Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah I'm
going to explain causative verbs causative
verbs in English
So we are going to see causative verbs in English
and Arabic. Okay? Causativity is available in both
languages. But what does it mean causative verb?
We have a common structure for the causative verb
in English. It shows somebody or something is
indirectly responsible for an action.
So it shows that somebody or something is
indirectly responsible for an action is the causer
of an action.
So here the subject may not be responsible for the
performance of the action itself, but causes
someone or something else to do it.
So we have the causative there, it refers to
the action which is done indirectly by someone or
something. Okay? This does not necessarily mean
that the subject is the doer of the action. It may
be the indirect doer of the action. Okay? We have
active causative verbs and passive causative verbs
like any other verbs in English or even in Arabic.
So simply this structure is used when someone
causes something to happen or when a person causes
another one to take an action. For example,
railway station security had everyone show their
tickets. Railway station security had everyone
show their tickets. The ticket collector is the
person who directs, who is directly responsible
for the action. But what about the railway station
security? This is indirect. Once I say, for
example, the government had
the project done. If the government, the direct
object, you have the tenderer and the workers who
are responsible directly for the action. Okay? So
once we speak about indirect doer of the action, I
mean someone causes another one to do the action.
Okay? Railway station security had everyone show
their tickets. Okay? Now, we have had as a
causative verb have this structurally takes bare
infinitive you still remember the sensation verbs
once we explained the infinitive and gerund we
mentioned that the sensation verbs do not have
they only take bare infinitive except help or let
and make they take both bare infinitive and two
infinitive you still recall that now for the
causative verbs some of them take only bare
infinitive and some others take two infinitive
okay complete infinitive the
tutor made his students do an oral interpretation
The tutor made his students do an oral
interpretation. Is the tutor the doer of the
action? He is indirect doer of the action. The
students are the direct doers of the actions.
Okay? So do is a causative verb. Okay? Sorry make,
make is accusative verb. So it has bare infinitive
do the tutor made his students do an oral
interpretation I had Bill fix the van the van I
had Bill fix the van the van so you have had as
accusative verb it has fix as bare infinitive we
don't have here two verbs we have only one verb
one causative verb had the second is bare
infinitive okay I had the van fixed this is
passive I had Bill fix the van this is active you
have the subject once you cross out the subject
then and made the required changes for Passive
requirements. You have a sentence like I had the
van fixed. Van is an object. Okay, here it becomes
derived subject plus the past participle of the
verb fix. I had the van fixed.
So we have active causative verbs and passive
causative verbs the active causative verbs have
specific structure subject you have overt subject
causative verb agent يعني the doer of the action
the real doer of the action then bare infinitive
or too infinitive you complete the sentence with
object complement the judge had the lawyer defend
the suspect the judge this is subject had this
causative verb the lawyer the lawyer this is the
lawyer this is the agent okay the real doer of the
action then the suspect Okay. Which is the object.
Okay. We have the bare infinitive preceding the
subject that is defend. So we have the subject,
the causative verb, the agent, the bare
infinitive, and the object. Okay. Or object
complement. So the judge had the lawyer defend the
suspect. The judge had the advocate defend the
subject. The same thing.
The English department of the university made all
staff members attend the stylistics seminar.
The English department of the university, this is
direct, Subject, this is, it is subject, indirect,
okay, made this causative verb. All staff members,
this is the agent, attend their infinitive, the
stylistic seminar object.
Okay.
So we have the agent, as you see, maybe a person
or something, okay, to whom is caused to take an
action. The agent is caused to do the action. The
agent is caused to do the action.
We have lots of causative verbs in English, okay?
like require sorry we have convince we have have
let and make okay these require only bare
infinitive have let and make three causative verbs
three causative verbs have only bare infinitive we
have have let and make these are three causative
verbs okay they directly take bare infinitive okay
we have other verbs they take two infinitives such
as convince allow, encourage, permit, employ,
help, get, require, motivate, hire, assist,
permit, command, force, order, remind, urge,
enforce. These are causative verbs, but they have
two infinitives. However, we have three causative
verbs like have, let, and make. They only take
Their infinitive. The lawyer convinced the judge
to reduce the fine. Convinced. So we have to
reduce. The teacher encouraged the students to
apply for the scholarships. to apply because we
have encouraged. The boss required new employees
to attend training sessions twice a week to attend
because we have required. The magazine encouraged
all readers to submit suggestions for future
issues. Okay, so we have encouraged and we have to
submit. Okay, it's very simple rule. All causative
verbs accept to infinitive except we have, let and
make.
No, no, no. They accept, have, let and make,
except here as causative verb, as causative once
they hold the meaning of causativity, then they
have only bare infinitive. We are going to explain
anyway. The active causative.
Once we say the magazine should encourage all
readers to submit suggestions for future issues.
What do you call this sentence? Active or passive?
The magazine should encourage all readers to
submit suggestions for future issues. This is
active. Okay?
So you have the subject, the magazine. Should,
this is modal auxiliary verb. Encourage, this is
causative verb. Okay? All readers. Agent. To
submit, we have the infinitive to infinitive,
okay? To submit suggestions for future issues, we
have object and object complement, okay?
Teachers should ask students to make responses for
every class they attend. teachers, the subject
should model auxiliary, ask causative verb,
students agent to make responses for every class
they attend responses this is object for every
class they attend this is object complement.
So the most common causative verbs of all the
verbs we mentioned just a minute ago are get,
have, let, help. So you have get, have, let, help.
These have their own rules. They have their own
rules in English. So we have get,
okay?
Will get my car maintained before this winter. I
Will get my car maintained before this winter is
this active or passive? Passive passive
construction So it consists of the verb get the
causative verb get Then we have person or thing
then you have two plus the verb, I will get my car
mentioned, maintained before this winter. Okay.
Here we have the construction means to convince
someone to do something or to trick someone into
doing something. Semantically, get here means
convince okay I will get my car maintained by this
winter okay this means that I will convince
someone to have maintenance to my car before
winter okay how can teachers get their students to
read more now once you have active then you have
the to infinitive once you have passive You have
bare infinitive. I will get my car maintained
before this winter. So maintained is passive. I
will get my car maintained before this winter.
Okay? How can teachers get their students to read
more? This is active sentence. We have the agent.
Al-Aqsa TV commercials are trying to get people to
stop smoking. Active. Okay. Now, we have have. The
causative verb have takes bare infinitive. The
doctor had his nurse take the patient's
temperature. Is it available to say the doctor had
his nurse to take the patient's temperature? It's
not accepted. okay so the verb have takes bare
infinitive please have your secretary forward me
the email so you have the bare infinitive forward
I had the technician check the photography machine
had so we have check this is bare infinitive okay
for get I mean the causative verb get this is in
case of active it takes two infinitives complete
infinitive he got the mechanic to check his brakes
at first the mechanic didn't think it was
necessary but he convinced him to check the brakes
get here means convince okay
so this is active construction so you have to
check complete infinitive I had the mechanic check
my brakes I had the mechanic check my brakes I
asked the mechanic to check the brakes had here
means ask so it had only bare infinitive as I
mentioned previously have takes bare infinitive
only now make the causative verb make as i
mentioned it takes only bare infinitive
repaired after the Furqan War in Gaza last year.
Ahmed had his house repaired, repaired by someone.
So the agent is absent here because this is
passive construction. Ahmed had his house repaired
after the Furqan War in Gaza last year. So we have
had as a causative verb, we have repaired as
passive construction. This is the past participle.
Okay? The action, the real doer of the action is
absent for the requirements of passive
construction. President Obama had his speech
written by a very talented group of writers.
President Obama had, this is causative verb, had
his speech written. The subject is absent by a
very talented group, written. So we have, in case
of having passive, we change the bare infinitive
into past participle. In both cases, the person
Ahmed and President Obama arranged for something
repairing a house or writing a speech to be done
by a third person.
For the passive sentence structure, you know, it
consists of the subject, causative verb, object,
not agent. The agent is available for making me
active. Okay? Then the past participle, not bare
infinitive. I had the van turned up. Okay?
He had his home air conditioned system
He had his home air conditioning system installed a
week ago. So we have installed past participle for
the causative verb had or have mainly because this
construction is active or passive? Passive. But in
case of active, we have bare infinitive.
Installed. Okay. I got my car washed and waxed at
the new service station. Good. This is causative
there. So we have the past participle washed
because this is passive. Okay. So in passivization
structure, we have the past participle and the
subject is absent. However, in active, we have the
agent or the real subject present plus the verb,
per infinitive or to infinitive. It depends on the
type of the causative verb. I got my car washed
and waxed at the new service station. Although she
hates the dentist, she has had her teeth cleaned
regularly.
has had so have here is a causative verb but it is
passive because the agent is deleted and now we
have the past participle cleaned you good that
okay in
case of need and want okay
The verb need or want may appear in passive
causative sentences.
In cases
where the causative verb have or get are deleted
from the sentence. So they can be replaced by
need, want I need to have the van turned up sorry
tuned up I need the van tuned up I need okay I
need to have or I need the van directly okay the
modal auxiliary may be used with a causative verb
as well okay to express suggestion by the speaker
himself you should have your hair your hair cut
you should have your hair cut okay I have my hair
cut okay the subject is absent the subject is the
stylist who cut my hair okay I had my hair cut
this is passive since we have had then we have the
past participle in passive. In case of active, we
have had plus bare infinitive. Okay? So don't mix
between the function of had or have in active and
its function in passive. In case of active, you
have to use bare infinitive. In case of passive,
then past participle. Okay? So we have the
modal auxiliary as we mentioned, can be used with
causative sentence to express suggestions by the
speaker.
so the construction is subject modal auxiliary
verb causative verb object or past participle you
should have his pants ironed okay this means that
the person who is going to iron the pants, the
pants is absent. Someone, he should have his pants
ironed. So we have have plus the past participle,
this is passive, and we can normally use or we can
easily use the modal auxiliary should or would in
this sentence, okay?
Now, we have causativity in Arabic, okay? So, to
sum up this story, the story of causativity, we
have lots of causative verbs they all together
take two infinitives in case of active past
participle in case of passive the agent must be
present in case of active the agent is absent in
case of passive still we have some irregular
causative verbs which only take bare infinitive
they are let have and make okay Now, do you have
this construction available in Arabic? Yes, we
have. Okay?
We have the causativity in Arabic caused by what
was called a blout or gemination. يعني التشديد
الشدّة يعني doubling. Okay?
The verb
We have here the verb هدمة it changed to هدمة. We
have the short vowel فتحة instead of كسرة هدمة
becomes هدمة Hadama here is a causative verb,
okay? Available or done by having what is called a
plout. The plout construction is the use of the
case, the causative case instead of genitive case.
When I say hadima, this is Genitive case then we
have the accusative case in having hadama Okay So
we have The
stem hadima itself cannot configure it a
meaningful sentence Okay
but in case of being changed to هدمة by having
accusative case instead of genitive then we have a
meaning okay so
the second sound has
the accusative case هدمة when I say هدمة I can't
say هدمة العدو المنزلة But I say هدم العدو المنزلة
Okay هدم العدو المنزلة هدم is a causative verb We
have حَزِنَة Be sad حَزَنَة This is make sad
خَرِبَ Be destroyed خَرَبَ this is destroy hazina,
be ridiculed hazia, sorry hazia, be ridiculed
hazia, ridiculed najiza,
be implemented najiza, implement okay khafia
Be hidden خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة
خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة
خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة خَفَة
خَفَة خَفَة
خَ Okay So the second verbs are the causative
verbs when I say for example These
are causative verbs causing caused by what is
called a blout construction the blout construction
means the change of the short vowel from kasra
genitive to fatha in the second letter okay on the
second consonant sound no no gemination is another
thing this
is called doubling or what is called gemination so
another way for causing causatives in Arabic
we can say hazana okay you we have two ways for
making causatives in arabic either by using a play
out for some verbs or by using gemination
gemination cannot be available for all verbs and
also a play out construction cannot be applicable
for all verbs in arabic okay and we have two
categories of causative verbs in arabic some of
them are available with allowed construction and
some others only accept gemination to be
constructed or to give the meaning of causativity
in Arabic okay so gemination حَزِنَ حَزَّنَ okay
طيب
حَزَّنَ فُقْدَانُ الْإِبْنِ أُمَّهُ Hazzana
Fuqdanu Al-Ibni Ummahu هَدِّمَ
هَدَّمَ
Haddama Haddama العدو المنزلَ العدو المنزلَ The
enemy destroyed the house هدّمَ هدّمَ is causative
there
خرِبَ خَرَّبَ نَجِزَ نَجَّزَ سَمِنَ
سَمَّنَ نَشِطَ
نَشَّطَ ضحكَ
ضحكَ نَمَ نَوَّمَ
عطسة عطسة عطسة okay بكى بكى okay فهمه فهمه okay
درسه درسه okay as I said فهمه فهمه make understand
علمه علمه Shariba, sharaba. Hamala, hammala. Okay,
so we have these are considered as causative verbs
in Arabic, but you have them taking the same
constructions as English. Is there any sort of
similarity between English causativity and Arabic
causativity here? They are highly divergent. Both
languages are different in this construction. We
don't have gymnasium in English. We don't have a
blout construction in English. Okay? In Arabic, we
don't have also bare infinitive or two
infinitives. Okay? So both languages are
different. This means that any mistake committed
in this regard is interlingual or interlingual.
Intralingual. It is not caused by Arabic. It is
caused by the difficulty of English. Is that
clear? Very good. Okay, that's it for today. Now
we are going to shift to discussion or
presentations about the previous subject. Okay.