You.
Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Today we are going
to continue with infinitive and gerund in English
versus overt and covert derived nominal in Arabic.
Last time we saw the function, we've seen the
function of the syntactic function of infinitive
in English. We mentioned that the syntactic
function covers Four points. The infinitive can be
a subject.
Yes. Can stand as a subject, as object, as subject
complement, and object complement. Okay? This is
in English. It is also the same in Arabic. We have
the derived nominal, derived nominal stands as a
subject, as object, as subject complement, or
object complement.
Then we shifted to what is called sensation verbs.
We've seen that the sensation verbs like C, Here,
touch, notice. Look, these only accept bare
infinitive. Bare infinitive. Yani infinitive
without to. Okay? I heard them talk about the
plan. I heard them talk about the plan. I saw Ali
stand at the gate. I noticed her pick a flower.
Okay? However, in Arabic, we don't have bare
infinitive. We have the present imperfect
indicative form of the verb. This means that the
verb stands with inflections. We have persons
added to the verb. Samaatuhu yatakellamu 3an
alkhatta. Samaatuhu yatakellam. Okay, so
yatakellam, this is present. Verb present in
perfect indicative form. Yeah this is third person
inflection in Arabic يتكلم تكلم أتكلم sorry يتكلم
أتكلم نتكلم تتكلم so we have four inflections
representing persons in Arabic okay it's different
from English which has only one inflection that is
the subject verb agreement us okay
still we have three verbs in English which are
related to sensation verbs these are like help let
and and make yes let help and make these accept
both their infinitive and to infinitive now this
cannot be corresponded to Arabic since Arabic has
the inflections added to the verb okay دعه يتكلم
عن الخطة
present in perfect indicative form of the verb now
we have a problem with infinitives and gerunds
verbs which accept infinitives infinitive or
gerund we just have
this point Very tricky just for it appears very
tricky for our students since they confuse just in
using either infinitive or gerund. So they commit
serious mistakes in this side. Most of them are
interlingual or interlingual? Interlingual. These
are interlingual. Interlingual.
Most of them are intralingual. So we try to solve
this problem by having a new account. a theory
that accounts for the use of infinitive or gerund.
But before introducing this theory, we need to
introduce the previous theories in this or the
previous principles in this regard. We have
Bollinger's principle, okay, in which the choice
of infinitive correlates in some degree with
events that are theoretical or hypothetical. Okay,
or hypothetical, all hypothetical actions are in,
they take infinitive. However, the vivid or actual
or already fulfilled actions are gerund. Okay, so
speak about real actions that take gerund. We have
hypothetical actions which only take infinitive.
Speak about things which will happen. This is
infinitive. Things which have already happened or
are in progress, they take gerund as well. Okay?
But applying this principle on the verb, for
example, start, comes out with negative results.
It stands to rain. Sorry, it's start. It starts to
rain. It starts raining. Is there any difference
in translation? There's no difference. Okay?
There's no difference. Richard continued to work.
Richard continued working. Okay? We don't have
dissimilarities or any difference just in
translating these two sentences. I prefer to eat
sandwiches. I prefer eating sandwiches. So, these
verbs start, prefer, continue
cannot accept Bollinger's principle. This
necessitates thinking of a new principle that can
be applied on all the verbs of English which
accept either infinitive or gerund or both we are
in front of some verbs which accept both the
alternate between infinitive and gerund and some
other verbs only accept gerund we have verbs only
accept infinitive so
I came with a new account which divides the verbs
accepting infinitive and gerund or either one of
them. I divided them into four categories. Okay.
First of all, the emotive verbs, aspectual verbs,
reactive verbs and forward oriented verbs. Okay?
So for emotive verbs, these
verbs are not associated with time. Okay? They are
like dread, hate, like, love, lose, prefer, and
rejoice. These verbs are not connected to time.
Okay? So they accept both infinitive and gerund. I
hated to meet the boss. I hated meeting the boss.
We have difference in translation here. The first
sentence refers to an action that has not
happened. Okay? Future action. Okay? The second
one refers to an action which happened. Okay?
Would you like to see my dad? Would you like
seeing my dad?
Here we have also some sort of difference between
the two sentences. The first one, the verb see,
refers to, I mean, the infinitive to see refers to
future action, hypothetical action. However, the
second one refers to real action, okay? Do you
prefer to read the daily or watch the TV? Or to
watch the TV? Do you prefer reading the daily or
watching the TV? Again, the first sentence is
hypothetical. It is theoretical, refers to an
action that is to happen. However, the second one
refers to a habit which actually happens every
day. I mean action which already happened. We
speak about vivid or real action which is
fulfilled.
Do we have emotive verbs in Arabic? What about
their structure? Yes, we have emotive verbs in
Arabic like يفضل يخاف يبغض يكره يحب يخشى يعجب يعشق
etc These are emotive verbs They touch the feeling
They are not related to time influence. Okay? We
have يحب زيد قراءة القرآن. يحب زيد أن يقرأ القرآن.
So they accept both. So the emotive verbs of
Arabic are the same like the emotive verbs of
English.
Yes. We have يكره الولد اللعب في الشارع يكره الولد
اللعب في الشارع So we have the first sentence it
is of overt derived nominal while the second one
is of a modified derived nominal يفضل
زيدن شرب الشاي Overt, derived nominal, as you see.
يفضل زيد أن يشرب الشاي.
يخاف المؤمن ارتكاب الكبار. يخاف المؤمن أن يرتكب
الكبار. So we have overt derived nominal and
covert derived nominal within the same time. So
this, I mean the emotive verbs, the emotive verbs
are alternating between infinitive and gerund.
What about aspectual verbs?
They are associated with time. Yes. The aspectual
verbs are associated to time. They refer to a
variety of time. Okay? So these refer to a variety
of time aspects like initiation, continuation,
repetition, termination. So we have verbs like
begin.
This is initiation. Resume.
Resume. This is repetition. Okay.
It is more related to repetition. You repeat the
action. Okay? Remain. Continuation. Commence.
Initiation. Finish. Continue. Discontinue.
Termination. End up. Seize. Repeat. Complete. Give
up. Postpone. Proceed. Continuation. Quit. Keep.
Keep on. Start. Initiation. Stay. Continuation.
Stop. Termination. Okay, so we have these verbs
refer to refer to a variety of time aspects okay
so we have either initiation continuation
repetition or termination these verbs in English
almost accept both infinitive and gerund except
only in termination we have some words related to
this matter. Okay? Mostly they accept only gerund.
Okay? He began to answer the question. He began
answering the question. We have a slight
difference between the two sentences. The first is
hypothetical. It is to happen. It's about to
happen. Okay? However, the second one already
happened or in progress. Okay?
The emotive verb does not refer to time.
Semantically, there is some sort of difference
between them. Okay. But it's the same meaning. I
know that the first one is not related to time and
the second one is not related to time. But we can
mingle between them or mix between them and have
the same meaning. The first category is a special
category. No, no. They are similar. They are
similar in their syntactic function. But
semantically they differ. Okay. And here we have a
big question that appears in this point why does
this verb accept infinitive or gerund and that
verb does not accept infinitive or does not accept
gerund okay so this is semantic question it needs
semantic interpretation that will be available
just later Okay? He began to answer the question.
He began answering the question. Having said that
he would be frank, we all commenced to listen to
him.
We all commenced to listen to him. Having said
that he would be frank, we all commenced listening
to him. Okay? So we speak about theoretical
actions and vivid or real actions. Okay?
So we have some verbs which refer to duration of
time, okay? That end with what is called
termination. These verbs which have this meaning
only accept gerund. John finished doing his
homework at midnight. We cannot say John finished
to do his homework. He quit smoking cigarettes. He
quit smoking.
The committee postponed making the decision on the
matter. We'll stop for an hour and resume working
at three o'clock. So we have these verbs only
accept gerunds. Because they refer to a duration
of time. Okay We
have aspectual verbs in Arabic as well These
aspectual verbs Are
like يستأنف يوقف
يستمر يواصل ينهي
ينهي
يؤجل we
speak about aspectual verbs okay we spoke about
them in English and found that they accept both
infinitive and gerund now we have aspectual verbs
of Arabic As we mentioned, these verbs only accept
overt derived nominal. For example, يبدأ المعلم
مناقشة الطلاب. We cannot say يبدأ المعلم أن يناقش
الطلاب. It's not accepted.
يبتدئ المعلم أن يناقش الطلاب is not accepted ينهي
علي كتابة الدرس ينهي
علي أن يكتب الدرس is not accepted so aspectual
verbs in Arabic only accept overt derived nominal
however in English they accept both except the
verbs of termination so you have to take care you
have to be very careful just once you translate
from Arabic to English.
Okay, or from English to Arabic.
Now, semantically,
the emotive verbs and aspectual verbs have
difference in meaning just in the use of
infinitive and gerund. So a sentence like, I love
to eat sandwiches. I love eating sandwiches. The
two sentences are different in meaning. The first
one is hypothetical. The second one not fulfilled,
yes. And the second one is actual, achieved. Okay,
it's real. He stopped to smoke. He stopped
smoking. Could you translate?
He stopped to smoke.
Hard luck. Yes.
Yes.
The first sentence, Mary stopped to eat. I stopped
to smoke. He stopped doing an activity to smoke.
Yes. So he stopped to smoke. This means that he
stopped some action. He terminated, he quit some
action in order to have another action to smoke.
He stopped smoking. This means that he quit. So
you have difference in meaning you have to take
care of that John forgot to buy the linguistics
book John forgot to buy Sorry if John forgot
buying the linguistics book is there any
difference No, no difference at all
So how can you interpret the two sentences? John
forgot to buy the linguistics book. John forgot
buying the linguistics book. Yes. He forgot to buy
this
means that he forgot to buy this book he has He
hasn't bought it. However, the second one, he
bought the book, but he forgot that he bought it.
Okay?
Mary quit to cook. Mary quit cooking. Mary quit
cooking. Is there any difference? Yes. What about
this group? Yes? that means Mary's stopped
activities but doing now in order to go and cook.
While Mary quit cooking, that Mary doesn't cook
anymore. Very good. Excellent. John remembered to
wash the plates. John remembered washing the
plates. Still, we have difference between the two
sentences semantically. So in translation, The two
sentences are different, are divergent. Who could
translate them? John stopped to wash the plates.
John stopped washing the plates. It is the same.
Marco.
Iman? Yes, number two, that he, in the action
order two, The first action is hypothetical, is
theoretical, that has not happened. Okay? He
remembered to wash. He did not wash. But the
second one, he has already washed them, but he
forgot. Good.
Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped eating. Mary
stopped to eat or Mary stopped eating? The second
one is that Mary stopped to eat. Mary stopped in
order to eat. However, the second one, she
finished or quit eating. Okay.
Do we have semantic distinction between the
emotive verbs and aspectual verbs in Arabic? Do
you have this semantic distinction in Arabic? Is
this applicable to Arabic or not? Let's see Okay,
I think that it corresponds to Arabic The first
one
refers to an action that has not happened. The
second one refers to an action that happened but
forgotten. Okay? It's like English.
Now we come to the third category that is reactive
verbs. It refers to actions that are in progress.
The verbs which refer to reactive meaning only
accept gerund. They only accept gerund. Okay?
Yes.
These verbs only accept gerund.
These are like resist, resent, repent, remember,
reject, regret, recommend, recall, abhor, enjoy,
dislike, detest, deny, consider, confess, okay?
Imagine, mind, and propose.
These verbs refer to what's called continuity,
okay? Continuity of action or continuity in
meaning. These only accept gerund. We discussed
going to the zoo in the weekend.
We can say we discussed to go to the zoo. The
family has seriously considered selling the house.
is not available to say the family has seriously
considered to sell the house. The suspect denies
ever committing the crime. The suspect denies ever
to commit? No. He repented having shot the dog. He
repented having shot it, not to have. Okay,
because the action happened. So reactive verbs
refer to real actions, to vivid actions, to
actions which have been already done. Okay? Or at
least in progress. So they only accept gerund.
Okay? Yes.
Yes. These emotive verbs, you see, they are in the
process of continuity. We speak about habitual
actions. Yes. We speak about habitual actions or
actions which are more or less related to habits
and customs. Okay? Actions which are associated
with daily work. I mean, the action already or
always happens every day as accustomed by the
subject or the doer of the action. Okay? So in
that sense, we consider them reactive verbs. But
if you speak hypothetically or theoretically about
the verb as emotive verb, it takes both. Okay? He
detests socializing with students at school. He
detests to socialize. This is a custom, permanent
custom with the speaker. I mean, his mood is like
this. The suspect confessed murdering the man. We
can't say that the subject confessed to murder the
man because the action happened.
We have Arabic, the Arabic reactive verbs. These
are like يثمن يناقش يقدر يقيم يقاوم يتذكر ينسى
يتخيل And these verbs, as you see, accept both.
Overt derived nominal and covert derived nominal.
They accept both. However, in English, they only
accept gerund. قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَن يَتِمَّ ذَلِكَ
We can say also, قَدَّرَ اللَّهُ أَتْمَامَ ذَلِكَ
لَنَ
تَسَوَّر أن نقبل الظلم لا نتصور قبول الظلم so we
accept here we both are accepted يفضل
عليهم أن يرفض
عليهم أن يظلم الناس يرفض عليهم ظلم الناس
يفترض زيدن أن يجيء عمرن يفترض زيدن ماجيء عمرن
يتطلب
النجاح الاشتهاد أو أن أشتهد يتطلب النجاح الاشتهاد
okay now the derived nominal in Arabic
syntactically works as a verb it assigns case
Mostly it assigns genitive case. It has the
requirements of a verb. You know, the verb assigns
accusative case. كتب زيدن الدرسة. الدرسة is an
object. John wrote the lesson. The lesson is an
object assigned accusative case. Okay? Now يفضل
زيدن كتابة الدرسي. الدرسي is an object but here it
is we have the genitive case assigned to this noun
this directly comes from the derived nominal the
overt derived nominal okay we
have some reactive verbs in Arabic only accept
nouns not derived nominal like لا يثمن تعب
الوالدين بالنقود. Ta'ab is referred to as a noun
in Arabic. لا يثمن أن يتعب الوالدين بالنقود. This
is not accepted. In case of having a noun coming
after the reactive verb, then we have only the
overt derived nominal accepted.
Okay? يقاوم الجنود هجوم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم
العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن
يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود
أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم
الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو
يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم
يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود أن يهجم العدو يقاوم الجنود
أن يهجم العد not a noun following the reactive
verb then we have both derived nominal overt and
covert or modified derived nominal.
We have the last category that is forward oriented
verbs.
These verbs refer to theoretical actions to
hypothetical actions to actions that will be
fulfilled in future Okay So
all the verbs here are hypothetical and they
accept only infinitive Okay,
we expected to stop the security disorder soon.
Expect, hope, imagine. Okay? These verbs refer to
action that is to happen. Okay? We expect to stop
the security disorder. We cannot say we expect
stopping. We hope to submit the paper soon. We
cannot say, we hope submitting. Okay? Because it
refers to action that has not happened. Okay? They
planned to spend the vacation in London. We cannot
say they planned spending because the action has
not happened yet.
Mary aspired to be a famous advocate.
تتصور أنها ستكون. We speak about things which have
not been happened. So, the verbs like these are
like Britain, persuade, urge, tend, tell, order,
learn, aspire, ask, force, fear, decline, agree,
we have managed, Long seek, remind, refuse, swear,
mean, offer, strive, and vow. Okay? Of course, we
have hope as well. Own and expect. Okay? Ahmed was
obliged to attend the
meeting.
The suspect abstained to answer the detective's
questions. The action has not happened.
Now, if you look to Arabic, we also have forward
-oriented verbs. Okay? They accept both modified
and overt derived nominal. يتوقع يعني expect يخطط
يريد ينوي يصمم These verbs are forward oriental
verbs. They still have the meaning that has not
been fulfilled.
So يتوقع زيدن أن يصل أخاه من السفر اليوم أن يصل
يتوقع زيدون وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم يتوقع زيدون
وصول أخيه من السفر اليوم So they have both forward
oriented verbs except both overt and covert
derived nominal however in English once you
translate you only have infinitive okay so we have
here a point of dissimilarity between Arabic and
English He intends for the sinner to repent to God
He intends for the sinner to repent to God Zayd
suggests that he meet a Indian He suggests that
Zayd meet an Indian The father plans
Okay,
we have both infinitive and gerund okay sorry we
have both overt derived nominal and covert derived
nominal you see so this shows that Arabic here is
different from English regarding the use of overt
and covert derived nominal their equivalents in
English are gerund and infinitive however not
necessarily We have the same translation. So once
we have a sentence involving infinitive, it's not
necessarily to be translated into covert derived
nominal. And once we have a sentence involving
overt derived nominal, it's not necessarily to be
translated into gerund. You have to take care. We
have four categories. You have to understand them
very, very carefully in order to facilitate your
translation and you come out with correct
translation at the end of the day. So we have four
categories. We speak about emotive verbs,
aspectual verbs, reactive verbs, and forward
-oriented verbs. Why do we have these verbs of
different semantic functions, different syntactic
functions? Sometimes we use both infinitive and
gerund, sometimes we have only gerund and some
other times we have only infinitive. This relies
on the lexical entry of the verb. the lexical
entry of the verb, the lexical capacity of the
verb. Okay? So it either accepts infinitive, it
either accepts gerund, it may accept both. Okay?
So it depends on the lexical capacity. Completely
like the verbs of giving once accepting double
object construction. John gave Mary a book. john
gave a book to mary so we have double object
construction and we have dative construction okay
still
we have one object the direct object plus the
dative object john gave a book to mary okay so we
have this verb the verbs of giving alternate
between double object construction and dative here
we have these verbs some of them alternate between
accepting overt derived nominal in Arabic or
covert derived nominal or gerund or infinitive or
both this is attributed to the lexical entry of
the verb Okay, the semantic capacity as well can
be considered. Okay, that's it for today. Thank
you.