Today we are going to touch some
verb constructions specifically futurity. We are
going to speak about the future constructions in
English and Arabic. This will cover future simple,
future continuous, future perfect continuous,
future perfect. And the constructions going to, be
to, about to, and also the present simple, which
denotes future, and the present continuous, which
also denotes future. We are going to speak about
these constructions in English, and then we need
to touch their counterparts in Arabic. Okay? As
you see, future simple. First of all, will attend.
What does this construction consist of? What does
it consist of? Will, what do you call will? Tense
or aspect or whatever? Tense. It is tense. I will
attend the lecture. Will is tense. Attend? Aspect.
Simple aspect. So the future simple consists of
tense plus simple aspect. Okay?
Now, semantically, future simple denotes
colorless, neutral future. It refers to open
future, neutral future. I shall be 47 years old by
next birthday.
Shall be. It's open. You'll be pleased to see
them. When? We don't know. Will be, please. Will
be. Okay? It's neutral and colorless. There is no
distinction of or determination of any exact time.
But the meaning is in future.
Now, will and shall plus
infinitive without two, these are the constructions
of future simple, will shall plus the stem of the
verb now, will is used with all pronouns, with all
nouns. Once we express determination, okay, or
persistence, I'll be opaque, I will be opaque. I will
be obeyed. Okay. So this is determination. I am
determined to be obeyed. He will do as he likes.
He is determined to do as he likes. Okay. He will
do. I will be obeyed. Okay.
Now, we have different functions for future
simple. It refers to willingness.
Once you need to or like to do something in
future, so you use future simple. Here we have
shall, is used to express willingness on the part
of the speaker, and the second and third person. Shall is
used with the second and third person while will
is with the first person. He shall return the good
to the store and refund his money. He shall, shall
he refers to willingness. He shall return the good
to the store and refund his money. This means that
he is willing to return the good to the store just
to refund his money back. Okay? So we have shall
with he, she, it, they, and you. Okay? In case of
willingness.
You shall behave as you like. You shall behave as
you like. Okay, also future simple expresses offer
Shall I give you a lift? Shall I give you a lift
Shall with the first person. Shall I, shall I offer
you another chance? Shall I offer you another
chance? Will you have a rest for 10 minutes? Shall
she make you a cup of tea? Shall she make you a
cup of tea? So we have here different semantic
functions for the use of future simple. Okay? It
refers to open and neutral, colorless future. It
refers to willingness and offer, promise, threat,
and other functions. Let's see. We spoke about
willingness.
Who could translate into English?
How could
I translate the word targab or yargab, the verb
yargab?
She shall return the good to the store and refund
her money. Okay? Since we have the sense of
yarghab, desire, we translate into shall. Shall
plus the stem. She shall return the good to the
store. Okay? Ofal. Shall I give you another chance
to read the chapter again? Shall I give you
another chance? Shall I give you another chance?
Shall I give you a lift? Shall I give you a lift?
Okay?
Now we have determination.
Okay?
I shall do what I like. I am determined to do what
I would like to do. Okay?
We have also promise. Promise is expressed by
future simple. You shall be punished if you do
that again. Promise and threat here.
We use shall.
and will, okay? But here we have shall for some
pronouns and will for other pronouns. So the
future simple here can be expressed in the second
and third person by shall, and in the first person
by will, completely like willingness. Shall takes
the second, takes the second and third person while
will the first person once we express promise and
threat. You shall be punished if you do that again.
Shall be punished with
you. I'll be there to help. This is a promise. I'll be
there to help, will with I, okay? Is to express
promise and the first sentence to express threat
also.
We have future simple expressing request in the
present and future, you use will with the second
person, will with the second person, once you ask
someone, you ask the second person face to face.
Will you please open the door? Will you please
open the door? Will you, don't say shall you, will
you please open the door? Okay. This is a request.
Will you kindly send me an application form? Will
you kindly send me an application form? Will you
kindly send me? Yes.
Yes, shall in case of promise, threat, and
willingness, as well with the second and third
person. Request, the first person, we use will, not
shall. Sorry, yes, the second person. Will takes
you in case of request. Will comes with the second
person. Yes. However, in case of willingness,
threat, or promise, okay, you use shall with the
second and third person. Once you have offer,
you use shall with the first person. You offer
something to someone. Shall I offer you a lift?
Shall I offer you another chance? You see, now
future simple, as you see, refers to neutral
colorless, open future. Okay. Open. It is future
simple. Is open, colorless, and neutral. It refers to
First of all, promise, willingness, threat, offer,
and request, plus determination. Okay, do you have
the same meanings in Arabic? What about the future
simple? Do you have future simple in Arabic, or
not? Okay, let's see. We have future simple in
Arabic, it is expressed by sawfa. Sawfa refers to
remote future, remote future, not near future. We
say for the near future, we say sa. So sawfa
yusafir Uzaydum ila misra mustaqbalan. When? We
don't know, it is open. Colorless and neutral.
Okay. It's like English. We have the imperfect
indicative form of the verb.
The present imperfect indicative form of the verb.
Okay.
Remember that in English, we use the stem of the
verb. Okay, and the first conjugation of the verb
the bare infinitive. However, in English, we use the
present imperfect indicative form, with the
inflection, ي, يسافر. You can't say, سافرة, يسافر. Okay.
This is the future in Arabic. Okay.
Here, we have once, we have nom. This is for
nominative case. We have three inflections, as we
mentioned, nominative case, accusative and
genitive case.
يريد زيدن, we have here willingness, the future
simple in Arabic also expresses willingness, يريد
زيدن أن يعيد البضاعة, يريد زيدن أن يعيد البضاعة
Here we have the imperfect indicative form of the
verb, followed by the complementizer أن, or the
derived nominal, إعادة.
Okay. يعيد, إعادة, derived nominal, معناها المصدر, يعني
المصدر من يعيد, إعادة. يريد زيدون إعادة البضاعة, يريد
زيدون أن يعيد البضاعة, and is called complementizer
يعني relative pronoun
Zaid shall retain the good. Why do I use shall
here in translation? Why didn't I say Zaid will
retain the good? Because shall here expresses
what? Willingness. In Arabic, it is يرغب, or يريد.
يريد زيد إعادة البضاعة. What do you call about?
What do you call it? Derived nominal.
Now we
have other
uses for the future simple in Arabic. أريد أن
أمنحك فرصة أخرى. أريد
أن
أمنحك. So, we have the willingness verb, أريد, or أرغب
plus the complementizer أن, plus the verb, يمنح, أمنح
تمنح, نمنح, okay. Also we have the willingness
verb, أريد, or يرغب, plus the derived nominal, منح
I shall offer you
another chance
Okay. Is this correct? I shall offer you another
chance.
Shall I offer? It is willingness. It is offer.
Once we have offer, we use shall with the first
person. Yes. I shall offer you another chance.
Do you want a cup of tea? Do you want soup? What
do you call soup? Derived nominal. Okay. So, we
have you read, plus, derived nominal, this expresses
offer in English. Will you want to drink a cup of
tea?
So, we have differences between the future simple
in English, and the future simple in Arabic. Both
exist in both languages. However, the future simple
is expressed syntactically in English, by using
shall, or will, plus the stem of the verb. Okay.
Semantically, it expresses willingness, offer
request, threat, determination, I promise. Okay? We
have this in Arabic. So, both languages are
identical semantically in using the future simple,
but they differ syntactically. In Arabic, we use 195 00:18:56,860 -->
progress at a certain time in future. shall will
plus the progressive construction of the verb, the
aspect, verb to be plus verb plus ing we shall be
traveling shall will plus be plus verb plus ing
Also, the future progressive shall, will be, their
plus ing construction is also used to avoid the
interpretation of volition, insistence, etc. That
future simple is characterized with, I'll do my
best. I'll be doing my best. What's the difference
between the two Sentences who could you translate
these two sentences? I'll do my best. I'll be
doing my best Okay
Yes,
mm-hmm hooker translated yes, I'll do my best I
This is a promise to do my best. Okay, it is
promise. طيب I'll be doing my best.
This is
determination. I'll be doing my best. Okay, I'll
be doing my best. This is determination. يعني
الأولى I'll do my best سأفعل الأفضل and the second
انا مصمم على فعل الأفضل او عازم على فعل الأفضل سوف
أبذل قصارى جهدي okay الأولى
you have to use سوف سوف أبذل قصارى جهدي في مساعدتك
ثانية سأبذل قصارى جهدي okay س refers to the near
future okay once you express progressive use س or
any near future طيب
Now standard Arabic, do we have future continuous
or progressive in Arabic or not?
سيلعب فريقنا الكورة سيلعب
فريقنا الكورة عند الساعة السابعة مساء يعني at
seven o'clock our team will be playing football
Okay, we have this سيلعب فريقنا الكورة عند الساعة
السابعة مساء So this construction and the future
progressive in Arabic consists of what? Okay It
is س plus imperfect indicative form سيلعب Okay,
followed by a point of time
Okay, followed by a point of time. سيلعب فريقنا
الكورة. So we have س plus the imperfect indicative
form of the verb plus the noun followed by a point
of time.
سيلعب فريقنا الكورة عند الساعة السابعة مساء. Okay?
Our team will be playing football at seven o'clock
tomorrow.
Now we come to future perfect. Future perfect in
English refers to an action that will finish at a
future time at a specific future time in English.
I say the government or the company will have the
project built, will have the project built or will
finish the project by the end of next April. The
company will have the project, will have finished
the project by
next April. Okay, or by the end of next April will
have finished Well, what do you call well? Tense
have Simple aspect finished Perfect
perfect or perfective aspect so the future perfect
consists of tense plus simple aspect and
perfective aspect okay
refers to an action that will have happened before
some other future action happened or before some
point of time arrives. They shall have played two
games of tennis before we arrive there.
Before we arrive, they will have finished two
games or two rounds of tennis. They shall have
played two games of tennis before we arrive there.
So the first verb is future perfect. The second is
future simple, okay, which refers to future. They
will have graduated by the end of April. They will
have graduated. So it refers to an action that
will be completed at a certain time in future. The
action may be in progress now. It started in the
past, still in progress, and will finish at a
specific time in future. We are present perfect
continuous. When I say I have been studying
English for 10 years, Okay, this is different.
Okay, it refers to an action that started in the
past is progressive now and will finish at unknown
time, not specific time. Okay.
Now, do we have the same equivalent in Arabic? Do
we have future perfect in Arabic or not? Yes, we
have.
They will have finished the project by next March.
okay? سَيَكُنُوا قَدْ أَنْهُ So we have the
construction سَ which refers to near future يَكُن
this is the indicative this is the imperfect verb
the defective verb from كان يكون plus the
expletive قَدْ and the perfect form of the verb
أنها سيكونوا
قد أنهوا العمل في المشروع في مارس القادم okay so
we have the future particle س plus the defective
verb in the imperfect indicative form يكون present
form followed by the expletive قد and the past
form of the verb this semantically expresses
future perfect in Arabic so it is expressed
lexically however in English it is expressed
grammatically or syntactically okay سيكون قد أنهى
سيكون زيد قد أنهى العمل في المشروع في بداية مارس
القادر. So this is called future perfect in
Arabic. Okay.
They will have finished the project by the
beginning of March. Okay. Yes.
No, no, here we have, we don't have will and shall
translation into Arabic. Both are sawfa or sah.
However, once you translate the sentence into
English, you have to consider the translation
shell with the first person i we however well with
the rest of the pronouns in case of future simple
a future continuous future perfect future perfect
continuous etc you have these limitations in
translation for shell or well just in the use of
future simple Once you express willingness, once
you express promise, once you express offer, once
you express threat, determination, or request. So
you have specific translation
for shell or will. So you have to take care of
that. However, in the rest of the future
constructions, you have the form which you are
familiar with. shall with the first person and
will with the rest of the pronouns.
They will have finished building the house by next
May. This is
future perfect.
So we have two constructions. س ينهوا plus the
derived nominal بناء or س يكونون قد أنهوا س plus
the defective verb يكون plus the expletive قد plus
the imperfect indicative form of the verb the
perfect indicative form perfect indicative form
يعني الماضي من الفعل ينهي أنها okay finish
finished
Now we have future perfect continuous.
In English, this construction refers to an action
that will be in progress after a certain time in
future. It expresses an action that will be in
progress when some point of time arrives. In 2009,
I say here, in 2014, for example, in 2014, I shall
have been teaching English for 20 years. In 2014,
in 2014,
I shall have been teaching English for 20 years.
in 2014 I shall be teaching English for 20 years
this means that here we use future perfect future
future perfect continuous in 2014 I'll have been
teaching English for 20 years this means that I'm
going to resign in 2014 No, the action will be in
progress. Okay? So it refers to an action that
will be continuous after a certain time in future.
You see?
Okay Future Perfect
continuous, okay Do
we have future perfect continuous in Arabic? Yes,
we have سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخامسة مساء
سيكونوا
الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخامسة مساء يعني once
you come to the house you'll find the kids
sleeping for two hours and they remain or they
still sleep okay so the action is in progress at a
certain time in future they will have been
sleeping for two hours by five o'clock in the
evening okay so we have the verb we have the
construction plus the defective verb in the
imperfect form in the imperfect indicative form
يكون plus the expletive قد plus the perfect form
of the verb نام okay سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند
الخمسة مساء plus طبعا a point of time
They will have been sleeping for two hours by five
o'clock in the evening. Now we have also the
future construction expressed by future by simple
present in English. I say for example, let's wait
until he comes.
So we have the present simple denoting future in
clauses of time and condition. Okay, I say for
example, let's wait until he comes. What will you
say if I punish him? Punish. What does this refer
to? Does it refer to present action or to future
action? Future action expressed by the present
simple. So the tense here present tense here
expresses future event That is part of settled
program. He leaves for Egypt tomorrow. Leaves. It
refers to near future. Near programmed action. She
arrives by 10 o'clock train this evening.
Programmed action. We speak about the railway
train. which is of computer system it is
computerized system okay so she arrives by 10 o
'clock this means that she will arrive exactly on
time at 10 o'clock okay since we have timetable or
programmed action then we use present simple okay
it is used also for formal or official actions.
The president travels to Egypt by the 10 o'clock
flight tonight. The president travels. If you
speak about any personality, official personality,
if official personnel, then you use present simple
to refer to future action. However, if you speak
about ordinary people, we use present continuous.
Okay. So I am traveling to Egypt by the 10 o'clock
flight. I'm traveling. I am ordinary man. However,
the president travels to Egypt. You understand
that? Did you get that? Okay. The president 418
We
have this also in Arabic, the
present progressive in Arabic is expressed by the
nominal subject, اسم الفاعل قادم
In Arabic? Yes. So derived subject, sorry, nominal
subject. When I say derived subject, this is the
noun of the verb. This is the noun of the verb.
Nominal subject. I am coming to visit you today. I
am coming. This is present progressive referring
to an action that will happen at a planned time
okay, in the near future, okay
We
also have other constructions. We
have other constructions in English that refer to
future like going to, be to, about to, okay going to,
be to, about to. These also express future in
English. Once we say going to, this refers to
cause or intention. Okay? Now, I'm going to
graduate by the end of this semester. This means
that you studied for four years and you are going
to have your BBA by the end of this semester. You
are going to graduate. So you have the complete
cause for the action. Okay? Mariam is pregnant.
She's going to have a baby next month. Okay? She's
pregnant. It's the cause for the action which
happens next month. The delivery. Maryam is going
to have a baby next month. Going to, we have
cause. We have also intention. I'm going to attend
Ahmed's party tonight. I have the intention, the
intention to attend the party. So I use going to.
Do you have this in Arabic? Do you have equivalent
for be to or about to in Arabic? This is what we are
going to see next time. Okay, that's it for today.
Thank you.