1 00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:16,210 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to 2 00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:19,130 continue with futurity once again. We need to see 3 00:00:19,130 --> 00:00:23,090 futurity in English and futurity in Arabic. We 4 00:00:23,090 --> 00:00:27,250 have already spoken about future simple, future 5 00:00:27,250 --> 00:00:31,110 continuous, future perfect, future perfect 6 00:00:31,110 --> 00:00:34,030 continuous. And we've seen that these 7 00:00:34,030 --> 00:00:38,050 constructions are available in both English and 8 00:00:38,050 --> 00:00:41,770 Arabic. However, the constructions are different 9 00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:46,030 in both languages. The syntactic construction of 10 00:00:46,030 --> 00:00:49,470 future simple is different from the syntactic 11 00:00:49,470 --> 00:00:54,210 construction of future simple in English. Its 12 00:00:54,210 --> 00:00:58,550 usage is of more functions, more semantic 13 00:00:58,550 --> 00:01:02,150 functions in English rather than it in Arabic. 14 00:01:02,730 --> 00:01:11,000 However, we have Other constructions like future 15 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,520 continuous, future perfect, future perfect 16 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,120 continuous, they are represented in Arabic 17 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:23,660 lexically. Okay? And grammatically. However, in 18 00:01:23,660 --> 00:01:27,180 English, we have specific rules for each 19 00:01:27,180 --> 00:01:31,460 construction. These are not verbs. They consist of 20 00:01:31,460 --> 00:01:35,020 different parts of inflections or inflection 21 00:01:35,020 --> 00:01:41,280 phrase. Future simple consists of, once I go, I 22 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:47,600 will travel to London. okay this has some sort of 23 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:51,260 persistence when I say I will or I say once I say 24 00:01:51,260 --> 00:01:55,880 I shall travel this is neutral open and colorless 25 00:01:55,880 --> 00:02:02,420 future okay it consists of shall travel what does 26 00:02:02,420 --> 00:02:08,220 shall refer to tense and what does travel refer to 27 00:02:09,040 --> 00:02:16,060 aspect which simple aspect okay so for future 28 00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,200 simple what are the semantic functions of this 29 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,820 construction the semantic functions of this 30 00:02:22,820 --> 00:02:26,560 concept we have willingness yes offer 31 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:32,800 determination or persistence, promise, request, 32 00:02:33,280 --> 00:02:38,880 and threat. Okay? Here we have different usages of 33 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:45,880 the modal auxiliaries shell or will. In case of 34 00:02:45,880 --> 00:02:50,440 willingness, we use shell with what? With the 35 00:02:50,440 --> 00:02:54,920 second and third person. however in case of offer 36 00:02:54,920 --> 00:02:59,940 we use shall with the first and third person okay 37 00:02:59,940 --> 00:03:07,080 in case of determination we use will with all 38 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:13,440 pronouns however in case of request okay we use 39 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:19,930 what well okay in case of promise and threat. We 40 00:03:19,930 --> 00:03:23,610 use shell with the second and third person. So we 41 00:03:23,610 --> 00:03:27,130 have different semantic functions for the future 42 00:03:27,130 --> 00:03:31,850 simple. However, in English, in Arabic, we have 43 00:03:31,850 --> 00:03:37,390 some sort of limitations semantically. We have 44 00:03:37,390 --> 00:03:40,450 willingness in Arabic, we have requests, we have 45 00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,700 all these meanings, okay? But we find that Future 46 00:03:45,700 --> 00:03:48,860 simple is available once expressing willingness. 47 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:56,580 We use سوف يرجع البضاعة. سوف يرجع. سوف, this is 48 00:03:56,580 --> 00:04:01,200 the future particle in Arabic, which refers to 49 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:06,580 remote future or near future? Remote future. Okay. 50 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:13,920 سوف يرجع. This is imperfect indicative form of the 51 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:18,640 verb. Imperfect indicative form of the verb Okay 52 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:24,400 We have inflection here personal inflection يرجع 53 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:28,000 Okay, you know that we have four inflections in 54 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:33,820 Arabic for person however 55 00:04:33,820 --> 00:04:38,600 in English we have bare infinitive shall travel 56 00:04:39,500 --> 00:04:44,340 okay we can say shell travels shell travel okay 57 00:04:44,340 --> 00:04:47,520 this is this is one point of difference between 58 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:52,520 both languages in this specific field okay so it 59 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:57,360 seems that we have future sample in Arabic but the 60 00:04:59,020 --> 00:05:03,220 Errorism mistakes are always committed in the 61 00:05:03,220 --> 00:05:06,180 other constructions, future continuous, future 62 00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:10,840 perfect, future perfect continuous, et cetera. So, 63 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:16,820 how 64 00:05:16,820 --> 00:05:23,120 could 65 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:24,740 you translate this into English? 66 00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:32,660 سيكون الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخمسة مساء will 67 00:05:32,660 --> 00:05:42,260 have slept will have been will be sleeping 68 00:05:42,260 --> 00:05:51,760 children will have been sleeping for two hours by 69 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:57,170 five o'clock PM or at the evening. It refers to an 70 00:05:57,170 --> 00:06:02,890 action that started in the past, continues at a 71 00:06:02,890 --> 00:06:06,730 specific point of time. Okay. And will continues 72 00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:12,930 on later. Okay. So it will be in progress in 73 00:06:12,930 --> 00:06:15,970 future at a certain point of time. 74 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:25,100 Okay. 75 00:06:27,990 --> 00:06:32,050 سيكونوا نائمين أو سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند 76 00:06:32,050 --> 00:06:35,910 الساعة الخامسة it is the same thing with future 77 00:06:35,910 --> 00:06:39,750 continuous future perfect continuous it refers to 78 00:06:39,750 --> 00:06:43,890 an action that will be continuous after a point of 79 00:06:43,890 --> 00:06:49,990 time in future okay in 2014 I'll have been 80 00:06:49,990 --> 00:06:53,570 teaching English for 20 years this means that I'm 81 00:06:53,570 --> 00:07:01,280 going to continue okay after 2014 for example okay 82 00:07:01,280 --> 00:07:07,320 today we are going to touch the other construction 83 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:10,440 the other futurity constructions we spoke about 84 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:15,320 going to we spoke about about to be to not yet 85 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:24,450 okay so going to okay i'm going to act in your 86 00:07:24,450 --> 00:07:31,870 graduation in June, okay? You are expected to 87 00:07:31,870 --> 00:07:35,990 graduate in June, so I am going to attend your 88 00:07:35,990 --> 00:07:42,910 graduation ceremony, okay? Or celebration. Here I 89 00:07:42,910 --> 00:07:46,490 have intention, I have intention to attend, okay? 90 00:07:47,750 --> 00:07:52,100 Hoda is going to have a baby next month. Okay. 91 00:07:52,580 --> 00:07:58,060 Going to. She has a cause. Okay. She has a cause. 92 00:07:58,140 --> 00:08:02,840 She's pregnant and she will deliver according to 93 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:07,700 the plan next month. Okay. So we say she's going 94 00:08:07,700 --> 00:08:13,060 to. She's going to have a baby next month. Okay. 95 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:18,280 I'm going to attend your graduation party next 96 00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:22,850 June. This is my intention. Okay. I'm going to 97 00:08:22,850 --> 00:08:27,410 attend Ahmed's party tonight. We have intention to 98 00:08:27,410 --> 00:08:33,750 do that. Okay. So going to refers to intention and 99 00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:42,290 cause. It will rain soon or it's going to rain. 100 00:08:43,270 --> 00:08:46,070 What was it? It's going to rain because we have 101 00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:51,180 cloudy weather. So we have cause. Okay. So going 102 00:08:51,180 --> 00:08:59,200 to refers to cause and intention. Okay. ستمطر 103 00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:06,640 الدنيا حالا سيمطر الجو or yes ستمطر حالا ستمطر 104 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,940 this is Arabic س we have the near future particle 105 00:09:10,940 --> 00:09:17,300 س plus the present imperfect indicative form of 106 00:09:17,300 --> 00:09:25,380 the verb يمطر Not amtara, yumtara. About to. We 107 00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:33,560 are about to start explaining the rest of the 108 00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:38,680 lecture about futurity. We're about to leave. We 109 00:09:38,680 --> 00:09:42,710 are about to quit. Okay, we are about to quit 110 00:09:42,710 --> 00:09:47,590 about to على وشك We have the same equivalent in 111 00:09:47,590 --> 00:09:52,890 Arabic على وشك أن أبدأ المحاضرة على وشك أن نبدأ 112 00:09:52,890 --> 00:09:57,490 المحاضرة على وشك بدء المحاضرة نحن على وشك بدء 113 00:09:57,490 --> 00:10:03,850 المحاضرة is accepted. So we have So we have على 114 00:10:03,850 --> 00:10:09,730 وشك أن نبدأ Okay this refers to imminent future 115 00:10:10,790 --> 00:10:16,130 Imminent future. Okay. Very near future. Imminent 116 00:10:16,130 --> 00:10:20,610 future. Okay. The taxi is there at the gate and we 117 00:10:20,610 --> 00:10:24,690 are about to leave. The taxi is there at the gate 118 00:10:24,690 --> 00:10:29,690 and we are about to leave. Okay. After a few 119 00:10:29,690 --> 00:10:34,470 minutes, about to leave. We have about plus the 120 00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:38,850 infinitive in English. In Arabic, نحن على وشك أن 121 00:10:38,850 --> 00:10:47,010 نمشي. أو النغادر على وشك N نغادر يعني we have على 122 00:10:47,010 --> 00:10:51,970 وشك plus mean over derived nominal or covert 123 00:10:51,970 --> 00:10:56,070 derived nominal يعني 124 00:10:56,070 --> 00:11:03,110 مصدر مؤول ولا مصدر صريح على وشك N نغادر مؤول this 125 00:11:03,110 --> 00:11:07,930 is called covert derived nominal طب نحن على وشك 126 00:11:07,930 --> 00:11:08,610 المغادرة 127 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:15,240 Overt derived nominal okay 128 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:45,600 We spoke about the present simple denoting future 129 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:48,840 and present progressive denoting future as well. 130 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:50,240 Sheikh? 131 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:03,840 Okay. He leaves for Egypt tomorrow. She arrives by 132 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:07,700 ten o'clock train this evening. So we have the 133 00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:10,760 present simple denoting future if we have a plan 134 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:17,130 or program. or a timetable. We have this also 135 00:12:17,130 --> 00:12:24,730 available in Arabic. سأسافر عندما يأتي أحمد. We 136 00:12:24,730 --> 00:12:28,270 mentioned that we have the present simple just in 137 00:12:28,270 --> 00:12:31,970 the structure of adverbial clauses of time and 138 00:12:31,970 --> 00:12:35,430 condition. This is what we mentioned in the last 139 00:12:35,430 --> 00:12:41,540 lecture. Okay. سو سافر عندما يأتي أحمد. I'll 140 00:12:41,540 --> 00:12:48,120 travel when Ahmed comes. When Ahmed comes. Don't 141 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:53,220 say when Ahmed came or will come. It's wrong. Once 142 00:12:53,220 --> 00:13:00,180 Ahmed comes. Okay. What do you say if I stay here 143 00:13:00,180 --> 00:13:07,560 for another two hours? What do you say if I stay? 144 00:13:09,790 --> 00:13:14,150 What will you say if I stay? So the conditional 145 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:17,510 clause also contains the present simple which 146 00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:20,150 refers to future action. 147 00:13:26,930 --> 00:13:31,980 We have present continuous as well. which refers 148 00:13:31,980 --> 00:13:35,740 to an action that has been planned for the future. 149 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:39,680 I'm traveling by seven o'clock flight to Egypt 150 00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:43,640 this evening. I'm taking the children to the 151 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:45,280 seashore tomorrow evening. 152 00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:54,760 Okay, so we have plan or timetable program. Okay, 153 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:59,340 we have this in Arabic. أنا قادم لزيارتكم اليوم. 154 00:14:00,470 --> 00:14:05,490 أنا قادم. What do you say about قادم? This is 155 00:14:05,490 --> 00:14:08,450 nominal subject. اسم الفاعل. Okay. 156 00:14:12,490 --> 00:14:17,590 We mentioned going to, I'm going to. So we have 157 00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:23,570 there to be M is R plus going to infinitive. Okay. 158 00:14:23,970 --> 00:14:29,000 She's going to get married. We have cause. Okay. 159 00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:31,840 There is an engagement that is followed by 160 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:36,260 marriage. Julie is going to have a baby. So we 161 00:14:36,260 --> 00:14:41,540 have causes. I'm going to attend Ahmed's party. 162 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,560 This is intention. Okay. 163 00:14:50,380 --> 00:14:55,080 Be about to. The taxi is there at the gate and we 164 00:14:55,080 --> 00:15:00,860 are about to leave. About to. So you have about, 165 00:15:01,060 --> 00:15:07,320 verb to be, about, then the infinitive. Okay? It 166 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,720 refers to an action or construction that will be 167 00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:13,220 fulfilled, an action that will be fulfilled in the 168 00:15:13,220 --> 00:15:13,940 near future. 169 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:24,820 We have equivalence of be about to, this is 170 00:15:24,820 --> 00:15:28,700 alawashak, as we mentioned. Okay. 171 00:15:31,860 --> 00:15:39,160 على وشك أن يأتي أحمد. على وشك أن يأتي. So we have 172 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:43,540 على وشك plus covert derived nominal. 173 00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:56,700 Okay. We have B2. B plus infinitive. 174 00:15:59,170 --> 00:16:02,410 This construction shows command and arrangement. 175 00:16:03,730 --> 00:16:10,230 We are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. So we 176 00:16:10,230 --> 00:16:17,570 arranged this meeting or we arranged this action. 177 00:16:18,030 --> 00:16:22,190 So we are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. We 178 00:16:22,190 --> 00:16:24,970 are to be ready by nine o'clock. We arranged that, 179 00:16:25,390 --> 00:16:31,200 okay? You are to be ready by nine o'clock. You are 180 00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:33,940 to be ready by nine o'clock. This is command. 181 00:16:34,820 --> 00:16:35,200 Okay. 182 00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:47,840 Just in translation, we say, for example, once we 183 00:16:47,840 --> 00:16:53,620 say for example, Hind is to marry soon or to get 184 00:16:53,620 --> 00:16:58,640 married soon. Hind is to get married soon. Okay. 185 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:04,560 ستتزوج هند قريبا. So we have the near future 186 00:17:04,560 --> 00:17:09,440 particle س plus the imperfect indicative form. 187 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:12,840 This means that we don't have equivalent for ب 188 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:19,760 infinitive in Arabic. Going to and ب to are the 189 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:23,400 same. We use س plus the imperfect indicative form 190 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:23,960 of the verb. 191 00:17:28,020 --> 00:17:35,060 ساحضر حفلة التخرج اليوم مساء I planned for that 192 00:17:35,060 --> 00:17:43,660 okay, so we have س plus the imperfect indicative 193 00:17:43,660 --> 00:17:47,840 form of the verb Once I translate this into 194 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:57,300 English What do I use? Be to or go to No, no. We 195 00:17:57,300 --> 00:17:58,580 have intention here. 196 00:18:02,360 --> 00:18:05,940 So if you have intention, this means going to. If 197 00:18:05,940 --> 00:18:09,300 there be cause for the action that will happen in 198 00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:13,040 future, this is going to. Okay. If there'll be 199 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:17,700 command or arrangement, we use be to. It depends 200 00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:20,460 on the meaning of the sentence. So the difference 201 00:18:20,460 --> 00:18:25,260 between them is only semantic difference. Okay. 202 00:18:27,660 --> 00:18:30,100 According to this meaning, you can configure or 203 00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:34,480 choose what to use, either going to or B2, or 204 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,700 about to, which refers to imminent future. 205 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:47,960 About to, yes. We don't 206 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:52,000 have equivalence for B2 or going to in Arabic, 207 00:18:52,220 --> 00:18:57,130 okay? This is future continuous. 208 00:18:59,590 --> 00:19:02,130 The same construction of future continuous. 209 00:19:02,670 --> 00:19:08,010 However, about to has lexical equivalence. We have 210 00:19:08,010 --> 00:19:14,430 على وشك. We don't have, yes. 211 00:19:17,310 --> 00:19:23,310 Now we need to see Future in the past. Planned 212 00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:33,310 actions which were not fulfilled in the past. I 213 00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:37,090 arranged to see you yesterday, but I could not. 214 00:19:38,350 --> 00:19:44,230 How could I express that? I was to travel 215 00:19:44,230 --> 00:19:49,370 yesterday, but I didn't. Okay? 216 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,940 I arranged to come to the university for teaching 217 00:19:54,940 --> 00:19:59,700 you another lecture yesterday, but I could not 218 00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:04,600 come. So how could I express this in future 219 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:07,580 constructions? Okay, we have the same 220 00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:13,040 constructions. For example, he was later to regret 221 00:20:13,040 --> 00:20:19,780 his bad behavior. Was to, meaning be to. But 222 00:20:19,780 --> 00:20:25,670 instead of using SMR we use was, it refers to the 223 00:20:25,670 --> 00:20:29,450 past. I made the needed maintenance to my car so 224 00:20:29,450 --> 00:20:35,330 that it would pass the safety inspection. He had 225 00:20:35,330 --> 00:20:39,290 it because he knew that he was going to be late. I 226 00:20:39,290 --> 00:20:42,570 was about to miss the train. I was meeting him at 227 00:20:42,570 --> 00:20:46,570 the Islamic University of Gaza the next day. Now 228 00:20:46,570 --> 00:20:50,300 we need to translate these into Arabic. So I 229 00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:52,680 wonder if you could manage to translate them into 230 00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:59,460 Arabic here or not. They all refer to future in 231 00:20:59,460 --> 00:21:04,000 the past, actions which did not happen, which were 232 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:09,000 planned to happen, but did not happen. Okay. So 233 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,220 you are given only three minutes for translation. 234 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:18,680 He was later to regret his bad behavior. Yes. 235 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:25,040 كان عليه أن يندم على سلوكي السيء. Did he regret? 236 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:30,980 No. Okay. I made the needed maintenance to my car 237 00:21:30,980 --> 00:21:33,980 so that it would pass the safety inspection. 238 00:21:41,220 --> 00:21:49,840 لقد؟ لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد 239 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:52,200 لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لك لقد أجريت 240 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:59,540 التصليحات الصيانة اللازمة لسيارتي لكي تجتاز امتحان 241 00:21:59,540 --> 00:22:05,840 السلامة الأمنية okay does it happen or not it 242 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:12,220 doesn't happen okay يعني the action does not 243 00:22:12,220 --> 00:22:19,000 happen okay it was expected to happen but it was 244 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,530 cancelled Okay, so you can paraphrase this 245 00:22:22,530 --> 00:22:30,330 sentence at the end. It's called 246 00:22:30,330 --> 00:22:35,110 paraphrasing in translation. He hurried because he 247 00:22:35,110 --> 00:22:37,490 knew that he was going to be late. 248 00:22:41,570 --> 00:22:42,290 Yes. 249 00:22:44,930 --> 00:22:46,030 He hurried. 250 00:22:56,850 --> 00:23:06,730 I was about to miss the train. Yes? Did I miss it? 251 00:23:07,170 --> 00:23:13,410 No. Okay. I was meeting him at the Islamic 252 00:23:13,410 --> 00:23:17,960 University of Gaza the next day. Yes. 253 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:22,320 Okay. 254 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:26,240 Okay. 255 00:23:29,620 --> 00:23:34,640 But that did not happen. So we speak about actions 256 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:41,220 that were to happen, but not happened. Okay. So we 257 00:23:41,220 --> 00:23:44,120 use the same constructions, but in the past. 258 00:23:47,740 --> 00:23:51,420 We have them, we have their equivalence in Arabic, 259 00:23:51,660 --> 00:23:58,520 but lexically. كان عليا أن أقابله. Okay? So we 260 00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:01,560 don't have equivalence for B2 and Gong2 as we 261 00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:07,560 mentioned, but we have على وشك. Okay? And كان عليا 262 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:12,600 أن أقابله. I was meeting him at the Islamic 263 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:15,320 University of Gaza the next day. 264 00:24:29,780 --> 00:24:34,260 He hurried because 265 00:24:34,260 --> 00:24:40,280 he knew that he was going to be late. This means 266 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:46,490 that he was not late. He reached his Yes, he 267 00:24:46,490 --> 00:24:52,750 reached his place or his He reached his work or 268 00:24:52,750 --> 00:24:57,930 whatever just on time Okay, he reached his 269 00:24:57,930 --> 00:24:59,370 destination on time Fine 270 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:26,700 Now we have future and the past as you see in 271 00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:32,580 Arabic The 272 00:25:32,580 --> 00:25:35,860 future and the past is always preceded by or 273 00:25:35,860 --> 00:25:42,220 sometimes preceded by Hamza a the morpheme Hamza 274 00:25:42,220 --> 00:25:50,360 كان على زيدا كان نعم 275 00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:50,640 sorry 276 00:25:56,030 --> 00:26:05,870 كان على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى كان 277 00:26:05,870 --> 00:26:15,630 على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى okay 278 00:26:15,630 --> 00:26:20,590 it was for zayd to attend if agreed you or not 279 00:26:20,590 --> 00:26:23,930 agreed you and it was for zayd to attend if you 280 00:26:23,930 --> 00:26:27,570 agreed or not Okay. This is called 281 00:26:27,570 --> 00:26:31,270 transliteration. Once you translate a sentence 282 00:26:31,270 --> 00:26:34,950 from Arabic to English, you have to write the 283 00:26:34,950 --> 00:26:37,270 sentence, the original sentence in Arabic using 284 00:26:37,270 --> 00:26:41,350 English alphabet. Then you write transliteration 285 00:26:41,350 --> 00:26:44,450 word by word. Then you translate the sentence. 286 00:26:48,370 --> 00:26:49,090 Okay. 287 00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:04,860 What do you understand from this? Does the action 288 00:27:04,860 --> 00:27:06,400 happen? No. 289 00:27:17,860 --> 00:27:21,020 What refers to the past? 290 00:27:32,700 --> 00:27:40,820 It refers to an action that was to happen in the 291 00:27:40,820 --> 00:27:41,240 past. 292 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:49,920 My father or dad recommended me to do good all 293 00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:50,960 over my life. 294 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:05,520 Now, we have the exemplative قد which refers to an 295 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:13,040 action that is expected. Its construction is in 296 00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:20,420 the past, but it refers to future. قد قامت الصلاة 297 00:28:20,420 --> 00:28:26,560 قد قامت الصلاة The prayer is to be performed. 298 00:28:28,910 --> 00:28:32,550 The action as you see, the form of the sentence is 299 00:28:32,550 --> 00:28:36,130 in the past. However, its meaning refers to 300 00:28:36,130 --> 00:28:39,710 imminent future, imminent future. 301 00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:55,370 استجيبوا لله والرسول إذا دعاكم لما يحييكم 302 00:28:57,750 --> 00:29:05,170 Surah Al-Anfal, verse 24 from the Holy Quran. Give 303 00:29:05,170 --> 00:29:11,490 your 304 00:29:11,490 --> 00:29:15,170 response to Allah and his messenger when he calls 305 00:29:15,170 --> 00:29:18,050 you to that which will give you life. 306 00:29:22,330 --> 00:29:27,360 What do you call da'a? What do you call it? Past 307 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:33,980 or future? It is past, but it refers to the past, 308 00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:45,400 present and future. This construction is only 309 00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,880 available in Arabic, but not in other languages. 310 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:50,220 Okay? 311 00:30:05,370 --> 00:30:08,790 We can say, كاد زيد أن يأتي. How could you 312 00:30:08,790 --> 00:30:12,610 translate this? كاد زيد أن يأتي. 313 00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:18,250 زيد was about to come. 314 00:30:20,690 --> 00:30:28,210 كاد أو كان زيد على وشك أن يأتي. زيد was about to 315 00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:29,330 come. Okay. 316 00:30:35,390 --> 00:30:39,330 So both are translated by about two.