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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah we are

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going to explain what's called adverbs in English.

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We are going to compare between the adverbs of

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English and the adverbs of Arabic to see the

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points of negative interference and positive

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interference at the same time. We need to see the

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asymmetries and symmetries between the two

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constructions in both languages. So adverbs of

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English. The adverbs modify the verb and they also

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modify the adjective. and they modify the adverb

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the adverb modifies another adverb okay so he

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drove slowly slowly here is an adverb it modifies

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the verb he drove very fast a very fast car very

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remodifies the adjective fast She moved quite

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slowly. Slowly here, I mean quite, remodifies

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another adverb slowly. Morphologically, the adverb

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mostly ends in ly, okay? Almost ends in ly, but

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not in all cases, okay?

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So you have some adjectives and in ly as well. You

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have lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly,

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neighborly. These are adjectives. That lovely

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child lives in a friendly neighborhood. So

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friendly and lovely are not adverbs, they are

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adjectives.

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Okay, as you see. Now, the adverb modifies

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the verb, modifies an adjective, and modifies

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another adverb. Okay? We have what is called

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adverb clause, adverb clause at the same time.

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Okay? This represents a group of words that

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contain a subject. and the verb here

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the sentence like when this class is over when

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this class is over we are going to the movies when

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this class is over this is adverb close because it

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contains a verb the verb here is is as you see the

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verb is is the verb close in this construction

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when this class is over we are going to the movies

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here

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once you have a phrase which doesn't contain a

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subject then the verb acts as an adverb And at

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that sense, it is referred to as adverbial phrase.

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Okay?

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We have adverbial phrases or adverbial clauses.

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These take different forms, either a noun phrase

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or preposition phrase at the same time. Here we

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have, he went to the movies. to the movies is a

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preposition phrase but it works as an adverbial

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she works on holidays they lived in canada during

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the war these

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preposition phrases have the function or have

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adverbial functions okay

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we

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have also the infinitive which works as an adverb.

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It usually tells why. She headed to the mainland

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to see her brother. To see her brother is an

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adverbial clause.

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It's to see, this is infinitive, okay, in order to

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see. This is the answer of why. The senator ran to

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catch the bus. Why did he run? In order to catch

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or to catch the bus. So the infinitive works.

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The infinitive

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here

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answers the question, why? So the adverbial clause

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can be a noun phrase, can be a preposition phrase,

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can be infinitive phrase as well. We still have

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other kinds of adverbial phrases.

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Okay, he calls his mother or his mom as often as

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possible. as often as possible this is comparison

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so this is positive degree that verb has

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comparisons completely like the adjectives we have

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positive degree comparative degree and superlative

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degree okay now

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you have here The adverbs which modify adjectives

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as we mentioned, but the adjective cannot modify

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an adverb. The adverb modifies the adjective, but

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not vice versa. Okay? The students showed a really

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wonderful, wonderful attitude.

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The students showed a wonderfully casual attitude.

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my professor is really tall but not he ran real

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fast okay these three sentences really wonderful

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wonderfully casual really tall are grammatical

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sentences because the adverb modifies the

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adjective but it's impossible to have the

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adjective modifying the adverb he ran real fast is

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that accepted but we can say he ran really fast

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completely

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like adjectives we have three degrees of

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comparison either positive degree or comparative

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degree or superlative degree okay the students or

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walk faster if you want to keep up with me faster

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this is an adverb if we say fast walk this is

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adjective but walk fast this is an adverb okay the

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student who reads fastest will finish first we use

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also more or most or less or least this is for

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comparative and superlative With sneakers on, she

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could move more quickly among the patients. The

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flowers were the most beautifully arranged

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creation I've ever seen. Most beautifully, more

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quickly. She worked less confidently after her

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accident. She was the least skillfully done

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performance I have seen in years. So these

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represent the comparative degree and superlative

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degree. Once we say most beautifully or least

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skillfully.

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Okay. We have also the positive degree for

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adverbs. As fast as his sister, for example. Okay.

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It represents what is called equality.

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Now, we have a handful of adverbs. Some adverbs

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have two forms, one which ends in ly and one that

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doesn't end in ly. These two forms have

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semantically two different meanings. Like, lately

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he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

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lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for

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anything. Okay? So this sentence differs from the

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first sentence, he arrived late. Is it the same

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meaning? Late and lately? So we have difference

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meaning according to the position of adverb. Late

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is an adverb and lately is another adverb, but

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their position in the sentence Differentiate the

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meaning.

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Okay.

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She certainly drives slow in that old pick of

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hers. in that old buck of his. He did wrong by

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here. He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

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Slow, wrong, sharp, quick. These all together are

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adverbs, but they do not take a Y. Okay? This is

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for casual situations because he did wrong by

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here. This is his custom. He spoke sharp, quick.

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Again, he's accustomed to do that. So once you

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refer to casual situations, you can use the adverb

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without ly.

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Now, speaking about adverbs, we have different

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types of adverbs. We have what is called

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intensifiers. which are of different types. We

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have emphasizing or emphasizers, amplifiers, and

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downtoners. These are intensifiers which represent

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a category of adverbs. I really don't believe him.

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I really don't believe him. This really refers to

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Emphasizers. Here I emphasize the fact that I

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don't believe him. He literally wrecked his

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mother's car. Literally. I emphasize the action.

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She simply ignored me. Simply. They are going to

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be late for sure. So for sure, simply, literally,

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really are emphasizers.

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We have what is called amplifiers. The teacher

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completely rejected her proposal. I absolutely

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refused to attend anymore faculty meetings.

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They heartily endorsed the new restaurant. I so

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wanted to go with them. They heartily endorsed the

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new restaurant. I so wanted to go with them. We

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know this city well. So well, so, hardly,

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absolutely, completely, these are amplifiers.

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Okay? We call them amplifiers.

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Now we come to what is called downtoners. I kind

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of like this college. Reducers, okay? Joe sort of

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felt betrayed by his sister, to somehow. His

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mother mildly disapproved his action. We can

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improve in this to some extent. The boss almost

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quit after that. The school was all but ruined by

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the storm. Not completely ruined. Okay? So this is

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to reduce the action. It's called downtoners. So

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we have kind, sort, mildly, almost, some extent,

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all, but, et cetera. These three types are, I

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mean, they emphasizes amplifiers, downtoners are

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intensifiers.

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Parts of adverbs. Now, As we mentioned, the adverb

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modifies the verb. It also modifies the adjective

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and modifies the adverb itself, another adverb.

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She ran very fast. Here the word, the pre

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modifier, very. Pre modifies another adverb, fast.

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We're all going to run out of material all the

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faster. Okay. All the faster. Again, we have all

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pre-modifying faster. Another adverb. For adverbs,

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as you are familiar of, we have different types.

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We have adverbs of manner, adverbs of place,

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adverbs of frequency, adverbs of time, adverbs of

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purpose. She moved slowly and spoke quietly. This

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is Manar. She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

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Okay.

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She has lived on the island all her life. We speak

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about a place on the island. This is an adverb of

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Place. She still lives there now. There refers

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also to place. So we call it adverb of place. We

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have adverb of frequency. She takes the boat to

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the mainland every day. She often goes by herself.

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So go often every day. It refers to the frequent

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times or say the frequency adverb. We have adverbs

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of time. She tries to get back before dark.

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Before. It's starting to get dark now. Now. She

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finished her tea first. First. She left early. Now

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we have these four adverbs, early, first, now,

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before, are considered as adverbs of time because

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they refer to time. We have purpose, adverbs of

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purpose, okay? To answer why. She drives her boat

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slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. Avoid, to avoid

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hitting the rocks is the answer. It is the

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purpose. She shops in several stores to get the

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best buys. To get the best buys is another

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adverbial

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phrase beginning with infinitive as you see. So

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the infinitive itself stands as an adverbial

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phrase. The preposition phrase stands as an

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adverbial phrase. The noun phrase stands as an

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adverbial phrase. Now we see the position of

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adverb. The position, the adverbs themselves are

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floating. Some of them can locate anywhere in the

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sentence without changing the meaning. So they are

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called floating adverbs.

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Solemnly, the minister addressed her congregation

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at the beginning of the sentence. The minister

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solemnly addressed her congregation. In the

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beginning of the sentence, the minister addressed

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her congregation solemnly, sentence final

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position. So we have the adverb, it is the adverb

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of manner, as you see, standing, sentence

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initially, in the middle of the sentence, or

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sentence finally, as you see. Okay? So this is why

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we call them floating adverbs. Floating adverbs.

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We have this category of adverbs, okay, of

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frequency. They appear in various points in the

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sentences as you see. Before the main verb, I

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never get up before nine o'clock. I never get up

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before nine o'clock. Never. This is adverb of

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frequency. Okay? So the adverb directly precedes

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the lexical verb in the sentence. The adverb of

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frequency directly precedes the lexical verb in

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the sentence. I never get up. It comes also

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between the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb. I

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have rarely written to my brother without a good

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reason. Have written. So we have rarely an adverb

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of frequency in between the auxiliary and the

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lexical verb.

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Also it is used or it precedes the verb used or

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used to. Okay? I always used to see him at his

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summer home.

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Okay. We can say I am always used to seeing him at

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summer homes. Okay. I used to this is a habit that

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happened in the past. Where to be M is R plus used

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to plus gerund. This is a custom or a habit which

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is present, the present habit. In both cases, we

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have the adverb of frequency preceding used to and

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comes in between the preposition, the verb to be

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and used. Okay. In case of having, I am usually

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used to. He finally showed up for batting

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practice. You say showed up. This is a verb,

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lexical verb. So we have the adverb preceding or

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directly preceding it. She has recently retired.

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We have auxiliary verb, has. Then we have retired.

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So the adverb comes in between.

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Okay, if we translate these sentences, I never get

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up before nine o'clock.

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Who could translate it? I never get up before nine

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o'clock.

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أبدا لم أستيقظ قبل التاسعة أبدا

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00:21:54,130 --> 00:21:57,190
لم

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00:21:57,190 --> 00:22:03,950
أستيقظ قبل التاسعة which is better لم أستيقظ أبدا

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00:22:03,950 --> 00:22:11,250
قبل التاسعة okay now أنا لم أستيقظ أبدا قبل

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00:22:11,250 --> 00:22:14,350
التاسعة okay

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00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:19,340
لم أستيقظ أبدا قبل التاسعة. Arabic differs from

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00:22:19,340 --> 00:22:23,540
English. We have what is called the small brew.

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00:22:24,520 --> 00:22:29,960
Small brew means the drop of the subject. ضمير

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00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:34,720
الفاعل، الغال، ضمير الفاعل، الفاعل ضمير مستتر

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00:22:34,720 --> 00:22:41,120
تقديره هو لم أستيقظ أبدا. Okay لم أستيقظ أبدا.

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00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:46,100
Where's the subject? Okay, so the subject is

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00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:50,080
called in English here small brew small brew. This

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00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:54,300
is available in brew drop languages Arabic is brew

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00:22:54,300 --> 00:22:57,540
drop language. Yani it drops the subject However,

267
00:22:57,660 --> 00:23:02,180
English is non drop is non brew drop language. The

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00:23:02,180 --> 00:23:07,900
subject must be available in the sentence Okay so

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00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:12,200
having the adverb at the beginning of is quite

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00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:21,900
dodgy is quite not acceptable okay is less

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00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:29,680
adequate than the sentence which says okay

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00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:36,300
so it depends on your intuition to see whether

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00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:40,120
this sentence is accepted or not okay

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00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:47,360
I finally showed up for batting practice. She has

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00:23:47,360 --> 00:23:49,700
recently retired. Okay.

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00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:54,900
She has recently retired.

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00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:02,460
I have rarely written to my brother without a good

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00:24:02,460 --> 00:24:05,760
reason. Who could translate it? I have rarely

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00:24:05,760 --> 00:24:09,100
written to my brother without a good reason.

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00:24:15,310 --> 00:24:19,790
I have rarely written to my brother.

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00:24:31,690 --> 00:24:36,470
So, Nadiran is an adverb coming sentence initially

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00:24:36,470 --> 00:24:42,680
in Arabic. It can be لم أكتب لأخي I can't say for

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00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:49,520
example, I have

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00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:53,000
rarely written to my brother without a good

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00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:53,460
reason.

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00:24:59,540 --> 00:25:02,840
So, in order to have sense for the sentence or for

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00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:06,950
the translation, You have to have the adverb at

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00:25:06,950 --> 00:25:10,310
the beginning of the sentence. Okay? So you see,

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00:25:10,430 --> 00:25:13,050
it seems that the position of the adverb in Arabic

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00:25:13,050 --> 00:25:17,070
differs from the adverb in English. So every

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00:25:17,070 --> 00:25:24,070
adverb has its own position in Arabic. Okay? She's

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00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:33,210
recently retired. لقد استقالت مؤخرا We can say

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00:25:34,970 --> 00:25:40,010
استقالت او مؤخرا استقالت مؤخرا استقالت is not

294
00:25:40,010 --> 00:25:44,550
accepted in Arabic okay لك ده استقالت مؤخرا مؤخرا

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00:25:44,550 --> 00:25:48,450
here we have the verb مؤخرا the adverb مؤخرا comes

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00:25:48,450 --> 00:25:55,450
finally so

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00:25:55,450 --> 00:26:01,610
they differ now i said the adverbial clauses can

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00:26:01,610 --> 00:26:06,720
be preposition phrase can be infinitive phrase can

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00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:11,740
be a noun phrase okay once

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00:26:11,740 --> 00:26:18,100
you translate I came very quickly to the class I

301
00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:24,020
came very quickly to the class قتيت بسرعة إلى

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00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:30,500
الفصل بسرعة what do you call it in Arabic

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00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:35,790
preposition phrase which stands for what is called

304
00:26:35,790 --> 00:26:40,270
حال in Arabic preposition

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00:26:40,270 --> 00:26:46,610
phrase بسرعة جاروة مجرور and the sentence okay

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00:26:46,610 --> 00:26:53,070
represents حال in Arabic يعني شبه الجملة في محل

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00:26:53,070 --> 00:26:58,870
نصب حال حال means advert okay

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00:27:00,390 --> 00:27:03,510
Now, if you have more than one adverb in the

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00:27:03,510 --> 00:27:07,650
sentence, what could you do? Do you have specific

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00:27:07,650 --> 00:27:12,630
order for the adverbs in English? Like the

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00:27:12,630 --> 00:27:17,610
adjectives as we've seen. Yes, we have specific

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00:27:17,610 --> 00:27:24,770
order. We have the verb first of all. followed by

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00:27:24,770 --> 00:27:30,610
adverb of manner, place, frequency, time, purpose.

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00:27:31,810 --> 00:27:36,810
So we have manner followed by place, then

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00:27:36,810 --> 00:27:43,770
frequency, then time, then purpose. Beth swims

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00:27:43,770 --> 00:27:48,190
enthusiastically in the pool every morning before

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00:27:48,190 --> 00:27:54,690
dawn to keep in shape. Swims enthusiastically.

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00:27:54,970 --> 00:27:58,930
This is enthusiastically, this is manner. In the

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00:27:58,930 --> 00:28:06,050
pool. Place. Every morning. Before dawn. To keep

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00:28:06,050 --> 00:28:13,310
in shape. Purpose. Okay, so once you translate it

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00:28:13,310 --> 00:28:17,630
into Arabic, what could you say? Once you

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00:28:17,630 --> 00:28:18,710
translate it into Arabic?

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00:28:25,550 --> 00:28:28,670
If you could translate it, translate the sentence

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00:28:28,670 --> 00:28:29,450
into Arabic.

325
00:28:35,410 --> 00:28:39,090
Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every

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00:28:39,090 --> 00:28:41,910
morning before dawn to keep in shape.

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00:28:47,270 --> 00:28:52,470
Yes? Go ahead. He swims enthusiastically every

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00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:56,820
morning before dawn to keep in shape. Beth is

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00:28:56,820 --> 00:29:07,100
always used to swim enthusiastically in the pool

330
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:15,920
every morning before dawn to keep fit or in shape.

331
00:29:16,860 --> 00:29:22,200
Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every

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00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,600
morning before dawn to keep in shape. Remember

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00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:28,780
that once we spoke about adjectives, we mentioned

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00:29:28,780 --> 00:29:31,300
that the adjectives can be classified within the

335
00:29:31,300 --> 00:29:34,260
same sentence according to what is called

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00:29:34,260 --> 00:29:35,920
importance.

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00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:41,240
And the most important adjective comes first. Do

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00:29:41,240 --> 00:29:45,440
you have the same system for the adverbs? Beth

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00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:50,740
swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning

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00:29:50,740 --> 00:29:53,060
before dawn to keep in shape.

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00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:05,240
So you have the adverbs classified according to

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00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:08,450
their positions in the sentence in Arabic. Okay,

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00:30:08,970 --> 00:30:12,510
starting with manner, as you see, then you have

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00:30:12,510 --> 00:30:20,870
the place, then frequency, then time, then shape.

345
00:30:21,270 --> 00:30:25,590
But these or this order is not systematic. It is

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00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:29,270
elastic. Arabic is liberal language as we

347
00:30:29,270 --> 00:30:37,930
explained. Maybe I can translate. يسبح بث في

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00:30:37,930 --> 00:30:44,850
البركة بحماس كل صباح قبل الفجر ليحافظ على رشقة

349
00:30:44,850 --> 00:30:54,070
يسبح بث في البركة كل صباح قبل الفجر بحماس لكي

350
00:30:54,070 --> 00:31:00,010
يحافظ على رشقة so we use the adverb of manner in

351
00:31:00,010 --> 00:31:05,950
different places okay it depends on the structure

352
00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:09,430
of the language. English is a very specific

353
00:31:09,430 --> 00:31:13,570
language. It's very strict. It has its own strict

354
00:31:13,570 --> 00:31:18,850
system that you cannot skip.

355
00:31:19,150 --> 00:31:23,430
You have to respect this system, the order of

356
00:31:23,430 --> 00:31:26,830
adverbs, starting with manner, then place,

357
00:31:27,370 --> 00:31:32,070
frequency, time, purpose. Okay? This is the word

358
00:31:32,070 --> 00:31:36,450
order of adverbs. in English. However, in Arabic,

359
00:31:36,670 --> 00:31:40,650
Arabic is more liberal language. Okay? So the

360
00:31:40,650 --> 00:31:43,090
movement of the adverb from one position to

361
00:31:43,090 --> 00:31:44,810
another is accepted.

362
00:31:48,090 --> 00:31:51,890
Because the adverbs in Arabic are more floating

363
00:31:51,890 --> 00:31:59,050
than in English. Okay? Dad walks impatiently in

364
00:31:59,050 --> 00:32:02,910
the town every afternoon before supper to get a

365
00:32:02,910 --> 00:32:07,590
newspaper. that walks impatiently. What do you

366
00:32:07,590 --> 00:32:13,050
call impatiently? Manar. Into town. Place. Every

367
00:32:13,050 --> 00:32:18,110
afternoon. Before supper. To get a newspaper.

368
00:32:19,550 --> 00:32:23,850
Tushinda naps in her room every morning before

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00:32:23,850 --> 00:32:24,330
lunch.

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00:32:27,170 --> 00:32:29,870
Naps in her room. In her room. What do you call

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00:32:29,870 --> 00:32:35,360
this place? Every morning. Frequency before lunch

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00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:39,620
the same order the same order. We don't have

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00:32:39,620 --> 00:32:49,600
purpose here. Okay The

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00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:53,860
general principle the general principle for the

375
00:32:53,860 --> 00:32:59,600
adverbs Is that the shorter adverbial phrases

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00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:04,880
precede longer adverbial phrases in English. This

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00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:06,440
is regardless of the content.

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00:33:09,280 --> 00:33:11,800
We have here in the following sentences the

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00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,200
adverbial or the adverb of time precedes the

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00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:19,960
adverb of frequency because it is shorter. You

381
00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:25,280
know that the frequency adverb comes before Time,

382
00:33:25,580 --> 00:33:29,540
but here the time adverb comes before frequency

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00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:34,580
because it is shorter. Dad takes a brisk walk

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00:33:34,580 --> 00:33:39,820
before breakfast every day of his life. Every day

385
00:33:39,820 --> 00:33:45,320
of his life is frequency. Before breakfast, this

386
00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:49,380
is time. But before breakfast is shorter than the

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00:33:49,380 --> 00:33:52,020
other sentence, so it comes first.

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00:33:55,430 --> 00:34:02,830
A second principle of

389
00:34:02,830 --> 00:34:06,910
adverbs like manner, place, or frequency, etc.,

390
00:34:06,910 --> 00:34:10,250
the more specific adverbial phrase comes first.

391
00:34:10,950 --> 00:34:15,630
The more important one comes first. My grandmother

392
00:34:15,630 --> 00:34:21,370
was born in a sod house on the plains of northern

393
00:34:21,370 --> 00:34:23,350
Nebraska.

394
00:34:25,180 --> 00:34:30,360
My grandmother was born in a sod house. This is

395
00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:34,360
the most important adverb. On the plains of

396
00:34:34,360 --> 00:34:38,440
northern Nebraska. Okay? So we take the most

397
00:34:38,440 --> 00:34:42,600
important to be the beginning. Okay? To be in the

398
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:48,180
beginning. We have now for normal sentences, we

399
00:34:48,180 --> 00:34:52,900
have a certain order. that is manner, place,

400
00:34:53,060 --> 00:34:57,760
frequency, time, purpose. However, in adverbial

401
00:34:57,760 --> 00:35:02,740
phrases, we take the shorter adverbial phrase to

402
00:35:02,740 --> 00:35:05,720
be in the beginning followed by the longer

403
00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:10,800
adverbial clause also we can take the most

404
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,780
specific adverb to be at the beginning as appears

405
00:35:14,780 --> 00:35:18,320
in the sentence my grandmother was born in a sod

406
00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:23,720
house on the plains of northern Nebraska okay she

407
00:35:23,720 --> 00:35:28,540
promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday for

408
00:35:28,540 --> 00:35:35,100
lunch this is an adverbial phrase Next Tuesday

409
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:38,220
another adverb will close. So we take the shorter

410
00:35:38,220 --> 00:35:50,640
one to be at the beginning for lunch Okay Now

411
00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:56,420
we can have what is called focus and you move the

412
00:35:56,420 --> 00:36:00,330
adverbs to the beginning of the sentence and to

413
00:36:00,330 --> 00:36:04,510
the beginning of the sentence in case of having

414
00:36:04,510 --> 00:36:08,130
what was called special emphasis or laying special

415
00:36:08,130 --> 00:36:13,610
emphasis on the adverb. Slowly, ever so carefully,

416
00:36:14,310 --> 00:36:20,430
Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even

417
00:36:20,430 --> 00:36:25,340
above the brim. Slowly ever so carefully you have

418
00:36:25,340 --> 00:36:29,980
two adverbs separated morphologically By a comma

419
00:36:29,980 --> 00:36:34,860
as you see Jesse fill The coffee cup up to the

420
00:36:34,860 --> 00:36:39,700
brim even above the brim Okay, this is for

421
00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:44,080
emphasis you can move The adverb to the beginning

422
00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:47,640
of the sentence for emphasis or what is called

423
00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:50,720
focus Okay

424
00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:55,380
the adverb can move syntactically it can move

425
00:36:55,380 --> 00:36:58,360
because you know the adverbs or most of them are

426
00:36:58,360 --> 00:37:02,200
floating wherever you put it it works correctly

427
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:07,080
not all of them not all of them okay in some cases

428
00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:10,240
you can move the adverb in different places in the

429
00:37:10,240 --> 00:37:14,320
sentence so slowly ever so carefully these are

430
00:37:14,320 --> 00:37:19,930
adverbs of manners Of manner, Jesse filled the

431
00:37:19,930 --> 00:37:23,470
coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.

432
00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:24,810
Occasionally,

433
00:37:27,750 --> 00:37:33,330
but not occasionally, but only occasionally, one

434
00:37:33,330 --> 00:37:37,790
of these lemons will get by the inspector. Okay?

435
00:37:38,290 --> 00:37:42,210
Occasionally, but only occasionally. Again, it is

436
00:37:42,210 --> 00:37:44,670
focus. Okay?

437
00:37:48,180 --> 00:37:52,840
or emphasis now for the adverbials for the

438
00:37:52,840 --> 00:37:56,980
adverbials we

439
00:37:56,980 --> 00:38:01,240
have three types of adverbials what is called

440
00:38:01,240 --> 00:38:09,740
adjuncts disjuncts and conjuncts the adjunct is

441
00:38:09,740 --> 00:38:13,260
the adverb the normal adverb It stands in a

442
00:38:13,260 --> 00:38:19,020
sentence wherever you like according to

443
00:38:19,020 --> 00:38:22,740
the structure of English. Okay? However, the

444
00:38:22,740 --> 00:38:27,220
disjunct can be at the beginning of the sentence

445
00:38:27,220 --> 00:38:31,460
followed by a comma. When I say, for example,

446
00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:37,480
strictly speaking, linguistics is a very, very

447
00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:44,340
beneficial science. Linguistics is a very nice

448
00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:50,520
science. Syntax is the most important science in

449
00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:54,580
linguistics. Okay, I say for example strictly

450
00:38:54,580 --> 00:38:58,800
speaking, linguistically speaking, medically

451
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,860
speaking, geographically speaking, GIS is very

452
00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:07,500
important subject. okay so if you have

453
00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:10,620
linguistically speaking geographically speaking

454
00:39:10,620 --> 00:39:15,230
strictly speaking This is called disjunct. It must

455
00:39:15,230 --> 00:39:19,910
be followed by a comma. However, the adjunct does

456
00:39:19,910 --> 00:39:24,350
not have a comma. It's an adverb that stands at

457
00:39:24,350 --> 00:39:27,310
the beginning or in the middle or at the end of

458
00:39:27,310 --> 00:39:31,290
the sentence without changing the meaning except

459
00:39:31,290 --> 00:39:35,930
only in certain cases like the example of late and

460
00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:38,630
lately which we mentioned at the beginning of the

461
00:39:38,630 --> 00:39:43,840
class. We have what is called conjunct. That is

462
00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:48,500
the conjunctions, the connectors, the

463
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:52,700
coordinators, okay? The conjunctions which join

464
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:57,040
between sentences, between simple sentences. These

465
00:39:57,040 --> 00:40:04,360
are characterized by having commas, either before

466
00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:08,080
or after. It depends on the connector itself.

467
00:40:13,070 --> 00:40:18,070
Frankly, Martha, I don't get, I don't give a hoot.

468
00:40:18,890 --> 00:40:24,150
Frankly. What do you call this? Disjunct. At the

469
00:40:24,150 --> 00:40:28,470
beginning, it is followed by a comma. Frankly. I

470
00:40:28,470 --> 00:40:33,670
say frankly speaking. Fortunately, no one was

471
00:40:33,670 --> 00:40:39,370
hurt. Disjunct. It is followed by a comma. He came

472
00:40:39,370 --> 00:40:48,800
very quickly to the class. Adjunct Okay As soon as

473
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:53,360
he entered the class he started the lecture as

474
00:40:53,360 --> 00:41:04,980
soon as this is conjunct Okay If

475
00:41:04,980 --> 00:41:09,040
they start smoking those awful cigars then I am

476
00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:14,780
not staying then Conjunct. We've told the landlord

477
00:41:14,780 --> 00:41:18,820
about the ceiling again and again and yet he

478
00:41:18,820 --> 00:41:25,740
doesn't he does he is he has he's done nothing to

479
00:41:25,740 --> 00:41:32,520
fix it yet conjunct nevertheless it is conjunct

480
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:39,480
however yes for

481
00:41:39,480 --> 00:41:44,550
the adverbs We have what was called viewpoint

482
00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:53,710
adverb, okay? These are agents, okay?

483
00:41:56,690 --> 00:42:03,570
We have them available after the noun, if you

484
00:42:03,570 --> 00:42:08,750
speak about the viewpoint, okay?

485
00:42:12,510 --> 00:42:15,130
and also they are related to the adjective which

486
00:42:15,130 --> 00:42:19,650
precedes the noun a successful athletic team is

487
00:42:19,650 --> 00:42:24,010
often a good team scholastically scholastically

488
00:42:24,010 --> 00:42:29,150
this comes at the sentence final position okay so

489
00:42:29,150 --> 00:42:34,770
it is an adverb but

490
00:42:34,770 --> 00:42:40,110
once I say scholastically a successful athletic

491
00:42:40,110 --> 00:42:46,470
team is often a good team It becomes this junk. It

492
00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:50,870
must be followed by a comma. When I say athlete,

493
00:42:51,070 --> 00:42:55,510
it means sport.

494
00:42:56,610 --> 00:43:02,510
Investing all our money in snowmobiles was

495
00:43:02,510 --> 00:43:07,350
probably not a sound idea financially. Financially

496
00:43:07,350 --> 00:43:12,670
is an adverb. What do you call it? Agent. Okay, it

497
00:43:12,670 --> 00:43:17,300
is an agent. It is written without a comma. It is

498
00:43:17,300 --> 00:43:20,800
part of the sentence. Now, if you omit it, you

499
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:25,440
change the meaning. However, for the disjunct, if

500
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:28,880
it is omitted, it doesn't change the meaning.

501
00:43:29,500 --> 00:43:35,680
Okay? Yes? The first time, the adjunct?

502
00:43:39,660 --> 00:43:43,200
Okay. These are adjuncts once we spoke about

503
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:47,420
scholastically or financially. Okay. We have lots

504
00:43:47,420 --> 00:43:49,080
of examples.

505
00:43:54,520 --> 00:44:01,160
I say, for example, he sometimes attends my

506
00:44:01,160 --> 00:44:07,040
classes very attentively. And some other times he

507
00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:15,760
gets absent. Okay? Attentively. It's an agent. It

508
00:44:15,760 --> 00:44:21,660
is in the middle of the sentence. Sometimes it's

509
00:44:21,660 --> 00:44:24,500
an agent. Once you write sometimes in the

510
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:28,360
sentence, do you use commas? This is an agent.

511
00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:33,220
Okay? He always looks for liberating his country.

512
00:44:34,300 --> 00:44:40,980
Always. Adjunct. Okay, the adjunct is an adverb

513
00:44:40,980 --> 00:44:45,220
that stands in different forms either in manner

514
00:44:45,220 --> 00:44:51,660
form or place, time, frequency, etc. However, the

515
00:44:51,660 --> 00:44:55,200
disjunct begins in the beginning of the sentence

516
00:44:55,200 --> 00:44:59,690
and must be followed by a comma. it if it is

517
00:44:59,690 --> 00:45:03,430
omitted does not change the meaning but if you

518
00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:07,710
change or if you omit the adjunct you change the

519
00:45:07,710 --> 00:45:11,290
meaning or sometimes you violate the meaning you

520
00:45:11,290 --> 00:45:15,210
violate the sentence okay the conjunct is

521
00:45:15,210 --> 00:45:18,890
different it's a conjunction that joins between

522
00:45:18,890 --> 00:45:22,650
the parts of the sentence okay

523
00:45:24,720 --> 00:45:28,620
So a successful athletic team is often a good team

524
00:45:28,620 --> 00:45:34,300
scholastically. Scholastically this is an adjunct

525
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:38,400
it's an adverb as you see financially is the same

526
00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:44,120
okay next time we are going to continue with

527
00:45:44,120 --> 00:45:49,100
adverbs and to speak more about Arabic And we are

528
00:45:49,100 --> 00:45:53,180
going to shift to what is called teaching or games

529
00:45:53,180 --> 00:45:55,940
for teaching adverbs, English adverbs to your

530
00:45:55,940 --> 00:46:01,620
classes. I need you to prepare some games to show

531
00:46:01,620 --> 00:46:05,980
how could we teach adverbs to our students next

532
00:46:05,980 --> 00:46:09,000
time. So be ready for discussion next time. Thank

533
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:09,580
you for today.