Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim Last time we spoke
about the adverbs and we mentioned that the
adverbs as usually modify three elements in
language they modify
Verb, adjective and another adverb as we said most
of the adverbs end in ly except we have some
exceptions like I mean adjectives ending in ly
like what lovely, lowly, motherly, friendly,
neighborly, etc okay the adverbials can be
preposition phrases, can be infinitive phrases,
okay, and can be also noun phrases. He went to the
movies. To the movies is an adverbial phrase
consisting of preposition phrase. They lived in
Canada during the war. The same thing.
For the comparisons of adverbs, as we mentioned
last time, we have the same system like
adjectives. So you have three degrees. What are
they? What are they?
Positive degree,
comparative degree, superlative degree. Okay. So
we have wukfa, astardices. Comparative. Fastest.
Superlative. As fast as... Equality. Positive
degree. Okay? Now, the position of the adverb can
be sentenced finally, or can come initially, and
in that sense, the meaning changes. He arrived
late. Lately, he could not seem to be on time for
anything. Okay? So, the meaning differs between
the two sentences. Okay? I mean the meaning of the
adverb late.
We mentioned that we have different types of
adverbs. We have three main types. They are the
adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts. Adjuncts,
disjuncts, and conjuncts. Okay? The adjuncts are
of different types. We have the intensifiers,
which are of three types. They are Emphasizers
amplifiers and downtrodes Okay, this is what
explained last time, okay?
The adverb can post modify and pre modify another
adverb or adjective Okay
for the adverbs Semantically, we have different
types for the adverbs. We have adverbs of manner,
adverbs of place, of frequency, of time, and
purpose as well. And these were already explained
also last time. For the position of the adverb, I
told you that it is floating. mainly the adverbs
of manner, can be in the beginning of the
sentence, in the middle of the sentence, or at the
end of the sentence. Okay? Solemnly, the minister
addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly
addressed her congregation. The minister addressed
her congregation solemnly. So, at the beginning,
in the middle, at the end. Okay? Now, the position
of the adverb. it directly precedes the lexical
verb in the sentence. Okay? Or it can come between
the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb.
For the order of adverbs, we mentioned that the
most consistent order of adverbs in the sentence
begins with manner, place, frequency, time, and
purpose. okay and we cited lots of examples last
time okay we have what's called focus where the
adverb can moves to the beginning of the sentence
okay we have if we have two adverbs at that sense
we can start with a shorter one As we cited the
examples last time, dad takes a brisk walk before
breakfast every day of his life. So before
breakfast comes initially or comes first, as you
see, because shorter than the second adverb
morphologically. Okay? This is what is called
focus. Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the
coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.
Okay? Here you have the sentence, the adverb comes
sentence initially for purpose of focus or
emphasis. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one
of these lemons will get by the inspectors. Okay?
As we mentioned syntactically at the beginning of
the class last time, we have syntactically three
types of adverbials, adjuncts, disjuncts, and
conjuncts. And we mentioned that the adjunct is
one of the main parts of the body of the sentence.
It's not separated from the sentence even by a
comma. Okay? Still, the disjunct is directly
followed by a comma and begins in the beginning of
the sentence okay so it starts sentence initially
However, the conjunct means the conjunction. Okay?
The connector, the coordinator. Okay? That
connects between the parts of the sentence.
Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately,
no one was hurt. So frankly, fortunately, these
are disjuncts.
Okay? Once we speak about them, nevertheless,
however, yet, these are conjuncts. Strictly
speaking. The prisoners or our captors released
yesterday was very, very nice. So, strictly
speaking. Disjunct. Geographically speaking.
Disjunct. Okay?
Now, we have what is called a viewpoint adjunct.
Okay? The viewpoint adjunct is an adverb. It's
part of the sentence and it comes finally. It
normally locates finally in the sentence. A
successful athletic team is often a good team
scholastically. Okay? Investing all our money in
snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea
financially. So financially, scholastically, our
viewpoint adverse. Okay? That come sentence
finally, and they are considered part of the
sentence as well. Okay? And they consist a crucial
part of the body of the sentence. So they are not
separated by any command. Okay, we explained that
last time, I think.
We explained that, and I think we terminated on
this. Title, focus, and negative adverbs. Okay?
Semantically, we have negative adverbs that do not
need the particle not. Like seldom, hardly,
rarely, okay? Never. He has never been much help
to his mother. So it is equal to the sentence that
he has not helped her mother at all, for example.
Okay? She has not helped her mother. So the never
adverb, never adverb equals the particle not. So
there is no need for having double negative in the
sentence. We cannot say he hasn't never been.
Okay? Double negative is not available in English.
Yes.
No, no. Double negative. It may be available in
some English
dialects, okay? Like Arabic. For standard Arabic,
we don't have double negative. لا يدرس، لا يأتي،
لا يريد. But in Palestinian Arabic, we have double
negative. ما بدّيش، ما ش. Okay? Double negative.
ما بدّيش. Okay? So we have this double negative
available in dialects of Arabic and may available
in some dialects of English, but not necessarily
in received English or standard English or even
standard Arabic. He's never been much help to his
mother. He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything
since the accident. After his long and tedious
lectures, rarely was anyone awake.
Okay? So, for Arabic, we have adverbs which are
called hal. They are represented in Arabic
syntactically by using the preposition phrase and
the derived nominal okay ذهبت إلى الجامعة بسرعة
ذهبت إلى الجامعة مصريا بسرعة is had consisting of
preposition phrase جار و مجروروشبه الجملة في محال
نصب حال مصلى عن حال منصوب بالفتحة So we have this
however the construction the syntactic function is
the same but I mean the syntactic rules of adverbs
in Arabic differ from their syntactic rules in
English you have systematic order for the adverbs
in English, okay? We have systematic position or
strict position of the adverb in English.
However, in Arabic, the situation is very simple,
very clear. It comes generally at sentence final
position. The structure of Arabic adverbs differs
from English, okay? So this causes what was called
interlingual errors and some interlingual errors
that come as a result of the difficulty of the
structure of English adverbs. So we have
interlingual errors resulting from the difference
in the syntax of adverbs. and the semantics of
adverbs, the meaning of the adverb, and the
movement. Once we speak about the syntax and the
position of the adverb, the movement of the adverb
in the sentence, the order of the adverbs within
the same sentence. Okay? Now, the meaning can
differ according to the position of the adverb. So
if it locates sentence finally, it gives a meaning
that is different from being sentenced initially,
like the adverb late, which we explained. You see?
So this is what I have about adverbs. And now we
come to another subject. Or it is about
causativity in English and Arabic. But before
that, we need to have this quiz. So we need to
terminate here just for having the chance for the
quiz. Thank you.