Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to
continue with futurity once again. We need to see
futurity in English and futurity in Arabic. We
have already spoken about future simple, future
continuous, future perfect, future perfect
continuous. And we've seen that these
constructions are available in both English and
Arabic. However, the constructions are different
in both languages. The syntactic construction of
future simple is different from the syntactic
construction of future simple in English. It's
usage is of more functions, more semantic
functions in English rather than in Arabic.
However, we have other constructions like future
continuous, future perfect, future perfect
continuous, they are represented in Arabic
lexically. Okay? And grammatically. However, in
English, we have specific rules for each
construction. These are not verbs. They consist of
different parts of inflections or inflection
phrases. Future simple consists of, once I go, I
will travel to London. Okay? This has some sort of
persistence when I say I will or I say once I say
I shall travel, this is neutral, open, and colorless
future. Okay? It consists of shall travel. What does
shall refer to, tense? And what does travel refer to
aspect, which is simple aspect. Okay, so for future
simple, what are the semantic functions of this
construction, the semantic functions of this
concept. We have willingness, yes, offer,
determination, or persistence, promise, request,
and threat. Okay? Here, we have different usages of
the modal auxiliaries shall or will. In case of
willingness, we use shall with what? With the
second and third person. However, in case of offer,
we use shall with the first and third person. Okay?
In case of determination, we use will with all
pronouns. However, in case of request, Okay? We use
what, well? Okay, in case of promise and threat. We
use shall with the second and third person. So, we
have different semantic functions for the future
simple. However, in English, in Arabic, we have
some sort of limitations semantically. We have
willingness in Arabic. We have requests, we have
all these meanings, okay? But we find that future
simple is available once expressing willingness.
We use سوف يرجع البضاعة. سوف يرجع. سوف, this is
the future particle in Arabic, which refers to
remote future, or near future? Remote future. Okay?
سوف يرجع. This is imperfect indicative form of the
verb. Imperfect indicative form of the verb. Okay?
We have inflection here, personal inflection, يرجع.
Okay? You know that we have four inflections in
Arabic for person, however,
in English, we have bare infinitive, shall travel.
Okay? We can say shall travels, shall travel. Okay?
This is this is one point of difference between
both languages in this specific field. Okay? So, it
seems that we have future simple in Arabic, but the
errorism, mistakes are always committed in the
other constructions, future continuous, future
perfect, future perfect continuous, et cetera. So,
how
could
you translate this into English?
سيكون الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخمسة مساء will
have slept, will have been, will be sleeping
children will have been sleeping for two hours by
five o'clock PM or at the evening. It refers to an
action that started in the past, continues at a
specific point of time. Okay, and will continue
on later. Okay. So, it will be in progress in
future at a certain point of time.
Okay.
سيكونوا نائمين أو سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند
الساعة الخامسة, it is the same thing with future
continuous, future perfect continuous, it refers to
an action that will be continuous after a point of
time in future. Okay? In 2014, I'll have been
teaching English for 20 years. This means that I'm
going to continue. Okay, after 2014, for example, Okay?
Today we are going to touch the other construction,
the other futurity constructions. We spoke about
going to, we spoke about about to, be to, not yet.
Okay. So going to, Okay, I'm going to act in your
graduation in June. Okay, you are expected to
graduate in June, so I am going to attend your
graduation ceremony. Okay, or celebration. Here I
have intention. I have intention to attend. Okay.
Hoda is going to have a baby next month. Okay?
Going to. She has a cause. Okay? She has a cause.
She's pregnant and she will deliver according to
the plan next month. Okay, so we say she's going
to. She's going to have a baby next month. Okay.
I'm going to attend your graduation party next
June. This is my intention. Okay, I'm going to
attend Ahmed's party tonight. We have intention to
do that. Okay. So going to refers to intention and
cause. It will rain soon, or it's going to rain.
What was it? It's going to rain because we have
cloudy weather. So we have cause. Okay, so going
to refers to cause and intention. Okay, ستمطر
الدنيا حالا, سيمطر الجو, or yes, ستمطر حالا, ستمطر.
This is Arabic س. We have the near future particle
س plus the present imperfect indicative form of
the verb, يمطر, not amtara, yumtara. About to. We
are about to start explaining the rest of the
lecture about futurity. We're about to leave. We
are about to quit. Okay, we are about to quit.
About to, على وشك. We have the same equivalent in
Arabic, على وشك أن أبدأ المحاضرة, على وشك أن نبدأ
المحاضرة, على وشك بدء المحاضرة, نحن على وشك بدء
المحاضرة is accepted. So, we have so we have على
وشك أن نبدأ. Okay, this refers to imminent future.
Imminent future. Okay, very near future, imminent
future. Okay. The taxi is there at the gate and we
are about to leave. The taxi is there at the gate
and we are about to leave. Okay, after a few
minutes, about to leave. We have about plus the
infinitive in English. In Arabic, نحن على وشك أن
نمشي, or نغادر, على وشك نغادر, means, we have على
وشك plus, mean, over derived nominal, or covert
derived nominal, يعني
مصدر مؤول ولا مصدر صريح على وشك نغادر مؤول, this
is called, covert, derived, nominal, طب, نحن على وشك
المغادرة
overt, derived nominal, okay?
We spoke about the present simple denoting future
and present progressive denoting future as well.
Sheikh?
Okay, he leaves for Egypt tomorrow. She arrives by
ten o'clock train this evening. So we have the
present simple denoting future if we have a plan
or program, or a timetable. We have this also
available in Arabic. سأسافر عندما يأتي أحمد. We
mentioned that we have the present simple just in
the structure of adverbial clauses of time and
condition. This is what we mentioned in the last
lecture. Okay, سو سافر عندما يأتي أحمد. I'll
travel when Ahmed comes. When Ahmed comes. Don't
say when Ahmed came or will come. It's wrong. Once
Ahmed comes. Okay. What do you say if I stay here
for another two hours? What do you say if I stay?
What will you say if I stay? So, the conditional
clause also contains the present simple, which
refers to future action.
We have present continuous as well, which refers
to an action that has been planned for the future.
I'm traveling by seven o'clock flight to Egypt
this evening. I'm taking the children to the
seashore tomorrow evening.
Okay, so we have a plan, or a timetable, a program. Okay?
We have this in Arabic, أنا قادم لزيارتكم اليوم.
أنا قادم. What do you say about قادم? This is
nominal subject. اسم الفاعل. Okay.
We mentioned going to. I'm going to. So we have
there to be, "is," "are" plus going to, infinitive. Okay?
She's going to get married. We have cause. Okay.
There is an engagement that is followed by
marriage. Julie is going to have a baby. So, we
have causes. I'm going to attend Ahmed's party.
This is intention. Okay.
Be about to. The taxi is there at the gate, and we
are about to leave. About to. So, you have about,
verb to be, about, then the infinitive. Okay? It
refers to an action or construction that will be
fulfilled, an action that will be fulfilled in the
near future.
We have the equivalence of be about to, this is
alawashak, as we mentioned. Okay?
على وشك أن يأتي أحمد. على وشك أن يأتي. So, we have
على وشك plus covert derived nominal.
Okay. We have be to. Be plus infinitive.
This construction shows command and arrangement.
We are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. So, we
arranged this meeting or we arranged this action.
So we are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. We
are to be ready by nine o'clock. We arranged that.
Okay, you are to be ready by nine o'clock. You are
to be ready by nine o'clock. This is command.
Okay.
Just in translation, we say, for example, once we
say, for example, Hind is to marry soon, or to get
married soon. Hind is to get married soon. Okay?
ستتزوج هند قريبا. So, we have the near future
particle, س plus the imperfect indicative form.
This means that we don't have an equivalent for ب
infinitive in Arabic. Going to and be to are the
same. We use س plus the imperfect indicative form
of the verb.
ساحضر حفلة التخرج اليوم مساء, I planned for that
Okay, so we have س plus the imperfect indicative 193 00:17:43,660 -->
past. I made the needed maintenance to my car so
that it would pass the safety inspection. He had
it because he knew that he was going to be late. I
was about to miss the train. I was meeting him at
the Islamic University of Gaza the next day. Now
we need to translate these into Arabic. So I
wonder if you could manage to translate them into
Arabic here or not. They all refer to future in
the past, actions which did not happen, which were
planned to happen, but did not happen. Okay. So
you are given only three minutes for translation.
He was later to regret his bad behavior. Yes.
كان عليه أن يندم على سلوكي السيء. Did he regret?
No. Okay. I made the needed maintenance to my car
so that it would pass the safety inspection.
لقد؟ لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد
لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لك لقد أجريت
التصليحات الصيانة اللازمة لسيارتي لكي تجتاز امتحان
السلامة الأمنية okay does it happen or not it
doesn't happen okay يعني the action does not
happen okay it was expected to happen but it was
cancelled Okay, so you can paraphrase this
sentence at the end. It's called
paraphrasing in translation. He hurried because he
knew that he was going to be late.
Yes.
He hurried.
I was about to miss the train. Yes? Did I miss it?
No. Okay. I was meeting him at the Islamic
University of Gaza the next day. Yes.
Okay.
But that did not happen. So we speak about actions
that were to happen, but not happened. Okay. So we
use the same constructions, but in the past.
We have them, we have their equivalence in Arabic,
but lexically. كان عليا أن أقابله. Okay? So we
don't have equivalence for B2 and Gong2 as we
mentioned, but we have على وشك. Okay? And كان عليا
أن أقابله. I was meeting him at the Islamic
University of Gaza the next day.
He hurried because
he knew that he was going to be late. This means
that he was not late. He reached his Yes, he
reached his place or his He reached his work or
whatever just on time Okay, he reached his
destination on time Fine
Now we have future and the past as you see in
Arabic The
future and the past is always preceded by or
sometimes preceded by Hamza a the morpheme Hamza
كان على زيدا كان نعم
sorry
كان على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى كان
على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى okay
it was for zayd to attend if agreed you or not
agreed you and it was for zayd to attend if you
agreed or not Okay. This is called
transliteration. Once you translate a sentence
from Arabic to English, you have to write the
sentence, the original sentence in Arabic using
English alphabet. Then you write transliteration
word by word. Then you translate the sentence.
Okay.
What do you understand from this? Does the action
happen? No.
What refers to the past?
It refers to an action that was to happen in the
past.
My father or dad recommended me to do good all
over my life.
Now, we have the exemplative قد which refers to an
action that is expected. Its construction is in
the past, but it refers to future. قد قامت الصلاة
قد قامت الصلاة The prayer is to be performed.
The action as you see, the form of the sentence is
in the past. However, its meaning refers to
imminent future, imminent future.
استجيبوا لله والرسول إذا دعاكم لما يحييكم
Surah Al-Anfal, verse 24 from the Holy Quran. Give
your
response to Allah and his messenger when he calls
you to that which will give you life.
What do you call da'a? What do you call it? Past
or future? It is past, but it refers to the past,
present and future. This construction is only
available in Arabic, but not in other languages.
Okay?
We can say, كاد زيد أن يأتي. How could you
translate this? كاد زيد أن يأتي.
زيد was about to come.
كاد أو كان زيد على وشك أن يأتي. زيد was about to
come. Okay.
So both are translated by about two.