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Today Inshallah, we are going to see a new chapter

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that is Morphology word word formation How to

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formulate words in English and Arabic as well Okay

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So, there are in English several ways of

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formulating words.

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This is by the use of bound morphemes, either

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suffixes or prefixes. Also, we have what is called

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infixes these all together are called affixes

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Okay, so in English in Arabic in all languages We

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have morphemes which are of two types three

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morphemes and bound morphemes We are going to

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focus on three points derivation inflection and

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compounding today we are going to focus on the

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first point that is derivation okay most

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of the English words are derived from this system

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I mean derivation

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So the derived elements, I mean suffixes or

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prefixes or infixes, can change the meaning of a

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word.

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Okay? For example, true and true. Okay? You have

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the opposite.

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And also you have the derivation changing the

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lexical category of a word. For example, true is

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an adjective, truly is an adverb, truth is a noun.

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So you have.

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In derivation, the meaning of a word can change or

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the lexical category of the word can change. Okay?

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We need to touch these phenomena one by one and

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see how nouns are derived from nouns. Yes. And how

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other elements or parts of speech are derived from

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each other. so we have suffixes that mean small

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such as drop droplet droplet you add let okay

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becomes smaller than drop book booklet let

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is smaller than booklet is smaller than book

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cigar cigarette e-t-t-e it's smaller than cigar

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dog

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doggy smaller than dog this is by adding ie and we

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have doubling here because the last consonant is

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preceded by a short vowel okay in case of having a

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short vowel then we double the last consonant we

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have suffixes only for making female for gender so

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ess or ine waiter waitress prince princess hero

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heroine okay So we have these two suffixes added

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to the word itself, changing its meaning.

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We have also suffixes specifically for making

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nationalities.

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I say Palestine, Palestinian. London, Landler. New

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York, New Yorker. You see?

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Texan. Glaswegian from Glasgow.

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We have some suffixes for making state of being,

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the manner, the position, the position of someone.

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Ship. Hood. I say king, kingship. Lady, ladyship.

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Mother, motherhood. Priest, priesthood. Okay? We

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have some suffixes just for making devotion. I

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mean professions and handicrafts. The profession

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of someone. It is a noun. This is done by adding I

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-S-T or I-A-N. We have contortion, contortionist.

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Islam, Islamist. Logic, logician. History,

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historian.

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technician linguistician we have nouns derived

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from adjectives by adding ity when i say for

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example pure pure is an adjective okay adding ity

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becomes purity and this is a noun equal is an

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adjective equality it is a noun

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Furcity. Sensitivity. Sensitive. Sensitivity. We

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have N-E-S-S-ness. Okay? Also derived, we have

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nouns derived from adjectives by adding N-E-S-S.

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God. Goodness. Tall. Tallness. Forest. Or fierce.

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Fierceness. Sensitive, sensitiveness as it is

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completely like sensitivity.

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ISM, I mean in the part of speech, both are nouns.

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ISMism as radical, radicalism.

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Conservatism. American, Americanism, Palestinian,

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Palestinianism, okay? These are nouns derived from

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adjectives. We now have nouns derived from verbs,

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okay? And here we have a number of suffixes used

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for deriving nouns from verbs. We use ance, as in

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perform, performance, ignore, ignorance, refer,

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reference, convert or converge, convergence,

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accept, acceptance, dependence, Okay, we have also

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a suffix called mint m-e-n-t Okay announce

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announcement commit commitment develop development

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engage engagement agree place placement Okay we

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have also Nouns derived from verbs by adding ing

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paint painting sing Build Ignore Okay, right

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Listen speak dive Yes, this is by adding only ing

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Okay we have ion this

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is added or tion this is added to the verb and

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this comes out with a noun denomination

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sorry denomination this is from denominate commit

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commission organize organization confuse confusion

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confusion okay we have al added to the verb comes

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out with a noun refuse arrive refer commit ahkel

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committed propose Yes. We have also ER or OR.

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Paint. Painter. Sing. Sing. Organize. Organize.

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Grinder. Grinder. Grinder. As you see these are

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professions or handicrafts. They are done by

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adding ER. So you refer to someone, you refer to

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the profession of someone or the handicraft of

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someone by adding ER. I say farm. Farmer. Farmer.

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build okay we

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have or as in lead leader act actor direct

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director okay and sometimes we have the prefix the

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suffix y added to the verb comes this comes out

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with a noun as in deliver delivery flatter

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Discover. Discovering. Recover. Recovering.

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We have acy, suffix, comes out with nouns. So we

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have nouns derived from a number of words by

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adding these suffixes. Acy or age, a-g-e or dumb,

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d-o-m or e-r-y or r-y. So we have conspiracy from

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conspire supremacy from supreme coin coinage short

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percent shrink king free duke or duke dukedom

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slave refined

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refinery now we have adjectives derived from other

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adjectives this is referring to the smallest

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degree of things I say for example green okay this

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is dark green I need to have it as light green I

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say greenish Brown, brownish. Small, smallish.

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Okay? So the I-S-H-ish refers to the small

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quantity or the small quality. Okay? Remote,

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remotish.

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Okay?

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we have the prefix that is also shown

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to the beginning of a word or an adjective this

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comes out with another adjective I say for example

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for the previous items green this is adjective

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when I say greenish suffix still adjective small

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adjective smallish remains adjective okay remote

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remote is also adjective remotish is adjective so

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once we have happy unhappy this is another

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adjective reliable and reliable sure and sure

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discovered okay and discover

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so these oh i mean the un or n is very productive

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prefix can be added to any adjective making the

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opposite okay the antonym of the same adjective

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we have other prefixes for making adjectives like

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ir im dis mis non okay so you have tangible this

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is intangible legal illegal okay responsible

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Responsible, not irresponsible, this is Arabic

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Responsible,

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irresponsible, okay, possible, impossible

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We have other productive prefixes. I mean, you can

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add it before or add it to the beginning of an

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adjective that comes out with the antonym of the

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same adjective. Like DIS as in order, disorder.

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Obey, disobey. Trust, mistrust. Understand,

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misunderstand. Cooperative, non-cooperative.

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Existent? Okay.

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Still, we have suffixes added to a number of

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words. This comes out with other parts of speech,

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mainly adjectives. We have able as in or ed. I

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say, for example, break, breakable. okay it is

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liable to breaking okay agree agreeable remarkable

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remark remarkable rely reliable read right

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writeable okay we have e and t or a and t int or

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ent this is

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Rebel. Rebellent. Expect. Expectant. Excellent.

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Excel. Excellent. Confide. Confident. Dependent.

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We have also the suffix IVE as repulse. Repulsive.

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Explore. Explores. Explosives create, attract,

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select, prevent,

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instruct, instructive We

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have suffixes also made from nouns by adding f-u-l

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full as in joy Joy is a noun joyful hope help

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Meaning meaning Okay power skill faith Beautiful

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sorry beauty Success Also, we have the antonym or

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the opposite derived by from the same noun By

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adding le WS becomes Adjective, joy, joyousness,

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hope, hopeless, help, meaningless, meaning, yes,

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power, home, worth, use, yes. So we have also al

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as a suffix added to the noun. This comes out with

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an adjective, origin, normal, sorry, norm, person

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nation national universe region regional also

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once you need to make i to add ish this is for

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making the least degree when i say boy boy boy

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boyish okay self selfish okay wasp waspish lout

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louty loutish loutish fool foolish child sheep

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sheepish okay why this is added added to the noun

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making adjective fun why do we add another n why

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we double the n because it is preceded by a short

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vowel so fun funny storm sun sunny guilt mess

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wealth gloom as you see so we can also have in y

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okay for making adjectives not adverbs we speak

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about adjectives the ly is the productive suffix

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for making adverbs still it is used for making

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adjectives friend friendly order orderly man cost

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month these are adjectives not adverbs we have ous

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added to the noun making an adjective as in danger

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dangerous mystery mysterious fame nerve poison

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okay poisonous still we have adjectives made from

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nouns by adding ary as in moment moment Momentary.

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Custom. Customary. Fragment. Fragmentary.

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Complement. Complementary. Honor. Revolution.

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Revolutionary. I see. Ik. As in history. Artist.

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Athlete. Athletic. Basis.

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rhythm photograph Islam scientist or science okay

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scientist or science this comes out from by adding

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two suffixes T F I C T I F plus I C so scientific

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Okay We have Realist Realistic, okay, we can add

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also some to the Adjective

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Making adve to the noun making adjective hand love

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tire

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yes also we can add en for making adjectives from

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noun wood wool gold yes we have verbs derived from

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verbs okay this is by adding the prefix de or dis

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okay or RE this is productive when I say paint

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repaint enter write read okay explain complain

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recomplain okay so this is productive prefix added

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to the verb It refers to repetitive actions. You

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need to repeat, so you say rewrite it. Re-read,

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okay? Re-utter it once again, okay? Re-say it once

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again. Paint, repaint. Enter, re-enter. Tie,

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untie. This is the antonym, okay? The opposite.

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Tangible.

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Sorry, entangle, untangle. Decompose, this comes

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from originally compose. Synthesize, yes.

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Entangle, disentangle. Believe, disbelieve. Okay?

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We have verbs derived from nouns. Okay? This is by

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having the prefix de, as in bug, debug, forest,

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deforest, laus, delaus. And also we have ize, as

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in organ, organize, patron, terror, real, realize.

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Okay? We have material, Apology? Apologize.

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Critic? Criticize. Okay. Beauty? Beautify.

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Beautify. We add FY.

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Gentry? Gentrify. Petri? Petrify. Identity?

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Identify. Identify. Clarity? Clarity. Glory?

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Glory. Simple? Simple. Simplify. Pressure.

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Pressure. Pressurize. Normal. Normalize.

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Natural. Naturalize.

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Passive. Passive. Passivize.

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okay we have verbs derived from other classes by

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adding en to the adjective i say short shortened

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sweet length black wide broad this is by adding en

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as you see we have de this is for Having a verb by

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adding prefix when I say move remove Okay Okay

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sensitive desensitive freeze defreeze Humilate

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dehumilate

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Okay?

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We have the

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Ize or ify normally added as suffixes for making

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nouns for making verbs from nouns okay let's say

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normal normalize beauty beautify but still they

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can be used for other purposes okay so we don't

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have specific or specific meaning to these two

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suffixes I'd say for example national nationalize

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tender tenderize intense intensify pure purify

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okay we have adverbs the productive suffix for

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making adverbs is always NY so we have easy sorry

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easy easily recent recently private noise noisy

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noisily socially socially also we have the suffix

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wise w i s e clockwise value, value wise okay it

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is rarely used but the most productive suffix is

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the ly okay we

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have prefixes okay added for making adverbs when i

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say for example sedent antecedent ante what does

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it mean ante here in have a and te means first but

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anti or anti in american english it is against

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auto means self by means two tri three okay

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trilingual what does it mean trilingual a person

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speaking three languages bilingual person speaking

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two languages multilingual okay so a person

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speaking a number of languages so multi means

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numerous yes

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as i mentioned anti this is meaning before anti or

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anti means against auto means self by means to

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circum means around kun

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or ku means together okay when

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i have out means

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from or from it is here we have Inter means

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between.

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Intercontinental means between continents.

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Macro means large. Micro, when I say micro

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teaching, Okay, a sample class done by the

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teachers to the teachers. Okay, micro teaching.

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But macro teaching is the larger process. Miss

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means wrong. Mono means well. Monolingual can a

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person speaking one language. Post means behind or

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after.

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okay before يعني first proof for when I say I'm

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pro-Palestinians supporting Palestinians okay for

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means for pro means for against this is anti

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-Palestinian okay for example re means repeat

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rewrite reread okay redo etc sub I say group

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subgroup sub subgroup so you divide you check you

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divide things means under trans means across

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parent transparent transparency okay try means

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three unique

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Unilateral talks. Unilateral talks.

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Ultra beyond, ultrasound. UN or IR or IN means

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not.

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So we have these derivations in English. Now these

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derivations are of different types as you see.

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Why? It is borrowing. As I mentioned English

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borrowed from a number of languages so it borrowed

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the system of suffixes or prefixes or say affixes

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okay with all its three types suffixes prefixes

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and infixes so you have some words by certain

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suffixes producing nouns some other words by

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certain suffixes producing the same nouns the

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adjectives the adverbs we have prefixes for making

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nouns for making adjectives for making verbs for

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making adverbs okay so we don't have specific rule

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for making or for deriving words from words mainly

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because English relies deeply on borrowing however

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Arabic in Arabic the situation is different we

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have a rule-based system in Arabic okay so we have

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either prefixes infixes and suffixes but before

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shifting to Arabic I need to focus on infixes in

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English when I say for example man men okay here

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we add infix we change the a into e mouse mice

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Louse. Lice. Okay. These are infixes, but they are

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rare in English.

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Okay. However, in Arabic, it's very rich of

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infixes. It's very rich of infixes. So we have كتب

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or كتب, triconsonantal sound.

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this is the verb derived from the stem by adding

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what? the short vowels a o e I mean the nominative

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case the accusative and genitive okay we

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have كتب كتب مكتب is this suffix or prefix? prefix

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added to the verb constituting or formulating a

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noun مكاتب we

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add infix ألف كاتب infix كاتبة مكاتبة

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Suffix type now gender in English in Arabic is

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made by the clitic Ta or Ta marbuta okay this is

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very productive in English so I say for example

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doctor

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In Arabic, I say doctora. This is inserted in our

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colloquial Arabic, in our Arabic vernaculars. So

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we have this, tabib, tabiba. Okay, but this is

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very difficult. This is not applicable to English.

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I say doctor in English. I need my orido and

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How could I translate it into English? To be seen

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by a lady doctor. I'd like my wife to be seen by a

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lady doctor. Okay? So here we have the clitic

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system of Arabic, the clitic system of Arabic,

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يعني ضمير الوصل in Arabic, clitic. We have the

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clitic system ضمير الوصل. It's available in

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Arabic. Is it available in English? No, we don't

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have cliticization system in English, but we have

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it in Arabic. So it is very productive. Okay. And

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we have even fusional words in Arabic. I say a

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complex sentence in one word as Asqaynakumu

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Asqaynakumu.

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This is the transitive verb. We have the subject,

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the verb, direct object and indirect object. Okay.

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Asqaynakumu.

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Okay, so we have the clitic here Gender is very

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productive in Arabic. This is done by adding a

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suffix Ta Okay, but this is not applicable to

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English and this shows the difficulty of the

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English morphology you see So

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Tabiba this is suffix Okay We have this applicable

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to most of the nouns of Arabic, most of the verbs

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of Arabic. So we can derive nouns from verbs.

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Adjectives from nouns. I say حر حر برد برد. Okay.

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Power. قوي okay so you have also nouns derived

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from nouns adjectives derived from nouns nouns

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derived from verbs but this is by adding prefix or

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suffix or infix next time we are going to see more

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information about the word formation of English

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okay and Arabic as well and we are going to see

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the inflection system plus what is called

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compounding okay that's it for today thank you