+inside the anterior focusAny object inside the
+
+492
+00:37:10,620 --> 00:37:14,560
+anterior focus whether here, or here, or here, or
+
+493
+00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:19,480
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+494
+00:37:19,580 --> 00:37:20,600
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+495
+00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:20,900
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+496
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,980
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+497
+00:37:20,980 --> 00:37:21,600
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+498
+00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:24,040
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+499
+00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:24,320
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+500
+00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,440
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+501
+00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:34,980
+here, or here, or here, or
+
+502
+00:37:34,980 --> 00:37:36,300
+here
+
+503
+00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:50,620
+if the object image
+
+504
+00:37:50,620 --> 00:38:00,980
+if the object is inside F A ايش الصفات بتاعة ال
+
+505
+00:38:00,980 --> 00:38:08,460
+image؟ واحد، virtual اتنين
+
+506
+00:38:11,780 --> 00:38:22,560
+erect يعني معتدلة تلاتة magnified يعني virtual مش
+
+507
+00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:26,620
+حقيقية erect معتدلة زيها زي ال object مش مجلوبة
+
+508
+00:38:26,620 --> 00:38:31,540
+magnified مكبرة مستحيل تكون جده ولا أصغر منه دائما
+
+509
+00:38:31,540 --> 00:38:39,240
+مكبرة و هذه الوضعيةهذه الوضعية هي فكرة عمل ال
+
+510
+00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:43,180
+magnifiers المكبرات، العدسات المكبرة اللي ممكن
+
+511
+00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:47,520
+احنا نصادفها في الأسواق أو في محلات البصريات أو ال
+
+512
+00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:49,880
+hand-held magnifier، ال magnifier اللي بنمسك
+
+513
+00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:57,260
+بالإيد فكرة عمله، فكرة عمله، قريبا بس نأخد صورة
+
+514
+00:38:57,260 --> 00:39:04,280
+عشان اللي مش متذكر هو hand-held magnifier
+
+515
+00:39:08,090 --> 00:39:10,590
+This is the handheld magnifier with its different
+
+516
+00:39:10,590 --> 00:39:13,170
+types. The idea behind it is to place the object
+
+517
+00:39:13,170 --> 00:39:19,430
+inside the f-a of this lens Inside the f-a of the
+
+518
+00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:23,770
+lens, so the object will have a picture enlarged,
+
+519
+00:39:24,010 --> 00:39:28,970
+virtual correct, but enlarged and slanted enlarged
+
+520
+00:39:28,970 --> 00:39:33,530
+and slanted, that's why if I hold any lens from
+
+521
+00:39:33,530 --> 00:39:37,950
+the lens bag وحسبت يعني قرأت قوتها مثلا plus 5 plus
+
+522
+00:39:37,950 --> 00:39:42,470
+7 plus 12 وحسبت جديش البعد البقري الأمامي إلها
+
+523
+00:39:42,470 --> 00:39:47,750
+وبعدين أمسكت أي object وخليته داخل البعد الأمامي
+
+524
+00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,310
+لهذه العدسة ونظرت من الناحية التانية هلاقي هذا ال
+
+525
+00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:53,690
+object مكبر I will find this object magnified or in
+
+526
+00:39:53,690 --> 00:39:58,450
+other words, I took a plus 12 or plus 7 or plus 5
+
+527
+00:39:58,450 --> 00:40:01,290
+lens and looked into it and found it magnified, I
+
+528
+00:40:01,290 --> 00:40:03,870
+must know that this object which I found magnified
+
+529
+00:40:03,870 --> 00:40:08,390
+means .. means that this object is located inside
+
+530
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:13,430
+the FAA means located inside the FAA Okay, now I
+
+531
+00:40:13,430 --> 00:40:19,240
+have one last scenario What if ..It was the object
+
+532
+00:40:19,240 --> 00:40:23,020
+not farther than the FA and not closer than the
+
+533
+00:40:23,020 --> 00:40:27,060
+FA, it came exactly to the FA, it came exactly to
+
+534
+00:40:27,060 --> 00:40:30,500
+the FA Either you see what's going to happen or
+
+535
+00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:32,400
+what's the scenario that's going to happen, we'll
+
+536
+00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:33,220
+continue and say
+
+537
+00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:39,910
+طبعا this is the basis اللي شرحناه قبل شوية لما
+
+538
+00:40:39,910 --> 00:40:43,970
+يكون inside the FA this is the basis او ال optical
+
+539
+00:40:43,970 --> 00:40:48,510
+basis of simple handheld plus lens magnifier اللي
+
+540
+00:40:48,510 --> 00:40:53,950
+شوفنا صورته قبل شوية an object positioned inside
+
+541
+00:40:53,950 --> 00:40:57,110
+the focal point of a plus spherical lens will
+
+542
+00:40:57,110 --> 00:41:01,850
+produce magnified هي واحد upright يعني erect
+
+543
+00:41:01,850 --> 00:41:08,830
+virtual تلاتة image صورة مكبرةواجفة مش مش مجلوبة و
+
+544
+00:41:08,830 --> 00:41:12,950
+virtual غير حقيقية هذه القضية ممكن احنا نحاولها
+
+545
+00:41:12,950 --> 00:41:16,610
+هذه ال experiment with lens you use for indirect
+
+546
+00:41:16,610 --> 00:41:19,110
+ophthalmoscope احنا ال indirect ophthalmoscope
+
+547
+00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:27,050
+بنستعمل معه عدسات اللي بنفحص فيه طبعا قاع العين
+
+548
+00:41:27,050 --> 00:41:31,790
+indirect ophthalmoscope
+
+549
+00:41:40,670 --> 00:41:44,850
+Let's see its picture Of course, we use with it
+
+550
+00:41:44,850 --> 00:41:50,210
+this lens which can be plus 20 or plus 30 or plus
+
+551
+00:41:50,210 --> 00:41:54,490
+28 meaning spherical lens So here, it's the same
+
+552
+00:41:54,490 --> 00:41:58,870
+thing This is the examiner holding the plus lens
+
+553
+00:41:58,870 --> 00:42:02,570
+and looking at the bottom of the screen Okay, now
+
+554
+00:42:02,570 --> 00:42:06,290
+We
+
+555
+00:42:06,290 --> 00:42:10,570
+can try this with this lensWe have a third
+
+556
+00:42:10,570 --> 00:42:12,830
+scenario, we will not explain it but we will say
+
+557
+00:42:12,830 --> 00:42:19,270
+it If the object is not inside FA nor outside FA,
+
+558
+00:42:19,430 --> 00:42:24,250
+it is exactly on the FA It will also be virtual,
+
+559
+00:42:24,650 --> 00:42:28,210
+erect, magnified exactly as if it is inside the FA
+
+560
+00:42:28,210 --> 00:42:33,150
+But the magnification is the maximum magnification
+
+561
+00:42:33,150 --> 00:42:36,250
+It is the maximum magnification in another sense
+
+562
+00:42:37,370 --> 00:42:41,430
+لما بيكون ال object على fa أو جواتها بيعطيني
+
+563
+00:42:41,430 --> 00:42:44,970
+virtual, erect magnification بس ال maximum
+
+564
+00:42:44,970 --> 00:42:48,150
+magnification يعني العدسة هاي بتعطيني أكبر
+
+565
+00:42:48,150 --> 00:42:51,550
+magnification لما يكون ال object موجود بالضبط على
+
+566
+00:42:51,550 --> 00:42:56,190
+البقرة الأمامية طيب لو كان ال object برا بنرجع
+
+567
+00:42:56,190 --> 00:43:03,980
+للمثال الأول لو كان ال object برا fa هنا جوا faلو
+
+568
+00:43:03,980 --> 00:43:07,440
+كان هاي FA و هاي ال object أبعد منها، أبعد عن
+
+569
+00:43:07,440 --> 00:43:11,260
+العدسة منها، هتكون الصورة دائما حقيقية و ال .. و
+
+570
+00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:14,800
+ال size بتاعها حسب وين موجود ال object هل هو بعيد
+
+571
+00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,720
+كتير ولا بعيد ولا يعني بعيد بس أق .. يعني جريب من
+
+572
+00:43:19,720 --> 00:43:26,060
+FA و هكذاهيك بتنتهي المحاضرة تاتي اليوم ووصلنا
+
+573
+00:43:26,060 --> 00:43:31,280
+بعدها لأول مرة هنصل لتعامل مع ال concave lenses
+
+574
+00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:35,220
+ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/_gaLIGfFKl4_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2296 @@
+1
+00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,240
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم، بنواصل مع محاضرات الـ
+
+2
+00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:08,180
+Geometric Optics، ووصلنا لموضوع الـ Paraxial Ray
+
+3
+00:00:08,180 --> 00:00:11,440
+Tracing Through Convex Spherical Lenses، هذه
+
+4
+00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:15,180
+المحاضرة حقيقة تعتمد على المحاضرة السابقة، و اللي
+
+5
+00:00:15,180 --> 00:00:19,260
+بنذكر في بعض المعلومات اللي وردت فيها، بنقول أي
+
+6
+00:00:19,260 --> 00:00:24,440
+أشعة موازيةto the optical axis any rays parallel
+
+7
+00:00:24,440 --> 00:00:28,600
+to the optical axis will meet in the Fp in the
+
+8
+00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:31,200
+posterior focal point we don't want all the rays,
+
+9
+00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:34,400
+we want only one ray, that is, any ray any ray
+
+10
+00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,620
+that is parallel to the optical axis after leaving
+
+11
+00:00:37,620 --> 00:00:42,000
+the lens passes in the Fp in the posterior focal
+
+12
+00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:46,540
+point another information, any ray any ray that
+
+13
+00:00:46,540 --> 00:00:53,080
+passes through the Faمر في الـ F-A يعتبر كأنه صادر
+
+14
+00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:55,620
+من الـ F-A من الـ anterior focus و بالتالي لما
+
+15
+00:00:55,620 --> 00:00:59,660
+بيخرج من ال lens بيخرج موازي لل lens هاي عندي كمان
+
+16
+00:00:59,660 --> 00:01:04,600
+شعاع مر في ال F-A و هو ذاهب إلى ال lens لما خرج
+
+17
+00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:09,270
+خرج موازي لل optical axis موازي لل optical axisThe
+
+18
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:11,810
+third thing we need to remember is that any ray
+
+19
+00:01:11,810 --> 00:01:14,190
+that passes through the nodal point remains
+
+20
+00:01:14,190 --> 00:01:18,010
+undeviated. Undeviated means that it does not
+
+21
+00:01:18,010 --> 00:01:21,130
+change its path at all because it passed through
+
+22
+00:01:21,130 --> 00:01:22,890
+the nodal point. Because it passed through the
+
+23
+00:01:22,890 --> 00:01:25,890
+nodal point. These are the things we need to
+
+24
+00:01:25,890 --> 00:01:29,800
+remember before we startin our lecture, which is
+
+25
+00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:32,860
+Paraxial Ray Tracing Through Convex Spherical
+
+26
+00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:38,660
+Lenses We want to trace the paraxial ray during
+
+27
+00:01:38,660 --> 00:01:43,320
+its passage through a convex spherical lens and
+
+28
+00:01:43,320 --> 00:01:50,040
+see that we can use two or three rays to reach the
+
+29
+00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:51,960
+location of the image without any calculations,
+
+30
+00:01:52,180 --> 00:01:57,540
+but only by drawingfrom any object point, three
+
+31
+00:01:57,540 --> 00:02:00,320
+simple, يعني لو اختارنا object point، ال object في
+
+32
+00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:05,080
+multiple points، بس احنا هنختار point معينة، نفرض
+
+33
+00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:09,300
+انها point A، نسميها النقطة A، three simple rays
+
+34
+00:02:09,300 --> 00:02:12,380
+are drawn through a thin lens to locate a
+
+35
+00:02:12,380 --> 00:02:15,260
+corresponding point in the image، يعني اذا اختارنا
+
+36
+00:02:15,260 --> 00:02:19,570
+النقطة A،Its image will be a condition. So if you
+
+37
+00:02:19,570 --> 00:02:21,930
+see a condition, where will it fall in space?
+
+38
+00:02:22,110 --> 00:02:24,790
+Where is its location in space? By using three
+
+39
+00:02:24,790 --> 00:02:29,710
+rays, three lines or three rays, three light rays
+
+40
+00:02:29,710 --> 00:02:32,810
+coming from the object point that we chose, which
+
+41
+00:02:32,810 --> 00:02:37,250
+is a, we can determine the location of a
+
+42
+00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:40,950
+condition, which is the image of a, the image of a
+
+43
+00:02:41,250 --> 00:02:44,710
+وحقيقة احنا مش محتاجين three rays وانما محتاجين
+
+44
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:47,870
+only two rays are actually needed زي ما هنشوف بعد
+
+45
+00:02:47,870 --> 00:02:51,410
+قليل، the same rays are used to find the
+
+46
+00:02:51,410 --> 00:02:55,630
+corresponding points if a thick lens or multiple
+
+47
+00:02:55,630 --> 00:02:58,910
+multi-element lens system is modeled by first
+
+48
+00:02:58,910 --> 00:03:02,540
+order optical principlesSo these words that we are
+
+49
+00:03:02,540 --> 00:03:03,660
+going to talk about, we are going to talk about
+
+50
+00:03:03,660 --> 00:03:07,880
+thin lenses, right convex lens, spherical lens,
+
+51
+00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:11,240
+but they are thin lenses. So, is it okay to use
+
+52
+00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:17,860
+retracing or drawing if I have a thick lens?If I
+
+53
+00:03:17,860 --> 00:03:47,580
+have a thick lens, yes I can use it
+
+54
+00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:59,300
+The first two rays traverse F-A and F-B The
+
+55
+00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:03,160
+final ray, known as the central ray or chief ray,
+
+56
+00:04:03,680 --> 00:04:04,920
+traverses the nodal point
+
+57
+00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:29,180
+For a thin lens immersed in a medium with a
+
+58
+00:04:29,180 --> 00:04:32,220
+uniform refractive index, the nodal points
+
+59
+00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:32,840
+overlap.
+
+60
+00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,320
+يعني هنا هوا و هنا هوا أو هنا مية و هنا مية
+
+61
+00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:49,300
+بيسموها uniform medium مادة متجانسة يعني مرموزة
+
+62
+00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:53,020
+فيه مادة متجانسة ال nodal points ال anterior و ال
+
+63
+00:04:53,020 --> 00:04:56,680
+posterior overlap يعني بيعتبروا نقطة واحدة يعني
+
+64
+00:04:56,680 --> 00:05:00,420
+جايين على بعضهم البعض هذا الكلام ضروري جدا احنا
+
+65
+00:05:00,420 --> 00:05:04,440
+نتذكره اذا for a thin lens immersed in a uniform
+
+66
+00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:08,600
+optical medium such as air or water
+
+67
+00:05:16,840 --> 00:05:20,160
+For a thin lens emits in a medium with a uniform
+
+68
+00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,900
+refractive index, the nodal points overlap at the
+
+69
+00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:27,840
+optical center of the lens. The central ray, or
+
+70
+00:05:27,840 --> 00:05:32,180
+the chief ray, هو الشعع اللي بيعدي في ال nodal
+
+71
+00:05:32,180 --> 00:05:35,300
+point. It traverses the nodal points undeviated
+
+72
+00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:39,040
+يعني مابيصيرلوش انكسار بالمرةthat is it does not
+
+73
+00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:46,000
+change direction with respect to the optical axis
+
+74
+00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,660
+it is
+
+75
+00:05:49,660 --> 00:05:55,860
+customary to represent object as arrows to
+
+76
+00:05:55,860 --> 00:05:57,500
+show size and orientation
+
+77
+00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:12,660
+The tip of an arrow represents a single object
+
+78
+00:06:12,660 --> 00:06:13,040
+point
+
+79
+00:06:23,710 --> 00:06:29,130
+assume an object is placed 20 cm in front of plus
+
+80
+00:06:29,130 --> 00:06:31,730
+10 diopter lens immersed in air
+
+81
+00:06:35,590 --> 00:06:39,390
+object, we represented it with an arrow, the tip
+
+82
+00:06:39,390 --> 00:06:42,610
+of the arrow is the point A, we took it as an
+
+83
+00:06:42,610 --> 00:06:44,690
+example on the points of the object, that is, it
+
+84
+00:06:44,690 --> 00:06:46,970
+will represent the points of the object, we said
+
+85
+00:06:46,970 --> 00:06:50,230
+that A is a point in the object, A condition is
+
+86
+00:06:50,230 --> 00:06:53,310
+the image of A. Well, let's see what happens to A
+
+87
+00:06:53,310 --> 00:06:56,270
+condition in space. Without using any
+
+88
+00:06:56,270 --> 00:06:59,570
+calculations, without using any calculations, I
+
+89
+00:06:59,570 --> 00:07:02,330
+need to draw three rays. The first ray is equal to
+
+90
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:05,330
+the optical axis.From the previous lecture, we
+
+91
+00:07:05,330 --> 00:07:08,310
+know that any beam parallel to the optical axis,
+
+92
+00:07:08,470 --> 00:07:11,870
+without calculations, will enter the posterior
+
+93
+00:07:11,870 --> 00:07:16,990
+focus, which is the tail of this lens. As long as
+
+94
+00:07:16,990 --> 00:07:19,870
+it enters the posterior focus, and I define where
+
+95
+00:07:19,870 --> 00:07:22,890
+the posterior focus is, I draw a line that enters
+
+96
+00:07:22,890 --> 00:07:25,130
+the posterior focus, and I extend it to infinity,
+
+97
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,970
+to the plus optical infinity. Okay, second thing,
+
+98
+00:07:29,550 --> 00:07:34,020
+the beam number twoThe second ray of light Let's
+
+99
+00:07:34,020 --> 00:07:40,180
+color the rays so that it becomes clear in the
+
+100
+00:07:40,180 --> 00:07:44,860
+vision This is the first ray in red And we
+
+101
+00:07:44,860 --> 00:07:49,200
+continue with the red color to make it clear So
+
+102
+00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,840
+the ray parallel to the optical axis Entered the
+
+103
+00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:56,900
+posterior focus of the lens Which is plus ten
+
+104
+00:07:56,900 --> 00:08:02,650
+dioders Okay, the second rayمر هو رايح على العدسة
+
+105
+00:08:02,650 --> 00:08:06,650
+و ذهب إلى العدسة صادف مروره بال .. بال fa بال
+
+106
+00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:11,370
+anterior focus هذا معروف أنه من المحاضرة السابقة
+
+107
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:15,750
+أنه أي شعاع بيمر بال anterior focal point كأنه
+
+108
+00:08:15,750 --> 00:08:19,570
+صادر منها بالضبط كأنه صادر منها مافي اختلاف بتاتا
+
+109
+00:08:19,570 --> 00:08:24,110
+سواء مر فيها مرور أو صادر منها بالفعلIt's like
+
+110
+00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:27,050
+it's coming out of it, so its fate is to come out
+
+111
+00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:31,330
+of the lens parallel to the optical axis, as the
+
+112
+00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:34,930
+picture shows. The point of contact between the
+
+113
+00:08:34,930 --> 00:08:37,350
+two rays determines the location of a condition in
+
+114
+00:08:37,350 --> 00:08:41,490
+space. From this point, I draw or lower a column.
+
+115
+00:08:41,750 --> 00:08:45,050
+I lower a column on the optical axis. This is the
+
+116
+00:08:45,050 --> 00:08:47,270
+height of the image. This is the height of the
+
+117
+00:08:47,270 --> 00:08:49,970
+image. If you notice, until now, we have not used
+
+118
+00:08:51,380 --> 00:08:54,900
+Any kind of calculations, but it's necessary if we
+
+119
+00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:59,000
+choose a lens with a certain power, we find FA and
+
+120
+00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:03,540
+FB and we put FA and FB in their correct place in
+
+121
+00:09:03,540 --> 00:09:09,220
+relation to the sourceالان احنا باستعمال شعاعين
+
+122
+00:09:09,220 --> 00:09:13,700
+اقدرنا نصل لهدي الغاية الشعاع التالت هو شعاع
+
+123
+00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:18,680
+للتأكيد فقط بيسموه ال Central Ray اللي هو مرسوم
+
+124
+00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:23,220
+باللون الأبيض ال Central Ray طبعا زي ما هو عارفين
+
+125
+00:09:23,220 --> 00:09:26,540
+زي ما احنا عارفين انه Central Ray بصدر من A و
+
+126
+00:09:26,540 --> 00:09:29,920
+بصادف دخوله في ال nodal point اذا مش هيغير طريقه
+
+127
+00:09:29,920 --> 00:09:34,460
+ضروري بعد ما انا رسمت الشعاع الأول والتانيThe
+
+128
+00:09:34,460 --> 00:09:37,900
+parallel who went in the posterior focus or in the
+
+129
+00:09:37,900 --> 00:09:41,160
+FB and who passed in the FA and came out parallel
+
+130
+00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:43,920
+and met at a point It is very important if the
+
+131
+00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:45,800
+drawing is correct, if the drawing is correct,
+
+132
+00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:48,180
+there is no mistake That when he passes through
+
+133
+00:09:48,180 --> 00:09:51,380
+the central ray, he must meet them at the meeting
+
+134
+00:09:51,380 --> 00:09:54,800
+point That is, he should not be off the meeting
+
+135
+00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,600
+point, he must be directed towards the meeting
+
+136
+00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,620
+point as the drawing indicatesSometimes here, I'm
+
+137
+00:10:00,620 --> 00:10:03,720
+confirming that this is really the meeting point,
+
+138
+00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:06,080
+and what is the condition here in the gap? I mean,
+
+139
+00:10:06,140 --> 00:10:07,780
+what is the condition of what picture is happening
+
+140
+00:10:07,780 --> 00:10:10,180
+here in the gap? And according to the drawing that
+
+141
+00:10:10,180 --> 00:10:11,980
+shows me, it tells me that the picture is upside
+
+142
+00:10:11,980 --> 00:10:16,810
+down. Now, I keep seeingto transfer magnification
+
+143
+00:10:16,810 --> 00:10:18,630
+either I measure the height of the image and I
+
+144
+00:10:18,630 --> 00:10:21,090
+divide it by the height of the object or I measure
+
+145
+00:10:21,090 --> 00:10:23,150
+the distance of the image and I divide it by the
+
+146
+00:10:23,150 --> 00:10:24,870
+distance of the object and that's how you solve
+
+147
+00:10:24,870 --> 00:10:28,610
+the problem without any calculations in terms of
+
+148
+00:10:28,610 --> 00:10:31,230
+versions or anything similar in terms of versions
+
+149
+00:10:31,230 --> 00:10:33,230
+or anything similar but as we said at the
+
+150
+00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:35,610
+beginning it is very important that wemeans to
+
+151
+00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:39,890
+make sure of the distance between FA and FB from
+
+152
+00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:42,190
+this case let's try to see what the simulation
+
+153
+00:10:42,190 --> 00:10:46,970
+will give us today we want to take the grid and we
+
+154
+00:10:46,970 --> 00:10:51,770
+want to say that I have a single ray I want to
+
+155
+00:10:51,770 --> 00:10:53,230
+consider that this is not a ray, I want to
+
+156
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:58,070
+consider it a line representing
+
+157
+00:10:58,070 --> 00:11:00,790
+the optical axis because we don't have lines here
+
+158
+00:11:00,790 --> 00:11:01,970
+now
+
+159
+00:11:06,170 --> 00:11:12,790
+I want to use an ideal
+
+160
+00:11:12,790 --> 00:11:19,190
+lens plus 10 megapixels let's make it bigger
+
+161
+00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:33,940
+this is my optical axis and this is my lens okay
+
+162
+00:11:33,940 --> 00:11:37,260
+now I want to draw a parallel beam to the optical
+
+163
+00:11:37,260 --> 00:11:42,040
+axis and we see this beam of course just make sure
+
+164
+00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:46,980
+that the lens is 10 diopter the focal length is
+
+165
+00:11:46,980 --> 00:11:51,920
+100 mm which is 10 cm which is the focal length of
+
+166
+00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:58,170
+the plus 10 diopter lens now I want to take a rayI
+
+167
+00:11:58,170 --> 00:12:04,970
+will make it parallel to the optical axis I will
+
+168
+00:12:04,970 --> 00:12:09,970
+make it parallel to the optical axis This
+
+169
+00:12:09,970 --> 00:12:14,730
+ray will enter exactly in the FB Okay, we want to
+
+170
+00:12:14,730 --> 00:12:19,310
+make sure of this, we say where is the ruler? Here
+
+171
+00:12:19,310 --> 00:12:19,670
+is the ruler
+
+172
+00:12:26,780 --> 00:12:32,080
+we need to move the ruler distance
+
+173
+00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:38,560
+from the lens to this point where this beam cut
+
+174
+00:12:38,560 --> 00:12:41,380
+was parallel to the optical axis entered the lens
+
+175
+00:12:41,380 --> 00:12:44,620
+and cut it 100mm which means 10cm so the posterior
+
+176
+00:12:44,620 --> 00:12:49,440
+focus really goes away 10cm as this drawing says
+
+177
+00:12:55,020 --> 00:12:57,620
+Posterior focal point is 10 cm away from the point
+
+178
+00:12:57,620 --> 00:12:59,160
+of reference. Why? Because if we multiply the
+
+179
+00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,320
+refractive index 1 by 10 diopters, we get 1 from
+
+180
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:06,420
+10 meters, which is 10 cm. So here, when I had a
+
+181
+00:13:06,420 --> 00:13:09,000
+parallel beam, what is this point? What is this
+
+182
+00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:13,580
+point? Okay, now I want to cancel the ruler.
+
+183
+00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,840
+And I want to take another beam to pass through F
+
+184
+00:13:20,840 --> 00:13:26,800
+A. which is let's put the ruler on the other side
+
+185
+00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:38,280
+so
+
+186
+00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:43,600
+this point is 10 cm away so this point is FA now I
+
+187
+00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:46,380
+want to pass a ray through this point we will see
+
+188
+00:13:46,380 --> 00:13:51,920
+how it will come out parallel to the optical axis
+
+189
+00:13:56,290 --> 00:13:58,510
+No, we don't want to move this ray, this is
+
+190
+00:13:58,510 --> 00:14:01,510
+basically equal, it will enter the FB Now I want
+
+191
+00:14:01,510 --> 00:14:14,210
+another ray Duplicate Here
+
+192
+00:14:14,210 --> 00:14:20,550
+we inserted it in the point Now
+
+193
+00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:24,990
+exactly, it entered in this pointwhich is the FA
+
+194
+00:14:24,990 --> 00:14:33,370
+of the system, of the lens, if you notice this is
+
+195
+00:14:33,370 --> 00:14:36,410
+how it comes out parallel to the optical axis
+
+196
+00:14:36,410 --> 00:14:40,070
+whoever enters FA comes out parallel and whoever
+
+197
+00:14:40,070 --> 00:14:43,530
+comes out parallel enters FB their meeting here is
+
+198
+00:14:43,530 --> 00:14:46,370
+the image here is the imagethis is the height of
+
+199
+00:14:46,370 --> 00:14:49,170
+the image and this is the height of the object
+
+200
+00:14:49,170 --> 00:14:50,910
+this is the height of the image and this is the
+
+201
+00:14:50,910 --> 00:14:55,410
+height of the object therefore, we can be sure of
+
+202
+00:14:55,410 --> 00:14:59,290
+this case we can be sure of heights and distances
+
+203
+00:14:59,290 --> 00:15:02,690
+heights and distances now it is necessary when I
+
+204
+00:15:02,690 --> 00:15:07,130
+pass ..
+
+205
+00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:12,790
+it is necessary when I pass the chief ray, the
+
+206
+00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:14,610
+central ray that ..
+
+207
+00:15:19,820 --> 00:15:22,360
+First of all, it does not change its path, you see
+
+208
+00:15:22,360 --> 00:15:25,020
+it is a straight line, and at the same time it
+
+209
+00:15:25,020 --> 00:15:29,680
+passes through the intersection point of the first
+
+210
+00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:33,400
+and second rays. This is the way of ray tracing.
+
+211
+00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:35,540
+Of course, we did not draw the arrow, it is
+
+212
+00:15:35,540 --> 00:15:38,320
+supposed to be drawn, and here we did not draw the
+
+213
+00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:40,160
+arrow to see the height of the image and the
+
+214
+00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:42,870
+heightThe object, the height of the image and the
+
+215
+00:15:42,870 --> 00:15:45,530
+height of the object, but this is the way that I
+
+216
+00:15:45,530 --> 00:15:49,250
+can determine the location of the image in space
+
+217
+00:15:49,250 --> 00:15:51,050
+by means of it I use two rays and the third is
+
+218
+00:15:51,050 --> 00:15:54,090
+just to make sure and the third is just to make
+
+219
+00:15:54,090 --> 00:15:58,580
+sure, let's continue this talkA ray is drawn from
+
+220
+00:15:58,580 --> 00:16:01,800
+the tip of the object through F-A, this ray
+
+221
+00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,940
+emerges from the lens parallel to the optical axis
+
+222
+00:16:04,940 --> 00:16:07,980
+and heads off to plus optical infinity
+
+223
+00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:30,800
+The second ray is a drone that parallels the
+
+224
+00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:35,460
+optical axis until it enters the lens, it emerges
+
+225
+00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:40,120
+from the lens and passes through FB on its way to
+
+226
+00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:43,560
+plus infinityThe intersection of these two rays
+
+227
+00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:46,520
+defines the corresponding image point. Let's look
+
+228
+00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:48,740
+at this. We say that the secondary is drawn
+
+229
+00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:52,080
+parallel to the optical axis after it leaves the
+
+230
+00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:54,460
+lens and passes through FB and remains going
+
+231
+00:16:54,460 --> 00:16:56,980
+towards the plus optical infinity. The plus
+
+232
+00:16:56,980 --> 00:16:59,040
+optical infinity is not only the one towards the
+
+233
+00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:01,940
+optical axis. Whatever is on the right of the lens
+
+234
+00:17:01,940 --> 00:17:04,540
+extends to its final destination, this is the plus
+
+235
+00:17:04,540 --> 00:17:07,340
+optical infinity. The intersection of the first
+
+236
+00:17:07,340 --> 00:17:10,400
+ray with the second ray determines the image
+
+237
+00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,690
+point.هذه هي ال intersection، إذاً هذه هي ال image
+
+238
+00:17:14,690 --> 00:17:19,370
+point، إذاً a second ray، قلنا the intersection of
+
+239
+00:17:19,370 --> 00:17:22,910
+these two rays defines the corresponding image
+
+240
+00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,230
+point Note that the image in this example is
+
+241
+00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:29,690
+inverted، نفس ما طلع معانا بالرسم inverted، يعني
+
+242
+00:17:29,690 --> 00:17:32,950
+below the optical axis، وينما ال object above the
+
+243
+00:17:32,950 --> 00:17:37,090
+optical axisThe location of the image is
+
+244
+00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:39,410
+determined by vergence calculations
+
+245
+00:17:52,560 --> 00:17:55,860
+divergence of light entering the lens is minus one
+
+246
+00:17:55,860 --> 00:17:57,860
+minus because the light is divergent from the
+
+247
+00:17:57,860 --> 00:18:02,100
+object to twenty centimeters which is minus five
+
+248
+00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,180
+diopters according to the lens maker equation or
+
+249
+00:18:05,180 --> 00:18:08,160
+according to the thin lens equation divergence of
+
+250
+00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:11,900
+light exiting the lens is minus five diopters plus
+
+251
+00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:15,140
+the power gives me v which is plus five diopters
+
+252
+00:18:15,140 --> 00:18:20,210
+the imageuncertainty over V I equals uncertainty
+
+253
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:22,830
+over V which is one over plus five diopters which
+
+254
+00:18:22,830 --> 00:18:25,710
+equals plus two out of ten meters which equals
+
+255
+00:18:25,710 --> 00:18:28,630
+twenty centimeters to the right of the lens twenty
+
+256
+00:18:28,630 --> 00:18:30,870
+centimeters to the right of the lens of course
+
+257
+00:18:30,870 --> 00:18:36,310
+here we used different distances here we used
+
+258
+00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:39,390
+different distances so it will not be twenty
+
+259
+00:18:39,390 --> 00:18:42,850
+centimeters to the right of the lens we can adjust
+
+260
+00:18:42,850 --> 00:18:45,710
+all our work and repeat it from the beginning high
+
+261
+00:18:45,710 --> 00:18:52,510
+resetWe put grid here and we assume that this is a
+
+262
+00:18:52,510 --> 00:18:58,390
+ray and we want to use it as an optical axis
+
+263
+00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:07,270
+Now
+
+264
+00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,470
+we put lens
+
+265
+00:19:21,230 --> 00:19:24,690
+This lens has a power of plus 10 diopters because
+
+266
+00:19:24,690 --> 00:19:30,610
+the focal length is 10 cm in the air Now my body
+
+267
+00:19:30,610 --> 00:19:34,350
+is supposed to be 20 cm by 20 cm, I want to use
+
+268
+00:19:34,350 --> 00:19:34,830
+the ruler
+
+269
+00:19:50,620 --> 00:19:53,460
+200 mm means 20 cm, which means the object point
+
+270
+00:19:53,460 --> 00:19:55,980
+will be at this distance. Now let's take another
+
+271
+00:19:55,980 --> 00:19:56,160
+ray
+
+272
+00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,440
+Notice that it entered the FB, the FB is 10 cm
+
+273
+00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:13,540
+away from the lens Because it is parallel to the
+
+274
+00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:17,080
+optical axis, of course, 10 cm from 200 mm to 300
+
+275
+00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:20,000
+mm means that there is a distance of 100 mm, which
+
+276
+00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:33,600
+is 10 cm The second flash Now
+
+277
+00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:39,210
+this flash happened insideNo, it's not inside yet.
+
+278
+00:20:39,930 --> 00:20:44,130
+It's in the posterior focal point. It's inside, in
+
+279
+00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:46,210
+the anterior, sorry, focal point. It comes out
+
+280
+00:20:46,210 --> 00:20:49,510
+parallel. The place where they meet determines the
+
+281
+00:20:49,510 --> 00:20:53,660
+image. Do you see the image apart?20 cm, how did
+
+282
+00:20:53,660 --> 00:20:56,560
+she know that from 200 to 400 there is 200 mm
+
+283
+00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,500
+which means 20 cm The object is also at a distance
+
+284
+00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,380
+of 20 cm, the image is at a distance of 20 cm and
+
+285
+00:21:02,380 --> 00:21:06,360
+the object is at a distance of 20 cm The ray that
+
+286
+00:21:06,360 --> 00:21:10,140
+remained with him
+
+287
+00:21:10,140 --> 00:21:11,560
+is the chief ray
+
+288
+00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:25,110
+Image distance is 20 cm to the right and object
+
+289
+00:21:25,110 --> 00:21:30,030
+distance is 20 cm to the left, so transference
+
+290
+00:21:30,030 --> 00:21:32,950
+magnification is minus 1 because image distance to
+
+291
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:38,490
+object distance is plus 2 out of 10 meterson minus
+
+292
+00:21:38,490 --> 00:21:41,490
+two out of ten meters, which is x minus one The
+
+293
+00:21:41,490 --> 00:21:43,730
+picture is upside down and exactly the height of
+
+294
+00:21:43,730 --> 00:21:46,170
+the object If we multiply the height of the object
+
+295
+00:21:46,170 --> 00:21:50,710
+by squares, square two, three, four, five Here
+
+296
+00:21:50,710 --> 00:21:55,850
+also square two, three, four, five, five
+
+297
+00:21:55,850 --> 00:21:58,810
+Therefore, the height of the picture is the same
+
+298
+00:21:58,810 --> 00:22:03,920
+as the height of the objectBecause the object and
+
+299
+00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:06,880
+the image are equidistant from the lens, the
+
+300
+00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,460
+transphase magnification is minus one, the central
+
+301
+00:22:10,460 --> 00:22:14,920
+ray can also be drawn through the optical center
+
+302
+00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,080
+of the lens to confirm the location, to confirm.
+
+303
+00:22:22,780 --> 00:22:27,220
+Now what if the object is in the previous example
+
+304
+00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:30,880
+is moved closer so that it is five centimeters in
+
+305
+00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:35,300
+front of the lens,instead of عشرين صنطي in front
+
+306
+00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:39,820
+يعني inside FAالان بدنا بنقول هذا السيناريو حدث
+
+307
+00:22:39,820 --> 00:22:44,720
+معنا هى FA هى نقطة FA طب لو ال object كان جوا
+
+308
+00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,940
+المنطقة يعني أقرب لل lens من البقرة الأمامية يعني
+
+309
+00:22:48,940 --> 00:22:53,100
+ال object محتوط هنا يا ترى إيش السيناريوهات اللى
+
+310
+00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:56,520
+هتسير معانا إيش السيناريوهات اللى هتسير معانا
+
+311
+00:22:56,520 --> 00:22:57,300
+بنقول
+
+312
+00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:07,990
+Here I have the lens, its strength is plus 10
+
+313
+00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:11,030
+diopters, if we point to the lens, the focal
+
+314
+00:23:11,030 --> 00:23:14,390
+length will be 100mm, which is 10 diopters. We put
+
+315
+00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:19,310
+the lens at a distance, or we put the object at
+
+316
+00:23:19,310 --> 00:23:21,950
+half the distance. At half the distance, we say
+
+317
+00:23:21,950 --> 00:23:25,510
+here is the ray, and here I have an object point.
+
+318
+00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:33,250
+What will happen is the first thing.This is the
+
+319
+00:23:33,250 --> 00:23:36,630
+first thing Parallel rays will enter the FB, there
+
+320
+00:23:36,630 --> 00:23:40,470
+is no change on this issue Okay, FA is here,
+
+321
+00:23:42,330 --> 00:23:45,850
+excuse me, FA at a distance of 10 cm, this point
+
+322
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:48,790
+that indicates it is FA Because this is above, the
+
+323
+00:23:48,790 --> 00:23:52,830
+lens is plus 10, then the original distance is 10
+
+324
+00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:57,250
+cm, that is, at this point, FA falls Okay, we want
+
+325
+00:23:57,250 --> 00:23:58,790
+to try the object and keep it at a distance of
+
+326
+00:23:58,790 --> 00:24:04,780
+exactly 5 cmmeans two and a half squares and this
+
+327
+00:24:04,780 --> 00:24:09,820
+lens we have to extend it a lot no, we will not
+
+328
+00:24:09,820 --> 00:24:17,240
+extend it, we will do something else this
+
+329
+00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:22,680
+beam is parallel to the optical axis it
+
+330
+00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:25,180
+will pass through FB completely
+
+331
+00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:33,680
+This FB has a sign of 300 minus 200, so this is 10
+
+332
+00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,880
+cm As long as it is equal without calculations, it
+
+333
+00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,900
+enters the FB Okay, you can say I don't believe
+
+334
+00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:48,000
+it, we can say this is duplication And here we
+
+335
+00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:53,360
+took another ray and made it also equal to the
+
+336
+00:24:53,360 --> 00:24:54,300
+optical axis
+
+337
+00:24:56,970 --> 00:24:59,670
+equal to the optical axis, as long as it is equal
+
+338
+00:24:59,670 --> 00:25:02,210
+to the optical axis, it must pass through FB and
+
+339
+00:25:02,210 --> 00:25:04,970
+third, fourth, tenth and twentieth rays, of course
+
+340
+00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:09,210
+here this ray is delayed, we now have an object
+
+341
+00:25:09,210 --> 00:25:12,750
+present inside an area inside the frontal
+
+342
+00:25:12,750 --> 00:25:14,430
+capillary region, this is called the frontal
+
+343
+00:25:14,430 --> 00:25:16,350
+capillary region, from the frontal capillary
+
+344
+00:25:16,350 --> 00:25:19,110
+region which is FA anterior focus to the lens
+
+345
+00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:23,850
+which is called anterior focal linkobject 5 cm
+
+346
+00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:29,690
+away and fa 10 cm away how do we find the image?
+
+347
+00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:34,210
+with the three equations or with the three data
+
+348
+00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:37,650
+any beam parallel to the optical system to the
+
+349
+00:25:37,650 --> 00:25:42,970
+optical axis passes through FB ok the second beam
+
+350
+00:25:42,970 --> 00:25:47,050
+the second beam is supposed to pass through FA
+
+351
+00:25:47,050 --> 00:25:52,160
+like the drawing hereLike the yellow light is
+
+352
+00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:56,620
+telling me. Yes, but F-A is behind me. F-A is
+
+353
+00:25:56,620 --> 00:25:59,320
+behind me. The light does not go back, it goes
+
+354
+00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:01,420
+back. The light is directed towards the lens. We
+
+355
+00:26:01,420 --> 00:26:04,260
+say correct, but now we want to make a simple
+
+356
+00:26:04,260 --> 00:26:07,100
+modification. We say that the beam that extends
+
+357
+00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:13,060
+through F-A will come out parallel to the optical
+
+358
+00:26:13,060 --> 00:26:16,100
+axis. Let's see how this case will happen with us.
+
+359
+00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:18,380
+This beam started from the point
+
+360
+00:26:23,650 --> 00:26:27,690
+It started from the same point, point A The length
+
+361
+00:26:27,690 --> 00:26:31,750
+of this ray .. The length of this ray passes
+
+362
+00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:34,890
+through F A How did you know that it passes
+
+363
+00:26:34,890 --> 00:26:41,930
+through F A? It's still .. it's still a little bit
+
+364
+00:26:41,930 --> 00:26:44,250
+So, the length of this .. no, still
+
+365
+00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:51,800
+فى صعوبة بسيطة فى التحكم ايوة الان هذا الشعاع لو
+
+366
+00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:57,220
+انا جيت بالمصطره هجيه بمر بالظبط على فى ال F A
+
+367
+00:26:57,220 --> 00:27:03,200
+امتداده الخلفى بمر فى ال F A اى شعاع بتكون ال F A
+
+368
+00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:08,110
+ورا ورا للخلف منهIt is directed to the lens. If
+
+369
+00:27:08,110 --> 00:27:10,250
+its extension passes through the eye, it will come
+
+370
+00:27:10,250 --> 00:27:15,230
+out parallel to the optical axis.
+
+371
+00:27:15,690 --> 00:27:21,790
+So this issue must be clear to us. So this issue
+
+372
+00:27:21,790 --> 00:27:25,310
+is this point. The third ray is the Chifre.
+
+373
+00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:34,020
+Which passes through the nodal point.هذا الشعاع لا
+
+374
+00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:38,340
+يغير طريقه أبدا إذا ملاحظين الشعاع الأول والتاني
+
+375
+00:27:38,340 --> 00:27:44,100
+والتالت Divergent Divergent إيش يعني Divergent
+
+376
+00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:48,840
+يعني متفرقين عن بعضهم البعض إذا مهما امتدوا على
+
+377
+00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:53,160
+اليمين لن يؤدوا إلى تكوين صورة إذا الصورة خيالية
+
+378
+00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:57,760
+الصورة خيالية وهذا الكلام مثبت بالتجربة هذا الكلام
+
+379
+00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:02,870
+مثبت بالتجربة إذا إحنا الآن وصلنا لقاعدةthat any
+
+380
+00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,890
+radiation or any body that falls within the
+
+381
+00:28:06,890 --> 00:28:12,240
+frontal lobe, closer to the lens than FAThe rays
+
+382
+00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:16,460
+will come out of it and enter the lens and will
+
+383
+00:28:16,460 --> 00:28:19,360
+also produce divergence In other words, the power
+
+384
+00:28:19,360 --> 00:28:22,080
+of the lens will not be enough for the divergence
+
+385
+00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:25,480
+coming from this object As long as the rays will
+
+386
+00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:27,700
+produce divergence, then the picture is imaginary
+
+387
+00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:32,620
+The location of the picture will be as many as
+
+388
+00:28:32,620 --> 00:28:36,520
+these three rays that came out As many as the
+
+389
+00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:39,740
+three rays that came out, and this is necessary
+
+390
+00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:49,950
+for usيعني .. نحاول
+
+391
+00:28:49,950 --> 00:28:56,990
+نثبته بالتجربة هذا الشعاع الموازي لل optical axis
+
+392
+00:28:56,990 --> 00:29:03,790
+لو مديناه للخلف و هذا الشعاع أيضا لو مديناه للخلف
+
+393
+00:29:03,790 --> 00:29:11,930
+نعمل كمان duplication لههدا شوية لو مدناها للخلف،
+
+394
+00:29:11,930 --> 00:29:17,630
+بس ضروري يكون على نفس التوازن،
+
+395
+00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:22,130
+لأ أنا بدنا نلغي هدا، ضروري يكون على نفس امتداد
+
+396
+00:29:22,130 --> 00:29:34,390
+الخط اللي خرج من، لأ تمام
+
+397
+00:29:52,480 --> 00:30:07,280
+because the password is supposed
+
+398
+00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,080
+to meet in one point and define the place of the
+
+399
+00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:18,580
+image so here I have a rectangle like this, here
+
+400
+00:30:18,580 --> 00:30:19,300
+is the place of the image
+
+401
+00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:25,780
+وهدا الصورة، هذا الشعاع اللي خرج من ال lens مديته
+
+402
+00:30:25,780 --> 00:30:30,900
+للخلف، و هذا ال chief rail اللي خرج من ال lens
+
+403
+00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:35,320
+مديته للخلف، نقطة التقائهم هنا هي ال image، هي ال
+
+404
+00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,620
+image اللي هي النقطة هذه الحمرة اللي احنا قاعدين،
+
+405
+00:30:38,620 --> 00:30:43,760
+يعني، هذه
+
+406
+00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:49,400
+هي النقطة الحمرة، اذا ال imageال image هتكون يعني
+
+407
+00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:54,020
+على بعد معين من ال lens على بعد معين من ال lens و
+
+408
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:31:00,760
+بالتالي ممكن أجيسه و أعرف بالحسابات كدهش بتطلع
+
+409
+00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:01,220
+معاه
+
+410
+00:31:07,370 --> 00:31:10,470
+If the object in the previous example is moved
+
+411
+00:31:10,470 --> 00:31:14,230
+closer so that it is 5 cm in front of the lens
+
+412
+00:31:14,230 --> 00:31:19,610
+instead of 20 cm in front, meaning inside FA, I
+
+413
+00:31:19,610 --> 00:31:24,310
+made it inside FA, like this figure, this FA, the
+
+414
+00:31:24,310 --> 00:31:28,550
+object became 5 cm away instead of 20 cm away, it
+
+415
+00:31:28,550 --> 00:31:33,000
+was outside FA, I made it inside FAThe ray that
+
+416
+00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:37,940
+leaves FA and passes through the object point
+
+417
+00:31:37,940 --> 00:31:41,520
+merges from the lens parallel to the optical axis
+
+418
+00:31:45,080 --> 00:31:50,280
+الشعاع اللي امتداده بيخش في FA بيخرج موازي بيخرج
+
+419
+00:31:50,280 --> 00:31:55,260
+موازي طيب الحاجة التانية the ray that enters the
+
+420
+00:31:55,260 --> 00:31:58,940
+lens parallel to the optical axis exits through FP
+
+421
+00:31:58,940 --> 00:32:02,260
+اللي بيدخل parallel اللي بيدخل parallel اللي هو
+
+422
+00:32:02,260 --> 00:32:07,240
+هذا الشعاع بيخرج من ال FA بيخرج من ال lens و بيروح
+
+423
+00:32:07,240 --> 00:32:12,500
+على FP طيب الآن الشعاع التالت اللي هو ال chifre
+
+424
+00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:16,900
+إذا عندي شعاعهذا الأولاني القصيرit came out
+
+425
+00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:20,020
+parallel, why? because it's length is F-A the
+
+426
+00:32:20,020 --> 00:32:24,300
+second ray is also short it came parallel to the
+
+427
+00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:26,440
+optical axis and it came out of the lens and it
+
+428
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,100
+came out parallel the third ray has a long head
+
+429
+00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:32,540
+which is the chief ray it comes out without
+
+430
+00:32:32,540 --> 00:32:35,340
+changing its path these three rays, one, two,
+
+431
+00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:37,560
+three of course we agreed that this is the optical
+
+432
+00:32:37,560 --> 00:32:43,320
+axis these three rays are divergent
+
+433
+00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:49,020
+Finally, the central ray traverses the optical
+
+434
+00:32:49,020 --> 00:32:53,300
+center of the lens undeviated. On the back side of
+
+435
+00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:53,820
+the lens,
+
+436
+00:32:57,140 --> 00:33:02,960
+these three rays are divergent, so where is the
+
+437
+00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:06,130
+image?if you are looking at the back side of the
+
+438
+00:33:06,130 --> 00:33:11,050
+lens you see the image point you see the image
+
+439
+00:33:11,050 --> 00:33:14,690
+point as the backward extension of all three rays
+
+440
+00:33:14,690 --> 00:33:18,630
+يعني زي ما الفيجر هذا بيوضح يعني احنا خلينا نلون
+
+441
+00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:25,510
+الشعة، بنقول كالقاتل هذا
+
+442
+00:33:25,510 --> 00:33:29,870
+الشعاع امتداده، خلي امتداده باللون الأبيض، امتداده
+
+443
+00:33:29,870 --> 00:33:33,110
+بخش في FAIt means that it is directed towards the
+
+444
+00:33:33,110 --> 00:33:39,430
+lens, but its extension to the back, if we extend
+
+445
+00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:41,610
+it to the back, it will be as if it is starting
+
+446
+00:33:41,610 --> 00:33:44,350
+from A to E, it will come out parallel to the
+
+447
+00:33:44,350 --> 00:33:46,590
+optical axis, it will come out parallel to the
+
+448
+00:33:46,590 --> 00:33:50,510
+optical axis The second ray, we will give it
+
+449
+00:33:50,510 --> 00:33:53,450
+another color, it came parallel to the optical
+
+450
+00:33:53,450 --> 00:33:56,830
+axis, when it comes out of the lens
+
+451
+00:34:00,340 --> 00:34:07,820
+The third ray is the chief ray that enters the
+
+452
+00:34:07,820 --> 00:34:08,720
+nodal point
+
+453
+00:34:12,340 --> 00:34:16,780
+In the blue color, we find that it does not change
+
+454
+00:34:16,780 --> 00:34:19,820
+its way. If we look at these rays, this is the
+
+455
+00:34:19,820 --> 00:34:21,940
+back of the lens and this is the anterior part of
+
+456
+00:34:21,940 --> 00:34:23,880
+the lens. We will find that these rays are
+
+457
+00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:26,380
+divergent. Now, where is the picture? The picture
+
+458
+00:34:26,380 --> 00:34:29,780
+is on the extensions of these three rays to the
+
+459
+00:34:29,780 --> 00:34:35,300
+back, on their extensions to the back, so I get
+
+460
+00:34:40,910 --> 00:34:48,630
+بنمد هذا شعاع للخلف، وبنمد هذا شعاع للخلف، وبنمد
+
+461
+00:34:48,630 --> 00:34:52,990
+شعاع التالت للخلف، خليني بس أشر على شعاع التالت
+
+462
+00:34:59,250 --> 00:35:03,190
+they will meet at one point this point is the
+
+463
+00:35:03,190 --> 00:35:08,010
+image point of the point since divergent ray is
+
+464
+00:35:08,010 --> 00:35:12,290
+known as virtual image virtual image distance
+
+465
+00:35:12,290 --> 00:35:16,790
+which is the distance of the image from the lens
+
+466
+00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:19,970
+to the object distance gives me a transfer of
+
+467
+00:35:19,970 --> 00:35:22,890
+magnification gives me a transfer of magnification
+
+468
+00:35:22,890 --> 00:35:25,750
+and this shape now when it becomes colored becomes
+
+469
+00:35:25,750 --> 00:35:26,530
+clearer
+
+470
+00:35:29,990 --> 00:35:32,530
+by the lens makers equation or the thin lens
+
+471
+00:35:32,530 --> 00:35:35,990
+equation divergence of light exiting the lens is
+
+472
+00:35:35,990 --> 00:35:39,930
+minus 10 diopter why minus 10 diopter because the
+
+473
+00:35:39,930 --> 00:35:44,110
+light will reach minus 20 diopter because the
+
+474
+00:35:44,110 --> 00:35:47,330
+object is at a distance of 5 cm if we calculate it
+
+475
+00:35:47,330 --> 00:35:54,870
+at a distance of 5 cm how much is U? U is equal to
+
+476
+00:35:54,870 --> 00:35:56,090
+negative N over O
+
+477
+00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:05,000
+and it's negative because it's divergent from the
+
+478
+00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,640
+object because it's a real object over 5 cm which
+
+479
+00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:13,780
+is 5 out of 100 meters and
+
+480
+00:36:13,780 --> 00:36:19,320
+it's equal to minus 20 diopters as long as u is
+
+481
+00:36:19,320 --> 00:36:25,320
+minus 20 dioptersالعدسة هتبغي كل قوتها هتلغي عشرة
+
+482
+00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:29,940
+من العشرين و هيضل تشتت بمقدار عشرة ديوبتر، إذا
+
+483
+00:36:29,940 --> 00:36:32,800
+الصورة هتتكون على بعد عشرة أقصان، نروح لل
+
+484
+00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:37,440
+simulation، هاي الصورة اتكونت هنا، في المنطقة هاي
+
+485
+00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:39,980
+طبعا، نروح نرفع ال roller لفوق
+
+486
+00:36:45,710 --> 00:36:48,490
+So the image from 100 to 200 mm is at a distance
+
+487
+00:36:48,490 --> 00:36:51,710
+of 10 cm. This distance is 100 mm. 100 mm means 10
+
+488
+00:36:51,710 --> 00:36:56,690
+cm. The object is
+
+489
+00:36:56,690 --> 00:37:01,730
+the object point here at a distance of 5 cm. The
+
+490
+00:37:01,730 --> 00:37:04,090
+rule that we want to reach is that any object
+
+491
+00:37:04,090 --> 00:37:10,620
+inside the anterior focusAny object inside the
+
+492
+00:37:10,620 --> 00:37:14,560
+anterior focus whether here, or here, or here, or
+
+493
+00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:19,480
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+494
+00:37:19,580 --> 00:37:20,600
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+495
+00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:20,900
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+496
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:20,980
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+497
+00:37:20,980 --> 00:37:21,600
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+498
+00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:24,040
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+499
+00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:24,320
+here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or here,
+
+500
+00:37:24,320 --> 00:37:26,440
+or here, or here, or here, or here, or here, or
+
+501
+00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:34,980
+here, or here, or here, or
+
+502
+00:37:34,980 --> 00:37:36,300
+here
+
+503
+00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:50,620
+if the object image
+
+504
+00:37:50,620 --> 00:38:00,980
+if the object is inside F A ايش الصفات بتاعة ال
+
+505
+00:38:00,980 --> 00:38:08,460
+image؟ واحد، virtual اتنين
+
+506
+00:38:11,780 --> 00:38:22,560
+erect يعني معتدلة تلاتة magnified يعني virtual مش
+
+507
+00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:26,620
+حقيقية erect معتدلة زيها زي ال object مش مجلوبة
+
+508
+00:38:26,620 --> 00:38:31,540
+magnified مكبرة مستحيل تكون جده ولا أصغر منه دائما
+
+509
+00:38:31,540 --> 00:38:39,240
+مكبرة و هذه الوضعيةهذه الوضعية هي فكرة عمل ال
+
+510
+00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:43,180
+magnifiers المكبرات، العدسات المكبرة اللي ممكن
+
+511
+00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:47,520
+احنا نصادفها في الأسواق أو في محلات البصريات أو ال
+
+512
+00:38:47,520 --> 00:38:49,880
+hand-held magnifier، ال magnifier اللي بنمسك
+
+513
+00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:57,260
+بالإيد فكرة عمله، فكرة عمله، قريبا بس نأخد صورة
+
+514
+00:38:57,260 --> 00:39:04,280
+عشان اللي ��ش متذكر هو hand-held magnifier
+
+515
+00:39:08,090 --> 00:39:10,590
+This is the handheld magnifier with its different
+
+516
+00:39:10,590 --> 00:39:13,170
+types. The idea behind it is to place the object
+
+517
+00:39:13,170 --> 00:39:19,430
+inside the f-a of this lens Inside the f-a of the
+
+518
+00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:23,770
+lens, so the object will have a picture enlarged,
+
+519
+00:39:24,010 --> 00:39:28,970
+virtual correct, but enlarged and slanted enlarged
+
+520
+00:39:28,970 --> 00:39:33,530
+and slanted, that's why if I hold any lens from
+
+521
+00:39:33,530 --> 00:39:37,950
+the lens bagوحسبت يعني قرأت قوتها مثلا plus 5 plus
+
+522
+00:39:37,950 --> 00:39:42,470
+7 plus 12 وحسبت جديش البعد البقري الأمامي إلها
+
+523
+00:39:42,470 --> 00:39:47,750
+وبعدين أمسكت أي object وخليته داخل البعد الأمامي
+
+524
+00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,310
+لهذه العدسة ونظرت من الناحية التانية هلاقي هذا ال
+
+525
+00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:53,690
+object مكبرI will find this object magnified or in
+
+526
+00:39:53,690 --> 00:39:58,450
+other words, I took a plus 12 or plus 7 or plus 5
+
+527
+00:39:58,450 --> 00:40:01,290
+lens and looked into it and found it magnified, I
+
+528
+00:40:01,290 --> 00:40:03,870
+must know that this object which I found magnified
+
+529
+00:40:03,870 --> 00:40:08,390
+means .. means that this object is located inside
+
+530
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:13,430
+the FAA means located inside the FAA Okay, now I
+
+531
+00:40:13,430 --> 00:40:19,240
+have one last scenario What if ..It was the object
+
+532
+00:40:19,240 --> 00:40:23,020
+not farther than the FA and not closer than the
+
+533
+00:40:23,020 --> 00:40:27,060
+FA, it came exactly to the FA, it came exactly to
+
+534
+00:40:27,060 --> 00:40:30,500
+the FA Either you see what's going to happen or
+
+535
+00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:32,400
+what's the scenario that's going to happen, we'll
+
+536
+00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:33,220
+continue and say
+
+537
+00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:39,910
+طبعا this is the basis اللي شرحناه قبل شوية لما
+
+538
+00:40:39,910 --> 00:40:43,970
+يكون inside the FA this is the basis او ال optical
+
+539
+00:40:43,970 --> 00:40:48,510
+basis of simple handheld plus lens magnifier اللي
+
+540
+00:40:48,510 --> 00:40:53,950
+شوفنا صورته قبل شوية an object positioned inside
+
+541
+00:40:53,950 --> 00:40:57,110
+the focal point of a plus spherical lens will
+
+542
+00:40:57,110 --> 00:41:01,850
+produce magnified هي واحد upright يعني erect
+
+543
+00:41:01,850 --> 00:41:08,830
+virtual تلاتة image صورة مكبرةواجفة مش مش مجلوبة و
+
+544
+00:41:08,830 --> 00:41:12,950
+virtual غير حقيقية هذه القضية ممكن احنا نحاولها
+
+545
+00:41:12,950 --> 00:41:16,610
+هذه ال experiment with lens you use for indirect
+
+546
+00:41:16,610 --> 00:41:19,110
+ophthalmoscope احنا ال indirect ophthalmoscope
+
+547
+00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:27,050
+بنستعمل معه عدسات اللي بنفحص فيه طبعا قاع العين
+
+548
+00:41:27,050 --> 00:41:31,790
+indirect ophthalmoscope
+
+549
+00:41:40,670 --> 00:41:44,850
+Let's see its picture Of course, we use with it
+
+550
+00:41:44,850 --> 00:41:50,210
+this lens which can be plus 20 or plus 30 or plus
+
+551
+00:41:50,210 --> 00:41:54,490
+28 meaning spherical lens So here, it's the same
+
+552
+00:41:54,490 --> 00:41:58,870
+thing This is the examiner holding the plus lens
+
+553
+00:41:58,870 --> 00:42:02,570
+and looking at the bottom of the screen Okay, now
+
+554
+00:42:02,570 --> 00:42:06,290
+We
+
+555
+00:42:06,290 --> 00:42:10,570
+can try this with this lensWe have a third
+
+556
+00:42:10,570 --> 00:42:12,830
+scenario, we will not explain it but we will say
+
+557
+00:42:12,830 --> 00:42:19,270
+it If the object is not inside FA nor outside FA,
+
+558
+00:42:19,430 --> 00:42:24,250
+it is exactly on the FA It will also be virtual,
+
+559
+00:42:24,650 --> 00:42:28,210
+erect, magnified exactly as if it is inside the FA
+
+560
+00:42:28,210 --> 00:42:33,150
+But the magnification is the maximum magnification
+
+561
+00:42:33,150 --> 00:42:36,250
+It is the maximum magnification in another sense
+
+562
+00:42:37,370 --> 00:42:41,430
+لما بيكون ال object على fa أو جواتها بيعطيني
+
+563
+00:42:41,430 --> 00:42:44,970
+virtual, erect magnification بس ال maximum
+
+564
+00:42:44,970 --> 00:42:48,150
+magnification يعني العدسة هاي بتعطيني أكبر
+
+565
+00:42:48,150 --> 00:42:51,550
+magnification لما يكون ال object موجود بالضبط على
+
+566
+00:42:51,550 --> 00:42:56,190
+البقرة الأمامية طيب لو كان ال object برا بنرجع
+
+567
+00:42:56,190 --> 00:43:03,980
+للمثال الأول لو كان ال object برا fa هنا جوا faلو
+
+568
+00:43:03,980 --> 00:43:07,440
+كان هاي FA و هاي ال object ��بعد منها، أبعد عن
+
+569
+00:43:07,440 --> 00:43:11,260
+العدسة منها، هتكون الصورة دائما حقيقية و ال .. و
+
+570
+00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:14,800
+ال size بتاعها حسب وين موجود ال object هل هو بعيد
+
+571
+00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,720
+كتير ولا بعيد ولا يعني بعيد بس أق .. يعني جريب من
+
+572
+00:43:19,720 --> 00:43:26,060
+FA و هكذاهيك بتنتهي المحاضرة تاتي اليوم ووصلنا
+
+573
+00:43:26,060 --> 00:43:31,280
+بعدها لأول مرة هنصل لتعامل مع ال concave lenses
+
+574
+00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:35,220
+ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/a3mIBjwnjdU_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
+1
+00:00:01,600 --> 00:00:03,520
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have a Galilean
+
+2
+00:00:03,520 --> 00:00:06,820
+telescope. We want to know its transverse
+
+3
+00:00:06,820 --> 00:00:11,440
+magnification and angular magnification. The
+
+4
+00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,080
+transverse magnification can be obtained in
+
+5
+00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:19,780
+several ways. Transverse magnification is equal to
+
+6
+00:00:19,780 --> 00:00:25,800
+the power of the objective over the power
+
+7
+00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:32,340
+objective lens which is the plus lens and the
+
+8
+00:00:32,340 --> 00:00:35,540
+minus lens which is the I-piece lens and it is
+
+9
+00:00:35,540 --> 00:00:44,380
+equal to 4 diopters divided by 20 dioptersHere I'm
+
+10
+00:00:44,380 --> 00:00:46,400
+not going to use the signs again, but I want to
+
+11
+00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:51,440
+know that the magnification in the Galilean
+
+12
+00:00:51,440 --> 00:01:01,360
+telescope that the image is regular x plus 24
+
+13
+00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:09,740
+which is 5 which is 2 out of 10 So this is what
+
+14
+00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:12,200
+transfers magnification, let's get it another way
+
+15
+00:01:16,280 --> 00:01:21,240
+transfers magnification to this telescope is 2 out
+
+16
+00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,760
+of 10 it is a regular image and it is sized to 5
+
+17
+00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:27,380
+times the height of the object standing in front
+
+18
+00:01:27,380 --> 00:01:31,920
+of it another way is the focal length of the
+
+19
+00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:36,980
+eyepiece to the focal length of the objective
+
+20
+00:01:40,320 --> 00:01:42,960
+Before we see the second method, how did we decide
+
+21
+00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:45,660
+that this is a Galilean telescope? We decided that
+
+22
+00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:47,740
+this is a Galilean telescope because I have an
+
+23
+00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:51,960
+objective lens plus 4, its diameter is 25
+
+24
+00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:54,600
+centimeters, one over four is a quarter of a meter
+
+25
+00:01:55,590 --> 00:01:59,050
+وهنا بعدها البقري خمسة صنطة، إذا هذه خمسة وعشرين
+
+26
+00:01:59,050 --> 00:02:03,270
+صنطة بعدها البقري، وهذه خمسة صنطة بعدها البقري، في
+
+27
+00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,870
+ال Galilean telescope المسافة بين العدساتين يساوي
+
+28
+00:02:06,870 --> 00:02:09,990
+الفرق بين البعد البقري للعدسة ال plus و البعد
+
+29
+00:02:09,990 --> 00:02:12,590
+البقري للعدسة ال minus، يعني خمسة وعشرين ناقص
+
+30
+00:02:12,590 --> 00:02:15,970
+خمسة، ويساوي عشرين صنطة، فإذا هذا Galilean
+
+31
+00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:18,970
+telescope الطريقة التانية قلناها ال transfers
+
+32
+00:02:18,970 --> 00:02:19,890
+magnification
+
+33
+00:02:23,410 --> 00:02:27,270
+The focal length of the eyepiece The focal length
+
+34
+00:02:27,270 --> 00:02:33,990
+of the eyepiece is n Refractive index over the
+
+35
+00:02:33,990 --> 00:02:40,370
+power over the power which is 1 over 20 which is 5
+
+36
+00:02:40,370 --> 00:02:45,110
+cm 5 cm 1 over 20 of the meter which is 5 cm over
+
+37
+00:02:45,110 --> 00:02:49,490
+the focal length of the objective which is 25 cm
+
+38
+00:02:49,490 --> 00:02:57,280
+and it equalsX 5 means 2 out of 10 So whether we
+
+39
+00:02:57,280 --> 00:03:01,800
+used the first method Or we used the second method
+
+40
+00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:05,460
+The
+
+41
+00:03:05,460 --> 00:03:08,740
+answer is also the same So the force of the lens
+
+42
+00:03:08,740 --> 00:03:10,900
+of the objective on the force of the lens of the
+
+43
+00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:13,860
+eyepiece Or the angular distance of the eyepiece
+
+44
+00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:16,000
+on the angular distance of the objective Will
+
+45
+00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,360
+result in Transverse Magnification There is a
+
+46
+00:03:19,360 --> 00:03:23,300
+third method which is Transverse Magnification one
+
+47
+00:03:23,300 --> 00:03:33,300
+over the angular magnification this
+
+48
+00:03:33,300 --> 00:03:35,660
+way we will delay it until we get the angular
+
+49
+00:03:35,660 --> 00:03:37,660
+magnification we say that the angular
+
+50
+00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:40,660
+magnification is equal to the opposite of these
+
+51
+00:03:40,660 --> 00:03:43,580
+exactly what happens in the bus and what happens
+
+52
+00:03:43,580 --> 00:03:45,040
+in the bus happens in the position and here the
+
+53
+00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:48,260
+same thing we say that the angular magnification
+
+54
+00:03:48,260 --> 00:03:53,030
+is equal to the power of the eyepieceon the power
+
+55
+00:03:53,030 --> 00:04:00,290
+of the objective which is the power of the IBIS 20
+
+56
+00:04:00,290 --> 00:04:10,210
+diopter on the power of the objective which is 4
+
+57
+00:04:10,210 --> 00:04:18,970
+diopter which is equal to x 5, 5 times, 5 times it
+
+58
+00:04:18,970 --> 00:04:22,590
+becomes an angle with my eyeor with the human eye
+
+59
+00:04:22,590 --> 00:04:29,890
+that looks through this telescope now
+
+60
+00:04:29,890 --> 00:04:34,210
+we bring it in another way the angular
+
+61
+00:04:34,210 --> 00:04:39,070
+magnification is equal to the focal length of the
+
+62
+00:04:39,070 --> 00:04:42,530
+objective it was here in the position, now it is
+
+63
+00:04:42,530 --> 00:04:45,830
+in the axis on the focal length in the eyepiece
+
+64
+00:04:45,830 --> 00:04:49,250
+and it is equal toThe focal length of the
+
+65
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:53,170
+objective is 25 cm over the focal length of the
+
+66
+00:04:53,170 --> 00:04:59,930
+eyepiece which is 5 cm and it is also equal to x5
+
+67
+00:04:59,930 --> 00:05:01,890
+which is 5 times
+
+68
+00:05:22,970 --> 00:05:29,330
+Angular Magnification is equal to
+
+69
+00:05:29,330 --> 00:05:35,430
+1 over Transfer Magnification 1 over Tm
+
+70
+00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:40,880
+Now let's solve Transverse Magnification in the
+
+71
+00:05:40,880 --> 00:05:44,520
+third way, we say y is equal to one over the
+
+72
+00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,180
+angular magnification, the angular magnification
+
+73
+00:05:47,180 --> 00:05:52,720
+with me is five, one over five is equal to x two
+
+74
+00:05:52,720 --> 00:06:01,420
+out of ten, x two out of ten thenRegardless, I
+
+75
+00:06:01,420 --> 00:06:02,980
+brought it in the first way to transfer
+
+76
+00:06:02,980 --> 00:06:06,100
+magnification or in the second way or in the third
+
+77
+00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:08,340
+way, of course here X plus because the image is
+
+78
+00:06:08,340 --> 00:06:10,120
+regular, it is known in the Galilean telescope
+
+79
+00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:13,640
+that the image is regular, not one word, so here
+
+80
+00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:17,940
+plus two out of ten plus two out of ten plus two
+
+81
+00:06:17,940 --> 00:06:21,920
+out of ten, okay, now I want to bring the angular
+
+82
+00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,940
+magnification in the third way, which is one over
+
+83
+00:06:24,940 --> 00:06:28,740
+transfer magnification, that is, one over two out
+
+84
+00:06:28,740 --> 00:06:36,070
+of tenand it's equal to 5 times 5 When I divide 1
+
+85
+00:06:36,070 --> 00:06:39,750
+by 5, the position of the position is simple, so
+
+86
+00:06:39,750 --> 00:06:43,870
+the 5 becomes simple So this is the third method
+
+87
+00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:46,070
+that I use for angular magnification
+
+88
+00:06:48,850 --> 00:06:51,350
+The transphase magnification of this Galilean
+
+89
+00:06:51,350 --> 00:06:53,970
+telescope is 2 out of 10, which is the usual
+
+90
+00:06:53,970 --> 00:06:59,010
+picture And the angular magnification is 5 times
+
+91
+00:06:59,010 --> 00:07:00,830
+the angle, which means that if you make an angle
+
+92
+00:07:00,830 --> 00:07:03,610
+with your eye without a telescope, without this
+
+93
+00:07:03,610 --> 00:07:06,850
+Galilean telescope, it makes an angle of 10
+
+94
+00:07:06,850 --> 00:07:11,430
+degrees, it becomes an angle of 50 degreesالعبرة
+
+95
+00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:14,790
+في النظر لما أنا بكون بتطلع على ال object لما ال
+
+96
+00:07:14,790 --> 00:07:18,010
+human eye بتطلع على ال object العبرة بال angular
+
+97
+00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:22,090
+magnificationtransfers magnification we use it in
+
+98
+00:07:22,090 --> 00:07:24,450
+factories when I have an object, a candle, and I
+
+99
+00:07:24,450 --> 00:07:27,450
+want to take a picture I want to take a picture on
+
+100
+00:07:27,450 --> 00:07:32,150
+a receipt paper, so the expression is angular
+
+101
+00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:35,570
+magnification and this is considered a telescope,
+
+102
+00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:38,930
+it magnifies the picture when I look through the
+
+103
+00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:42,110
+eyepiece when I look through the eyepiece, so it
+
+104
+00:07:42,110 --> 00:07:45,290
+is necessary to note that angular magnificationin
+
+105
+00:07:45,290 --> 00:07:52,010
+practical life is what we use or what we feel we
+
+106
+00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:56,010
+get another example I have a Keplerian telescope I
+
+107
+00:07:56,010 --> 00:07:58,350
+also want to calculate the angular magnification
+
+108
+00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,810
+and the transverse magnification the transverse
+
+109
+00:08:00,810 --> 00:08:04,430
+magnification is equal to the same way which is
+
+110
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:07,630
+the power of the eyepiece
+
+111
+00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:16,360
+the power of the objective over the power of the
+
+112
+00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:20,780
+eyepiece and it equals the power of the objective
+
+113
+00:08:20,780 --> 00:08:24,800
+plus 2 let's say we don't need signals because the
+
+114
+00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,660
+picture is upside down in the Galilean telescope
+
+115
+00:08:27,660 --> 00:08:33,140
+the picture is normal and in the Keplerian
+
+116
+00:08:33,140 --> 00:08:36,120
+telescope the picture is upside down the picture
+
+117
+00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:38,540
+is upside down 2 diopters over 10 diopters
+
+118
+00:08:41,660 --> 00:08:45,440
+y is equal to
+
+119
+00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:59,920
+x minus 2 out of 10 let's make it 20
+
+120
+00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:04,460
+diopters not 10 diopters 20 diopters
+
+121
+00:09:08,100 --> 00:09:10,100
+But as long as we keep it at 20 diopters, the
+
+122
+00:09:10,100 --> 00:09:14,180
+distance starts to change. Because 20 diopters,
+
+123
+00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,980
+the focal length is 5 cm, and here it is 50 cm, so
+
+124
+00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:24,040
+it becomes 55 cm to have a Keplerian telescope.the
+
+125
+00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:28,120
+total focal length of the lens of the eyepiece and
+
+126
+00:09:28,120 --> 00:09:31,080
+the total focal length of the lens of the lens of
+
+127
+00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:35,740
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+128
+00:09:35,740 --> 00:09:36,140
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+129
+00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:36,140
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+130
+00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:36,140
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+131
+00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:36,140
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+132
+00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:39,500
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+133
+00:09:39,500 --> 00:09:39,500
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+134
+00:09:39,500 --> 00:09:40,520
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+135
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:40,520
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+136
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:40,520
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+137
+00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:43,540
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+138
+00:09:43,540 --> 00:09:50,940
+the lens of the lens of
+
+139
+00:09:50,940 --> 00:09:52,020
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+140
+00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:52,020
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+141
+00:09:52,020 --> 00:09:52,040
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+142
+00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:52,040
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+143
+00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:52,040
+the lens of the lens of the lens of the lens of
+
+144
+00:09:52,040 --> 00:09:58,150
+the lenson the focal length of the objective which
+
+145
+00:09:58,150 --> 00:10:01,390
+is equal to the focal length of the eyepiece which
+
+146
+00:10:01,390 --> 00:10:07,570
+is 5 cm on the focal length of the objective which
+
+147
+00:10:07,570 --> 00:10:08,810
+is the two diopters which is equal to the focal
+
+148
+00:10:08,810 --> 00:10:15,550
+length of 50 cm which is equal to x now we put
+
+149
+00:10:15,550 --> 00:10:17,770
+minus because it is a inverted picture the
+
+150
+00:10:17,770 --> 00:10:20,070
+Keplerian is one word and the picture is inverted
+
+151
+00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:25,300
+It is modified by internal prisms as we said in
+
+152
+00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:29,620
+the previous lecture X-1 from 10 also for transfer
+
+153
+00:10:29,620 --> 00:10:34,000
+magnification is equal to 1 over angular
+
+154
+00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:42,120
+magnification and
+
+155
+00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:45,680
+we leave it until we get angular magnification
+
+156
+00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:47,480
+because angular magnification
+
+157
+00:10:50,820 --> 00:10:53,280
+is equal to the opposite of the transfer's
+
+158
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:58,480
+magnification so the power of the IPS over the
+
+159
+00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:04,800
+power of the objective is equal to 20 diopters
+
+160
+00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:13,880
+over 2 diopters which is equal tox 10 means 10
+
+161
+00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:17,400
+times the angle is done with it the angle that was
+
+162
+00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,340
+done by the object before using the telescope
+
+163
+00:11:20,340 --> 00:11:25,800
+increased 10 times the angular magnification in
+
+164
+00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:30,240
+another way is
+
+165
+00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:37,600
+equal to the focal length of the objective over
+
+166
+00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:42,800
+the focal length of the eyepieceIt is equal to the
+
+167
+00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:47,160
+focal length of the objective which is 50 cm to
+
+168
+00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:50,500
+the focal length of the eyepiece which is 5 cm and
+
+169
+00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:56,660
+it is equal to ten times ten times ten So ten
+
+170
+00:11:56,660 --> 00:12:01,900
+times the image is enlarged compared to the eye of
+
+171
+00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:05,420
+the observer Also the angular magnification
+
+172
+00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:13,420
+Transphase Magnification is 1 over Transphase
+
+173
+00:12:13,420 --> 00:12:18,540
+Magnification Transphase
+
+174
+00:12:18,540 --> 00:12:31,200
+Magnification is 1 over Transphase
+
+175
+00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:37,100
+Magnificationx of course we put minus because it's
+
+176
+00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:41,420
+the inverse of the picture 1 out of 10 now the
+
+177
+00:12:41,420 --> 00:12:45,060
+angular magnification in the third way is equal to
+
+178
+00:12:45,060 --> 00:12:48,520
+1 over transference magnification which is equal
+
+179
+00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:54,860
+to 1 over 1 out of 10 which is equal to 10 times
+
+180
+00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:59,930
+10 times 10one over ten means ten so with these
+
+181
+00:12:59,930 --> 00:13:03,770
+three ways we can get angular magnification and we
+
+182
+00:13:03,770 --> 00:13:16,470
+can get transverse magnification and
+
+183
+00:13:16,470 --> 00:13:18,530
+we said that the most important thing is angular
+
+184
+00:13:18,530 --> 00:13:21,050
+magnification because it is necessary for
+
+185
+00:13:21,050 --> 00:13:24,510
+practical life and that's why telescopesIt is used
+
+186
+00:13:24,510 --> 00:13:27,990
+as low vision aids because it is too big. Because
+
+187
+00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:31,290
+it is too big. If the most important thing is
+
+188
+00:13:31,290 --> 00:13:33,430
+transverse magnification, it is not suitable for
+
+189
+00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:35,510
+people who have low vision because it is too small
+
+190
+00:13:35,510 --> 00:13:38,210
+and therefore makes the vision difficult. But it
+
+191
+00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:41,470
+is the expression of angular magnification in this
+
+192
+00:13:41,470 --> 00:13:46,370
+topic. This is how the topics related to
+
+193
+00:13:46,370 --> 00:13:51,910
+telescopes end. And may Allah's peace, mercy and
+
+194
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:52,350
+blessings be upon you.
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/aRHCsCYOhoo_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+1
+00:00:01,620 --> 00:00:02,520
+In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most
+
+2
+00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:04,160
+Merciful. We have an example that we want to solve
+
+3
+00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:08,020
+together. We want to find the total force of a
+
+4
+00:00:08,020 --> 00:00:11,380
+thick lens. The front surface is plus eight
+
+5
+00:00:11,380 --> 00:00:14,580
+diopters. The back surface is plus four diopters.
+
+6
+00:00:15,220 --> 00:00:18,220
+The thickness of the lens is two centimeters. The
+
+7
+00:00:18,220 --> 00:00:21,440
+refractive index of the lens is one and four out
+
+8
+00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:26,540
+of ten. We say that the power of the transfer is
+
+9
+00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:36,330
+equal tominus T over NL multiplied by the power of
+
+10
+00:00:36,330 --> 00:00:44,370
+the front multiplied by the power of the back and
+
+11
+00:00:44,370 --> 00:00:49,250
+equals minus
+
+12
+00:00:49,250 --> 00:00:53,190
+T which is thickness which is 2cm which is 2 out
+
+13
+00:00:53,190 --> 00:00:53,890
+of 100 meters
+
+14
+00:01:00,520 --> 00:01:04,040
+on refractive index of the lens which is NL which
+
+15
+00:01:04,040 --> 00:01:10,900
+is one and four out of ten multiply by the power
+
+16
+00:01:10,900 --> 00:01:15,520
+of the front eight eight
+
+17
+00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:20,200
+multiply by eight which is more multiply by the
+
+18
+00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:25,400
+power of the back which is four which is more and
+
+19
+00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:25,620
+equal
+
+20
+00:01:29,940 --> 00:01:38,900
+the minus will go down first we say 4x8x32 4x8x32
+
+21
+00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:47,960
+32x2 which is in the decimal I have 64 and I have
+
+22
+00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:52,940
+the decimal after two numbers so 64 out of 100
+
+23
+00:01:57,990 --> 00:02:02,730
+الان متر فى متر أس ناقص واحد فى متر أس ناقص واحد
+
+24
+00:02:02,730 --> 00:02:06,790
+ال متر فى المتر أس ناقص واحد بيروحوا مع بعض بيضل
+
+25
+00:02:06,790 --> 00:02:09,970
+عندى ال diopter اللى هو متر أس ناقص واحد اذا ناقص
+
+26
+00:02:09,970 --> 00:02:15,350
+اربع وستين من مية diopter على واحد واربعة من عشرة
+
+27
+00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,370
+على واحد واربعة من عشرة هروح على ال calculator
+
+28
+00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:40,140
+we will have to use another calculator on
+
+29
+00:02:40,140 --> 00:02:50,180
+the mobile 64 out of 100 divided
+
+30
+00:02:50,180 --> 00:03:01,870
+by 1.4 out of 10 is equal to zero pointfour, five,
+
+31
+00:03:03,070 --> 00:03:06,870
+seven diopters
+
+32
+00:03:06,870 --> 00:03:11,230
+so
+
+33
+00:03:11,230 --> 00:03:17,010
+of course with minus this
+
+34
+00:03:17,010 --> 00:03:21,990
+quantity we will approximate to 45 out of 100
+
+35
+00:03:21,990 --> 00:03:25,910
+diopters approximatelyto change the situation
+
+36
+00:03:25,910 --> 00:03:29,670
+inside the lens Now the problem is not solved yet
+
+37
+00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:33,430
+We need the total power We need the total power We
+
+38
+00:03:33,430 --> 00:03:38,030
+say the power of this lens is equal to the power
+
+39
+00:03:38,030 --> 00:03:45,430
+of the front plus the power of the back service
+
+40
+00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:49,540
+plus the power of the transfer that was lostfrom
+
+41
+00:03:49,540 --> 00:03:53,820
+changing the wave state inside the lens which is
+
+42
+00:03:53,820 --> 00:03:56,780
+equal to the power of the front plus 8 diopter
+
+43
+00:03:56,780 --> 00:04:04,920
+plus the power of the back plus 4 diopter plus
+
+44
+00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:13,520
+the power of the transfer minus 45% diopter which
+
+45
+00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:17,970
+is equal toبنقول تمانية واربعة اتناش بدنا نطرح
+
+46
+00:04:17,970 --> 00:04:26,510
+منهم خمسة واربعين من مية بضال plus 11Plus 11.55%
+
+47
+00:04:26,510 --> 00:04:30,430
+of 100 diopters This lens if it was a thin lens,
+
+48
+00:04:30,590 --> 00:04:33,850
+if it was a thin lens, its power was 12 diopters
+
+49
+00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,650
+But because it is a thick lens, it went almost
+
+50
+00:04:37,650 --> 00:04:41,910
+close to half a diopter inside the lens to change
+
+51
+00:04:41,910 --> 00:04:44,250
+the fluctuating state of light So this is the
+
+52
+00:04:44,250 --> 00:04:48,970
+final solution, plus 11.55% of 100 diopters God
+
+53
+00:04:48,970 --> 00:04:50,590
+bless you and peace be upon you
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/bblFe1vtD34.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1680 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,890 --> 00:00:05,690
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بنواصل محاضرات ال geometric
+
+2
+00:00:05,690 --> 00:00:08,710
+optics و اتوقفنا المرة الماضية عند ال image
+
+3
+00:00:08,710 --> 00:00:13,850
+quality اللي هي تالت صفة من صفات الصورة اللي
+
+4
+00:00:13,850 --> 00:00:16,210
+بنذاكر فيهم، بنقول صفات الصورة او ال image
+
+5
+00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:20,110
+characteristics هي ال magnification و ال location
+
+6
+00:00:20,110 --> 00:00:23,990
+و ال quality و ال brightness لما بنحكي عن ال
+
+7
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:27,850
+quality يعني احنا بنحكي عن جودة الصورة. Careful
+
+8
+00:00:27,850 --> 00:00:32,130
+examination reveals that some details in an object
+
+9
+00:00:32,130 --> 00:00:36,290
+are not reproduced in the image لو احنا تفحصنا
+
+10
+00:00:36,290 --> 00:00:42,430
+صورة تكونت لجسم ما بواسطة optical system مهما كانت
+
+11
+00:00:42,430 --> 00:00:45,450
+جودة ال optical system او العدسات اللي مستخدمة في
+
+12
+00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:50,770
+التصوير فلو فاتفحصنا صورة لهذا ال optical system
+
+13
+00:00:50,770 --> 00:00:55,970
+كوّانها ل object صورة ل object فهذه ال image هنلاقي
+
+14
+00:00:55,970 --> 00:01:01,270
+انه بعض التفاصيل, some details مش موجودة في ال
+
+15
+00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:06,110
+image بينما هي بالاساس موجودة في ال object. Images
+
+16
+00:01:06,110 --> 00:01:10,620
+are imperfect facts. MeansPictures, no matter how
+
+17
+00:01:10,620 --> 00:01:12,940
+similar they are to the object or objects they
+
+18
+00:01:12,940 --> 00:01:16,000
+originate from, or what they represent, are not
+
+19
+00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,100
+pictures as they originally were. That is, there
+
+20
+00:01:19,100 --> 00:01:21,500
+is no such thing as a picture as it originally was
+
+21
+00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:25,440
+from any object that existed through any optical
+
+22
+00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:30,220
+system that existed. Not exact scale duplicates of
+
+23
+00:01:30,220 --> 00:01:33,080
+the original object. To explain the picture in a
+
+24
+00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:38,200
+simpler way, we say, to consider the pictureIt's a
+
+25
+00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:46,260
+picture 100% 100%
+
+26
+00:01:46,260 --> 00:01:51,400
+100% 100% 100%
+
+27
+00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:55,220
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+28
+00:01:55,220 --> 00:01:58,980
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+29
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,180
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+30
+00:02:02,180 --> 00:02:05,500
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+31
+00:02:05,500 --> 00:02:05,540
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+32
+00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:05,860
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
+
+33
+00:02:05,860 --> 00:02:07,740
+100% 100% 100% 100% 100% the pinhole we say
+
+34
+00:02:07,740 --> 00:02:11,460
+consider an object fifty centimeters in front of a
+
+35
+00:02:11,460 --> 00:02:15,620
+pinhole. The pinhole is one millimeter in diameter.
+
+36
+00:02:15,620 --> 00:02:19,700
+and the paper is placed fifty centimeters behind
+
+37
+00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:23,700
+the pinhole. So magnification is one or is minus
+
+38
+00:02:23,700 --> 00:02:27,080
+one. Why is the magnification minus one because we
+
+39
+00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,180
+said that the transfer of magnification is equal
+
+40
+00:02:30,180 --> 00:02:33,090
+to image distance which is on the right of the
+
+41
+00:02:33,090 --> 00:02:36,790
+pinhole which is 50cm over object distance on the
+
+42
+00:02:36,790 --> 00:02:39,990
+left of the pinhole which is minus 50cm. So plus
+
+43
+00:02:39,990 --> 00:02:44,470
+50cm which is the image distance over minus 50cm
+
+44
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:46,910
+which is the object distance. Which is 50 over 51
+
+45
+00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,540
+which is minus over plus. Or plus on minus equals
+
+46
+00:02:50,540 --> 00:02:55,120
+minus. So magnification minus one. So why did we do
+
+47
+00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:59,420
+the experiment to get magnification minus one? To
+
+48
+00:02:59,420 --> 00:03:01,820
+make the size of the image or the height of the
+
+49
+00:03:01,820 --> 00:03:04,140
+image the same as the height of the object. The
+
+50
+00:03:04,140 --> 00:03:08,040
+same height of the object. A small pencil of rays
+
+51
+00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,320
+from each object point traverses the pinhole
+
+52
+00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:15,080
+aperture. From each point in the object. From each
+
+53
+00:03:15,080 --> 00:03:20,590
+point in the object. احنا هنا the object مش رسمينه
+
+54
+00:03:20,590 --> 00:03:26,250
+كله بس ما أخدنا نقطتين فقط. نقطة مثلا A و نقطة B من
+
+55
+00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:30,940
+النقطة A حزمة ضوئية It's going to be its share, or
+
+56
+00:03:30,940 --> 00:03:33,120
+pencil of light, it's going to be its share to go
+
+57
+00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:36,320
+through the pinhole aperture, or the opening of
+
+58
+00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:39,320
+the pinhole. Of course, this light band, when it
+
+59
+00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:42,080
+reaches the surface of the receipt paper, it does
+
+60
+00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,920
+not remain a point, but rather it becomes a circle.
+
+61
+00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:49,520
+It becomes a circle, this circle is curved
+
+62
+00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:52,580
+compared to the point, they call it Blair circle,
+
+63
+00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,900
+Blair circle. Of course, the second point is also
+
+64
+00:03:56,770 --> 00:03:59,410
+You will give me a layer circle, which means its
+
+65
+00:03:59,410 --> 00:04:01,890
+diameter can reach two millimeters, two
+
+66
+00:04:01,890 --> 00:04:06,030
+millimeters. Okay, we don't forget a while ago we
+
+67
+00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:10,730
+said that the distance between .. the distance
+
+68
+00:04:10,730 --> 00:04:17,120
+between ..الجسم اللي هو هنا بيمثله نقطة فقط و ال
+
+69
+00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:20,340
+pinhole. يعني من ال optical system للجسم اللي هي ال
+
+70
+00:04:20,340 --> 00:04:24,260
+object distance نص متر و ال image distance من ال
+
+71
+00:04:24,260 --> 00:04:27,660
+pinhole اللي هو ال optical system لل image ايضا نص
+
+72
+00:04:27,660 --> 00:04:31,620
+متر. اذا بما انه مسافة ال image تساوي مسافة ال
+
+73
+00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:34,640
+object. اذا التكبير اللي transfers magnification
+
+74
+00:04:34,640 --> 00:04:37,890
+اللي هو image distance على object distance يساوي
+
+75
+00:04:37,890 --> 00:04:41,230
+minus one. يعني الصورة ارتفاعها صحيح مجلوبة minus
+
+76
+00:04:41,230 --> 00:04:46,010
+minus يعني مجلوبة ولكن ارتفاعها يساوي ارتفاع ال
+
+77
+00:04:46,010 --> 00:04:49,250
+object. Okay, how is the height equal to the height
+
+78
+00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:53,210
+of the object although each point of the object in
+
+79
+00:04:53,210 --> 00:04:56,710
+the picture has become two millimeters thick. It is
+
+80
+00:04:56,710 --> 00:04:59,030
+known that any light band that flows through the
+
+81
+00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:01,570
+vacuum and scatters the light, we do not talk
+
+82
+00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:03,790
+about the rest of the rays that came out of point
+
+83
+00:05:03,790 --> 00:05:06,590
+A or the rest of the rays that came out of point B.
+
+84
+00:05:06,590 --> 00:05:10,090
+We only care about the band or the pencil of
+
+85
+00:05:10,090 --> 00:05:14,290
+light, the band of light that was destined to come
+
+86
+00:05:14,290 --> 00:05:18,040
+out of A and And you enter the bin hall and you go
+
+87
+00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,020
+and form a condition for what? A condition is a
+
+88
+00:05:21,020 --> 00:05:24,520
+circle that is not clear, that has a layer of
+
+89
+00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:27,320
+water, that is, its diameter is about 2
+
+90
+00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:29,200
+millimeters. Well, how will the size of the picture
+
+91
+00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:32,640
+be? That is, if every point in the object .. every
+
+92
+00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,620
+point in the object has become .. its picture is a
+
+93
+00:05:35,620 --> 00:05:39,690
+narrow circle, its diameter .. Or a narrow point, a
+
+94
+00:05:39,690 --> 00:05:41,830
+narrow circular point, its diameter is two
+
+95
+00:05:41,830 --> 00:05:43,410
+millimeters, which means that the image is
+
+96
+00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:45,930
+supposed to be very large. Well, how is the image
+
+97
+00:05:45,930 --> 00:05:48,550
+the same size as the object or height the same as
+
+98
+00:05:48,550 --> 00:05:50,810
+the height of the object? With this speech, the
+
+99
+00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:54,270
+reason is that it is a condition, which is Chapter
+
+100
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:06:00,150
+A, which is a point more complicated than A and B
+
+101
+00:06:00,150 --> 00:06:02,350
+condition and C condition, there is an
+
+102
+00:06:02,350 --> 00:06:03,870
+interference between them. Interference, they come
+
+103
+00:06:03,870 --> 00:06:07,430
+to each other. This interference, this interference
+
+104
+00:06:07,430 --> 00:06:12,970
+makes the picture unclear or some details are lost
+
+105
+00:06:12,970 --> 00:06:16,570
+from it. So that we can see the interference, we
+
+106
+00:06:16,570 --> 00:06:20,070
+say that the points close to each other interfere
+
+107
+00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:24,190
+with each other. The primary player circle, which is
+
+108
+00:06:24,190 --> 00:06:25,850
+the picture of point A and the second player
+
+109
+00:06:25,850 --> 00:06:28,870
+circle, let's call it A, of course, and the second
+
+110
+00:06:28,870 --> 00:06:34,590
+player circle, which is B, comes part of it on A,
+
+111
+00:06:35,250 --> 00:06:37,790
+and part of it on C, and C comes part of it on A,
+
+112
+00:06:37,930 --> 00:06:40,410
+and so on, so the pictures of the points
+
+113
+00:06:40,410 --> 00:06:44,710
+interfere, to clarify the issue more and more, we
+
+114
+00:06:44,710 --> 00:06:47,250
+say, we will go to this presentation, of course,
+
+115
+00:06:47,650 --> 00:06:51,690
+which clarifies the idea. We assume that a light
+
+116
+00:06:51,690 --> 00:06:54,610
+beam came out of A and that this is A point, this
+
+117
+00:06:54,610 --> 00:06:58,430
+point or the narrow point or the narrow circle or
+
+118
+00:06:58,430 --> 00:07:02,310
+the Blair circle which is the point or the curved
+
+119
+00:07:02,310 --> 00:07:04,430
+circle this is A point which is the picture of
+
+120
+00:07:04,430 --> 00:07:07,870
+point A and this is B point and this is C point
+
+121
+00:07:07,870 --> 00:07:11,330
+and behind them is D point and this is F point and
+
+122
+00:07:11,330 --> 00:07:14,550
+this is E point and this is K point. So every
+
+123
+00:07:14,550 --> 00:07:19,250
+circle that we see drawn in colors. To clarify the
+
+124
+00:07:19,250 --> 00:07:21,990
+idea and so that we can distinguish them from each
+
+125
+00:07:21,990 --> 00:07:25,150
+other. As a result of their interference, as a
+
+126
+00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:28,990
+result of their interference, the quality of the
+
+127
+00:07:28,990 --> 00:07:32,350
+image is lost. The more they interfere, the more
+
+128
+00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,070
+the quality of the image is lost, that is, the
+
+129
+00:07:35,070 --> 00:07:38,070
+details disappear, they distort each other. This
+
+130
+00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:42,690
+means that it can look like In public life, but in
+
+131
+00:07:42,690 --> 00:07:45,390
+the field of voice, in the field of voice, that a
+
+132
+00:07:45,390 --> 00:07:47,570
+person wants to give a lecture, and we have two
+
+133
+00:07:47,570 --> 00:07:50,790
+hundred people listening to this lecture, if he
+
+134
+00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:54,200
+was talking to himself. The voice is clear and
+
+135
+00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,120
+audible. If it was another person, it became him
+
+136
+00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:00,120
+and another person, there was a slight distortion.
+
+137
+00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:04,560
+When there are ten people talking, there is more
+
+138
+00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:07,500
+distortion. If all the lecturers, both of them were
+
+139
+00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:09,320
+talking to each other, its name became not a
+
+140
+00:08:09,320 --> 00:08:13,780
+lecture, it became a market, it became a market.
+
+141
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:15,780
+Here when there is an interference between the
+
+142
+00:08:15,780 --> 00:08:19,350
+points Sura of the point A, which is A in the
+
+143
+00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,290
+object, A condition in the image, which is the
+
+144
+00:08:21,290 --> 00:08:23,890
+picture of A. And B condition, and C condition, and
+
+145
+00:08:23,890 --> 00:08:26,290
+D condition, and it all interferes with each other.
+
+146
+00:08:26,290 --> 00:08:29,630
+It becomes .. it covers each other, it distorts
+
+147
+00:08:29,630 --> 00:08:34,150
+the clarity of each other, so that I have this
+
+148
+00:08:34,150 --> 00:08:36,910
+point, we want it to be what, reached and
+
+149
+00:08:36,910 --> 00:08:39,450
+understood. Here if we wanted to show the case
+
+150
+00:08:39,450 --> 00:08:42,910
+without colors, without colors, we will find that
+
+151
+00:08:42,910 --> 00:08:44,630
+there is an interference between the pictures of
+
+152
+00:08:44,630 --> 00:08:48,210
+the points, this is to clarify the idea only. A
+
+153
+00:08:48,210 --> 00:08:50,250
+condition interferes with B condition, with C
+
+154
+00:08:50,250 --> 00:08:52,610
+condition, the interference can be simple as we
+
+155
+00:08:52,610 --> 00:08:55,250
+see here. And it can be a very big interference,
+
+156
+00:08:55,590 --> 00:08:59,810
+like this tight spot and this tight spot are
+
+157
+00:08:59,810 --> 00:09:06,770
+almost interfering with each other's
+
+158
+00:09:06,770 --> 00:09:10,430
+half of the space. So the more the interference
+
+159
+00:09:10,430 --> 00:09:12,710
+increases, that is, many types or many sizes of
+
+160
+00:09:12,710 --> 00:09:16,050
+interference. So you will lose the quality of the
+
+161
+00:09:16,050 --> 00:09:18,790
+image, you will lose the quality of the image. So
+
+162
+00:09:18,790 --> 00:09:22,210
+image quality, when we talk about image quality
+
+163
+00:09:22,210 --> 00:09:24,990
+and we want to do the experiment that we talked
+
+164
+00:09:24,990 --> 00:09:27,850
+about. We will say that from each point in the
+
+165
+00:09:27,850 --> 00:09:32,830
+object, small pencil of rays from each object
+
+166
+00:09:32,830 --> 00:09:38,150
+point traverses the pinhole aperture, means it will
+
+167
+00:09:38,150 --> 00:09:40,670
+contribute to the formation of the image as the
+
+168
+00:09:40,670 --> 00:09:44,490
+painter. And the closer the two points in the object
+
+169
+00:09:44,490 --> 00:09:48,110
+are to each other, the more their pictures, which
+
+170
+00:09:48,110 --> 00:09:51,190
+are the spots or the player circles, interfere
+
+171
+00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:55,430
+with each other and thus blur each other and
+
+172
+00:09:55,430 --> 00:10:00,210
+reduce the quality of the picture. Now what's the
+
+173
+00:10:00,210 --> 00:10:03,010
+solution? What's the solution? The solution is to
+
+174
+00:10:03,010 --> 00:10:07,110
+minimize. The pinhole is made smaller to make the
+
+175
+00:10:07,110 --> 00:10:10,410
+light band smaller in size and therefore the Blair
+
+176
+00:10:10,410 --> 00:10:13,870
+circle is smaller in size and therefore their
+
+177
+00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:17,590
+interference is less, their interference is less
+
+178
+00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:20,870
+and therefore this is the case each object point
+
+179
+00:10:20,870 --> 00:10:25,110
+produces two millimeter diameter spot in the image.
+
+180
+00:10:25,110 --> 00:10:29,530
+That is, each point in the object is a circle or
+
+181
+00:10:29,530 --> 00:10:35,040
+spot. قطرها اثنين ملي. These spots are called player
+
+182
+00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:39,900
+circles. بنسمي كل بقعة من هذه البقعة دوائر التغبيش
+
+183
+00:10:39,900 --> 00:10:43,520
+او بقعة التغبيش لان هم مش واضحين تماما، يعني في
+
+184
+00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:48,360
+كمية من عدم الوضوح بالنسبة لهم. This term is
+
+185
+00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:52,800
+somewhat misleading because off-axis object points
+
+186
+00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,420
+technically produce elliptical spots in the image.
+
+187
+00:10:56,420 --> 00:11:00,180
+
+
+223
+00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:55,730
+or in an irregular shape, whatever the condition,
+
+224
+00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:59,470
+it can be a shape that is close to being a spot or
+
+225
+00:12:59,470 --> 00:13:05,950
+ellipse or it can have distorted edges. In addition,
+
+226
+00:13:06,190 --> 00:13:09,930
+this analysis ignores the diffraction effects that
+
+227
+00:13:09,930 --> 00:13:15,110
+make the spot larger and
+
+228
+00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:20,750
+more 
+
+229
+00:13:20,750 --> 00:13:23,590
+irregular because it's not necessarily going to
+
+230
+00:13:23,590 --> 00:13:24,510
+end up
+
+231
+00:13:28,380 --> 00:13:31,960
+Regardless, each object point is represented by a 
+
+232
+00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:35,100
+blur circle in the image, and the farther the
+
+233
+00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:37,700
+image is from a pinhole, the larger the blur 
+
+234
+00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:38,880
+circle in the image
+
+235
+00:13:45,510 --> 00:13:49,590
+gave me circles or blur circles with a diameter
+
+236
+00:13:49,590 --> 00:13:53,710
+of 2 mm. If we move away the receipt paper, it will
+
+237
+00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:55,890
+become bigger than the blur circle, why? because
+
+238
+00:13:55,890 --> 00:13:58,990
+the light will spread more and move away from each 
+
+239
+00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:02,210
+other. It will become after a period of 3 mm, 4 mm, 
+
+240
+00:14:02,650 --> 00:14:06,430
+cm, etc. so, the more we move away the place of 
+
+241
+00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:10,170
+the image, the more the diameter of the blur
+
+242
+00:14:10,170 --> 00:14:13,830
+circle increases. يعني هذه الدوائر بتصبح أكبر وأكبر 
+
+243
+00:14:13,830 --> 00:14:19,830
+وبيزيد تداخلها مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع 
+
+244
+00:14:19,830 --> 00:14:21,690
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع 
+
+245
+00:14:21,690 --> 00:14:24,250
+بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع بعضها البعض، مع 
+
+246
+00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:24,750
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض, مع
+
+247
+00:14:24,750 --> 00:14:30,720
+بعضها البعض, مع بعضها البعض is reduced or blurred
+
+248
+00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:34,240
+by the degree to which the blur circles interfere
+
+249
+00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:37,820
+so that we do not forget, blur circles. Each blur
+
+250
+00:14:37,820 --> 00:14:41,140
+circle is a picture of a point from the point of 
+
+251
+00:14:41,140 --> 00:14:42,940
+the object. That is, what is the condition of a
+
+252
+00:14:42,940 --> 00:14:46,630
+blur circle? What picture? A Sharta, we use the
+
+253
+00:14:46,630 --> 00:14:49,270
+word blur circle, which is a circle or a point
+
+254
+00:14:49,270 --> 00:14:53,050
+which is a description of itself, a description of
+
+255
+00:14:53,050 --> 00:14:56,450
+itself. So A Sharta and B Sharta and C Sharta and D 
+
+256
+00:14:56,450 --> 00:14:58,390
+Sharta and so on, which are the pictures of the
+
+257
+00:14:58,390 --> 00:15:01,210
+points of the object on the receipt paper, which 
+
+258
+00:15:01,210 --> 00:15:04,550
+in their group will form the image. The more they
+
+259
+00:15:04,550 --> 00:15:08,090
+interfere with each other, the more the 
+
+260
+00:15:08,090 --> 00:15:10,310
+interference increases, the more the image detail
+
+261
+00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:27,540
+to some extent, the loss of details is mitigated 
+
+262
+00:15:27,540 --> 00:15:29,560
+with the use of a smaller pinhole
+
+263
+00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,280
+Pinhole became smaller, the blur circle became
+
+264
+00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:41,700
+smaller, and the ratio of interaction became
+
+265
+00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:46,260
+smaller, the picture became more detailed, more
+
+266
+00:15:46,260 --> 00:15:50,300
+detailed, but we have several things, the first 
+
+267
+00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:54,210
+thing. The first thing we need to know is that the
+
+268
+00:15:54,210 --> 00:15:57,830
+smaller the pinhole is, the more details it gives
+
+269
+00:15:57,830 --> 00:15:58,610
+us.
+
+270
+00:16:01,670 --> 00:16:04,150
+Why? Because the blur circles have less
+
+271
+00:16:04,150 --> 00:16:06,650
+interaction with each other. But we need to know
+
+272
+00:16:06,650 --> 00:16:09,490
+and remember from the first lecture that the
+
+273
+00:16:09,490 --> 00:16:12,830
+pinhole images are too faint to be useful.
+
+274
+00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:21,830
+طيب طالما باهيت جدا و أنا روحت زغرت ال pinhole 
+
+275
+00:16:21,830 --> 00:16:25,630
+كمان و كمان إذا الحزمة الضوئية اللي أصبحت تدخل في 
+
+276
+00:16:25,630 --> 00:16:28,990
+ال pinhole من كل نقطة من نقاط ال object أصبحت أصغر 
+
+277
+00:16:28,990 --> 00:16:33,190
+عدد الأشعة أقل فبالتالي هتصير أبهت مما كانت عليه 
+
+278
+00:16:33,190 --> 00:16:38,450
+إذا ال smaller pinhole. كل ما ال pinhole أصغر في
+
+279
+00:16:38,450 --> 00:16:45,490
+القطر بيعطيني more detailed بس أقل إضاءة يعني 
+
+280
+00:16:45,490 --> 00:16:46,370
+بيعطيني 
+
+281
+00:16:48,630 --> 00:16:53,130
+a smaller pinhole gives a dimmer but more detailed 
+
+282
+00:16:53,130 --> 00:16:57,370
+image. يعني بيعطيني صورة أكثر اعتاما بس أكثر 
+
+283
+00:16:57,370 --> 00:17:03,110
+تفاصيلا. أكثر اعتاما لإنه نصيب كل نقطة أو نصيب كل
+
+284
+00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:09,210
+صورة لنقطة. نصيب إيه شرطة من إيه حزمة شععية أقل مما
+
+285
+00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:12,710
+if we used a bigger pinhole. When we used a bigger
+
+286
+00:17:12,710 --> 00:17:16,470
+pinhole, A was a share of 100,000 rays 
+
+287
+00:17:16,470 --> 00:17:19,190
+entering for example and becoming a condition for 
+
+288
+00:17:19,190 --> 00:17:22,810
+A, while when we used a smaller pinhole, the 100,000 
+
+289
+00:17:22,810 --> 00:17:26,830
+rays became 1000 rays. That is, the share fell down 
+
+290
+00:17:26,830 --> 00:17:30,030
+to one percent of what it used to be. If we say
+
+291
+00:17:30,030 --> 00:17:33,130
+that the main pinhole, which is a little wider than
+
+292
+00:17:33,130 --> 00:17:36,310
+this means that its images are bigger, so the 
+
+293
+00:17:36,310 --> 00:17:38,410
+images of the smaller pinhole will be more
+
+294
+00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:44,610
+bahatanan and dimar means more probably, more 
+
+295
+00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:49,750
+probably, so a smaller pinhole gives dimar but more
+
+296
+00:17:49,750 --> 00:17:53,290
+detailed image, but the details in it are more,
+
+297
+00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:55,350
+what is the reason? Because it has less 
+
+298
+00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:59,830
+interference, less interference with Between
+
+299
+00:17:59,830 --> 00:18:02,690
+pictures of dots between A condition and B 
+
+300
+00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:05,210
+condition and C condition because the blur circle 
+
+301
+00:18:05,210 --> 00:18:07,650
+gets smaller with the pinhole getting smaller
+
+302
+00:18:07,650 --> 00:18:11,950
+Using the smallest pinhole makes the picture 
+
+303
+00:18:12,830 --> 00:18:16,210
+correct, it's more coherent, but it has better 
+
+304
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:19,270
+details, it has better details. Let's see here the
+
+305
+00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:21,990
+experiment here, here I have the object, it's the
+
+306
+00:18:21,990 --> 00:18:25,650
+same object, here I used small hole or small pin
+
+307
+00:18:25,650 --> 00:18:31,290
+hole, and here I used large ..Hall, of course, the
+
+308
+00:18:31,290 --> 00:18:34,610
+small hall gave me a clearer image. Clearer image,
+
+309
+00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,350
+but it is more obscured, that is, the amount of
+
+310
+00:18:38,350 --> 00:18:40,770
+light in it is less. Because from every point of 
+
+311
+00:18:40,770 --> 00:18:43,810
+the object point, its percentage in sending a
+
+312
+00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:47,390
+light band will be less than its image. While here, 
+
+313
+00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:49,790
+the percentage is greater, but there is an
+
+314
+00:18:49,790 --> 00:18:51,710
+interference between the points between A 
+
+315
+00:18:51,710 --> 00:18:53,550
+condition and B condition and C condition and D 
+
+316
+00:18:53,550 --> 00:18:56,890
+condition and so on. So, the picture became as a 
+
+317
+00:18:56,890 --> 00:18:57,850
+result of this interference
+
+318
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:14,350
+smaller penhole has advantages that it gives more 
+
+319
+00:19:14,350 --> 00:19:17,710
+details and disadvantages that it gives less 
+
+320
+00:19:17,710 --> 00:19:23,520
+details. I'tam أكتر يعني الصورة معتمة أكتر بينما
+
+321
+00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:27,860
+تفاصيلها أوضح. هنا الصورة مضيئة أكتر بس مغبشة نتيجة 
+
+322
+00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:33,380
+تداخل صور النقاط مع بعضها البعض. A smaller pinhole
+
+323
+00:19:33,380 --> 00:19:36,740
+gives a dimmer but more detailed image. However, 
+
+324
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,480
+the smaller the pinhole, the more the diffraction 
+
+325
+00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:43,580
+reduces image equality
+
+326
+00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:50,660
+أحنا هنا مش رسمين ظاهرة الـ diffraction أحنا هنا
+
+327
+00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:51,980
+مش رسمين ظاهرة الـ diffraction كل ما زغرنا ال
+
+328
+00:19:51,980 --> 00:19:55,320
+pinhole, بيزيد ال diffraction اللي هو حيود الأشعة 
+
+329
+00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:59,720
+عن مصارها و تشتتها و بالتالي هيزيد في مشكلة عدم
+
+330
+00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:03,920
+وضوح الصورة لأنه أنا زغرت ال pinhole. لإذا تصغير ال
+
+331
+00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:04,420
+pinhole
+
+332
+00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:22,570
+the only way to avoid any loss of detail is to 
+
+333
+00:20:22,570 --> 00:20:26,690
+produce a perfect point image of each object point.
+
+334
+00:20:28,890 --> 00:20:32,510
+القاعدة الرئيسية أو القاعدة الأم. هذه الجملة هي
+
+335
+00:20:32,510 --> 00:20:38,610
+القاعدة الأم للحصول على صورة طبق الأصل من أي جسم، 
+
+336
+00:20:38,610 --> 00:20:44,210
+من أي جسم. نرجع للصورة الملونة هنا، بنقول، بدنا 
+
+337
+00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,830
+ناخد البقعة المضيقة هاي باللون الأبيض، بنقول هاي
+
+338
+00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:50,970
+صورة النقطة A، النقطة A موجودة في ال object و هاي
+
+339
+00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,420
+صورتها في ال image. And here this is the picture of
+
+340
+00:20:54,420 --> 00:20:59,280
+point B in yellow, and here in red is the picture
+
+341
+00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:00,300
+of point C
+
+342
+00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:29,750
+وصور نقاط أخرى. المهم جد ما احنا نظغر في الدوائر
+
+343
+00:21:29,750 --> 00:21:33,390
+هاى أو في البقع هاى بتصغير البنهول أو بأي وسيلة 
+
+344
+00:21:33,390 --> 00:21:39,130
+كانت بنستطيعها. الحل الوحيد عشان الصورة .. عشان
+
+345
+00:21:39,130 --> 00:21:42,820
+الصورة تصير .. Its quality and details are all 
+
+346
+00:21:42,820 --> 00:21:46,380
+there, that is, the details in the object are the
+
+347
+00:21:46,380 --> 00:21:49,360
+same as those in the picture. In other words, in 
+
+348
+00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:52,020
+order for the picture to resemble the object one
+
+349
+00:21:52,020 --> 00:21:55,960
+hundred percent, we must reach a point that there
+
+350
+00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:59,890
+is no interference. There is no interference in the 
+
+351
+00:21:59,890 --> 00:22:02,590
+sense that there is no point image that interferes
+
+352
+00:22:02,590 --> 00:22:05,170
+with another point image. What is the condition? Do 
+
+353
+00:22:05,170 --> 00:22:07,330
+not interfere with B condition or with C condition
+
+354
+00:22:07,330 --> 00:22:10,070
+or one of them interferes with the other, and so on.
+
+355
+00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:13,570
+All images of points of the object. In order to 
+
+356
+00:22:13,570 --> 00:22:16,930
+reach this point, in order not to interfere, what
+
+357
+00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:20,130
+condition must be a point? Like A is a point in 
+
+358
+00:22:20,130 --> 00:22:23,470
+the object, point, and B condition must be a point 
+
+359
+00:22:23,470 --> 00:22:27,850
+when we minimize the blur circle, 
+
+360
+00:22:27,850 --> 00:22:31,110
+or the blur ellipse, when we minimize the image of the point 
+
+361
+00:22:31,110 --> 00:22:36,170
+to the extent that we can get the image of the
+
+362
+00:22:36,170 --> 00:22:40,430
+point to be a point, then there will be no
+
+363
+00:22:40,430 --> 00:22:42,610
+interference between the images of the points of 
+
+364
+00:22:42,610 --> 00:22:45,530
+the body, which in a group will form a picture, 
+
+365
+00:22:45,630 --> 00:22:49,880
+and then the picture will be a perfect image. A full 
+
+366
+00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:52,960
+picture with all the details of the object, 
+
+367
+00:22:53,060 --> 00:22:55,720
+meaning that if we put it next to the object, the 
+
+368
+00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:57,940
+person will not be able to distinguish between 
+
+369
+00:22:57,940 --> 00:23:00,880
+which image and which body, which image and which 
+
+370
+00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:06,000
+body. So the basic rule to get a high image quality 
+
+371
+00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:09,480
+or the highest image quality or image quality one
+
+372
+00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:11,400
+hundred percent, what does image quality mean one 
+
+373
+00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:14,380
+hundred percent? It means a picture according to
+
+374
+00:23:14,380 --> 00:23:20,170
+the original, about the object, that is, 100% similar
+
+375
+00:23:20,170 --> 00:23:24,370
+in every detail, so that I can get every point from
+
+376
+00:23:24,370 --> 00:23:29,450
+the object's points, its image must be a point in
+
+377
+00:23:29,450 --> 00:23:32,910
+the image. Why must its image be a point, as it is a 
+
+378
+00:23:32,910 --> 00:23:36,330
+point? Because if the image of each point of the
+
+379
+00:23:36,330 --> 00:23:39,510
+body in the image was a point, it will not 
+
+380
+00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:42,330
+interfere with the images of the points. And 
+
+381
+00:23:42,330 --> 00:23:44,970
+therefore, as long as they do not interfere with
+
+382
+00:23:44,970 --> 00:23:46,990
+each other, they will not interfere with each other
+
+383
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,610
+and on the contrary, the images will contain all 
+
+384
+00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:56,260
+the details. As long as the image of the points, it's 
+
+385
+00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:00,020
+about things that are bigger than a dot, a circle,
+
+386
+00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:04,600
+or an oval shape, or an irregular shape, that will 
+
+387
+00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,880
+be interfered with, as we see here, for example,
+
+388
+00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,800
+here in my region, there will be 4 interferences
+
+389
+00:24:10,860 --> 00:24:14,160
+parts. This is the first part, this is the second 
+
+390
+00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:16,840
+part, this is the third part, and this is the
+
+391
+00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,780
+fourth part. I have four narrow parts, and these 
+
+392
+00:24:20,780 --> 00:24:23,180
+even interfere with each other, these five or four
+
+393
+00:24:23,180 --> 00:24:25,520
+and so on. And here too, from the side, it 
+
+394
+00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:27,080
+interferes with each other. So, pictures of
+
+395
+00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,880
+points, when they are single parts and have no
+
+396
+00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,800
+space. On a picture bigger than a point, it must 
+
+397
+00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,380
+interfere with the pictures of the adjacent points
+
+398
+00:24:36,380 --> 00:24:41,100
+and thus blur each other, and there will not be 
+
+399
+00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:44,320
+high clarity or image quality. The more the 
+
+400
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,540
+interference increases, the worse the picture, and
+
+401
+00:24:46,540 --> 00:24:50,960
+its image quality becomes less. The less the 
+
+402
+00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:56,640
+interference, the clearer the picture became, and
+
+403
+00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:59,340
+its quality became higher. That is, it began to 
+
+404
+00:24:59,340 --> 00:25:04,420
+resemble the object more. In order to reach a 100% 
+
+405
+00:25:04,420 --> 00:25:07,620
+resemblance to the object, each image of the point 
+
+406
+00:25:07,620 --> 00:25:11,740
+image must be a point, because a point is a very
+
+407
+00:25:11,740 --> 00:25:15,520
+small point, so it will not interfere with the 
+
+408
+00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:17,640
+surrounding points, and what revolves around it 
+
+409
+00:25:17,640 --> 00:25:18,060
+will be
+
+410
+00:25:24,080 --> 00:25:29,900
+
+445
+00:27:17,810 --> 00:27:21,290
+that we have not reached a device that produces a 
+
+446
+00:27:21,290 --> 00:27:28,190
+picture 100% according to the original, 100%. We say 
+
+447
+00:27:28,190 --> 00:27:32,070
+perfect point image of an object point is called a
+
+448
+00:27:32,070 --> 00:27:37,250
+stigmatic image. Stigmatic image. When we get a
+
+449
+00:27:37,250 --> 00:27:39,930
+picture of each point from the point of the object 
+
+450
+00:27:39,930 --> 00:27:42,950
+in the form of a point. That is, the picture of the
+
+451
+00:27:42,950 --> 00:27:46,470
+point is a point, I call it a stigmatic image
+
+452
+00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:51,090
+stigmatic, not astigmatic, stigmatic image means a 
+
+453
+00:27:51,090 --> 00:27:54,010
+picture as it should be. Stigmatic image means a
+
+454
+00:27:54,010 --> 00:27:58,560
+picture as it should be. The word stigmatic came
+
+455
+00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,800
+from the ancient Greek language, Greek, from the
+
+456
+00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:08,360
+word stigma. Stigma means sharply pointed stylus,
+
+457
+00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:10,780
+which means sharply pointed stylus, which means
+
+458
+00:28:10,780 --> 00:28:13,760
+sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply 
+
+459
+00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:17,340
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+460
+00:28:17,340 --> 00:28:20,140
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+461
+00:28:20,140 --> 00:28:21,920
+means sharply pointed stylus, which means sharply 
+
+462
+00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:23,000
+pointed stylus, which means sharply pointed
+
+463
+00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,020
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus, which
+
+464
+00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:26,280
+stylus, which means sharply pointed stylus 
+
+465
+00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:51,770
+Loss of details occurs in lens and mirror imaging
+
+466
+00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:55,930
+as well as as well as as well as as well as as well as 
+
+467
+00:28:55,930 --> 00:28:56,030
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+468
+00:28:56,030 --> 00:28:56,070
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+469
+00:28:56,070 --> 00:29:00,430
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+470
+00:29:00,430 --> 00:29:14,110
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+471
+00:29:14,110 --> 00:29:15,850
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+472
+00:29:15,850 --> 00:29:16,550
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+473
+00:29:16,550 --> 00:29:17,590
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+474
+00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:17,610
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+475
+00:29:17,610 --> 00:29:17,650
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+476
+00:29:17,650 --> 00:29:17,670
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+477
+00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:17,690
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as
+
+478
+00:29:17,690 --> 00:29:17,830
+well as as well as as well as as well as as well as 
+
+479
+00:29:17,970 --> 00:29:21,890
+صورة طبق الأصل 100% المرة القادمة إن شاء الله
+
+480
+00:29:21,890 --> 00:29:28,390
+يتعالى هنتكلم على إيش اللي بيحصل معايا لما بستخدم
+
+481
+00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:32,390
+optical system عبارة عن lens أو mirror يترا كيف
+
+482
+00:29:32,390 --> 00:29:36,710
+شكل صور النقاط صورة A اللي هي A شرطة وصورة B اللي
+
+483
+00:29:36,710 --> 00:29:41,690
+هي B شرطةكيف بيكون شكلهم لما بستخدم العدسات و
+
+484
+00:29:41,690 --> 00:29:44,670
+المرايا طبعا احنا لما استخدمنا اليوم ال pen hole
+
+485
+00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:48,410
+اعتطنى صورة النقطة عبارة عن بقعة و سمناها هذه
+
+486
+00:29:48,410 --> 00:29:52,790
+البقعة player circle او player ال lips طب لما
+
+487
+00:29:52,790 --> 00:29:55,930
+بستخدم عدسة اش اللى هى يصير الوضع عندى هذا اللى 
+
+488
+00:29:55,930 --> 00:29:59,050
+هنعرفه فى المحاضرة الجاية و يعطيكوا .. يعطيكوا 
+
+489
+00:29:59,050 --> 00:30:02,250
+العافية و السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته 
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/buAg3-7OVUo.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+
+1
+00:00:00,690 --> 00:00:03,150
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:03,150 --> 00:00:07,110
+اليوم موضوعنا في ال Geometric Optics هو ال thick
+
+3
+00:00:07,110 --> 00:00:10,790
+lenses او العدسات السميقة ال thin lens
+
+4
+00:00:10,790 --> 00:00:14,110
+approximation is invalid in some clinical settings
+
+5
+00:00:14,110 --> 00:00:19,270
+for example IOLs اللي ال intraocular lenses are
+
+6
+00:00:19,270 --> 00:00:23,840
+treated as thick lensesThe IOL that is planted
+
+7
+00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:30,180
+usually has a power of plus 18, plus 17, plus 20,
+
+8
+00:00:30,300 --> 00:00:34,700
+plus 22, plus 23, it can be more than that or less
+
+9
+00:00:34,700 --> 00:00:37,440
+than that, but usually it is around 20 diopters
+
+10
+00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,700
+plus that is planted inside the eye after the
+
+11
+00:00:40,700 --> 00:00:42,300
+cataract operation and that is why it is treated
+
+12
+00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:48,730
+as thick lensesOf course, thick lenses cannot be
+
+13
+00:00:48,730 --> 00:00:53,050
+used as a thin lens approximation to the thin lens
+
+14
+00:00:53,050 --> 00:00:59,170
+equation Consider a lens of arbitrary thickness,
+
+15
+00:00:59,330 --> 00:01:04,510
+meaning let's assume that we have a lens with a
+
+16
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:06,250
+considerable thickness, meaning it has a thickness
+
+17
+00:01:06,250 --> 00:01:12,180
+that is not simple, as shown in the pictureOr as
+
+18
+00:01:12,180 --> 00:01:15,940
+in these drawings, these are types of thick lenses
+
+19
+00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660
+such as bi-convex, plano-plano-convex or positive
+
+20
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:23,880
+meniscus Also we have negative thick lenses,
+
+21
+00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:28,740
+negative meniscus, plano-concave and bi-concave
+
+22
+00:01:28,740 --> 00:01:31,860
+These are all thick lenses or types of thick
+
+23
+00:01:31,860 --> 00:01:35,740
+lenses We need to know or consider that we have a
+
+24
+00:01:35,740 --> 00:01:40,180
+kind of thick lensThe combined power of a thick
+
+25
+00:01:40,180 --> 00:01:44,420
+lens is not simply the sum of individual service
+
+26
+00:01:44,420 --> 00:01:47,740
+powers يعني بنقولش في حالة ما يكون عندنا thick
+
+27
+00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:53,360
+lens أنه قوة العدسة تساوي قوة السطح الأمامي زائد
+
+28
+00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:54,780
+قوة السطح الخالفي
+
+29
+00:01:57,400 --> 00:02:02,180
+وإنما it includes divergence exchange on transfer
+
+30
+00:02:02,180 --> 00:02:05,900
+يعني ال divergence تغير ال divergence الحالة
+
+31
+00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,740
+التشتتية للضوء من السطح الأمامي للعدسة للسطح
+
+32
+00:02:11,740 --> 00:02:16,360
+الخلفي للعدسة في حالة ال thick lens مابنقدرش نهم
+
+33
+00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:21,640
+اللي هو هياخد جزء من قوة العدسة فقوة العدسة هتوزع
+
+34
+00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:26,980
+في ال thick lenses على تلت أقسامقوة للسطح الأمامي
+
+35
+00:02:26,980 --> 00:02:33,700
+وقوة للسطح الخالفي وقوة لتغيير الحالة التشتتية
+
+36
+00:02:33,700 --> 00:02:38,100
+داخل العدسة تغيير الحالة التشتتية داخل العدسة إذا
+
+37
+00:02:38,100 --> 00:02:41,660
+ال P تعالي front ال power of the first lens
+
+38
+00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:46,480
+service أو front lens serviceThe power of the
+
+39
+00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:50,400
+back, P back, the power of the second lens service
+
+40
+00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:54,580
+or the back service of the lens, and the power of
+
+41
+00:02:54,580 --> 00:02:58,000
+the BT, which is the power of the transfer. So how
+
+42
+00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:00,460
+do I calculate how much consumption of the power
+
+43
+00:03:00,460 --> 00:03:04,490
+of the lensto change the refractive state of light
+
+44
+00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:08,070
+inside the lens inside the thickness of the lens
+
+45
+00:03:08,070 --> 00:03:12,770
+first of all, to know the total force of the lens
+
+46
+00:03:12,770 --> 00:03:15,870
+which knows the force of its front surface and the
+
+47
+00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:17,750
+force of its back surface of course I have this
+
+48
+00:03:17,750 --> 00:03:22,230
+thick lens I must first see how much of the force
+
+49
+00:03:22,230 --> 00:03:26,510
+of the lens has changed the refractive state
+
+50
+00:03:26,510 --> 00:03:32,160
+inside this lens the equationYou say, first of
+
+51
+00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:35,340
+all, the power of the transfer is only part of the
+
+52
+00:03:35,340 --> 00:03:39,640
+lens or part of the force of the lens that works
+
+53
+00:03:39,640 --> 00:03:43,240
+inside the lens to change the oscillation state to
+
+54
+00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,940
+calculate it, it is calculated as follows minus T
+
+55
+00:03:46,940 --> 00:03:51,680
+over NL in the P of the front in the P of the back
+
+56
+00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:55,020
+What is meant by T? The thickness The lens
+
+57
+00:03:55,020 --> 00:03:59,200
+thickness, of course, the equation is minus T over
+
+58
+00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:00,240
+NL
+
+59
+00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:08,480
+The T is lens thickness and N is index of
+
+60
+00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:18,680
+refraction of lensthe power of the front plus the
+
+61
+00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:23,740
+power of the back minus the power of the transfer
+
+62
+00:04:23,740 --> 00:04:27,980
+minus T over NL plus the power of the front plus
+
+63
+00:04:27,980 --> 00:04:32,390
+the power of the backthis is the quantity that I
+
+64
+00:04:32,390 --> 00:04:35,730
+want to compensate in this equation in the thin
+
+65
+00:04:35,730 --> 00:04:39,090
+lens we said that the power is equal to the power
+
+66
+00:04:39,090 --> 00:04:42,430
+of the front plus the power of the back service
+
+67
+00:04:42,430 --> 00:04:46,950
+and the power of the transfer we neglected it
+
+68
+00:04:46,950 --> 00:04:51,330
+because it is very insignificant so from the
+
+69
+00:04:51,330 --> 00:04:53,330
+approximation we said that the thin lens
+
+70
+00:04:53,330 --> 00:04:57,230
+approximation is the power of the lensThe power of
+
+71
+00:04:57,230 --> 00:04:59,330
+the front surface is equal to the power of the
+
+72
+00:04:59,330 --> 00:05:03,930
+back surface The power
+
+73
+00:05:03,930 --> 00:05:07,650
+of the thick lens is equal to the power of the
+
+74
+00:05:07,650 --> 00:05:11,310
+front surfaceplus the power of the back plus what
+
+75
+00:05:11,310 --> 00:05:15,170
+is lost from the power of the lens or what is used
+
+76
+00:05:15,170 --> 00:05:17,030
+from the power of the lens to change the
+
+77
+00:05:17,030 --> 00:05:20,490
+fluctuating state of the light inside this lens
+
+78
+00:05:20,490 --> 00:05:23,090
+inside this lens because the light cuts a distance
+
+79
+00:05:23,090 --> 00:05:26,550
+and we know that the divergence of the fluctuating
+
+80
+00:05:26,550 --> 00:05:29,210
+state changes with the change of the distance
+
+81
+00:05:29,210 --> 00:05:32,290
+changes with the change of the distance so it
+
+82
+00:05:32,290 --> 00:05:36,290
+reduces the power of the thick lensequal to the
+
+83
+00:05:36,290 --> 00:05:39,610
+power of the front plus the power of the back plus
+
+84
+00:05:39,610 --> 00:05:42,550
+the power of the transfer this power of the
+
+85
+00:05:42,550 --> 00:05:45,430
+transfer is calculated by the high equation minus
+
+86
+00:05:45,430 --> 00:05:49,130
+T over NL in the power of the front in the power
+
+87
+00:05:49,130 --> 00:05:52,330
+of the back now we want to remove from the high
+
+88
+00:05:52,330 --> 00:05:57,310
+equation the Pt and get rid of it by its value in
+
+89
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:05:59,770
+equation number two that is, we take from equation
+
+90
+00:05:59,770 --> 00:06:03,090
+number two and put in equation number one to the
+
+91
+00:06:03,090 --> 00:06:06,550
+power of the transferthis value we want to remove
+
+92
+00:06:06,550 --> 00:06:08,910
+the power of the transfer and put it somewhere so
+
+93
+00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:12,710
+I delete the total power of the thick lens equals
+
+94
+00:06:12,710 --> 00:06:16,310
+the power of the front plus the power of the back
+
+95
+00:06:16,310 --> 00:06:21,710
+service minus T over NL in PF in PP what is this
+
+96
+00:06:21,710 --> 00:06:25,030
+value? this is the power of the transfer the power
+
+97
+00:06:25,030 --> 00:06:32,210
+of the wind power of the front and back are in
+
+98
+00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:38,230
+dioptersis in centimeters. The powers of the front
+
+99
+00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:43,690
+and back surfaces are calculated by the diopters.
+
+100
+00:06:44,910 --> 00:06:48,110
+Let's take an example of that. Let's say we have a
+
+101
+00:06:48,110 --> 00:06:56,050
+thick lens. The front surface is 5 diopters and
+
+102
+00:06:56,050 --> 00:07:00,010
+the back surface is 10 diopters. The thickness of
+
+103
+00:07:00,010 --> 00:07:03,570
+the lens is 1 centimeter.The refractive index is 1
+
+104
+00:07:03,570 --> 00:07:11,410
+.5, which means I have a thick lens and
+
+105
+00:07:11,410 --> 00:07:14,350
+this is the optical axis.
+
+106
+00:07:19,630 --> 00:07:23,210
+The front surface has a force of 5 diopters plus 5
+
+107
+00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:39,420
+والسطح الخالفي plus 10 إيش اللي بيحدد قوة السطح
+
+108
+00:07:39,420 --> 00:07:43,940
+الأمامي وقوة السطح الخالفي؟ التشتت تعدو اللي جاي
+
+109
+00:07:43,940 --> 00:07:48,740
+من ال object التشتت تعدو اللي جاي من ال object إذا
+
+110
+00:07:48,740 --> 00:07:52,400
+كانوا minus 5 إذا قوة السطح الأمامي بتكون plus 5
+
+111
+00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,800
+إذا كانوا minus 7 هيكون قوة السطح الأمامي plus 7
+
+112
+00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:01,160
+إذا كانوا minus 10 هيكون قوة السطح الأمامي plus 10
+
+113
+00:08:01,660 --> 00:08:05,200
+It will remain from the power of the lens if it
+
+114
+00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:08,260
+does not remain or if it remains with minus to the
+
+115
+00:08:08,260 --> 00:08:10,180
+back surface So what determines the strength of
+
+116
+00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:14,580
+the surfaces is the refractive state of the light
+
+117
+00:08:14,580 --> 00:08:19,300
+Now I have a lens whose strength is the front
+
+118
+00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:22,320
+surface plus five diopters The back surface is ten
+
+119
+00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:26,680
+diopters The thickness is one centimeter, one
+
+120
+00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:35,580
+centimeterThe thickness of the lens is 1 cm from
+
+121
+00:08:35,580 --> 00:08:38,240
+the front surface of the lens to the back surface
+
+122
+00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:42,420
+of the lens, which is considered a thick lens The
+
+123
+00:08:42,420 --> 00:08:48,280
+refractive index of the glass is 1.5 We want to
+
+124
+00:08:48,280 --> 00:08:51,960
+calculate its final force, which is calculated by
+
+125
+00:08:51,960 --> 00:08:53,120
+the following equation
+
+126
+00:08:59,510 --> 00:09:02,830
+We bring the equation and say that the power of
+
+127
+00:09:02,830 --> 00:09:10,920
+transfer is negative T over NLMinus T over NL in
+
+128
+00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:13,700
+the power of the front in the power of the back
+
+129
+00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:16,180
+Note that we are still only calculating the power
+
+130
+00:09:16,180 --> 00:09:19,360
+of the transfer That is, the amount of the power
+
+131
+00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,520
+of the lens that will be consumed to change the
+
+132
+00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:25,180
+polarity of the light inside the lens We have not
+
+133
+00:09:25,180 --> 00:09:29,140
+yet calculated the total power of the lens yet The
+
+134
+00:09:29,140 --> 00:09:32,370
+power of the transfer is equal to minus Tthe
+
+135
+00:09:32,370 --> 00:09:35,590
+thickness on NL which is the refractive index of
+
+136
+00:09:35,590 --> 00:09:38,370
+the lens in the power of the front in the power of
+
+137
+00:09:38,370 --> 00:09:44,130
+the back and
+
+138
+00:09:44,130 --> 00:09:49,610
+it equals the thickness minus T will minus one of
+
+139
+00:09:49,610 --> 00:09:53,210
+one hundred meters which is one centimeter on the
+
+140
+00:09:53,210 --> 00:09:57,010
+refractive index one and a half in the power of
+
+141
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:09:59,090
+the front which is five diopters
+
+142
+00:10:02,390 --> 00:10:05,110
+In the power of the bag which is 10, this is
+
+143
+00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:11,070
+possible Okay, now We
+
+144
+00:10:11,070 --> 00:10:16,940
+want to multiply 1 by 100 by 5 by 10Why? Because
+
+145
+00:10:16,940 --> 00:10:19,320
+this is in the base multiplied by this number
+
+146
+00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:21,240
+multiplied by this number 10 multiplied by 5 is
+
+147
+00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,040
+equal to 50 10 multiplied by 5 is equal to 50
+
+148
+00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:26,940
+multiplied by 1 out of 100 is equal to half
+
+149
+00:10:26,940 --> 00:10:29,700
+multiplied by 1 out of 100 is equal to half and
+
+150
+00:10:29,700 --> 00:10:32,400
+the minus sign is not forgotten we do not forget
+
+151
+00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:39,940
+the minus sign so half here I put the diopter I
+
+152
+00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:42,240
+will say why I put the diopter on one and a half
+
+153
+00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:45,460
+okay why did I put the diopter let's say as
+
+154
+00:10:45,460 --> 00:10:45,780
+follows
+
+155
+00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:51,940
+We have here the first sign 1 out of 100 meters
+
+156
+00:10:51,940 --> 00:10:56,580
+When you type in the diopter The first one in D
+
+157
+00:10:56,580 --> 00:11:00,500
+which is meter minus one There is also meter minus
+
+158
+00:11:00,500 --> 00:11:05,300
+one Because I have a diopter here and I have a
+
+159
+00:11:05,300 --> 00:11:08,560
+diopter here When we say meter in meter minus one
+
+160
+00:11:08,560 --> 00:11:13,670
+in a rowone meter square minus one meter square
+
+161
+00:11:13,670 --> 00:11:17,110
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+162
+00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:21,450
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+163
+00:11:21,450 --> 00:11:22,210
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+164
+00:11:22,210 --> 00:11:22,390
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+165
+00:11:22,390 --> 00:11:24,430
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+166
+00:11:24,430 --> 00:11:26,770
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+167
+00:11:26,770 --> 00:11:26,790
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+168
+00:11:26,790 --> 00:11:27,390
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+169
+00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,010
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+170
+00:11:30,010 --> 00:11:35,930
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+171
+00:11:35,930 --> 00:11:36,210
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+172
+00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:36,250
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+173
+00:11:36,250 --> 00:11:36,270
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+174
+00:11:36,270 --> 00:11:41,120
+minusMinus one third of the diopter So the total
+
+175
+00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:48,580
+power of the lens will be calculated as usual The
+
+176
+00:11:48,580 --> 00:11:53,640
+total power of the thick lens is equal to the
+
+177
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:12:02,400
+power of the front plus the power of the back plus
+
+178
+00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:06,900
+the power of the transfer It is equal to
+
+179
+00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:14,300
+the power of the front plus 5 diopters plus the
+
+180
+00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:18,880
+power of the back plus 10 diopters plus the power
+
+181
+00:12:18,880 --> 00:12:22,160
+of the transfer minus one third of the diopters
+
+182
+00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:29,880
+minus 0.33 diopters it equals
+
+183
+00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:43,320
+14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+184
+00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,240
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+185
+00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:46,620
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+186
+00:12:46,620 --> 00:12:47,500
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+187
+00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:50,020
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+188
+00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:50,380
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+189
+00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:51,640
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+190
+00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:52,080
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+191
+00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:52,940
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+192
+00:12:
+
+223
+00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:44,040
+previous lecture From the anterior principal point
+
+224
+00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,780
+For anterior focal point, from anterior principal 
+
+225
+00:14:47,780 --> 00:14:51,080
+point to anterior focal point, this is considered
+
+226
+00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:55,440
+anterior focal length. And from the posterior
+
+227
+00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:58,880
+principal point to the posterior focal point, this 
+
+228
+00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:04,600
+is considered the posterior focal length. There is
+
+229
+00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:07,260
+a difference between the anterior focus and the 
+
+230
+00:15:07,260 --> 00:15:10,780
+anterior focal length. And the posterior focus and
+
+231
+00:15:10,780 --> 00:15:14,300
+the posterior focal length. The anterior focus is 
+
+232
+00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,100
+the same point in front of the eye, while the
+
+233
+00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,400
+anterior focal length is the front of the eye.
+
+234
+00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:23,430
+Posterior focus is the high point, and posterior 
+
+235
+00:15:23,430 --> 00:15:27,930
+focal length is the distance from the posterior
+
+236
+00:15:27,930 --> 00:15:30,450
+principal point, from the posterior principal 
+
+237
+00:15:30,450 --> 00:15:35,810
+point, maybe there is a colored line from the
+
+238
+00:15:35,810 --> 00:15:37,570
+anterior principal point.
+
+239
+00:15:40,140 --> 00:15:44,320
+Posterior focal length from anterior principal
+
+240
+00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:47,020
+point to posterior focal point.
+
+241
+00:15:54,430 --> 00:15:57,770
+Whether for one lens or for a system of lenses,
+
+242
+00:15:58,390 --> 00:16:01,630
+the anterior focal length is on the left, so its
+
+243
+00:16:01,630 --> 00:16:04,150
+sign is minus, this distance is given a minus 
+
+244
+00:16:04,150 --> 00:16:06,370
+sign, the anterior focal length in front is given
+
+245
+00:16:06,370 --> 00:16:09,090
+a minus sign, and the anterior focal length behind
+
+246
+00:16:09,090 --> 00:16:11,330
+is given a plus sign.
+
+247
+00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:24,720
+Following the sign convention, focal lengths are
+
+248
+00:16:24,720 --> 00:16:27,580
+negative when the focal point is to the left of 
+
+249
+00:16:27,580 --> 00:16:30,640
+the principal point and positive when the focal
+
+250
+00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:36,700
+point is to the right of the principal point. على 
+
+251
+00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:41,900
+سبيل المثال في عندي thin lens مقدار قوتها خمسة
+
+252
+00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:46,820
+ديوبتر in air has anterior focal length ناقص عشرين
+
+253
+00:16:46,820 --> 00:16:51,230
+سانتي و posterior focal length plus عشرين سانتي. How 
+
+254
+00:16:51,230 --> 00:16:54,910
+do we get anterior focal length? We divide 
+
+255
+00:16:54,910 --> 00:16:58,170
+refractive index of the media which has the object
+
+256
+00:16:58,170 --> 00:17:02,090
+by power. If refractive index is 1, then it is 1 
+
+257
+00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:06,030
+by power plus 5 diopters. Why do we have minus 
+
+258
+00:17:06,030 --> 00:17:09,310
+sign? Because anterior focal length is on the
+
+259
+00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:14,240
+left. Here, posterior focal length. The equation is
+
+260
+00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,780
+nI over power, n is the media that contains air, 
+
+261
+00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:20,960
+of course also the media that contains the image, 
+
+262
+00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:25,060
+which is air is also 1 over power 25 centimeters.
+
+263
+00:17:25,100 --> 00:17:28,400
+Why do I give it a plus sign? Because it is on the 
+
+264
+00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,700
+right of the optical system, on the right of the
+
+265
+00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:34,390
+optical system. So to get the focal length, I divide 
+
+266
+00:17:34,390 --> 00:17:40,790
+the refractive index by the power. If I want the
+
+267
+00:17:40,790 --> 00:17:43,250
+anterior focal length, I divide the refractive
+
+268
+00:17:43,250 --> 00:17:48,830
+index by the power of the object. And if I want the 
+
+269
+00:17:48,830 --> 00:17:51,950
+posterior focal length, I divide the refractive
+
+270
+00:17:51,950 --> 00:18:01,920
+index by the power of the object. For any
+
+271
+00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:06,380
+optical 
+
+272
+00:18:06,380 --> 00:18:09,480
+system, the distance from the anterior principal 
+
+273
+00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:14,900
+point to the anterior nodal point is always equal
+
+274
+00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,140
+to the distance from the posterior principal point
+
+275
+00:18:18,140 --> 00:18:20,820
+to the posterior nodal point. We see this in 
+
+276
+00:18:20,820 --> 00:18:23,840
+drawing, we say I have anterior nodal point and 
+
+277
+00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:27,960
+posterior nodal point. وعندي anterior principal 
+
+278
+00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:31,720
+point وعندي posterior principal point انا فصلتهم
+
+279
+00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:34,880
+هنا في الرسمة بس هم أحيانا بيكونوا مطابقين على بعض
+
+280
+00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:37,920
+ممكن ال anterior مع ال anterior ينطبق و ال 
+
+281
+00:18:37,920 --> 00:18:40,860
+posterior مع ال posterior ينطبق وممكن الأربعة كلهم
+
+282
+00:18:40,860 --> 00:18:44,960
+ينطبقوا في نقطة واحدة بس بضل انا أتعامل معاهم في 
+
+283
+00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:48,540
+أربع نقاط المعادلة او الجملة اللي حكيناها قبل قليل
+
+284
+00:18:48,540 --> 00:18:51,820
+هي قاعدة بتقول المسافة بين ال anterior and nodal
+
+285
+00:18:51,820 --> 00:18:55,830
+point and the anterior principal point means that
+
+286
+00:18:55,830 --> 00:18:58,470
+this distance is always and never equal to the 
+
+287
+00:18:58,470 --> 00:19:01,650
+distance between the posterior nodal point and the 
+
+288
+00:19:01,650 --> 00:19:05,170
+posterior principal point. So if this distance is 
+
+289
+00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:07,350
+three millimeters, this distance must be three
+
+290
+00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:09,610
+millimeters. If this distance is zero, meaning
+
+291
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:11,850
+that the two points are adjacent, this distance
+
+292
+00:19:11,850 --> 00:19:14,350
+must be zero. If this distance is centimeters, 
+
+293
+00:19:14,510 --> 00:19:17,070
+this distance must be centimeters. So always and 
+
+294
+00:19:17,070 --> 00:19:23,120
+never. The distance between anterior nodal point 
+
+295
+00:19:23,120 --> 00:19:25,540
+and anterior principal point is equal to the
+
+296
+00:19:25,540 --> 00:19:28,940
+distance between posterior nodal point and 
+
+297
+00:19:28,940 --> 00:19:31,880
+posterior principal point. This is a very good 
+
+298
+00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:35,180
+point. How do I calculate the distance between one 
+
+299
+00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:38,790
+of these pairs? Or these two, if I calculate
+
+300
+00:19:38,790 --> 00:19:41,190
+between these two, I know what is the other
+
+301
+00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:43,650
+distance. Because always the two distances are 
+
+302
+00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:47,350
+equal. We say, to calculate the distance, there is
+
+303
+00:19:47,350 --> 00:19:50,270
+a rule. The distance is equal to anterior focal 
+
+304
+00:19:50,270 --> 00:19:57,310
+length plus posterior focal length. For example, we 
+
+305
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:00,290
+have plus five diopters, of course, all with two
+
+306
+00:20:00,290 --> 00:20:03,370
+signals. Anterior focal length and posterior focal
+
+307
+00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:08,180
+length. The distance to this system. It is equal to 
+
+308
+00:20:08,180 --> 00:20:11,700
+anterior focal length plus posterior focal length 
+
+309
+00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:17,320
+plus five 
+
+310
+00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:21,580
+diopters, plus five diopters, plus five diopters,
+
+311
+00:20:21,640 --> 00:20:24,360
+plus five diopters. The anterior focal length is 
+
+312
+00:20:24,360 --> 00:20:27,140
+minus twenty centimeters and the posterior focal
+
+313
+00:20:27,140 --> 00:20:29,600
+length is plus twenty centimeters. So the distance 
+
+314
+00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:33,800
+between the principal and nodal points, between the 
+
+315
+00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:36,980
+principal and nodal points is equal to AFL plus 
+
+316
+00:20:36,980 --> 00:20:40,400
+PFL. Minus twenty centimeters plus twenty 
+
+317
+00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,400
+centimeters is equal to zero. So the nodal points 
+
+318
+00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:45,500
+and the principal points overlap. 
+
+319
+00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:53,840
+نفرض .. نفرض أنه عندي نفس العدسة plus 5 diopter
+
+320
+00:20:53,840 --> 00:20:59,340
+lens in water in front and air in back بمعنى آخر
+
+321
+00:20:59,340 --> 00:21:03,280
+لو فرضنا أنه عندي water في الأمام وفي الخلف عندي 
+
+322
+00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:07,020
+هوا اختلف ال refractive index اختلف ال refractive 
+
+323
+00:21:07,020 --> 00:21:10,320
+index يترى المسافة بين ال nodal points و ال 
+
+324
+00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:16,040
+principal points جدش تساوي بنقول plus 5 diopter 
+
+325
+00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:23,020
+thin lens in water and one and three tenths in 
+
+326
+00:21:23,020 --> 00:21:27,700
+front and air in back the AFL when we divide one
+
+327
+00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:33,320
+and three tenths by plus five we get twenty six 
+
+328
+00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:36,240
+centimeters and six tenths in minus because it is
+
+329
+00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:39,000
+on the left, while the posterior focal length is
+
+330
+00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:45,800
+twenty centimeters, the nodal points we calculate
+
+331
+00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:46,340
+them by calculation. 
+
+332
+00:21:51,520 --> 00:22:00,000
+We say as follows. Anterior focal length is equal
+
+333
+00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:10,760
+to NO divided by power is equal to NO which is one 
+
+334
+00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:15,240
+and thirteen divided by refractive index of the
+
+335
+00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:17,740
+object or of the medium in which the object is 
+
+336
+00:22:17,740 --> 00:22:22,100
+divided by power plus five diopters and it equals 
+
+337
+00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:26,340
+minus 
+
+338
+00:22:26,340 --> 00:22:30,020
+266
+
+339
+00:22:30,020 --> 00:22:36,580
+.6 meters, because 
+
+340
+00:22:36,580 --> 00:22:42,920
+it's on the left and it equals minus 26.6
+
+341
+00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,380
+centimeters, so this is the AFL. I want to calculate 
+
+342
+00:22:47,380 --> 00:22:59,660
+the PFL. Posterior Focal Length, PFL. 
+
+343
+00:22:59,660 --> 00:23:03,920
+Posterior
+
+344
+00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:09,320
+Focal Length is equal to NI divided
+
+345
+00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:14,960
+by the power. NI1 because behind the lens is air
+
+346
+00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:17,880
+divided by plus 5 diopter.
+
+347
+00:23:20,370 --> 00:23:26,770
+و يساوي plus لأنه على اليمين واحد على خمسة اتنين
+
+348
+00:23:26,770 --> 00:23:36,230
+من عشرة متر و يساوي plus عشرين سانتي و يساوي
+
+349
+00:23:36,230 --> 00:23:42,810
+plus عشرين سانتي طيب الان المسافة بين 
+
+350
+00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:50,600
+The distance between the anterior principal point 
+
+351
+00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:55,180
+and anterior nodal point. Or it's the same distance
+
+352
+00:23:55,180 --> 00:23:57,300
+between the posterior principal point and 
+
+353
+00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:03,260
+posterior nodal point. We say the distance. Let's
+
+354
+00:24:03,260 --> 00:24:08,360
+write distance equals 
+
+355
+00:24:11,850 --> 00:24:22,590
+afl minus 26.6 cm plus 
+
+356
+00:24:22,590 --> 00:24:30,630
+20 cm is equal to. Minus six and sixteen centimeters. 
+
+357
+00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:34,470
+Okay, the distance with minus means to the left, 
+
+358
+00:24:34,810 --> 00:24:39,270
+that is, one of the points is displaced by the
+
+359
+00:24:39,270 --> 00:24:44,230
+second to the left. Usually what is displaced. The
+
+360
+00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:47,510
+nodal points are displaced to the left towards the
+
+361
+00:24:47,510 --> 00:24:50,330
+upper middle point in the refractive index. That
+
+362
+00:24:50,330 --> 00:24:52,650
+is, the principal points are fixed in their place 
+
+363
+00:24:52,650 --> 00:24:58,910
+and the nodal points are displaced 6.6 cm to the
+
+364
+00:24:58,910 --> 00:25:03,730
+left 6.6 cm to the left. So this distance, if we say 
+
+365
+00:25:03,730 --> 00:25:05,910
+the distance between the anterior nodal point in 
+
+366
+00:25:05,910 --> 00:25:08,870
+this case and the anterior principal point, we say 
+
+367
+00:25:08,870 --> 00:25:13,400
+6.6 cm. The distance between the posterior nodal
+
+368
+00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,800
+point and the posterior principal point is equal 
+
+369
+00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:19,040
+to the distance between the anterior nodal point 
+
+370
+00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:21,240
+and the anterior principal point, which is also 16 
+
+371
+00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:25,360
+centimeters. As we found out in the solution to
+
+372
+00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:29,200
+this problem. Therefore, this distance is
+
+373
+00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,320
+calculated by the equation of the distance between
+
+374
+00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,200
+the nodal points and the principal points, which 
+
+375
+00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:39,740
+is AFL plus PFL, taking into account the signals. 
+
+376
+00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,520
+هنا بتنتهي محاضرتنا ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+377
+00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:45,460
+ورحمة الله وبركاته

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/buAg3-7OVUo_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1508 @@
+1
+00:00:00,690 --> 00:00:03,150
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
+
+2
+00:00:03,150 --> 00:00:07,110
+اليوم موضوعنا في ال Geometric Optics هو ال thick
+
+3
+00:00:07,110 --> 00:00:10,790
+lenses او العدسات السميقة ال thin lens
+
+4
+00:00:10,790 --> 00:00:14,110
+approximation is invalid in some clinical settings
+
+5
+00:00:14,110 --> 00:00:19,270
+for example IOLs اللي ال intraocular lenses are
+
+6
+00:00:19,270 --> 00:00:23,840
+treated as thick lensesThe IOL that is planted
+
+7
+00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:30,180
+usually has a power of plus 18, plus 17, plus 20,
+
+8
+00:00:30,300 --> 00:00:34,700
+plus 22, plus 23, it can be more than that or less
+
+9
+00:00:34,700 --> 00:00:37,440
+than that, but usually it is around 20 diopters
+
+10
+00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,700
+plus that is planted inside the eye after the
+
+11
+00:00:40,700 --> 00:00:42,300
+cataract operation and that is why it is treated
+
+12
+00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:48,730
+as thick lensesOf course, thick lenses cannot be
+
+13
+00:00:48,730 --> 00:00:53,050
+used as a thin lens approximation to the thin lens
+
+14
+00:00:53,050 --> 00:00:59,170
+equation Consider a lens of arbitrary thickness,
+
+15
+00:00:59,330 --> 00:01:04,510
+meaning let's assume that we have a lens with a
+
+16
+00:01:04,510 --> 00:01:06,250
+considerable thickness, meaning it has a thickness
+
+17
+00:01:06,250 --> 00:01:12,180
+that is not simple, as shown in the pictureOr as
+
+18
+00:01:12,180 --> 00:01:15,940
+in these drawings, these are types of thick lenses
+
+19
+00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660
+such as bi-convex, plano-plano-convex or positive
+
+20
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:23,880
+meniscus Also we have negative thick lenses,
+
+21
+00:01:24,520 --> 00:01:28,740
+negative meniscus, plano-concave and bi-concave
+
+22
+00:01:28,740 --> 00:01:31,860
+These are all thick lenses or types of thick
+
+23
+00:01:31,860 --> 00:01:35,740
+lenses We need to know or consider that we have a
+
+24
+00:01:35,740 --> 00:01:40,180
+kind of thick lensThe combined power of a thick
+
+25
+00:01:40,180 --> 00:01:44,420
+lens is not simply the sum of individual service
+
+26
+00:01:44,420 --> 00:01:47,740
+powers يعني بنقولش في حالة ما يكون عندنا thick
+
+27
+00:01:47,740 --> 00:01:53,360
+lens أنه قوة العدسة تساوي قوة السطح الأمامي زائد
+
+28
+00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:54,780
+قوة السطح الخالفي
+
+29
+00:01:57,400 --> 00:02:02,180
+وإنما it includes divergence exchange on transfer
+
+30
+00:02:02,180 --> 00:02:05,900
+يعني ال divergence تغير ال divergence الحالة
+
+31
+00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,740
+التشتتية للضوء من السطح الأمامي للعدسة للسطح
+
+32
+00:02:11,740 --> 00:02:16,360
+الخلفي للعدسة في حالة ال thick lens مابنقدرش نهم
+
+33
+00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:21,640
+اللي هو هياخد جزء من قوة العدسة فقوة العدسة هتوزع
+
+34
+00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:26,980
+في ال thick lenses على تلت أقسامقوة للسطح الأمامي
+
+35
+00:02:26,980 --> 00:02:33,700
+وقوة للسطح الخالفي وقوة لتغيير الحالة التشتتية
+
+36
+00:02:33,700 --> 00:02:38,100
+داخل العدسة تغيير الحالة التشتتية داخل العدسة إذا
+
+37
+00:02:38,100 --> 00:02:41,660
+ال P تعالي front ال power of the first lens
+
+38
+00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:46,480
+service أو front lens serviceThe power of the
+
+39
+00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:50,400
+back, P back, the power of the second lens service
+
+40
+00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:54,580
+or the back service of the lens, and the power of
+
+41
+00:02:54,580 --> 00:02:58,000
+the BT, which is the power of the transfer. So how
+
+42
+00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:00,460
+do I calculate how much consumption of the power
+
+43
+00:03:00,460 --> 00:03:04,490
+of the lensto change the refractive state of light
+
+44
+00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:08,070
+inside the lens inside the thickness of the lens
+
+45
+00:03:08,070 --> 00:03:12,770
+first of all, to know the total force of the lens
+
+46
+00:03:12,770 --> 00:03:15,870
+which knows the force of its front surface and the
+
+47
+00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:17,750
+force of its back surface of course I have this
+
+48
+00:03:17,750 --> 00:03:22,230
+thick lens I must first see how much of the force
+
+49
+00:03:22,230 --> 00:03:26,510
+of the lens has changed the refractive state
+
+50
+00:03:26,510 --> 00:03:32,160
+inside this lens the equationYou say, first of
+
+51
+00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:35,340
+all, the power of the transfer is only part of the
+
+52
+00:03:35,340 --> 00:03:39,640
+lens or part of the force of the lens that works
+
+53
+00:03:39,640 --> 00:03:43,240
+inside the lens to change the oscillation state to
+
+54
+00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,940
+calculate it, it is calculated as follows minus T
+
+55
+00:03:46,940 --> 00:03:51,680
+over NL in the P of the front in the P of the back
+
+56
+00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:55,020
+What is meant by T? The thickness The lens
+
+57
+00:03:55,020 --> 00:03:59,200
+thickness, of course, the equation is minus T over
+
+58
+00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:00,240
+NL
+
+59
+00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:08,480
+The T is lens thickness and N is index of
+
+60
+00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:18,680
+refraction of lensthe power of the front plus the
+
+61
+00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:23,740
+power of the back minus the power of the transfer
+
+62
+00:04:23,740 --> 00:04:27,980
+minus T over NL plus the power of the front plus
+
+63
+00:04:27,980 --> 00:04:32,390
+the power of the backthis is the quantity that I
+
+64
+00:04:32,390 --> 00:04:35,730
+want to compensate in this equation in the thin
+
+65
+00:04:35,730 --> 00:04:39,090
+lens we said that the power is equal to the power
+
+66
+00:04:39,090 --> 00:04:42,430
+of the front plus the power of the back service
+
+67
+00:04:42,430 --> 00:04:46,950
+and the power of the transfer we neglected it
+
+68
+00:04:46,950 --> 00:04:51,330
+because it is very insignificant so from the
+
+69
+00:04:51,330 --> 00:04:53,330
+approximation we said that the thin lens
+
+70
+00:04:53,330 --> 00:04:57,230
+approximation is the power of the lensThe power of
+
+71
+00:04:57,230 --> 00:04:59,330
+the front surface is equal to the power of the
+
+72
+00:04:59,330 --> 00:05:03,930
+back surface The power
+
+73
+00:05:03,930 --> 00:05:07,650
+of the thick lens is equal to the power of the
+
+74
+00:05:07,650 --> 00:05:11,310
+front surfaceplus the power of the back plus what
+
+75
+00:05:11,310 --> 00:05:15,170
+is lost from the power of the lens or what is used
+
+76
+00:05:15,170 --> 00:05:17,030
+from the power of the lens to change the
+
+77
+00:05:17,030 --> 00:05:20,490
+fluctuating state of the light inside this lens
+
+78
+00:05:20,490 --> 00:05:23,090
+inside this lens because the light cuts a distance
+
+79
+00:05:23,090 --> 00:05:26,550
+and we know that the divergence of the fluctuating
+
+80
+00:05:26,550 --> 00:05:29,210
+state changes with the change of the distance
+
+81
+00:05:29,210 --> 00:05:32,290
+changes with the change of the distance so it
+
+82
+00:05:32,290 --> 00:05:36,290
+reduces the power of the thick lensequal to the
+
+83
+00:05:36,290 --> 00:05:39,610
+power of the front plus the power of the back plus
+
+84
+00:05:39,610 --> 00:05:42,550
+the power of the transfer this power of the
+
+85
+00:05:42,550 --> 00:05:45,430
+transfer is calculated by the high equation minus
+
+86
+00:05:45,430 --> 00:05:49,130
+T over NL in the power of the front in the power
+
+87
+00:05:49,130 --> 00:05:52,330
+of the back now we want to remove from the high
+
+88
+00:05:52,330 --> 00:05:57,310
+equation the Pt and get rid of it by its value in
+
+89
+00:05:57,310 --> 00:05:59,770
+equation number two that is, we take from equation
+
+90
+00:05:59,770 --> 00:06:03,090
+number two and put in equation number one to the
+
+91
+00:06:03,090 --> 00:06:06,550
+power of the transferthis value we want to remove
+
+92
+00:06:06,550 --> 00:06:08,910
+the power of the transfer and put it somewhere so
+
+93
+00:06:08,910 --> 00:06:12,710
+I delete the total power of the thick lens equals
+
+94
+00:06:12,710 --> 00:06:16,310
+the power of the front plus the power of the back
+
+95
+00:06:16,310 --> 00:06:21,710
+service minus T over NL in PF in PP what is this
+
+96
+00:06:21,710 --> 00:06:25,030
+value? this is the power of the transfer the power
+
+97
+00:06:25,030 --> 00:06:32,210
+of the wind power of the front and back are in
+
+98
+00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:38,230
+dioptersis in centimeters. The powers of the front
+
+99
+00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:43,690
+and back surfaces are calculated by the diopters.
+
+100
+00:06:44,910 --> 00:06:48,110
+Let's take an example of that. Let's say we have a
+
+101
+00:06:48,110 --> 00:06:56,050
+thick lens. The front surface is 5 diopters and
+
+102
+00:06:56,050 --> 00:07:00,010
+the back surface is 10 diopters. The thickness of
+
+103
+00:07:00,010 --> 00:07:03,570
+the lens is 1 centimeter.The refractive index is 1
+
+104
+00:07:03,570 --> 00:07:11,410
+.5, which means I have a thick lens and
+
+105
+00:07:11,410 --> 00:07:14,350
+this is the optical axis.
+
+106
+00:07:19,630 --> 00:07:23,210
+The front surface has a force of 5 diopters plus 5
+
+107
+00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:39,420
+والسطح الخالفي plus 10 إيش اللي بيحدد قوة السطح
+
+108
+00:07:39,420 --> 00:07:43,940
+الأمامي وقوة السطح الخالفي؟ التشتت تعدو اللي جاي
+
+109
+00:07:43,940 --> 00:07:48,740
+من ال object التشتت تعدو اللي جاي من ال object إذا
+
+110
+00:07:48,740 --> 00:07:52,400
+كانوا minus 5 إذا قوة السطح الأمامي بتكون plus 5
+
+111
+00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,800
+إذا كانوا minus 7 هيكون قوة السطح الأمامي plus 7
+
+112
+00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:01,160
+إذا كانوا minus 10 هيكون قوة السطح الأمامي plus 10
+
+113
+00:08:01,660 --> 00:08:05,200
+It will remain from the power of the lens if it
+
+114
+00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:08,260
+does not remain or if it remains with minus to the
+
+115
+00:08:08,260 --> 00:08:10,180
+back surface So what determines the strength of
+
+116
+00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:14,580
+the surfaces is the refractive state of the light
+
+117
+00:08:14,580 --> 00:08:19,300
+Now I have a lens whose strength is the front
+
+118
+00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:22,320
+surface plus five diopters The back surface is ten
+
+119
+00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:26,680
+diopters The thickness is one centimeter, one
+
+120
+00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:35,580
+centimeterThe thickness of the lens is 1 cm from
+
+121
+00:08:35,580 --> 00:08:38,240
+the front surface of the lens to the back surface
+
+122
+00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:42,420
+of the lens, which is considered a thick lens The
+
+123
+00:08:42,420 --> 00:08:48,280
+refractive index of the glass is 1.5 We want to
+
+124
+00:08:48,280 --> 00:08:51,960
+calculate its final force, which is calculated by
+
+125
+00:08:51,960 --> 00:08:53,120
+the following equation
+
+126
+00:08:59,510 --> 00:09:02,830
+We bring the equation and say that the power of
+
+127
+00:09:02,830 --> 00:09:10,920
+transfer is negative T over NLMinus T over NL in
+
+128
+00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:13,700
+the power of the front in the power of the back
+
+129
+00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:16,180
+Note that we are still only calculating the power
+
+130
+00:09:16,180 --> 00:09:19,360
+of the transfer That is, the amount of the power
+
+131
+00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,520
+of the lens that will be consumed to change the
+
+132
+00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:25,180
+polarity of the light inside the lens We have not
+
+133
+00:09:25,180 --> 00:09:29,140
+yet calculated the total power of the lens yet The
+
+134
+00:09:29,140 --> 00:09:32,370
+power of the transfer is equal to minus Tthe
+
+135
+00:09:32,370 --> 00:09:35,590
+thickness on NL which is the refractive index of
+
+136
+00:09:35,590 --> 00:09:38,370
+the lens in the power of the front in the power of
+
+137
+00:09:38,370 --> 00:09:44,130
+the back and
+
+138
+00:09:44,130 --> 00:09:49,610
+it equals the thickness minus T will minus one of
+
+139
+00:09:49,610 --> 00:09:53,210
+one hundred meters which is one centimeter on the
+
+140
+00:09:53,210 --> 00:09:57,010
+refractive index one and a half in the power of
+
+141
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:09:59,090
+the front which is five diopters
+
+142
+00:10:02,390 --> 00:10:05,110
+In the power of the bag which is 10, this is
+
+143
+00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:11,070
+possible Okay, now We
+
+144
+00:10:11,070 --> 00:10:16,940
+want to multiply 1 by 100 by 5 by 10Why? Because
+
+145
+00:10:16,940 --> 00:10:19,320
+this is in the base multiplied by this number
+
+146
+00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:21,240
+multiplied by this number 10 multiplied by 5 is
+
+147
+00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,040
+equal to 50 10 multiplied by 5 is equal to 50
+
+148
+00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:26,940
+multiplied by 1 out of 100 is equal to half
+
+149
+00:10:26,940 --> 00:10:29,700
+multiplied by 1 out of 100 is equal to half and
+
+150
+00:10:29,700 --> 00:10:32,400
+the minus sign is not forgotten we do not forget
+
+151
+00:10:32,400 --> 00:10:39,940
+the minus sign so half here I put the diopter I
+
+152
+00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:42,240
+will say why I put the diopter on one and a half
+
+153
+00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:45,460
+okay why did I put the diopter let's say as
+
+154
+00:10:45,460 --> 00:10:45,780
+follows
+
+155
+00:10:49,200 --> 00:10:51,940
+We have here the first sign 1 out of 100 meters
+
+156
+00:10:51,940 --> 00:10:56,580
+When you type in the diopter The first one in D
+
+157
+00:10:56,580 --> 00:11:00,500
+which is meter minus one There is also meter minus
+
+158
+00:11:00,500 --> 00:11:05,300
+one Because I have a diopter here and I have a
+
+159
+00:11:05,300 --> 00:11:08,560
+diopter here When we say meter in meter minus one
+
+160
+00:11:08,560 --> 00:11:13,670
+in a rowone meter square minus one meter square
+
+161
+00:11:13,670 --> 00:11:17,110
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+162
+00:11:17,110 --> 00:11:21,450
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+163
+00:11:21,450 --> 00:11:22,210
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+164
+00:11:22,210 --> 00:11:22,390
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+165
+00:11:22,390 --> 00:11:24,430
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+166
+00:11:24,430 --> 00:11:26,770
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+167
+00:11:26,770 --> 00:11:26,790
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+168
+00:11:26,790 --> 00:11:27,390
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+169
+00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,010
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+170
+00:11:30,010 --> 00:11:35,930
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+171
+00:11:35,930 --> 00:11:36,210
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+172
+00:11:36,210 --> 00:11:36,250
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+173
+00:11:36,250 --> 00:11:36,270
+minus one meter square minus one meter square
+
+174
+00:11:36,270 --> 00:11:41,120
+minusMinus one third of the diopter So the total
+
+175
+00:11:41,120 --> 00:11:48,580
+power of the lens will be calculated as usual The
+
+176
+00:11:48,580 --> 00:11:53,640
+total power of the thick lens is equal to the
+
+177
+00:11:53,640 --> 00:12:02,400
+power of the front plus the power of the back plus
+
+178
+00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:06,900
+the power of the transfer It is equal to
+
+179
+00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:14,300
+the power of the front plus 5 diopters plus the
+
+180
+00:12:14,300 --> 00:12:18,880
+power of the back plus 10 diopters plus the power
+
+181
+00:12:18,880 --> 00:12:22,160
+of the transfer minus one third of the diopters
+
+182
+00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:29,880
+minus 0.33 diopters it equals
+
+183
+00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:43,320
+14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+184
+00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,240
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+185
+00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:46,620
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+186
+00:12:46,620 --> 00:12:47,500
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+187
+00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:50,020
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+188
+00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:50,380
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+189
+00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:51,640
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+190
+00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:52,080
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+191
+00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:52,940
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+192
+00:12:52,940 --> 00:12:53,020
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+193
+00:12:53,020 --> 00:12:53,600
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plus 14
+
+194
+00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:55,340
+plus 14 plus 14 plus 14 plusThe front surface has
+
+195
+00:12:55,340 --> 00:12:57,380
+a force of 5 and the back surface has a force of
+
+196
+00:12:57,380 --> 00:13:00,560
+10 diopters. It is supposed to have a total force
+
+197
+00:13:00,560 --> 00:13:04,240
+of 15 diopters, but because it is a thick lens,
+
+198
+00:13:04,820 --> 00:13:06,940
+three diopters were consumed in the thickness of
+
+199
+00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:12,290
+the lens, resulting in 14.7 of 10 diopters.لو قلنا
+
+200
+00:13:12,290 --> 00:13:17,150
+إنه في عنا عدسة مشابهة قوتها الأمامية plus 5
+
+201
+00:13:17,150 --> 00:13:23,250
+ديوبتر و قوتها الخلفية plus 10 ديوبتر و هذه العدسة
+
+202
+00:13:23,250 --> 00:13:28,700
+thin limbs كان قوتها plus 15 ديوبتر إذا العدسةThe
+
+203
+00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:32,440
+thin lens, which has the same characteristics of
+
+204
+00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:34,940
+the thick lens in the strength of the front and
+
+205
+00:13:34,940 --> 00:13:37,620
+rear surface, is considered stronger than the
+
+206
+00:13:37,620 --> 00:13:40,400
+thick lens. That is, if I have a lens with the
+
+207
+00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:42,660
+same characteristics, but not a thick lens, but a
+
+208
+00:13:42,660 --> 00:13:44,880
+thin lens, what does it mean by the same
+
+209
+00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:47,000
+characteristics? That is, plus five diopters on
+
+210
+00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,630
+the front surface and plus ten diopterson the back
+
+211
+00:13:50,630 --> 00:13:55,370
+of the lens but a thin lens will have a force of
+
+212
+00:13:55,370 --> 00:14:01,370
+15 diopters and a force of 14.7 diopters so the
+
+213
+00:14:01,370 --> 00:14:04,610
+thickness of the lens takes a little of its force
+
+214
+00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:07,970
+the thickness of the lens takes a little of its
+
+215
+00:14:07,970 --> 00:14:11,370
+force let's
+
+216
+00:14:11,370 --> 00:14:15,720
+come to the second topic which is focal lengthThe
+
+217
+00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:18,940
+focal length for any optical system, the distance
+
+218
+00:14:18,940 --> 00:14:22,300
+from the anterior principal point to the anterior
+
+219
+00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:26,280
+focal point is the anterior focal length And in
+
+220
+00:14:26,280 --> 00:14:29,220
+the same way, the posterior focal length is the
+
+221
+00:14:29,220 --> 00:14:31,860
+distance between the posterior principal point and
+
+222
+00:14:31,860 --> 00:14:36,000
+the posterior focal point Let's go back to the
+
+223
+00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:44,040
+previous lecture From the anterior principal point
+
+224
+00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,780
+For anterior focal point, from anterior principal
+
+225
+00:14:47,780 --> 00:14:51,080
+point to anterior focal point, this is considered
+
+226
+00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:55,440
+anterior focal lengthAnd from the posterior
+
+227
+00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:58,880
+principal point to the posterior focal point, this
+
+228
+00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:04,600
+is considered the posterior focal length There is
+
+229
+00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:07,260
+a difference between the anterior focus and the
+
+230
+00:15:07,260 --> 00:15:10,780
+anterior focal length And the posterior focus and
+
+231
+00:15:10,780 --> 00:15:14,300
+the posterior focal length The anterior focus is
+
+232
+00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,100
+the same point in front of the eye, while the
+
+233
+00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,400
+anterior focal length is the front of the eye
+
+234
+00:15:20,430 --> 00:15:23,430
+Posterior focus is the high point, and posterior
+
+235
+00:15:23,430 --> 00:15:27,930
+focal length is the distance from the posterior
+
+236
+00:15:27,930 --> 00:15:30,450
+principal point, from the posterior principal
+
+237
+00:15:30,450 --> 00:15:35,810
+point, maybe there is a colored line from the
+
+238
+00:15:35,810 --> 00:15:37,570
+anterior principal point
+
+239
+00:15:40,140 --> 00:15:44,320
+Posterior focal length from anterior principal
+
+240
+00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:47,020
+point to posterior focal point
+
+241
+00:15:54,430 --> 00:15:57,770
+Whether for one lens or for a system of lenses,
+
+242
+00:15:58,390 --> 00:16:01,630
+the anterior focal length is on the left, so its
+
+243
+00:16:01,630 --> 00:16:04,150
+sign is minus, this distance is given a minus
+
+244
+00:16:04,150 --> 00:16:06,370
+sign, the anterior focal length in front is given
+
+245
+00:16:06,370 --> 00:16:09,090
+a minus sign, and the anterior focal length behind
+
+246
+00:16:09,090 --> 00:16:11,330
+is given a plus sign
+
+247
+00:16:21,920 --> 00:16:24,720
+Following the sign convention, focal lengths are
+
+248
+00:16:24,720 --> 00:16:27,580
+negative when the focal point is to the left of
+
+249
+00:16:27,580 --> 00:16:30,640
+the principal point and positive when the focal
+
+250
+00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:36,700
+point is to the right of the principal point. على
+
+251
+00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:41,900
+سبيل المثال في عندي thin lens مقدار قوتها خمسة
+
+252
+00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:46,820
+ديوبتر in air has anterior focal length ناقص عشرين
+
+253
+00:16:46,820 --> 00:16:51,230
+سانتي و posterior focal length plus عشرين سانتيHow
+
+254
+00:16:51,230 --> 00:16:54,910
+do we get anterior focal length? We divide
+
+255
+00:16:54,910 --> 00:16:58,170
+refractive index of the media which has the object
+
+256
+00:16:58,170 --> 00:17:02,090
+by power. If refractive index is 1, then it is 1
+
+257
+00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:06,030
+by power plus 5 diopters. Why do we have minus
+
+258
+00:17:06,030 --> 00:17:09,310
+sign? Because anterior focal length is on the
+
+259
+00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:14,240
+left. Here, posterior focal lengthThe equation is
+
+260
+00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,780
+nI over power, n is the media that contains air,
+
+261
+00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:20,960
+of course also the media that contains the image,
+
+262
+00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:25,060
+which is air is also 1 over power 25 centimeters.
+
+263
+00:17:25,100 --> 00:17:28,400
+Why do I give it a plus sign? Because it is on the
+
+264
+00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,700
+right of the optical system, on the right of the
+
+265
+00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:34,390
+optical system. So to get the focal lengthI divide
+
+266
+00:17:34,390 --> 00:17:40,790
+the refractive index by the power If I want the
+
+267
+00:17:40,790 --> 00:17:43,250
+anterior focal length, I divide the refractive
+
+268
+00:17:43,250 --> 00:17:48,830
+index by the power of the object And if I want the
+
+269
+00:17:48,830 --> 00:17:51,950
+posterior focal length, I divide the refractive
+
+270
+00:17:51,950 --> 00:18:01,920
+index by the power of the objectfor any
+
+271
+00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:06,380
+optical
+
+272
+00:18:06,380 --> 00:18:09,480
+system, the distance from the anterior principal
+
+273
+00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:14,900
+point to the anterior nodal point is always equal
+
+274
+00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,140
+to the distance from the posterior principal point
+
+275
+00:18:18,140 --> 00:18:20,820
+to the posterior nodal pointWe see this in
+
+276
+00:18:20,820 --> 00:18:23,840
+drawing, we say I have anterior nodal point and
+
+277
+00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:27,960
+posterior nodal pointوعندي anterior principal
+
+278
+00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:31,720
+point وعندي posterior principal point انا فصلتهم
+
+279
+00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:34,880
+هنا في الرسمة بس هم أحيانا بيكونوا مطابقين على بعض
+
+280
+00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:37,920
+ممكن ال anterior مع ال anterior ينطبق و ال
+
+281
+00:18:37,920 --> 00:18:40,860
+posterior مع ال posterior ينطبق وممكن الأربعة كلهم
+
+282
+00:18:40,860 --> 00:18:44,960
+ينطبقوا في نقطة واحدة بس بضل انا أتعامل معاهم في
+
+283
+00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:48,540
+أربع نقاط المعادلة او الجملة اللي حكيناها قبل قليل
+
+284
+00:18:48,540 --> 00:18:51,820
+هي قاعدة بتقول المسافة بين ال anterior and nodal
+
+285
+00:18:51,820 --> 00:18:55,830
+pointAnd the anterior principal point means that
+
+286
+00:18:55,830 --> 00:18:58,470
+this distance is always and never equal to the
+
+287
+00:18:58,470 --> 00:19:01,650
+distance between the posterior nodal point and the
+
+288
+00:19:01,650 --> 00:19:05,170
+posterior principal point. So if this distance is
+
+289
+00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:07,350
+three millimeters, this distance must be three
+
+290
+00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:09,610
+millimeters. If this distance is zero, meaning
+
+291
+00:19:09,610 --> 00:19:11,850
+that the two points are adjacent, this distance
+
+292
+00:19:11,850 --> 00:19:14,350
+must be zero. If this distance is centimeters,
+
+293
+00:19:14,510 --> 00:19:17,070
+this distance must be centimeters. So always and
+
+294
+00:19:17,070 --> 00:19:23,120
+never.The distance between anterior nodal point
+
+295
+00:19:23,120 --> 00:19:25,540
+and anterior principal point is equal to the
+
+296
+00:19:25,540 --> 00:19:28,940
+distance between posterior nodal point and
+
+297
+00:19:28,940 --> 00:19:31,880
+posterior principal point This is a very good
+
+298
+00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:35,180
+point. How do I calculate the distance between one
+
+299
+00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:38,790
+of these pairs?Or these two, if I calculate
+
+300
+00:19:38,790 --> 00:19:41,190
+between these two, I know what is the other
+
+301
+00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:43,650
+distance Because always the two distances are
+
+302
+00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:47,350
+equal We say, to calculate the distance, there is
+
+303
+00:19:47,350 --> 00:19:50,270
+a rule The distance is equal to anterior focal
+
+304
+00:19:50,270 --> 00:19:57,310
+length plus posterior focal length For example, we
+
+305
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:00,290
+have plus five diopters, of course, all with two
+
+306
+00:20:00,290 --> 00:20:03,370
+signals Anterior focal length and posterior focal
+
+307
+00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:08,180
+length The distance to this systemIt is equal to
+
+308
+00:20:08,180 --> 00:20:11,700
+anterior focal length plus posterior focal length
+
+309
+00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:17,320
+plus five
+
+310
+00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:21,580
+diopters, plus five diopters, plus five diopters,
+
+311
+00:20:21,640 --> 00:20:24,360
+plus five diopters.The anterior focal length is
+
+312
+00:20:24,360 --> 00:20:27,140
+minus twenty centimeters and the posterior focal
+
+313
+00:20:27,140 --> 00:20:29,600
+length is plus twenty centimeters. So the distance
+
+314
+00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:33,800
+between the principal and nodal points between the
+
+315
+00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:36,980
+principal and nodal points is equal to AFL plus
+
+316
+00:20:36,980 --> 00:20:40,400
+PFL minus twenty centimeters plus twenty
+
+317
+00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,400
+centimeters is equal to zero. So the nodal points
+
+318
+00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:45,500
+and the principal points overlap.
+
+319
+00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:53,840
+نفرض .. نفرض أنه عندي نفس العدسة plus 5 diopter
+
+320
+00:20:53,840 --> 00:20:59,340
+lens in water in front and air in back بمعنى آخر
+
+321
+00:20:59,340 --> 00:21:03,280
+لو فرضنا أنه عندي water في الأمام وفي الخلف عندي
+
+322
+00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:07,020
+هوا اختلف ال refractive index اختلف ال refractive
+
+323
+00:21:07,020 --> 00:21:10,320
+index يترى المسافة بين ال nodal points و ال
+
+324
+00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:16,040
+principal points جدش تساوي بنقول plus 5 diopter
+
+325
+00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:23,020
+thin lens in waterand one and three tenths in
+
+326
+00:21:23,020 --> 00:21:27,700
+front and air in back the AFL when we divide one
+
+327
+00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:33,320
+and three tenths by plus five we get twenty six
+
+328
+00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:36,240
+centimeters and six tenths in minus because it is
+
+329
+00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:39,000
+on the left while the posterior focal length is
+
+330
+00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:45,800
+twenty centimeters the nodal points we calculate
+
+331
+00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:46,340
+them by calculation
+
+332
+00:21:51,520 --> 00:22:00,000
+we say as follows anterior focal length is equal
+
+333
+00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:10,760
+to NO divided by power is equal to NO which is one
+
+334
+00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:15,240
+and thirteen divided by refractive index of the
+
+335
+00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:17,740
+object or of the medium in which the object is
+
+336
+00:22:17,740 --> 00:22:22,100
+divided by power plus five dioptersand it equals
+
+337
+00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:26,340
+minus
+
+338
+00:22:26,340 --> 00:22:30,020
+266
+
+339
+00:22:30,020 --> 00:22:36,580
+.6 meters because
+
+340
+00:22:36,580 --> 00:22:42,920
+it's on the left and it equals minus 26.6
+
+341
+00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,380
+centimeters so this is the AFL I want to calculate
+
+342
+00:22:47,380 --> 00:22:59,660
+the PFLPosterior Focal Length PFL
+
+343
+00:22:59,660 --> 00:23:03,920
+Posterior
+
+344
+00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:09,320
+Focal Length is equal to NI divided
+
+345
+00:23:09,320 --> 00:23:14,960
+by the power NI1 because behind the lens is air
+
+346
+00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:17,880
+divided by plus 5 diopter
+
+347
+00:23:20,370 --> 00:23:26,770
+و يساوي plus لأنه على اليمين واحد على خمسة اتنين
+
+348
+00:23:26,770 --> 00:23:36,230
+من عشرة متر و يساوي plus عشرين سانتي و يساوي
+
+349
+00:23:36,230 --> 00:23:42,810
+plus عشرين سانتي طيب الان المسافة بين
+
+350
+00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:50,600
+The distance between the anterior principal point
+
+351
+00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:55,180
+and anterior nodal point Or it's the same distance
+
+352
+00:23:55,180 --> 00:23:57,300
+between the posterior principal point and
+
+353
+00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:03,260
+posterior nodal point We say the distance Let's
+
+354
+00:24:03,260 --> 00:24:08,360
+write distance equals
+
+355
+00:24:11,850 --> 00:24:22,590
+afl minus 26.6 cm plus
+
+356
+00:24:22,590 --> 00:24:30,630
+20 cm is equal toMinus six and sixteen centimeters
+
+357
+00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:34,470
+Okay, the distance with minus means to the left,
+
+358
+00:24:34,810 --> 00:24:39,270
+that is, one of the points is displaced by the
+
+359
+00:24:39,270 --> 00:24:44,230
+second to the left, usually what is displacedThe
+
+360
+00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:47,510
+nodal points are displaced to the left towards the
+
+361
+00:24:47,510 --> 00:24:50,330
+upper middle point in the refractive index That
+
+362
+00:24:50,330 --> 00:24:52,650
+is, the principal points are fixed in their place
+
+363
+00:24:52,650 --> 00:24:58,910
+and the nodal points are displaced 6.6 cm to the
+
+364
+00:24:58,910 --> 00:25:03,730
+left 6.6 cm to the left So this distance if we say
+
+365
+00:25:03,730 --> 00:25:05,910
+the distance between the anterior nodal point in
+
+366
+00:25:05,910 --> 00:25:08,870
+this case and the anterior principal point we say
+
+367
+00:25:08,870 --> 00:25:13,400
+6.6 cmThe distance between the posterior nodal
+
+368
+00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,800
+point and the posterior principal point is equal
+
+369
+00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:19,040
+to the distance between the anterior nodal point
+
+370
+00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:21,240
+and the anterior principal point, which is also 16
+
+371
+00:25:21,240 --> 00:25:25,360
+centimeters. As we found out in the solution to
+
+372
+00:25:25,360 --> 00:25:29,200
+this problem. Therefore, this distance is
+
+373
+00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,320
+calculated by the equation of the distance between
+
+374
+00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,200
+the nodal points and the principal points, which
+
+375
+00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:39,740
+is AFL plus PFL, taking into account the signals.
+
+376
+00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,520
+هنا بتنتهي محاضرتنا ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+377
+00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:45,460
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cf6NXp2Hrr8.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,791 @@
+
+1
+00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:03,900
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have a question
+
+2
+00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:07,560
+about the spherocylindrical lenses and the conoid
+
+3
+00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:13,110
+of stars. An object stands 25 cm in front of a
+
+4
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:18,710
+spherocylindrical lens, its force plus 8 diopter
+
+5
+00:00:18,710 --> 00:00:23,610
+spheres minus 2 cylinders on axis 90. The first
+
+6
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:25,490
+thing is where is the first focal line, the second
+
+7
+00:00:25,490 --> 00:00:27,710
+thing is the second focal line, the third thing is
+
+8
+00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,050
+the circle of least confusion, the fourth thing is
+
+9
+00:00:31,050 --> 00:00:34,990
+the extension of a conoid of a stern in space.
+
+10
+00:00:38,490 --> 00:00:41,410
+In order to get all these conditions, we need to
+
+11
+00:00:41,410 --> 00:00:43,510
+convert the spherical and cylindrical lens to
+
+12
+00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:49,970
+power across The spherical and cylindrical lens is
+
+13
+00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:53,530
+either a sphere or a cylinder The sphere affects
+
+14
+00:00:53,530 --> 00:01:00,190
+all the axes with the same force This
+
+15
+00:01:00,190 --> 00:01:06,050
+is the sphere here, the first cross, class 8 This
+
+16
+00:01:06,050 --> 00:01:06,770
+is the vertical axis
+
+17
+00:01:12,630 --> 00:01:15,750
+and also plus eight on the horizontal axis.
+
+18
+00:01:19,910 --> 00:01:21,070
+This is the sphere.
+
+19
+00:01:24,390 --> 00:01:27,270
+means the cross of the power cross of the sphere
+
+20
+00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:29,910
+and cylindrical lens you can imagine that it is
+
+21
+00:01:29,910 --> 00:01:33,270
+two cross cross for the sphere and cross for the
+
+22
+00:01:33,270 --> 00:01:37,530
+cylinder I have minus two on the axis of ninety as
+
+23
+00:01:37,530 --> 00:01:40,130
+long as the axis of the minus two cylinder is on
+
+24
+00:01:40,130 --> 00:01:42,990
+the axis of ninety then its effect comes on one
+
+25
+00:01:42,990 --> 00:01:44,970
+hundred and eighty so one hundred and eighty is
+
+26
+00:01:44,970 --> 00:01:51,330
+minus two minus
+
+27
+00:01:51,330 --> 00:01:58,230
+two and 90 will be zero So when I put a cylinder on
+
+28
+00:01:58,230 --> 00:02:00,930
+a certain axis, the force of this cylinder on the
+
+29
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:04,190
+same axis that I put on it is zero So here it will
+
+30
+00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:05,090
+be zero
+
+31
+00:02:12,180 --> 00:02:14,720
+I have here cross for the sphere and cross for the
+
+32
+00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,480
+cylinder, I combine them and I get the cross that
+
+33
+00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:20,640
+represents the sphere and cylindrical lens I
+
+34
+00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:22,780
+combine the vertical with the vertical, it remains
+
+35
+00:02:22,780 --> 00:02:30,760
+plus 8 It
+
+36
+00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:35,220
+remains plus 8 And
+
+37
+00:02:35,220 --> 00:02:38,020
+the horizontal with the horizontal plus 8 or minus
+
+38
+00:02:38,020 --> 00:02:40,900
+2, it gives me plus 6
+
+39
+00:02:43,970 --> 00:02:52,410
+plus 6 this starts so now in the first step we
+
+40
+00:02:52,410 --> 00:02:58,130
+changed the spherical lens to power cross now the
+
+41
+00:02:58,130 --> 00:03:00,910
+second step deals with each meridian as if it is
+
+42
+00:03:00,910 --> 00:03:04,810
+one lens the strongest meridian which has the
+
+43
+00:03:04,810 --> 00:03:06,810
+strongest power is the one that will secure the
+
+44
+00:03:06,810 --> 00:03:09,690
+first focal line we draw the problem on its own
+
+45
+00:03:18,890 --> 00:03:22,830
+this is the lens which is plus 8 this is the
+
+46
+00:03:22,830 --> 00:03:27,270
+optical axis and
+
+47
+00:03:27,270 --> 00:03:31,970
+this is the body which is 25 cm away as the
+
+48
+00:03:31,970 --> 00:03:41,670
+question says 25 cm away which is
+
+49
+00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:46,010
+quarter of a meter this
+
+50
+00:03:46,010 --> 00:03:48,860
+is the distance which is quarter of a meter  وبنبدأ
+
+51
+00:03:48,860 --> 00:03:58,740
+حل المسألة وكأنها مسألة لوحدها بدون
+
+52
+00:03:58,740 --> 00:04:05,160
+أي لخبطة بطريقة
+
+53
+00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:06,560
+ال vergence calculations
+
+54
+00:04:16,970 --> 00:04:24,390
+طبعا تقسيم الصفحة إلى .. إلى
+
+55
+00:04:24,390 --> 00:04:32,530
+خانات بيساعد على الترتيب U تساوي ناقص N على O و
+
+56
+00:04:32,530 --> 00:04:38,850
+يساوي ناقص واحد على ربع متر دائما في ال vergence
+
+57
+00:04:38,850 --> 00:04:45,590
+calculation بالمتر و يساوي ناقص أربع ديوبتر
+
+58
+00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:56,380
+So, the light will reach the surface of the lens,
+
+59
+00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:59,280
+the spherical lens, which we took from it meridian
+
+60
+00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:03,420
+1, with a frequency of minus 4 diopters.
+
+61
+00:05:07,170 --> 00:05:09,310
+and this speech will be in .. when we deal with
+
+62
+00:05:09,310 --> 00:05:11,290
+the second focal line, there is no need to repeat
+
+63
+00:05:11,290 --> 00:05:14,790
+and say u 9 .. the light will come from the object
+
+64
+00:05:14,790 --> 00:05:18,550
+.. the object for all meridians .. the object for
+
+65
+00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:20,630
+this meridian .. for this .. facing at a distance
+
+66
+00:05:20,630 --> 00:05:22,950
+of 25 centimeters .. it is true that we separated
+
+67
+00:05:22,950 --> 00:05:26,170
+them in the drawing as two lenses .. but always
+
+68
+00:05:26,170 --> 00:05:29,190
+the u here in the example will be minus four ..
+
+69
+00:05:29,190 --> 00:05:40,730
+okay .. u plus p ..تساوى V طيب U قداش minus 4 ده
+
+70
+00:05:40,730 --> 00:05:50,190
+يبطى و ال V و ال power plus 8 يساوى V إذا V تساوى
+
+71
+00:05:50,190 --> 00:05:55,430
+plus 4 ده يبطى as long as the light comes out with
+
+72
+00:05:55,430 --> 00:05:56,950
+a value of V plus four, then the light is
+
+73
+00:05:56,950 --> 00:06:00,310
+collected and forms a real image which is the
+
+74
+00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:06,750
+first focal line I equals unconditional over V
+
+75
+00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:09,990
+equals
+
+76
+00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:18,370
+one over plus four diopters equals plus a quarter
+
+77
+00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:18,830
+of a meter
+
+78
+00:06:25,630 --> 00:06:32,210
+يعني خمسة و عشرين صنطي، إذا المطلوب
+
+79
+00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:40,470
+الأول ال first focal line يساوي
+
+80
+00:06:40,470 --> 00:06:46,510
+خمسة و عشرين صنطي from lens، من ال lens، من ال
+
+81
+00:06:46,510 --> 00:06:48,310
+meridian يعني اللي هو جزء من ال lens
+
+82
+00:06:55,870 --> 00:06:58,310
+so this is the first requirement, the second
+
+83
+00:06:58,310 --> 00:07:02,330
+requirement we
+
+84
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:10,610
+go to the second channel and
+
+85
+00:07:10,610 --> 00:07:13,550
+create a new problem, now we take the weakest
+
+86
+00:07:13,550 --> 00:07:16,470
+meridian which is plus 6
+
+87
+00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:24,310
+For plus 6 Of course, I don't want to say U again
+
+88
+00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:26,710
+Because we subtracted minus 4 from U And it will
+
+89
+00:07:26,710 --> 00:07:39,510
+remain minus 4 on all parts of the example The
+
+90
+00:07:39,510 --> 00:07:41,490
+difference in meridian force means that I have to
+
+91
+00:07:41,490 --> 00:07:48,950
+deal with it as if it were a new lens Here
+
+92
+00:07:48,950 --> 00:07:54,950
+we have to change the force instead of 8, we put 6
+
+93
+00:07:54,950 --> 00:07:59,730
+here
+
+94
+00:07:59,730 --> 00:08:03,690
+u is equal to minus 4 diopters I don't need a
+
+95
+00:08:03,690 --> 00:08:05,870
+calculator because I calculated it in the first
+
+96
+00:08:05,870 --> 00:08:14,630
+part now we calculate v we calculate v we
+
+97
+00:08:14,630 --> 00:08:15,950
+need to put a square and a half
+
+98
+00:08:28,020 --> 00:08:34,780
+we say u plus p is equal to v, u minus 4 is
+
+99
+00:08:34,780 --> 00:08:37,300
+greater than 6, but the powers are different, so
+
+100
+00:08:37,300 --> 00:08:45,040
+it becomes 6, which is equal to v, so v is equal
+
+101
+00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:50,120
+to plus 2, which is greater than 6 طالما V تساوي
+
+102
+00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,000
+plus 2 diopter، إذا الأشعة متجمعة، هتكونلي صورة
+
+103
+00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,320
+حقيقية، اللي هي second focal line I تساوي
+
+104
+00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:07,000
+Uncharted على V، ويساوي واحد على plus 2 diopter،
+
+105
+00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:14,350
+ويساوي plus نص متر، خمسين سنتر So, on the right of
+
+106
+00:09:14,350 --> 00:09:17,930
+the lens of the sphero cylindrical lens of 50 cm,
+
+107
+00:09:18,170 --> 00:09:25,830
+this is the second focal line So, second focal
+
+108
+00:09:25,830 --> 00:09:30,950
+line here
+
+109
+00:09:30,950 --> 00:09:33,070
+on the right and here on the right because the
+
+110
+00:09:33,070 --> 00:09:37,930
+distance is in the plus sign Second focal line is
+
+111
+00:09:37,930 --> 00:09:43,350
+equal to 50 cm to the right of from lens of course
+
+112
+00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:48,010
+from lens it is very important that everything is
+
+113
+00:09:48,010 --> 00:09:50,470
+related to the lens this is the second requirement
+
+114
+00:09:50,470 --> 00:09:54,270
+the third requirement is the circle of least
+
+115
+00:09:54,270 --> 00:09:59,790
+confusion I want to repeat the same problem in the
+
+116
+00:09:59,790 --> 00:10:00,410
+third channel
+
+117
+00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:17,500
+and I want to put the equivalent of the ball and
+
+118
+00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:19,820
+the lens of the sphere which is equivalent to all
+
+119
+00:10:19,820 --> 00:10:22,540
+the meridians together which is the average of
+
+120
+00:10:22,540 --> 00:10:27,900
+their strength also
+
+121
+00:10:27,900 --> 00:10:33,060
+the u here will remain constant minus four and the
+
+122
+00:10:33,060 --> 00:10:35,320
+object is constant wherever it is that's why the u
+
+123
+00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,040
+is constant wherever it is in its value
+
+124
+00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:48,070
+What is the spherical component of this spherical
+
+125
+00:10:48,070 --> 00:10:51,050
+lens? I combine the strongest with the weakest
+
+126
+00:10:51,050 --> 00:10:56,350
+meridian, 8 and 6, 14, and I divide them by 2, 14
+
+127
+00:10:56,350 --> 00:11:03,150
+divided by 2, then 7, then 7, then 7 which is the
+
+128
+00:11:03,150 --> 00:11:05,930
+force of the meridian, so this lens is like plus
+
+129
+00:11:05,930 --> 00:11:08,930
+7, plus 7,
+
+130
+00:11:11,570 --> 00:11:15,870
+this is better this is the spherical equivalent
+
+131
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:21,830
+this is the spherical equivalent, if I combine the
+
+132
+00:11:21,830 --> 00:11:24,170
+strongest meridian with the weakest meridian with
+
+133
+00:11:24,170 --> 00:11:26,430
+each other 14 and I divide them with their number
+
+134
+00:11:26,430 --> 00:11:29,470
+2, I get 7 if I wanted to take the spherical
+
+135
+00:11:29,470 --> 00:11:32,310
+equivalent from here, half of the cylinder with
+
+136
+00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:36,350
+the sphere half of the cylinder minus 1 plus the
+
+137
+00:11:36,350 --> 00:11:41,010
+sphere 8 minus 1 plus 8 remains plus 7 both ways
+
+138
+00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:46,600
+are allowed if this object is 25 cm away from the
+
+139
+00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,120
+spherical equivalent from the spherical lens which
+
+140
+00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,820
+is equivalent to the spherical cylinder we say as
+
+141
+00:11:51,820 --> 00:11:54,420
+follows where is the circle of least confusion?
+
+142
+00:12:01,500 --> 00:12:07,560
+we say u plus b equals
+
+143
+00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:16,670
+v u minus four constant minus 4 diopter plus power
+
+144
+00:12:16,670 --> 00:12:27,350
+7 diopter equals V so V equals plus 3 diopter
+
+145
+00:12:27,350 --> 00:12:31,110
+since
+
+146
+00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:34,750
+V equals plus 3 diopter, the rays will come out
+
+147
+00:12:34,750 --> 00:12:39,050
+together we say I equals V
+
+148
+00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:50,100
+ويساوي واحد على plus تلاتة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+149
+00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:56,740
+أفوان plus تلت متر يعني تلتمية و تلاتة و تلتين من
+
+150
+00:12:56,740 --> 00:13:02,320
+الف متر هذا مكان ال circle of least confusion اذا
+
+151
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:10,420
+circle of least confusion
+
+152
+00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:21,090
+equal to 33.3 centimeters from lens. Everything is
+
+153
+00:13:21,090 --> 00:13:21,990
+related to the lens.
+
+154
+00:13:24,970 --> 00:13:26,770
+The fourth requirement remains.
+
+155
+00:13:30,570 --> 00:13:34,970
+What is the extension of
+
+156
+00:13:34,970 --> 00:13:39,540
+a conoid of a stern? in space The length of the
+
+157
+00:13:39,540 --> 00:13:41,700
+conoid of Stern between the first focal line and
+
+158
+00:13:41,700 --> 00:13:45,340
+the second focal line The first focal line is 25
+
+159
+00:13:45,340 --> 00:13:48,340
+cm away and the second is 50 cm away, so the
+
+160
+00:13:48,340 --> 00:13:56,080
+length is 25 cm as we will see now We draw the
+
+161
+00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:57,840
+final answer as follows
+
+162
+00:14:12,340 --> 00:14:21,720
+this is the sphero cylindrical lens the
+
+163
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,780
+most powerful meridian is the vertical meridian it
+
+164
+00:14:25,780 --> 00:14:33,340
+will make a horizontal focal line and
+
+165
+00:14:33,340 --> 00:14:36,040
+the most powerful meridian is 25 cm of course
+
+166
+00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,140
+first focal line is 25 cm from the sphere and
+
+167
+00:14:44,140 --> 00:14:49,540
+cylindrical lens and the second focal line which
+
+168
+00:14:49,540 --> 00:14:51,920
+is the horizontal meridian because it is the
+
+169
+00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:59,760
+weakest is 50 cm from the lens
+
+170
+00:15:19,530 --> 00:15:27,030
+The second focal line So
+
+171
+00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:39,690
+the
+
+172
+00:15:39,690 --> 00:15:45,290
+second focal line extends 50
+
+173
+00:15:45,290 --> 00:15:50,380
+cm from the lens as we can see here The face focal
+
+174
+00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:54,600
+line is 25
+
+175
+00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,520
+cm away from the lens The extension of the conoid
+
+176
+00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:01,850
+of a start the extension of the conoid of a stern
+
+177
+00:16:01,850 --> 00:16:04,850
+from here from the first focal line to here means
+
+178
+00:16:04,850 --> 00:16:07,290
+fifty I want to subtract twenty-five from them so
+
+179
+00:16:07,290 --> 00:16:09,110
+this distance remains which is twenty-five
+
+180
+00:16:09,110 --> 00:16:11,930
+centimeters so the conoid of a stern extends
+
+181
+00:16:11,930 --> 00:16:15,490
+twenty-five centimeters in space because it is
+
+182
+00:16:15,490 --> 00:16:18,090
+confined between the first focal line and the
+
+183
+00:16:18,090 --> 00:16:20,810
+second focal line this is the conoid of a stern
+
+184
+00:16:20,810 --> 00:16:24,630
+the circle of least confusion is located at thirty
+
+185
+00:16:24,630 --> 00:16:29,250
+-three centimeters the circle of least confusion I
+
+186
+00:16:29,250 --> 00:16:40,030
+will draw it
+
+187
+00:16:40,030 --> 00:16:45,170
+I will
+
+188
+00:16:45,170 --> 00:16:49,630
+give it a color to show that it is the circle of
+
+189
+00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:52,590
+least confusion It is 33.3 cm away from the lens
+
+190
+00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:05,140
+a human can say, if there is a 4th request, but
+
+191
+00:17:05,140 --> 00:17:10,920
+let's say it's 33cm
+
+192
+00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:17,160
+and 3 out of 10 away
+
+193
+00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:22,300
+from
+
+194
+00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:37,760
+the lens It measures 33.3 cm from the lens This
+
+195
+00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,260
+is the circle of least confusion dimension
+
+196
+00:17:51,630 --> 00:17:53,950
+Okay, you can ask a question or ask someone to
+
+197
+00:17:53,950 --> 00:17:56,590
+say, is the circle of least confusion closer to
+
+198
+00:17:

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/cf6NXp2Hrr8_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,876 @@
+1
+00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:03,900
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. We have a question
+
+2
+00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:07,560
+about the spherocylindrical lenses and the conoid
+
+3
+00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:13,110
+of stars.An object stands 25 cm in front of a
+
+4
+00:00:13,110 --> 00:00:18,710
+spherocylindrical lens, its force plus 8 diopter
+
+5
+00:00:18,710 --> 00:00:23,610
+spheres minus 2 cylinders on axis 90. The first
+
+6
+00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:25,490
+thing is where is the first focal line, the second
+
+7
+00:00:25,490 --> 00:00:27,710
+thing is the second focal line, the third thing is
+
+8
+00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,050
+the circle of least confusion, the fourth thing is
+
+9
+00:00:31,050 --> 00:00:34,990
+the extension of a conoid of a stern in space.
+
+10
+00:00:38,490 --> 00:00:41,410
+In order to get all these conditions, we need to
+
+11
+00:00:41,410 --> 00:00:43,510
+convert the spherical and cylindrical lens to
+
+12
+00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:49,970
+power across The spherical and cylindrical lens is
+
+13
+00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:53,530
+either a sphere or a cylinder The sphere affects
+
+14
+00:00:53,530 --> 00:01:00,190
+all the axes with the same force This
+
+15
+00:01:00,190 --> 00:01:06,050
+is the sphere here, the first cross, class 8 This
+
+16
+00:01:06,050 --> 00:01:06,770
+is the vertical axis
+
+17
+00:01:12,630 --> 00:01:15,750
+and also plus eight on the horizontal axis.
+
+18
+00:01:19,910 --> 00:01:21,070
+This is the sphere.
+
+19
+00:01:24,390 --> 00:01:27,270
+means the cross of the power cross of the sphere
+
+20
+00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:29,910
+and cylindrical lens you can imagine that it is
+
+21
+00:01:29,910 --> 00:01:33,270
+two cross cross for the sphere and cross for the
+
+22
+00:01:33,270 --> 00:01:37,530
+cylinder I have minus two on the axis of ninety as
+
+23
+00:01:37,530 --> 00:01:40,130
+long as the axis of the minus two cylinder is on
+
+24
+00:01:40,130 --> 00:01:42,990
+the axis of ninety then its effect comes on one
+
+25
+00:01:42,990 --> 00:01:44,970
+hundred and eighty so one hundred and eighty is
+
+26
+00:01:44,970 --> 00:01:51,330
+minus two minus
+
+27
+00:01:51,330 --> 00:01:58,230
+twoand 90 will be zero So when I put a cylinder on
+
+28
+00:01:58,230 --> 00:02:00,930
+a certain axis, the force of this cylinder on the
+
+29
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:04,190
+same axis that I put on it is zero So here it will
+
+30
+00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:05,090
+be zero
+
+31
+00:02:12,180 --> 00:02:14,720
+I have here cross for the sphere and cross for the
+
+32
+00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:17,480
+cylinder, I combine them and I get the cross that
+
+33
+00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:20,640
+represents the sphere and cylindrical lens I
+
+34
+00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:22,780
+combine the vertical with the vertical, it remains
+
+35
+00:02:22,780 --> 00:02:30,760
+plus 8 It
+
+36
+00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:35,220
+remains plus 8 And
+
+37
+00:02:35,220 --> 00:02:38,020
+the horizontal with the horizontal plus 8 or minus
+
+38
+00:02:38,020 --> 00:02:40,900
+2, it gives me plus 6
+
+39
+00:02:43,970 --> 00:02:52,410
+plus 6 this starts so now in the first step we
+
+40
+00:02:52,410 --> 00:02:58,130
+changed the spherical lens to power cross now the
+
+41
+00:02:58,130 --> 00:03:00,910
+second step deals with each meridian as if it is
+
+42
+00:03:00,910 --> 00:03:04,810
+one lens the strongest meridian which has the
+
+43
+00:03:04,810 --> 00:03:06,810
+strongest power is the one that will secure the
+
+44
+00:03:06,810 --> 00:03:09,690
+first focal line we draw the problem on its own
+
+45
+00:03:18,890 --> 00:03:22,830
+this is the lens which is plus 8 this is the
+
+46
+00:03:22,830 --> 00:03:27,270
+optical axis and
+
+47
+00:03:27,270 --> 00:03:31,970
+this is the body which is 25 cm away as the
+
+48
+00:03:31,970 --> 00:03:41,670
+question says 25 cm away which is
+
+49
+00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:46,010
+quarter of a meter this
+
+50
+00:03:46,010 --> 00:03:48,860
+is the distance which is quarter of a meterوبنبدأ
+
+51
+00:03:48,860 --> 00:03:58,740
+حل المسألة وكأنها مسألة لوحدها بدون
+
+52
+00:03:58,740 --> 00:04:05,160
+أي لخبطة بطريقة
+
+53
+00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:06,560
+الvergence calculations
+
+54
+00:04:16,970 --> 00:04:24,390
+طبعا تقسيم الصفحة إلى .. إلى
+
+55
+00:04:24,390 --> 00:04:32,530
+خانات بيساعد على الترتيب U تساوي ناقص N على O و
+
+56
+00:04:32,530 --> 00:04:38,850
+يساوي ناقص واحد على ربع متر دائما في الvergence
+
+57
+00:04:38,850 --> 00:04:45,590
+calculation بالمتر و يساوي ناقص أربع ديوبتر
+
+58
+00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:56,380
+So, the light will reach the surface of the lens,
+
+59
+00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:59,280
+the spherical lens, which we took from it meridian
+
+60
+00:04:59,280 --> 00:05:03,420
+1, with a frequency of minus 4 diopters.
+
+61
+00:05:07,170 --> 00:05:09,310
+and this speech will be in .. when we deal with
+
+62
+00:05:09,310 --> 00:05:11,290
+the second focal line, there is no need to repeat
+
+63
+00:05:11,290 --> 00:05:14,790
+and say u 9 .. the light will come from the object
+
+64
+00:05:14,790 --> 00:05:18,550
+.. the object for all meridians .. the object for
+
+65
+00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:20,630
+this meridian .. for this .. facing at a distance
+
+66
+00:05:20,630 --> 00:05:22,950
+of 25 centimeters .. it is true that we separated
+
+67
+00:05:22,950 --> 00:05:26,170
+them in the drawing as two lenses .. but always
+
+68
+00:05:26,170 --> 00:05:29,190
+the u here in the example will be minus four ..
+
+69
+00:05:29,190 --> 00:05:40,730
+okay .. u plus p ..تساوى V طيب U قداش minus 4 ده
+
+70
+00:05:40,730 --> 00:05:50,190
+يبطى و ال V و ال power plus 8 يساوى V إذا V تساوى
+
+71
+00:05:50,190 --> 00:05:55,430
+plus 4 ده يبطىas long as the light comes out with
+
+72
+00:05:55,430 --> 00:05:56,950
+a value of V plus four, then the light is
+
+73
+00:05:56,950 --> 00:06:00,310
+collected and forms a real image which is the
+
+74
+00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:06,750
+first focal line I equals unconditional over V
+
+75
+00:06:06,750 --> 00:06:09,990
+equals
+
+76
+00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:18,370
+one over plus four diopters equals plus a quarter
+
+77
+00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:18,830
+of a meter
+
+78
+00:06:25,630 --> 00:06:32,210
+يعني خمسة و عشرين صنطي، إذا المطلوب
+
+79
+00:06:32,210 --> 00:06:40,470
+الأول ال first focal line يساوي
+
+80
+00:06:40,470 --> 00:06:46,510
+خمسة و عشرين صنطي from lens، من ال lens، من ال
+
+81
+00:06:46,510 --> 00:06:48,310
+meridian يعني اللي هو جزء من ال lens
+
+82
+00:06:55,870 --> 00:06:58,310
+so this is the first requirement, the second
+
+83
+00:06:58,310 --> 00:07:02,330
+requirement we
+
+84
+00:07:02,330 --> 00:07:10,610
+go to the second channel and
+
+85
+00:07:10,610 --> 00:07:13,550
+create a new problem, now we take the weakest
+
+86
+00:07:13,550 --> 00:07:16,470
+meridian which is plus 6
+
+87
+00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:24,310
+For plus 6 Of course, I don't want to say U again
+
+88
+00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:26,710
+Because we subtracted minus 4 from U And it will
+
+89
+00:07:26,710 --> 00:07:39,510
+remain minus 4 on all parts of the example The
+
+90
+00:07:39,510 --> 00:07:41,490
+difference in meridian force means that I have to
+
+91
+00:07:41,490 --> 00:07:48,950
+deal with it as if it were a new lens Here
+
+92
+00:07:48,950 --> 00:07:54,950
+we have to change the forceinstead of 8, we put 6
+
+93
+00:07:54,950 --> 00:07:59,730
+here
+
+94
+00:07:59,730 --> 00:08:03,690
+u is equal to minus 4 diopters I don't need a
+
+95
+00:08:03,690 --> 00:08:05,870
+calculator because I calculated it in the first
+
+96
+00:08:05,870 --> 00:08:14,630
+part now we calculate v we calculate v we
+
+97
+00:08:14,630 --> 00:08:15,950
+need to put a square and a half
+
+98
+00:08:28,020 --> 00:08:34,780
+we say u plus p is equal to v, u minus 4 is
+
+99
+00:08:34,780 --> 00:08:37,300
+greater than 6, but the powers are different, so
+
+100
+00:08:37,300 --> 00:08:45,040
+it becomes 6, which is equal to v, so v is equal
+
+101
+00:08:45,040 --> 00:08:50,120
+to plus 2, which is greater than 6طالما V تساوي
+
+102
+00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,000
+plus 2 diopter، إذا الأشعة متجمعة، هتكونلي صورة
+
+103
+00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,320
+حقيقية، اللي هي second focal line I تساوي
+
+104
+00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:07,000
+Uncharted على V، ويساوي واحد على plus 2 diopter،
+
+105
+00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:14,350
+ويساوي plus نص متر، خمسين سنترSo, on the right of
+
+106
+00:09:14,350 --> 00:09:17,930
+the lens of the sphero cylindrical lens of 50 cm,
+
+107
+00:09:18,170 --> 00:09:25,830
+this is the second focal line So, second focal
+
+108
+00:09:25,830 --> 00:09:30,950
+line here
+
+109
+00:09:30,950 --> 00:09:33,070
+on the right and here on the right because the
+
+110
+00:09:33,070 --> 00:09:37,930
+distance is in the plus sign Second focal line is
+
+111
+00:09:37,930 --> 00:09:43,350
+equal to 50 cm to the rightof from lens of course
+
+112
+00:09:43,350 --> 00:09:48,010
+from lens it is very important that everything is
+
+113
+00:09:48,010 --> 00:09:50,470
+related to the lens this is the second requirement
+
+114
+00:09:50,470 --> 00:09:54,270
+the third requirement is the circle of least
+
+115
+00:09:54,270 --> 00:09:59,790
+confusion I want to repeat the same problem in the
+
+116
+00:09:59,790 --> 00:10:00,410
+third channel
+
+117
+00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:17,500
+and I want to put the equivalent of the ball and
+
+118
+00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:19,820
+the lens of the sphere which is equivalent to all
+
+119
+00:10:19,820 --> 00:10:22,540
+the meridians together which is the average of
+
+120
+00:10:22,540 --> 00:10:27,900
+their strength also
+
+121
+00:10:27,900 --> 00:10:33,060
+the u here will remain constant minus four and the
+
+122
+00:10:33,060 --> 00:10:35,320
+object is constant wherever it is that's why the u
+
+123
+00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,040
+is constant wherever it is in its value
+
+124
+00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:48,070
+What is the spherical component of this spherical
+
+125
+00:10:48,070 --> 00:10:51,050
+lens? I combine the strongest with the weakest
+
+126
+00:10:51,050 --> 00:10:56,350
+meridian, 8 and 6, 14, and I divide them by 2, 14
+
+127
+00:10:56,350 --> 00:11:03,150
+divided by 2, then 7, then 7, then 7 which is the
+
+128
+00:11:03,150 --> 00:11:05,930
+force of the meridian, so this lens is like plus
+
+129
+00:11:05,930 --> 00:11:08,930
+7, plus 7,
+
+130
+00:11:11,570 --> 00:11:15,870
+this is betterthis is the spherical equivalent
+
+131
+00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:21,830
+this is the spherical equivalent, if I combine the
+
+132
+00:11:21,830 --> 00:11:24,170
+strongest meridian with the weakest meridian with
+
+133
+00:11:24,170 --> 00:11:26,430
+each other 14 and I divide them with their number
+
+134
+00:11:26,430 --> 00:11:29,470
+2, I get 7 if I wanted to take the spherical
+
+135
+00:11:29,470 --> 00:11:32,310
+equivalent from here, half of the cylinder with
+
+136
+00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:36,350
+the sphere half of the cylinder minus 1 plus the
+
+137
+00:11:36,350 --> 00:11:41,010
+sphere 8 minus 1 plus 8 remains plus 7 both ways
+
+138
+00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:46,600
+are allowedif this object is 25 cm away from the
+
+139
+00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,120
+spherical equivalent from the spherical lens which
+
+140
+00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,820
+is equivalent to the spherical cylinder we say as
+
+141
+00:11:51,820 --> 00:11:54,420
+follows where is the circle of least confusion?
+
+142
+00:12:01,500 --> 00:12:07,560
+we say u plus b equals
+
+143
+00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:16,670
+v u minus four constantminus 4 diopter plus power
+
+144
+00:12:16,670 --> 00:12:27,350
+7 diopter equals V so V equals plus 3 diopter
+
+145
+00:12:27,350 --> 00:12:31,110
+since
+
+146
+00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:34,750
+V equals plus 3 diopter, the rays will come out
+
+147
+00:12:34,750 --> 00:12:39,050
+together we say I equals V
+
+148
+00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:50,100
+ويساوي واحد على plus تلاتة ديوبتر ويساوي plus
+
+149
+00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:56,740
+أفوان plus تلت متر يعني تلتمية و تلاتة و تلتين من
+
+150
+00:12:56,740 --> 00:13:02,320
+الف متر هذا مكان ال circle of least confusion اذا
+
+151
+00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:10,420
+circle of least confusion
+
+152
+00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:21,090
+equal to 33.3 centimeters from lens. Everything is
+
+153
+00:13:21,090 --> 00:13:21,990
+related to the lens.
+
+154
+00:13:24,970 --> 00:13:26,770
+The fourth requirement remains.
+
+155
+00:13:30,570 --> 00:13:34,970
+What is the extension of
+
+156
+00:13:34,970 --> 00:13:39,540
+a conoid of a stern?in space The length of the
+
+157
+00:13:39,540 --> 00:13:41,700
+conoid of Stern between the first focal line and
+
+158
+00:13:41,700 --> 00:13:45,340
+the second focal line The first focal line is 25
+
+159
+00:13:45,340 --> 00:13:48,340
+cm away and the second is 50 cm away, so the
+
+160
+00:13:48,340 --> 00:13:56,080
+length is 25 cm as we will see now We draw the
+
+161
+00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:57,840
+final answer as follows
+
+162
+00:14:12,340 --> 00:14:21,720
+this is the sphero cylindrical lens the
+
+163
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,780
+most powerful meridian is the vertical meridian it
+
+164
+00:14:25,780 --> 00:14:33,340
+will make a horizontal focal line and
+
+165
+00:14:33,340 --> 00:14:36,040
+the most powerful meridian is 25 cm of course
+
+166
+00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,140
+first focal line is 25 cm from the sphere and
+
+167
+00:14:44,140 --> 00:14:49,540
+cylindrical lens and the second focal line which
+
+168
+00:14:49,540 --> 00:14:51,920
+is the horizontal meridian because it is the
+
+169
+00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:59,760
+weakest is 50 cm from the lens
+
+170
+00:15:19,530 --> 00:15:27,030
+The second focal line So
+
+171
+00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:39,690
+the
+
+172
+00:15:39,690 --> 00:15:45,290
+second focal line extends 50
+
+173
+00:15:45,290 --> 00:15:50,380
+cm from the lens as we can see hereThe face focal
+
+174
+00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:54,600
+line is 25
+
+175
+00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,520
+cm away from the lens The extension of the conoid
+
+176
+00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:01,850
+of a starthe extension of the conoid of a stern
+
+177
+00:16:01,850 --> 00:16:04,850
+from here from the first focal line to here means
+
+178
+00:16:04,850 --> 00:16:07,290
+fifty I want to subtract twenty-five from them so
+
+179
+00:16:07,290 --> 00:16:09,110
+this distance remains which is twenty-five
+
+180
+00:16:09,110 --> 00:16:11,930
+centimeters so the conoid of a stern extends
+
+181
+00:16:11,930 --> 00:16:15,490
+twenty-five centimeters in space because it is
+
+182
+00:16:15,490 --> 00:16:18,090
+confined between the first focal line and the
+
+183
+00:16:18,090 --> 00:16:20,810
+second focal line this is the conoid of a stern
+
+184
+00:16:20,810 --> 00:16:24,630
+the circle of least confusion is located at thirty
+
+185
+00:16:24,630 --> 00:16:29,250
+-three centimeters the circle of least confusionI
+
+186
+00:16:29,250 --> 00:16:40,030
+will draw it
+
+187
+00:16:40,030 --> 00:16:45,170
+I will
+
+188
+00:16:45,170 --> 00:16:49,630
+give it a color to show that it is the circle of
+
+189
+00:16:49,630 --> 00:16:52,590
+least confusion It is 33.3 cm away from the lens
+
+190
+00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:05,140
+a human can say, if there is a 4th request, but
+
+191
+00:17:05,140 --> 00:17:10,920
+let's say it's 33cm
+
+192
+00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:17,160
+and 3 out of 10 away
+
+193
+00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:22,300
+from
+
+194
+00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:37,760
+the lensIt measures 33.3 cm from the lens This
+
+195
+00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,260
+is the circle of least confusion dimension
+
+196
+00:17:51,630 --> 00:17:53,950
+Okay, you can ask a question or ask someone to
+
+197
+00:17:53,950 --> 00:17:56,590
+say, is the circle of least confusion closer to
+
+198
+00:17:56,590 --> 00:17:59,030
+the first focal line or to the second focal line?
+
+199
+00:17:59,590 --> 00:18:01,750
+This is very simple, we can say, how far is it
+
+200
+00:18:01,750 --> 00:18:04,970
+from the first focal line? Thirty-three minus
+
+201
+00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:10,250
+twenty-five Thirty-three centimetersminus 25
+
+202
+00:18:10,250 --> 00:18:14,690
+remains this distance 33 minus 25 is 8 and 3
+
+203
+00:18:14,690 --> 00:18:17,610
+tenths of an inch so this distance is 8 and 3
+
+204
+00:18:17,610 --> 00:18:19,910
+tenths of an inch between the circle of least
+
+205
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:24,530
+confusion and the first focal line okay how much
+
+206
+00:18:24,530 --> 00:18:34,210
+is the second focal line? 50 sorry 50
+
+207
+00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:39,620
+Centimeter minus thirty-three and three-tenths I
+
+208
+00:18:39,620 --> 00:18:43,200
+get sixteen centimeters and seven-tenths Here the
+
+209
+00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,200
+distance will be sixteen centimeters and seven
+
+210
+00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:48,940
+-tenths And here it will be eight centimeters and
+
+211
+00:18:48,940 --> 00:18:51,520
+three-tenths So the circle of least confusion is
+
+212
+00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:54,700
+closer to the first focal line in calculations In
+
+213
+00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:57,540
+calculations, of course, it's not always closer,
+
+214
+00:18:57,780 --> 00:18:59,900
+nor farther, nor in the middle, depending on what
+
+215
+00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:02,040
+I get in the calculations, depending on what I get
+
+216
+00:19:02,790 --> 00:19:06,990
+في الحسابات فبالتاني ال .. ال circle of least
+
+217
+00:19:06,990 --> 00:19:10,430
+confusion في هذه المسألة أقرب لل face focal line
+
+218
+00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:13,930
+هيك بتنتهي المسألة ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم
+
+219
+00:19:13,930 --> 00:19:15,430
+ورحمة الله وبركاته
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/dgi4DFryNLg_postprocess.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1316 @@
+1
+00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:06,180
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim, we stopped at the
+
+2
+00:00:06,180 --> 00:00:09,380
+image characteristics, which are the attributes of
+
+3
+00:00:09,380 --> 00:00:12,280
+the image We said that the journey starts from the
+
+4
+00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:16,620
+object, through the optical system, and ends with
+
+5
+00:00:16,620 --> 00:00:19,740
+the image We talked last time about the object
+
+6
+00:00:19,740 --> 00:00:22,240
+characteristics, the attributes of the object, and
+
+7
+00:00:22,240 --> 00:00:23,860
+we said that what matters to us are two
+
+8
+00:00:23,860 --> 00:00:25,500
+attributes, which are location, the location of
+
+9
+00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:29,310
+the objectfor the optical system, how far it goes
+
+10
+00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:30,970
+away from it, and the second thing is the
+
+11
+00:00:30,970 --> 00:00:33,130
+luminosity of the object, which means the
+
+12
+00:00:33,130 --> 00:00:37,890
+luminosity of the object, and it tells us that the
+
+13
+00:00:37,890 --> 00:00:40,270
+object, any object in the world, can be either
+
+14
+00:00:40,270 --> 00:00:43,870
+dimmed by itself, emitting its natural light,
+
+15
+00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:47,230
+which is like the light of the sun, the light of a
+
+16
+00:00:47,230 --> 00:00:52,560
+candle, fire, etc, or dimmedفى حالة ما يكون مضاء
+
+17
+00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:56,860
+يعني ساقط عليه ضوء آخر، مش ذاتى الإضاءة، ساقط عليه
+
+18
+00:00:56,860 --> 00:01:00,680
+ضوء آخر، ضرورى يكون عاكس، ضرورى يكون عاكس. اليوم
+
+19
+00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,900
+فى ال image characteristics اللى هى الصفات بتاعة
+
+20
+00:01:03,900 --> 00:01:09,120
+الصورة، هنتحدث عن أربع صفات، ال magnification،
+
+21
+00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:12,610
+التكبيرthe location, the location of the image of
+
+22
+00:01:12,610 --> 00:01:17,070
+course for the optical system, the quality, the
+
+23
+00:01:17,070 --> 00:01:19,390
+quality of the image, and the brightness, the
+
+24
+00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:23,310
+amount of light or the clarity of the image The
+
+25
+00:01:23,310 --> 00:01:26,070
+quality, which is how much the image resembles the
+
+26
+00:01:26,070 --> 00:01:29,690
+object, whether it is 80 percent, 90 percent, 95
+
+27
+00:01:29,690 --> 00:01:34,350
+percent, close to 100 percent, etc. Therefore, the
+
+28
+00:01:34,350 --> 00:01:38,760
+quality means how much the image resemblesThe
+
+29
+00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:40,960
+object, not the image that resembles the object,
+
+30
+00:01:41,380 --> 00:01:44,220
+which is its image, which is its image Let's start
+
+31
+00:01:44,220 --> 00:01:48,420
+talking about magnification and we say that the
+
+32
+00:01:48,420 --> 00:01:51,880
+word magnification means to magnify, while in the
+
+33
+00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,000
+science of geometric optics, the word
+
+34
+00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,820
+magnification can mean to magnifyوممكن تعني
+
+35
+00:01:57,820 --> 00:02:04,480
+التصغير التصغير فبالتالي هنبدأ نتعامل مع أول صفة
+
+36
+00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,480
+من صفات الصورة اللي هي إيش ال magnification ال
+
+37
+00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,440
+magnification ال magnification في عندنا تلت أنواع
+
+38
+00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:17,420
+من ال magnification أو التكبير ال three types are
+
+39
+00:02:17,420 --> 00:02:21,080
+considered in geometrical optics ال transfers
+
+40
+00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:26,350
+magnification و ال angular magnificationوالـ axial
+
+41
+00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:31,730
+magnification The ratio of the height of an image
+
+42
+00:02:31,730 --> 00:02:34,730
+to the height of the corresponding object is known
+
+43
+00:02:34,730 --> 00:02:39,370
+as Transverse Magnification نسبة ارتفاع الصورة
+
+44
+00:02:39,370 --> 00:02:44,710
+لارتفاع الجسم بتاعها اللي هي صورته يعتبر او هو
+
+45
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:48,250
+عبارة عن تعريف لـ Transverse Magnification هو
+
+46
+00:02:48,250 --> 00:02:52,350
+تعريف لـ Transverse MagnificationI have a body,
+
+47
+00:02:52,550 --> 00:02:55,050
+which is a candle, and I have an optical system,
+
+48
+00:02:55,350 --> 00:02:57,370
+and these are the components of a picture. A
+
+49
+00:02:57,370 --> 00:02:58,570
+person can tell me that the picture is upside
+
+50
+00:02:58,570 --> 00:03:01,170
+down. Now we are not discussing if the picture is
+
+51
+00:03:01,170 --> 00:03:04,270
+upside down or straight. We see that the picture
+
+52
+00:03:04,270 --> 00:03:07,730
+appears to be upright, and as I said beforeThe
+
+53
+00:03:07,730 --> 00:03:10,550
+magnification in the science of geometrical optics
+
+54
+00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:13,930
+can mean magnification and can mean diminution,
+
+55
+00:03:13,990 --> 00:03:18,550
+but for me it is called magnification We say the
+
+56
+00:03:18,550 --> 00:03:21,650
+definition of Transverse Magnification Transverse
+
+57
+00:03:21,650 --> 00:03:24,830
+Magnification is the first type of the three types
+
+58
+00:03:24,830 --> 00:03:27,650
+of magnification, which is the ratio of the height
+
+59
+00:03:27,650 --> 00:03:31,070
+of the image to the height of the objectThe ratio
+
+60
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:33,010
+of the height of the image to the height of the
+
+61
+00:03:33,010 --> 00:03:34,330
+object, excuse me, to the height of the object,
+
+62
+00:03:34,630 --> 00:03:37,470
+that is, if we say to transphase magnification,
+
+63
+00:03:37,890 --> 00:03:42,450
+what is equal as an equation? Image height over
+
+64
+00:03:42,450 --> 00:03:47,010
+object height, image height is divided by object
+
+65
+00:03:47,010 --> 00:03:49,470
+height, here we have the image height is 2 cm in
+
+66
+00:03:49,470 --> 00:03:55,380
+the image and the object height is 4 cmtwo
+
+67
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,180
+centimeters over four centimeters becomes half ..
+
+68
+00:03:59,180 --> 00:04:03,080
+becomes half .. so it is very important to have
+
+69
+00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:09,820
+clear things .. clear things Now to clarify more,
+
+70
+00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:20,400
+we want to say as follows .. we
+
+71
+00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:22,480
+want to try to measure a square of half
+
+72
+00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:36,140
+transphase magnification is equal to image height
+
+73
+00:04:36,140 --> 00:04:50,080
+which is 2 cm by object height which is 4 cm and
+
+74
+00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:54,620
+it is equal to of course there is a sign that we
+
+75
+00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:59,230
+will put fortransfers magnification to the x-axis
+
+76
+00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:02,810
+x means how big is the image, how many times, how
+
+77
+00:05:02,810 --> 00:05:11,270
+many times 2 by 4.5 and cm by cm goes away, it
+
+78
+00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:12,690
+doesn't differentiate because it's a percentage
+
+79
+00:05:12,690 --> 00:05:17,330
+and percentages don't differentiate, so I have to
+
+80
+00:05:17,330 --> 00:05:21,690
+transfer magnification to the high imagetransfers
+
+81
+00:05:21,690 --> 00:05:25,770
+magnification for this image is 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x
+
+82
+00:05:25,770 --> 00:05:31,350
+1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1
+
+83
+00:05:31,350 --> 00:05:35,610
+.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
+
+84
+00:05:35,610 --> 00:05:37,010
+x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x
+
+85
+00:05:37,010 --> 00:05:37,430
+1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1
+
+86
+00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:43,710
+x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x
+
+87
+00:05:43,710 --> 00:05:48,260
+1.5يعني لما بشوف إشارة X معناته أنا بتكلم عن ال
+
+88
+00:05:48,260 --> 00:05:52,800
+transfers magnification يعني كام مرة مكبر الصورة
+
+89
+00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:56,020
+مقارنة مع ال object؟ هنا نص مرة، إيش يعني لما أشوف
+
+90
+00:05:56,020 --> 00:06:04,450
+X نص؟ X نص يعني .. يعني ..Picture's height is half
+
+91
+00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:06,850
+the height of the object If we find in another
+
+92
+00:06:06,850 --> 00:06:11,810
+example that the picture is for example 6 cm Then
+
+93
+00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:14,650
+I want to multiply the image height which is 6 cm
+
+94
+00:06:14,650 --> 00:06:18,630
+by the object height which is 4 cm it becomes x
+
+95
+00:06:18,630 --> 00:06:22,790
+one and a third x one and a third or x one and a
+
+96
+00:06:22,790 --> 00:06:32,590
+half which is six over four which is ..one and a
+
+97
+00:06:32,590 --> 00:06:35,970
+half, one and a half, one and a half, one and a
+
+98
+00:06:35,970 --> 00:06:37,950
+half means that the image is very big and it is
+
+99
+00:06:37,950 --> 00:06:40,910
+half the size of the object Okay, if I find the
+
+100
+00:06:40,910 --> 00:06:49,110
+image, the height of the image is about four
+
+101
+00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:51,650
+centimeters, sometimes I say it transfers
+
+102
+00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,190
+magnification, it transfers magnification equals
+
+103
+00:06:55,190 --> 00:06:58,870
+the image heightthe height of the image which is 4
+
+104
+00:06:58,870 --> 00:07:02,530
+cm over the height of the object which is 4 cm 4
+
+105
+00:07:02,530 --> 00:07:08,450
+cm divided by 4 cm gives me x1 which means that
+
+106
+00:07:08,450 --> 00:07:10,570
+the height of the image is equal to the height of
+
+107
+00:07:10,570 --> 00:07:11,990
+the object which means that neither it is
+
+108
+00:07:11,990 --> 00:07:15,450
+magnified nor it is reduced, the magnification is
+
+109
+00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:21,210
+that it is really the object so what transfers
+
+110
+00:07:21,210 --> 00:07:25,230
+magnificationIt's the height of an image to the
+
+111
+00:07:25,230 --> 00:07:27,970
+height ratio, of course, and ratio means the
+
+112
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,010
+percentage, the percentage is not distinguished I
+
+113
+00:07:30,010 --> 00:07:33,850
+measure heights in centimeters, but when I divide
+
+114
+00:07:33,850 --> 00:07:36,050
+a centimeter by a centimeter, the centimeter goes
+
+115
+00:07:36,050 --> 00:07:38,190
+with the centimeter, and two over four here gives
+
+116
+00:07:38,190 --> 00:07:41,730
+me a half, that is, x, x half or multiply by half,
+
+117
+00:07:42,070 --> 00:07:45,410
+that is, the image in this case is half the height
+
+118
+00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:49,190
+of the object, half the height of the object, then
+
+119
+00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:53,690
+transfers magnificationImage height is equal to
+
+120
+00:07:53,690 --> 00:07:57,470
+object height Object and image heights are
+
+121
+00:07:57,470 --> 00:08:03,350
+measured perpendicular to the optical axis And by
+
+122
+00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:08,070
+convention are considered positive when the object
+
+123
+00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:12,470
+or image extends above the optical axis and
+
+124
+00:08:12,470 --> 00:08:16,170
+negative below the optical axis Let's go back to
+
+125
+00:08:16,170 --> 00:08:21,270
+the picture to correct our squareNow, I have two
+
+126
+00:08:21,270 --> 00:08:26,710
+very very very important things to know First of
+
+127
+00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:31,690
+all, the image height and the object height The
+
+128
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:33,730
+height of the image and the height of the object
+
+129
+00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:36,990
+must be measured vertically from the optical axis
+
+130
+00:08:36,990 --> 00:08:40,530
+In other words, this is my body, the vertical
+
+131
+00:08:40,530 --> 00:08:43,650
+height of this body is considered the object
+
+132
+00:08:43,650 --> 00:08:47,080
+heightThe vertical height of the image is
+
+133
+00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:49,480
+considered the image height You might say, well,
+
+134
+00:08:49,540 --> 00:08:51,820
+why did we measure the word vertical? That's it,
+
+135
+00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:54,000
+we say the height of the body and the height of
+
+136
+00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,140
+the image We say we measured it to know something
+
+137
+00:08:57,140 --> 00:09:01,200
+very important, that not all bodies are parallel I
+
+138
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:06,160
+might find an object or a curved bodyفإذا عندي جسم
+
+139
+00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:10,020
+مائل، نفرض عندي نخلة فيها ميلها، و هي الجسم، نخلة
+
+140
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:16,000
+مائلة، مابجيش أجيس ارتفاعها على طول جسم النخلة، لأ
+
+141
+00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:21,550
+من أعلى نقطة في النخلة بأسقط عمود أسقاطuntil I
+
+142
+00:09:21,550 --> 00:09:24,450
+reach the optical axis, the optical axis is the
+
+143
+00:09:24,450 --> 00:09:26,470
+reference line, it is the basis that I want to get
+
+144
+00:09:26,470 --> 00:09:30,270
+from it I drop a column from this sloping body or
+
+145
+00:09:30,270 --> 00:09:32,890
+from this sloping palm from the highest point in
+
+146
+00:09:32,890 --> 00:09:36,640
+it, I drop a column, the height of the columnIt is
+
+147
+00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:38,480
+the height of the palm tree in the science of
+
+148
+00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,040
+geometrical optics Not the length of the palm
+
+149
+00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:44,160
+tree, I say its height from the optical axis When
+
+150
+00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:46,920
+we say the height of a body from the surface of
+
+151
+00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:49,420
+the earth, we want to drop a column from this body
+
+152
+00:09:49,420 --> 00:09:52,520
+to the surface of the earth and we do not measure
+
+153
+00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,380
+the length of this body, how extended it is. We
+
+154
+00:09:55,380 --> 00:09:58,720
+have .. it can beI might have a body length of 10
+
+155
+00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:02,360
+cm, but the highest point in it is 2 cm away from
+
+156
+00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,000
+the optical axis, so I don't say the height is 10
+
+157
+00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:10,020
+cm, I say the height from the optical axis is 2 cm
+
+158
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:13,580
+high, 2 cm high Also, the picture might look
+
+159
+00:10:13,580 --> 00:10:16,280
+crooked, I mean a crooked picture, not necessarily
+
+160
+00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:20,600
+a regular picture, so I measure the height from ..
+
+161
+00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,210
+from .. from ..The highest point in it or if it is
+
+162
+00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:26,170
+overturned from the lowest point in it, I raise a
+
+163
+00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:29,050
+column until it reaches or I lower a column until
+
+164
+00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:32,950
+it reaches the optical axis, this column, this
+
+165
+00:10:32,950 --> 00:10:35,690
+column is the height of the image At that time,
+
+166
+00:10:35,830 --> 00:10:37,510
+when I determined the height of the image and
+
+167
+00:10:37,510 --> 00:10:39,790
+determined the height of the object, I calculate
+
+168
+00:10:39,790 --> 00:10:42,390
+the height of the image, its height, not its
+
+169
+00:10:42,390 --> 00:10:44,590
+lengthThe elevation of the image over the
+
+170
+00:10:44,590 --> 00:10:46,790
+elevation of the object gives me the transphase
+
+171
+00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:50,590
+magnification. This is the first thing. So the
+
+172
+00:10:50,590 --> 00:10:53,790
+vertical elevation of the object and the image is
+
+173
+00:10:53,790 --> 00:10:57,850
+what I use. The second thing, by convention, that
+
+174
+00:10:57,850 --> 00:11:02,570
+is, it was recognized or recognized in geometrical
+
+175
+00:11:02,570 --> 00:11:07,750
+optics that anything ..Irtifaa'u yamtad fawq ..
+
+176
+00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:12,190
+fawq ال optical axis يعتبر .. بنعطيله إشارة موجبة
+
+177
+00:11:12,190 --> 00:11:17,090
+بينما أي شيء سواء صورة أو جسم .. سواء صورة أو جسم
+
+178
+00:11:17,090 --> 00:11:22,070
+below the optical axis يعني جاي لتحت من ال optical
+
+179
+00:11:22,070 --> 00:11:27,170
+axis ارتفاعه بياخد إشارة minus إذا هنا ..Here it
+
+180
+00:11:27,170 --> 00:11:30,330
+is necessary to make an adjustment in the equation
+
+181
+00:11:30,330 --> 00:11:33,030
+that we wrote, we say that Transphase
+
+182
+00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,220
+Magnification is equal to Image HeightBut the
+
+183
+00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:38,820
+image is below the optical axis, so here we need
+
+184
+00:11:38,820 --> 00:11:45,420
+to put a minus sign So image height is minus two
+
+185
+00:11:45,420 --> 00:11:48,200
+centimeters, here the minus is not its quantity,
+
+186
+00:11:48,860 --> 00:11:52,640
+but it is below the optical axis On the object
+
+187
+00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:54,820
+height, the height of the object above the optical
+
+188
+00:11:54,820 --> 00:11:58,700
+axis remains without a sign or I can put a plus
+
+189
+00:11:58,700 --> 00:12:04,750
+sign Okay, minus two over four x minus halfهنا لما
+
+190
+00:12:04,750 --> 00:12:09,110
+بقول x معناته التكبير minus يعني الصورة مجلوبة أول
+
+191
+00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:13,110
+ما بشوف كلمة minus معناته الصورة مجلوبة بالنسبة لل
+
+192
+00:12:13,110 --> 00:12:17,360
+object ال object لفوق الصورة لتحتThe object above,
+
+193
+00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:20,580
+the object above the optical axis, the image below
+
+194
+00:12:20,580 --> 00:12:26,100
+it X minus half means the image is upside down, I
+
+195
+00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:28,900
+got it from the word minus And half of the object,
+
+196
+00:12:29,020 --> 00:12:31,920
+which is small, to half the height of the object
+
+197
+00:12:31,920 --> 00:12:33,980
+So if the height of the object is ten centimeters,
+
+198
+00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:35,900
+it will be five If the height of the object is
+
+199
+00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:38,100
+five centimeters, it will be two and a half We
+
+200
+00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:40,520
+have here in the example, the height of the object
+
+201
+00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:44,690
+is four centimetersThe height of the image is two
+
+202
+00:12:44,690 --> 00:12:47,700
+centimeters, so its height is half heightThe
+
+203
+00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:53,400
+object is an object and image heads are measured
+
+204
+00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,320
+perpendicular to the optical axis This is the
+
+205
+00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:58,340
+first thing, it is measured vertically from the
+
+206
+00:12:58,340 --> 00:13:01,900
+highest point or lowest point by dropping a column
+
+207
+00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:05,140
+on the optical axis and we measure the heights of
+
+208
+00:13:05,140 --> 00:13:07,860
+the body and the image and we divide the height of
+
+209
+00:13:07,860 --> 00:13:10,820
+the image by the height of the body The height of
+
+210
+00:13:10,820 --> 00:13:13,840
+the image by the height of the body by convention,
+
+211
+00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,380
+of course, is also known asare considered positive
+
+212
+00:13:17,380 --> 00:13:21,270
+on the object or image.extends above the optical
+
+213
+00:13:21,270 --> 00:13:24,090
+axis سواء ال object أو ال image إذا كان فوق ال
+
+214
+00:13:24,090 --> 00:13:28,190
+optical axis ساعتها هنعطيهم إشارة أو هذا الارتفاع
+
+215
+00:13:28,190 --> 00:13:31,910
+هنعطيه إشارة موجبة إذا كانوا تحت ال optical axis
+
+216
+00:13:31,910 --> 00:13:35,890
+ساعتها هنعطيهم إشارة سالبة ممكن إنسان يتعجب يقول
+
+217
+00:13:35,890 --> 00:13:39,670
+ممكن ال object يكون تحت ال optical axis أه ممكن و
+
+218
+00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:43,070
+هذا هنشرحه إن شاء الله في وقته ال image ممكن تكون
+
+219
+00:13:43,070 --> 00:13:46,530
+فوق أو تحت نعم كل من ال object أو ال image ممكن
+
+220
+00:13:46,530 --> 00:13:50,090
+يكون فوق ال optical axisوممكن يكون تحت ال optical
+
+221
+00:13:50,090 --> 00:13:54,890
+axis و هذا هيجيله وقته للتعرف عليه .. للتعرف عليه
+
+222
+00:13:55,380 --> 00:13:58,720
+if for example let's take an example if the object
+
+223
+00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:02,680
+height is plus 6 cm when we say plus 6 cm it means
+
+224
+00:14:02,680 --> 00:14:07,000
+above the optical axis the object height is plus 6
+
+225
+00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:12,560
+cm and the image height is minus 3 cm then the
+
+226
+00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:16,440
+transference magnification is equal to minus half
+
+227
+00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:19,780
+to make it clear as an equation if we get used to
+
+228
+00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:24,120
+solving equations I will add a strip here and I
+
+229
+00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:28,870
+will start I write, let's say in the example they
+
+230
+00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:34,030
+gave us they gave us the object plus 6 cm and the
+
+231
+00:14:34,030 --> 00:14:38,670
+image minus 3 cm let's say transfers magnification
+
+232
+00:14:38,670 --> 00:14:48,330
+equals image height over object height object
+
+233
+00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:54,130
+let's write it correctly object height and equals
+
+234
+00:14:54,130 --> 00:14:54,670
+of course
+
+235
+00:14:58,780 --> 00:15:04,180
+image height minus 3cm
+
+236
+00:15:04,180 --> 00:15:07,420
+because the image is below the optical axis
+
+237
+00:15:13,020 --> 00:15:16,840
+and equals first thing when I calculate the
+
+238
+00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,440
+transference magnification I have to put an X sign
+
+239
+00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,820
+X means magnified like this because some devices
+
+240
+00:15:22,820 --> 00:15:26,060
+like cameras and some phones or when I zoom in I
+
+241
+00:15:26,060 --> 00:15:28,400
+find a sign on the edge of the screen that shows
+
+242
+00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,920
+me how many times the image is magnified and I
+
+243
+00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:37,160
+magnify it how many times so X minus over plus is
+
+244
+00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:42,660
+minus three over six which is half zero point five
+
+245
+00:15:44,590 --> 00:15:47,770
+Okay, centimeter by centimeter it goes x minus
+
+246
+00:15:47,770 --> 00:15:53,670
+half, x minus half means that we are talking about
+
+247
+00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:55,770
+an inverted image, we know that it is inverted
+
+248
+00:15:55,770 --> 00:15:59,230
+because of the minus sign and it is smaller than
+
+249
+00:15:59,230 --> 00:16:02,230
+half the height of the object, higher than half
+
+250
+00:16:02,230 --> 00:16:05,570
+the height of the object meaning that the image is
+
+251
+00:16:05,570 --> 00:16:11,790
+inverted and half as large as the object Now we
+
+252
+00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,810
+come to a pointNext, it is known that the objects
+
+253
+00:16:15,810 --> 00:16:20,610
+that we know or see in our life have no distance
+
+254
+00:16:20,610 --> 00:16:22,130
+from each other, which means that we are correct
+
+255
+00:16:22,130 --> 00:16:24,990
+when we draw in geometrical objects, here we can
+
+256
+00:16:24,990 --> 00:16:29,030
+see the object or we will represent it with an
+
+257
+00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:32,510
+arrow from now on, so maybe the arrow is what
+
+258
+00:16:32,510 --> 00:16:35,270
+indicates the object, right? But objects are known
+
+259
+00:16:35,270 --> 00:16:38,430
+to be triangular, or most likely to be triangular
+
+260
+00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:42,150
+in dimensionsAnd maybe some people consider it as
+
+261
+00:16:42,150 --> 00:16:46,430
+a dispute that it's two dimensions, for example,
+
+262
+00:16:46,530 --> 00:16:50,310
+the A4 paper has length and width, the rest of the
+
+263
+00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:54,200
+objects, for example, I havewooden box, or metal,
+
+264
+00:16:54,580 --> 00:16:59,240
+or glass,
+
+265
+00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:03,640
+for example All of these are triple dimensions,
+
+266
+00:17:03,780 --> 00:17:07,020
+they have length, width, and height The transfers
+
+267
+00:17:07,020 --> 00:17:10,280
+magnification applies to linear dimensions
+
+268
+00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:14,980
+Transfers magnification applies to all dimensions
+
+269
+00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:17,780
+of the body In other words, if I have a body twice
+
+270
+00:17:17,780 --> 00:17:18,540
+the dimensions
+
+271
+00:17:21,340 --> 00:17:25,240
+يعني مثلا قلنا عندنا ورقة طولها أربع صانطي أو
+
+272
+00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:29,540
+خلينا نقول عرضها أربع صانطي و طولها ستة صانطي
+
+273
+00:17:29,540 --> 00:17:34,260
+اعتبرناها object imaged يعني تم تصويرها with a
+
+274
+00:17:34,260 --> 00:17:39,960
+magnification of two معناتهdouble the image of
+
+275
+00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:46,300
+this object, we have a paper 4x6 cm long in width,
+
+276
+00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:50,140
+we took a picture of the paper, we considered the
+
+277
+00:17:50,140 --> 00:17:53,420
+paper as the object, as the body, and we made a
+
+278
+00:17:53,420 --> 00:17:57,710
+picture of it through a lensحنحصل على صورة مكبرة
+
+279
+00:17:57,710 --> 00:18:01,410
+مرتين ال magnification ال transfers magnification
+
+280
+00:18:01,410 --> 00:18:05,310
+مرتين اش يعني مرتين؟ مين من البعدين هدول اتكبر
+
+281
+00:18:05,310 --> 00:18:10,770
+مرتين؟ ال 4 cm اللي هي العرض ولا ال 6 cm الط��ل لأ
+
+282
+00:18:10,770 --> 00:18:15,090
+هم التنين كل واحد منهم اتكبر مرتين يعني ال 4 cm في
+
+283
+00:18:15,090 --> 00:18:19,910
+الصورة صارت 8 cm و ال 6 cm في الصورة صارت 12 cm
+
+284
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:24,940
+اذا الصورة هتكون 8 cm في 12 cmOkay, the area of
+
+285
+00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:27,040
+​​the image compared to the area of ​​the object
+
+286
+00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:32,960
+Let's solve this example and this issue will be
+
+287
+00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:36,160
+clarified So, we say as follows, the area of
+
+288
+00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:48,360
+​​this .. we say the area of ​​the object is equal
+
+289
+00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:51,800
+to four times
+
+290
+00:19:01,310 --> 00:19:14,270
+4 x 6 is equal to 24 cm2 while
+
+291
+00:19:14,270 --> 00:19:20,610
+the area of the image is
+
+292
+00:19:20,610 --> 00:19:25,710
+equal to 4 cm which is equal to 8 cm
+
+293
+00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:35,920
+Darb 12 cm because the second dimension was
+
+294
+00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:45,720
+enlarged twice as well, 12 cm is equal to 96
+
+295
+00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:50,620
+cm²
+
+296
+00:19:50,620 --> 00:19:55,800
+So all of the dimensionsكل من الأبعاد اتضاعف
+
+297
+00:19:55,800 --> 00:20:00,140
+مرتين، العرض اتضاعف مرتين، والطول اتضاعف مرتين،
+
+298
+00:20:00,140 --> 00:20:03,860
+إذا المساحة الكلية هتتضاعف جد إيش؟ بيجسم مساحة
+
+299
+00:20:03,860 --> 00:20:07,460
+الصورة ع مساحة ال object، المساحة الكلية هتكون
+
+300
+00:20:07,460 --> 00:20:21,880
+تضاعفت، تضاعف في المساحة يساوي مساحة الصورة تقسيم
+
+301
+00:20:22,740 --> 00:20:26,640
+The area of the body, which is considered to be a
+
+302
+00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:35,160
+two-dimensional body is equal to 96 cm²
+
+303
+00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,180
+over 24
+
+304
+00:20:51,850 --> 00:20:57,230
+Square centimeter and it's equal to four times,
+
+305
+00:20:57,410 --> 00:21:04,690
+four times, four times and x is four No, it was x
+
+306
+00:21:04,690 --> 00:21:09,630
+with flowers, x is four, four times, four times,
+
+307
+00:21:09,770 --> 00:21:16,720
+it doubled in space four timesمساحة الجسم، جد
+
+308
+00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:20,720
+مساحة الجسم. إذا ال transfers magnification
+
+309
+00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:24,400
+applies to linear dimensions لكل الإرتفاعات أو
+
+310
+00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:29,390
+المجسات أو الحدود بتاعت ال object. For example4 cm
+
+311
+00:21:29,390 --> 00:21:32,950
+x 6 cm object imaged with a magnification of 2
+
+312
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:38,610
+both
+
+313
+00:21:38,610 --> 00:21:42,930
+width
+
+314
+00:21:42,930 --> 00:21:50,910
+and length double yielding
+
+315
+00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:56,610
+means 4 fold increase in image areaFour times more
+
+316
+00:21:56,610 --> 00:21:59,710
+than the area of the image compared to the area of
+
+317
+00:21:59,710 --> 00:22:03,750
+the object Compared to the area of the object
+
+318
+00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:08,970
+Generally, the multiplication sign is used to
+
+319
+00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,050
+indicate magnification When I see the
+
+320
+00:22:12,050 --> 00:22:13,070
+multiplication sign, I know that there is a
+
+321
+00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:15,910
+magnification for the image either bigger than the
+
+322
+00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:20,580
+body or smaller than the bodyor جد الجسم حسب الرقم
+
+323
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:23,600
+اللي أنا بشوفه بعدها، X معناته فيه magnification،
+
+324
+00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,440
+إذا قولنا X واحد معناته الصورة جد الجسم، لا أصغر
+
+325
+00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:32,780
+ولا أكبر، إذا كونت أقل من واحد معناته فيه تصغيرإذا
+
+326
+00:22:32,780 --> 00:22:36,460
+كانت أكبر من واحد، معناته فيه تكبير، يعني بمعنى
+
+327
+00:22:36,460 --> 00:22:42,300
+زيادة في اللي هو التكبير بتاع الصورة، زيادة في
+
+328
+00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:45,820
+التكبير بتاع الصورة، هنتوقف عند هذه النقطة و
+
+329
+00:22:45,820 --> 00:22:49,280
+هنستكمل ان شاء الله المرة القادمة و يعطيكم العافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/dgi4DFryNLg_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,1320 @@
+1
+00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:06,180
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim, we stopped at the
+
+2
+00:00:06,180 --> 00:00:09,380
+image characteristics, which are the attributes of
+
+3
+00:00:09,380 --> 00:00:12,280
+the image We said that the journey starts from the
+
+4
+00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:16,620
+object, through the optical system, and ends with
+
+5
+00:00:16,620 --> 00:00:19,740
+the image We talked last time about the object
+
+6
+00:00:19,740 --> 00:00:22,240
+characteristics, the attributes of the object, and
+
+7
+00:00:22,240 --> 00:00:23,860
+we said that what matters to us are two
+
+8
+00:00:23,860 --> 00:00:25,500
+attributes, which are location, the location of
+
+9
+00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:29,310
+the objectfor the optical system, how far it goes
+
+10
+00:00:29,310 --> 00:00:30,970
+away from it, and the second thing is the
+
+11
+00:00:30,970 --> 00:00:33,130
+luminosity of the object, which means the
+
+12
+00:00:33,130 --> 00:00:37,890
+luminosity of the object, and it tells us that the
+
+13
+00:00:37,890 --> 00:00:40,270
+object, any object in the world, can be either
+
+14
+00:00:40,270 --> 00:00:43,870
+dimmed by itself, emitting its natural light,
+
+15
+00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:47,230
+which is like the light of the sun, the light of a
+
+16
+00:00:47,230 --> 00:00:52,560
+candle, fire, etc, or dimmedفى حالة ما يكون مضاء
+
+17
+00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:56,860
+يعني ساقط عليه ضوء آخر، مش ذاتى الإضاءة، ساقط عليه
+
+18
+00:00:56,860 --> 00:01:00,680
+ضوء آخر، ضرورى يكون عاكس، ضرورى يكون عاكس. اليوم
+
+19
+00:01:00,680 --> 00:01:03,900
+فى ال image characteristics اللى هى الصفات بتاعة
+
+20
+00:01:03,900 --> 00:01:09,120
+الصورة، هنتحدث عن أربع صفات، ال magnification،
+
+21
+00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:12,610
+التكبيرthe location, the location of the image of
+
+22
+00:01:12,610 --> 00:01:17,070
+course for the optical system, the quality, the
+
+23
+00:01:17,070 --> 00:01:19,390
+quality of the image, and the brightness, the
+
+24
+00:01:19,390 --> 00:01:23,310
+amount of light or the clarity of the image The
+
+25
+00:01:23,310 --> 00:01:26,070
+quality, which is how much the image resembles the
+
+26
+00:01:26,070 --> 00:01:29,690
+object, whether it is 80 percent, 90 percent, 95
+
+27
+00:01:29,690 --> 00:01:34,350
+percent, close to 100 percent, etc. Therefore, the
+
+28
+00:01:34,350 --> 00:01:38,760
+quality means how much the image resemblesThe
+
+29
+00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:40,960
+object, not the image that resembles the object,
+
+30
+00:01:41,380 --> 00:01:44,220
+which is its image, which is its image Let's start
+
+31
+00:01:44,220 --> 00:01:48,420
+talking about magnification and we say that the
+
+32
+00:01:48,420 --> 00:01:51,880
+word magnification means to magnify, while in the
+
+33
+00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,000
+science of geometric optics, the word
+
+34
+00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,820
+magnification can mean to magnifyوممكن تعني
+
+35
+00:01:57,820 --> 00:02:04,480
+التصغير التصغير فبالتالي هنبدأ نتعامل مع أول صفة
+
+36
+00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,480
+من صفات الصورة اللي هي إيش ال magnification ال
+
+37
+00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,440
+magnification ال magnification في عندنا تلت أنواع
+
+38
+00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:17,420
+من ال magnification أو التكبير ال three types are
+
+39
+00:02:17,420 --> 00:02:21,080
+considered in geometrical optics ال transfers
+
+40
+00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:26,350
+magnification و ال angular magnificationوالـ axial
+
+41
+00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:31,730
+magnification The ratio of the height of an image
+
+42
+00:02:31,730 --> 00:02:34,730
+to the height of the corresponding object is known
+
+43
+00:02:34,730 --> 00:02:39,370
+as Transverse Magnification نسبة ارتفاع الصورة
+
+44
+00:02:39,370 --> 00:02:44,710
+لارتفاع الجسم بتاعها اللي هي صورته يعتبر او هو
+
+45
+00:02:44,710 --> 00:02:48,250
+عبارة عن تعريف لـ Transverse Magnification هو
+
+46
+00:02:48,250 --> 00:02:52,350
+تعريف لـ Transverse MagnificationI have a body,
+
+47
+00:02:52,550 --> 00:02:55,050
+which is a candle, and I have an optical system,
+
+48
+00:02:55,350 --> 00:02:57,370
+and these are the components of a picture. A
+
+49
+00:02:57,370 --> 00:02:58,570
+person can tell me that the picture is upside
+
+50
+00:02:58,570 --> 00:03:01,170
+down. Now we are not discussing if the picture is
+
+51
+00:03:01,170 --> 00:03:04,270
+upside down or straight. We see that the picture
+
+52
+00:03:04,270 --> 00:03:07,730
+appears to be upright, and as I said beforeThe
+
+53
+00:03:07,730 --> 00:03:10,550
+magnification in the science of geometrical optics
+
+54
+00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:13,930
+can mean magnification and can mean diminution,
+
+55
+00:03:13,990 --> 00:03:18,550
+but for me it is called magnification We say the
+
+56
+00:03:18,550 --> 00:03:21,650
+definition of Transverse Magnification Transverse
+
+57
+00:03:21,650 --> 00:03:24,830
+Magnification is the first type of the three types
+
+58
+00:03:24,830 --> 00:03:27,650
+of magnification, which is the ratio of the height
+
+59
+00:03:27,650 --> 00:03:31,070
+of the image to the height of the objectThe ratio
+
+60
+00:03:31,070 --> 00:03:33,010
+of the height of the image to the height of the
+
+61
+00:03:33,010 --> 00:03:34,330
+object, excuse me, to the height of the object,
+
+62
+00:03:34,630 --> 00:03:37,470
+that is, if we say to transphase magnification,
+
+63
+00:03:37,890 --> 00:03:42,450
+what is equal as an equation? Image height over
+
+64
+00:03:42,450 --> 00:03:47,010
+object height, image height is divided by object
+
+65
+00:03:47,010 --> 00:03:49,470
+height, here we have the image height is 2 cm in
+
+66
+00:03:49,470 --> 00:03:55,380
+the image and the object height is 4 cmtwo
+
+67
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:59,180
+centimeters over four centimeters becomes half ..
+
+68
+00:03:59,180 --> 00:04:03,080
+becomes half .. so it is very important to have
+
+69
+00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:09,820
+clear things .. clear things Now to clarify more,
+
+70
+00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:20,400
+we want to say as follows .. we
+
+71
+00:04:20,400 --> 00:04:22,480
+want to try to measure a square of half
+
+72
+00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:36,140
+transphase magnification is equal to image height
+
+73
+00:04:36,140 --> 00:04:50,080
+which is 2 cm by object height which is 4 cm and
+
+74
+00:04:50,080 --> 00:04:54,620
+it is equal to of course there is a sign that we
+
+75
+00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:59,230
+will put fortransfers magnification to the x-axis
+
+76
+00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:02,810
+x means how big is the image, how many times, how
+
+77
+00:05:02,810 --> 00:05:11,270
+many times 2 by 4.5 and cm by cm goes away, it
+
+78
+00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:12,690
+doesn't differentiate because it's a percentage
+
+79
+00:05:12,690 --> 00:05:17,330
+and percentages don't differentiate, so I have to
+
+80
+00:05:17,330 --> 00:05:21,690
+transfer magnification to the high imagetransfers
+
+81
+00:05:21,690 --> 00:05:25,770
+magnification for this image is 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x
+
+82
+00:05:25,770 --> 00:05:31,350
+1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1
+
+83
+00:05:31,350 --> 00:05:35,610
+.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
+
+84
+00:05:35,610 --> 00:05:37,010
+x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x
+
+85
+00:05:37,010 --> 00:05:37,430
+1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1
+
+86
+00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:37,430
+.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
+
+87
+00:05:37,430 --> 00:05:43,710
+x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x
+
+88
+00:05:43,710 --> 00:05:48,260
+1.5يعني لما بشوف إشارة X معناته أنا بتكلم عن ال
+
+89
+00:05:48,260 --> 00:05:52,800
+transfers magnification يعني كام مرة مكبر الصورة
+
+90
+00:05:52,800 --> 00:05:56,020
+مقارنة مع ال object؟ هنا نص مرة، إيش يعني لما أشوف
+
+91
+00:05:56,020 --> 00:06:04,450
+X نص؟ X نص يعني .. يعني ..Picture's height is half
+
+92
+00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:06,850
+the height of the object If we find in another
+
+93
+00:06:06,850 --> 00:06:11,810
+example that the picture is for example 6 cm Then
+
+94
+00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:14,650
+I want to multiply the image height which is 6 cm
+
+95
+00:06:14,650 --> 00:06:18,630
+by the object height which is 4 cm it becomes x
+
+96
+00:06:18,630 --> 00:06:22,790
+one and a third x one and a third or x one and a
+
+97
+00:06:22,790 --> 00:06:32,590
+half which is six over four which is ..one and a
+
+98
+00:06:32,590 --> 00:06:35,970
+half, one and a half, one and a half, one and a
+
+99
+00:06:35,970 --> 00:06:37,950
+half means that the image is very big and it is
+
+100
+00:06:37,950 --> 00:06:40,910
+half the size of the object Okay, if I find the
+
+101
+00:06:40,910 --> 00:06:49,110
+image, the height of the image is about four
+
+102
+00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:51,650
+centimeters, sometimes I say it transfers
+
+103
+00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,190
+magnification, it transfers magnification equals
+
+104
+00:06:55,190 --> 00:06:58,870
+the image heightthe height of the image which is 4
+
+105
+00:06:58,870 --> 00:07:02,530
+cm over the height of the object which is 4 cm 4
+
+106
+00:07:02,530 --> 00:07:08,450
+cm divided by 4 cm gives me x1 which means that
+
+107
+00:07:08,450 --> 00:07:10,570
+the height of the image is equal to the height of
+
+108
+00:07:10,570 --> 00:07:11,990
+the object which means that neither it is
+
+109
+00:07:11,990 --> 00:07:15,450
+magnified nor it is reduced, the magnification is
+
+110
+00:07:15,450 --> 00:07:21,210
+that it is really the object so what transfers
+
+111
+00:07:21,210 --> 00:07:25,230
+magnificationIt's the height of an image to the
+
+112
+00:07:25,230 --> 00:07:27,970
+height ratio, of course, and ratio means the
+
+113
+00:07:27,970 --> 00:07:30,010
+percentage, the percentage is not distinguished I
+
+114
+00:07:30,010 --> 00:07:33,850
+measure heights in centimeters, but when I divide
+
+115
+00:07:33,850 --> 00:07:36,050
+a centimeter by a centimeter, the centimeter goes
+
+116
+00:07:36,050 --> 00:07:38,190
+with the centimeter, and two over four here gives
+
+117
+00:07:38,190 --> 00:07:41,730
+me a half, that is, x, x half or multiply by half,
+
+118
+00:07:42,070 --> 00:07:45,410
+that is, the image in this case is half the height
+
+119
+00:07:45,410 --> 00:07:49,190
+of the object, half the height of the object, then
+
+120
+00:07:49,190 --> 00:07:53,690
+transfers magnificationImage height is equal to
+
+121
+00:07:53,690 --> 00:07:57,470
+object height Object and image heights are
+
+122
+00:07:57,470 --> 00:08:03,350
+measured perpendicular to the optical axis And by
+
+123
+00:08:03,350 --> 00:08:08,070
+convention are considered positive when the object
+
+124
+00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:12,470
+or image extends above the optical axis and
+
+125
+00:08:12,470 --> 00:08:16,170
+negative below the optical axis Let's go back to
+
+126
+00:08:16,170 --> 00:08:21,270
+the picture to correct our squareNow, I have two
+
+127
+00:08:21,270 --> 00:08:26,710
+very very very important things to know First of
+
+128
+00:08:26,710 --> 00:08:31,690
+all, the image height and the object height The
+
+129
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:33,730
+height of the image and the height of the object
+
+130
+00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:36,990
+must be measured vertically from the optical axis
+
+131
+00:08:36,990 --> 00:08:40,530
+In other words, this is my body, the vertical
+
+132
+00:08:40,530 --> 00:08:43,650
+height of this body is considered the object
+
+133
+00:08:43,650 --> 00:08:47,080
+heightThe vertical height of the image is
+
+134
+00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:49,480
+considered the image height You might say, well,
+
+135
+00:08:49,540 --> 00:08:51,820
+why did we measure the word vertical? That's it,
+
+136
+00:08:51,880 --> 00:08:54,000
+we say the height of the body and the height of
+
+137
+00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,140
+the image We say we measured it to know something
+
+138
+00:08:57,140 --> 00:09:01,200
+very important, that not all bodies are parallel I
+
+139
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:06,160
+might find an object or a curved bodyفإذا عندي جسم
+
+140
+00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:10,020
+مائل، نفرض عندي نخلة فيها ميلها، و هي الجسم، نخلة
+
+141
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:16,000
+مائلة، مابجيش أجيس ارتفاعها على طول جسم النخلة، لأ
+
+142
+00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:21,550
+من أعلى نقطة في النخلة بأسقط عمود أسقاطuntil I
+
+143
+00:09:21,550 --> 00:09:24,450
+reach the optical axis, the optical axis is the
+
+144
+00:09:24,450 --> 00:09:26,470
+reference line, it is the basis that I want to get
+
+145
+00:09:26,470 --> 00:09:30,270
+from it I drop a column from this sloping body or
+
+146
+00:09:30,270 --> 00:09:32,890
+from this sloping palm from the highest point in
+
+147
+00:09:32,890 --> 00:09:36,640
+it, I drop a column, the height of the columnIt is
+
+148
+00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:38,480
+the height of the palm tree in the science of
+
+149
+00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,040
+geometrical optics Not the length of the palm
+
+150
+00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:44,160
+tree, I say its height from the optical axis When
+
+151
+00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:46,920
+we say the height of a body from the surface of
+
+152
+00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:49,420
+the earth, we want to drop a column from this body
+
+153
+00:09:49,420 --> 00:09:52,520
+to the surface of the earth and we do not measure
+
+154
+00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,380
+the length of this body, how extended it is. We
+
+155
+00:09:55,380 --> 00:09:58,720
+have .. it can beI might have a body length of 10
+
+156
+00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:02,360
+cm, but the highest point in it is 2 cm away from
+
+157
+00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,000
+the optical axis, so I don't say the height is 10
+
+158
+00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:10,020
+cm, I say the height from the optical axis is 2 cm
+
+159
+00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:13,580
+high, 2 cm high Also, the picture might look
+
+160
+00:10:13,580 --> 00:10:16,280
+crooked, I mean a crooked picture, not necessarily
+
+161
+00:10:16,280 --> 00:10:20,600
+a regular picture, so I measure the height from ..
+
+162
+00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,210
+from .. from ..The highest point in it or if it is
+
+163
+00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:26,170
+overturned from the lowest point in it, I raise a
+
+164
+00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:29,050
+column until it reaches or I lower a column until
+
+165
+00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:32,950
+it reaches the optical axis, this column, this
+
+166
+00:10:32,950 --> 00:10:35,690
+column is the height of the image At that time,
+
+167
+00:10:35,830 --> 00:10:37,510
+when I determined the height of the image and
+
+168
+00:10:37,510 --> 00:10:39,790
+determined the height of the object, I calculate
+
+169
+00:10:39,790 --> 00:10:42,390
+the height of the image, its height, not its
+
+170
+00:10:42,390 --> 00:10:44,590
+lengthThe elevation of the image over the
+
+171
+00:10:44,590 --> 00:10:46,790
+elevation of the object gives me the transphase
+
+172
+00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:50,590
+magnification. This is the first thing. So the
+
+173
+00:10:50,590 --> 00:10:53,790
+vertical elevation of the object and the image is
+
+174
+00:10:53,790 --> 00:10:57,850
+what I use. The second thing, by convention, that
+
+175
+00:10:57,850 --> 00:11:02,570
+is, it was recognized or recognized in geometrical
+
+176
+00:11:02,570 --> 00:11:07,750
+optics that anything ..Irtifaa'u yamtad fawq ..
+
+177
+00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:12,190
+fawq ال optical axis يعتبر .. بنعطيله إشارة موجبة
+
+178
+00:11:12,190 --> 00:11:17,090
+بينما أي شيء سواء صورة أو جسم .. سواء صورة أو جسم
+
+179
+00:11:17,090 --> 00:11:22,070
+below the optical axis يعني جاي لتحت من ال optical
+
+180
+00:11:22,070 --> 00:11:27,170
+axis ارتفاعه بياخد إشارة minus إذا هنا ..Here it
+
+181
+00:11:27,170 --> 00:11:30,330
+is necessary to make an adjustment in the equation
+
+182
+00:11:30,330 --> 00:11:33,030
+that we wrote, we say that Transphase
+
+183
+00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,220
+Magnification is equal to Image HeightBut the
+
+184
+00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:38,820
+image is below the optical axis, so here we need
+
+185
+00:11:38,820 --> 00:11:45,420
+to put a minus sign So image height is minus two
+
+186
+00:11:45,420 --> 00:11:48,200
+centimeters, here the minus is not its quantity,
+
+187
+00:11:48,860 --> 00:11:52,640
+but it is below the optical axis On the object
+
+188
+00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:54,820
+height, the height of the object above the optical
+
+189
+00:11:54,820 --> 00:11:58,700
+axis remains without a sign or I can put a plus
+
+190
+00:11:58,700 --> 00:12:04,750
+sign Okay, minus two over four x minus halfهنا لما
+
+191
+00:12:04,750 --> 00:12:09,110
+بقول x معناته التكبير minus يعني الصورة مجلوبة أول
+
+192
+00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:13,110
+ما بشوف كلمة minus معناته الصورة مجلوبة بالنسبة لل
+
+193
+00:12:13,110 --> 00:12:17,360
+object ال object لفوق الصورة لتحتThe object above,
+
+194
+00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:20,580
+the object above the optical axis, the image below
+
+195
+00:12:20,580 --> 00:12:26,100
+it X minus half means the image is upside down, I
+
+196
+00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:28,900
+got it from the word minus And half of the object,
+
+197
+00:12:29,020 --> 00:12:31,920
+which is small, to half the height of the object
+
+198
+00:12:31,920 --> 00:12:33,980
+So if the height of the object is ten centimeters,
+
+199
+00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:35,900
+it will be five If the height of the object is
+
+200
+00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:38,100
+five centimeters, it will be two and a half We
+
+201
+00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:40,520
+have here in the example, the height of the object
+
+202
+00:12:40,520 --> 00:12:44,690
+is four centimetersThe height of the image is two
+
+203
+00:12:44,690 --> 00:12:47,700
+centimeters, so its height is half heightThe
+
+204
+00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:53,400
+object is an object and image heads are measured
+
+205
+00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,320
+perpendicular to the optical axis This is the
+
+206
+00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:58,340
+first thing, it is measured vertically from the
+
+207
+00:12:58,340 --> 00:13:01,900
+highest point or lowest point by dropping a column
+
+208
+00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:05,140
+on the optical axis and we measure the heights of
+
+209
+00:13:05,140 --> 00:13:07,860
+the body and the image and we divide the height of
+
+210
+00:13:07,860 --> 00:13:10,820
+the image by the height of the body The height of
+
+211
+00:13:10,820 --> 00:13:13,840
+the image by the height of the body by convention,
+
+212
+00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,380
+of course, is also known asare considered positive
+
+213
+00:13:17,380 --> 00:13:21,270
+on the object or image.extends above the optical
+
+214
+00:13:21,270 --> 00:13:24,090
+axis سواء ال object أو ال image إذا كان فوق ال
+
+215
+00:13:24,090 --> 00:13:28,190
+optical axis ساعتها هنعطيهم إشارة أو هذا الارتفاع
+
+216
+00:13:28,190 --> 00:13:31,910
+هنعطيه إشارة موجبة إذا كانوا تحت ال optical axis
+
+217
+00:13:31,910 --> 00:13:35,890
+ساعتها هنعطيهم إشارة سالبة ممكن إنسان يتعجب يقول
+
+218
+00:13:35,890 --> 00:13:39,670
+ممكن ال object يكون تحت ال optical axis أه ممكن و
+
+219
+00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:43,070
+هذا هنشرحه إن شاء الله في وقته ال image ممكن تكون
+
+220
+00:13:43,070 --> 00:13:46,530
+فوق أو تحت نعم كل من ال object أو ال image ممكن
+
+221
+00:13:46,530 --> 00:13:50,090
+يكون فوق ال optical axisوممكن يكون تحت ال optical
+
+222
+00:13:50,090 --> 00:13:54,890
+axis و هذا هيجيله وقته للتعرف عليه .. للتعرف عليه
+
+223
+00:13:55,380 --> 00:13:58,720
+if for example let's take an example if the object
+
+224
+00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:02,680
+height is plus 6 cm when we say plus 6 cm it means
+
+225
+00:14:02,680 --> 00:14:07,000
+above the optical axis the object height is plus 6
+
+226
+00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:12,560
+cm and the image height is minus 3 cm then the
+
+227
+00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:16,440
+transference magnification is equal to minus half
+
+228
+00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:19,780
+to make it clear as an equation if we get used to
+
+229
+00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:24,120
+solving equations I will add a strip here and I
+
+230
+00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:28,870
+will start I write, let's say in the example they
+
+231
+00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:34,030
+gave us they gave us the object plus 6 cm and the
+
+232
+00:14:34,030 --> 00:14:38,670
+image minus 3 cm let's say transfers magnification
+
+233
+00:14:38,670 --> 00:14:48,330
+equals image height over object height object
+
+234
+00:14:48,330 --> 00:14:54,130
+let's write it correctly object height and equals
+
+235
+00:14:54,130 --> 00:14:54,670
+of course
+
+236
+00:14:58,780 --> 00:15:04,180
+image height minus 3cm
+
+237
+00:15:04,180 --> 00:15:07,420
+because the image is below the optical axis
+
+238
+00:15:13,020 --> 00:15:16,840
+and equals first thing when I calculate the
+
+239
+00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:19,440
+transference magnification I have to put an X sign
+
+240
+00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,820
+X means magnified like this because some devices
+
+241
+00:15:22,820 --> 00:15:26,060
+like cameras and some phones or when I zoom in I
+
+242
+00:15:26,060 --> 00:15:28,400
+find a sign on the edge of the screen that shows
+
+243
+00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,920
+me how many times the image is magnified and I
+
+244
+00:15:31,920 --> 00:15:37,160
+magnify it how many times so X minus over plus is
+
+245
+00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:42,660
+minus three over six which is half zero point five
+
+246
+00:15:44,590 --> 00:15:47,770
+Okay, centimeter by centimeter it goes x minus
+
+247
+00:15:47,770 --> 00:15:53,670
+half, x minus half means that we are talking about
+
+248
+00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:55,770
+an inverted image, we know that it is inverted
+
+249
+00:15:55,770 --> 00:15:59,230
+because of the minus sign and it is smaller than
+
+250
+00:15:59,230 --> 00:16:02,230
+half the height of the object, higher than half
+
+251
+00:16:02,230 --> 00:16:05,570
+the height of the object meaning that the image is
+
+252
+00:16:05,570 --> 00:16:11,790
+inverted and half as large as the object Now we
+
+253
+00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,810
+come to a pointNext, it is known that the objects
+
+254
+00:16:15,810 --> 00:16:20,610
+that we know or see in our life have no distance
+
+255
+00:16:20,610 --> 00:16:22,130
+from each other, which means that we are correct
+
+256
+00:16:22,130 --> 00:16:24,990
+when we draw in geometrical objects, here we can
+
+257
+00:16:24,990 --> 00:16:29,030
+see the object or we will represent it with an
+
+258
+00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:32,510
+arrow from now on, so maybe the arrow is what
+
+259
+00:16:32,510 --> 00:16:35,270
+indicates the object, right? But objects are known
+
+260
+00:16:35,270 --> 00:16:38,430
+to be triangular, or most likely to be triangular
+
+261
+00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:42,150
+in dimensionsAnd maybe some people consider it as
+
+262
+00:16:42,150 --> 00:16:46,430
+a dispute that it's two dimensions, for example,
+
+263
+00:16:46,530 --> 00:16:50,310
+the A4 paper has length and width, the rest of the
+
+264
+00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:54,200
+objects, for example, I havewooden box, or metal,
+
+265
+00:16:54,580 --> 00:16:59,240
+or glass,
+
+266
+00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:03,640
+for example All of these are triple dimensions,
+
+267
+00:17:03,780 --> 00:17:07,020
+they have length, width, and height The transfers
+
+268
+00:17:07,020 --> 00:17:10,280
+magnification applies to linear dimensions
+
+269
+00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:14,980
+Transfers magnification applies to all dimensions
+
+270
+00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:17,780
+of the body In other words, if I have a body twice
+
+271
+00:17:17,780 --> 00:17:18,540
+the dimensions
+
+272
+00:17:21,340 --> 00:17:25,240
+يعني مثلا قلنا عندنا ورقة طولها أربع صانطي أو
+
+273
+00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:29,540
+خلينا نقول عرضها أربع صانطي و طولها ستة صانطي
+
+274
+00:17:29,540 --> 00:17:34,260
+اعتبرناها object imaged يعني تم تصويرها with a
+
+275
+00:17:34,260 --> 00:17:39,960
+magnification of two معناتهdouble the image of
+
+276
+00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:46,300
+this object, we have a paper 4x6 cm long in width,
+
+277
+00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:50,140
+we took a picture of the paper, we considered the
+
+278
+00:17:50,140 --> 00:17:53,420
+paper as the object, as the body, and we made a
+
+279
+00:17:53,420 --> 00:17:57,710
+picture of it through a lensحنحصل على صورة مكبرة
+
+280
+00:17:57,710 --> 00:18:01,410
+مرتين ال magnification ال transfers magnification
+
+281
+00:18:01,410 --> 00:18:05,310
+مرتين اش يعني مرتين؟ مين من البعدين هدول اتكبر
+
+282
+00:18:05,310 --> 00:18:10,770
+مرتين؟ ال 4 cm اللي هي العرض ولا ال 6 cm الطول لأ
+
+283
+00:18:10,770 --> 00:18:15,090
+هم التنين كل واحد منهم اتكبر مرتين يعني ال 4 cm في
+
+284
+00:18:15,090 --> 00:18:19,910
+الصورة صارت 8 cm و ال 6 cm في الصورة صارت 12 cm
+
+285
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:24,940
+اذا الصورة هتكون 8 cm في 12 cmOkay, the area of
+
+286
+00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:27,040
+​​the image compared to the area of ​​the object
+
+287
+00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:32,960
+Let's solve this example and this issue will be
+
+288
+00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:36,160
+clarified So, we say as follows, the area of
+
+289
+00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:48,360
+​​this .. we say the area of ​​the object is equal
+
+290
+00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:51,800
+to four times
+
+291
+00:19:01,310 --> 00:19:14,270
+4 x 6 is equal to 24 cm2 while
+
+292
+00:19:14,270 --> 00:19:20,610
+the area of the image is
+
+293
+00:19:20,610 --> 00:19:25,710
+equal to 4 cm which is equal to 8 cm
+
+294
+00:19:31,680 --> 00:19:35,920
+Darb 12 cm because the second dimension was
+
+295
+00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:45,720
+enlarged twice as well, 12 cm is equal to 96
+
+296
+00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:50,620
+cm²
+
+297
+00:19:50,620 --> 00:19:55,800
+So all of the dimensionsكل من الأبعاد اتضاعف
+
+298
+00:19:55,800 --> 00:20:00,140
+مرتين، العرض اتضاعف مرتين، والطول اتضاعف مرتين،
+
+299
+00:20:00,140 --> 00:20:03,860
+إذا المساحة الكلية هتتضاعف جد إيش؟ بيجسم مساحة
+
+300
+00:20:03,860 --> 00:20:07,460
+الصورة ع مساحة ال object، المساحة الكلية هتكون
+
+301
+00:20:07,460 --> 00:20:21,880
+تضاعفت، تضاعف في المساحة يساوي مساحة الصورة تقسيم
+
+302
+00:20:22,740 --> 00:20:26,640
+The area of the body, which is considered to be a
+
+303
+00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:35,160
+two-dimensional body is equal to 96 cm²
+
+304
+00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,180
+over 24
+
+305
+00:20:51,850 --> 00:20:57,230
+Square centimeter and it's equal to four times,
+
+306
+00:20:57,410 --> 00:21:04,690
+four times, four times and x is four No, it was x
+
+307
+00:21:04,690 --> 00:21:09,630
+with flowers, x is four, four times, four times,
+
+308
+00:21:09,770 --> 00:21:16,720
+it doubled in space four timesمساحة الجسم، جد
+
+309
+00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:20,720
+مساحة الجسم. إذا ال transfers magnification
+
+310
+00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:24,400
+applies to linear dimensions لكل الإرتفاعات أو
+
+311
+00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:29,390
+المجسات أو الحدود بتاعت ال object. For example4 cm
+
+312
+00:21:29,390 --> 00:21:32,950
+x 6 cm object imaged with a magnification of 2
+
+313
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:38,610
+both
+
+314
+00:21:38,610 --> 00:21:42,930
+width
+
+315
+00:21:42,930 --> 00:21:50,910
+and length double yielding
+
+316
+00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:56,610
+means 4 fold increase in image areaFour times more
+
+317
+00:21:56,610 --> 00:21:59,710
+than the area of the image compared to the area of
+
+318
+00:21:59,710 --> 00:22:03,750
+the object Compared to the area of the object
+
+319
+00:22:03,750 --> 00:22:08,970
+Generally, the multiplication sign is used to
+
+320
+00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,050
+indicate magnification When I see the
+
+321
+00:22:12,050 --> 00:22:13,070
+multiplication sign, I know that there is a
+
+322
+00:22:13,070 --> 00:22:15,910
+magnification for the image either bigger than the
+
+323
+00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:20,580
+body or smaller than the bodyor جد الجسم حسب الرقم
+
+324
+00:22:20,580 --> 00:22:23,600
+اللي أنا بشوفه بعدها، X معناته فيه magnification،
+
+325
+00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,440
+إذا قولنا X واحد معناته الصورة جد الجسم، لا أصغر
+
+326
+00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:32,780
+ولا أكبر، إذا كونت أقل من واحد معناته فيه تصغيرإذا
+
+327
+00:22:32,780 --> 00:22:36,460
+كانت أكبر من واحد، معناته فيه تكبير، يعني بمعنى
+
+328
+00:22:36,460 --> 00:22:42,300
+زيادة في اللي هو التكبير بتاع الصورة، زيادة في
+
+329
+00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:45,820
+التكبير بتاع الصورة، هنتوقف عند هذه النقطة و
+
+330
+00:22:45,820 --> 00:22:49,280
+هنستكمل ان شاء الله المرة القادمة و يعطيكم العافية
+

PL9fwy3NUQKway0xLRTe7OlRxcQic7R2s-/eDumwBvz0Bg_raw.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+1
+00:00:01,800 --> 00:00:10,360
+بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم
+
+2
+00:00:10,360 --> 00:00:14,460
+الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+3
+00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:15,860
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+4
+00:00:15,860 --> 00:00:15,860
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+5
+00:00:15,860 --> 00:00:15,900
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+6
+00:00:15,900 --> 00:00:17,420
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+7
+00:00:17,420 --> 00:00:22,460
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+8
+00:00:22,460 --> 00:00:26,180
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله
+
+9
+00:00:26,180 --> 00:00:28,900
+الرحمن الرحيم بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم بسم Allah
+
+10
+00:00:34,470 --> 00:00:41,110
+N is equal to 1 and
+
+11
+00:00:41,110 --> 00:00:52,610
+Uncertainty is also equal to 1 Uncertainty
+
+12
+00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:53,630
+and Uncertainty must be written in small letters
+
+13
+00:00:53,630 --> 00:00:57,770
+as it is known in Geometric Optics and Refractive
+
+14
+00:00:57,770 --> 00:01:03,920
+Indexnow to solve this problem and get the power
+
+15
+00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:16,520
+of the lens we
+
+16
+00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:23,140
+say negative n by o by
+
+17
+00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:29,010
+o plus the power which is unknown which is
+
+18
+00:01:29,010 --> 00:01:43,830
+unconditional over I minus
+
+19
+00:01:43,830 --> 00:01:55,890
+one over O which is one meter plus the powerequal
+
+20
+00:01:55,890 --> 00:02:08,930
+to 1 over I which is quarter meter minus 1
+
+21
+00:02:08,930 --> 00:02:13,110
+over 1 gives minus 1 and when meter goes up it
+
+22
+00:02:13,110 --> 00:02:17,470
+becomes meter minus 1 which is diopter plus power
+
+23
+00:02:17,470 --> 00:02:20,670
+equals
+
+24
+00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:25,640
+one over four means four plus four of course
+
+25
+00:02:25,640 --> 00:02:34,120
+meters minus one means diopter now the power we
+
+26
+00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:41,480
+put it on the left side plus four diopter minus
+
+27
+00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:44,720
+one diopter this minus one diopter when it moves
+
+28
+00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:49,990
+to the other side it becomes plus one diopterيعني
+
+29
+00:02:49,990 --> 00:02:55,430
+بمعنى آخر المجموع أربعة ديوبتر وواحد ديوبتر كلهم
+
+30
+00:02:55,430 --> 00:03:00,190
+ال plus يساوي plus
+
+31
+00:03:00,190 --> 00:03:05,110
+خمسة ديوبتر هذا هو الجواب النهائي اللي هو قوة
+
+32
+00:03:05,110 --> 00:03:09,310
+العدسة تساوي plus خمسة ديوبتر هيك تمتهي المسألة
+
+33
+00:03:09,310 --> 00:03:12,990
+ويعطيكم العافية والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركة
+