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shri lankawa | shri lankawa brithanya palana samaye di silon lesa handinwu athara warthamanaye nila washayen shri lanka prajathanthrika samajawadi janarajaya lesa hadunwayi. shri lankawa serandib, silon, dipthimath diwayina,dharma diwayina, indiyan sagaraye muthu ataya naminda hadunwayi. wiwidha nam gananawakin puranaye handinwu mema dupatha "nam dahasak athi dupatha" lesa prachalitha da wiya. meya dakunu aasiyanu dupathaki. eya indiyanu sagaraye, bengala bokkehi niritha desin saha arabi muhude ginikona desin pihita atha; eya indiyanu upa mahadwipaya mannaram bokka saha pok samudra sandhiya magin wen karanu labe. shri lankawe pihitima pradhana muhudu margawala pihitima hethuwen batahira aasiyawa saha agnidiga aasiyawa athara upayamargika nawika sambandhakayak lesa eya purana kalaye sitama bhawithaya ganuni. indiyanu janarajaya saha shri lanka janarajaya 1976 marthu 23 wana dina manar bokka saha bengala bokkehi samudra mayim sthapitha karamin giwisumak athsan karana ladi. shri lankawata aasanna ma ratawal lesa indiyawa saha maladiwayina hadinwiya hakiya.
shri lankawe wishalathwaya warga ki.mi 65,610 (warga sathapum 25,330) we. eya lowa 123 wani wishalathama rata wana athara wishalathama dupath atharin 25 wana sthanaye sitiyi. ehi bhumi pradeshaya palath nawayakata saha disthrikka wisihatharakata wen kara atha. rata palath 9 kin, disthrikka 25 ha pradeshiya lekam kottashaya 331 ha grama niladhari kottasha 14,022 kin samanwitha we. aganuwara shri jayawardhanapura kotte wana athara wishalathama nagaraya kolambaa we. kolambaa jathiye aarthika, deshapalana kendrasthanayayi.
shri lankawa loka uruma sthana atak, sathapum gananak pura wihidunu ranwan wali sahitha weralawal, wasi wananthara saha kandukara the wathu sahitha itha sundara dupathaki. niwarthana wananthara, werala saha bhu darshanawala swabhawika sundarathwaya, jaiwa wiwidhathwaya menma pohosath sanskruthika urumayan sandaha prasiddhaya, eya loka prasiddha sancharaka gamananthayak bawata path kaleya.
shri lankawe janagahanaya miliyana 22 kata aasanna we. eya dupathaka jiwath wana 11 wana wishalathama janagahanayayi. shri lankawe janagahanayen 70% therawada bauddhayan we. enam miliyana 15 k pamana we. eya lowa 6 ho 5 wana wishalathama bauddha janagahayak wesena rata we. shri lankawe jathika aagama therawada bauddha wana athara 12% hindu bhakthikayan, 9% islam bhakthikayan, 7% kristhiyani bhakthikayan, 1% niragamikayan saha wenath aagamikayo wethi.
bahuwidha ha bahusanskruthika rajyayak wana shri lankawa, boho aagam, jana warga saha bhasha rasakata niwahana we. diwayinehi bahutharaya wu sinhala janathawata amatharawa, ehi anekuth sulu wargika kandayam lesa shri lankika demala, indiyanu demala, marakkala, bargar, male, kapiri saha swadeshiya wadi janathawa wasaya karanu labayi. nila bhashawa sinhala bhashawa saha demala bhashawa we.
shri lankawa yanu pohosath sanskruthika urumayak athi rataki shri lankawe likhitha ithihasaya wasara 3000k pamana athithayata wihidena athara saha sakshya sahitha prag aithihasika manawa janawasayange ithihasaya awama washayen wasara 125,000 k dakwa wihide. itha pohosath bauddha urumayak sathu shri lankawe prathama ithihasamaya bauddha lekhanagatha kirima wana pali thripitakaya, kri.pu. 29 siwwana dharma sangayana samaya thek diwayayi. kotte rajadhaniye wishala deshapalana arbudakari kala parichchedayak thula pruthugisin shri lankawata pamina diwayine samudra welandama palanaya kirimata uthsaha kala athara shri lankawe kotasak pasuwa pruthugisi santhakayak bawata pathwiya. sinhala pruthugisi yuddhayen pasu landesin saha mahanuwara rajadhaniya ema pradesha palanaya kara gathha. pasuwa landesi depala brithanyayan wisin athpath kara gath athara, pasuwa owun mulu diwayinama thama palanaya wyaptha kara, 1815 sita 1948 dakwa eya yatath wijithayak bawata path kalaha. shri lankawe wadath matha ithihasaya wasara 26 ka siwil yuddhayakin winasha wu athara eya 1983 di aarambha wi 2009 di thiranathmaka lesa awasan wuye shri lanka sannaddha hamudawa demala eelam wimukthi koti sanwidhanaya parajaya kirimath samanga ya.
shri lankawa ardha-janadhipathimaya kramaya yatathe palanaya wana eekiya janarajayak we.
shri lankawa sathu widesha sabandatha digu ithihasayakin samanwithaya. shri lankawa dakunu aasiyanu kalapiya sahayogitha sanwidhanaye (sark sanwidhanaya) aarambhaka samajikayeku wana athara, eksath jathin, podu rajya mandalaya, ji77, saha nobandi jathin yana sanwidhanawalada wathman samajikayeku we. kurundu, the, kopi, rabar saha pol nishpadanaya saha apanayanaya sandaha prasiddha shri lankawa pragathishili nawina karmika aarthikayak darayi. shri lankawa sanwardhanaya wemin pawathina ratak wana athara manawa sanwardhana darshakaye 72 wani sthanayata pathwa atha. eya sanwardhanaya athin ihalama shrenigatha dakunu aasiyanu jathiya wana athara dakunu aasiyawe dewani ihalama eeka pudgala aadayama da owunata himiya; kese wethath, pawathina aarthika arbudaya hethuwen mudal eekakaya kada watima, uddhamanaya ihala yama saha athyawashya drawyawala dadi hingayak hethuwen deshapalana saha manushiya arbudayak athi wi thibe. eya widi wirodhatha pupura yamata da hethu wi athi athara, janadhipathiwarayata saha rajayata iwath wiya yuthu bawata purawasiyan balakirima hethuwen hitapu janapathi gotabhaya rajapaksha janadhipathi durayen da iwath wiya.
wenath nam
wiwidha nam gananawakin puranaye handinwu mema dupatha "nam dahasak athi dupatha" lesa prachalitha da wiya. shri lankawa serandib, silon, dipthimath diwayina,dharma diwayina, indiyan sagaraye muthu ataya, indiyawe kandulu binduwa yana naminda, athithaye di aparadiga wideshikayan wisin nila washayen helanka, lanka, sinhale yanuwenda, arabiwarun silan, silon, serandib saha thaproben yana namwalin da, siw helaya,helaya, thambapanni, siladipa, rathnadipa, ha peradiga dhanyagaraya aadi anwartha namawalin da saha wirudawaliwalin da hadunwayi. dath ekkota aayubowan/aayibon kima shri lankika sinhalayan an aya pili ganimata bhawitha karana sampradayika kramayayi.
ehi yatath wijitha kalaya thula, diwayinata silon yana nama labuni, eya pasuwa yatath wijitha kalaya awasan wana thuruma digatama bhawitha wiya. silon namin warthamanaye handinwuye nathath warthamanaye wiwidha deshiya wyapara sandaha silon yana namaya bhawitha kirima sulabha deyaki. "indiyawe kandulu binduwa" lesa shri lankawa handinwimata shri lankawe wishesha hadaya saha indiyawata samipa wima hethu wiya.
ithihasaya
prag aithihasika yugaya
shri lankawe homo irektas minisun BP 300,000 - 500,000 tharam aathaka sita athi bawata sakshi atha.
gal yugaya
gal yugaya aasanna washayen wasara 125,000 kata pera sita kri.pu. 1800 dakwa pawathini.
paliyolithik yugaya
iranamadu hi soyaganimwalin peni yanne shri lankawe BP 300,000 tharam aatha athithaye paliyolithik minisun siti bawayi. shri lanka bhumiye paliyolithik yugayata ayath pradhana pradesha 8 ka padinchikaruwan soya gatha haki wiya.
pahatharata wiyali kalapaya
pahatharata ardha shushka kalapaya
pahatharata wiyali kalapaya
pahatharata atharamadi wiyali kalapaya
kandukara wiyali atharamadi kalapaya
pahatharata atharamadi theth kalapaya
theth kandu kalapaya
theth usbim kalapaya
purana shri lankawa
aanduwa
shri lankawa eekiya rajyayak wana athara ehi aanduwa shri lanka prajathanthrika samajawadi janarajaya nam we. ethek silon hewath lanka nam wu rajadhaniya ahosi kota 1972 mayi 22 dina "shri lanka" samajawadi janarajaya pihituwana ladi. 1978 di "shri lanka prajathanthrika samajawadi janarajaya" pihituwana ladi.
aganuwara
aga nagaraya "shri jayawardhanapura kotte" we. ehi wanija aga nagaraya wanne kolambaa nagarayayi.
warga pramanaya
pradhana (lanka)dupatha 65 525 sq km
abhyanthara samudra jala pradeshaya 1 570 sq km
aithihasika muhuda 12 060 sq km
rashtriya muhuda 18 060sq km
yabada muhuda 17 000 sq km
parama aarthika kalapaya 437 400 sq km
samastha wargapalaya 554 200 sq km
shri lankawe jathika sanketha
(mehi wadidura adhyayanayak sadaha shri lankawe jathika sanketha wetha piwisenna.)
shri lankawe athithaya
prag aithihasika yugaya
lankawe prag aithihasika yugaya adhyayanaya kirime pahasu wa sandaha pahatha paridi yuga walata beda adhyayanaya karanu labe.
purashila yugaya 2. madhyashila yugaya 3. nawashila yugaya
sidukara athi purawidya paryeshana anuwa lankawe manawa yatagiyawa pilibanda sadhaka adin wasara 125,000 dakwa aathata diwayayi. lankawe wayambaadiga ha ginikonadiga pradeshayange weralashritha pradeshawala wyapthawa athi iranamadu panshu sankirnayata ayath bundala wallegangoda ha pathirajawela yana sthanayange sidukarana lada purawidya paryeshana anuwa mema karunu thahawuru wi atha.
aithihasika yugaya
prathama nawina aganuwara lesa anuradhapuraya salakena athara, rajya parapure awasanaya senkadagala nagaraya wiya.
yatath wijitha yugaya
warsha 1505 di pruthugisin (Portuguese) lankawa aakramanaya karana ladi. paranginge mulika awashyathawa wuye owunge aagama ha welandama pathirawimayi. pasuwa oolanda landesin (Dutch) ha ingrisi (British) adhirajyawadinge da thadana pidanawalata lakwiya. mema aakarayen wu thadana pidanayangen midima sadaha udarata giwisuma namin 1815 di ingrisin samanga athsan karana lada giwisuma owun wisin ma ullanghanaya ehi janathawa pita yatath wijitha manasikathwayak mawamin 1948 dakwa darunu palanayak gena giyaha. me atharathura kalayedi lankika janathawa 1818 di saha 1848 di karali diyath kaleya.
nawina yugaya
lanka rajadhaniya
shri lanka samajawadi janarajaya
koti thrasthawadaya
awurudu 30 kata aasanna kalayak thula rate bedimak athi kirimata thrasthawadi kandayamak wana demala eelam koti (eltitiee)sanwidhanaya thath kalada, 2009 wasaredi ema sanwidhanaya ratin mulinuputa dama ratata samaya athiwi atha.
shri lankawe purawasthu
bhugolaya
swabhawika wyasana
shri lankawa swabhawika wyasana awama rataki. namuth warshawa nisa athiwana wyasana nithara dakiya haka. kri.wa. 2004 wasare desambar 26 wanada balapa sunamiya wyasanaya shri lankawe warthagatha darunuthama swabhawika wyasanaya we.
shaka saha saththwa sanhathiya
wiwidhathwaya saha aawenikathya athin shri lankawe shaka sanhathiya ihala agayak gani. shri lankawe gana 1,502kata ayath sapushpaka shaka 3,210k aththeya. wishesha 916 saha gana 18 k diwayinata aawenika we. mita amatharawa diwayinehi athi hora kulaye shaka wishesha 55 n ekak hara anekwa siyallama shri lankawata sima we. mathakadi agaya no karana lada muth shri lankawe miwana pramanaya 350 k pamana we. siyalu jiwi kandawala wiwidhathwaya, sarawathbhawaya, saha aawenikathya athin theth kalapaya wiyali kalapayata wada itha idiriyen sitiyi. theth kalapaya, bhumi pramanayen diwayinen hatharen ekak wana namuth sapushpaka shaka wisheshawalin siyayata 88kata saha aawenika sapushpaka shaka wisheshawalin siyayata 95 kata rakawaranaya salasayi. shri lankawe swabhawika wananthara kotas atakata kanda karayi.
shri lankawe upa bedim
palath
shri lankawa palath 9kata beda deshapalana balaya wimadhyagathakara atha.
eewa nam:
uthuru palatha
uthuru mada palatha
madhyama palatha
wayambaa palatha
basnahira palatha
sabaragamuwa palatha
uuwa palatha
dakunu palatha
nagenahira palatha
paripalana disthrikka
shri lankawa paripalanaya disthrik 25k washayeni.
janathawa
janagahanaya
2012 jana sangananaya anuwa
20,359,439
samajaya
bahu sanskruthikamaya rataki. shri lankawe bahutharaya sinhala jathikayo we. rajya aagama buddhagamaya. peradiga sanskruthiyata anugatha samajayaki.
jathin
sinhala, demala, marakkala, bargar, male, wadi aadi wiwidha jathin jiwathwe. shri lankawehi pradhana ha paramparika karmanthaya gowithanaya.
bhasha
sinhala saha demala rajya bhashawe. ingrisi piligath samibandhikarana bhashawayi. nila thaththwayak nomathi wuwada malayalam, wadi basa, male aadi bhasha adala jathin bhawitha karayi.
aagam
pradhana aagama budu dahama we.
buddhagama saha purana hela adahili
hindu
romanu katholika
kristhiyani
islam
bojun
jathika aaharaya bath we. - (bath saha wyanjana deka ma mema wachanayen adahas kere.)
deshapalanaya
pradhana deshapalana paksha
thani paksha
shri lanka nidahas pakshaya
eksath jathika pakshaya
janatha wimukithi peramuna
hawul sandhana
eksath janatha nidahas sandhanaya
eksath jathika peramuna
prajathanthrawadi jathika sandhanaya
adhyapanaya
aarthikaya
samajawadi saha dhanawadi lakshana mishra aarthika kramayak pawathi. mulikawama krushikarmika rataki. maha banku warthawa anuwa 2015 wasaredi shri lankawa siyayata 4.8 ka aarthika wardhanayak wartha kara atha.
krushikarmaya
deshiya paribhojanaya sandaha
wi gowithana
pol wagawa
apanayana boga
shri lankawe the
rabar
kulu badu
karmantha
sampradayika karmantha
shri lankawe dhiwara karmanthaya
hastha karmantha
nawa karmantha
swabhawika parisaraya
shri lankawe loka urumayan
shri lankawata aawenika kurullo
shri lankawata aawenika kshirapayin layisthuwa
diyaali - shri lanka
krida
nila washayen shri lankawe jathika kridawa wolibol wuwada, janapriyathama kridawa krikatya. jala krida, papandu saha tenis men ma ragbi da boho janapriya kridawan weyi. shri lankawe pasal, usas adhyapana aayathana yanadiya krida saha malala krida kandayam sanwidhanaya karamin, palath ha jathika mattamin krida tharanga walata sahabhagi wethi. ithama durwala thathwayaka siti shri lanka krikat kandayama 1990 ganan wala sita salakiya yuthu jayagrahana athpath karaganimin idiriyata pamina 1996 loka kusalanayada 1996 saha 2004 warsha wala aasiyanu kusalanaya da dina gaththeya. lokaye krikat krida karana pradhana ratawal walin ekak lesa idiriyata pamini shri lankawa, 2007 loka kusalana tharangawaliye awasana maha tharangaya dakwa paminiyeya. ehidi owhu oostreliyawata parada wuha.
1948 landan olimpik ulele mitar 400 pirimi kadulu mathin diwime tharagayedi dankan wayit mahatha wisin ridi padakkamak jaya gena mulma olimpik padakkama shri lankawata gena enu labuwa. thawada 2000 wasare sidni olimpik kantha mitar 200 tharagayedi susanthika jayasinha wisin ek ridi padakkamak jaya gena thibe.
sinhala spots klab, aar. premadasa kridanganaya saha rangiri dambaulu kridanganaya menma galla jathyanthara kridanganaya wani kridangana rashiyak shri lankawe thibe. 1996 loka kusalana tharangawaliyedi shri lankawa indiyawa saha pakisthanaya samaga tharanga wadunu athara aasiyanu kusalana tharangawali kipayakatada sahabhagi wuha. emenma eya 2011 di pawathwena loka kusalana tharangawaliyatada sahabhagi weyi. werala asabada da, nisala jala thatakawala da pawathwena bottu tharanga, diya matha lissa yama, pihinima, diyata panime saha kimidime (Scuba diving) krida aadi jala krida shri lankikayange men ma widesha sancharakayange da sith pahara gani.
aashritha lipi
jathika giya
shri lankawe upa bedim
shri lankikayo
mulashra
bahira yomu
shri lanka rajaya
rajya thorathuru kendraya
janalekhana ha sankhyalekhana departhamenthuwa
shri lanka rajaye nila puwath web adawiya
gri lankiya ithihasaye pinthura
Historic Photographs of Sri Lanka
sark ratawal
podu rajya mandalaye ratawal
aasiyathika ratawal |
sinhala (bahuruthharanaya) | sinhala yannen adahas kerenuye,
sinhala bhashawa
sinhala akshara
sinhala (janawargaya)
sinhala jathiya
sinhala janaya
wiya haka.
sinhala
lankika sinhalayo |
mul pituwa | wikipidiyawehi wenath sthana wikipidiya sahodara wyapruthi wikipidiya bhashawan
|
ganithaya | ganithaya boho wita artha dakwenuye pramanaya,wyuhaya,awakashaya saha wiparinamaya yanadi da adhyayanaya kerenna wu wishaya kshenraya lesa ya. ganithagnyayan boho deneku wisin darana thawath mathayak nam, prathyaksha saha arthadakwimwalin arambai nigami tharkanaya mangin sanatha kala danum sambharaya wanahi ganithaya yannayi.
oonama samajayaka pahe, ginum thabima, bimmanuma saha tharaka shasthra aashritha siddhi purwa nishchaya kirima yanadi katayuthu sandaha prayogika ganithaya yoda gena atha.
ganithamaya soya ganim saha paryeshanawala di boho durata ,yedim gana salakimakin thorawa,rata soya ganima saha eewa anupiliwelakata sakas kirima siduwe."suwishuddha" ganithayehi athi suwishesha karunak nam eya nitharama prayogika yedimwalata thudu dimayi.me karuna iyujin wignar "ganithayehi athakkawachara paladayithawa" lesa handunwa atha. wathmanehi,swabhawika widya, injineru widyawa, aarthika widyawa saha waidya widyawa yanadi wishaya keshethra nawa ganithamaya soya ganim matha behewinma yape.
nirukthiya
mathamatiks yana ingrisi wadana "widyawa,gnyanaya ho igenima"yana aruth dena grika μάθημα (mathma)saha "igenimata athi lolaya" yana aruth dena grika μαθηματικός (mathamatikos) aadiyen bindi aaweki. eya podu rajya mandaliya ingrisi wyawaharaye maths lesa da uthuru amarika ingrisi wyawaharaye math lesa da ketiyen bhawitha weyi.
ithihasaya
ganithayehi wikasanaya nimak nomathi wiyukthikarana malawak lesa ho wishaya karunuwala siduwana pulul wimak lesa ho dakiya haki ya. mul wiyukthikaranaya lesa sankhya handinwiya haki ya.apal gedi dekak ha dodam gedi dekak athara yam podu lakshanayak athi bawa, enam ee dekama ek minisakuge dathata gatha haki bawa, wataha ganimata hakiwima minis chinthanaye wadagath sandhisthanayak sanituhan karayi.
sanyuktha wasthu gananayata amatharawa,prag aithihasika minisa kalaya,dina,ruthu,warsha wani wiyuktha rashi gananayata samath wiya. anka ganithaya(uda:ekathu kirima,adu kirima, wadi kirima saha bedima )swabhawikawama gamya weyi.monolithika smaraka ekala pawathi jyamithika gnyanaya gana sakshi darayi.
aithihasikawa,ganithaya thula dawantha shikshana mathuwa aawe,wartha wi athi ithihasaye aarambhaye sita,badu ha wanija kshethraye gananaya kirim kirima,sankhya athara athi sabandatha handuna ganima,bim manuma,tharaka shasthra aashritha siddhi purwa nishchaya kirima wani awashyatha nisa ya. meki awashyatha dala washayen ganithayehi pulul anukshethra lesa nam kala haki pramanaya,wyuhaya,awakashaya saha wiparinamaya yana kshethra yatathata anurupanaya kala haki ya.
ganithaya ada boho wardhanaya wi athi athara eya saha widyawa athara itha paladayi antharkriyakarithwayak pawathi. eya eki kshethra dekehima abhiwruddhiyata hethu padaka wi atha.
ithihasaya purama ganithamaya soya ganim sidu wu athara danatath sidu weyi.
rashin, wyuha , awakashaya ha wichalana wani sankalpa kendra karagath danum kshethraya ganithaya lesa handinwena athara eya ema sankalpa pilibanda adhyayanaya kerena wishaya pathaya da we. (ingrisi basin ganithaya Mathematics lesa handinwena namuth bhawithaye di boho wita maths ho math yanuwen yede). awashya nigamanawalata elambaenna wu widyawa lesa benjamin piyars ganithaya handinwu athara ganithaya ratawan pilibanda widyawa bawa anek ganithaya bhawitha karannange mathaya we. sankhya athara, awakashaye, widyawe, pariganakawala , upakalpitha amurthanawala saha anekuth da wala ratawan sewima ganithagnyayin wisin sidu karana bawa owunge mathayayi. nawa uuhana nirmanaya kirimatath, adala lesa thoragath prathyaksha saha artha dakwim osse dadi apohanayanta yatath kota eewaye sathya asathya bawa sewimatath ganithagnyayan ihatha aakara sankalpa pariksha karathi.
ganan kirima, gananaya kirima, manima saha bhauthika wasthunge hada saha chalana pilibanda widhimath adhyayanaye sita amurthanaya saha tharkanukula hethu dakwima osse ganithaya parinamayata lak wiya. thani thaniwa ho samuha washayen gaththa da mulika ganitha danuma bhawithaya samawita pudgala jiwitha ha baddha wi pawathuni. purana eejipthu, mesapothemiyanu, indiyanu, china, grika ha islam shishtacharawalata ayath granthawala mulika ganithamaya sankalpa wadath pahadili aakarayata satahan kara thibenu dakiya haka. ashithila tharkanaya, mulwarata dakiya haki wanne grika shishtacharaya aashrithawa wana athara me atharin yuklidge “Elements” granthaya pramukha we. warthamanaya dakwa pawatha ena paridi paryeshana sighrathawa ihala nanwamin 16 wani siyawasata ayath punaruda samaye di ganithamaya nawa soya ganim saha widyathmaka soya ganim anthar kriya karana thuruma ganithaye pragamanaya kadin kada wu thathwayen sidu wiya.
warthamana lokaye swabhawa widyawa, injaිneru widyawa, waidya widyawa saha aarthika widyawa wani samaja widyawan aadi boho kshethrawala ganithaya bhawitha we. mese kshethraye bhawitha wana ganitha kotas wyawaharika ganithayata ayath wana athara ehi di ganithamaya nawa soya ganim prayogikawa bhawitha wana atharama prayogika bhawithayan hethuwen ganithamaya nawa soya ganim athiwa awastha da thibe. atham wita wyawaharika ganithaya osse mulumaninma aluth wishaya pathayan athi wima da sidu we. me harunu wita kisidu prayogika bhawithayak ilakka kara nogena ganithamaya hethu nisama ganithamaya paryeshana sidu karana ganitha kshethrayak da pawathina athara eya shuddha ganithaya nam we. namuth boho wita kisidu prayogika bhawithayak ilakka kara nogena sidu karana shuddha ganithamaya adhyayanayanta adala prayogika yedum kal gathawethma bhawithayata paminenu dakagatha haka.
ganithaya widyawak lesin
lathin “Regina Scientiarum” saha jarman Konigin der Wissenchaften yana granthawala mul pitapathwala widyawa yana aruth dena wadanehi wachanarthaya danum kshethraya yannayi. ingrisi basin “Science” yannehi mul arutha da meyama we. me anuwa balana kalhi sakayakin thorawama ganithaya da widya kshethrayaki. widyawa swabhawa widyawanta sima karana lada wargikaranaya pasu kalina we. yam heyakin widyawa bhauthika lokayata simawu kshethrayak se salakayi nam, ewita ganithaya - nathahoth awama washayen shuddha ganithaya widyawak nowe. albat ayinstayin me pilibada pahatha adahas prakasha karana ladi. thathwikathwaya adala ganithamaya niyamayan anishchitha we. eewa nishchitha wana kalhi eewa thathwika lokayata adala nowe.
boho darshanikayanta anuwa ganithaya parikshanathmaka sathya asathya lesa owuhu kala nohaki kshethrayak bawin kal poparge artha dakwimata anuwa widyawak nowe. kese nam 1930 di pamana ganithamaya tharkanaya aashritha kriyakarakam magin ganithaya tharkanayata pamanak uunanaya kala nohaki bawa penwa dena lada athara me anuwa bhauthika widyathmaka ha jiwa widyathmaka menma ganithamaya siddhantha da kalpitha uunana kramayata laba ganna eewa bawa kal popar nigamanaya kaleya. me anuwa kalpitha uunanayan wana shuddha ganithaya swabhawika widya kshethrayanta boho se aasanna bawa pene. thawada imre laktos wani samahara chinthakayin parikshanathmakawa sathyasathya bawa nigamanaya karana kramayak ganithayata da yodana ladi.
wikalpa mathakayata anuwa samahara widya kshethra (saiddhanthika bhauthika widyawa wani) thathwika siddhinta anurupa wana aakarayata sakasu swasiddhingen samanwitha ganitha kramayan bawa prakasha we. warak saiddhanthika bhauthika widyagnya je.em siman pawasuwe widyawa yanu podu awabodhaya bawin ganithaya da widyawak bawayi. upakalpana matha padanam wu tharkanukula palayange wishleshanaya wani lakshana ganithaෙy menma boho swabhawa widya kshethrawalata da poduya. thawada upakalpana nirmanaye di upahayanaya ha parikshana sidu kirima widyawe di menma ganithayedi da siduwe. parikshanathmaka ganithaya ganitha wishaya pathayehi wadagath kotasak bawata pathwa thibena athara aasannaya ha anupurukaranaya widyawe di ha ganithaye di kramayen wardhanaya wana wadagathkamak darayi. me nisa ganithaya widyathmaka kramaya bhawitha nokaranne yayi kiyamana kramayen yalpanimin pawathi. 2002 wasare pala kala “A New Kind of Science” (nawa widya kshethrayan) nam granthaya osse stiwan wulfram aaghanaka ganithaya prathyaksha mula lesa adhyayanaya kala yuthu widya kshethrayak wimata sudusu bawa tharka karayi.
namuth mema tharkaya pilibada ganithagnyayin dakwana adahasa wiwidhakara we. boho ganithagnyayin ganithaya widyawak bawata pathkirimen ehi saundaryathmaka bawath aadi sampradayen eeta labi athi nidahas shilpa hathen ekak yana sthanayan nathiwi yathayi wishwasa karathi. anek ayage tharkaya wanne widyawa injineru shilpaya saha ganithaya athara athiwa thibena athuru muhunatha osse ganithaye pragamanayata lada thalluwa hallu kirimath ganithaya widyawen wen kirimen siduwana bawayi. darshanika wiwadayan thula mema prathiwiruddha adahas nirupanaya wanne ganithaya nirmanaya kere da soya gane da yana prathiwiruddha tharkayangeni. boho wita wishwa widyala thuladi widyawa ha ganithaya lesa thani kandayak wen kirima sidu we. min peni yanne ganithaya ha widyawa ekineka sabadi namuth eewa ekineka samapatha nowana bawayi. prayogikawa ganithagnyayin ha widyagnyayan dala washayen ekama wargikaranaya kerena athara siyum wargikaranaye di nawatha ekinekagen wen kere. mema gataluwa ganithamaya darshanaye di salaka balennaki.
ganithaye kshethra
ganithaya pulul lesa kathanaya kala wita apata itha kuda kotas walata wen kala haka. eewa nam pramanaya, wyuhaya, awakashaya ha wiparinamaya lesini. (keseda yath anka ganithaya, wija ganithaya, jyamithiya ha wishleshanaya) thawada ganithaya yedena kshethra rashiyak atha. eewa athara tharka shasthraya, kulaka siddhantha, wyawaharika ganithaya, mathakadi dadi adhyayanayata lak wu awinishwithathawa da we.
aashritha lipi
List of mathematical jargon
Lists of mathematicians
Lists of mathematics topics
Mathematical constant
Mathematical sciences
Mathematics and art
Mathematics education
Outline of mathematics
Philosophy of mathematics
Relationship between mathematics and physics
Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
mulashra
satahan
upaharana
bahira sabandi
sankhya ha pada http://s.dasun.googlepages.com/assembly.html
Formal sciences
pradhana mathruka lipi |
sinhala bhashawa | shri lankawe pradhana jathiya wana sinhala janayage maw basa sinhala weyi. ada wana wita miliyana 20 kata adhika sinhala saha miliyana 3kata adhika sinhala nowana janagahanayak sinhala bhashawa bhawitha karathi. sinhala indu-yuropiya bhashawala upa ganayak wana indu-aarya bhasha ganayata ayithi wana athara mala diwayina bhawitha karana diwehi bhashawa sinhala basata boho durata samana bhashawaki. sinhala shri lankawe nila bhashawayi.
prag aithihasika yugaye patan pawathi helabasa aatha athithaye indiyanu bhasha ha yatath wijitha samaye batahira bhasha samaga sammishranayen wathman sinhala bhashawa bihiwi atha.sinhala bhashawe swara 18 ki.
nirukthiya
sinhala yanu madhyama indu-aarya (elu ) "sihala" yana wachanayata anurupa sanskrutha padaya we. meya "sinha" yana sanskrutha wachanaye wyuthpannayak we. "bhagawatha puranaye"hi sinhalaya, diwayine sanskrutha namaya lesa sandahan kara atha. mema nama samahara awasthawaladi "sinhayange wasasthanaya" lesada huwa dakwa atha. meya athithaye sinhayan bahula washayen sitinnata athayi yana wishwasaya matha yedunak yayi kiwa haka.
upabhasha
sinhala basehi upa bhasha lesa thadin bedimak daknata nohaka. namuth pradeshika washayen katha karana wilashaya ha aawenika wu wachana ha yedum bhawithaye wenaskam dakiya haka. rajarata (uthuru mada palatha), ruhuna (dakunu palatha), uuwa (uwa palatha) mese wenaskam dakiya haki palath kihipayaki. namuth mema wisheshitha yedum ha katha wilasha anekuth sinhalayanta boho wita pahasuwen therumgatha haka.
kathakarana saha liyana sinhala
dakunu aasiyawe boho bhashawala daknata labena dediw wahara (kathakarana basa (kathika basa) saha liyana basa (likhitha basa) athara athi pahadili wenasa) sinhala bhashawehida wisheshayen dakiya haka.
swarashasthraya
sinhala swara shabda nagime ratawa boho durata anekuth indiyanu bhasha walata samagami we . namuth ema bhasha ha sasandana wita sinhalayatama aawenika wu lakshana kipayak daka gatha haka. eewayin samaharak nam sanynyaka akuru pela ek wima, a, aa swara ek wima, maha prana akuru (sanskruthayen aa wachana sandaha) athi muth nomusu sinhala basa sandaha eewa awasi nowima aadiyayi.
sinhala swara shabda nagima
sinhala wyanjana shabda nagima
lekhana kramaya
boho indiyanu akuru mala men sinhala hodiya da parani brahmi akshara malawa matha padanamwi atha. kri.pu. 500di pamana shri lankawata mema parani brahmiya akuru handinwi athi bawa purawidyagnyayan pawasana namuth hela hawula pradhana pirisak ema mathaya bahakarayi. sinhala akuru pela, dakunu indiyanu grantha akshara malawata samipa sambandhayak athi athara, kadamba akshara malawenda aabhashaya laba athi bawa pene.
sinhala hodiye akuru 60k athi athara in 4k matha kalaye di athulath wu eewa weyi. sinhala bhashawehi swara wishala pramanayak atha.
sinhala hodi
sinhala hodi kipayak atha.
1. amishra sinhala hodiya (akshara 30 ki). wenath bhashawaka akshara ha mishra nowi pawathina shuddha sinhala akshara meyata ayath we.
2. mishra sinhala hodiya (akshara 54 ki). mishra sinhala hodiya wenath bhashawala akshara samaga ek wimen pawatha eyi.(pali ha sanskrutha bhasha walin aandunu akshara).
3. nuthana sinhala hodiya (sinhala warna malawa) (akshara 60 ki). ihatha sandahan hodi dekatama ayath nowu mathakadi sinhala bhashawata ek wu akuru alala jathika adhyapana aayathanaya madihathwa 1989di mema hodiya sakas kara atha. meya hodiyakata wada warna malawak lesa watahaganima yogya we.
nuthana sinhala hodiya (sinhala warna malawa) pahatha dakwe.
sinhala akshara winyasaya
sinhala bhashawe akshara winyasaya indiyanu bhashawala athi abugida akshara wilasaya anugamanaya kere. enam shuddha swara sandaha wenama akuru pelakda, wyanjana sandaha wenama akuru pelakda , wyanjana swara aakarayen wenas kara ganima sandaha wyanjana walata pili yoda ganima aadi washayen we.
sinhala ilakkam
nawathama adhyayanayan thulin sinhalayata aawenika wu ilakkam soyagena atha. aatha athithaye sita ma mema ilakkam bhawitha kota atha. mahanuwara yugaya thekma mema ilakkam bhawitha kota athi bawata sakshi labe. pasukalinawa pruthugisi, landesi, ingrisi balapamen hindu-arabi ilakkam hadunwa dimath samaga sinhala ilakkam abhawayata gos atha. sinhala yunikod thulata sinhala ilakkam athulu kirime yojanawak atha.
sinhala yuniketha
yuniketha (Unicode) sammathaye 4.0 sanskaranayehi sita sinhala basa (sinhala yuniketha) da athulathwa atha . ehi prathipalayak lesa, oona ma ayekuta kiyawiya haki paridi sinhalayen web pituwak pawathwa ganima ho yamak pala kirima thawaduratath sihinayak nowe. mrudukanga sinhala nisi lesa hasirawimata samath wimata kalak gathawanu atha. udaharanayak lesa yanshaya, repaya, rakaranshaya yanadi ardha swara rupa nirupanayata athyawashya ZWJ (zero width joiner) kethaya atham mrudukanga mangin nothaka harima dakwiya haka.mema zwj kethaya mrudukanga thulata athulath kala yuthu kalaya elambaa atha.
wyakarana
sinhala bhashawe ukthakhyatha pada sambandhaya pahatha sandahan ayuru bede.
wachana bhedaya (eeka wachana, bahu wachana)
purusha bhedaya (uththama purusha, madhyama purusha, prathama purusha)
kala bhedaya (athitha, anathitha)
linga bhedaya (sthri, purusha, napunsaka)
karaka bhedaya (karthrukaraka, karmakaraka waki)
wibhakthi
prathama wibhakthiya
karma wibhakthiya
karthru wibhakthiya
karana wibhakthiya
sampradana wibhakthiya
awadhi wibhakthiya
sambandha wibhakthiya
aadhara wibhakthiya
aalapana wibhakthiya
wakya sadimedi ihatha sandahan wibhakthi rithi yoda ganu labe. anekuth indiyanu bhasha (uda . sanskrutha, demala, thelingu aadi) samanga sasandana wita karthru wibhakthiya sinhala basata pamanak sima wuwak lesa dakwiya haka.
wagmalawa
sinhala pada
sinhala pada warga pahatha penwa athi ayuru bede.
nama pada - kisiyam 'keneku, deyak, thanak, satheku ho yam swabhawayak / wilasayak' handunwa dimata bhawitha karana pada nama pada se salake.
kriya pada - kisiyam sajiwi pudgalayaku ho satheku karana deyak, nirayasayen siduwana deyak, no ese nam jiwiyekuta danena ho windina deyak hangawima pinisa yodana pada kriya pada se salake.
nipatha pada
wisheshana pada
nama wisheshana (guna pada)
kriya wisheshana (wilasa pada)
wisthara pada
athithaye upasarga pada mulika pada wargayak lesa salakuwada warthamanaye ese nosalake. wisthara pada mulika pada wargayak lesa salakiya yuthu bawa aacharya je. bi. disanayakage warthamana yojanawaki.
pahatha sandahan wanne sinhalaye nawa pada nirmanaya ho arutha wenas kirima sandaha yedena widhi ya.
upasarga
nama pada mulin pamanaka di ehi arutha wenas (adu, wadi, wiruddha ) kirimak upasarga pada walin kere. upasarga pada thada akurin dakwa atha
pa - pabala, pasindu
upa - upaguru, upawara
ni - niduk , nihanda
samasa yeduma
pada kipayak wiwidhakarayata eka wi dena arutha diyahaki lesa thani wachanayak galapima hewath sadhanaya samasa nam we. samasa warga 5ki. samasa wu pada thada akurin dakwa atha.
dakarartha samasaya (uda. poth da path da - pothpath)
wisheshana samasaya (uda. sudu pata mal - sudumal )
wibhakthi samasaya (uda. gath karanuye - gathkaru)
anyartha samasaya (uda. neth thunak aththe - thineth (eeshwara dewi ))
awyaya samasaya (uda. itha mihiri wanne - imihiri)
pada sandhi wima
wachana dekak ekata baddha wima hewath sandhi wima magin, uchcharanaye pahasuwa pinisa melesa aluth pada sadima sandhi kirima nam we. sinhala base pada sandhiya behewin bhawitha we. sinhalaye pada athara sandhi wima siduwana krama dahayaki.
pada sandhi udaharana;
wam + athin = wamathin
guru + uthuma = guruthuma
grama + udaya = gramodaya
sinhala yedum
prasthawa pirulu
sinhala bhashawe wishesha prayogayak washayen prastha pirulu salakiya hakiyi. prasthawa pirula washayen da meya wyawahara wana athara samajaye yam karunak wadath sarthakawa sanniwedanaya kirimata haki bhasha kramayak washayen da prastha pirulu salakiya hakiya. sinhala bhashawe prastha pirulu rasak wyawahara wana athara atham pirulu ha badunu janapriya, rasawath jana prawada da pawathi.
namuth, warthamanaye prasthawa pirulu wani yedum bhawithaya boho durata pahatha wati atha. ingrisi bhashawa men yedum bhawithaya pululwa pathira natha.
udaharana;
balala lawwa kos ata banawa - anith aya lawa thamage wada karawa ganima.
muhuda hath gawwak thiyala amuda gahanawa wage - yam wadakadi anawashya lesa purwa sudanama
wakkade hakuru hanguwa wage - nishpala deyak kirima (awasanaye di prathipalayak nolabena)
ingi waki hewath ruti
anu namayen beruna - yanthamin beruna
pothe gura - mulikaya, "pandithaya"
sayama giya - gaurawaya nathiwima
upama
me yedum wala "muthu, ha pataweku, nariyeku" yana pada "upama" we .
age dath muthu waniya
ohu nariyeku men kapatiya
kuda daruwa ha pataweku men ahinsakaya.
rupaka
me yedum wala "sandaki, kithul rana" yana pada "rupaka" we.
* age muhuna sandaki.
* age kes kalambaa kithul ranaki.
෴
sahithyaya
sinhala sahithyaya salakime di parani sinhala sahithyaya bauddha sahithyayayen wishala aabhasayak laba atha. mewa indiyanu kruthiwalata samanathawak dakwayi (indiyanu sandesha kawya). kalidasa saha ewani indiyanu kiwiyange aabhashaya sinhala sahithyaye athi bawata kukawi wada wiwadayan sakshi darayi. dakunu indiya demala jathikayinge aakramana nisa boho demala wachana sinhala bhashawata athulu wu athara pruthugisi, landesi saha ingrisi aakramana nisa sinhala bhashawata ema bhashawange wachana da athulu wi atha. sinhala bhashawa liwimata sinhala akuru yodagani.
sinhala bhashawata durasma anu-bhashawa katha karanne rodi kulayehi pudgalayin ya. waddan katha karana bhashawa sinhalata samanathawak dakwuwath, ehi wenath bhashawala nathi wachana wishala pramanayak atha.
kri.wa. 20 wana shatha warshaye mul wakawanuwe kumarathunga munidasa pandindu arambai hela basa wyapruthiya nisa da, dinamina wani puwath path nisa da sinhala bhashawata nawa jiwayak labuni. (martin wikramasinha dinamina puwath pathehi siti prasiddha kathuwarayeki)
aashritha lipi
sinhala hodi
sinhala akshara winyasaya
sinhala wyakarana
sinhala ilakkam
yomuwa
satahan
thawa dura kiyawimata
bahara pitu
siyabas web adawiya
shri lanka rajya bhasha departhamenthuwa
sinhala hodiya
sinhala shabdakoshaya
pariganakaye bhawitha karana sinhala wachana
sel lipiye sita widyuth gnyanayata aa sinhala akuru
indu-aarya bhasha
bhasha- shri lanka
sinhala bhashawa
abugida lekhana bhasha |
samaya | samaya yanu sahajiwanaya pawathina enam ediriwadakam rahithawu awasthawaki. prachanda jathyanthara kalahayaka wiramaya sanituhan kirimatada mema pada wachanaya bhawitha we; mema jathyanthara sandarbhaya thula artha wiga්rahaya kalahoth padaye arthaya wanuye yuddhaya yanne wiruddharthayayi. kisiyam oonama parshawayan kihipayak athara gaurawanwitha salakilla, yukthi sadharanathwaya, ha hondahitha yana gunanga widahapana sambandhathawayak pawathi nam eyada samaya lesa handinwiya haka.
samanya washayen salaku kala yam ayeku wenath parisara walata sapekshawa samakami lesa handunwana nisala, shantha, ha sansun parisarayak asurehi pawathinne nam ohuta ho ayata samaya langa wiya hakiya. ihatha aakaraye samayak yam ayekuta langa kara gatha hakke swothsahayen thama athulantha charithaya "samaladi" bawata pathkota gena swakiya abhyantharayehi sansun bawa, shantha bawa ha samathulithathawaya pawathwagena yameni.
samaye wiwidha pathikada therum ganima
hinsawa wirahitha wima (awihinsawa) samaya lesa
samaya yana sankalpaya warthamanaye ithamath mathabhedayata thududun mathrukawaki. nisakayenma samaya yanu dhanathmaka sankalpayaki; aththawashayenma melowa kisiweku samayata kelinma wiruddha nowe; loka samaya yanu manushyayin washayen athkaragatha yuthu uthum thathwayaki. kesenamuth samaya yanu kumakda? samaya athkara gatha hakke keseda? samaya aththawashayenma laga karagatha hakida? yana eewa pilibadawa wiwadhakara pudgala kottasha atharahi thiyunu wenaskam atha.
samaya yanu kumakda?
samaya yannata wiwidha artha atha: wachanaya yodana aakaraya ha thana anuwada arthaya wenaswe.samaya yuddhaya nathi bawama nowe.
yuddhayen thora wima
ithama sarala ha dala adahasa nam yuddhayen thora wimayi. (purana roma warunge adahasata anuwa, Pax, yanna Absentia Belli lesa, enam yuddhayen thora wima.)
International relations
samaya
Personal life |
wikipidiya | wikipidiya ( or ) yanu wiwidha bhasha walin liyawunu, antharjalaya padaka karagath nidahas wishwakoshayaki. swechcha rachakayinge saha-sahayogayen yuthuwa, wenath oonama ayekuta web brawsarayak haraha sanskaranaya kala haki paridi wikipidiya lipi liyawe. 2001 chanachari 15 dina mema wishwakoshaya aaramha kale wisheshagnyayan wisin sakasana Nupediawa uuna purnaya kirimatayi. meya pawathwagena yanne laha-nopathana aayathanayak wana wikimidiya padanama magini. antharjathika bhashawak wana ingrisi bhashawen sakasunu lipi 3,800,000 pamana athuluwa, sinhala menma thawath wiwidha bhasha gananakin sadumlath lipi 5,000,000 th wada wikipidiyawehi anthargathaya. aarambhayehi patanma ehi janapriyathawayehi, sthawara wardhanayak randawagath wikipidiyawa ema sarthakathwaya thawath sahodara wyapruthi gananawak diyath kirima dakwa wyaptha kaleya
wikipidiyawa wiwechanathmakawath, nidahas anthargathaya ha nidahas swabhawaya nisa thawath witaka prashansathmakawath, janamadhya ha widwath prajawa wisin nithara ma pahe sandahan karanu labe. wikipidiyawa sanskarakawarunta madhyastha prathipaththiyak anugamanaya kirimata anubala denu labe. ehi di kisiwak paramartha sathyaya washayen huwa no dakwa, yatha darshanayan washayen piliganu labana siyalla saransha gatha kerenu labe. namuth wikipidiyawa mulasha sandahanak washayen bhawitha kirima wiwadasampanna ya. kawara heyin da yath, eya oona ma ayekuta sanskaranaya kala haki nisa, kadakappalkari kriya, sawadya thorathuru, asangatha bawa, niwaradyathawaya oppu no kala matha wada yanadiya athulath wiya haki wana bawini.
bhasha 200 kata adhika pramanayakin wikipidiya sanskarana pawathi. eyin sanskarana 100 k pamana kriyakari eewa ya. lipi 50,000 kata wada pawathina sanskaranayan ganana ekolasaki. (ema sanskaranayan: ingrisi, jarman, pransha, japan, polantha, ithali, swidan, landesi, pruthugisi, spanynya ha china ya.)
suwishesha lakshana
"samata dayaka wiya haki nidahas wishwakoshaya" yanna wikipidiyawe udana wakiya yi.
"pruthiwiya matha jiwath wana sama ayekuta ma swa bhashawen, laba gatha hakith, dayaka wiya hakith, haki uparimayen usas bawin yuthu wuth nidahas wishwakoshayak nirmanaya kirima ha beda harima" yanu washayen, mema wishwakosha wyapruthiye aarambhakaya wana jimi wels (Jimmy Wales) wyapruthiye aramunu pahadili karayi.
wikipidiyawa britanikawa tharamata ho eetth wada gunathmaka bawin diyunu kota mudranayen eli dakwima jimi wels ge abhipraya yi.
wikipidiyawa wikipedia.org yana web adawiya thula " wiki" (wiki) nam mrudukanga wargayak upayogi kara ganimin wardhanaya karanu labe. mema wiki yana yeduma bhawitha wuye wikiwikiweb (WikiWikiWeb) yanna sandaha ya. wiki wiki yanu "ikman" yana arutha dena hawayi wadanaki.
wenath antharjala wishwakosha wyapruthi kihipayak da pawathi. atham eewa me wana wita akriyawa pawathi. mema atham wyapruthi, sanskarana ha himikam pilibanda sampradayika prathipaththi anugamanaya karanu labayi. wisheshagnyayan wisin liyanu labana darshanaya gana stanfard wishwakoshaya (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) ha danata akriyawa pawathina nyupidiyawa (Nupedia) ewannan ya. thani pudgalayan wisin pawathwagena yana lipi walin samanwitha h2g2, Everything2 wani web adawi awadhimath lesa, thorathuru soyannanta maga penwayi. wikipidiyawa, Susning.nu, ensiklopidiya libre (Enciclopedia Libre) wiki wishwakosha wyapruthi wana athara kathuwaru wishala gananak ehi anthargathayan sampadanaya karathi; sanwardhanaya karathi. eewa sanshodhanaya kirime di piligath kramawedayak natha. lipi ganana athinuth, anthargatha wachana sankhyawa athinuth, wiki wishwakosha athara peramuna ganimata wikipidiyawa samathwa atha. anek boho wishwakosha men nowa, wikipidiyawa ehi anthargathaya GNU nidahas lekhana balapathraya yatathe balapathra gatha kota atha.
anthargatha kala yuthu thorathuru sambandhayen wikipidiyawa sathuwa prathipaththi paddhathiyak atha. anthargathayan ekathu kala yuthu da; prathishodhanaya kala yuthu da; sahodara wyapruthiyakata bara kala yuthu da; nathinam iwath kala yuthu da, yanuwen anthargathayan sambandhayen gataluwak pana nagunu wita mema prathipaththi uputa dakwanu daka gatha haki ya.
nidahas anthargathaya
himikam pawaru himikam balapathrayak wana GFDL nidahas lekhana balapathraya yatathe (GNU Free Documentation License), wikipidiya lipi prakashayata path kerenu labe. mema balapathraya magin yam nirmanayak nawatha beda harimata, eyata wenas kam kirimata, ha wanija aramunu sandaha bhawitha kirimata awasara dena athara, ehi di mul kathuwaraya sandahan kala yuthu we. ema nawatha bhawithawan da GFDL nidahas lekhana balapathraya yatathe nikuth kala yuthu ya. wikipidiya wyapruthiyata bara karana anthargathayan GFDL nidahas lekhana balapathraya yatathe nidahas wana athara himikam mul kathuwaraya sathuwa ma pawathi. wikipidiyawe sama lipiyaka ma pela GFDL nidahas lekhana balapathraya yatathe nawatha bhawithawanta nidahas ya. namuth salakiya yuthu tharame chayarupa ha handa pata pramanayak nidahas eewa nowe. aayathanika lanchana, githa sampala, himikam sahitha prawruththi chayarupa wani da yaha bhawithawan udesa bhawitha kirime himikama sahithawa wikipidiyawa thula nawatha bhawitha karanu labe. atham madhya, wikipidiyawa thula pamani ha anthargathaya wenas no kota yuthu ya yana kon desi yatathe wikipidiyawata laba di atha. kese namuth atham wikipidiya sanskaranayan sandaha walangu wanne nidahas madhya pamani.
madhya, widwathhu, ha sesu aya wikipidiyawa mulashayak washayen ha athireka kiyawimak washayen bhawitha karathi. prawruththi aayathana atham witaka thaman ge mulashrayak washayen wikipidiya lipi sandahan karathi. wikipidiyawe sanskarakawarun pawathwagena yana layisthu walata anuwa, prawruththi madhya nithara ma pahe wikipidiya lipi uputa dakwa atha. itha kalathurakin wikipidiya lipi shasthriya katayuthu, grantha katayuthu, sammanthrana, ha adhikarana katayuthu sandaha bhawitha kota thibe. kanada parlimenthuwe web adawiya C-38 panathehi wadidura kiyawim layisthuwata sama lingika wiwaha sambandhayen wana wikipidiya lipiya anthargatha kota thibima nidasunak washayen dakwiya haki ya. wikipidiyawa ha sambandha mewani bhawithawan gana asampurna layisthu wikipidiyanuwo pawathwa gena yathi.
wiwidha hashamaya sanskarana
2005 marthu wana wita wikipidiyawa "kriyakari" bhasha sanskaranayan 119 kin samanwitha kawayak sadayi. ehi wishalatha ma sanskaranayan paha awarohanaya wana piliwelin, ingrisi, jarman, pransha, japan, ha polantha we. samasthayak washayen gath kala, miliyana 2.6 k pamana wana samastha lipi sankhyawakin yuth, wenas thaththwa yatathe athi bhasha sanskaranayan 205 kin wikipidiyawa samanwitha we.
bhasha sanskaranayan ekinekagen swayaktha ya. ek sanskaranayaka anthargathaya anek sanskaranayan ha bandi no pawathina athara, siyallo ma "madhyastha darshanaya" anugamanaya karathi. namuth lipi, pariwarthanaya karanna illim maginuth, chayarupa, wikimidiya nidahas madhya gabadawa maginuth, bhasha sanskaranayan athare beda hada ganu labe. eheth oona ma bhasha sanskaranayaka pawathina pariwarthitha lipi sankhyawa ehi pawathina sampurna lipi sankhyawen alpa pramanayak bawa sandahan kirima wati.
sanskaranaya
siyalu gamikayanhata pahe wikipidiya lipi sanskaranaya kirime hakiyawa athi athara, lekhanagatha parishilakayan hata nawa lipi thanima ha eewaye wenastham kshanayakin pradarshanaya karawima sidu kala haka. wiwrutha-mulashra mrudukanga prawardhanaya wana aakarayatama, parishilakayan athara sahayogithwaya anusarayen lipi wala thaththwaya dinen dina diyunuwa siduwe yayi yana apekshawen wikipidiyawa padanamwa atha.
labagathahaki madhya
sanyuktha saha ankitha widiyo thati maginda wikipidiya thorathuru labagatha haka.
ithihasaya
wikipidiyawa aarambha karana ladde nupidiya wehi anupurakayak washayeni, eya nidahas margagatha wishwakosha wyapruthiyak wana athara widimath krama magin ehi lipi liyana ladde prawinayan wisini.
mrudukanga saha drudanga
soyuru wyapruthi
wikalpa akshara kramayan
mewath sudusudayi balanna
aashritha
wadidura adhayayanaya
bahira parishilaka
satahan
mulashra
wikipidiya
wishwakosha
antharjalagatha wishwakosha |
samma sambuduwaru | samma sambuduwaru namin handinwenne thama wisinma lokoththara sathya soya gos niwana awabodha karagath saha lowata ema danuma manawin beda dun shreshta uthumanya.
wathman kalayata perath boho buduwarun pahala wu athara anagathayeth budu uthuman lowa pahala wethi..
wenath nam
apa thilokagra, sugatha thathagatha, maha karunika, samma sambudurajano, therawada bauddhayange ekama adhyathmika pathuma haki ikmanin sasara dukin midi niwan dakimaya. samma sambudu warun lowa pahala wanne ithama dirgha kalayakin bawath eya athishaya durlabha bhagyayak bawath therawada bauddha iganwimayi. gauthama budu rajanan wahansege shrawakayan wana therawada bauddhayan unwahansege sambudu sasunehi uthsahawath wimen budu sasuna lowin athurudan wimata pera dharmaya awabodha kara niwan magata yomu wima therawada sampradaya wadath pradhanathama aramuna lesa salakayi. yam heyakin mema budu sasunehi pihita laba niwan awabodha kirimata nohaki wuwahoth sasarehi nawathath dukata pathwimatath sathara apayehi watimata sidu wimatath siduwana bawin pramada nowi dharmayata yomu wiya yuthu bawath pin ras kala yuthu bawath therawada budu samaya shrawakayanta kiya deyi. kese wethath gauthama budu sasuna pirihimen pasuwa dharmaya athurudan wimath in pasuwa lokaya dushcharithayen saha pawin pirunu minisun aayushayen pirihena kalayakata gamana karana bawath manushya aayusha awurudu dahayakata aduwana bawath anathuruwa minisun dweshayen ekineka hinsawata pathkara mara ganimin mahath winashayak sidu karaganna bawath gauthama budu piyanan wahanse wisin deshana kara athi therawada dharmayehi sandahan weyi. eyin anathuruwa minisun nawatha sucharithayehi hasirimen nawatha aayusha wadi diyunu wi minis aayusha awurudu asudahasak dakwa wadi wu pasuwa nawathath "maithri" budupiyanan wahanse lowa pahalawana bawath therawada dharmayehi dakweyi. thawada mema budu sasunehi dharmaya awabodha nokalahoth mathu budu wana maithri budun daka niwan dakimada samahara bauddhayange prarthanawak weyi. therawada budu dahama anuwa wimasa balimedi peni yanne ese nawatha pahala wana budu sasunakin ho pihitak laba ganimata wuwada pawin duru wi mema gauthama budu sasunehi uthsahawath wi sathara apayen midi therawada dharmayehi iganwena guna dharma thaman thula diyunu kara gatha yuthu bawayi.
buddhathwaya labima
budu dahame iganwim walata anuwa buddhathwaya yanu sarwagnyathagnyanaya hewath awabodhatha gnyanaya laba ganimayi. (sanskrutha bhashawen buddhathwa - pali buddhaththa nathahoth bhasha dekenma buddhabhawa yanuyi.) awabodhatha gnyanaya yanu sanskrutha bhashawen samyaksambodhi, pali samma sambodhi yanuyi.
dharmaya kumakdayi pahada dimata guruwarayekuda nomathiwa, chathurarya sathya saha aaryashtangika margayada lokaye nopawathina awasthawaka swothsahayen buddhathwaya laba gena ee dahama kiya dima pinisa pahala wana thanaththa handunwadima sandaha pali grantha wala saha therawadi sampradayayehi 'buddha' yana yeduma samanyayen bhawitha we. itha pulul washayen 'nirwana'ya laba gath siyalu thanaththan sandahada eya yodanu labe. budu warayekuge iganwim anuwa awabodhatha gnyanaya laba gath aya 'arhath' lesa handinwena athara budun sandahada eya yede. nirwanaya yannehi mulika paramarthaya anuwa arhath saha buddha samana wuwada (rahathun wahansela saha buduwaru) ee thathwayan dekehi wenaskam pennum karanne paramitha pirima paththeni.
mahayana sampradayata anuwa awabodhatha gnyanaya laba gath siyalu thanaththan handinwima thek 'buddha' yana wachanayehi arthaya pulul weyi. 'therawada arahath' yanuda ekthara budu keneku lesa mema mahayana sampradayayehi iganwena atharama mema bhawithawa therawadi atuwa walada samahara wita hamuwe.
siddhartha gauthamayan ekama budun lesa bauddhayo nosalakathi. pali grantha wala eeta pera siti buduwarun boho gananak gana sandahan kara atha. (budun 28 namakage lekhanaya balanna.) me athara mahayana buddhagamehi eeta amatharawa aithihasika sadhaka walin hamu wana buduwarunta wada dewathwaya aaropanaya kala buduwaru wethi. (amithabha nathahoth wayirochana aadi udaharana balanna.) buddhagame siyalu parshawa wala podu piliganimak wanne eelanga budun wahanse maithriya nam buduwarayeku bawayi.
atawisi buduwaru
samanyayen bauddhayo siddhartha gauthama budun wahanse — jiwitha kalaya . kri.pu 623 sita kri.pu. 543 wu athara bodhi maya palaya kri.pu. 588 di sakshath kara gena atha — palamu ho awasana budun wahanse wana bawak pili noganithi. paramparika bauddhaya yana sankalpaye sita balana kala budun wahanse keneku yanu dharmaya nawatha soya gath saha nirwanaya sakshath kara gath saha, ewani palayak laba ganimata tharam yahapath karma pramanayak ras kara gath uththameyaki. anantha apramana wu wishwiya kalaya thula ewani pudgalayo sahena pramanayak sita atha. ebawin, apa dakina me lowa bodunuwan adahana "gauthama budurajanan wahanse " (bauddha handinwimata anuwa "shakyamuni") yanu ema uththarithara budu parapurehi thawath ek shreshta janitha wimaki. gauthama budurajanan wahanse ge pahalawimata pera " kassapa budurajanan wahanse " melowata pahala wu athara anagathaye di pahalawana budun "maithri budurajanan wahanse" ya.
atawisi budun wahanselage nam pahatha dakwe.
thanhankara budurajanan wahanse
medhankara budurajanan wahanse
saranankara budurajanan wahanse
dipankara budurajanan wahanse
kondanynya budurajanan wahanse
mangala budurajanan wahanse
sumana budurajanan wahanse
rewatha budurajanan wahanse
sobhitha budurajanan wahanse
anomadassi budurajanan wahanse
paduma budurajanan wahanse
narada budurajanan wahanse
padumuththara budurajanan wahanse
sumedha budurajanan wahanse
sujatha budurajanan wahanse
piyadassi budurajanan wahanse
aththadassi budurajanan wahanse
dhammadassi budurajanan wahanse
siddhaththa budurajanan wahanse
thissa budurajanan wahanse
pussa budurajanan wahanse
wipassi budurajanan wahanse
sikhi budurajanan wahanse
wessabhu budurajanan wahanse
kakusandha budurajanan wahanse
konagamana budurajanan wahanse
kassapa budurajanan wahanse
gauthama budurajanan wahanse
mulashra
The Threefold Lotus Sutra (Kosei Publishing, Tokyo 1975), tr. by B. Kato, Y. Tamura, and K. Miyasaka, revised by W. Soothill, W. Schiffer, and P. Del Campana
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra (Nirvana Publications, London, 1999-2000), tr. by K. Yamamoto, ed. and revised by Dr. Tony Page
The Sovereign All-Creating Mind: The Motherly Buddha (Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi 1992), tr. by E.K. Neumaier-Dargyay
Buddha - The Compassionate Teacher (2002), by K.M.M.Swe
aashritha lipi
pase buduwaru
gauthama budun wahanse
Buddha Statues of Bamiyan
List of Buddha claimants
Buddha-nature
Tathagatagarbha
bahira sabandin
Collection of most famous Buddha pictures and Buddhism texts.
Hundreds of free buddhist talks and huge forum.
The Buddha and His Dhamma
About Buddha - the Founder of Buddhism
Buddhist Studies
E-Sangha Buddhism Portal
Songs and Meditations of the Tibetan Dhyani Buddhas
http://www.nirvanasutra.org.uk
Forms of Vishnu
budu dahama
samma sambuduwaru |
sinhala janaya | sinhala jathiya yanu shri lankawa nijabima wana wargayaki. shri lankawe bahuthara jana wargaya sinhala we. mema janathawata aawenika basa sinhala basawe. purana sinhalayange menma bahuthara sinhalayange pradhana dharmaya indiyanu ardhadwipayen meratata aa buddhadarmayayi.
warthamanaye shri lankawe amatharawa oostreliyawa, eksath rajadhaniya wani ingrisi basa katha karana ratawala sthirawada, mada peradiga ratawala thawakalikawada salakiya yuthu sinhala janathawak jiwath we.
ithihasaya
prag ithihasa yugaya
helaye (sinhalaye) aarambhaya lesa mita wasara dasa dahas gananak aatha athithaya dakwiya haki ya. helaye palanaya dhurandhara wa sitiye surya wanshikayan ya. arisen ahubudu shuringe "bali tharu rawana gamunu wijayaba..." yana padi pelehi mul rajawaru thidena mema wanshawaliye prauda rajawaru ya. helaya karmantha/karyabharaya anuwa kula gothra satharakata bedunaha. enam yakkha, naga, dewa, raksha yi. raksha yana padayehi rakus yanuwen ya. enam kusa rakinno ya. kusa rakenne gowithan nisaweni. owun gowiyo wuha. naga gothrikayo daksha nawikayo pirisak wuha. emen ma wari karmanthaye da
welandamehi da dakshayo wuha. yaksha gothrikayan kammal wadata upan hapannu wiya. owuhu loha karmanthaye niratha wuha. dewa gothrikayo tharamak aadhyathmika jiwithayak gewu rushiwarun pirisak wiya. emen ma lama parapurata shipla dun guru dewayanla da mowun ma wiya.
wijayagamanaya
indiyawe sinhapura deshayen pituwahal kerunu wijaya kumaru lakdiwata gamankota lakdiwa siti yaksha naga dewa yana anarya gothrayan yatapath karamin apa danna sinhala samajaya saha sinhala sanskruthiya godanaga atha. wijaya saha ohuge kandayama diwayine pera wasiyan owunge sirisawaththu nagarayen awathan kalaha. yaksha nayakayakuge diyaniyaka wu kuweniya samanga wijayage wiwahaya thambapanni rajadhaniya palanaya kirimata ohuta athi hakiyawa thahawuru karannata atha.
ekala samajaya mana wa sanwidhanaya wu bawak peni yana ek pradhana sandhisthanayak nam wijayage lankagamanayath samanga kuweniya wisu rajadhaniya dakwalana kotasayi. mehidi ema pradeshaya(thammannawa) palanaya karana ladde kuweniyage wadumahal sohoyuru kalasena rajathuma wisini. methuma ema wanshage awasana purushaya wiya. emen ma ekala pawathi thakshana bhawithayata ek sarala udaharanayak nam kuwenika kapu katimin siti kapu rodayayi. kapu rodaya yanu kapu nul wiwima pahasu karalimata yodaganna upakaranayaki. me sandaha yoda gena aththe da sarala wuth thakshanayaki. thawa da ekala patan gowithan kirimata yodagath krushi aampanna kattalayak helaya sathu ya. emen ma ee ha sabandi wyawahara athulath kamath basa wani anu bhasha da helayatama aawenika wu dewal ya. helaye wismitha shasthra wala prayogika bhawithaya da me anusarayen ma mese dakwaliya haka. memangin wijayagamanayata pera patan merata diyunu shishtacharayak pawathi bawata sadhaka mema katha puwatha thulin ma ukaha gatha haka.
mahindagamanaya
mahindagamanayath ha samakalina wa sidu wu dumindagamanaya samanga da meratata itha anargha wu dayada kihipayak labunu bawa norahasaki. mahindagamanayen nirmala budu dahamath, dumindagamanayen jaya shri maha bo samindunwa da, atalos kulayaka shilpin da meratata pamina me deshaya thawath sashrika kalaha.
pandukabhaya raja dawasa helayange ekthara swarnamaya yugayaki. mandayath, siyalu kula gothra ekawan wa bharathiyayan gen galawimata satan kala kala parasayaki. pandukabhaya kumarayage mamawarun samanga satan karanu was sena sanwidhanaya karana ladde ritigala kanda abhiyasa ya. meya yakshayinge adawiyayi. ema yaksha kula paramparawa dutugamunu rajasamaya thek ema pradeshaya bharawa siti bawata ithihasaya sakshi darayi (ritigala parapure kapi penena purukak nam ritigala jayasena senewithuma ya). mamawarun samanga karana satan jayagrahanaya karana pandukabhaya kumaru me lankadwipaya saubhagya kara yanna wu mawathakata gena giya palaka rathnayaki. pasukalina wa rajyathwaya labagath gamunu raja dawasa da hela ithihasaye swarnamaya yugayak wiya. helaya nawatha warak eksesath kota dakunu indiya aakramana walata erehi wa satan kota ratath dayath buddha shasanayath aaraksha kirimata dutugamunu maharajathuma mulikathwaya gena katayuthu kale ya. sathura paradawu namuth ohuta nisi gaurawaya laba di ohuge awasan katayuthukota, sathurage sohona abhiyasa di pawa janathawata garu buhuman karana men aagnya kala udarathara gathigunen anuna palakayeku lesa dutugamunu maharajathuma ithihasagatha wiya.
bhugoliya pathiruma
sinhalayan bahutharaya shri lankawe wasaya karayi. thawada salakiya yuthu janagahanayak eksath rajadhaniye, eksath janapadaye, mada peradiga saha ostreliyawe wasaya karayi.
indiyan sagaraya madhyayehi loka welanda margawala sandhisthanayak lesa pawathima nisa, shri lankawa awikalpayenma sinhala saha damila jathinta amatharawa kuda pramanaye arabiyanu, china saha bargar (landesi mishra) prajawanta sewana sapayayi.
warthamanaya wana wita shri lankawe rajya bhasha thrithwaya atharen mul thanak himi wanne sinhala bhashawatayi. ada bhawitha wana sinhala bhashawehi pali, sanskrutha, landesi, pruthugisi yanadi bhasha walin sulu sulu wadan sambandha wi athi bawata peni yayi.
aagama
wijayagamanayata pera yugaya
athithaye sinhalaya athara gas, gal, ira handa tharaka wani da saha mala giya pudgalayinta dewathwayen pawathini. wiwidha wandanamana kala pradhana gothra kipayaki.
wijayagamanayata pasu yugaya
lankawe prachalitha wu mulma pitasthara aagama ho dahama wanne budu dahamayi. eya indiyanu ardhadwipaye wiwidha pudgalayin saha bhikshu bhikshuniyan wisin meratata genaena ladi.
batahira aakramanayanta pasu yugaya
pasukalinawa kri.wa. 16 saha 20 siyawas athara batahira pujakawarun wisin sinhalayan athara anglikan, romanu katholika wani kristhiyani aagam da pracharaya keruni.
wathmana
warthamanaye sinhala janayagen wadi kotasak therawadi buddhayin wana athara eeta samagimiwa boho janaya thawamath thisthunkotiyak dewi dewathawiyo adahimada daknata labe, hindu, islam saha kristhiyani aagam wala sinhalayanda atha.
bhashawa
sinhala janayage maw basa sinhala weyi. ada wana wita miliyana 20 kata adhika sinhala saha miliyana 3kata adhika sinhala nowana janagahanayak sinhala bhashawa bhawitha karathi. sinhala pradhana washayen merata wisu janathawa bhawitha kala bhashawaki. ee samaye di kiyawimata men ma liwimata da akshara kalawk pawathi bawata purana sellipi adhyanaya kirimen wataha gatha haka. mema bhashawata dumindagamanayath samanga pamini ugath wiyathun atham kotas ek kota thawath wadidiyunu kala ha. me sandaha pradhana washayen ma bhawitha wuye pali ha sanskrutha yana bhasha dwithwayayi. me samanga ma sinhala bhashawe sighra unnathiyak dakiya haka. wiwidha pothapatha rachana kirimatada meya mahangu pitiwahalak wu bawa pene. sanskanaya karana lada sinhala bhashawe mul ma wyakarana granthaya nam sidath sangarawayi. pasukalina wa wiwidha gathkathuwaru wisin grantha bohomayak rachana kara athi bawa sandahan ya. emen ma boho bhashawala dakagatha nohaki "a"karaya da sinhala bhashawehi anthargatha ya.
warthamanaye shri lankawen pitatha jiwathnawa sinhala janaya saha shri lankawe nagara aashritha dhanawathunge daruwan ingrisi basa mulikawa bhawitha karanu daknata labe.
sinhala ilakkam
sinhalayata aawenika wu ketha ilakkam aatha athithaye sita ma mema ilakkam bhawitha kota atha. mahanuwara yugaya thekma mema ilakkam bhawitha kota athi bawata sakshi labe. pasukalinawa pruthugisi, landesi, ingrisi balapamen hindu-arabi ilakkam hadunwa dimath samaga sinhala ilakkam abhawayata gos atha. sinhala yunikod thulata sinhala ilakkam athulu kirime yojanawak atha
sinhala ilakkam pilibadawa sinhalis gramar nam kruthiyehi sandahankara atha.
sinhala akshara bhawitha karamin ilakkam liwime kramayak parani sinhalayan wisin bhawitha kara atha.mewa lith lakunu yanuwen hadunwayi.eyata hethuwa mema ilakkam pradhana washayen jothishya katayuthu sahada yodagath bawini.
mema akshara kramaye di oonama sankhyawak hal kirime di eya dahayen wadiwe.udaharana lesa n=20 na=30 j=40 d=50 washayeni.
thawada katapaya sankhya namwu ketha kramayakda aka.
kadi tadi yakaradi nawasankhya prakirtha
padayan panwa sakhyo shunyashcharanyana ithi yana ihatha shlokayen eebawa dakwe.
1=ka.ta.pa.ya
2=kha.ta.pa.ra
3=ga.da.ba.la
4=gha.da.bha.wa
5=nga.na.ma.sha
6=cha.tha.sa
7=cha.tha.sha
8=ja.da.ha
9=jha.dha.la
0=nya.na
akshara malawa
wyarakarana yana padaya sanskrutha padayaki. mehi sarala adahasa wanne nirakaranaya kirima, pahadili kirima ho wisthara kirima yannayi. ee anuwa sinhala bhashawe wyamakaranaya yanu sinhala basehi swarupaya nirakaranaya kirima, pahadili kirima yannayi. sinhala bhashawe wyayakarana pilibada adata garu karana granthaya wanne sidath sa`garawayi. 13 wana siyawase dewana parakum raja kalaye dewapathiraja pariwenadhipathi himiyan wisin meya rachana karana ladayi salake. eeta anuwa wiyarana widhi 20 k sa`dahan we. “ebawin san sada ligu wibath samas piyawi pasa kiriya lop des agam peraru deru perali wadi adu nipa niyam aniyaman awiduman widi wi wisi wadarum wiyarana widhi sapaya” mehi dakwena paridi palamuwana wiyarana widhiya “san” hewath akshara we. “aksha” yanu salakunuyi. “ra” yanu hadawimayi. jiwayak sahitha akurak wimata nam shabda sankethaya hadawiya yuthuya. aksharaya bhashawe kudama eekakaya yi. aksharayak sammatha piliwelata pela gaswimen akshara malawa nirmanaya we. palamu warata likhithawa hamuwana nishchitha sinhala akshara malawa wanne “sidath sagara hodiya” yi. “panakuru pasek eda - luhu guru beyin dasawe gathakuru da we wissek - waharaya yuhu siya basa“ ihatha patayata anuwa luhuguru (keti dirgha) pra.nakshara 10 k da gathraikshara 20 k da sahitha wu sidath hodiyehi akshara malawa 30 ki. a. aa. i. ee. u. uu. e. ee. o. oo. ka kha ja ta da na tha da na pa ba ma ya ra la wa sa ha la an mema hodiye ‘a, aa saha ah’ natha. mehi ihatha akshara anthargatha nowuwa da samanyada wya waharaye pawathi bawin wiwidha tharka witharka pana naguni. ee matha ‘a, aa’ akshara deka sahithawa shuddha sinhala akshara malawa nirmanaya we. min anathuruwa sanskrutha bhashawe balapama matha prakathamika wisthrutha sinhala hodiya nirmanaya we. wadan kawi pothehi anthargatha mehi sampurna akshara 50 ki. swara 14 k ha wyanොjan 36 k ehi atha. in ananathuruwa nirmanaya wu wisthrutha sinhala hodiya (mishra4 sinhala hodiya) akshara 54 n yuktha we. mehi anthargatha “a, aa, ee, oo” akshara 04 mishra6 sinhala hodiye anthar gatha nowe. lekhana wiyawul ha wiwidha gatalu pananagima hethuwen 80 dashakaye agabhagaye jathika adhyaapana aayathanaya magin sinhala lekhana rithiya namin pothak eli dakwamin nuthana sinhala akshara malawa hadunwa duni. mehi sampurna akshara 60 ki. mishrasa sinhala hodiye sanynyaka akshara 05 saha fa aksharaya ekathu wimen nuthana sinhala akshara malawa nirmanaya wi atha. mehi swara 18 k ha wyonynyana 42 k anthargatha we.
sinhala sanskruthiya
sinhala aluth awurudda
sinhala aluth awurudda lankawa thula pawathwanna wu maha sanskruthika mangalyayaki. meya aprel masaye enam bak masa, surya mina rashiyen mesha rashiyata sankramanaya wimath samanga uda wima sidu we. ek wasaraka awasanayath samangama nawa wasara uda wima siduwana namuth eya madhyama rathriya mul karagena nowa nakshyasthrakaruwan wisin laba dena sankramana welawa anuwa sidu we. mema kala simawa nonagathaya namin handinwena athara ema kalaya thuladi siyalu wada athhara aagamika ha sampradayika kriyakarakam sandaha multhana dima sidu we.aluth awurudu uthsawa samaya thula lamun menma wadihitiyanda sampradayika andumin sarasi nada hithamithuran samanga prithimath wanu dakiya hakiya. aluth awurudu krida ee athara multhanak gani.
nakathata sidukarana aluth awurudu sirith
aluth awurudu udawa
nawa sanda balima
parana awurudde awasan snanaya
kama pisima
wada allima, ganudenu kirima, aahara ganima
hisehi thel gama
rakiyawata pitathwima
awurudu uthsawaya pawathwima
gammaduwa shanthikarmaya
shri lankawe pahatharata pradeshawala pawathwena yathukarma athara pradhana yathukarmayak wana gammaduwa shanthikarmaya sinhalayange roga niwarana ha sashrikathwaya aramunu karagath pradhana shanthikarmaya weyi. gammaduwa shanthikarmaya, roga niwarana yathu karmayak lesa 'dewol maduwa' namin ruwanwalla pradeshaye di aarambha wi mathara, benthara saha rayigama yana pradhana narthana sampradayayan thunen samanwitha pahatharata narthana sampradaye pradhana shanthikarmaya bawata pathwa atha. shri lankawe udarata, pahatharata saha sabaragamu washayen pradhana narthana sampradayayan thunak pawathina athara, pahatharata pradesha aashrithawa wyaptha wi aththe pahatharata narthana sampradayayi. pahatharata narthana sampradayata ayath shanthikarma sandaha pahatharata beraya (dewol beraya / ruhunu beraya) namin handinwena wadya bhandaya bhawitha karana athara, harakage aamashayehi siwiyen ehi bera asa nimawa atha.
sashrikathwaya saha roga niwaranaya aramunu karagath mema shanthikarmaya, sulu sulu wenaskam magin gammaduwa, dewol maduwa, puna maduwa, mal maduwa, gini maduwa, gara maduwa aadi washayen handunwanu labe. ’gammaduwa yana nama gamak ho gam kihipayak mul karagena sidukarana mandapaya yana aruthin sadi atha. gamak ho gam kihipayak eekarashi wi pawathwanu labana mema yathukarma wisheshaya, paramparikawa mukha paramparagathawa pawatha ena wishwasa, aakalpa saha adahili matha sambandha, krushikarmika arthakramayakin janma laba atha. gowithanehi mulika awasthawantath, gowithana kerehi wadagathwanna wu parisarika balapam kerehi awadhanaya yomu karamin, pudgalayange wasangatha roga aadiya niwaranaya kerehi aramunu karagath pahatharata pradeshawala pawathwana ekama shanthikarmayayi. gammaduwa shanthikarmaya krushikarmika aarthikaya matha yapuna gramiya samajayak thula aarambha wu athara aarthika, samajayiya ha deshapalanamaya washayen wiparyasa siduwimen pasuwa da shri lankawe sinhala janathawa wasana sama disthrikkayakama yathukarmaye muhunuwara wenas karamin pawathwanu labayi.
sinhala samajaye kula
sinhala kula kramaya sthapitha karanu sandaha rajya madihathwima sidu wu bawa aithihasika mulashra desa balimedi peni yana karanayaki. yam yam kula walata daduwam washayen owun kula thathwayen pahala damima da rajawarunge waraprasadayak wiya. wijayage awamen merata mul basagath kula padanama mahindagamanayath samaga meratata paminiya wu wiwidha karmantha padanam karagath shreni walata ayath janaya wisin da wadath wisthiranawa wyaptha kala bawa pene. lankawata eemata prathama yam kisi shilpiya karmanthayakata huruwa siti gothrika piris lankawata paminimen pasuwa merata samaja sanwidhanayata anukulawa gothrika jiwithaya hara dama thamanta aawenikawa wruththiyamaya ansha kendra karagena wena wenama sanwidhanaya wimata patan gathha.
me aakarayata kula padanama sinhala samajaya thula godanagunada, wadath widhimath ayurin kulaya padanam wu wadawasam samaja kramayak bihi wuye mahanuwara awadhiyedi bawa pene. raja maligawe ha rajyaye wiwidha awashyathawayan sandaha sewawan laba ganima pinisa kula yoda ganu labima mahanuwara yugayedi wadath daknata labe. sewa laba ganima sandaha ee ee kula "kula badda" nam sanwidhanayakata anuyuktha kara thibuni. udaharanayak lesa kottal badda, badahala badda dakwiya hakiya.
mahanuwara yugayedi kula kramaya ha idam bhukthiya athara kittu sambandhathawayak pawathuni. wi kumbauru wala bhukthiya rajakari kramaya yatathe wiya. kulahinayan thama kula karyaya ishta kale ema karyaya idam bhukthiya wenuwata kala yuththak ma washayen salakagenaya. nila washayen anu dakna lada wiwidha warshika charithra widhi waladi anugamanaya kala yuthu wu pramukhatha patipatiya thulin ek ek kulaye sapeksha samaja thathwaya pahadiliwa dakwini. sampurna prajawakage thathwaya rajathuma wisin pissu pahathata heliya hakiwa thibunu bawa nur yalman dakwayi
athithayesin halayan ge adum bhawithayada kula kramaya matha goda nagi thibina 17 wana siyawasaye di lankawata pamina dewana rajasinha rajuge sirakaruwaku lesa sita wasara 19 ka awamen nidahasa labu robat noks nam ingrisi jathikaya wisin rachitha shri lankawe eෙthihasika wistharaya hewath eda heladiwa granthaye sadahan wana aakarayata kulinayan ha kulahinayan bhawitha kala adum aayiththam wala pahadili wenasak daknata labini wanshawathun danin madak pahath wanase kendaya adak wasena se wasthra ada athi athara sthrin da danin madak pahath wanase kendaya adak wasena se hada eyama karakawa lapaththa wasena se patak se karela gathha hina kulika sthrin danahisa dakwa redi kadak ada udukaya nagnawa thabagathha(noks robat 1997eda heladiwa)
mahanuwara yugaye kula kramaya gana adahas dakwu ralfa piris wisin rachitha sinhala samaja sanwidhanaya kruthiya thulada kula kramaya padakam karagena adum aayiththam nirmanaya wu ayuru pahadayi me anuwa ralf pirisda meyama sanatha karamin pawasanuye kumbaallu danahisin pahalata redi andimata da, paharum putuwaka wadi wimatada awasara nolath bawayi. ingatiyen pahalata redi andimata rodinta thahanam wiya. nawandanna kulaye pirimi danahisin pahalata redi andimatada, gahanu osariya andimata da sudusso wuha. eheth osariye ina wata adina redda muttu nokarana laddak wiya yuthuya. kinnara kulaye gahanu ha piriminta hisehi monayam deyakwath palandima ho danahisin pahalata redi andima thahanam wiya. (piris ralfa, 1964:189/193/197.sinhala samaja sanwidhanaya)
sinhala wiwahaya
manawa shishtacharaya sambandha adhyanayayanhi athishaya wadagath themawak wu 'wiwahaya' nam sansthawa minisa pilibanda wruththanthayehi, ek wadagath sandhisthanayak sanituhan karayi . wisheshayen,manawa sanhathiya udesa awashya prajawa bihi karana naithika padanama himiwanuye da,sthriyak ha purushayek wiwaha sansthawata athulu wimeni. ee anuwa wiwahaya,sabhya samajaye nithyanukula kriyakari sansthawak wi atha. wiwaha jiwthaya nam swamiya ha bharyawa anyonya gaurawaya ha premaya padanam karagena gatha karanna wu charya margayak weyi. eki charya paddhathiya wishwasaya ho aawenika sampradayan mangin anadimath kalayaka sita pawathuni. wargayage wyapthiya pamanak nowa aadaraya, aarakshawa, shikshanaya aadi chaithasika guna wagawe artha siddhin rasak itu karana 'wiwahaya' nam sabawin ma sankirna sansthawaki.bonislo malinowuski warak pawasa aththe; "wiwahaya wu kali daruwan bihi kirima ha wadi ma pilibanda giwisumak" lesa yi. elesa wiwahaya sambandhayen nirwachana pala weddi, nuthana samaja lokaya desa balu kala eya swajathika da nathinam wijathika da yanna pawa nirnaya kala nohaki tharamata sankirnathwayata path wa thibe. nithi rithi aadiya kalanurupawa wenasakata bhajanaya wuwath wichara buddhiyakin kriya kirima wadagath sabhyathwa lakshanayaki. me athara,sampradayanukulawa hela kula sirithata anuwa yamin pawada la, jayasakhanda madhyaye, pathikulayata sapaminena sinhala wiwaha mangalothsawa ada wuwa manawin drushyamana we. ewannakin heli wanne amuthuma aakaraye hela ananyathawaki. eya sabawin ma 'sinhala wiwahayak' bawata dutu dutu danange neth sith sapatha karawannaki.
purana sinhala samajaye wiwaha krama pradhana washayen dewadarum we.
diga wiwaha
binna wiwaha
diga wiwaha
sthriyak sarana pawa dima hewath swami purushayage niwasata aya kanda gena yama diga wiwahaya yi. 1938 anka 39 darana udarata nithi prakashana anuwa diga wiwahayakin piya sathu wasthuwa duwata ahimi we. eheth purana nithiyata anuwa diga giya duwaniyakata piya sathu depala(siya ayithiwasikam) laba ganime krama pawathi. namudu, meya sadacharathmaka gataluwaki.
kri.wa. 1660 di, lankawata goda basa wisi wasarak wasaya kala robat noks sinhalayange sirith wirith ha gathiguna aashrayen liyu aithihasika wistharaye 16 wani siyawase, sinhalayinge awaha-wiwaha sambandhawa liyu kotasak pahatha dakwena paridi 'eda hela diwa' kruthiyen uputa ganna ladi.
"manaliya siya gedarata kanda gena eemen pasu swashakthi pramanayen manalaya siya niwasehi mangala sadayak piliyela karanneya.dina kihipayakata pasu manaliyage bandhuhu aahara adukku kanda banda gena nathahoth galwala patawagena manaliya balannata manalayage niwasata paminethi. medina da sulu uthsawayak weyi. enam, manalaya sthriya andi wasthrayen konak gena, sthriya anek kona andagena sitiyadi dedenama themi yana paridden wathura wath kirimayi. mema abhishekayen pasu owuhu jiwithanthaya dakwa, nathahoth hakithak kal, ekwa wasaya kirimata thadinma bandunahu wethi."
binna wiwaha
purushaya swakiya niwasin wen wa gos bharyawage niwasehi padinchiyata yamen sidu karana wiwahaya yi. yuropiyan paminimata pera sita ma binna wiwaha merata samastha samajaya pura ma wyaptha wa pawathi bawata sakshi hamu we. ese ma,binna wiwahayata path wana swami purushayin gini hulak, thal aththak,sarayatiyak, sudanam karagena sitiya yuthu yayi gramiya wyawaharaye pawathi.me binna purushayata birida ge ana labuna onama mohothaka wiwahaya athahara yamata sudanamin sitiya yuthuwiya rathriyaka nam gini hulath warshawa athi awasthawaka nam thal aththath asanipawa sitina awasthawaka nam sarayatiyath pamanak ohuge sahayata thibuni warthamana thathwaya thula mema thathwayan natha ada pawathinuye charithranukula agayata wada nethika anshayata mulikathwaya dena wiwahayanya sampradayika sarala samajaya ha nuthana sankirna samajayanhi wehasa pahadiliwana nidasunaki wiwahaya
ekageyi kama
purana sinhala wiwaha krama athara sahodarayan kihipa deneku sitina pawulaka ek birindak kanda gena eeme wiwaha kramayak da daknata labuni. ehi aramuna wuye eki pawule depala bedi yama walakwima yi.mema wiwaha kramayadei pawule wadi mahal sahodaraya wisin wiwaha karaganna lada birida ema pawule bala sahodarayantada thama birida lesa pili ganimata siduwe mehi di athi charithraya wanne wadimahal sahodarayage sita sahodarayan hath denakeu dakwa pamanak thama wadimal sahodaraya sathu birida thamagaෙ da birida lesa salakimata haki wiha ha pawula thula thawath samajikayan sitinam ema atawana samajikayata wenath biridak aawaha karaganimata siduwe esema ata wana pirimi daruwata bala sohoyuran siti nam owuntada pera lesama wadimal soyurage(pawule atawana daruwage) birida thamageda birida lesa asuru kirimata siduwe athithayedi mewan wiwahayakata athulath wimata sudusukam labana sthriya wasanawanthiyak lesa salakiya ayata samajayen nomada gaurawayata pathrawiya mehidi ekageyi kame charithraya thula thibu ek charithrayak lesa ek sahodarayeku misin birida ha lingika sabadatha pawathwana wita amuda lensuwa anek ayata penena se uluwasse thaba yama sidu kerini samawitama lingika asura warekata ek purushayekuta pamanak simawiya mema wiwahayedi purushayan siyalla ekama pawule wimada aniwaryawiya atham awasthawala sthrin kihipa denaku siti pawulakata ek purushayeku awaha kara ganimakda siduwi atha mehidida ekama pawule soyuriyan wima aniwarya wiya eheth mema kramaya bahu purusha wiwaha kramaya men sulaba nowiya
angampora satan kramaya
angampora sinhalayange sampradayika satan kramayaki. mehi salakiya yuthu wisheshitha lakshana athara siyum bawa, prawegawath pa harambaa ha pinum krama yanadiya mulikathwaya gani. purusha menma sthri parshwayantada podu wu mema paramparika satan kalawa aayudha sahitha (ilangam) ha aayudha rahitha (angam) lesa ansha dekakin yukthaya. mema satan kalawehi yedena rana shurayo, udukaya niruwathwada (kanthawan pamanak sampradayika hattaya), yatikaya sandaha paramparika diyakachchiya ho kota sudu saramak handithi.
mema satan kalawa hadarimata paminena aadhunikayange welapathkadaya (handahana) bala ehi athi graha pihitim walata anuwa ohu/aya satan puhunuwata sudusu dayi pariksha kota thora ganu labana athara owun pirisidu sinhala (janawargaya) bauddha wima aniwaryaya we. anathuruwa purana dewathawanta ha yakshayinta puda puja kota igenuma araona sisuhu bhawana krama magin sitha damanaya kirimata puhunu wethi. aarambhayedima dadi prarambhaka abhyasa wala niratha wana owuhu anathuruwa angampora kalawa ha baddha wu, dadi wuth, ralu wuth puhunu abhyasa walata awathirna wethi. puhunuwimwalata hela wedakama, ithihasaya, deha dharma widyawa, manthra shasthraya wani shasthriya kotas da ekathu we.
mularambhaya
anuradhapura rajadhaniya dakunata sankramanaya wethma mema satan kalawada sankramanaya wannata wiya. 1818 di engalantha yatath wijitha aanduwa gasat niwedanayak magin mema kalawa thahanamanata lak karana wita mema satan kalawa mahanuwara yugaye pawathi bawa pawase. senkadagala rajadhaniya ingrisin athata yatath karagath pasu angam kalawa saparadhi, rasthiyadukara, pahath kridawak lesa handinwini. eya puhunu wuwahoth danahisen pahalata wedi thabimata ana kerini. enamuth hela sinhalayo mema paramparika satan kalawa kipa thanakama rahasin puhunu wuha.
ingrisin mema shilpaya thahanam kirimen pasuwa paramparika shilpayak lesa ithamath rahasigathawa pawathwagena yamata satan shilpinta sidu wiya. emanisa meya aprakata rahas shilpayak bawata path wiya. epamanak nowa, mema shilpiya kusalatha thawaduratath aaraksha kirima udesa narthanaya thulata mema satan shilpiya kramawedayan baddha kota narthananga lesa pawathwagena enu labiya. ewata udaharana adatath narthanaya thula daknata labe. wadi natuma, sinha natuma, walas natuma, koti natuma wani narthana angawala angampora satan shilpiya kramawedayak daknata atha.
parani sinhala rajya yugaye yodhaya yanuwen hadinwu ranashura wirawarayan mema angam kalawe kela paminiyan lesa handinwe. pasuwa mema ranashurayan panikkirala lesa handinwuni. mema namaya agraganya wikramanwitha ranashurayeku handinwimata bhawitha karayi. ema namaya angampora satan kalawehi lada haki usas thanathurak weyi.
mulika anga
angampora yanna danata bhawithaye thibunada eya saba lesama nam angamharambaa lesa wenas wiya yuthuya. eya parani samajaye wiwidha yugawaladi angagatha herala, rakkha rakkhana herala aadi wiwidha nam walin handinwiya. purusha menma sthri parshawayantada podu wu mema paramparika satan kalawa ayudha sahitha (ilangam) ha rahitha (angam) lesa ansha dekakin yuktha wana athara mema satan kramayatama aawenika wu (maya angam) namathi manthra shasthraya wani adhi manasika shakthin athulath kotasakinda yuktha we. kese wethath pahatha paridi meyata amatharawa karunu rashiyak angan harambaayata athulath we.
angam
ilangam
maya angam
manthra shasthraya
rana bera wadanaya
nila wedakama
deha dharma widyawa
hewa angam
ilangakkaram
aayudha
angampora kalawe wiwidhakara aayudha rashiyak athi athara ethunu kaduwa nam wu aayudhaya wishesha thanak gani. kasayaka hadaya gath mema aayudhaya thiyunu muwahath athi namyashili loha palu 32 k dakwa yuktha weyi. angampora satan kalawa ha bandunu aayudha athara samulaghathana aayudhayak wana meya wada diyunu ha sankirna satan harao sadaha dathata dekak bhawitha karayi. mema aayudhaya bhawithayata ithama ihala puhunuwak awasiya. manda prathiwadiya hata ella karana paharak niyamakarayen sidunowunahoth eya thaman hatada maranthika paharak wiyahaki bawini. ebawin mema aayudhaya athdakim athi prawina satan shilpihu bhawitha karayi.
angam kalawa ha bandunu aayudha athara sinhala kaduwatada wishesha thanak himiwe. meya angampora shilpiyata ananyaya lesa nirmanaya karanu labayi. samanyayen kaduwaka diga shilpiyage athehi digata samana weyi. paliha yanu sinhala kaduwa ha ekwa bhawitha karana thawath aayudhayaki. meyata amatharawa hella, mugura, yashtiya, kinissa, rita athulu mulika awi aayudha 21k bhawitha we.
warthamana thaththwaya
kri.wa. 20wana siyawase aga bhagayedi dandubasnamanaya wani teli nirmana haraha samajaya mema aprakata shilpaya pilibandawa pibidimakata path wiya. me nisama wathman samajaye tharuna tharuniyo mema shilpaya hadarimata dadi unanduwak dakwimata patan gathha. mehi athi wanijamaya wasi dayaka thathwaya therum gath atham wenath satan shilpayan hadaru guruwarun thama satan shilpaya (kalari, malayalam satan, chinadi, karathe wani) angampora lesa lokayata penwamin thanin thatha angampora pasal bihiwu athara athamhu krida amathyanshaya, sanskruthika amathyanshaya aadiye thaman paramparika angampora shilpin lesa liyapadinchi wima da sidu kala ha.
mewani boho wyaja angampora shilpihu bohomayak, china welendan haraha labuna chinadi satan kalawa puhunu wuwo wethi. me nisama ada wana wita niwaradi angam shasthraya kumakdayi hadunaganima ithamath apahasu wi thibe. niwaradi satan shilpinhata thama paramparawata labuna gamwara, garu nambunama, paramparika ithihasaya, rajawaliya wani ithihasa pothpathwala sakshi aadiya thulin thama satan pelapathe sathyathawa penwimata sidu wi thibe. sinhalayan ge jathika urumayak badu mema angampora satan kalawa nawatha merata janapriya karawimata, mul guru paramparawala warthamana samajikayin dadi wehesak gani
sinhala adum
17 wana siyawasaye rachitha eda heladiwa granthayata anuwa sinhalayan adum bhawithaya kulaya padanam karagena sidukala bawa sadahan weyi ee anuwa wanshawath radalayan ran ridi muthu manik mbaabbawu aabharana sahitha gambhira lilawak penena se itha alankarawa wasthra adiya samanya minisun danin madak pahath wana se kendaya adak wasena se wasthra andaha sthrinda danin madak pahath wana se kendaya adak wasena se wasthra hada eyama karakawa lapaththa wasena se patak se karela gathha hina kulika sthrin danahisa dakwa redi kadak hada udukaya nagnawa thaba gathha. dakunu indiya nayakkar wanshikayan paminimath samaha merata wanshawath sthrin sariya ha mbaasariya hadimata huruwiya yatath wijitha palanayath samaga sinhalaya sanskruthiyata batahira adum aayiththam wisaranaya wiya ee anuwa gawuma saya hattaya kalisama kamisaya baniyama aadiya batahirin wisaranaya wuha warthamanaye sinhalayan ge piligath jathika aැduma lesa sthrinta mbaasariyath purushayanta sudu sarama ha ath diga kamisayath piligath jathika adumya.
sinhala aahara warga
mulika lipiya sinhala bojun
kulubadu
sinhalayo aahara piliyela kirimedi nomasuruwa kulubadu yoda ganna athara aahara piliyela kirimata niwaradi yayi sammathawa piligath aahara wattoru yoda no ganithi. me nisa aahara wargawala rasaya eya piliyela karana pudgalaya anuwa yamtham wenas we. epamanakda nowa diwayine wiwidha pradeshawala jiwathwana janathawa, wiwidha jana warga ha wiwidha aagamika kotas owunge charithra widhiwalata anukulawana aakarayata aahara warga sakas karana bawin eewaye rasayan da ekineka wen wenwa gath kala wenas we. aaharawalata eewata ma aawenika wu wishesha rasayak atha.
dakunu indiyanu aaharawalata wada sinhala aaharawala kulu badu rasaya ihala agayak gani. elesa ma wadi pramanayak miris bhawitha karamin aahara pisima athin da shri lankawa lokaye pramukhasthanayak himi karagena atha. meyata pradhana hethuwak wanne aahara piliyela kirimedi sinhalayan amu miris,kochchi miris ha malu miris lesa wiwidha prabhedawala miris warga no masuruwa bhawitha kirima nisaya. upathinma kulu badu yedu sara aahara pana ganimata sinhalayanta hakiyawa thibuna da sancharakayinta ema hakiyawa natha. owun nithara ma pawasanne shri lankawe aahara piliyela kirime di yoda ganna kulu badu pramanaya ithamath ma wadi bawaya.mehi prathipalayak lesa boho deshiya awanhalwala kulu badu swalpa washayen yoda piliyela karaganna aahara sancharakayinta piliganwana athara aparadiga aahara warga da owunge ruchikathwaya paridi laba gatha haka. thawada shri lankikayin samanyayen niwase di aahara pisimata yoda ganna miris pramanayata wada adu pramanayak podu uthsawa awasthawala aahara pisime di yoda ganithi.
rasakawili
"kawum" sinhalayan boho se priya karana rasakawili wargayaki. mema rasakawili wargaya sada ganime di hal piti ha pani pradhana amudrawya lesa yoda ganna athara pasuwa eya gambauru thele ranwan pata wana thek bada gani. kawumwala thawath prabhedayak wana "mun kawum" sada ganne mun ata namathi dhanya wargaya yoda ganimeni. mun ata piti ha pani mishra kara thalapayak lesa sada gena eyin ruwitha hadaye kabali kapa, gambauru thele badimen mun kawum piliyela kara gani. thawa da sinhala ha demala aluth awurudu samaye di kiribath samanga wiwidha madiliye rasakawili warga walin sangraha kirima sulabha dasunaki.
sinhala waidyawedaya
mulika lipiya shri lankawe sampradayika waidyakrama
sinhala adhyapanaya
sinhala adhyapanaya pansale hamuduruwan mul karagena piriwen adhyapanaya sidu wunada ingisi palanayen pasu pasal adhyapana kramaya athi wiya. namuth thawamath daham pasal adhyapanaya pawathiyi.
sinhala kalawa
sinhala janathawa lassanata gewal hadano.
sinhala sahithya
sinhala sahithyaya pradhana washayen yuga kihipayakata wen karana athara, sahithyaye mulika sakshya hamuwanne anuradhapura yugayehi ha in anathuruwa ya. sinhala sahithyayaye swarnamaya yugaya lesa kotte yugaya salakayi .
sinhala pudgalayo
kapi penena sinhalayo kihipadenek
nuthana sinhalayo
wathman sinhala samajaya ithamath ugath saha shikshitha thaththwayaka pawathina athara an sanwardhanaya wemin pawathina ratawal ha sasandu wita jana saksharathawaya itha ihala 95% ka agayak gani. thawada, jagath saukhya prawardhana prathipaththiyata anuwa, aayukala apekshawada awurudu 72 k wani sathutudayaka mattamaka thibe. pawathnawu kantha wimukthiya saha sthri-purusha samanathawa hethukotagena lowa prathama agamathiniya sirimawo bandaranayaka saha hitapu janadhipathiniya chandrika kumarathunga wannange deshapalanika nayakathwaya da kapipene. indiyawa saha an aasiyanu ratawal ha gathkala sinhalayo sthawara upath anupathikayak saha adu janagahana wardhana prathishathayak penwathi.
aashritha lipi
sinhale rajawaliya
mulashra
De Silva, K.M. History of Sri Lanka (Univ. of Calif. Press, 1981)
Gunasekera, Tamara. Hierarchy and Egalitarianism: Caste, Class, and Power in Sinhalese Peasant Society (Athlone 1994).
Roberts, Michael. Sri Lanka: Collective Identities Revisited (Colombo-Marga Institute, 1997).
Wickremeratne, Ananda. Buddhism and Ethnicity in Sri Lanka: A Historical Analysis (New Dehli-Vikas Publishing House, 1995).
antharjala mulashra
- Sri Lanka
The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003.
Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans, Biomedical Central, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26
Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka
Ethnologue-Sinhala, a language of Sri Lanka
CIA Factbook-Sri Lanka
Genetic Clues to Dispersal in Human Populations: Retracing the Past from the Present'' (2 MARCH 2001 VOL 291 SCIENCE).
sinhala jathiya
jathin - shri lankawa
shri lankawe jana samajaya |
thorathuru thakshanaya | thorathuru thakshana
wikipidiya, nidahas wishwakoshaya wethin
sanchalanayata yanna sewima sandaha paninna
thorathuru ho dijital thakshanaya samanga patalawa nogatha yuthuya.
"thorathuru thakshanaya" mehi nawatha harawa yawayi. wenath bhawitha sandaha, thorathuru thakshanaya (wakroththiharanaya) balanna.
"infotek" mehi nawatha harawa yawayi. indiyanu samagama sandaha, infotek entarprayisas balanna.
thorathuru widyawa
podu ansha
thorathuru praweshaya
thorathuru gruha nirmana shilpaya
thorathuru kalamanakaranaya
thorathuru laba ganima
thorathuru sewima
thorathuru samajaya
danuma sanwidhanaya
ontoloji
thorathuru darshanaya
widya ha thakshana adhyayana
wargikaranaya
adala kshethra saha upa kshethra
grantha namawaliya
wargikaranaya
waranaya
wargikaranaya
pariganaka daththa gabada kirima
sanskruthika adhyayana
daththa aakruthi nirmanaya
thorathuru
thorathuru thakshana
buddhimaya nidahasa
buddhimaya depala
pusthakala ha thorathuru widyawa
mathakaya
sanrakshanaya
paudgalikathwaya
kwontam thorathuru widyawa
pusthakalaya- logo.svg pusthakalaya saha thorathuru widya dwaraya
vte
thorathuru thakshanaya (thorathuru thakshanaya) yanu boho wita wyaparayaka ho wenath wyaparayaka sandarbhaya thula daththa gabada kirima, laba ganima, sampreshanaya kirima saha hasirawima sandaha pariganaka bhawitha kirimayi. [1] ho thorathuru. thorathuru ha sanniwedana thakshanaye (ICT) upa kulakayak lesa thorathuru thakshanaya salake. thorathuru thakshana paddhathiyak (thorathuru thakshana paddhathiya) yanu samanyayen thorathuru paddhathiyak, sanniwedana paddhathiyak ho wadath nishchithawama kiwahoth pariganaka paddhathiyak - siyalu drudanga, mrudukanga saha paryantha upakarana athuluwa - simitha parishilakayin pirisak wisin meheyawanu labe.
kri.pu 3000 di pamana mesapothemiyawe sumeriyanuwan liwima diyunu kala da sita minisun thorathuru gabada kirima, laba ganima, hasirawima saha sanniwedanaya karamin sitiyi. [3] namuth thorathuru thakshanaya ehi nawina arthayen palamuwenma pala wuye 1958 di hawad wyapara samalochanaye pala wu lipiyaka ya; kathuwarun wana harald je. lewit saha thomas el. wislar adahas dakwamin "nawa thakshanayata thawamath sthapitha namak nomatha. api eya thorathuru thakshanaya (thorathuru thakshana) lesa handunwamu." eewaye artha dakwima kanda thunakin samanwitha we: sakasime kramawedayan, thirana ganimedi sankhyanamaya ha ganithamaya krama bhawitha kirima saha pariganaka wadasatahan haraha ihala pele chinthanaya anukaranaya kirima. [4]
mema padaya pariganaka saha pariganaka jala sandaha samana padayak lesa bahulawa bhawitha wana namuth rupawahiniya saha durakathana wani wenath thorathuru beda harime thakshanayan da eyata athulath we. pariganaka drudanga, mrudukanga, ilektronika, ardha sannayaka, antharjala, telikom upakarana saha ee-wanijyaya athulu aarthikayak thula nishpadana ho sewa kihipayak thorathuru thakshanaya samanga sambandha we. [5] [a]
sewaye yodawa athi gabada ha sakasum thakshanayan matha padanamwa, thorathuru thakshana sanwardhanaye wiwidha awastha hatharak wenkara handunagatha hakiya: purwa yanthrika (kri.pu. 3000 - kri.wa. 1450), yanthrika (1450–1840), widyuth yanthrika (1840-1940) saha ilektronika (1940) - niyojanaya). [3] mema lipiya wadath matha kala parichchedaya (ilektronika) kerehi awadhanaya yomu karayi.
anthargathaya
1 pariganaka thakshanaye ithihasaya
2 ilektronika daththa sakasima
2.1 daththa gabada kirima
2.1.1 daththa samudayan
2.2 daththa laba ganima
2.3 daththa sampreshanaya
2.4 daththa hasirawima
3 idiridarshana
3.1 adhyayana idiridarshanaya
3.2 wanija ha rakiya idiridarshanaya
3.3 sadacharathmaka idiridarshana
4 da balanna
5 yomuwa
5.1 satahan
5.2 uputa dakwim
5.3 grantha namawaliya
wadidura kiyawima
7 bahira sabandi
pariganaka thakshanaye ithihasaya
miyunich hi doyish kauthukagaraye sus Z3 anuruwa pradarshanaya kere. Zuse Z3 yanu palamu wadasatahangatha kala haki pariganakayayi.
pradhana lipiya: pariganaka drudanga ithihasaya
wasara dahas gananak thisse gananaya kirima sandaha upanga bhawitha kara atha, boho wita muladi eya alawu dandaka swarupayen wiya hakiya. kri.pu. palamu shathawarshaye aarambhaye sita pawatha ena antikithera yanthranaya samanyayen paranithama yanthrika analog pariganakaya saha paranithama sannaddha yanthranaya lesa salake. [8] 16 wana shathawarshaya wana thuruma yuropaye sasandiya haki upakarana bihi nowu athara mulika ganithamaya meheyum hathara sidu kala haki palamu yanthrika kalkiyuletaraya 1645 wana thekma wardhanaya nowiya.
widyuth pariganaka, rile ho walwa bhawitha karamin 1940 dashakaye mul bhagaye di darshanaya wimata patan gaththeya. 1941 di nima karana lada widyuth yanthrika sus Z3 lowa prathama wadasatahangatha kala haki pariganakaya wana athara nawina pramithinta anuwa sampurna pariganaka yanthrayak lesa salakiya haki palamu yanthrawalin ekaki. dewana loka sangramayedi jarmanu paniwida wikethanaya kirima sandaha sanwardhanaya karana lada kolosas palamu widyuth dijital pariganakaya wiya. eya kramalekhagatha kala haki wuwada eya podu karyayak nowu athara eya nirmanaya kara aththe ek karyayak pamanak itu kirima sandaha ya. ehi wadasatahana mathakaye gabada kirime hakiyawa da eyata nothibuni; abhyanthara rahan wenas kirima sandaha plag saha swicha bhawitha karamin wadasatahankaranaya sidu karana ladi. handunagatha haki nawina ilektronika dijital gabada kala pariganaka pariganakaya manchestar bebi ya. ehi palamu wadasatahana 1948 juni 21 dina kriyathmaka wiya.
1940 dashakaye agabhagayedi bel rasayanagaraye transistara sanwardhanaya kirima mangin widuli paribhojanaya behewin adu karamin nawa parapure pariganaka nirmanaya kirimata ida laba dena ladi. palamu wanijamaya washayen gabada kala wadasatahan pariganakaya wana feranti mark I hi walwa 4050 k adangu wiya
thorathuru thakshanaya
pariganaka widyawa |
indiyawa | indiyawa dakunu aasiyanu rataki. bhumi pramanaya athin lowa sathwana thana indiyawata himiweyi. biliyana 1.18ka janagahanayak sahitha mema rata lowa chinayata pasuwa wadima janathawak wesena rata wana athara prajathanthrawadi ratawal athurin wadima janagahanaya sahitha rata weyi. dakunen indiyan sagarayen da, batahirin arabi muhudin da, nagenahirin bengala bokken da watawi athi indiyawa batahirin pakisthanayen da, uthurin chinaya, nepalaya saha bhuthanaya yana ratawalin da, nagenahirin bangaladeshayen saha burumayen da mayim wi atha. indiyan sagaraye pihiti shri lankawa saha maladiwayina da indiyawata aasanna wa pihitayi. indiyawata ayath andaman saha nikobar dupath indunisiyawe sumathra dupathata aasannawa pihita atha. indiyawa sathuwa kilomitar 7,517ka muhudu thirayak pawathiyi.
athithaye sitama welenda saha sanskruthika athin diyunu pradeshayak wu indiyanu upa mahadwipaya indu nimna shishtacharaya, adhirajya saha welenda marga gananawakata nijabhumiya wiya. hindu aagama, buddhagama, jainagama saha sikadahama yana pradhana aagam hatharak indiyawe bihiwuna athara sharathusthrawadaya (Zoroastrianism), yudew, kristhiyani saha islam wani aagam da boho kalaka sita pawathima mehi sanskruthika wiwidhathwaya athi kirimata hethuwiya. dahaata wani siyawasa mul bhagaye di brithanya nagenahira indiya samagama magin eksath rajadhaniyata ayath kolaniyak lesa aanda ganna lada indiyawa awihinsawadi aragalayakin pasu 1947 di nidahas rajyayak bawata pathwiya.
indiyawa parlimenthu prajathanthrawadayak sahitha fedaral wyawasthamaya samuhanduwaki. eya prantha 28kin saha madhya palana pradesha 7kin samanwithaya.
indiyanu aarthikaya dala deshiya nishpadithaya anuwa lowa 11 wani thana da, kraya shakthi samyaya anuwa lowa 4 wani thana da ganiyi. 1991 di indiya aarthikaya lihil kirimen anathuruwa eya shighrayen sanwardhanaya wana aarthikayak bawata path wiya. kese wethath eya thawamath dugi bawa, niraksharathawa, dushanaya, roga saha mandaposhanaya wani karunuwalin pida windiyi. indiyawa mathaka di karmikaranaya wu ratak saha BRIC ratawal hathara athuren ekak da weyi.
prantha (States):
aandra pradesh
arunachal pradesh
asam
bihar
chaththisgad
gowa
gujarathaya
haryana
himachal pradesh
jammu ha kashmiraya
jharkhand
karnataka
keralaya
madhya pradesh
maharashtra
manipura
meghalaya
misoram
nagalanthaya
orissa
panjabaya
rajasthan
sikim
thamilnaduwa
thripura
uththar pradesh
uththarakhand
batahira bengalaya
thelagana
madhya palana praෙdsha (Union Territories):
andaman ha nikobar dupath
chandigad
dadra saha nagar haweli
daman ha diw
lakshadwip
dilliya - jathika aganuwara pradeshaya
pondicheri
aashritha
indiyawa |
budu dahama | gauthama budun wahanse wisin iganwim bududahama lesa handinwe.
pudgalaya muhunadena duka, ha eyata pudgalayage athi wagakimath(bandimath), ema duken midimata pudgalayage athi shakyathawa hewath niwana prayogikawa labiyahaki prathyakshayak bawath, ee sandaha anugamanaya kalayuthu kriyamargayath penwadima bududahame paniwudayayi.
gauthama budun wahansege deshana thula kiyawenne digin digatama ipademin maremin yana sansaraya ithama duk sahitha bawath apramadiwa me pawathma nawathwana prathipadawakata awathirna wana lesathya. ese anathuru hangawimen nonawathina budu himiyan me (ipademin maremin yana) sasara pawathmata hethuwath, ema hethuwa nathi kara damimen bhawa gamana nathara kala haki bawath penwa deyi. ese nathara kirima pinisa athi wada piliwelada paripurna aakarayata idiripath karayi.
mulika uganwim
“sabba papassa akaranan - kusalassa upasampada, sachiththa pariyo dapanan - eethan buddhanusasanan.“siyalu pawin walakumath - kusalayehi yedimath, sitha damanaya kirimath - buddha anusasanayayi.me jiwitha pawathma thula pawathina, eheth apata piyawi asata nopenena anathurak budu himiyange nuwanasata hasu wiya. enam sasara gamana thula apata noyek lokawala ipadennata sidu wana bawayi. minis lowa haruna wita, thirisan lokaya wani apata gocharawana thanwalath; pretha lokaya, niraya, diwya loka aadi apata hasu nowana thanwala da ipadimata sidu weyi. sasara pawathme athi awadanama ehi athi anathma (thamage wasangaye pawathwiya no haki) swabhawayath; enisa ma niraya wani eekanthayenma duk sahagatha loka manga hara sitime nohakiyawath ya.
kumana lokayaka ipadunath, ipadima thulin bahula washayen labenne wayasata yama(jara rogo dukkho), kamathi de nolabima wani duk godak bawa budu himiyan penwa deyi. manushya lokaye sapa duk mishra thaththwayak mathuwi penunath, apa jiwitha nirantharayenma wenaswana swabhawayata (anithya), ee nisama duk sahitha (dukkha) elesama thamata awashya aakarayata pawathwiya nohaki (anathma) swabhawayen yuktha bawa, yana yatharthaya gambauren sithana oonama kenekuta daka gatha hakiya. ema dakma ashtaloka dharmaya hamuwe nosali sitimata awashya jiwana darshanayayi (niwimayi).
chathurrarya sathyaya
baranas nuwara asala pihiti mekala saranatha namin handunwanu labana isipathanayedi thathagathayan wahanse wisin paswaga mahanun udesa pawathwana lada palamu wani dharma deshanawatama athulath wu chathuraryya sathyaya budu dahame hadawathaya. ese wanne budu dahame mulika aramuna wana nirwanaya awabodha kara ganima yanu, chathuraryya sathyaya awabodha kara ganimama wana bawini.
"mahaneni , mema chathuraryya sathyaya dharmaya awabodha nokirime hethuwen matath obatath boho kalak sasara sarisarannata sidu wiya."
bauddha darshanayata anuwa mema sathyaya melowadima prathyaksha kala hakiya.
duka pilibanda uthum sathyayaya (dukkharya sachcha)
dukata hethuwa pilibanda uthum sathyayaya (dukkha samudayarya sachcha)
duka nathi kirima pilibanda uthum sathyayaya (dukkha nirodharya sachcha)
duka nathi kirime margaya pilibanda uthum sathyayaya (dukkha nirodha gamini patipadarya sachcha)
patichcha samuppadaya
sansaraya hewath yamek ho yamak pawathinne wenath deyak, sankirnawa wihidunu athitha, warthamana ha anagathaya ha badunu hethupala jalayaka pawathmeni. siyalu dema anonyawa hethu pala anuwa pawathna bawin (shunyaya). eya anithya wima hethuwen thaman yayi hadunwana wisheshitha wu pudgalayek natha (anathma)ya. hethungen hatagath(sankhatha) siyalla thrilakshanaya ta yatathya. - “sabbe sankhara anichcha thi“.
anithya - siyalu de nasena suluyi.
dukkha - siyalu sathwayo damanaya nokala sith athi nisa duk widithi.
anathma - sadakalika pudgala aathmayak nopawathi.
sath this bodhi parshwika dharma
sath this bodhi parshwika dharma yanu suthra deshanawala dakwa athi niwana (bodhiya) labaganimata sampurna kalayuthu sathara sathipattanaya, sathara ruddhipada, sathara sammapmadana wiryaya, pancha ina්driya, pancha bala, saptha bojjhanga, aarya ashtangika margaya yana dharma karunu ya. mema dahama ilakka wi aththe niwana wethama ya; ehi gab wi aththe wimukthi (dukin paripurna lesa ma midima) rasaya yi.
thisarana
buddha dharmayata anuwa bauddhayaku saranayayuththe thisarana pamanaki.
buddha
dhamma
sangha
budu rajanan wahanse shrawakayan ta anudana wadale thama ma sarana karagena; dharmaya ma sarana karana gena wasaya karana lesa yi.
buddha dharmaye pradhana sampradayan
bauddha sampradayan warga kirime pradhana kramaya wanne danata pawathina dharma grantha liya athi bhashawan anuwa warga kirimayi. eewa nam pali, sanskrutha, tibet (mongaliyanu pariwarthana) ha china wana athara samaharak koriyan bhashawen da thibe. meya prayogikawa prayojanawath wargikaranayak wuwada bhasha wenaskama harunu wita siyalu sampradayan bandi athi podu karunu da athi bawin darshanawadi ha aagamika matha wargikaranaya sandaha meya sudusu nowe.
sama sampradayak ma budurajanan wahanse thama guruwaraya lesa piliganithi.
sama sampradayak ma madhyama prathipadawa, patichcha pamuppadaya, chathurarya sathyaya ha aarya ashtangika margaya piliganna namuth samahara sampradayan wala mewata etharam loku wadagathkamak nolabe.
gihi pawidi oonama kenekuta nirwanaya awabodha kara gatha haka (bodhi)
buddhathwaya ihalama margapalayayi. therawadi budusamaye di rahathanwahansela labagath nirwanaya da budun wahanse kenek labaganna nirwanaya ha sama bawa salakayi. (siyallantama pawathinne ekama nirwanayaki) budun wahansenamak yanu thaniwama niwan maga soyagena eya anyayanta awabodha karadena thanaththeki.
thripitakaya
budu dahama pilibandawa suwisheshi karanaya wanne bhikshun wahansela wanapoth aakarayata (mul deshanawa ee aakarayenma katapadamin thaba ganima) rakagath buddha deshana 18,000ta adhika sankhyawak adatath thripitakaya namin surakshithawa grantharudacha thibimayi. mema grantha thripitakaya nam weyi. adatath ema deshana hadarannekuta budu samindunge wismitha awabodhaya daka gatha hakiya. elesama un wahanse wadala margaya osse sasara duka nima kara ganimatada adatath kisindu badhawak natha.
budu dahama adangu wanne thripitakaya nam grantha ekathuwehi ya. dala washayen gath kala: suthra pitakaya yanu noyekuth awasthawala budurajanan wahanse wisin shrawakayange awabodhaya ta galapena lesa deshana karannata yedunu, niwan maga heli karana, nawanga shasthru shasanayata ayath mulika buddha deshana aadiya yi; winaya pitakayehi athulath wanne wiwidha awasthawala budurajanan wahanse wisin shrawakayan niwan manga thula hikmawimata deshana karana winaya karunu ya; abhidharma pitakaya yanu ema dharma karunuwala ma sawistharathmakawa beda dakwimaki.
boho padiwaran wishwasa karanne pali dharma grantha wala budurajananwahanse ge niyama iganwim saba lesama adangu wana bawayi. namuth mahayana wala mularambhaya mul bududahame adangu wuwada mahayana suthra buddha deshana nowe. namuth kisiwek budurajanan wahansege saba lesa deshana kale me karanu yayi nisakayen ma kimata nohaki heyin mahayana liyawili wala thama shrawakayata me budurajananwahansege mul deshana lesa dakwa atha. namuth batahira wiyathun boho denek piliganne gauthama budurajanan wahansege iganwim sathya washayenma adangu wanne palidharma grantha wala bawayi.
buddhagama
buddhagama hewath budusamaya yanu budun wahanse deshanakala budu dahama padakakota godanagi athi aagamayi. budu dahama sthira saha akalika namudu buddhagama pradeshayen pradeshayata saha kalayen kalayata wenaswe.
budurajanan wahanse yanu kawuda ? unwahansege iganwim monawada? yanna wiwidha wu artha wiwarana walin danagatha hakiya. unwahanse uththama sthanayakata pathwu manushyayek da, noese nam mahayana bauddhayan wishwasa karana andamata wishwaye pathira sitina uthum jiwiyek da yana mathayan thahawura kirimata awashya sakshi ithihasaye adangu nowe. mahayana bududahame di mema karanu etharam salakillakata nogani.
wiwidha buddha sampradayan walata ayath aya athara budurajanan wahansege iganwim ha bhikshu winaya nithi pilibadawa wiwidha mathabheda pawathi.
mul budusamaya
sampradayikawa budurajanan wahanse sadacharaya ha niwaradi awabodhaya sadaha anubala dun seka. dewiyan da thama thamage karmayata yatath wana bawa deshana kala budurajanan wahanse yamekuta sathya niwaradi wa awabodha kara ganimata awashya nam thama wisin ma niwanata yana margaye gaman kala yuthu bawath thama ema margaya penwa dimata sitina guruwarayeku pamanak wana bawath deshana kala seka. bududahame ena bhawanawa sruddhi bala labaganimata nowa manase yatha swarapaya awabodha karagena budurajanan wahansege iganwim thulin nirwanaya laga karaganimata yoda gani.
wajrayanaya
wajrayanaya ha ehi thanthrika prathipaththi hatagath kalaya pilibandawa wiwidha matha thibe. tibet janaprawadawalata anuwa shakyamuni budurajanan wahanse thanthra deshana kalada eewa rahasya iganwim nisa eewa liyathabuwe unwahansege anek deshanawalata boho kalata pasuwayi. nalanda wishwa widyalaya wajrayana mathawadaye kendrasthanaya wu athara 11 wana shathawarshaya thekma wajrayana kramawedaya purogamithwaya isiliya. mema karunu, dharma grantha ha mathawada chinaya, tibetaya, induchinaya ha ginikona chinayata pathira giyeya.
mema wishaya sambandhayen liyawunu palamuwana nuthana nibandhanaye ayithikaruwana feyar fild wishwa widyalaye mahacharya ronalad ech. dewidsan wigraha karanne wajrayanaye nagma ekala indiyawe deshapalanika wenaswim walata prathicharayak lesa athiwu bawayi. guptha adhirajyaye basmath samangama athi wu kalahakari deshapalanika wathawaranaya nisa sampradayika buddha aashramawalata anugrahakayin soya ganima dushkara wu athara siddhun wisin meheya wu jana wyapara wada prachalitha wiya. shathawarsha dekakata pamana pasu meya aashrama thulata sambandha wimata patan ganini.
wajrayanaye mulikanga boho pramanayak sanwardhanaya ha sanyuktha kirimen siduwini. meyin boho kotas shathawarsha gananawak pawathuni.
warthamanaye buddhagama
bududahama indiyawen sampurnayenma parihaniyata path wu athara ehi awata ratawalwala bududahama pawathunada, bududahame wyapthiyak sidu nowiya. namuth warthamanaye eya nawatha shakthimath wemin pawathi. bududahama adahannan miliyana 230 sita 500 dakwa pramanayak lowa pura pathira sitina athara samaharak asthamenthuwalata anuwa eya miliyana 310 k pamana we. namuth mema pramanaya niyatha nowe. eyata hethu,
bauddhayan yana ganayata ayathwannan nirwachanaya apahasu wima
chinaya, wiyatnamaya ha uthuru koriyawa yana ratawala thathwaya
eki wimarshanayakin heliwuye bududahama lokaye 4 weniyata wadima pirisak adahana aagama wana athara idiriyenma aththe kristhiyani, islam ha hindu aagam yana bawaya. budurajanan wahansege jiwana kalayedi aarambha wu sangha shasanaya lokaye paranithama sanwidhana walin ekaki.
pali dharma grantha asuru karana therawadi bududahama kambojaya, laoos, thayilanthaya, shri lankawa ha burumaye pradhanama bududahamayi. indiyawe dalith bauddha sangamayada, anugamanaya karanne therawadi bududahamaya.
chinaya, japanaya, koriyawa, thayilanthaya, singappuruwa ha wiyatnamaye pawathinne china basin dharma grantha liyawunu mahayana bududahamayi.
tibet bhashawen liyawunu tibet bududahama tibetaye, indiyawa, bhuthanaya, mongoliyawa, nepalaya ha rusiyanu samuhanduwe daknata labe.
aagamika sankhyana sambandha web adawiyakin pawathwana lada sangananayakin heli wuye ihatha sandahan pradhana sampradayan thunata piliwelin miliyana 124, 185 ha 20? pamana bathimathun sitina bawayi.
warthamanaye buddha dharmaya lowapura wyapthawa athi athara bauddha grantha wiwidha bhashawalata pariwarthanaya wi atha. batahira ratawalwaladi bududahama wideshiya ha pragathishili lesa salakana athara nagenahira di eya sanskruthiyema kotasaki. aasiyawe bududahama mana sanwidhanayakin yukthawana athara rajya anugrahayak labeyi. samahara ratawala eya nilawashayen piligath aagamak we. batahirata eya wardhanaya wana adhyathmika darshanayaki.
dharma sangayana
dharma granthawalata anuwa buddha parinirwanayen pasuwa palamuwana dharma sanghayanawa pawathwiya. indiyanu sampradayata anuwa iganwim parapuren parapurata pawathune mukha wahareni. mema samuluwe mulika aramuna wuye mese mukha paramparawen pawathena dharma karunu samuhikawa kiyawimen pasuwa ema karunuwala waradi thibedayi pariksha kirimayi. palamuwana dharma sanghayanawedi budurajanan wahansege upasthayaka wana aananda therun wisin pali suthra ha abhidharmaya kiyawu athara upali maharahathan wahanse winaya nithi deshana kala seka.
dewana dharma sanghayanawen yam kalayakata pasuwa sangha samajaya wiwidha nikaya bedim walata lakwiya. mema nikaya bhedaya athiwuye kinam kalayakadi dayi nishchithawa kiwa nohaki namuth dipawanshayata anuwa eya dewana dharma sanghayanawa awasan wu wahama sidu wiya.
nikaya bhedaya hatagaththe sthiwara ha mahasanghika yana kotas deka atharaya. mema deparshawayema janashrathi ekinekata wenas adahas dakwayi. therawadi granthayan wana dipa wanshayata anuwa dewana dharma sanghayanawe athi wu mathabhedaye di parajayata path wu pila wirodhaya dakwimak washayen wenwa gos maha sanghika lesa nikayan pihituwa gath bawayi. uthuru paramparawak wana saraswathiwada ha puggalawada (athitha sthiwira kotasin bedunu kotas) nikayata anuwa mema bhedaya rahathan wahanselage thathwaya pahala basimata hethu wu karunu 5 n ekaki. sthiwira kotas thulin sampradayan kihipayak hatagath athara therawadi sampradaya in ekaki. mul yugayedi mema mathawada winaya nisa hatagath athara wiwidha sampradayan anugamanaya karana bhikshun wahansela ekama aaramaye samagiwa wisuha. namuth kri.wa. 100 di pamana aagamika karunu mul karagena mathabheda hataganima aarambha wiya.
tibet dulwa granthayanhi sangayanawa sandaha padaka wu wenasma hethuwak dakwe. “sariyuth himiyange parinirwanayen sanwegayata path maharahathan wahansela asudahak piriniwan paha. mugalan himiyange parinirwanayen sanwegayata path maharahathan wahansela saththadahasak piriniwan paha. budurajanan wahansege parinirwanayen pasuwa sanwegayata path maharahathan wahansela eklakshi asudahasak piriniwan paha. eheyin mahajanayagen ellawana chodanawangen midima pinisa dharmaya saha winaya sangayana kalaha.” yanuwen ehi sandahan we. me ha samana pra kashayak maha wasthuweda hamu we. ehi sandahan wanne budurajanan wahansege parinirwanayen pasuwa maharahathan wahansela pansiyak piriniwan pa bawath ee nisa sangayanawa sidu kala bawathya.
mema siyalu karana piriksa balimedi pahadili wana karuna nam budu dahame surakshithabhawaya udesa dharma sangayanawaka awashyathawa buddha kalaye sitama pawathi bawayi. eya buddha parinirwanayen pasuwa athyawashya karunak wiya. me sandaha subhadra nam mahalu bhikshuwage wachanaya prabalama hethuwak wu athara wisiri thibu dharmaya ekras kirimatath, dharmaya ha winaya sambandhawa pawathi gatalu nirakaranaya kirimatath athi wu uwamanawa dharma sangayanawak kirima sandaha hethu wiya. emenma budun wahansege awamen dharmaya saha winaya guru thanathurehi thaba ganna lesa kala awawadayath, dharmaya sangayana kirime wadagathkama sandahan wana deshanath prathama sangayanawa sandaha padaka wiya. eheyin pawachanaya athithasaththuka nowana paridi dewminisunge hitha suwa pinisa, shasana chirasthithiya sandaha mahatherun wahansela wisin prathama dharma sangayanawa sidu karana ladi. ee anuwa yamin sthawirayan wahansela wisin sangayanathrayak sidu kala baw shasana ithihasaya thulin prakata we.
dahame wargikaranayan
dhammawinaya - suthra pitakaya, winaya pitakaya, abhidharma pitakaya yayi kanda thunakata ekraskota atha. eewa thripitaka poth wahansela lesa gaurawarthayen handunwanulabe.
nawanga sathrru sasanaya- suththa, gaෙyya, weyyakarana, gatha, udana, ithiwuththaka, jathaka, abbuthadhamma, wedalla yanuwen shasanaya sangraha we.
dahame (aාryyawinaye) sankalpa
nawa lokoththara dharma - sathara marga (4), sathara pala (4), niwana (1)
sathara maha apadesha
yomuwa
aashritha lipi
buddhagama
gauthama budurajanan wahanse
chathurarya sathyaya
bauddha dharma sangayana
bahira sabandum
https://www.bl.uk/projects/sinhalese-manuscripts-digitisation-project thripitaka nam grantha ekathuwa 2021
http://english.mahamevnawa.lk/ ( It is the wise gentlemen (Kalyānamitta) who show the good that should be associated with. Their wisdom is profound. Those wise people are the ones who practice the Dhamma without any delay. They have realized the extremely deep and difficult to comprehend trenchant meaning of the Four Noble Truths. -This is the stanza delivered by Arahant Punhnha Thero.)
Pure Theravada Buddhism Exposed according to The Original Pali Canon
Collection of the Therawada buddhist Books of Most Venerable Rerukane Chandawimala Maha Nayaka Thero & Other Buddhist books
Arya Sangha
damruwana.org- Dhamma Desana in Sinhala, Guide to attain Nibbanic bliss
Buddhist Society of Western Australia
Tipitaka and Articles (SL)
Complete Tipitaka in Pali
International home page of the organizations which offer courses in Vipassana Meditation in the tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin as taught by S.N. Goenka
About Buddhism - the Teachings of Buddha
Buddhism Portal for the Milton Keynes area (UK)
E-Sangha Buddhism Portal
His Holiness The Dalai Lama teachings on Buddhism
Hongaku Jodo, a major American movement of Pure Land Buddhism
Access to Insight Readings in Theravada Buddhism.
BuddhaNet
Buddhism.about.com
Buddhist Studies WWW Virtual Library: the Internet guide.
DharmaNet
Essentials of Buddhism
ReligionFacts.com on Buddhism facts, glossary, timeline and articles.
Tathagatagarbha Buddhism five of the main "tathagatagarbha" sutras in full (or in part)
"Nirvana Sutra Buddhism": full text and discussion of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
Journal of Global Buddhism by Charles S. Prebish, Pennsylvania State University (USA) and Martin Baumann, University of Lucerne (Switzerland)
http://sinhala.mahamevnawa.lk/ ( Me jeewithaya Ithama sundarawa gatha kirimatath,Maranin mathu jeewithayada sundarawa gatha kirima pinisath emenma Maranaye miyana thana wana A ama niwanata path wimatath kamathi nam Mahamevnawa wata rok wanna.)
http://mahamegha.lk/ ( Raga, Dwsa saha Mohayen Ginigena dawena sitha thema surakinu pinisai )
budu dahama
sansandanathmaka buddhagama |
shri lanka jathika giya | warsha 1940 di aananda samarakon mahatha wisin rachitha mema giya 1951 nowambar masa 22 dina sita shri lankawe jathika giya lesa nam karanu labiya.me githaya wishesha awasthawaladi gayana karayi
ithihasaya
lowa mul kalaye jathikathwa hangimak mathuwi noaawada madhyakalina yugayata piwisimath samanga prathamayenma yuropiya ratawala jathikathwa hangim ismathu wiya. ee anuwa sama jana wargayakatama aawenika wu jana gayana bihiwu athara noyek wruththinhi yedena wiwidha jana kotas walin samanwitha jathiyaka, sanskruthiya pilibimbau karana githayak thama jathika giya lesa piliganu labuni. me anuwa lowa paranithama jathika giya lesa nedarlantha jathika giya kri.wa.1626 di bhawithawata pathwiya. brithanya jathika giya kri.wa.1745 di aarambha wuwada ehi nedarlantha jathika giyata wada wadi pethihasika agayak pilimbaibu wana bawa piligani. ee anuwa jathika giya sama ratakama rate janathawage praudathwaya ha ananyathawaya thahawuru karana sankethayak bawata nithathinma pathwi atha.
shri lankawata jathika giyaka awashyathawaya mathuwuye 1815 di samastha lankawama brithanya palanayata nathu wimen pasuwaya. brithanyayange aabhashayata anuwa ekala shri lankawe jathika giya wuye brithanya jathika giyayi. namuth adhirajyawadi grahanayen midunu pasu shri lankawe ananyathawa surakina shri lankawatama aawenika wu jathika giyak nirmanaya kirime awashyathawaya dadiwa pana nanguni. meya mathuwuye wisiwana siyawase hatharawana dashakaye di ya. menisa 1948 janawari 31 wani dina jathika giyak thora ganime tharangayak pawathwana ladi. ee sandaha ekala adhyapana amathiwa siti aacharya si. dabliw. dabliw. kannangara mahatha, tibet jathika as mahinda himi, am. je. perera yana mahathwaruda githa idiripath kalaha. aananda samarakon mahatha wenuwen ema mahathage mathiniya karalayin da silwa mahathmiya da, " namo namo matha " githaya idiripath kalaya. si. dabliw. dabliw. kannangara mahatha idiripath kara thibune " sirilaka matha namadimu samada " githayayi. awasanayedi ema winisuru mandullema siti pi. bi. ingasinha notharis ralahami rachana kala ehima winisuruwarayekuwa kriya kala layanal edirisinha mahatha sangithawath kala " shri lanka matha pala yasa mahima jaya jaya " githaya tharangayen pramukhasthanaya gaththe wiwechana rasakata bhajanaya wemini.
1948 pebarawari 4 wani dina pawathi palamu nidahas uthsawaye di gayana karanu labuye mema githayayi.namuth dewana nidahas dinayedi gayana karanu labuye " namo namo matha" yana aananda samarakon shuringe githayayi. 1950 aprel masa mudal amathi je. aar. jayawardhana mathithuma wisin amathi mandalayata sandeshayak idiripath kirimen 1951 nowambar 22 wani dina nila jathika giya lesa " namo namo matha " giya prakashayata path keruni.
mehidi aananda samarakon mahatha pilibanda tharamak datha yuthu manaya. 1911 janawari 13 wani dina upatha lada mohu mul kalaye handinwuye jorj samarakon lesaya. sangithayata upan hapanek wiya. adhyapanaya nimawa kotte kristhiyani widuhale chithra kala guruwaraya lesa 23 wiya thek sewaya kota 1936 di indiyawa bala giye chithra karmaya ha sangithaya iganimataya. wasara 05 ka danuma masa 06 kin nimawa ena wita ohu aananda samarakon lesa nama wenas kaleya. 1939 di githa gayanayata yomu wu mema shurin wadimanak gayu githawala padamalawa , thanuwa, swathanthra nirmana wiya. ekala upadeshathmaka githa, aagamika githa aakruthingen midi prema githa gayanayata mohu purogamithwaya sapayiya. ee anuwa mema 1948 di pawathi tharangayedi idiripath kala " namo namo matha " giya prathamayen gayana kota aththe ech. em. wi. thatiyakataya.
" namo namo matha" giya jathika giya lesa piliganima etharam sumata karyayak nowini. eeta erehiwa wada wiwada chodana pamanak nowa eewata rukul sapayana chodana sanatha karana sakshinda mawennata wiya.
* ehi "na" aksharaya apaya aksharayak wima.
* aarambhaka ganaya anitu ganayak wima.
* bhakthi rasaya jananaya wima.
shri lankawe jathika giya
shri lanka matha
apa shri....... lanka namo namo namo namo matha
sundara siribarini surandi athi sobamana lanka
dhanya dhanaya neka mal palathuru piri jaya bhumiya ramya
apa hata sapa siri setha sadana jiwanaye matha
piliganu mana apa bhakthi puja
namo namo matha
apa shri ...... lanka namo namo namo namo matha
oba we apa widya
oba maya apa sathya
oba we apa shakthi
apa hada thula bhakthi
oba apa aaloke
apage anuprane
oba apa jiwana we
apa mukthiya oba we
nawa jiwana demine nithina apa pubudu karan matha
gnyana wirya wadawamina ragena yanu mana jaya bhumi kara
eka mawakage daru kala bawina
yamu yamu wi nopama
prema wada sama bheda durara da namo namo matha
apa shri........ lanka namo namo namo namo matha
shri lankawa
shri lankawe jathika wasthun |
niwana | niwana (nirwanaya) yanu bauddhayan wisin balaporoththuwana usasma dharmathawayi. pudgalayeku ragaya, dweshaya saha mohaya kshaya kirima nirwanaya we.
niwana pilibandawa kiyawena oonama thripitaka deshanawakin me bawa thahawurukara gatha haka.
paskam sapayata athi alma aashawa ha bandima ragaya lesa handinwiya haka. asa, kana, nasaya , diwa , shariraya saha manasa yana me indriyayan thula nirantharayenma athiwannawu ha pawathinnawu rupa, shabda, ganda, rasa, sparsha, saha aramunu pilibanda dadiwa alwaganime kamaththa eewa nawatha nawatha laba ganimata dakwana balawath unanduwa kama ragaya hewath kamachchandaya lesa handinwiya haka.
lobhaya lesa handunwanne da meyama ya.
thama nokamathi deyata noesenam wirudda deyata ho kenata dakwana nokamaththa hewath tharahawa dweshaya lesa dakwiya haka.atham witeka meya thama thama kerehima wuwada athikaraganna awastha atha.
mohaya hewath mulawa nam dahamata patahani marga thulin mokshaya ho sanasima apeksha kirima we. sunakha, gawa , wani wrutha samadanaya thulin ho dewa wishwasa thulin sadakalikawu sanasima prarthana kirima mohaya hewath mulawa we. meya saba thathwaya wasana patalayak wani ya.
me klesha dharma sithhi thadin pawathina thak kal sathwaya sasara ipademin maremin bhawa gamana digu kara gani. idin yamek me klesha dharma prahanaya karayida hethema uthumwu niwana awabodhakara gani.
niwan awabodhakara ganimata kamathi thanaththe thama prathamayen me sansaraya dukak ya yana niwaradi awabodhayata paminiya yuthuya. noesenam niwanaka awashya thawaya hethema awabodha kara ganimata samath wanne natha . budurajanan wahanse sumedha thapasawa sitiyadi niwan awabodha karalimata samath pragnyawa athiwa siti namuth siyalu loka sathwaya kerehi pathalawu apramana daya karunawa hethuwen buddhathwaya labimata aditan kota niyatha wiwarana ilwiya. ethan patan siddhartha kumarothpaththiya dakwa ethumo as is mas le pamanak nowa shariraya pawa dan demin, apramana duk windimin budubawa patha paminiyahuya. ethumano siddhartha kumarawa siti awadiye asimitha sapa sampath windaha. namuth kam sapa windime asthira bawa nohoth aniyatha bawa ethumo nuwanin (pragnyawa) dutuha. ebawin sapa sampath aluyama lu kelapidak se salaka ethumo bhawa nirodhaya patha wana wadunaha. ethumo niwana patha kenekuta windimata thaba sithimatawath nohaki tharam apramana duk windaha. apamanawu sapa windima ho duk windima anarthawath bawa nuwanin awabodha kala ethumo madum piliwetha anugamanaya kota siyalu dukin midunawu niwan awabodha kalaha. ese asimitha sapa sampath ha asimitha duk windime athdakima thamama athwindi ethumo nirwanaye suwaya thama awabodha kotagena an ayatada ehi agaya deshana kalaha. ee maga kiya dunha. unwahanse deshana kala ee sadaham maga ada da sandittikawa ha akalikawa pawathina bawin oonama ayekuta nuwanin wimasa bala awabodha kara ganime awasthawa atha. ee sandaha thama thula wishwasaya ha awashyathawaya thibiya yuthuya.
sasara duka bawa niwaradiwa awabodha kara ganima .
me duka nathikara gatha yuthuya yana dadi uwamanawa athikara gatha yuthuya.
me duka nathikara gatha hakke sadaham magata paminimenma pamanakya yana thada bala wishwasayata paminiya yuthuya
me sambuddha sasanaya thuladima niwan awabodha kala yuthuya yana wishwasaya athikaragatha yuthuya.
budupiyanan wahanse wisin itha pahath yayi salaku sapayehi alimath ,
duk dimen mokshayata paminiya hakiya yana mithya wishwasayan gen wenwiya yuthuya .
siyalu de kerehi upadanaya hewath alima durukaraganima thulin me bhawagamanin nidahas wima nam wu niwana sakshath karagatha yuthuya.
siyalu dukkhayangen nidahaswu, ekama sadakalika sapayawu dharmathawayayi. dukama swabhawa kota aththawu sansarayen nidahaswimata athi ekama margaya nirwanayayi. niwana wachanayen prakasha kala nohaki dharmathawak wana athara dakimenma (labaganimenma) pamanak sampurnayen awabodha karagatha hakiya. niwanehi swabhawayan washayen pahatha karunu dakwiya hakiya.
anantha sukha suba gunayen yukthawa paramartha washayen athi dharmathawayaki (kisiwak nomathi his bawa nowe).
sadakalika wana bawin hataganimak ho abhawayak ho nomathi dharmathawayaki.
satahanak (rupayak) nomathi dharmathawayaki.
chathukotika shunyathawayaki. enam aakara hatharakin (aththe natha, naththe natha, aththe nowanne nowe, naththe nowanne nowe) shunya thathwayaki.
awedayitha sukha lesa dakwe. enam nowindimen labana sapaya yannayi.
mema lokayehi ho wenath lokayaka ho dishawakaho nopihitana dharmathawayaki.
boho sathwayan niliyana sthanaya uwath thamakerehi ekama sathwayeku wath nathi dharmathawaki.
boho sathwayan paminena namuth paminimen purnathwayak ho nopaminimen uunathwayak ho naththawu dharmathawayaki.
thamakerehi kisi windiyayuthu suwayak nomathiwa parama sukhayakwu dharmayaki.
margapala nyanayenma pamanak prathyakshawa dakiya haki dharmathawayaki.
nirwanaye aluth parana aadi washayen bedayak nomatha. (warsha asankhyaya kata pera daknalada nirwanayath me shasanayedi daknalada nirwanyath athara bhedayak nomatha)
wadana
nirwanaya (Nirvāṇa) yanu niwana yannata sanskrutha basin yedena padayayi. pali basin nibbana yanuwen handunwayi. sathwaya bhawayen bhawayata wiyana thanhawa namathi gethumen ikmima nibbana we.
ni = nathi kirima
wana = thrushnawa
handinwima
nirwanaya pilibanda wishaya bauddha darshanaye itha wadagath thanak gani. nirwanaya pilibanda hinayanikayin saha mahayanikayin athara wenaskam pawathi. nirwanaya pilibanda saha nirwanaya yanu bhawa rupayak da nathahoth abhawa rupayak da yanna pilibanda budu dahame sama sampradayakma sahena tharam wimasimak kara thibe.
niwan maga
niwanata sapaminime palamu piyawara wanuye sowan palaya labimaya. ee sandaha sakkaya ditti , wichikichcha , silabbatha paramasa, yana me sanyojana awabodayen duru kala yuthuwe.
yamek thula thama pilibandawa ho an wasthun pilibandawa aasawa bandima thadin pawathinam ohuta me dukin pirunawu sansarayen galawimak aththe natha.
nawatha nawatha sasara ipademin anantha dukatama pathwe. esenam sasarin ethara wimata hewath dukin midimata kamaththa athi aya wisin aniwaryayenma thama pilibandawa ho wenath wasthun pilibandawa athi aasawa tikin tika duru karagatha yuthuwe.
ewita sakkaya dittiya nam wu sanyojanaya durukara gatha haka. eya sowan magata thabana palamu piyawara wanneya.
yamek thula budun daham sangun yana thisaranaya pilibandawath, pera bhawaya mathu bawaya pilibandawath , dewiyan bambaun pilibandawa ho mapiya guna pilibandawa ho sakayak pawathi nam eya wichikichchawa lesa handunwanu labe.
sowan magata paminennahu wisin meki sakaya nathikaragatha yuthuya. wiswasaya dadikaragatha yuthuya. esema mandabuddhika nowana oonama ayekuta sowan magata paminiya hakiya yanna dadiwa wiswasa kalayuthuya.
ewita wichikichchawa nathiwe sowan magata paminimata eya imahath rukulak wanneya.
noyek aakaraye shila samadanayan kerehi ho wrutha samadanayan pilibandawa wiswasaya thulin dukin midiyahakiyayi wiswasakirima thunwana sanyojanayayi.
niwanata maga wanne chathurarya sathyaya pilibanda niwaradi awabodaya pamanakma bawath ee sandaha wenath sila wrutha samadan wima niwaradi maga nowana bawath wiswasa kala yuthuwe.
gauthama buddhasasanaya thula dima niwan magata paminimata balaporoththuwana buddhashrawakaya mese thama awabodaya niwaradi karagathayuthu wanneya.
esema sowan magata pamina misa me bawayen ikma noyana bawata dadiwa thiranaya karagatha yuthuya .
sakkaya dittiya ,
wichikichcha ,
silabbatha paramasa, yana me sanyojana durukota me bawayedima sowan magata paminiya yuthumaya.
niwane mulika awastha deka
sopadisesa nibbanaya
nirupadisesa nibbanaya
sopadisesa nibbanaya
raga, dwesha, moha yana akusal mul kshayakirima niwanayi. jiwathwa sitiyadi nirwanawabodaya kirima, meyin adahas kere.
nirupadisesa nibbanaya
nirupadishesha nirwanaya yanu me bhawayedi niwan awabhodha kala uththamayin me jiwithayen samu ganimayi. hewath piriniwimayi (piriniwanpama)
therawada buddha dharmaya anuwa nirwanaya
hinayana sampradayata anuwa saththwaya thun aakara dukwalin pidawindiyi.
duhkha duhkhatha - bhauthika saha manasika hethu nisa upan kleshayan, (priyayangen wenwima apriyayanha eka wima, kamathide nolabima galaka mulaka paya patalima wani edineda jiwithaye apa labana katuka athdakim menayin dakwiya hakiya)
sansara duhkhatha - upatha saha winasha swabhawaya athi lokaye wasthun nisa upan kleshayan, (nawatha nawatha upadimin maremin yana sasara gamana we.)
wiparinama duhkhatha - sapaya dukata peralima nisa upan kleshayan, (mohothak pasa kshanayak pasa siduwana wenas wima wayasata yama menayin adahas we.)
chathurarya sathyaya pilibanda gnyanayen da,aarya ashtangika margaya anugamanaya kirimen da hinayana sampradayata anuwa mema kleshayangen sadakalikawama wimukthiya labagatha haka. meya nirwanaya wana athara nirwanaya kleshabhawa rupayak saha sukha rupayak lesa hinayanaya dakwa thibe.
boho hinayana nikayan nirwanaya abhawathmaka bawa piliganiyi. milinda prashnaye di nagasena himiyan pahadiliwama prakasha kara aththe nirodhayata pathwima nirwanaya bawayi. saththwaya indriyan pinawime saha wishayan upabhoga kirimehi ali sitima nisa nirantharayen dukata pathweyi. eheth gnyanawantha aarya shrawakaya mewa samanga kisiwitekath noaleyi. esema eya sathutak lesada nogani. ehi prathipalaya nam ohuge thanhawa nathiwimayi. thrushna nirodhaya (thanhawa nathiwima) samaga upadana saha bhawa nirodhaya weyi. ewita punarbhawayen bandunu siyalu duk nawathi. mese thanhadhika kleshayangen nirodhayata pathwima nirwanayi. nirwanayen pasuwa pudgalathwaya sampurnayenma nathiwi yayi. eyata hethuwa pudgalathwaya thana rakimata kisiwak ithiri nowimayi.
sansaraye hataganna siyaluma wasthun karmaya nisa ho hethuwak nisa ho sruthu anuwa ho hatagani. eheth nirwanaya me kisiwak nisa upadinnak nowe. eya hethu rahitha thrikalathitha, indrayathitha, wachanayen wisthara kala nohaki padarthayaki. nirwanaya prathyaksha karaganimata kramayak athath eya ipadawimata kramayak nomatha. ehi uthpadaka hethuwa dakwiya nohaki athara uthpada rahitha we. eyata hethuwa nirwanaya nirguna wimayi. eya athitha, warthamana, anagatha kalayanta ayath nowana athara indriya gochara da nowe.
nirwanaya - therawadayata anuwa
therawadi drushtiya anuwa, budun wisin yamak pilibandawa dharmaya deshana karana lada nam ehi parama ilakkaya nirwanayayi. yam witaka awidyawa sampurnayen nathikara damana ladada ewita rahathun labana thaththwaya nirwanayayi. nirwanaya me lokayedima labagatha yuththaki. nirwanaya wanahi manasika saha bhauthika jiwithaye parama nirodhaya wana athara eya labimen pasu pudgalathwaya (mamathwaya) siyalu ayurinma nathiwi yayi. nirwanaya nam niwiyamayi. pahanaka aalokaya pawathinne pahan watiyath theluth pawathna thekya. mewa winasha wi yamen pahane aalokaya nathiwi yayi. melesa thrushna aadi kleshayan winasha wimen yam witaka me bhauthika jiwithaye parama ilakkayata pathweyida ewita eya nirwanaya yayi kiyanu labe. therawadayata anuwada nirwanaya abhawathmakayi.
yamek me sansaraya hewath nawatha nawatha ipadima dukak bawa itha pahadiliwa ha awabodayen yuthuwa piligath kalhi nawatha ipademata ho paskam sapa windimata athi alma durukara gani. siyalu aakaraye windim itha sulu mohothakata pamanak simawana bawath siyalla anithya bawath prathyaksha karagani. melesa siyalu aakaraye alim saha gatim walin niruddha wimen labannawu nirodhaya nirwanaya hewath niwana nam we.
niwana thama thama nana pamanin awabodha katayuthuwe. thamama nuwanin wimasa bala awabodha kalayuthu thathwayaki niwana.
udaharanayak lesa rogayaka suwawima salakamu.
rogayaka suwawima (niwima) sapayaki. suwaye hataganima yanu rogaye winashayayi. duk wu sansaraya rogaya wana athara ehi nawathma niwim sapaya labimaki. roga suwaya, rogaya anuwama labennak wana athara wenkara dakwiya haki yamak nowe.
mahayanayata anuwa nirwanaya
hinayanikayin wisin dakwana nirwanaya wasthawika washayen nirwanaya lesa mahayanikayan pilinoganna athara eya hudek kleshawaranayen pamanak kshayawima lesa salakayi.gnyeyawaranaye pawathma ithiriwa thibenneya. mahayanikayanta sarwagnyathawaya (nirwanaya) yanu mema deyawaranayama duru kirima we.
nirwanaya pilibanda therawada saha mahayana samanatha
meya wachanawalin prakasha kala nohaka. meya asankrutha dharmayaki. enisa uthpaththiyak, winasha wimak, pariwarthanaya wimak nomatha.
mehi anubhuthiya thama wisinma laba gatha yuthuya.
meya athitha, warthamana, anagatha yana thun kalayatama ayath buduwarun sandaha ekak we. esema sama we.
margaya thulin nirwanaya labiya haka.
nirwanayen pasuwa pudgalathwaya sampurnayenma nathiwi yayi.
budunge gnyanaya saha lokoththara thaththwaya rahathunge gnyanayata saha thaththwayata wada ithamath usas we.
nirwanaya pilibanda therawada saha mahayana asamanatha
sathwaya sasara digindigata gamankaranne awidyawa hewath anawabodaya nisaweni. niwaradi awabodayata pathwu kalhi siyalla anithya bawa wataha gani.
ee awabodhaya labima niwanata paminimayi.niwana ewan awabodhayak nisa labennawu itha usas thathwayaki. labana sthanayak ho deyak nomatha.
wenath karunu
niwanehi swabhayan washayen pahatha karunu dakwiya hakiya.'ni' yannen nathiwima, abhawayata yama yana artha labeyi.'rodha' yannen sirageya yana arthaya labeyi . ee anuwa nirodha yanu sirageyin nikmima, nidahas wima, wen wima yana arthaya labeyi. enam thrushnawa namathi sirageyin nidahas wimayi. thrushnawen nidahas wima yanu niwan dakimayi. wimukthi sadhanayayi."
thaththa kathaman dukkha nirodhan ariya sachchan? yo thassayewa thanhaya asesa wiraga nirodho chago patinissaggo muththi analayo idan wuchchathi bhikkhawe dukkhan nirodhan ariya sachchan........."
(dukkha nirodha sathyaya yanu kawareda yath duk ipadime hethuwa wu thrushnawa ithiri nowana se mulumaninma
nathi kereda (asesa wiraga nirodho ) thrushnawa duru kereda(chago) thrushnawa bahara kereda (patinissaggo) thrushnawen midimak weyida (muththi) thrushnawa pilibanda almak noweda (analayo) eya nirodha aaryya sathyaya nam we.) thewadarum wana thanhawa mulumaninma prahanaya kirimen wimukthiya salaseyi. ema niwane swabhawaya pruthagjana sathwayanta therum gatha nohaka. pahadili kala nohaka. sowan aadi marga pala sith walatama aramunu wanu atha. niwana yanu parama suwayayi. kawara kalekawath wenas nowana lokoththara suwayayi. awedayitha hewath nowindina suwayak wima mehi uththarithara bawa pinisa mulika hethuwayi. wedayitha hewath windina sapa wenas we. dukata peraleyi. nowindina suwayak bawin eya sthiraya. nithyaya. sadakalikaya.
sapa pilibanda prabheda 02 ki.
kama sukha(kam sapa)
wimukthi sukha(lokoththara sapa)
kama sukha -pasinduran pinawima thulin labana sapaya
wimukthi sukha-sadakalika sapa dena niwana thulin labana sapaya
niwan labime awastha 02 ki.
sopadisesa nirwanaya -mehidi niwan awabodhaya karaganne panychaskandhaya sahithawayi.
anupadisesa nirwanaya- panychaskandhaya rahithawa niwan awabodha wima (rahath wimen pasu piriniwan pama)
thanha nirodhaya hewath thanhawa duralima nirwanaya bawa budun wahanse wadalaha."thanhakkhayo wirago nirodho nibbanan"yanuwen thanhawa kshaya kirima ragaya nathi kirima nirwanaya bawa deshana kalaha."nirodhassa nissaranatto wiwekatto asankhathatto amathatto" yanuwen patisambhidha maggapaliyehi ena wigrahayata anuwa nirodha sathyaye wishesha lakshana 04 ki.
nissaranatta
wiwekatta
asankhathatta
amathatta
nissaranatta
sakalakleshayangen ha sansara gatha siyalu dukwalin pahawima nidahas wima pruthagjana sathwayo lobha, dosa, moha, issariya, maya, sateyya, thambha, mada, mana, abhimana, makkha, palasa aadi 1500 pamana wana keles walin yuktha wethi. niwan awabodha kirima thulin ema siyaluma keles walin prahina weyi. jathi duka, jara duka, wyadhi duka, marana duka aadi apramana dukwalinnidahas wimakda siduwana bawin nissaranatta namin handinwe. kisindu biyak wedanawak ohuta natha.
wiwekatta
santhanagatha siyalu kelesungen ha sansarika siyalu dukwalin his wu arthayen wiwekatta yayi pawasayi. niwan labana thek keles walin ha dukwalin nidahas wimak natha. keles nisama duk sahagathawa pidawindinnaku weyi. nirwana dhathuwa keles walin ha dukwalin his wuwaki. kisindu kleshayak natha. kisindu dukak natha. ee nisama biyak da natha.
asankhathatta
hethungen hata nogath bawin asankhathatta we. kama loka, rupa loka ,arupa loka yana loka wala siyalu dharmayan karmadi hethungen hatagath dharma wanu atha. ee nisama eewa sankhatha dharma ganayata ayath weyi. sankhatha dharma wala swabhawaya anithyaya, duka, anathma yana thrilakshanayangen yuktha wimayi. eheth niwana asankhathaya. ee nisama anithyaya nowe. nithya we. duk sahagatha nowe. anathma nowe. sthiraya. sadakalikaya. sankhara dharmayangen thora wu bawin asankathatta yayi nam kere.
amathatta
meyin nomarena bawa adahas kere. nomarena bawa , winasha nowana bawa, kadi bindi wenas nowana bawa niwanehi lakshanayaki. lowa pawathna jiwi, ajiwi siyalu wasthunge swabhawaya athi wu nisa nathi wimayi. upatha lada nisama miya yayi. uppada ,tithi ,bhanga yana lakshanayanta yatath weyi. eheth niwana yanu ebandu lakshanawalin thora wu dharmayak wana bawin amathatta yayi nam kere. niwana asurin mebandu lakshana dakiya hakiya. nirwanaya yanu thaman wisinma awabodha karagatha yuththaki. adhibhauthika santhawak ho dewadharmawadayak nowe. dukkha nirodhayaki. udanapaliye da nirwanaya pilibandawa arthakathanayak dakwe."aththi bhikkhawe ajathan abhuthan akathan asankhathan........." yanuwen ajatha, abhutha, akatha, asankhatha yana lakshanayangen yuktha wu dharmathawayak lesa niwana handunwa di atha.
niwana yanu athi wuwak nowe(ajathan)
pahala wuwak nowe(abhuthan)
karana laddak nowe(akathan)
hethungen hata gath thathwayakda nowe(asankhathan)
" eethan santhan eethan panithan yadidan sabba sankhara samatho sabbupadhipatinissaggo thanhakkhayo wirago nibbananthi....."chathubhanawara paliye girimananda suthraye sandahan wana mema patayenda niwanehi swabhawaya pennum kere. siyalu sankharayange sindimak weyi. siyalu upadhinge duralimak weyi. thrushnawa kshaya wimak weyi. noalimak weyi. ebandu suwisheshi lakshana niwana keren prakata weyi. adhyathmika shikshanaya thulinma sakshath kara gatha yuthu niwana sadachara dharma paddhathiyaka uparima awasthawayi. thanhakkhaya-dosakkhaya-mohakkhaya yanuwen niwana handunwanne thrushnawa kshaya kirimayi."bhawa nirodho nibbanan "-bhawayehi nirodhaya hewath nawathwima nirwanayayi.(sanyuktha nikaya) ipadimehi ha maranayehi kelawara niwana bawa "jathi maranassa anthan" yana sanyuktha nikaye ena patayen pahadili we. niwanehi swabhawaya nam jarawata path nowimayi(ajaran). rogi nowimayi(abyadhin). nomarena sulu bawayi(amathan). shoka rahitha wimayi(asokan). kelesmalin thora wimayi(asankilittan). niwan labu pasu pruthagjana sathwayin sapa lesa salakana laukika sapa kerehi almak natha. ema sapa ha sambandha assada (aashwada) adinawa(aadinawa) ha nissarana yana awasthanurupiwa dakithi. anaryya sukhayen thorawa aaryya sukha windanaya karathi. pruthagjanayan manasika roga walin pida windina muth niwan pasak kara gath wita (chethasika rogan) manasika roga kisiwak nathi thathwayakata path we.kayika manasika siyalu duk walin thora wethi. niwan labima thulin siyalu shoka duru weyi.
'sabba sokan athikkantho asokan hothi nibbutho'yanuwen sanyuktha nikaye wisthara we. siyalu biya dura lu ayeku weyi. (akuthobhayan) loka dharmathawaladi kampawata path nowethi. "puttassa loka dhammehi chiththan yassa na kampathi"- mangala suthrayaniwan awabodhayen siyalla danagath ayeku bawata path we. yathabhutha nyanaya labima thulin eya sidu weyi. niwana yanu (pachchaththan wedithabbo) prathyaksha kala yuththak wana bawin pruthagjanayan washayen ehi yatha swabhawaya therum ganima apahasuya. siwsas daham awabodha kala pudgalayage wisheshathwaya "'''arahan khinasawo wusithawa katha karaniyo oohiratho anuppaththa sadaththo parikkhina bhawa sanyojano sammadanynyawimuththo......."''''' aadi washayen pahadili kere. ee anuwa aashrawayan prahina kala wasana lada bambaasara athi, kala yuthu de kota nima kala ,baha thabu bara athi, paramadarshi thathwayata path wu bhawa sanyojana binda damu manawin miduna thathwayak dakiya haki weyi. niwana keren kesewath dakwiya nohaki lakshana 04 ki.
rupa(rupaya)
santana(hadaya)
waya(pawathna kalaya)
pamana(pramanaya)
sowan sakrudagami anagami arhath awastha marga ha pala thathwayanta path wimen niwan suwaya salase.dasa sanyojana dharma prahina wima da ee samangama sidu we.
sowan wima - sakkaya ditti, wichikichcha, silabbatha paramasa prahina weyi.
sakrudagami wima - kamaraga, wyapada thuni weyi.
anagami wima- kamaraga, wyapada prahina weyi.
arhath wima -rupa raga, arupa raga,mana ,uddhachcha, awijja prahina weyi.
sanyojana dharma mese mulumaninma prahina wimath samanga pera wisu aathma dana ganime nuwana(pubbe niwasanussathi) diwas (dibba chakkhu) keles prahina wi athi bawa danna nuwana(aasawakkhaya) yanadi thriwidya pahala weyi. rahath bawa labayi. damsak pawathum suthrayedi chakkhun udapadi- nyanan udapadi-panynya udapadi- wijja udapadi-aaloko udapadi yanuwen deshana karana ladde nirwana awabodha wimath samanga ya.
mewada balanna
bodhi
aashritha grantha
mahacharya baladewa upadhyayage bauddha darshanaya - aacharya hiripitiye panynyakiththi himi
dharma sangrahaya - narada himi
bahira sabadi
damruwana.org Dhamma Desana in Sinhala, Guide to attain Nibbanic bliss
Nibbana - more excerpts from the Pali Tripitaka defining Nibbana
"Nirvana Sutra": full English translation of the "Nirvana Sutra" and appreciation of its teachings.
Buddha - A Hero's Journey to Nirvana
Salvation Versus Liberation, A Buddhist View of Paradise Worlds
In-depth explanation of Nibbana according to the Pali Canon
Mind Like Fire Unbound - a discussion of fire imagery as used in the Buddha's time
https://www.dharmayaiobai.org |
kolambaa | kolambaa yanu shri lankawe wishalathama nagaraya menma wanija aganagarayayi. paripalana aganagaraya wana shri jayawardhanapura kotte kolambaata thadasannawa pihita atha. kolambaa disthrikkaye paripalana kendrasthanaya kolambaa we. kolambaa nagara simawa thula 752,993 janagahanayak wasaya karayi.kolambaa nagaraye waraya shrilankawe pradhana aanayana ha apanayanaya athin aarthika pragamanayata da hethu we.
nirukthiya
kolambaata ema nama labimata kalakata ihatha nagaraye thibu ambaa gas hethu wuwa yayi mathayak da pawathi. kola + ambaa yanna kolambaa lesa wikashaya wuwa wiya haka.
pruthugrisin wisin 1505 wasaredi "kolambaa", yana namaya mulinma idiripath kala bawatada mathayak we. sampradayika sinhala wadanak wu, kalani gange thotupala" yanna aruth dakwana kolon thota yana wadanin, kolambaa yana wachanaya bindi aa bawa wishwasa kere.
13 wana siyawasata ayath parani sinhala wyakarana granthayak wu, sidath sangarawehi kathuwaraya wisin, mulkalina sinhalayanta ayath suwisheshi wadanhi ganayan sambandhawa rachana kota thibena athara, ehi narambaa saha kolambaa yana wadan swadeshiya mulashrayakata ayath yayi dakwa thibeyi. min kolambaa yana wadana aganagaraya sandaha yedennata athayi wishwasa kere.
ithihasaya
wasara 2000 kata pera kolambaa swabhawika warayak thibi athi heyin eya indiyanu , grika , parsiyanu , roma , arabi saha china welandun dana sitiyeya. 14 wana siyawasedi diwayinata pamini sancharaka ibnu bathutha eya kalanpu lesa handinwiya. welandama mulika karagath arabi jathikayin kri.wa. 8 wana siyawasedi pamana kolambaa padinchi wimata patan gaththe wadi washayen sinhala rajadhani saha bahira lokaya athara pawathi welendama palanaya kirime kramaya mangin waraya thama wyaparawalata udaw kala bawini . owunge paramparawa shri lankawe muwar prajawa lesa hadunwayi. owun dan deshiya ayagen samanwitha we.
pruthugisi yugaya
landesi yugaya
ingrisi yugaya
nidahasen pasu
kalagunaya
sancharaka aakarshana
galu muwadora pitiya - kolambaa nagaraye hadawatha bandu pradeshaya se salakena mudu werala samaga badunu bim thirayak wu galu muwadora pitiya saha ema aashritha kalapaya, nagarayata paminana sancharakayin ha nagarawasiyange pradhana saha janapriya aakarshaniya sthanayak weyi.
galu muwadora hotalaya - galu muwadora pitiyehi dakunu kelawara aasannaye pihiti galu muwadora hotalaya kolambaa suwisheshi nagara salakunak lesa salake.
gangarama wiharaya - shri lankika gruha nirmana shilpayata amatharawa, indiyanu, thayilantha ha china yana ratawala wasthu lakshanada daknata labena kolambaa pihiti gangarama wiharaya nagaraye wu wadagath bauddha pudabimak we.
kolambaa jathika kauthukagaraya - parani namaya anuwa yamin thawamath kata wahare kolambaa kauthukagaraya lesa handinwena shri lankawe jathika kauthukagaraya, shri lankawe athi pradhanathama saha wishalathama kauthukagaraya weyi.
wiharamahadewi udyanaya - kolambaa idikala paranima saha wishalathama udyanaya wana wiharamahadewi udyanaya (parani namaya, wiktoriya pak) nagaraye wu thawath ek janapriya aakarshaniya sthanayaki.
jami ul-alfar palliya - yunesko loka urumayak wana meya rathu palliya lesada hadinwe.
aaked nidahas chathurasraya - aaked nidahas chathurasraya, kolambaa nagara sanwardhana wadapiliwela yatathe sanwardhanaya lada supiri sappu sankirnayaki.
pitakotuwa pawena welandapola - kolambaa nagara prathisanwardhana wadasatahane angayan yatathe, sanwardhanaya keru aakarshaniya sthanayaki.
parani kolambaa landesi rohala - kolambaa kotuwe idikota thibena parani kolambaa landesi rohala (landesi rohala), merata landesi samaya dakwa diwena ithihasayak sahitha parani godanagili kihipayak athurin ekaki. warthamanaye eya nawina sappu sankirnayak lesa sanwardhanaya kota thibe.
nawa nelum kuluna - kolambaa nagara madhyaye idikerunu nelum malak wan kulunaki.
jana wiwidhathwaya
kolambaa yanu bahu wargika, bahu sanskruthika nagarayak we. nagaraye janagahanaya wiwidha wu jana wargayangen samanwitha wana athara, pradhanathama jana kottashayasinhala we. muslim, saha damila jathinda nagarayehi pramukhawa wasaya karayi. mita amatharawa kuda jana kandayam lesa china, pruthugrisi, oolanda, male, saha indiyanu prabhawayak sahitha pirisda, yuropiyanu prawasikayoda nagaraye wasaya karathi.
shri lankawe janakirnathama nagaraya kolambaa wana athara, ehi janagahanaya 642,163 pamana we. 1866 warshaya wana wita nagaraye janagahanaya 80,000 pamana wiya. 2012 sangananayata anuwa nagarika kolambaa aagamika saha jana wiwidhathwaya meseya.
paripalanaya
pradeshiya palanaya
aganagaraya
nagara sima
aganagara pradeshaye upa nagara
shri jayawardhanapura kotte pradeshaya
pitakotte
athulkotte
nawala
nugegoda
rajagiriya
bahira upa nagara
athurugiriya
baththaramulla
batuwaththa
boralasgamuwa
dalugama
dehiwala-galkissa
eekala
kadawatha
kalaniya
kaduwela
kalubowila
kandana
kiribathgoda
kolonnawa
koswaththa
kotikawaththa
kottawa
godagama
homagama
hokandara
ja-ala
maharagama
malabe
moratuwa
pannipitiya
paliyagoda
piliyandala
ragama
rathmalana
thalawathugoda
waththala
wikramasinhapura
aarthikaya
nithiye aadhipathyaya saha aparadha
yatithala pahasukam
nawika katayuthu
gamanagamanaya
bas marga
dumriya marga
pradhana dumriya margaya – kolambaa kotuwa sita weyangoda; ethan sita mahanuwara, badulla, mathale, kurunagala, anuradhapuraya, kankasanthure, thrikunamalaya saha madakalapuwa (2013 sita madu para dakwa).
muhudubada dumriya margaya – kolambaa kotuwa sita panadura; ethan sita galla saha mathara dakwa.
puththalama dumriya margaya – kolambaa kotuwa sita ja-ala; ethan sita migamuwa saha puththalama dakwa.
kalani wali dumriya margaya – kolambaa kotuwa sita awissawella dakwa.
maha marga saha adhiwegi marga
ratehi yudha thathwaya nimawen anathuruwa kolambaa pradeshaya thula adhiwegi marga nirmanaya kirima arambauni. ee anuwa palamu adhiwegi margaya wu dakshina lanka adhiwegi margaya, kottawa sita diwayine dakunudiga pradhana nagarayak wu mathara, godagama thek idikeruni. mita amatharawa kolambaa sita katunayaka dakwa kolambaa - katunayaka adhiwegi margayada, kolambaa pitatha watarawuma adhiwegi margayada pasukalinawa idikeruni.
A1 maha margaya kolambaa sita mahanuwara dakwa.
A2 maha margaya kolambaa sita galla saha mathara dakwa.
A3 maha margaya kolambaa sita migamuwa saha puththalama dakwa.
A4 maha margaya kolambaa sita rathnapuraya saha madakalapuwa dakwa.
paru sewa
guwan sewa
bandaranayaka jathyanthara guwanthotupala saha rathmalana guwanthotupala nagarayata ayath se salakena guwan thotupalawal we. bandaranayaka jathyanthara guwanthotupala pradhana washayen antharjathika guwan sewawan wenuwen pahasukam sapayana athara, rathmalana guwan thotupala mulika washayen deshiya guwan sewawan sandaha pahasukam sapayayi.
adhyapanaya
balaka pasal
rajakiya widyalaya kolambaa 07
aananda widyalaya kolambaa 10
nalanda widyalaya kolambaa 10
tharstan widyalaya kolambaa 07
balika pasal
anula widyalaya, nugegoda
wishakha widyalaya, kolambaa 05
dewi balika widyalaya, kolambaa 08
sirimawo bandaranayaka widyalaya, kolambaa 07
miyusiyas widyalaya, kolambaa 07
gruha nirmana shilpaya
kolambaa kotuwa
landesi samaye godanagili
brithanya samaye godanagili
sanskruthiya
warshika sanskruthika anga saha uthsawa
prasangika kala
krida
madhya
sahodara nagara
galariya
mewath balanna
kolambaa kotuwa
kolambaa jathyanthara mulya nagaraya
kolambaa nagara shalawa
kolambaa nagaradhipathi
shri lankawe usama idikirim layisthuwa
mulashra
adawiyen bahara pitu
kolambaa nagarayata maga penwimak
kolambaa dijital sithiyama
kolambaa
aasiyawe aganagara
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana |
aasiyawa | aasiyawa yanu lowa wishalathama saha janakirnama mahadwipaya yi. eya pihita aththe pruthiwiye nagenahira saha uthuru ardhagolawalaya. pruthiwiye mulu mathupita wargapalayen 8.6%k hewath mulu bhumi pramanayen 29.9%k eyata ayath weyi. ehi biliyana 4ka jana pramanayak jiwath wena athara meya wathman loka janagahanayen 60%ki. 20 wani siyawasa thula aasiyawe janagahanaya siw gunayakin wadi wiya.
aasiyawa artha dakwa aththe suwas alen, yural kanduwalin, kokesas kanduwalin, kaspiyan muhuden saha kalu muhuden nagenahirin pihiti yuresiyawe nagenahira bhumi kotasa lesayi. yuresiyawe batahira bhumi kotasa yuropaya yi. aasiyawa nagenahirin pasipik sagarayen da, dakunin indiyan sagarayen da, uthurin aaktik sagarayen da mayim wi atha.
nirukthi wistharaya
artha dakwima/pahadili kirima saha mayim
madhya kalina yuropa jathikayan aasiyawa wenama bhumi bhagayak hewath mahadwipayak lesa salakuha.
aashritha
lipi sandaha yomu:
Subregions of Asia
wishesha mathruka:
Asian Century
Asian cuisine
Asian furniture
Asian Games
Asia-Pacific
Asian Para Games
Asian Monetary Unit
Asian people
Eastern world
Eurasia
Far East
East Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Central Asia
Western Asia
North Asia
Fauna of Asia
Flags of Asia
Middle East
Eastern Mediterranean
Levant
Near East
Pan-Asianism
layisthu:
List of cities in Asia
List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia
wyapruthi
Asian Highway Network
Trans-Asian Railway
satahan
mulashra
bhahira sabandi
mahadwipa |
sinhala akuru | sinhala bhashawa liwimata yodaganna akuru sinhala akuru namwe. sinhala brahmiya akshara abugida walin pawatha ena namuth, wenath brahmiya akshara samaga sasandana wita wishala wenaskam dakwayi. mema hethuwa nisa sinhala yunikod pituwa anek akshara wala yunikod pitu walata wenas weyi.
ithihasaya
shabda kirima
sinhala bhashanayehi swara shabda
purwa madhya apara
hraswa dirgha hraswa dirgha
sanwrutha i ee u uu
madhya e ee a o oo
wiwrutha a aa a aa
sinhala bhashanaye wyanjana shabda
oshataja
danthaja
murdhanya
thaluja
kantaja
aparakanataja
nasikya m n n ny ng
sparsha p b mba th d nd t d nd ch j gny k g ng
ushma f s sh h
repa r
parshawiya w l y
gata alapilla
eya sidu
pillam
wyanjana swara ha musuwima penwimata yodaganna swara lakunu pillam hewath pili namwe.ch
sinhala yunikod
sinhala yunikod parasaya U+0D80 ... U+0DFF weyi.
wenath bhasha liwimata yodaganima
sinhala bhashawa pariharanaya karannan wisin pali saha sanskrutha bhashawa liwimatada sinhala akuru bhawitha karayi. 21 wana sinyawase sita shri lankawa thula ingrisi basa liwimatada indahita sinhala akuru yodagane.
udaharana:
Apple -apal
pali saha sanskrutha bhasha sinhala bhashawata balapa prabala maw bhasha dekaki. mema mawu bhashawala wachana edineda sinhala bhashaka pirisa athara bhawitha wana athara ema wachana sinhala ayurin sinhala akshara bhawitha kota sanniwedanayedi bhawitha kereyi. esema sinhala widyarthayin pali bhashawatama wenama akshara kramayak nomathi nisa pali bhashawa iganimedi eewa pali wachana sinhala akurin liyana athara sanskrutha bhashawa igenime pahasuwa ho dewanagari akshara nodanuwathkama nisa nathahoth sanniwedana pahasuwa sandahada sinhala bhashaka piris sanskrutha bhashawe wachana sinhala akurin liyathi.
uda :-
sinhala akurin liyu pali pali wachana
sajjhayana
attakatha
wipassana
sinhala akurin liyu sanskrutha wachana
naisargika
duhkha
nayathi
sinhala ilakkam
nawathama adhyayanayan thulina sinhalayata aawenika wu ilakkam soyagena atha. aatha athithaye sita ma mema ilakkam bhawitha kota atha.mahanuwara yugaya thekma mema ilakkam bhawitha kota athi bawata sakshi labe.pasukalinawa pruthugisi, landesi, ingrisi balapamen hindu-arabi ilakkam hadunwa dimath samaga sinhala ilakkam abhawayata gos atha. namuth sinhala yunikod magin nawatha sinhala ilakkam karaliyata pamina atha.
aashritha lipi
sinhala hodi
sinhala bhashawa
yomuwa
satahan
thawa dura kiyawimata
bahara pitu
sinhala yunikod
sinhala yunikod samuhaya
sinhala yunikod sangarawa
Download sinhala yunikod
sinhala yunikod sthapanaya karaganimata
sinhala hodiya
Omniglot sinhala pituwa
abugida lekhana bhasha
sinhala akuru
abugida |
mahawanshaya | mahawanshaya yanu lakdiwa maha wihara ithihasaya pradhanakota rajarata rajadhaniye ithihasaya pilibandawa maha wiharika mahanama himi wisin pali bhashawen liyanalada, aithihasika kawyayaki.
chula wansha sankalpaya
mahanama himiyan wisin liyana lada kotasa (jarman jathika gaigar pandithuma wisin pariwarthanaya karana lada) mahawanshaya lesath anith kathuwarun wisin liyana lada kotas chulawanshaya lesath handunwa di thibe.me sandaha padaka wi thibenuye sinhalaye rajawarun pilibanda wa pujawaliyehi ena yedumaki. kese wuwath boho ugathunge piliganima anuwa chulawanshaya lesa kruthiyak thibi natha. sinhala bauddha bhikshunwahansela wisin sampaditha, chula wanshaya (suluthara wansha kathawa) nam samayaka welumak athi bawata gayigar nam jarman jathika pandiwaraya mathayak idiripath kara atha.ya mahawansha I wana kandaye ena rajawaru mahawansha rajawaru lesath in pasu kanda wala ena rajawaru chulawansha rajawaru lesath pujawaliyehi sandahan wi thibe. gayigar pandiwaraya mahawanshaye II wana kandaye sita chula wanshaya yana namaya bhawitha kara aththe me nisayi. ee harennata chula wanshaya namin granthayak sampadanaya wu bawata wenath sakshiyak hamu wi pambaaya
anthargathaya
mahanama himiyan wisin karawana lada kotasa
mahawanshaya aawaranaya karana kala parichchedaya wanuye, budun wahansege lanka gamanaya sita .pu. 543 di kalingaye (purathana orissawa) wijaya rajathuma ge aagamanayehi sita, mahasena rajathuma (kri.wa. 334–361) ge rajya kalaya dakwa kalayayi.
mehi gatha 52k parichcheda 37kin dakwa atha.
13 wani siyawasaye wada siti dhammakiththi himiyan wisinkarawana lada kotasa
mahasen rajuge sita maha parakramabahu raju ge awasan kalaya dakwa liyana lada kotasayi. parichcheda 37-79 dakawa rachithayi. parakramabahu raju pilibanda pamanak adhyaya 18k bhawitha kota wirathwayak aaropanaya kota thibe. hudek ithihasaya dakwima ma aramunu kota atha.
buddharakkhitha therun wisin karawana lada kotasa
maha parakramabahu raju sita hatharawana parakramabahu raju dakwa karawana lada kotasa 80-90 parichchedaya dakwa buddharakkhitha therun wisin rajawaru 23k pilibanda karunu athulathwa rachithayi.
thibbotuwawe shri sumangala himiyan wisin karawana lada kotasa
hatharawana parakramabahu raju ge kalaye sita shri wikrama rajasinha awasana raju dakwa wu kalaya 100 wani parichchedaya dakwa rajawaru 24kage thorathuru dakwayi.
sanskruthika departhumenthuwa wisin karawana lada kotasa
warthamanaya dakwa liyawe.
mudrana ha pariwarthana
sinhala basata pariwarthana ==
mahawanshayehi palamu mudritha sanskaranaya ha ingrisi pariwarthanaya, 1837 di, The Mahavamsa namin lanka siwil sewayehi niladhariyeku saha ithihasagnyayeku wu jorj tarnawar wisin prakashayata pathkerini . 1912 di wilhelm geyigar wisin, mahawanshayehi jarman pariwarthanayak sampurna karana ladi. mebal heyins bod wisin, meya ingrisiyata pariwarthanaya karana lada athara, geyigar wisin, ingrisi pariwarthanaya sanshodhanaya karana ladi.
sinhala pariwarthana
buddhagama
aagamika pusthakayak lesin nosalakunath, mahawanshaya lakdiwa buddhagama pilibanda wadagath granthayeki. siddhartha gauthamayan wahansege kalayen aarambha karamin, shri lankawe aagamika ithihasaye aadi yugaya eya wisin aawaranaya kereyi. budunwahansege parinirwanaya siduwu dina sita, dharmaya wimarshanayata lakwunu wiwidha bauddha sangayanawan dakwa, indiyawe buddhagamehi ithihasayada sankshiptha lesin eya gena hara dakwayi. mahawanshayehi sama parichchedayakma kelawara wanuye, sadahathiyange pasan pramodaya sandaha yanna liya dakwimeni. ehi mathaya awadharanaya kirimen hangenne, anuradhapurayehi mahawihara siddhasthanayehi anugrahakayanwa siti rajunge yahapath kriyawan lekhanagatha kirimata meya sampadanaya kerunu bawaki.
ithihasaya
mahawiharayehi bauddha bhikshun wahansela, kri.pu. 3wana siyawasehi sitama, shri lankika ithihasa wansha katha (mukha paramparagathawa) pawathwagena aaha. mema purawruththa ek kirima ha thani granthayak lesin sampadanaya kirima, kri.wa. 5wana siyawasehidi, bauddha bhikshuwak wu mahathera mahanama wisin sidukerini. wilhelm geyigarta anuwa , mahawansha aththakatha namin purwa sampadanayak thubu bawatath, mahathera mahanama wisin mema pusthakaya aashraya kala bawatath, wansaththappakasiniye hi sihalattakatha saha rajawarunge lekhana(pinpoth) mulashra lesa gathbawa mahawasha kathuwarayama sadahan karayi. sihalattakatha hi mahawansaya mahawiharayedi liyana lada bawa wansaththappakasiniye sadahanya.abhayagiriwiharawasi himiwarun pawathwagena giya uththarawiharattakatha da mulashra karagath bawa pahadiliya. sakshi atha. dipawanshaya namin handinwena, danatada pawathina, thawath mul lekhanayak, mahawanshayata wada aduwen thorathuru daramin sarala bawak danawana athara, boho wita mahawansha aththakatha asurinma sampadanaya kala bawata salakiya haka.
sahasrawarsha dekaka kala simawak awichchinna aithihasika warthawak sapayana ha, samaharawita samuhikawa mahawanshaya lesin handinwena sanyuktha kruthiya, lokaye dirghathama nobindunu ithihasa wisthara athurin ekak lesa salakeyi. ashoka adhirajayage maranayata pera wishaya kotasa wishwasa kala nohaki saha boho durata prabandhamaya wuwada, eya liyawunu kala simawa salakillata gath kala, kruthiyehi aithihasika nirawadyathawaya, wismayajanaka bawata salakeyi . enamudu, mahawanshayehi ema kotasa wijayage janaprawadagatha aagamanayata maththen lanka dwipayehi wasiyan wu nagayan saha yakkayan pilibanda karunu karana adangu lekhanayan kihipaya athurin ekeki.
wadagath aithihasika mulashrayak wima harunu wita eya pali bhashawen liyawunu wira kawyayaki. kadima githawath bhashawakin liyawunu mathaka thaba gatha haki katha, enam yuddha, aakramana raja pawule kumanthrana, maha thupa saha jalasha godananwima pilibanda katha, kalina bauddha lokaye awadhanaya dina gaththeya. ekala ruwanwali saya mulu lokayema usama godanagilla wiya. parakramabahu rajathumage injineru krama ekala lokaye thibunu maha wari wyapara wiya. purana kalaye liyawunu anekuth lekhana men nowa eya samanya jana jiwithaye boho parshawayan gana sakachcha kara atha. rajuge hamudawata bandune keseda nathahoth gowithan kale keseda yanadi washayeni. (parichcheda xxii – xxviii balanna)
mahawanshaya seda mawatha dige boho bauddha ratawalwalata gena yana ladi. ehi kotas wenath bhashawalata ekko pariwarthanaya kara nathahoth ehi adangu karana wenath bhashawalin nawatha kiya atha. burumaye ha thayilanthaye ehi agana pitapath thibe. wenath wansha katha wargaye pali kruthinwala diyunuwa kerehi mahawanshaya boho se balapaweya. ehi prathipalayak washayen ekala pali kawyaya pilibanda lokaye pradhana madhyasthanaya bawata samahara wita lankawa path wannata atha.
deshapalanika wadagathkama
deshapalanika paniwudayak ragath lekhanayak lesa nuthana shri lankawa thula mahawanshaya wadagath sthanayak himikaragena atha. 1930 gananwaladi wisheshayen demala jathikawadi wya paraya thula mahawanshaya parihasaya ta lakkirime kiroganayadamaya aarambha wu aakaraya birayathanya jathika ithihasagnyayaku wana jen rasal wisin wistharakota atha. demala jathikawadin menma sinhala jathikawadintada penigiye sinhala bauddhayange ithihasaya wana mahawanshaya sinhala janayage hejamonika wirakawyagayak lesini. 1930 gananwaladi jathikawadi demala janayage nayakaya wu ji. ji. ponnambalam wisin meyata pahara denu labina. wijaya kashypa parakarathimabahu aadi bohomayak sinhala rajawaru drakawidayin wu bawa ohu wisin kiya sitina ladi. 1939 di nawalapitiyedi sinhalayin ha mahawanshayata paharademin ji. ji. ponnambalam wisin sidukala kupitha karawanusulu kathawa nawalalitiya passara maskeliya pamanak nowa yapanayatada pathirunu parathi thama sinhala- demala kolahalaya nirmanaya kirimata hethuwiya. biranayatathanyana yatathwijitha palakayan wisin itha ithmanin madapawathwu athara pashchath nidahas gatumwala khedaniya iramak kara adiyama walakanu labina.
• elara raju ghathanaya kirima pilibandawa dutugamunu raju pasuthawillata pathwima pilibanda sadacharathmaka parakana shnayata mahawansha kathapuwatha thula dakwa athi pilithura pilibanda wiwidha rachakayo wiwidha adahas dakwa atha. mahawanshaya aakarikathamanikayan ghathanaya kirima ‘pawukarayan ha thirisan sathun ghathanaya kirima’ ha samana deyak bawa dakwa siti. samahara wicharakayin meya dakwa sitinne sadacharathmaka waradimak wana bawayi. kesewethath bududahama papakari kirawameyawange us pahath bawak daki. enam rahath bhawayata pathwu ayaku ghathanaya kirima samanyu kruthagjana manushyakayaku ghathanaya kirimata wada papakari kiri ේyawaki. aliyaku ghathanaya kirima kumbaiyaku ghathanaya kirimata wada pawak yayi bauddhayin kiyasitinu atha. hindu manu nithiyeda mewanima sithimak anthargathaya. ehidi barai hmana yaku ghathanaya kirima chandala yaku ghathanaya kirimata wada papakari kirimatayawak lesin dakwa athi athara hindu charitharase sandaha sathun bilidimata awasara di atha. ee anuwa balana kala mahawanshaya bauddha sadachara dharmayanta anukulaya. wadagath karanaya wanne dutugamunu siya kirawanshayawa sambandhayen pasuthawillata pathwimaya. meyada wishala le wagirim malawakin pasuwa lada hamuda jayagaraෞdahanayakin anathuruwa ashoka raju samakami ayaku bawata pathwime bauddha udaharanaya ha samapatha karawima sandaha sidu karana laddak wiyahaka.
• mahawanshaya wenuwen penisitina kirthimath ithihasagnyayaku wana kathigesu indralapala tharka karanne mahawanshaye kathawa bauddha anthawadayak lesa dakime waradi bawath mahawansha rachakaya siya liwima thula behewin sadharanawi athi bawathya. kesewethath shirumaha lankawe deshapalagnyayo digin digatama mahawanshaya siya patu deshapalana wuwamanawan wenuwen bhawitha kirima akhandawa siduwanu atha.
garari ntha namawaliya
• mudrananayan ha pariwarthanayan • tarnar jorj " The Mahawanso in Roman Characters with the Translation Subjoined, and an Introductory Essay on Pali Buddhistical Literature" 1 wana kalapaya palamu parichechda 38 anthargatha we, 1837 • sumangala ech silwa batuwanthudawa, don andiris mahawanshaya 1 wana parchiechdaye sita 36 wana parichechdaya dakwa paraud thishodhanaya saha sanskaranaya lanka rajaye niyogaya paridi kolambaa1883 • gayigar wilhelm, bonde mebal hens (pariwarthanaya) fornde ech (sanskaraka) The Mahavamsa or, The great chronicle of Ceylon" lanka rajaye anugarah thayeni pali patitha sangamaya landan 1912 • guruge aananda dabliw pa mahawansa kalkata em pi birla padanama 1990 (peradiga sambhawya kruthi) • ruwan rajapaksh Concise Mahavamsa" kolambaa shirat n lankawa 2001
aashritha anekuth grantha
dipawanshaya
chulawanshaya
samanthaprasadikawa
sinhala bodhi wanshaya
saddharmalankaraya
saddharmarathanawaliya
dalada wanshaya
aashritha
bahira sabandum
mahawanshaya ingrisi basin
pali grantha - shri lanka |
chulawanshaya | chulawanshaya yanu sinhale rajawaliya gana pali bhashawen liyawuna mahawansaye mul welumata pasu anak kotas handinwimata gayigar nam ja'manu pandiwaraya yedu namayaki. meyin kri.wa. siwwana (4) shathawarshaye sita kri.wa. 1815 dakwa wu kalaya aawaranaya we. chulawanshaya, sinhala bauddha bhikshun wisin wasara gananawak mululle sanskaranaya karana laddaki wana athara meya hayawana (6) siyawase mahanama himiyan wisin rachitha mahawanshaye, dewana kotasa lesada salakanu labayi. esema samahara awastha waladi mahawanshaya saha chulawanshaya yanu shri lankawe ithihasaye wasara dedahasakata (2000) wada wadi kalayak gana wisthara kerena ekama (mahawanshaya yana naminma) granthayak lesada salakanu labayi.
anthargathaya
chulawanshaya pradhana kotas dekakin yuktha weyi. ehi mul kotasa siw wana (4) siyawase siddhartha gauthamayanan wahansege dantha dhathuwa lakdiwata wadamawimen aarambha wi maha parakramabahu rajuge (1153-1186) rajya kalayen awasan weyi.
mewath balanna
shri lankiya ithihasaya
bauddha grantha
shri lankawe ithihasaya
shri lankiya sahithyaya
shri lankawe aagam |
lanka linaks bhawitha kandayama | lanka linaks bhawitha kandayama (keti nama:LK-LUG) nidahas ha wiwrutha mulashra mrudukanga (Free and Open Source Software) (FOSS) shri lankawe prachalitha karawime purogami sanwidhanayaki.
1998 di samajikayin 40 denekugen aarambha karana lada meyata ada lowa wata sitina GNU/linaks lolin dahas gananak ekwi atha.
adawiyen bahara pitu
LK-LUG web adawiya
LK-LUG thapal layisthu Archive
sinhala GNU/linaks
thaproben GNU/linaks
FOSS User Community
linaks bhawitha kandayam |
sathyaye jesu samidanange sabhawa | sathyaye jesu samindanange sabhawa yanu 1917 warshaye chinaye beyijin nuwara aarambha wu saiwari sabhawaki. warthamanaye lowa ratawal 45k pura wisira athi ehi samajikathwaya miliyana 1.5k weyi. mema sabhawa wisiwana shathawarshaye di kithunu shasanayehi mathu wu prothesathantha nikayanta ayath wu penthakostha sabha hewath shudathmadani sabhawan ghanaye la salake. indiyawehi 1932 warshaye di me sabhawa aarambha wina. naththala saha paskuwa meki sabhawanhi pawathwanu nolabe.
sabhawa wisin piliganna wu mulika dharmaniyamaka dasaya
1.shuddhathmayanan wahanse:
"wenath bhasha katha kirimen oppu wana se shuddhanmaya laba ganima, dewiyan wahansege rajadhaniyata thibena ape urumaya sahathika karayi."
2.bauthisma kirima:
"jalaye bauthisma kirima yanu pawu sama kirime ha nawajiwaya laba dimata karana charithrayaki. bauthismaya sidukaranne swabhawika galayana jalayeya. gannga ala, dola ha muhuda mita udaharana we. jesus kristhus wahansege namayen bauthismaya sidukaranu labanne kalin bauthismaya laba athi ayeku wisini. bauthismaya labana thanaththa hisa nama sampurnayen jalaye giliya yuthuya."
3.pada dowanaya:
"pa sedime charithraya pudgalayekuta jesus wahanse samaga ek wimata awasthawa labade. thawada eya pudgalayekuta aadaraya shuddhawubawa ha manushikathwaya thibiya yuthu bawa nithara mathak karayi. jala bauthismaya labu siyaludenama jesus kristhus wahansege namayen pa sedimada labiya yuthuya. ane්yanya pa sedimada sudusu awastha wala sidukaranu labayi."
4.shuddha wu sahabhagithwaya:
"yesusthumage maranaya shuddhawu sahawa wsin samaranu labayi. emagin apata shakthiya labaedanawa apeg uthumananeg radhiraya ha mansha anuemadeyan karannawu ohu samaga ganuedanuew ෙyadima magin amaraniya jiwayak kara laga wmata hakiya. apega shuddhawu aagamika ekamuthuwa ikmanin pawathwya yuthuya. ෙmama shuddhawa sahawa sadaha ෙyada ganu labanen muhun ෙnaeyadu pan saha mdi yushaya.් "
5.sabath dinaya:
"sabath dinaya wana sathiye sath wana dinaya (senasurada) dewiyan wahansege aashirwadayen shuddha wu dinayaki. dewiyan wahansege nirmanaye aarambhaye wishishtathwaye ha galawime ha nawatha upadina jiwithaye sadakalika sapatha patha mema dinaya samaranu labayi."
6.jesus kristhus wahanse:
"manshagathawu wakyayano, jesus kristhun wahanse, pawkarayan mudawa ganima sandaha kurusiya matha diwi puda, thunwana dinayedi uththanaya wi, swargarohanaya wu seka. ethumano manushya wargayage ekama galawumkarayada, polowehith swargayehith mawumkaruda, saha ekama sathyawu dewiyanwahanseda weyi."
7.shuddha wu bayibalaya:
"dewiyanwahansege muwin nikuth wu dewa wakyaya adangu shuddha bayibalaya, parani ha nawa thesthamenthu (subharanwi) walin samanwitha, ekama sathya liyawilla wana athara, kristhiyani diwi pawathmehi padanamada weyi."
8.galawima/midima:
"dewiyanwahansege karunawa magin galawima laba denne adahima thulini. adahannan shuddhathwaya laba ganimatath, dewiyanwahanseta upahara kirimatath, manushyathwayata aadaraya kirimatath, shuddhathmaya matha wishwasa thabiya yuthuya."
9.palliya:
"ෙdwasthanaya sthapanaya sidu wuey athiuthumi ෙyshus(ෙjsus) thumaeg shunddhawu adhyathmay thulin lakhagath "uththanaya saha jiwanaya" thulini. eya ෙganganaguen aෙpanthulu thumaeg kaleyya."
10.awasan winishchaya:
"yesus wahansege dewani paminima siduwanne ohu awasana dina swargayen pahath wi lowa nishchaya karana awasthawediya: dharmishda pudgalayanta sadakalina aayusha labena athara dushdayan sadakalinawa nirayata path we."
kithu dahama |
tharaka widyawa | tharaka widyawa hewath tharakawedaya (ingrisi: Astronomy / astronomi) (grika: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia / astronomiya = astron + nomos, saralawa gath kala, "tharaka nithiya") yanu tharaka, grahaloka, dhumakethu (comets), uushalokaya (aurora), chakrawata (galaxies) saha anthariksha pasubim wikiranaya (cosmic background radiation) yanadi pruthiwi wayugolayen paribhahira sansiddin saha abhyawakasha wasthun (celestial objects) pilibanda widyawayi. mehi pradhana karyayan wanne wishwaye sambhawaya saha wikashanaya, wishwa wasthunge bhauthika saha rasayanika gunayange parinamaya saha eewaye chalanayan yanadiya gana hadarimayi. mehi ena widyathmaka nirikshanayan wadagath wanne tharaka widyawata pamanak nowe, eewa samanya sapekshatha wadaya wani bhauthika widyathmaka mathawadayan sanatha karaganimata awashya wadagath thorathuru da sapayayi.
tharaka widyawa yanu widyathmaka kramaya ragath lokaye paranima widyawangen ekaki. eya pauranika grika yugaya dakwa diwayana athara diyunu nirikshana krama eetath wada aatha athithaya kara diwayayi. aithihasika washayen gathkala tharaka widyawe wadagath soyaganim rasakata dayaka wi aththe aadhunika tharaka widyagnyayanya. esema adata da tharaka widyawa yanu aadhunikayange dayakathwaya nomasuruwa labiya haki "widyawan" athalossen ekaki. ee nawa soyaganim walin saha keti kala parasayan thula siduwana sansiddin nirikshanaya kirimenya.
nuthana tharaka widyawa saha jyothishyaya yana dekehima padanama salakiya yuthu tharamakata samanaya. graha wasthunhi ahase pihitima matha yam pudgalayakuge ho poduwe manushya wargayage daiwaya prakasha kirimata jyothishyaya uthsaha karayi. eheth tharaka widyawe katayuthu waladi "widyathmaka kramaya" yanna bhawitha wana athara jyothishyayedi ese nowe. emanisa me deka sampurnayenma wenas kshethra dekak lesa salakiya yuthuya.
ithihasaya
durekshaya soyaganimata pera tharaka widyawata mahangu mehewarak itu kala upakaranaya wuye tharu malimawayi. madhyathana yugayedi madaperadiga siti widyagnyayan, kalaya nirnaya kirimatath aakasha wasthuwala pihitima soya balimatath ema upakaranaya yodagaththa.
tharu malimawa sada thibune wane thatiyakayi. ema thatiye tharuwala pihitima lakunu kara thibuna. ema thatiya sawi kara thibu thatiye daraye anshaka ha samahara eewaye payada sandahan wuna. pinthuraye penena lesa ehi oralosuwaka men katuda thibuna. ema katuwa tharakawa desata sthanagatha karana wita tharu malimawa aadharayen tharuwe pihitima nishchithawama soyagatha haki wuna.
wishishta lesa sada thibu tharu malimawak bhawitha kirimen tharu handunaganimatath, hiru nangina ha basina welawa soyaganimatath, makkama pihiti dishawa danaganimatath, idamwala pramanayan managanimatath, yam sthanawala usa manimatath muhudu marga soyaganimatath haki wuna. eya aththenma ewakata thibu supiri pariganakayak kiya pawasiya hakiyi.
tharaka widyawe purogamin
arabi widwathun
hathwana saha atawana siyawaswaladi islam dharmaya uthuru aprikawa, spanynyaya saha nangenahiren pihiti afganisthanaya dakwa pathira giya. me nisa parsiyawa saha grisiya wisin soyagath widyathmaka thorathuruwalin prayojana ganimata arabi widwathunta haki wuna.
tolami
nawawana siyawasedi grika tharaka widyagnyayek wu tolami soyagath thorathuru saha thawath watina widyathmaka thorathuru rasak arabi jathikayan thama mawbasata pariwarthanaya kala. abbasidge palanaya athlanthik sagaraye simawe pihiti ratawala sita afganisthanaya dakwama wyaptha wuna. ee nisa ganithaya, tharaka widyawa ha anikuth wishayan pilibandawa indiyanuwan soyagena thibu danum sambharayen prayojana ganimata owunta hakiyawak labuna.
muslim jathikayan
muslim jathikayan tharaka widyawa pilibandawa danuma ras kirimata mahath unanduwak dakwuwa. eeta ek hethuwak wune owunge aagamayi. muslimwarunge wishwasaya wune thaman yachnya kala yuththe makkama desata muhuna la kiyayi. ee wagema owun sitina sthanaye sita makkama pihiti dishawa penwa dimata tharaka widyagnyayanta hakiyi kiyath owun wishwasa kala. dahathunwana siyawasedi islam bhakthikayanta yachnya kala yuthu welawa nishchithawa thiranaya kirima sandaha muslim palliwalin tharaka widyagnyayange sahaya labagaththa. owun laba dun manga penwimwalata anuwa muslimwarunge aagamika uthsawa ha wathpiliweth pawathwiya yuthu kala wakawanu thiranaya kala. udaharanayakata ramasan masayedi niraharawa sitiya yuthu dina penwa dunne owunuyi. eeta amatharawa makkamata yamata gatha wana kalaya saha hondama gaman margaya penwa dunneth owunuyi.
nirikshanathmaka tharaka widyawa
tharaka widyawa aashritha pradhana gaweshanayan widyuth chumbhaka warnawaliya matha padanam wi atha.
rekhiya tharaka widyawa - mehi milimitar kihipayak tharamwana tharanga aayama sahitha wikirana pilibada adhyayanaya karayi. rediyo tharanga shithala wasthu mangin wimochanaya we. eewanam antharkariya wayun ha duwili walawanya. kosmik pasubim kshudra wikirana maha pipirumen pasu iwathwu wikiranayanya. palsara (pulsars) palamuwara anawaranaya karagaththe kshudra sankhyatha mangini. mema anawarana sandaha wishala rediyo dureksha awashya we.
adhoraktha tharaka adhyayana padanam wanne tharanga aayamaya drushya wimata wada wishala namuth rediyo tharanga walata wada kudaya. adhoraktha adhyayanayanta prakasha dureksha walata samana dureksha yoda gani. grahaloka wani tharuwalata wada sisil wasthu gaweshanayata adhoraktha adhyayanayan yoda gani.
prakasha tharaka widyawa paranima tharaka widyawayi. mehi bahulawama yoda ganna upanga lesa warnawali manaya ha CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) dakwiya hakiya. pruthuwi wayu golaya mema prakasha tharaka widya gaweshanayanta bhadha athi karayi. darshana thathwaya usas kirimata abhyawakashaye radawu dureksha ha anuwarthi dureksha yoda gani. mema parasayedi tharaka hodin drushya we. rasayanika warnawali mangin tharaka wala rasayanika sanyuthiya ha mandakini, niharika aadiyada nirikshanaya kala hakiya. parajambula, X kirana ha gama kirana mangin tharaka widya adhyayanaya kirimen widwa palsara, kalu kuhara ha chumbhaka tharaka aadiya gaweshanaya kala hakiya. mewani wikirana warga pruthiwi wayu golaya hodin winiwida noyayi. mewani kirana gaweshanayata krama dekak pawathi. abhyawakashaye radawu dureksha mangin ha polawe pihitawu (IACT) dureksha (Imaging air cherenkov telescopes). palamu aakaraye gaweshakayan RXTE lesa handunwayi. chandra X kirana durekshaya ha komptan (Compton) gama kirana durekshaya udaharana we. IACT warga walata udaharana lesa Magic dureksha ha (H.E.S.S) dureksha (High Energy Stereoscopic System) dakwiya hakiya.
itha durin nipadawena widyuthchumbhaka tharanga walin itha kuda pramanayak polawa mathin anawaranaya karagatha hakiya. guruthwa tharanga (Gravitational Waves) anawaranayaka pihituwath eewa anawaranaya kara ganima itha apahasuya. surya adhyayanaya kirimata niyutrino anawaraka nipadawa atha. kosmik kirana sathuwa adhika shakthiyak athi anshu athara pruthiwi wayugolaye gatimedi handunagatha hakiya.
gaweshanayan ehi kala parimanaya anaanuwa wichalanaya we. drushya gaweshanayan miniththu ganane sita paya ganan gathawe. yam yam sansiddhi wenaswimata itha wegawathya. sahashra ganan parana gaweshana warthada pawathi. rediyo gaweshanayan milithathpara parimanayen (milithathpara palsara) ye aadunu warsha (palsara pilibanda wisthara kirim walata) dakwa pathira pawathi.
tharaka widyawe surya pilibada gaweshanaya wishesha thanak gani. anek siyalu tharu itha durin pawathina nisa langama athi tharuwa wana surya gaweshanaya pahasuya. apage surya anek tharaka pilibada wada awabodhaya athi karawayi.
tharaka wenaswima pilibada mathruka karanne tharaka parimanaya (Steller evolution) asurini. tharaka warga anuwa H.R. satahane (Hertzprung - Russel Diagram) pihituwima mangin tharakawala thathwaya dakwiya hakiya. eya tharakawe upathe sita awasanaya dakwa dakwiya hakiya.
bahira sabandi
NASA
kolambaa wishwa widyaliya ganitha ha tharaka widya sangamaya
Astronomy2009 antharjathika tharaka widya warshaya wenuwen wu web adawiya
AbsoluteAstronomy.com
Southern Hemisphere Astronomy
Astronomy Picture of the Day
New Scientist Space
Sky & Telescope
American Astronomical Society
Planet Surveyor
Utah Skies Astronomy Information by and for Amateur Astronomers
ebook History of Astronomy, George Forbes (1849-1936
The Amazing Sky
Space and Astronautics News
widyawa |
jathyanthara abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya | jathyanthara abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya abhyawakasha aayathana pahaka (5) hawul wyapruthiyaki; ee nasa aayathanaya (amarika eksath janapadaya), rusiyanu abhyawakasha eejansiya (rusiyanu samuhanduwa), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (japanaya), kanediyanu abhyawakasha eejansiya (kanadawa) saha yuropiya abhyawakasha eejansiya (yuropaya) yana aayathana pahayi.
jathyanthara abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya
abhyawakasha madhyasthana
minisun sahitha abhyawakasha yana |
dipawanshaya | dipawanshaya yanu shri lankawe ithihasaya gana liyawi athi paranima granthayayi. dipawanshaya rachana wi aththe mahawanshaya rachana kirimata peraya. mema kruthiya liyawi athi kalaya pilibada wiwidha matha pawathiya da aithihasika gaweshakayaku wana ooldarn bargta anuwa kristhu warsha 4-5 siyawasa athara rachana karana lada bawata salakanu labana meya attakatha mulashra kotagena athayi salakanu labayi. mahawanshaya saha dipawanshaya yana dekehi ekathuwa shri lankawe saha indiyawe athithaye siduwim rasakata sakshi darayi. wenath kisima sahithya kruthiyaka nathi paridi dipawanshayehi 18 wani parichedaya sampurnayenma bhikshunin sasana ithihasaya pilibada dirga wistharayak karayi. dipawansha tikawa yanuwen wenama granthayakda pawathi.
kathruthwaya
dipawansha wansha kathawa atta katha saha thawath mulashra padanam karagena 3 – 4 siyawas waladi sangraha karana ladayi wishwasa kere. maha wanshaya samaga mema kruthiyada shri lankawe ha indiyawe ithihasaya pilibada boho karunu wala mulashrayayi. ehi athi wadagathkama rada pawathinne eya aithihasika mulashrayak saha prarawruthayak wu nisama pamanak nowa eya bauddha ha pali sahithya pilibada itha wadagath kruthiyak da wima nisaya.
mema kruthiya B.C.lo (Low) wisin ingrisiyata pariwarthanaya kara atha. anuradhapura maha wiharawasi bauddha bhikshu n wahansela kipa namak wisin 3 – 4 siyawas waladi eya sampadanaya karannata atha. ehi purwikawen mese sadahan we. “asanu manawa” ema budunge lanka gamanaya ganada dantha dhathuwa saha shri maha bodhiya lankawata gena eema budu dahama diwayinehi wyaptha wima , guruwarunge pahala wima saha wijayage lanka gamanaya ganada ema wisthara karami. anuradhapurayedi warshikawa pawathwena mahinda uthsawayedi ‘dipawanshaya’ maha hadin sajjhayanaya karana lesa dhathusena raju (4 wana siyawasa) niyoga kota thibuni.
mahawanshaya samaga
dipa wanshaye budun wahanse diwayinata thun warak wadama kala bawa sadahan we. ema sthana nam kalaniya, dighawapiya, anuradhapura mahamewna uyane pasuwa bo ankuraya sitawu sthanayayi. wijayage kathandaraya kimedi, man paharana thawalam kolla ka sinha nam damarikayekuge birida wu kalinga wanga kumariya aadi washayen wijayage muthun miththan gana kimedi dipawanshaya eeta pasu liyana lada maha wanshaya tharam swabhawikathwayen obbata gos natha. me atharedi sinha bahu saha sinha siwali lala (lata) rajyayehi raju gena gana dewiya washayen niwun pirimi darawan dahaya wathawakadi bihikalaha. palamu wani ga wijaya wu athara sumiththa dewanna wiya. wijaya boho murandu saha kaෲra pudgalayek wiya. kopayata path wu mahajanathawa wijaya maradamana lesa rajuta kiha. eheth raju wijayata saha ohuge hathsiyayak wu pirisata ratin pitawana lesa karunu yeduweya. ema pirisa hariyatama budun piriniwan pa dinaye lankawe thambhapanni weralata goda bassaha.
dipawanshaya sanghamiththawange paminima gana itha dirgha wistharayak sadahan karayi. eheth dutugamunu wira charithaya wisthara kara aththe ketiyeni. pali gatha 10 kin pamani. eheth maha wanshaya me sadaha parichjeda 11 k kapa kara atha.
dipawansha kathawa maha wanshayata mulashra wu lesa salakanu labe. esema maha wanshaya dipawanshayata wada salakillen sakas kara athi pali bhashawe karana lada aagamika ha aithihasika thorathura adangu wishishta kruthiyak lesa salake. maha bharathaya ha ramayanaya men nowa maha wanshaye sadahan aithihasika katha puwathaki. (ihatha ki pramanayata dipawanshayeda) ashoka rajuge maranin pasu boho durata niwaradi bawa wishwasa kere.
mulashra
dipawanshaya
shri lankawe ithihasaya |
wadi janaya | wadi janaya lankawe wesena swadeshi aadiwasin atharin ek jana wargayaki. sancharaka karmanthaya, wananthara winashaya, siwil yudha thaththwayan, ha nawikaranayata tharuna waddange kamaththa wadi sanskruthiya kramayen adu wi, nawina samajayata sankalanaya wemin pawathiyi.
sambhawaya
waddanda sinhalayin menma lankawe aadiwasingen pawatha eyi.
ugathun wisin penwa denne wijayagamanayata perathuwa pawathi iparani gothra wana yaksha, nesada, milaka, shabara wani jana kotaswala sammishranayakin waddan bihiwan bawaki. ee sema, waddange kapala sansandhanaya kirime di, owun proto-ostroloyid janawargayanta samana we.
parikshanayan magin peni gos aththe, owun lankawe aadiwasiyan wu balangoda manawaya ha sambandhayak athi bawa ya. waddange sambhawaya kri.pu. 15,000-10,000 athara,madhya shila yugaye wisu ayathu wu dadayakkara ha aahara ekathu kirime jana jiwithayakata huru wu jana kottashayakata ayath bawa pen.
sinhala sahithyaye waddan handinwimata yodana wachana salaku wita, 'maladaru' (giriwasi), wanasara (wanachari/wanyawasi), 'saraw' (eethala daranna) yana aruth dakwa atha. waddan wisin thamun handunwa ganne 'wanniyalaththan' lesini. wadda yanu 'badda' yana wachanayen wyuthpanna wu wadanekayi wi.ja.mu. lokubandarayan pawasayi. gowithan nokara, dadayamin jiwathwana dadayakkaruwan, dunuwayan, saha wanagatha wuwan handinwimata yodanu labe. sinhala jathakakatha pothahi da mowun handinwimata 'mas wadda' yana yenduma bhawitha kota atha. eheth hen gowithan kala, dadayam kota jiwath wu namuth, owun waddan ganaye la nosalakuni.
mahawanshaya anuwa sinhala jathiye aarambhaye di, lankawata pamini wijaya kumaru ha kuweni nam hela yaksha gothrika kumariyakata dawa upan jiwahaththa saha disala yana daruwan thulin sambhawitha jana prajawak lesa janaprawadaye dakweyi. mahawanshaya dakwana paridi kuweniyage daruwan dedena samanola adawiyata pala gos aarakshithawa jiwathi wiya. pasukalinawa mowun 'pulinda'yana namayen wyawahara wu bawa pene.wansaththappakasiniya pawasane waddan pawatha enne kuweniyage du puthun dedenagen bawayi.
maha wanshaye sandahan wana paridi, wijaya kumaruwa kuweniya ha daruwan athahara dama, wiwahaya sandaha raja kanyawak indiyawen genena ladi. ehi di kuweniya nawatha lankapurayehi swakiya yaksha prajawa wetha harawa yawana athara, ehi di athi wu dabarayaka di aya maranayata pathwanni ya. ayage bala sohoyura pamina daruwan hata pala yamata pawasayi. owun saman-kula (samanola kanda)ta gos nagani detu soyura ha wasaya kota, malaya rata hewath kadukara pradeshaye jana prajawak bihi kala athara, owun pulinda lesa dakwa atha (mahawanshaya pari. 7.59-68). pulindan pilibanda wa satahanak thabana gayigar thuma pawasanne, owun melejya gothrika prajawak wannata athi bawath, pasuwa waddan bawata handunwannata athi bawath ya. kolambaa, kaluthara saha galla aashritha pradeshaye sita kadukaraya dakwa pradeshaya ‘sabaragamuwa’ lesin hadunwana athara, eya wyuthpanna wannata aththe ‘pulinda’ yannata samana padayak wana sanskrutha ‘sabara,’ pali ‘sawara’ magin ya. uktha nigamanayata anuwa ma yamin shri sumangala himiyan ha batuwanthudawe dewarakshitha pandiwarayanan owunge mahawansha pariwarthaye ‘pulinda’ wadana ‘waddan’ washayen rujuwa ma dakwa atha.
ihatha purawruththayata anuwa wadi prajawa lankawe aadiwasiyo nowethi. eheth purawruththaya katakatha aashrayen bihiwuwak lesin penena athara, mathaka di waddan athara prachalitha wuwak wiya haki ya. kesewethath ugathun dakwanne ihatha kathawa waddan prakasha karana aakarayen penenne owun da etharam ehi sathyathawaya pilibanda piliganimak nomathi bawa ya.
helayan samaga sabandathawa
merata samruddhimathma yugaya lesa indiyanu wansha kathawala pawa sandahan rawana, bali, tharaka yugayan arambaenne mita wasara pan dahasakata pamana perathuwaya. balangoda manawaya apata kiyana ithihasaya nam wasara this dahasakata wada paraniya. mita wasara 2500kata pera wijaya kumaru paminena witath merata diyunu sanskruthiyak thibunu bawa kuweni kumariya kapu katimin sitimen pahadili we. siriwasthu menma kalaniya da ewakata merata thibu pradhana nagaraya. wiwidha gothrikayingen sadumlath merata wasiyan poduwe handinwuye helayin yana namini.
kuweni hela kumariyage pihiten merata rajyathwaya labagath aaryayeku wu wijaya kumaru helayin dutuwe aakramanikayeku lesaya. ebawin kuweniya jathidrohiyaka wuwaya. siya gnyathinge wairayen berima sandaha kuweniyage daruwanta kala wadimata siduwiya. ee nuthana wadi parapure aarambhayayi. meya hudek mahawanshaye kathawa pamanak nowa wadi janaprawadayanhida athi kathawayi. emenma manawa widyagnyayo da helayin saha waddan athara athi gnyathithwaya piliganithi.
wijayagamanayen arambai hela-aarya gatuma awasan wi aaryayan helayin samaga musu wanne pandukabhaya raja samaye di ya. mahawanshayata anuwa pandukabhaya rajuge mawu wuye panduwasdew rajuge ekama diyaniya wu unmada chithra dewiyayi. ohuge piya wuye dighagamini ya. ohu panduwasdew rajuge bisawa wu bhaddakachchayanage soyureku wu dighayuge puthya. namuth wenath mulashraghayanta anuwa nam digha gamini helayaki . ebawin pandukabhaya kumaruge mawa aaryayek wana wita piya helayaki. ebawin ohu helayan ta helayek da aaryayan ta aaryayek da wiya. me nisama aaryaya aadhipathya yata erehiwa helayin pandukabhaya wata rok wana wita aaryayan da ohuge nayakathwaya piligaththeya. in pasu aaryayo helayin samaga musu wuha.
in pasuwa wiwidha yugayan hi indiyawe wiwidha palath sita pamini aaryayo menma dragawidayo da sinhala jathiyata musu wuha. ese musu wu wan athara arabi , china saha male jathikayo da wuha. mema musu wima batahira jathin meratata paminima thek ma akhandawa siduwiya. sinhala jathiya sankratamanikayingen poshanaya wunu ayurinma kalaye siti wadi janathawada wiwidha kala wadim thulin poshanaya wiya. sinhalaye kirula patha kerunu abhyakanthara aragalayan hi parajayata path piris wasara dahas gananawak pura sidu kale ekko indiyawata pala yamayi. nathahoth kala wadi wadi janathawata ek wimayi. awasan warata ese wadi janathawa samanga musu wuye 1848 nidahas aragalayata ek wi sudu aakramamanikayage udahasata lak wu wellassa janathawayi.
me anuwa peni yanne sinhala janathawa merata wasara dasa dahas gananawak jiwath wu bawath pasu giya wasara dedahas pansiya thula warin wara sinhalayangen wenwi kala wadunu pirisagen wadi janathawa bihiwu bawathya. ebawin wadi janathawa aadiwasin lesa hadinwima owunta wada digu ithihasayak lak polawe athi sinhalayinta karana awamanayaki. epamanak nowa sinhalayanta lak polawata athi adwithiya ayithiya abhiyogayata lak kirimaki. sinhalaya meraya ananya wu jana kotasak pamanak nowa merata aadiwasihuya. ebawin sinhalayage aadiwasikama soragena wadi janayata palandimen sinhalaya thawath ek sankrawamanika jana kotasak bawata pathwe.
wadi samaja sanwidhanaya
wadisamajaya thula kapi penena dhurawaliyak daknata nathi tharam ya. boho wita wadi ralak wadinayakayaku yatathe palanaya wiya. aadiwasi jana prajawanhi daknata athi aakaraye, gothra athara wairayak ho gothra satan daknata nomatha. eka ma pradeshayaka wariga kihipayaka wadijana prajawan samadanayen jiwath wuwa da, pradeshayata athulwime di wiwidha thahanchi owunowun athara wina. samahara wadi warigayo gangak ho kala pedesak haraha wenath pradeshayan walata sankramanaya wu ha. mese pradeshayen pradeshayata wadi prajawage wyapthawima sindu wi ya.
warga bedima
waddan athara waruga bedimak daknata athi athara, eya kese aarambha wuye da, ehi prayojyathawaya pilibanda pahadili adahasak owun thula natha. eheth owun thamun handunwa ganime di, meki waruga bedima 'pelapathak' washayen bhawitha karanu pene. pradhana washayen waruga hayak waddan athara pawathi: morana waruge, unapatha waruge, uuru waruge, ambaala waruge, namudana waruge, saha thala waruge washayeni. meyata amathara wa, waddange padinchi sthanayan aashrithayen da waruga bedimak daknata athi athara, eewa mehi la dakwanu labe:hene-badda waruge, godathalawa waruge, elakothaliya waruge, sithala wanniya waruge, giraduru waruge, thamankaduwa waruge, dehigama waruge, horabora waruge, yakkure waruge, unichchiya waruge yanadiya ya.
samahara awastha waladi, aawaha-wiwaha sambandhathawaladi, waruga uspahathkam salaku bawa wartha wi atha.samahara wisharadayan dakwanne waddan wisin warugen pita wiwahayan karath, bahir-waihiwaka samaja paddhathiyak waruga aashrithawa pawathina bawaki.
si. ji. selgmanta anuwa waddange wariga bedima pradhana washayen swakiya gothrayen pita wiwaha wima hewath bahirwaiwahika saha mathru parshawa mulika, uura saha monara aashritha gothra wihna aashrayen goda nagunak bawa ya (C. G. Seligmann, The Vaddas, 1911, p.30).
bhuwishamatha lakshana asuru kota da waddan pradhana washayen wargikaranayakata badun kala haki ya. binthanna asuru kota jiwath wana waddan saha nagenahira palatha aashritha waharayi pradeshaye jiwath wethi mowun 'wethar'washayen handunwanu labe.
diwipewetha
mul kalaye di, wadi janaprajawa gallen asuru kota jiwath wu athara, pasuwa palpath aashritha gammana kara sankramanaya wannata atha.
eewa wadi koratu lesin handin wu athara, warin wara, aahara soya gatha haki pamanata koratuwen koratuwata wadi prajawa sankramanaya wime sirithak wiya. pasukalinawa athi wu gamwaddan pradhana washayen hen gowithana asuru kota jiwath wu namudu, owunge sampradayika diwi pewetha sampurnayen ma ath nohariya ha.
waddan pradhana washayen dadayam kirimen jiwath wu athara, owunge mulika prawanathawaya wuye gona dadayam kirima ya. gona giri aashritha wa wasaya kala nisa waddan da girilen aashritha diwi pewethakata huru wannata athi bawa boho widyarthayin wishwasa tharathi. meyata amathara wa, owun pala-ala aaharayata ganimin da, wana mi raswana kalayata mi kadimen da diwi pewetha sari kara gath ha. waddan aahara pulussa ganima karana athara, alawarga bohowita unu alupalle la thamba ganima karanu labe. dadayam kirima ha aahara anubhawaya kandayamak washayen ekata ma karanu labe. wadipura athi aahara drawya hinga kalayan sandaha kal thaba ganimata mas warga wiyalima (hewath karawala kirima), ella dumgassa wima ho mipaniwala baha thabima wani kriyawan kala ha.
rahe nayakaya
wadigothraya sanwidhanaya wanne 'nayakayeku' wata ya. eheyin wiwidha wu wadijanaprajawan sandaha nayakayo sitiya ha. eheth pasukalina washayen wadi janathawage pramanathmaka aduwima nisa saha aanduwa wisin owun wasana pradesha palanaya nayakayange pawathma kramayen nathi wa giye ya. wadi prajawe kapi penena nayakayek lesa matha yugaye sitiye dambaane mahawanniyalaththo hewath thisahamilaththo ya.
pawul diwiya
wadi janaya athara gnyathithwaya saha owunta aamanthranaya sinhala jana prajawa men weyi. appilaththo (piya), ammilaththo (mawa), aadi washayen 'laththo' yana pataya gnyathithawayata pasuwa yedimen owuhu aamanthranaya thana ganithi. birida(kudpeththa)ta boho wita, 'nangilaththo' yana yenduma yodanuye, wadijanaprajawe daknata athi bana saha nana (awassa hura-nana) wiwahayan nisawen ya. sinhala samajaye men ma, wiwaha saha lingika sambandhatha sambandhayen wiwidha wu thahanchi pana wi thibini. nidasunak lesa, mama saha nana athara, bana saha nanda athara men ma, mawu-piya parshawaye sahodarayan ho wiyapath sahodara sahodariyan atharath wiwahayan thahanam wina. eheth maranayaka di, mala sahodariya ho sahodaraya wenuwen samiya ho biriya eki pawule thawa sahodariyak ho sahodarayek wiwaha kara ganima sindu wima nisa, nawathath daruwan hata aarakshawak labina.
pawul sambandhatha
ambau-sami diwiya agaya kala wadi janaya athara, sinhala jana prajawe daknata labena bahubharya sewanaya ho bahu purusha sewanaya thaba, paradara sewanaya wath daknata nomatha. wiwahaye di, wadi janaya swakiya bharyawanta mana se alum kala athara, ekinekata wishwasawantha lesa da jiwath wiya. eheyin wideshiya mishanariwarun wisin kewala wiwaha kumaya lankawata handunwa dimata pera sita ma, waddan athara kewala wiwaha kramaya thibu bawa pene. wadi prajawa athare gahaniya hata mana aarakshawak labunu athara, aya pawule palamu kota, aaharayen kotasa bhukthi winda ha. meyin penenne kanthawa wadi prajawa athare gauwarawayata pathra wu bawaki.
wiwaha charithrayan
wadi daruwo kal noyawa swakiya nana-hura wiwahayanta athulu wethi. owun athara sahodara sahodari wyawahayan ho wiwahayata pera lingitha sambandhathawan sidu nowe. wiwaha charithrayan boho se luhudu ya; sarala ya. tharuna wadi koluweku hithagiya tharuniyage piyage geta pani mulak ha mas ragena gos yojanawa piyata pawasana athara, piya wisin ayata niyanda pattawalin ambaaru ranak gena ohuge ina wata bandinu labe. ethan sita dedena ambau-samiyo wethi. ee rana dira giya kalhi, aluth niyanda ranak ambaara bandime karyaya bharyyawa sathu weyi.
samanyayen mamalaththo wisin bambaara wada athi thanak pawara dimath, dada ballan saha dunu eethala dimath karana ladi. samahara awasthawaladi manamalaya wisin manamaliyata redipili dima pasukalina wa athi wu sirikath bawa pene. wiwahayen pasuwa bana mamage ranata ekathuwi, dadayamata sahayawima sindu weyi. ebawin wadi janaya athare pirimi daruwanta wada gahanu darawan kerehi almak atha.
darudariyo
wiwahayen pasu, daru gabak pahala wu pasu, wadi janaya athara aarakshawan sandaha wiwidha abhichara widhi bhawitha karayi. puranayedi 'patta yaka' pujawak karamin gab aaraksha kala bawa prakata ya. prasuthiya gallenaka ho paledi sindu wina. prasuthiyen pasu wa wiwidha mas-masha warga anubhawaya nusudusuyayi pili ganimak wina. ese ma kiri erima sandaha ma yogyayayi piligath alawarga aaharayata dima karana ladi.
daruwa hata masak thula namak dun athara, yakunge dos walin aaraksha kara ganimata daruwa boho wita handunwanu labuwe wiwidha wu hurathal nam walini. owunge niyama namin handuwannata patan ganne daruwa wadunu pasu ya. daruwan ge wayasa awurudu hatha pamana wanathurath owun nirwasthrawa sitithi. wayasa awurudu dahaya-doloha pamana wayase di daruwan wisin galdunu bhawithayen kurullan saha kuda sathun dadayam karathi.
daruwan wadiwiyata pamineth ma wiwidha dadayam karana shilpayath, bambaara kadime aakarayath owunata kiya denu labe. mese wadunu pirimi daruwan dadayam saha bambaara kadime di hawul kara ganne eki kusalatha wardhanaya kirimata ya.
wadi dariwiya malwara wu wita, aya nuga gasak wethata gos gal katawalin eyata gasimath, eya kana wakunu mawa wathura kalayak gena gos aya nahawa, hisita pasupasin eya bimata wati bindi siyalu dos duru kirima hara wenath wisheshitha kotahalu sirith natha. pasukalina washayen sinhala malwara sirith waddan athara prachalitha wima nisa, malwara dariya kili palaka wadimahalu kanthawak ha thabima ha ee aashritha abhichara widhi kirima dan apata asannata dakninata atha.
maranaya waddan kerehi bhiya upadawana awasthawaki. ewan wita owuhu gallen athara yathi. ese karanuye, mala pudgalayan owun hambaa enu athayi biyeni. waddan wishwasa karana paridi, maranayen pasu swakiya gnyathiya na yakeku kirimata, dina kihipayak mala pudgalaya wenuwen puda puja pawathwathi.
bahira sambandhatha
robat noks pawasana paridi, owun muwa dadayamehi saha dum gassawim kirim thulin wiyala ganima karanu labe. sinhala minissu dadamas laba ganimata waddan wetha paminiya ha. rajuge kama mesayata sadamas sapayima karye da niritha wiya. eewata amathara wa, raju hata athdala sapayima da, mi pani saha mi iti sapayima da karana ladi. raju da owunta prathyupakara washayen waddan hata redipili saha eethala aadiya dunne ya. robat noksge warthawata anuwa waddo warak rajuta erehiwa pamini yuddhawaladi satan kala ha. esema, owuhu owunta ayithi pradesha aaraksha karamin rajuta da wakrakara wa aarakshawa sapayana ladi.
wadi basa
wadibhashawa aashrayen kala paryeshanayan asurin wiliyam gayigar wiyathanan dakwanne, wadi prajawa dakunu indiyawe pauranika gothrayanta na sabadathawak dakwana athi bawath ya. aariyan sankramanayanta pera patan owuhu shri lankawe wisu aadiwasin wu athara, anarya bhashawak katha kala bawaki (Indian Historical Quartely, XI. pp. 515-516).
waddan wisin wanatharaye dadayamata yana athara bhawitha kala rahas basak washayen owunge bhashawa wardhanaya wannata atha. adadu dadayakkaruwan athara mewani ‘kala basak’ bhawitha karanne yaksha ho dewa balapamwalin swakiya dadayama aaraksha karaganimata ya. mulika washayen aadiwasiyan lesa wardhanaya wu waddange anarya basa kramayen aaryange paminima ha sinhala bhashawa ha sammishranaya wimen dan bhawitha karana aakruthiyata pariwarthanaya wannata atha. ee sema, wiwidha awashyathawange wardhanaya samaga nawa wachana thana ganimata ho nayata gannata sidu wiya. mese wiwidha wu balapam nisath, pasal adhyapanaya wyaptha wima nisath kramayen purana wadibasa abhawayata yamin pawathi.
aagamika ladiyawan
wadi prajawa pradhana washayen lokaye anekuth aadiwasi jana prajawan se, prana wadihu wethi. waddange adahili ratawa mala gnyathi wandanawaki (Obesekera, 'G. Sinhal religion.' In M. Eliade ed. The encylopedia of religion, Vol 13. New York: Macmillan, 1987.).
wishwasa
waddange wishwasayan sankirna ya. pradhana washayen na yakun adahima, wiwidha wenath yakku saha dewiwarun adahama ha bauddha pudapujawan mewata athulath wethi. bohowita yadini saha kirikoraha wani abicharayan magin sashrikathwaya udesa katayuthu karayi. pradhana wahayen waddange wishwasayan sankendranaya wi aththe mulika washayen jiwatha chakraya ha badunu karunu shathshath kara ganimata ya.
abhicharawidhi
jiwitha chakraya alala bandunu abhichara widhi pahatha dakwanu labe:
wadi janayage sahithyaya
mukha paramparagathawa pawatha ena gi, kawi, manthara, ha janakatha wani janashrathingen samanwitha wu wadi janaya wyawahara karana bhashawa padanam kota gena nirmanaya wu sahithyaya wadi janayage sahithyaya lesa handinwe.
janawidyathmaka adhyanayan
jana widyathmaka paryeshanayan thulin thahawuru wi aththe uthuru indiyanu aarya sankramanayata pera wisu prag-aarya janathawa ha sambandhathawak athi bawa ya. kalantharayak thisse sinhala ha demala janathawa athare wasaya kala waddan eki janasamajayanta kramayen sammishranaya wiya. waddange rudhira warga parikshawedi soya lanu labuwe boho aadiwasi janawargawala daknata athi O rudhira kandaya bahutharayata athi bawaki. ese ma swalpa jana kottashayaka A rudhira ganaya daknata thibu athara, owun atharawenath rudhira kandayan daknata natha (The Blood Groups and Haemoglobins of the Veddahs of Ceylon R. L. Wickremasinghe, Elizabeth W. Ikin, A. E. Mourant, H. Lehmann Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Jan. - Jun., 1963) , pp. 117-125).
mulashra
wadidurata kiyawima sandaha
migaskumbaura, pi.bi., sirilaka wadijana puranaya. kotte:pinidiya prakashakayo, 1995.
da silwa, em. dab. sugathapala, dambaane wadi basa kolambaa: sarasawi prakashayo, 1964.
ingrisi mulashra
Seligmann, C.G. The Vaddahs of Ceylon. Cambribge Archaeological and Ethnological Series, Macmillan & Co., 1906.
Virchow, R, L, C. The Veddas of Ceylon and Their Relation to the Neighboring Tribes/ Rudolph Ludwig Carl Virchow. - Montana: Kessinger, 2008.156 p (ISBN 1437344402)
bahira sabadi
Survival International profile on the Wanniyala-Aetto
Sri Lankan history
Vedda lore
East coast Veddas
Veddas - now only a household name
waddo saha rodiyo - ananyathawa rakaganima ha ananyathaapaharanaya
kuweniyage shapaya, waddan ha nawikaranaye prathirodhaya
shri lankawe jana samajaya
wadi janaya |
rodi | rodi hewath gadi lesa handinwenne shri lankawe pahath yayi salakanu labu jana prajawaki.
wenath yedum
owun hata 'hulawali'saha 'gahalaya' yana nam da wyawahara weyi.mita amatharawa wadda waddi hulawaliwa nattukkari madhukaraya madhukari yana pradeshiya wiwaharayanda daknata labe.
aarambhaya
aarambhaya janaprawadaye lesa rodi ralata nayaka rathnawalli yayi kiyanu labe. rathnawalli lesin handunwanne maha parakumba rajun ge diyaniya yayi kiyanu labe.
purathanaye patan kolapathakata singaman yadimin jiwath wu rodihu, bera sadima, kohu idal sadima wani dathehi karmatha kala ha. yanthramanthra, kodiwina, huniyam sandaha dakshayan lesa salakena mowun aananda hamuduruwanta da, washi gurukamak kala bawa pawase. aananda hamuduruwan pindusinga wadina kalhi rodi sthriyak wisin denu labu jalaya panaya kirimen pasuwa karana lada bandhanayakin aananda himiyan washi wu bawath, eya kapimata jalanandana namathi piritha budun dewa wadala bawath prakata ya.me kathawasthuwa pasukalayaka nirmanaya wuyeyayi salakiya haki penena namuth eyin rodin kerehi wu samakalina samajaye wu biya manawin mathu wi pene.owun wisin karanu labanu yayi salakena balawath manthra lesa 'nicha kula bandhanaya' saha 'maha mathanga' namin handunwanu labe.
purana rajadawase patan rodin hata ahikuntaka sthawara niwasa thana ganimata ho gamwada jiwathwimata ho awasara thibune natha. eheth pasukalina wa, owunta ma wen wu gammana thibini. eewa 'ngubbayam' lesin handunwanu labe.
me rodi kulaya kawada kese aarambha wuyedayi kisiwekuta kiwa nohakiya. geri mas kama ehi mula pirimata hethu wu bawa samaharu pawasathi. thawath ayage mathayak wanne athithayedi nicha ninditha aparadha kalawun rodi rahata damu wagaya. sar jon doyilige grantha walinda ee bawa monawata pahadili we. dutugamunu rajuge puthra saliya kumaraya rodi kellaka samagin prema sambandhayak athikara gath bawath ee hethuwen piya rajuge awamen labennata thibunu rajakamada nathi wu bawath maha wanshaye sandahan weyi.
athithayedi anuradhapuraye wisu mawak thama bala diyaniyath katuwa thel mal ha suwanda dum ragena abhayagiri chaithya wanda puda ganimata giyaya. maniyo diyaniya sa maluwe nawathwa pan tikak genenu pinisa asala pokunakata giyaya. ee atharathura kalayehi malasna nosoda atha dowanaya nokota me dariya mal mita chaithyayata pidu bawa saddharmalankaraye swarnalatha katha wasthuwen pene. malasna nosoda atha dowanaya nokota mal puja kirima gana udahas wu maniyo, diyaniyata wagawiththi kiyamin bana wadunaya. " thi nam sadoliyakma thama yi " amma ki wachanayakata kopawishta wu diyaniya " man noweyi ubayi sadoliya " kiya bana wadime papa karmaya hethu kotagena aa miya gos dabadiwa sadol kulayaka upatha labu bawa kiya thibe. namuth rodi kulaye upatha sewimata meyada karunak hatiyata salakiya nohaka.
rodi kulaye aarambhaya ha badunu janaprawada
me ha bandunu janaprawada rasak pawathi bharathaye pawathi panchama kula prabhedayata ayath chandala kulayen rodi kulaya bihiwi athibawayi waliwitiye shri rohatha himiyan wani widwathunda memama mathaya bohowita sathya bawa pawasayi thawath adahasakata anuwa mowun sanghamiththa theraniya samaga lankawata pamini ahaata kulayata ayathwu kulayak bawayi thawath adahasakata anuwa gajaba raju indiyawen gena duwidayangen mowun pawathena bawayi mowun wahal sewayata yodagath bawin waliya/walliya nam rodin athara bhawitha wana bawayi
athitha sinhala samajaye pawathi daduwam kramayak lesa barapathala daduwam kala pudgalayin rodi kulayata panna damu bawa sadahan weyi esema itha darunu dadabbara daradadu pudgalayan maha samajayen pitaman kota wenama kulayak lesa sitimata salassu bawa pawase eු anuwa raudra kulaya pasuwa eොdi kulaya lesa wiwahara wu bawa pawase thawath adahasak wanne athithaye darunu bowana roga saduna ayada mese maha samajayen pituwahal kara wenama kulayak lesa wasaya kirimata awasthawa dun bawayi owun suwa uwada yali maha samajayata athulath kara nogathha
rodi kulaya ha badunu thawath janaprawadayak robat noks wisin rachitha eda heladiwa granthaye dakwe noks pawasana paridi mema purawruththaya meseya.athithaye rodi janayage rajakariyawi thibune rajawasalata mas sapayimayi.dinak owunta mas pinisha sathaku elawaganimata nohakiwiya.rajuta mas sapayima sidu nokalahoth siduwana raja udahasata biyen mowun amusohonata gos miyagiya minisaku maskara minimas rajuta genaaawaya.me pilibada kisiwak nodath raju itha gijulesa minimas anubhawa kaleya.mini masata rasawatunu raju nawatha nawatha pera thamawetha gena sathagema mas genena lesa pawasiya.me athara rajawasala karanawamiya meya danagena rajuta danwayi.meyin balawath se kopayata pathwu raju mowunta marana daduwamadimata wada balawath daduwamak diya yuthuya sitha rodinata kisidu karmanthayak kirima thahanam kaleya.diwipurama sigamanen pamanak yapiya yuthuya.esema an siyalu kulayanta ayath kulahinayayi sammatha ayata pawa radalayanta se garukara kathakarayuthuya owunta wenwu lin walin misa wenath lidakin wathura nobiya yuthuya sigakamata kolapathak pamanak bhawithakala yuthuya aadi washayen thahanchi panawu bawa noks sadahan karayi.owun tharamak maha samajayen aathwa thama wasasthana thanagenasitibawath sinhala samajaye ekala dadi lesa pilikul kala gawamas owun anubhawa kala bawath atham wita gawayin athikara horen wikinu bawath ese wikinu gawayan rodin wisin hadagath bawa dathahoth miladi noganna bawath noks sadahan karayi.
me janaprawada athara pramuka wadagath kamak himiwanne rodin maha parakramabhahu rajuge diyaniyawu raththawalli kumariya gen pawatha ena bawayi meha bandunu katha puwathak meseya maha parakramabhahu rajuge midula amadima sadaha yodawa siti sewakayeku midula amadimin sitiyadi udumahale siti rathnawalli kumariya gasu kelapidak mema sewakayage hisehi pathitha wiya eyin kopayata path sewakaya agen paliganimi sitha aya labenathuru nonagitimi kiya maliga dorakata wathirunaha mese shina kulikayeku niraharawa miyagiya hoth awadak bawa danagath maharaju wahama rathnawalliya kumariya dasayata pawadi pitaman kalaha owungen rodi kulaya pawathena bawa pawase thawath janaprawadayaka sadahan wanne rathnawalli kumariya rajamadure midula amadina dasayekuta pembada rahase ohu ha aniyam asurak pawath wu athara pawuwa mema dasaya nisa kumariya gab gaththaya meya danagath parakum raja kopayata pathwa a adasiti abharana siyalla iwathkara udukaya niruwath kara inata redikadak andawa kondaya ihalata kara bada dasaya samaga rajamaduren pitaman kala bawayi owungen rodi kulaya aarambhawu bawayi
rathnawalli kumariya ha bandunu thawath janaprawadayaka dakwenne rathnawalli kumariya minimas kamata abibahi wi siti bawayi dinak raja wasala karanawamiyata poho dinayak nisa mas laba ganimata sohaki wiya me nisa ohu sohan pitiya wetha gos amusohonata genawith damagiya malasirurak dadamas lesa sakasa rajuta piligan wiya mema mas rasata waha watunu raju nawatha nawatha me dadamasma gena ena lesa ana kalaha karanawamiyada amusohonata gos malasiruru dadamas lesa sakasa dunha kese wethath mema rahasa rathnawalli kumariya danagathha ehekath aya dadi lesa minimas walata gijuwi siti bawin rahasa rajugen wasan kalaha pasuwa rajuta meya salawiya thama methek kal nodana aaharayata gena aththe minimas mawa danagath raju dadi se kipi karanawamiya ohuta udawukala rathnawallita aawaha karadi rajamaligayen pitaman kalaha owunta dina 07k nagaraye sigaman yada in pasu pituwahal wana lesa ana labina karanawamiyath rathnawalli kumariyath dina hathak nagaraye siga ka pasuwa owunta berakaruwakugen singakamata awashaya kath liyak kudayak ekas berayak thatiyak kaththak ha ballel labina pasuwa mowun sigaman yadimin jiwathwiya owungen rodi kulaya bihiwubawa pawase
rathnawalliya ha rodin athara sambhandhaya owun athara pawathina pudapuja shanthikarma aashritha gayana wala da daknata labe
udu mahalen basapan rathnawalliye
salra paladinna basapan rathnawalliye
muthu paladinna basapan rathnawalliye
roddatadenna basapan rathnawallye
ahasa udu gawana tharuras walli
nalala adasadaki bamathilaka walli
kare banda ranmuthuwalno selli
perakumbau rajuge duwa nawarathna walli
kothanaka sitan enne alli malliye
ruhune sitan enne alli malliye
depaye dapu gigirith selli selliye
parakum rajuge duwa nawarathna walliye
athithaye ( raja dawasa ) rodi jana jiwithaya
mahanuwara raja kalaye lankawe rodi kuppayam kihipayak thibuna bawath, eewa palanaya kirimata niladharin yoda sitiya bawath shrimath jon doyili pawasa atha. kuppayam gewal ehi padinchikarayinta manapa andamata idikaragatha nohakiya. geyaka janela, dora aadiya wenuwata aththe palali pamanaki. me palali kola athuwalin ho samakin sada gatha hakiya. thawada rodinta oruwaka nagi gangak tharanaya kala nohaka. welyayaka wisheshayenma rajakiya welyayaka niyarak dige yama pawa owunta thahanamya.
mankollayak ,sorakamak ho minimarumak sambandhayen rodiyaku chodana labu kalhi kuppayame hulawaliya ( nayakaya ) me karanaya sirageyi kankanamata danwiya yuthuya. ikbithi sirageyi kankanama ee chudithaya thotupolata kandawagena ena lesa dinayak niyama karayi. mese kirimata hethuwa rodiyaku gangen megodata genwa ganimata nithiyen balayak nathikamaya. nadu dinayehi chudithaya pamanak nowa, ohuge nadayan da pawul pitin thotupolata rokwanne naduwa wisandena hati narambaannataya. ikbithi sirageyi kankanama oruwaka naga gangin meha thotupole nawathi naduwa wisandannata patan ganneya. chudithayage warada oppu wu kalhi ohuta katusamiti walin thalannata niyama karanu labe. me danduwam dima sandaha wadipurama pawichchi kota aththe gata sahitha eraminiya pollak ho kappettiya pollaki. athamwita ee danduwam dima sandaha alugosuwaku wenin rodi gamakin kandawanu labayi. udarata pradeshayanhi kurahanpitiya , koskote yana degamhi wishala rodi kuppayam dekak thibunu bawa parani potha pathe sandahan weyi. eewa palanaya karana ladde maha adhikaram wisini.
athithaye sitama mowun mahasamajayen wenwa prathamika jana kotasak lesa wasaya kara atha mowunage pradhana aarthika katayuththa wuye singa kamayimita amatharawa rajuge bhandagarayata kasa sapayima kodi ha pathaka ellimata wuwamana lanu sapayima athun allimata wara madhu sapayima rajamaligayata mas sapayimaaadi rajakarin raju wenuwen itu kalaha thawada kasala pahara kirima mala siruru bahara kirima sidu kalaha
rodi kanthawan singakama raban karakawima thati karakawima githa gayana kirim aadiya kalaha mita amatharawa ihala kulawalin nerapu pudgalayan owunge dakshatha anuwa noyek karmantha sidukara atha eheth rodinata gowithan kirima thahanam wiya kumana karmanthayaka yedunada owun eewa kale singakamata rukulak wana pariddeni owunata singakama hara wenath kisima wruththiyak kirimata awasara nothibina
sinhala raja dawasa rodinata anga sampurna niwasath thanaganimata awahara nowiya.owunge niwasa thawakalika maduwak pamanak wiya.mita amatharawa owunage jiwathayata pidakari thahanchi rasak wiya.oruwak matha hinda gagin etherawima rajakiya kethwathu ala marga asalin gaman kirima rajakiya gabada asalin gaman kirima aadiya thahanchiwiya mowuneg diwi pawathma eda ithamath pidakari wiya
mowunage dwara karma(upatha wadiwiya paminima wiwahaya maranaya)charithra pilibada awadhanaya yomu kirimedi eda mahasamajaye sammatha atham charithra warithra pilipadima thahanam wiya kese wethath owunata aawenika wathpiliweth me sadaha anugamanaya kalabawa mulashrawala dakwe.upathak siduwuwita winnambaukam kirima mowunage wadihiti kanthawak athin siduwiya.esema owun killa pilibada etharam wishwasa nokalaha daru upathakadi wishesha mahasamajaya piligath charithra warithra kisiwak itu nokalaha dariyak wadiwiya paminime dida eseya owunata redi nandage sewaya henemama ge sewaya nolabuni eyata hethuwa me wathpiliweth walata samibandhawana radha kulayata ayathwuwan thamange sewaya thamanta wada pahath kulayanta salasa nodimayi mahasamajaya thula wadiwiyapathwu dariya nahawima sidu kale redi nanda namin hadinwu radha kulayata ayath sthriyaka wisini ee sadaha nakath balima hene mama namin hadinwu radha kulayata ayath purushayenu wisin sidu kalaha mowunage sewaya rodinata nolabina wiwahaya da mahasamajayathula daknata labuna charithra kisiwak anugamanaya kirimata owunata thahanchi wiya.maranayakadida mahasamajaye pawathwana bhikshun niwasata wadamawa panshukulaya dima wani kisidu charithrayak sidu nokarana ladi.rodiyaku miyagiya wita wahama malasirura osawagena gos owunatama aawenikawu amusohonakata dama aaha mala siirura aadahanaya kirimata ho bhumadanaya kirima thahanam wiya.
athithayeda owunage aagama budu dahama wuwada bauddha aagamika ahili kirima thahanamwiya.mowun rathkawalli ha swarnamali thamin hadunwanu labu dewanganak pidima sidu kalaha.kalu kumara ha dala kumara nam yakshayan dedanaku adahima karanaladi.mowun itha daksha manthrakaruwan wiya kese wethath owun athara sudu abhicharayanta wada kalu abhicharayan bahula wiya.podujanaya thula mowun pilibada dadi sakamusu biyak pawathina.rodiyaku niwasata paminiwita ohu kopa noganwa kisiwak di misa pitath kirimata janaya biyawuha.
sabawinma ekala rodi namwu kulaya pahath lesa salakuwada warthamanaya wanawita ehi pahath bawa nuthana janaya etharam salakanne natha. eya honda prawanathawayaki. sathutata karunaki. budurajanan wahanse deshana kara aththe kenaku upathin wasalayaku ho brahmanayaku wanne natha. kriyawenma brahmanayek ho wasalayek wethmayi.
rodi samajaya wenaswima
rodi samajaya yanu sinhala kula durawaliye ena pahathma kulayayi.ema nisa athitha kula wadawasam samajaye owunta himiwa thibune itha awasanawantha thathwayaki.eheth batahira adhirajyawadin wisin lankawa yatath karaganimath samaga owun pera pawathi wadawasam samaja kramaya wenuwata dhanawadi arthakramaya hadunna dunha.me samagama owun idam shuththiya matha padawamwu wadawasam kramaya wenuwata dhanawadaya hadunwadima nisa sama samajikayekuma aarthika kriyawanta dayakakara ganimata ussaha karaha ee anuwa ewaka pawathi rajakari kramaya ahosikara mudalata shramaya sapayimata janaya pelambaawiya.mehidi eeee kulayanta sampradhayikawa himikara thibu thahanchi iwathkirimata adhirajyawadin kriya kalaha.ee anuwa rodi samajayatada sampradhayikawa urumawa thibu thahanchi iwath kalaha.ee athara siga kama pamanak thama aarthika katayuththawima ha sthrinta udukaya wasa adum adima ha samajiya ha aarthika deshapalanamaya washayen rodi janaya pelu thahanchi iwathwiya.kese wethath sama samajaya rajaya wisin gath thiranawalata dadiwa wiruddhawu bawa pawase.
me athara kristhiyani mishanarin wisin rodi janaya athara katholika ha kristhiyani aagama pracharaya kirima siduwiya.sampradhayitha bauddha samajaya thula konkara thabima nisama owun ikmanin mishanaringe aagam waladaganimata pelambauni.pasuwa shri lankawe bihiwu prajathanthika aandu min thawaduratath owunge manawa himikam aaraksha kirimata nithi sambadanaya kalaha.nidahas adhyapanaya magin rate siyaluma purawasiyanta adhyapana labime ayithiya thahawuru kalaha.adhyapanaya labu sudussanta rajya ha paudgalika anshaye rakiya awastha himiwiya.1978 wiwrutha aarthikaya hadunwadimath samaga owunta ayojana prawardhana kalapayanhi rakiya himiwiya.athamun widesha rakiya sadaha widesgathawiya.thawath aya swan rakiyawala nirathawiya.warthamanaya wanawita kulabhedaya yanu sinhala samajayata aawrutha sanskruthikangayak pamanakwi atha.idiriyedi kula shedaya sanmpurnayen sinhala samajayen iwathwi yanu athayi samaja widyagnyayan wishwasa karathi.
upa gothra
nahalla hewath udakatuwa rodi
thiringa rodi pelapatha
halpe rodi pelapatha
nawarathnawalli hewath wanni rodi
nahalla hewath udakatuwa rodi
nawarathnawalli hewath wanni rodi
mema gothraya usasma rodi gothrayayi.e di raghawan sadahan karana paridi rathnawalli gothraya usasma gothraya lesa salakanne owunta athi rajakiya sambandhaya nisa bawayi.janaprawadawala ena paridi mahaparakramabhahu rajuge diyaniyawu rathnawalli kumariyagen rodin pawathaeyi.
rodi bhashawa
mowunage bhashawa sinhala wuda sinhala basa tharamak wenas ayurakin bhawitha kara athibawa pene meya sama upasanskruthiyakama pahe daknata labena lakshanayaki mowunage basa gadi basa yanuwenda hadunwayi
gnyathithwaya hangawana pada
mawa - hidalu gawi, mawuaa, amma
piya - hisalu gawa, piya, appochchi
samiya - gandiya, gadiya, purusaya
birinda - gandi keweni, gandi kewanni, palli, gani
pirimiya - gawa, angaya
gahaniya - gawi, angiya
bilinda - bilanda
bilindiya - bilandi
putha - gadi (ho gadi)bilinnda, bilindu angaya, putha
duwa - gadi (ho gadi)bilinndi, bilindu angi, duwa
sahodaraya - ekange gandiya, ekange angaya
sahodariya - ekange angi
ayiya - ekange gandiya, ayiya
akka - ekange gandi, akka
malli - ekange gandiya, malli
nangi - ekange gandi, nangi
mama - loku appa, mama
nandamma - nanda
bappa - hin thaththa, hin appa
punchi amma - balamma, punchi amma
loku amma - loku amma
kudamma - hinamma
aatha - ilayath hidulu gawa, muththa, aatha
aachchi - ilayath hidulu gawi, aachchi, aaththa
wiwidha janaya hadunwana pada
rajathuma - theri bakura
bisawa - theri bakuru palla
dewiya - bakura
yakshaya - munusa
palakaya - ilayath theri gawa
niladariya - theri kaddiya
pawidda - nawatha, gawa
wedaduru - muluhun angaya
marakkalaya - hurubuwa
aachariya - dulumuwa
waduwa - wadukaththiya
rajakaya - pothiya, thokka
berawaya - nallaya
wahumpura aththa - galmiri thokka
thotiya - diya pita kukula
sannaliya - geththam katuwa (katuwa - indikatuwa)
hora - paththiliya, pathiligawa
sathun hadunwana nam
atha - palanuwa
athinna - palanuwaden
balla - bussa
balla - bussi
balala - buhakka, buhakawanna
haraka - luddi
eladena - luddi
wassa - luhu bilanda
mi haraka - luhutu ludda, panguru ludda
kulu mi haraka - raluwe ludda
agwaya - theru ludda
welambaa - theri ludda
wandura - bulawa
nariya - pangurulla, bussa
kotiya - raluwa, raluwe bussa
walasa - muruthi wiganangaya (mas budinna)
muwa, gona - raluwe ludda
gam uura - hapa muruthaya, gal muruthaya
wal uura - raluwe gal muruthaya
kukula - pathiliya
kikili - pathili keka
kurulla - pathiliya, (kurulu kudwa - pathilinge dumana)
thalagoya - bimpalla
kimbaula - nilatu theripaya
ibba - pelawa
kiri ibba - hidulu pelawa
sarpaya - ilaya
huna - agarubuluwa
maluwa - nilathuwa
ukuna - kerandiye pathiliya
balu makka - hapa angaya
makuluwa/manduruwa - hapayo, hapango
kalamadiriya - dulumu ange
bijuwata - lawange
sirure kotas hagawana pada
sirura - angaya
hisa - kerandiya
nalala, muhuna - kerandiya
rata yedu layisthu ayithamaya
hisake - kaluwali
kana - irawuwa, dangulu ange (bihira - irawu hapaya)
asa - lawate, lambaate
kandulu - lawate nilatu
dath - galle boralu (muwehi gal)
muwa, kata - galla
nasaya - nilatu ange, irawuwa
diwa - gal gawuna, gale gewanna
nikata - alle angaya
ruwula - galle kaluwali
kela - galle lathu (enam, muwehi leya = bulath kela)
mas - muruthayan, muruthun, ange muruthayan
le - lathu
papuwa - pekiniththa
hadawatha - pekiriththa, pikiriththa
bada - pekiriththa, pikiriththa
sama - pitawanna, muruthu gawilla
atha - dangul, wame
dakunu atha - dakune wame
wam atha - wame wame
piyawuru - hidulla
kakula - dangula
pathula - binthalawwa, dangula
dahadiya - nilatu
shaka warga ha eewaye kotas
gasa - uhalla
pathraya, kolaya - rabotha
aththa - mathilla, uhalle mathilla
mala - uhulil ange
gediya - lawunu
gase mula - binthalawwe mathilla
pol - matubu lawunu, matulawunu
pol gasa - matubu lawunu uhalla
puwak - pongalan
bulath - thabala (sans, thambula)
goyam - athu
bath - mihiti
wi - athu madu, athu mada
sahal - madu, mada
piduru - pangaran
kurahan - hin kewuna
dodam - ambaaralu
kos - wetti angawal, muruthayan lawunu
miris - galla dawun
kesel - pabbarukan, pathbarukan
dumkola - dumrabotha, dulumora
gruhashritha de, aharapana saha andum palandum
gama - raluwe dumana
nagaraya - theri dumana
gepala - dumana
sira geya - hapa dumana
dora - digguwa, dumana mathilla
wahalaya - wahalla, pala
anda - lawata ange mathilla
pudura - pitawanna
dawa - mathili
kalaya, haliya - wame
wathura kalaya - nalatu wame
bath haliya - migiti wame
koppaya - nilatu migana wame, nilatu migana ange
pingana - migiti migana wame
pihiya - naduwa
porowa - mathili lukkana naduwa, mathili hapa karana naduwa
bothale - athu, ange
pettiya - bilindu ange
mol gasa saha wangediya - lukkana angawal
kambaaya - gawilla (gawa sampatin ambaaragath de)
kaduwa - theri naduwa
eethalaya - pattikama, paththikawa
thuwakkuwa - paththikawa, galu karana mathilla
gindara - dulumu
wathura - nilatu
lipa - dulumu ange
dara - hapa mathili
kiri - hidulu
thel/githel - matubu
wendaru - lududange matubu
kawum - gal miri
pisu aahara - muruthayan, murthin
harak mas - luddu murthin
lunu - hurumbau
parisaraya ashritha de
polowa - binthalawwa
dewlowa - bingiri(bimgiri) uhalla
hiru - ilayaththeri ange
wisheshana pada
rathu - lathu
suda - hidalu
kaluwara - kaluwali
honda, maha, diga, lassana - theri
naraka, kuda, podi, awalassana - hapa
loha warga, awiaayudha, wiwidha mewalam aadiya hadunwana nam
ran ha ridi - theri dulumu
ran ha ridi kasi - theri galawu, theri angawal
thambaa - hapa dulumbau
thambaa kasi - hapa galatu
thuwakkuwa - paththikawa, galu karana mathilla (handa nagana danda)
wedi beheth - muluhun
gon karaththaya - luddanwa bandana gahana ange, (luddu - karaththe)
wiyagaha - luddan de-girawa
bolliya - bombuliya
nangula - luddan hapa karana ange
kewita - luddan lukkana ange
oruwa - nilituwe yapena ange
kriya pada
yanawa - thawinnenawa
enawa - thawinnenawa
palayan, waren - thawinniyan
aragena yanawa - yappagena thawinnenawa
nida gannawa - lawata theri wenawa
hondata ninda ganin! - lawata theri weyan!
dakinawa, balanawa - pekanawa
pennawanawa - pekawanawa
ahanawa - igillanawa
simbainawa - hachi karanawa
marenawa - likkenawa
maruna - likkuna
maranawa - lukkanawa
maruwa - likkuwa
walalanawa - thawanawa
gi kiyanawa - kallathi igillanawa
natanawa - kutatu karanawa
sina wenawa - galu panawa
duwanawa - hi saren thawinnenawa (hi saren - hiye wegayen)
ikiman karapan - hi saren thawinniyan
katha karanawa - galu karanawa
kagasanawa - irachcha lukkanawa
ahanawa - igillanawa
kiyawanawa - akuru kiyanawa
therum gannawa - theri wenawa
kapanawa - naduwen lukkanawa
iranawa - hapa karanawa
allanawa - dagulu gahanawa
pisinawa - thawath karanawa
mila di gannawa - galatuwalata yappanawa
kiri dowanawa - hidulu hapa karanawa
dora arinawa - digguwa hapa karanawa
dora wahanawa - digguwa theri karanawa
gini niwanawa - dulumu hapa karanawa
wahinawa - nilatu theri karanawa
widuli kota gorawanawa - pathithikawa theri wenawa
andum palandum
mul kalina chayarupa adhyayanaya di peniyanne boho rodi kanthawan udukaya nirwasthrawa siti bawa ki. ee chayarupayan athara nirwasthra rupa da daknata atha .ralf piris ge sinhala samaja sanwidhanaya kruthiya thula da dakwenne rodinata udukaya wasena lesa adimata ha igatien pahalata wasthra adima thahanam wi thibu bawayi eya sthri purusha deparshawayatama podu wiya kese wethath 18 wana siyawasayen pasu kristhiyani mishanaringe madihath wimen rodi kanthawanta ha wenath kulahina kanthawanta pawathi udukaya wasenase wasthra adime thahanwi wanshawathunge dadi wirodhaya mada iwath kirima sidu kalaha em di raghawan penwa denne me magin adhirajayawadin meya shishta samajayata huru kirimak lesa dakwu bawayi wiktoriyanu sadawaraya hadunwa dimath samaga adum bhawithaye pahadili wenasak athiwiya.
prakata manawa widyagnyayeku wu em.di raghawan mahatha wisin paryeshanathmaka granthayak lesa eli dakwu rodi jana puranaya pilibada rachitha kruthiye di 19 wana siyawasa dakwawu hina kulika sthrinta udukaya wasa wasthra adime thahanama pilibada yatharthaya manawin prakashawai.ohu thama kruthiye kawaraya sarasa aththe udukaya nagna rodi sthrin ge ruwa athulath sithuwamakini.robat noks ha ralf piris wani kathuwarunge kula hedaya ha adum pilibada prakashada raghawanda thama manawa widyathmaka paryeshana asurin sanatha karayi.thawada 19 wana siyawasaye di lankawata pamini wideshikayan wisin labagath rodi sthringe chayarupa adhyanaye di owun udukaya naggawa sitibawata sadhaka labe.
pinthura galariya
19 wana siyawasaye di wideshikayan wisin labagath rodi sathringe chayarupa kihipayak pahatha dakwe.
mewath balanna
kinnara
kulaya
sinhala janaya
mulashra
mulashraya: as. aar. diyonis , rawin kaldera saha di. dabliw. senadhira (kalpana masika sangarawa 1989 okthobar )
Leach E.R (1961)Pul-eliya a village in ceylon UK Cambrige University Press
aariyapala ama di(1962) madhyakalina lanka samajaya kolambaa rajya bhasha departhumenthuwa
noks robat (1997) eda heladiwa (anuwadaka dewit karunarathna) kolambaa am di gunasena saha samagama
piris ralf (1964) sinhala samaja sanwidhanaya maharagama saman prakashakayo
silwa em yu da (1998) shri lankawe kula wadawasam kramaya kadawatha abhaya mudrana shilpiyo
raghawan am di (2008) rathnawalliyage daruwo(anuwadaka chandra shri ranasinha)wisidunu prakashakayo
bahira sabandum
http://www.divaina.com/2013/11/27/badada04.html
http://thunpathrataa.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html
http://amilasirhistory.blogspot.com/2012/05/blog-post_1383.html
http://www.lankalibrary.com/cul/rodi.htm
http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2013/05/a-rodiya-girl-ceylon-sri-lanka.html
shri lankawe jana samajaya
manawa widyawa |
ahikuntaka | bhawitha karanu labana bhashawa ha gathi pawathum aashritha wa penenne owuhu wideshika sambhawayakin pawatha ennan bawa ya. owunge bhashawa thelingu, sindi
sthira niwasa sada ganimak nomathi heyin owuhu thana thana yanno wu ha. ahikuntakahu thawakalika lesa atawaganna wu athupala aashritha wa jiwath wemin da, athabala sasthara kima, wadururagum ho nayinatawima wani manushyayan pinawime karmanthayanhi yedi swakiya jiwikawa sarikara gath ha. ahi yannehi theruma nagaya yannayi kuntika yanu natawanna yana therumayi ahikuntika yanu nayi natawanna yana therumayi ee anuwa motun nayi natawima jiwikawa karagath pieිsak bawa pahadiliya mowun sancharaka jiwithayak gathala jana kotasaki lankawe pamanak nowa wenath ratawala pawa me aakarayen sancharaka jiwithayak gathakarana jana kotas atha manawa widyagnyayan ha samaja widyagnyayange adahasa mowun ekama mulayakin pawatha ena jana kotasak bawayi.
ahikuntika janayage aarambhaya
manawa widyagnyayanta anuwa ahikuntikayan sambhawaya siduwi aththe dakunu indiyawa thulayi madura ha pandya pradeshawala jiwathwana korawar nam gothrikayanta mowun nakam kiyana bawayi manawa wanshawa widyathmaka daththa ha manawa rupakruthi widyathmaka daththa anuwa mowun ge dakunu indiyanu sambhawaya pahadiliya thawaduratath mowunge basa dakunu indiya dawida pawulata ayath bhashawak bawa wag widyagnyayan pahadili karayi mowunge basa dakunu indiya theligu basata wadath samipa lakshana darayi.
ahikuntika janayage samaja sanwidhanaya
ahikuntika pawul kramaya nyashtika pawul kramayakwiya owun pawul kihipayakin sadunu kandayamak washayen wasaya karayi me sama kandayakama nayakayeku bagin siti kandayamata nayakathwaya sapayima adhikarana thirakaya lesa katayuthu kirima aadiya ohuta pawari atha mema nayakayata mowun aarachchi namin hadunwayi mema nama sinhala basen bidi aa wachanayaki mohuwa periya manushyam yanuwenda hadunwayi kandayam kihipayaka pradhaniya koralamawa namin hadunwayi sancharaka diwiyak gathakarana mowun ek sthanayaka dina 07 kata wada wasaya nokarayi mowun bohowita dipawali dina rathriye koralamawage pradhanathwayen rasweyi me sadaha siyalu kandayam pamine pamina idiri kalaye sancharaya karana pudesha kathikakaragani ek pedesakata ek kandayamak pamanak yamata wagabalagani.
athithaye sita owun mahasamajaya samaga sahayogayen kriya kalaha owunage nawathan thawakalika kudaramwiya eewa wadi namin hadunwayi owuneg wadi thanaganima aadi katayuthu sadaha mahasamajayen wirodhayak nowiya eyata hethuwa mbaawun ge nawathan thawakalika wimaya wadi sadaganimata thalkola bata li we wal pol athu aadiya bhawithayata gathha.
mowunge waidya kramaya sinhala ayurweda waidya kramayen labagaththaki wedakama dath kandayame wederale kenaku gen owun prathikara laba gani wiwidha shanthi karma bahula washayen yodagani thel mathirima nul badima aadiya pramukhaya suwayi thailaya namin prakata ayuriweda aushadhayak owun athara prachalithaya sathun sadaha puthukam nam aushadhayak da bhawitha karayi mita amatharawa mowun nirantharayane nagayin ha samipawa katayuthu karana bawin nayigala namin hadunwana naga wisha addawana aushadiya galakata samana mrushadha pewu pashana kaballak wani yamak wiya naga dashtanayakadi eya mahopakari wanabawa dakwe mita amatharawa naga wishata aushadha lesa ganna wiwadha da owun athara wiya.
mowunge aagama bauddha aagamawiya eheth owun bauddhawath piliweth anugamanaya karanu daknata labenne kalathurakini mowun pansal palli kowil aadi hamuwana oonama siddhasthanayakata yama sirithaya kese wethath mowun muslim palliwalata noyayi eeta hethuwa muslim jathikayan gawaghathanaya kirima ha gawamas anubhawa kirimayi ahikuntika janaya gawa ghruthanaya ha gawamas dadilesa pilikul karayi ahikuntika warshika ekathuwe di owun sikurada wishnu dewiyantath senasurada katharagama dewiyantath irida paththini dewiyatath wandana karathi killa pilibada wishwasa karana mowun kudaramak idikala wigasa mathiru gal athirima bageta pilissu redi ellima aadiya karathi.
owunage sammatha aarthika katayuththa nayinatawimayi mita amatharawa rilawun natawima sasthrakima yanthra manthra gurukam karadima sulu washayen karana dadayam da me atharawiya atham awasthawala nagayin allima naga wishata prathikara kirima naga wishata ganna beheth wikinimada karaki.
ahikuntikayan aahara lesa sinhala samajaye sammatha aahara menma owunta aawenika aaharada gani mewa mahasamajaye pilikulata bhajanaya wana awastha atha udaharana lesa batu miyan garadiyan aadi sathunda mowunage aahara weyi aahara ganimata pera mathpan panayada mowunage sirithaki sthri purusha deparshawayama mathpan panaya karayi eheth awiwahaka kanthawan ha gabini mawuwarun mathpan nogani edineda harahamba karagathde anagathaya wenuwen ithuru nokara edinedama wiyadam kirima mowunge sirithayi owunta anagathaya gana sihina natha warthamanaye pamanak jiwath weyi.
ahikuntika dwara karma
dwara karma hewath upatha wadiwiya paminima wiwahaya maranaya yana awastha waladi ahikuntika janaya sidukarana charithra warithra pilibada milagata soyabalamu mowun killa nam sankalpaya wishwasa karana jana kosak wu athara wadum killa me atharin wadath balawath bawa mowun wishwasa karathi daru prasuthiyak athiwuwita ayata mathpan panaya thahanchiya prasuthiyata aasanna kalaye mawa wenama kudaramaka radawayi ayage sahayata winmbaanambau mathawak ha gnyathi kanthawakda yodawanu labayi.
ahikuntika wadiwiya paminime charithra bohowita mahasamajaye sammatha warithrawalata anuwama siduwiya eheth hene mama ge ha redi nandage sewaya owunata nolubuni ee owun mahasamajayen wenwa wenama kandayamak lesa siti nisa wiya haka.
ahikuntika wiwaha boho durata nana massina wiwahayanya mita amatharawa demala samajaye daknata labena mama leli wiwaha kramayada pawathuni enam thama wadimal sehadariyage diyaniya aawaha karaganima siduwiya mema wiwaha kramaya magin owunage dakunu indiya drawida sambhawaya pahadili weyi ahikuntika wiwaha ussawashriyen pawathwanu labayi wiwahayata pera manalaya ha manaliya wenama palpath dekaka wasaya karayi wiwaha dina owun kadawa dedenagema siruruwala kaha aalepa kara kirikala dekakin nahawanu labayi poruwa dhanya walin athurayi karambaa dan ha palu athuwalin poruwa sarasayi mema charithra bohowita dakunu indiya duwida hindu mangala charithra walata samana lakshana darayi wiwahayen pasu manaliyage parshawayen yuwathipathi dedena wetha dawadda lesa pelawaka bahalana lada nagayeku rilaweku ballaku buruwaku ha adumu paladum laba deyi me sadaha manala parshawayada dayakathwaya darayi.
ahikuntika awamangala ussawashriyak nogani maranayak wuwita kisiwaku hada nowate wahama miyagiya pudugalaya siti kudarame silindarakara walak kapa mala sirura reddakin otha oluwa yatata sitiwa se walata bassawa pasdama hodn thadakara wasathi pasuwa ethana thana pidali athura miyagiya pudgalaya bhawithakala siyalla ethana dama gini thabayi inpasu wahama wadi hakulagena ikmanin ethanin iwathweyi...
ahikuntika samaja wenas wima
janagahanaya wadiwima nawikaranaya nagarikaranaya idam kabaliwima aadiya nisa owunata sampradhayaka hasirim paddhathiya aaraksha kirimata badhaka godanagini athithaye patanma ahikuntika janaya sankramana jiwithayen mudawa sthira niwasa wala radawimata athithaye patan chichidha rajawarun gath ussasahayan gana ithihasaye dakwe kese wethath warthamanaye athiwi thibena thathwayan yatathe owun wegayen mahasamajaya ha anugatha wemin pawathirajaya wisinda mowun mahasamajayata anugatha kirimata noyek ussaha dara atha 1980 n pasu ahikuntika prajawata mahawali wyaparaya yatathe sthira idam labadi gowithanata hurukirimata katayuthu kalaha apanayana sakasum kalapa idiwimath samaga ahikuntika kanthawanta rakiya labima athamun widesha sewayata yomuwima ha ahikuntika tharunayin yudhahamuda sewayata badima siduwiya mowun thawaduratath thama sampradhayikathwayen midi mahasamajayata anugathawima wegayen siduwemin pawathi.
ahikuntaka bhashawe wachana
sathiye dina
irida aayitharam , sa`duda sowaram , angaharuwada mahalaram , badada budaram , braspathinda brahastharam , sikurada sukaram , senasurada senaram
edineda karana dewal
kanawa thitar , bonawa nagthar , a`danawa erasthara , nanawa nil leski
sankhya
eka ugatu , deka rondu , thuna mudu , hathara nalg , paha ayiyid , haya aar , hatha yodi , ata enimidi , nawaya thommidi , dahaya padi
upakarana
maskan pihiya , rolu wangediya , pasrayi abarumgala , thael besama , iramin hiramanaya , sak kulla , kadawa kalaya , pi pettiya nayi pettiya
gnyathin
abbada=..................... , mama = mama , attamma= ........................ , pedamma= .................... , anna= ayiya , thatha= ................. , mullamma=.......................
bahira sabadi
http://www.divaina.com/2011/02/13/feature01.html
http://www.divaina.com/2016/03/30/badada02.html
http://www.silumina.lk/2014/05/04/_art.asp?fn=as1405041&p=1
manawa widyawa |
balangoda manawaya | balangoda manawaya yanu palamuwenma wape 34,000 kalayehidi shri lankawehi widyamanawu wyuha widyathmaka washayen nuthana manushya wargayaki.
handinwima
theth kalapaya thula awurudu hathalis dahase sita jiwath wu balangoda manawayage thorathuru labena gal len rashiyak we. pahiyan lene mita awurudu hathalis ata dahasakata pera sita prag aithihasika manawayo jiwath wuha. kuruwita batadombaa lenen hamuwana paranima manawayage wayasa awurudu wisi ata dahasaki. kithulgala beli lene manawayage ithihasayada etharamma paraniya. bellanbandipalassa elimahan bhumiyen hamuwana minissu ethana jiwathwima patan aran thibune mita awurudu dolosdahas hathsiyayakata epitadiya.
aththanagalla alawala guhawe purana manawaya ethana jiwathwa sitiye mita awurudu dahathara dahasakata epitini. me minisun mema len wala jiwath wuye awurudde ek kalayak pamani. warsha kalayedi adahalena dharanipatha warshawa nisa sapekshawa sathwa ghanathwaya adu theth kalapika wananthara thula dadayakkara athitha minisata jiwathwiya haki awasthawan awama wi thibuneya. ee kalawaladi he theth kalapayen pitawuyeya. dadabim soya giyeya. bahulawa dadayam hamuwana pradeshayanhi wadi kalayak gatha kaleya.
mese pitawa wiyali kalapayata piwisiye yayi sithiya haki man peth kipayak we. warshawa paminimath samaga batadombaalena, kithulgala, aththanagalla wani theth kalapika pradeshawala jiwathwu athitha manawaya balangoda kuragala haraha udawalawa nimnaya osse wiyali kalapayata piwisunaha. bellanbandipalassa me gamanmage hamuwana ek elimahan bhumiyaki. dakunu diga beliaththa pallemalala wani pradeshawalin thawamath athitha manawa hasirim gana kiyawena gal aayudha gana thorathuru labenneya. hortan thanna aashrithawa jiwathwu minissu nakals haraha wasgamuwa wanantharayatath ethanin mimure osse sigiriyatath ethanin uthuru pradeshayatath sankramanaya wuha.
ee anuwa aadikalpika manawayan wiyali kalapayen theth kalapayatath, theth kalapayen wiyali kalapayatath piwisi pradhana prawesha deka atharin uthuru praweshaya gana thorathuru sigiriya pothana guhawen labenneya. dakunu praweshaya danatath kanim karagena yana kuragalin mathuwanneya.
sambhawaya
wape 300,000 kalayehidi ha samaharawita wape 500,000 tharam aatha athithayehidi shri lankawehi parani shila (homo erektas) janaya diwi gewu bawata sadhaka sapaya gena atha. wape 125,000 pamana wana wita shri lankawa thula prag aithihasika janawasa pawathi bawata balawath sakshi pawathiyi.
kriyupe 1000 pamana kalayehidi yakada karmantha wethata sankramanaya wima dakwa shri lankawa thula awichchinnawa pawathuna bawata pennum karana dewana shila yugaya kala simawehi thadanthara sanskruthiya ta ayath lesin kala nirnaya keri athi manawa widyathmaka lesin wadath nuthana manushya nashtawashesha soya gena atha. mema madhya shila sanskruthiya handinwenne balangoda sanskruthiya lesini.
owunge asthin hadidadi wu athara, ganakamathi hiskabala-asthinda, unnatha bama-gatida, pahathata ebunu nasayanda, dadi hanuda saha keti gelada sahitha wuha. aacharya siran daraniyagala 1992di balangoda manawayage asthi sambandhawa sidukala gananaya kirim waladi purusha balangoda manawayekuge samanya usa sentimitar 174k bawath sthriyakage usa sentimitar 166k bawath penigos thibenawa. me anuwa balangoda manawayin ada lankikayeku ha sasandana wita usin wadi shakthimath minisun pirisak wu bawa pahadiliyi.
ghana ahibama, pulul nasaya, wishala dath ha shakthimath hakupada yana lakshanawalin yuthuwunu balangoda muththage parapure asthida barin wadi, itha shakthimath eewa bawa paryeshana pathrikawe sandahan wanawa. owun jiwathwu parisaraya (biotic environment) poshyadayi aahara sulabhawu, unusumen adu, suwadayi parisarayak wima meyata ek hethuwak wiya hakiyi. shakthimath sirurak awasiwu ralu dadayakkara diwipewetha thawath hethuwak wannata puluwan.
kohoma wunath api mathaka thiyaganna oona balangoda manawaya kiyanne wanarayata wada samanawunu, parinamaya nowu, wandurupenumak athi miniseku nowa, nuthana, buddhimath homo sapiyan manawayeku bawayi. balangoda manawaya pilimbaimbau kerena rupasatahan bohomayaka ohuwa niyandarthal ganaye manawayeku lesa ho eetath parani ardha manawayeku lesa pennawanawa. meya ithamath waradi dakmak.
balangoda manawayage mewalam kattalayehi wishishtathwaya wuye, kuda (semi 4 ta wada diga adu) thiruwana pathuru saha (dulaba lesin) ardha chandrakara, thrikonakara saha thrapisiyamakara hada thala ganwunu kahandu yana deyin samanwithawu jyamithika kshudra shilawan ehi pawathimayi. shri lankawe, hitapu pura widya adhyaksha janaral es. yu. daraniyagala pawasana paridi, mewan jyamithika kshudra shilawan yuropayehidi palamuwen nishchitha kerunu madhya shila yugayehi pramudrawak lesin sampradayikawa salakanu labeyi. yuropayehi jyamithika kshudra shilathmaka sampradaya sandaha aadithama dinayan lesa salakenne wape 12,000 pamana kalayayi. ema nisa mewani mewalam, wape 31,000 tharam aatha athithayehidi batadombaalena hidi da, wape 28,000 di bundala hi weralashritha adawi dekakahidi da, saha wape 30,000 ta peradi belilena hidi da hamu wima puduma danawana sulu wiya.
dadayam jiwikawa
kripuyu 4500 ta pamana madhya shila yugayata kala nirnaya wana sunakha atasakili sheshayan nilgala lenen ha bellanbandi palassa wethin hamuwimen gamya wanne dadayam luhu banda yama sandaha balangoda manawayan gruhastha sunakhayan thaba gena athi bawakya. sinhala dada balla saha kadar balla wani shri lankika sunakhayan hata podu prag-aithihasika purwajayeku sitinnata athayi adahas idiripathwa atha. wali kukula, uura, mi haraka saha kisiyam go (1940 ganan waladi nashta wa giya shri lankika ela gawaya ge purwajayan wannata atha) wargayak balangoda manawaya wisin hila karagannata atha.
thorathuru labenne prag aithihasika len kanim walin mathuwa ena saththwa awashesha walini. balangoda minisage uthuru praweshaya lesa penena sigiriye pothana guhawe kala kanim walin wadagath thorathuru hamuwuneya. me kanimedi kilo dahakata wada wishala asthamethu kalahaki morekuge dathak labini. muhudu girawa lesa handunwana galmaluwage awashesha labini. epamanak nowa danata wandawi giya hipapotemas sathekuge dathak labini. sigiriya aththe muhudata boho aathini. eheth sigiriyen muhudu jiwinge awashesha labenneya. hipapotemas sathunge posila labenne rathnapuraye manik pathal walini. eheth theth kalapika wananthara wasi hipapotemas ge dath da sigiriyen labenneya.
muhude jiwathwana morungeth maduwangeth muhudu girawu athulu mathsyayangeth, muhudu kakuluwange ha bellangeth awashesha rata abhyantharaye athi balangoda manawayage janawasa walin poduwe hamuwuneya. thith muwa wiyali kalapayata aawenika satheki. thith muwage atakatu theth kalapaye manawa janawasa walin labuneya. hungama muththa lesa handinwu awurudu hayadahas pansiyayaka pamana kalanirnaya kala hambanthota pradeshaye hungama miniathiliye thibu aadi minisage janawasayen theth kalapayata pamanak aawenika puwakbellan hamuwuyeya. ema bellanma godawaya prag aithihasika janawasayenda hamuwuyeya. emenma theth kalapika wanantharawala athi kakuna ata da me janawasawalin labini. prag aithihasika manawaya mema kakuna ata bhawitha kara thibune aaharayakatath wada indhanayak lesini. me purana janawasa walin hamuwana alu thattu athara siyayata haththapahakma aththe kakuna atawala anguruya.
prag aithihasika manawa janawasa walin hamuwana me saththwa awasheshawala sankirna wiwidhathwaya pilibandawa samahara widwaththu wiwidha matha pala karathi. samaharu ee wakawanuwe pawathi huwamaru kramayak gana katha karathi. eheth therumgatha yuththe me sankirna saththwa awashesha walin kiyawenne balangoda muththage sancharaka jiwithaya bawaya. muhudubada pradesha wala sancharayedi muhudu bellan, koral ha malu awasheshawalin prayojanayata gathahaki de owuhu ragena aaha. malu katu bohowita bhawitha kara thibune kuda aayudha lesaya. mora dath, samahara bellan owun wisin palandana lesa bhawitha kara thibini.
krushikarmaya
sathun dadayama sandaha gas pulussa damu balangoda manawaya wetha madhya kandukarayehi hotan thanna nimawime wagakima pawareyi. kesewethath, wape 15,000 pamana kala nirnaya kerunu oot saha barli sanuwa mathadi soya ganima nisa eeththu yanne owun krushikarmayehi da niyali siti bawayi.
kalaniya wishwawidyalaye purawidya paschath upadhi aayathanaye widyagnyayeku wana aacharya rathnasiri premathilaka mahatha 2006 wasaredi indiyawe laknaw nuwara pawathwunu iparani krushikarmanthaya pilibandawa jathyanthara sammanthranayak wu "First Farmers in Global Perspective" sammanthranayata idiripath kala "The emergence of early agriculture in the Horton Plains, central Sri Lanka" lesa namkota thibu paryeshana nibandhanayakata anuwa hortan thanne dadayam karamin siti balangoda manawaya dadayamata amatharawa gowithan kirimada arambaamin diwayine palamu gowin bawata pariwarthanaya wemin siti bawa widyathmaka sakshi idiripath karayi. paryeshana nibandhanaye aramuna pahadili kirima sandaha aacharya premathilaka melesa pawasayi "mema lipiye uthsahaya wanne madhyama shri lankawe hortan thanithalawe paliyo-parisarika soyaganim swarupayen krushikarmanthaye mul sakshi saha deshagunika wiparyasa ha purawidyawa samanga ehi athi sambandhatha pilibanda wistharayak sapayimayi ..."
hortan thanne pas sampala walin labunu pashanibhutha paraga (mal renu ) rediyo-kaban kramayata kalanirnaya kirimen ema paraga kri.pu 5000 (mita wasara 7000kata pera) kalayata ayath bawa sanathawi athi athara ee anuwa hortan thanne balangoda manawaya ginithaba pasa sakaskota sidukarana hen gowithan kramayata (slash & burn cultivation) boga wagakota athi bawath mema bogawala paraga athara parani kala sahalwalata (wild rice) ayath paragada wishala lesa hamuwu bawin balangoda manawaya mita wasara 7000kata pera hortan thanne hen gowithan kramayata wiwagawe yedennatada athayi anumana kalahaki bawa yojana karayi. mita pera wi wagawa, yakada nishpadanaya ha ashwayin ha wenath gruhashritha sathun athikirima pilibandawa sakshi hamuwi aththe kri.pu 900 nam mita wasara 2900kata pamana pera anuradhapurayeni.
kala nirmana
balangoda manawa janawasawalin rathu nathnam kaha hiriyal urachchi karala gawa minis atakatu hamuwi thibenawa. batadombaalena awurudu 31,000k parana pas thattuwen kahapata gurugal aalepa kala minis kodu atayak ha awurudu 7,700 pamana parani pas thattuwen gurugal pata gawa minis dath hamuwi thibenawa. fa-hiyan lene awurudu 5,400k parana pas thattuwen rathu gurugal gawa ata kalith purawidyagnyayinta hamuwela. rawana alla guhawen his muduna hil karala paththakin siyum sidurakuth widala gurugal gawa his kabala suwisheshayi. me gana purawidyagnyayo wiwidha matha pala karanawa. aththanagalla pothgul lene ihala mattame awul pasthattuwakin hamuwunu gurugal pata gawa olukatu kallath me godata ekathuwenawa. thoragath asthiwala warna aaleopaya aadi-wasi waddan ho parani sinhalayan athara thibunu bawata sadaka na. me balangoda manawayata simawunu puruddak bawayi penne. habayi balangoda minisa mona adahasakin me de kalada yanna gana nishchitha mathawadayak bihiwela na.
balangoda minisa thamange gnyathinge siruru bhumidana karana wita bohowita hisa yomukarala thiyenne batahira disawata. adath api ee widihatama karanawa. siruru wakutu aakarayata thabala bhumadanaya karala thiyenawa.
batadombaalena dala washayen awurudu 28,500k withara parana pas thattuwen hamuwunu belikatu pabaluwa lankawe prag aithihasika yugayen hamuwana paranima palandanawa widihata salakenawa. thani kattak thiyena muhudu bellekuge ihala kelawara kotasakin kramawathwa iwath kala watakuru katu kallakin me pabaluwa hadala thiyenne. milimitar 13.7×15.3×1.5 pramanaye me pabaluwa dumbauru rathuwan patayi. depasinma siyumwa widalayi mada sidura hadala thiyenne. mewa indiyawa wagema wenath ratawalin labena madhyashila pabaluwalata wada paranayi. me pabaluwa balangoda manawayage nirmanayak widhiyata salakanawa.
batadombaalena wasara 16,000-14,300 kaleta ayithi pas thattuwen labunu depiyan muhudu bellekuge katu kallakin hadapu milimitar 8.2×6.3×0.6 pramanaye oowalakara pabaluwath kalathmaka nirmanayak. meya la rosa mishra ridiwan alu pahathiyi. ee palandanawe ek paththaka daraye siyum dathi aakara ratawak kapala thibenawa. mehi madath siyum sidurak sakasala thiyenawa. ee pas thattuwenma labunu anek paladanawa thani katuwe muhudu bellekuge ihala kotasin hadala thiyenawa.
hadayen oowalakara la kaha pata meke pramanaya milimitar 8.7×7.7×1.5k. pita daraya siyum widihata hadala mada siyum sidurak widala thiyenawa. batadombaalenema dala washayen awurudu 13,500 kale pas thattuwen labunu depiyan bellekuge katu kallakin hadapu pabaluwa tharamak durata thrikona hadaya ena widihata athulla niwa thibenawa. kelawaraka siyum sidurak wida thibenawa. uparima usa milimitar 16.9k ha palala ha ghanakama milimitar 10.0×0.6k wana meya alu pahathiyi.
fa-hiyan lene mishra pas thattuwakin labila thiyena muhude inna koti mora dathakin hadapu gela palandanawa balangoda minisage thawath wadagath nimawumak. dathe pahala depasinma widala paladanawak widihata hadala. aththanagalla pothgullena kanimedith me wage nirmana kipayakma labila thiyenawa. methanath koti mora dathakin hadapu gela paladanawak wagema muhudu belikattakin hadapu kotu hadaye paladanawakuth labuna.
mahacharya raj somadewa mathithuma kala alugalge kanimenuth mora dath palandanawak labila thiyenawa. sathwa widyagnyayo kiyana widihata me koti morage dath hoyaganna eka lehesipahasu naha. gambauru muhude inna me maluwa miyagiyahama muhude gilenawa misak godabimata gasagena paminima wiralayi.
prag aithihasika len ha adawi namawaliya
belilena – kithulgala
wawulpane – rathnapura
batadombaalena – kuruwita
pahiyan lena – kaluthara
bellanbandi palassa – Pansadara Chena, Balangoda
hotan thanna
dorawaka lena – kagalla
aashritha
mulashra
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, "Fa Hien Cave", in Encyclopedia of Anthropology ed. H. James Birx (2006, SAGE Publications; ISBN 0-7619-3029-9)
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy and Siran U. Deraniyagala, Fossil remains of 28,000-year old hominids from Sri Lanka, Current Anthropology, Vol. 30, No. 3. (Jun., 1989), pp. 394-399.
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, T. Disotell, W. J. Roertgen, J. Chiment and J. Sherry, Biological anthropology of upper Pleistocene hominids from Sri Lanka: Batadomba Lena and Beli Lena caves, Ancient Ceylon 6: 165-265.
Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, Siran U. Deraniyagala, W. J. Roertgen, J. Chiment and T. Disotell, Upper Pleistocene fossil hominids from Sri Lanka, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 72: 441-461, 1987.
Annual Review of Anthropology: 1980 By Siege, Bernard J. Siegel - Page 403 & 416
[1] Propaedia: outline of knowledge and guide to the Britannica.--[2]-[11] Micropaedia: ready reference and index.--[12]-[30] Macropaedia: knowledge in depth.
bahira sabandi
Archaeology
kew eksplareshan tuwars in shri lanka
pri- and protohistarik setlmant in shri lanka
hiya de liwd and dayid
pri- and protohistarik setlmant in shri lanka
pashaniya dhathu widyathmaka adawi
madhya shila
prag aithihasika yugaya - shri lankawa |
kristhiyani aagama | kristhiyani aagama yanu nasarethhi jesusge jiwithaya ha iganwim matha padanam wu aabrahamika, eekadewawadi, aagamaki. kithunuwan lesa handinwena ehi anugamikayin wishwasa karanne jesus kristhun dewiyanwahansege puthraya wana bawaya. minisunge galawumkaruwa (nohoth mesiyas) lesa jesusge paminima pilibandawa bayibalayehi (nawa giwisuma) liya athi bawa owun wishwasa karayi. emenma ohuge paminima pilibanda hibaෲ bayibalayehi (parana giwisumehi) anawaki pawasa athi bawada wishwasa kereyi. eya lowa wishalathama aagama wana athara 2020 wana wita anugamikayan biliyana 2.8 k pamana siti.
kristhiyani dharmaya ehi batahira ha nagenahira shakha athin wiwidha muladharmayanhi sanskruthika washayen wiwidha we. owunge adahili poduwe yesus wahansewa dewiyan wahansege puthraya lesa salakanu labe. enam janathawata sewaya kara, duk winda, kurusiyak matha miya giya namuth manushya wargayage galawima udesa malawungen uththana wiya. yesusge jiwithaya ha iganwim wisthara karana mathew, mak, luk saha yohange samanga shubharanchi hatharaki. eya shubharanchiye gaurawaniya pasubimayi.
kristhiyani dharmaya aarambha wuye 1 wana siyawasedi roma palathe yudaye ya. yesusge prerithayan saha owunge anugamikayan mulin pida kalath arabiya, yuropaya, anatoliyawa, mesapothemiyawa, transkakesiyawa, eejipthuwa saha ithiyopiyawa pura wyaptha wiya. eya itha ikmanin anyajathikayan aakarshanaya kara gath athara eya yudew sirith wirith walin iwathwimata manga padu athara, kri.wa. konstantayin adhirajyaya romanu adhirajyaya thula kristhiyani dharmaya nithigatha kale milan nuwara di (313) wana athara pasuwa nayisiya kawunsilaya (325) kandawa, ehidi mul kristhiyani dharmaya roma adhirajyaye rajya aagama bawata pathkara atha (380). kristhiyaniye wenaskam sambandhayen efisa kawunsilaya (431) saha peradiga oothadokswadaya bedi giya pasu nagenahira palliya bedi giyeya. nagenahira oothadoks palliya saha katholika palliya nagenahira-batahira bhedayen wen wiya. (1054), wisheshayen romaye radaguru thumage adhikaraya matha. prathisanskarana yugaye (16 wana siyawasa) dewadharmiya ha aagamika aarawul sambandhayen reparamadu bhakthikayan (boho durata lathin, nagenahira, katholika palli walin sulutharayak wuwada) bedi giyaha. batahira lokaye diyunuwa sandaha kristhiyani dharmaya pramukha karyabharayak itu kaleya, wisheshayen yuropaye pauranika ha madhyathana yugaye .soyaganime yugayen (15 sita 17 wana siyawasa dakwa) mishanari sewaya thulin kristhiyani dharmaya amarikawa, ooshaniya, upa sahara aprikawa saha sesu lokaya pura wyaptha wiya.
ithihasaya
kristhiyani dharmaya aarambha wuye yudew guruwarayeku ha suwa karanneku wu yesusge dewasewayeni.
yesusge jiwithaya ha maranaya
yesusge upatha pilibanda kathawa bayibalaye aluth giwisume mathew saha lukge liyawiliwala sandahan we. ohuge upatha kithunuwan wisin yudew parana giwisume anawakiwala ituwimak lesa wishwasa karana athara, mesiyas wahanse yudew janathawa wahalbhawayen mudawa ganu athayi kiya sitiyeya.
yesusge dewasewaya
wayasa awurudu 30 di pamana yesus thama dewasewaya aarambha karana thek ohuge upatha pilibanda kathawen pasuwa, ohu gana etharam danumak natha. inpasu ohu prathiharyayan iganwima, suwa kirima saha wada kirima sandaha wasara thunak gatha kaleya. ohu upama walin iganwiya. ohuta golayan dolos denek siti athara, ohu thama pasupasa with ohuge wada katayuthuwaladi ohuta upakara karana lesa illa sitiyeya.
pida saha maranaya
yesus prasiddhiye prakasha kale thama dewige adhikariyen katha kala bawayi. mema prakashaya palasthinaye aagamika baladharin kopayata path kala athara owun wiplawawadiyeku lesa yesuswa roma baladharinta bhara dunneya.mithyadrushtiya wenuwen ohuwa nadu wibhaga kota, kurusapath kirima magin hela dakina ladi
ohuge anugamikayan wishwasa karanne, suwisheshayanta anuwa, ohu dewiyan wahansege puthraya bawath, pawwalata wandiyak lesa miyagiya bawath, malawungen uththana wi dewiyan wahanse wisin usas karanu labu bawath, dewige rajyaya aarambhayedi ikmanin nawatha paminena bawathya. ohuge maranin pasu irida ohuge kantha anugamikayan kihipa denekuge sirura thanpath kara thibu sohona his bawa soya ganna lada bawata wishwasa kere. yesus thama maranayata pera owun dana siti yesus men jiwathun athara owunta darshanaya wiya. dewi yesuswa malawungen uththana kala bawa ohuge anugamikayanta watahuni. shubharanchi warthawalata anuwa, idiri dina kihipaya thula yesuswa ohuge golayan ha anugamikayan bohodeneku wisin dutuweya.
pawul saha mul sabhawa
pawulge mishanari sewaya sandaha nowanne nam, yesus kristhusge sewaya saha ohuge maranaya ha nawatha nangitime balapama lokayata balapamak athi nokaranu athayi yojana wi thibe.
pawul kristhiyani aagamata harima pilibanda warthawa aluth giwisume pothe, aposthuluwarunge kriya wala adangu we.
ohu harawimata pera pawul sawul lesa handunwanu labu athara, yesus iganwu paridi saha ohuge maranayen pasu, ohuge golayan wisin kristhiyani adahillata darunu lesa wiruddha wiya.
thawakalikawa andha wu wita sawul damaskas para pariwarthanaya lesa handinwena natakakara pariwarthanayak athwindiyeya.
ohu shuddhathmayanangen piri athi bawa dutu wahama kithunu shubharanchiya deshana kirimata patan gaththeya.
kristhiyani dharmaya pilibanda pawulge sankalpaya
pawulge iganwima kendragatha wuye ithihasaye kendriya sandhisthanayak lesa yesus kristhus wahansege maranaya ha nawatha nangitima therum ganimayi.
pawul iganwuye aathmayanan thula jiwathwimata dewiyan wahansege balaya minis mansaya thulin kriyathmaka kirimataya.
roma adhirajyaya pura wisiri athi palliwalata ohu liyu samahara lipi aluth giwisume adangu wana athara pawulge dewadharmaya genahara dakwayi.
yudewwan men anyajathinta adahillata prawesha wiya haki bawath wyawasthawen nidahasa sama kenekuma nidahas kala bawath ohu tharaye kiya sitiyeya.
mul palliye diyunuwa ha sarthakathwaya sandaha athyawashya wu mema iganwima nowannata wenath yudew nikayakata wada wadi yamak nowanu atha.
pawul roma adhirajyaya pura yuropaya athulu in obbata aprikawata pawa kithunu palli pihituwa gaththeya.
pida
kese wethath, sama awasthawakadima, palliya kuda wu athara, wisheshayen niro (54-68), domishiyan (81-96) wani kuriru roma adhirajyayan yatathe, kithunuwaku wima nithi wirodhi kriyawak wu athara, owunta darunu daduwam dunneya .
boho kristhiyani adahiliwanthayan owunge adahilla nisa miya giya athara palliye prana parithyagikayin bawata pathwiya .
kristhiyani dharmaya roma adhirajyaye nila aagama bawata pathwiya.
romanu soldaduweku wu konstantayin, romanu adhirajyaya wimata satanedi thama prathiwadiyata erehiwa jayagrahanaya labu wita, ohu thama sarthakathwaya kristhiyani dewiyanta aaropanaya kala athara, wahama ohu kristhiyani aagamata harima prakasha kaleya.
kristhiyani adahilla yanu kumakda yanna hariyatama thahawuru kara ganimata konstantayinta awashya wu athara kri.wa. 325 di nayisiyawe palamu kawunsilaya lesa nam karana ladi.
adahilla sakas kirima
idiri shathawarsha kihipaya thula, adahas sakas kota sakachcha karana lada bawin, adahille niwaradi artha nirupanaya pilibanda wiwada ha mathabheda athi wiya.
451 di pawathwana lada chalsadan kawunsilaya romanu adhirajyaya nowenaswa pawathi awasana sabhawa wiya. dewiyan wahanse, kristhus wahanse saha ohuge sabhawa kerehi owunge wishwasaya thahawuru kirima sandaha kithunuwan adatath pawasana niken adahillata eya hethu wiya.
476 di romaya binda watena wita, eyin adahas kale batahira ha nagenahira kithunuwan thawaduratath ekama deshapalana palanaya yatathe nositina athara owun athara wishwasaye wenaskam athi wu bawayi.
mul madhyakalina yugaye mishanari kriyakarakam kristhiyani dharmaya batahira desata jarmanu janaya athara pathira giyeya. ihala madhyakalina yugayedi, nagenahira ha batahira kristhiyani dharmaya 1054 nagenahira-batahira bhedayata thudu dunneya. romanu katholika palliye wyuhaya saha ehi hasirima pilibanda wadena wiwechana 16 wana siyawase reparamadu wyaparayata ha batahira kristhiyani dharmaye bhedayata hethu wiya. punaruda yugaye sita, palliye aanubhawayen yatath wijithawadayath samanga, kristhiyani dharmaya lowa pura wyaptha wi thibe. ada lowa pura kithunuwan biliyana dekakata wada sitina athara, kristhiyani dharmaya lokaye wishalathama aagama bawata pathwa atha. pasugiya shathawarshaya thula eya wegayen aasiyawa saha upa sahara aprikawe boho pradeshawala wardhanaya wi thibe.
wishwasa
lowa pura kithunuwan mulika wishwasayan athi athara, bayibalaya ha kristhiyani dharmaya padanam karagath kithunu adahille lipiwala wadath piligath prakashaya aposthuluwarunge adahillayi. katholika palliye lathin palliya, lutharanwadaya, anglikan saha batahira charithranukula oothadokswadaya athulu batahira kristhiyani sampradaye pujaniya palli wisin wadath drushyamanawa eya kristhiyani nikayan gananawak wisin bhawitha karanu labe. eya presbiteriyan, methodistha saha kongreshanwadin wisin da bhawitha karayi. ehi kendriya muladharma wanne thrithwaya ha mawumkaru dewiyan ya. mema adahillen ayath sama muladharmayakma aposthalika yugaye warthamana prakashayangen soyagatha hakiya.
katholika bawthisma apekshakayin sandaha kristhiyani dharmaye saranshayak lesa mema adahima bhawitha kara athi bawa pene. ehi karunu athara:
piyanan wana dewiyan wahanse kerehi wishwasa kirima, dewiyan wahansege puthraya lesa yesus kristhus saha shuddhathmayanan
kristhus wahansege maranaya, nawatha nirayata paminima, nawatha nangitima ha nagima
palliye shuddhakama saha santhuwarayange hawula
kristhus wahansege dewana paminima, winishchaya dinaya saha adahiliwanthayange galawima
nayisin adahilla boho durata eeriyanuwadayata prathichara washayen piliwelin 325 saha 381 di nayisiya saha konsthanthinopal kawunsilayedi sakas karana lada athara 431 di palamu episaye kawunsilaya wisin kristhiyani lokaye wishwiya adahima lesa anumatha karana ladi.
peradiga oothadoks sabhawa wisin prathikshepa karanu labuwada, chalsedan kawunsilaye 451 di sanwardhanaya karana lada chalsedoniyanu artha dakwima nohoth krad of chalsedan, kristhus pilibanda iganwuye “swabhawayan dekakin piliganimata, nowaradawama, wenas kala nohaki lesa, wen kala nohaki lesa”: ek diwyamaya ha ek manushyayek wana athara, swabhawayan dekama thaman thula paripurna wuwath, ek pudgalayeku samanga paripurna lesa eksath wi atha.
batahira palliye niken saha chalsedoniyanu thathwayata samana yayi salakena athanasiyanu adahilla mese pawasayi: “api thrithwaye ek dewiyekutath, thrithwayata ekamuthukamatath namaskara karannemu.”
boho kithunuwan (katholika, nagenahira oothadoks, peradiga oothadoks saha reparamadu bhakthikayan) adahili bhawithaya piliganna athara, ihatha sandahan kala awama washayen ek adahimakatawath dayaka wethi.
yesus wahanse
kristhiyani dharmaye kendriya muladharmaya nam yesus wahanse dewiyan wahansege puthraya saha mesiyas (kristhus) lesa wishwasa kirimayi. kithunuwan wishwasa karanne mesiyas lesa yesus wahanse dewiyan wahanse wisin manushya wargayage galawumkaruwa lesa abhisheka karanu labu bawath, yesusge paminima parana giwisume mesiyas anawakiwala ituwima bawathya. mesiyas pilibanda kristhiyani sankalpaya samakalina yudew sankalpayata wada salakiya yuthu lesa wenas we.
mulika kithunu wishwasaya nam, yesus wahansege maranaya ha nawatha nangitima wishwasa kirima ha piliganima thulin pawkara manushyayan dewiyan wahanse samaga samagi wiya haki athara, emagin galawima ha sadakala jiwanaye poronduwa laba denu atha.
kithunu ithihasaye mul shathawarsha gananawa thula jesus wahansege swabhawaya pilibandawa dewadharmawadi aarawul rashiyak pawathunada, samanyayen kithunuwan wishwasa karanne yesus wahanse dewiyan wahanse mawa athi bawath “saba dewiyan ha saba manushyaya” (ho purna diwyamaya ha purna manushya) bawathya. yesus purna manushyayeku wu pasu, manushyayekuge wedana ha parikshawanta muhuna dun namuth ohu paw kale natha. dewiyan wahanse washayen, ohu nawatha jiwanayata nangi sitiyeya. aluth giwisumata anuwa, ohu malawungen nagita swargayata nangi, piyanange dakunu paththe hindagena sitina athara, awasanayedi ohu nawatha paminenu atha yayi pawasayi . [kriya 1: 9–11]
mathew saha lukge shubharanchiwalata anuwa, yesus wahanse pilisinda ganu labuwe shuddhathmayanan wahanse wisini. ladaru shubharanchi purana kalaye janapriya wuwada, yesusge lama kalaye swalpayak shubharanchi wala satahan we. sapekshawa, ohuge wadihitibhawaya, wisheshayen ohuge maranayata sathiyakata pera, aluth giwisume adangu shubharanchi wala manawa satahan wi atha, manda ohuge jiwithaye ema kotasa wadath wadagath yayi wishwasa kere. yesusge dewasewaya pilibanda bayibalanukula warthawalata athulath wanne: ohuge bawthismaya, prathiharyayan, deshana kirima, iganwima saha kriyawan.
maranaya ha nawatha nangitima
kithunuwan yesus wahansege uththanaya owunge adahille mulika iganwima (1 korinthi 15 ) saha ithihasaye wadagathma siduwima lesa salakayi . kristhiyani wishwasayan athara, yesus wahansege maranaya ha nawatha nangitima kristhiyani dharmaya ha dewadharmaya padanam karagath pradhana siduwim dekaki. aluth giwisumata anuwa, yesus wahanse kurusiye ana gasanu laba, sharirika maranayak, sohon geyaka thanpath karana lada athara dina thunakata pasu malawungen uththana wiya.
yesus wahanse swargayata yamata pera “sahodarayan pansiyayakata wada wadi gananak” athuluwa [1 kori 15: 6] yesus wahansege prerithayan ha golayan dolosdenata wiwidha awastha waladi punarujjiwanaya pilibanda awastha kihipayak aluth giwisume sandahan we. yesus wahansege maranaya ha nawatha nangitima siyaluma namaskara sewawanhi kithunuwan wisin samaranu labana athara, shuddha wu sathiye wishesha awadhanayak yomu karana athara eyata suba sikurada saha pasku iridada athulath we.
yesus wahansege maranaya ha nawatha nangitima samanyayen kristhiyani dewadharmaye wadagathma siduwim lesa salake. eyata hethuwa yesus wahanseta jiwithaya ha maranaya kerehi balaya athi bawath ema nisa minisunta sadakala jiwanaya laba dimata balaya ha balaya athi bawathya.
maranaya saha nawatha nangitima pilibanda tharka boho aagamika wiwada ha anthar aagamika sanwada waladi sidu we. mul kristhiyani aagamata harunu ha mishanariwarayeku wu pawul aposthulu thuman mese liwiya: “kristhus wahanse uththana nowuye nam, apage siyalu deshana nishpala ya, dewi kerehi oba thula athi wishwasaya nishpala ya.” [1 kori 15:14]
galawima
nuthana kristhiyani palli, yudewwan ha anyajathikayan dewiyan wahansege pawula thula sitiya hakke keseda yana prashnayata wada, papaye ha maranaye wishwiya thathwayen manushyathwaya galawa gatha hakke keseda yanna gana wadi salakillak dakwayi. peradiga oothadoks dewadharmayata anuwa, ireniyasge nyaya wisin idiripath karana lada paw kamawa pilibanda owunge awabodhaya matha padanamwa, yesusge maranaya midime milayaki. meya dewiyan wahanse samaga athi sambandhaya yatha thathwayata path karayi . dewiyan wahanse manushya wargaya katholika dharmayata anuwa, yesus wahansege maranaya dewiyan wahansege udahasa awasan karayi. eya minisunge pawkarakama nisa athi wu dewiyan wahansege agaurawayata wandiyaki .
katholika palliya uganwanne kithunuwange wishwasawanthakama nomathiwa galawima sidu nowana bawayi; harennan premaye muladharmayanta anukulawa jiwath wiya yuthu athara samanyayen bawthisma wiya yuthuya. reparamadu dewadharmaye, yesusge maranaya dewiyan wahansege sadachara nithiya ullanganaya kala wita manushya wargaya wisin gewiya yuthu naya sandaha yesus wisin karana lada pujawa lesa salake. galawima sandaha bawthismaya athyawashya bawa matin luthar iganwu namuth nuthana lutharanwaru saha anekuth reparamadu bhakthikayan iganwima galawima yanu dewiyan wahansege waraprasadaya anuwa pudgalayekuta labena thyagayak weyi .
thrithwaya
thrithwaya yanu dewiyan wahanse pudgalayan thidenekugen eka dewiyeku bawa wishwasa kirimayi: piya, puthraya (yesus) saha shuddhathmayanan .
thrithwaya yannen adahas karanne ekama dewiyan wahanse ekinekata wenas, sadakalikawa sahajiwanayen sitina pudgalayan thidenekugen samanwitha wana bawayi: piya, puthraya (yesus kristhus wahanse thula mawa athi) saha shuddhathmayanan .
kristhiyani wishwasaye mul prakashayak wana athanasiyanu prakashaye wachana walin, “piyanan wahanse dewiyan wahanseya, puthraya dewiyan wahanseya, shuddhathmayanan wahanse dewiyan wahanseya. eheth dewiwarun thideneku nowa ekama dewiyeki”. piyananta prabhawayak natha, puthraya piyanan wahansegen upatha labuwe ya, aathmayanan wahanse piyanan wahansegen ya. ekinekata wenas wuwath, pudgalayan thidena ekinekagen wen wi sitiya nohaka. samahara kithunuwan wishwasa karanne dewiyan wahanse parana giwisume piyanan lesa peni siti bawayi, namuth ohu aluth giwisume puthraya lesa peni sitina bawata ekanga wi athi athara, warthamanayedi shuddhathmayanan lesa digatama peni sitinu atha yanuweni .
thrithwaya yanu pradhana dharawe kristhiyani dharmaye athyawashya dharmathawayaki. meya 4 wana siyawasa awasanaye kithunu sabhawedi prakasha kaleya.
mema muladharmayata anuwa, dewiyan wahanse bedi natha, ek ek pudgalayata samasthayen thunen ekak atha yana arthayen; ee wenuwata, sama pudgalayekuma purna dewiyan lesa salake puthraya piyanan wahansegen upatha labima; shuddhathmayanan piyanan wahansegen da (batahira kristhiyani dewadharmayen) puthrayagen da pamine. mema pahadili wenasa kumak wuwath, “pudgalayan” thidena ekama sadakalika ha sarwabaladhari ya. yuniteriyan wishwawadaya, yehowage sakshikaruwan saha momanwadaya athulu anekuth kristhiyani aagam thrithwaya pilibanda ema adahas pili nogani.
thrithwawadin
thrithwa sankalpaya wishwasa karana kithunuwan thrithwawadaya yannen adahas kere. siyaluma kristhiyani nikayan ha palli pahe thrithwa wishwasayan darathi. “thrithwaya” yana wachana bayibalaye nothibunada, 3 wana siyawase sita dewadharmawadin wisin dewiyan wahansege aluth giwisume iganwim piya, puthraya saha shuddhathmayanan lesa wataha ganimata pahasukam salasima sandaha mema padaya saha sankalpaya wardhanaya karana ladi. ethan patan kristhiyani dewadharmawadin awadharanaya kale thrithwaya yanu dewiwarun thideneku (thrithwawadaye prathiwirodhi mithyadrushtiya) athi bawa ho thrithwaye sama upakalpithayakma asimitha dewiyekugen thunen ekak nowana bawa thrithwayen angawum nokarana bawayi.
nontriniteriyanwadaya yanu thrithwaye muladharmaya prathikshepa karana dewadharmayayi.yohowage sakshikaruwo , moman nikayan mita ayath we .
Eschatology
dewalwala awasanaya, pudgala jiwithaye awasanaya, yugaye awasanaya ho lokaye awasanaya wewa, pulul lesa kiwahoth, kristhiyani sankshiptha widyawa; minisunge iranama pilibandawa adhyayanaya kirima bayibalayen heli we. mehi pradhana gatalu wanne pida, maranaya saha maranin mathu jiwithaya , jesus wahansege dewana paminima, malawunge uththanaya, swargaya, shuddhikagniya saha niraya , awasana winishchaya, lokaye awasanaya saha nawa ahasa saha nawa pruthiwiyayi.
kithunuwan wishwasa karanne kristhus wahansege dewana paminima kalayage awamen, darunu pida kalayakata pasuwa (maha pida kalaya) siduwanu athi bawayi. anthima winishchaya sandaha miyagiya siyallanma sharirikawa malawungen uththana we. shuddha liyawille anawaki itu kirima sandaha yesus dewige rajyaya sampurnayenma sthapitha karanu atha.
maranaya saha maranin mathu jiwithaya
boho kithunuwan wishwasa karanne manushyayan diwya winishchaya athwindina bawath sadakala jiwanaya ho sadakala daduwama labiya haki bawathya. malawunge uththanaya pilibanda podu thinduwa menma sharirika maranaya pilibanda pudgala aathmayata wisheshayen dena lada thinduwaka (katholikayan, oothadoks saha boho reparamadu bhakthikayan wisin daranu labana wishwasaya meyata athulath we ).
katholika ho nagenahira ho peradiga oothadoks sabhawala dewa karunawen miyayana aya, enam, kisima maranthika papayak nomathiwa sulu paw athi aya swargaya thulin wen karanu labe . namuth shuddhikagniya thula pawithra karanu labe (dewiyan wahanse idiriyehi awashya shuddhakama sakshath kara ganima sandaha pirisidu kirime thathwaya ). mema ilakkaya sapura athi aya santhuwarayan lesa handinwe .
sewanth-de adwentist wani samahara kristhiyani kandayam, manushyathwaya swabhawikawama amaraniya nowana bawata wishwasa karana athara, sharirika maranaya saha nawatha nangitima athara atharamadi thathwaya thula sihisunwa sitithi yana wadayata ekagawa sitithi. awasana winishchayen pasuwa dushtayan sadakalika wadha hinsawalata lak nowi pawathinu athayi yana wishwasaya atha. yehowage sakshikaruwanda ewanima mathayak darayi.
nikayan
kristhiyani dharmaye prathamika bedim hathara wanne katholika palliya, nagenahira oothadoks palliya, peradiga oothadokswadaya saha reparamadu bhakthikayan ya. 11 wana siyawase nagenahira-batahira bhedaya (maha bhedaya).
thaman kristhiyani yayi kiyaganna kandayam athara wiwidha iganwim ha aagamika wathpiliweth atha. kristhiyani nikayan wargikaranaya kirima sambandhayen mema kandayam aagamika washayen wenas wiya hakiya. kese wethath, nisiyanu matha katholikayan wisin piligena athi athara, katholika, nagenahira oothadoks, peradiga oothadoks saha pradhana reparamadu sabhawan da eewa piligani .
kristhiyani dharmaye pradhana pawul
katholika palliya
katholika palliya samanwitha wanne bishopwarunge nayakathwayen yuth papthuma, romaye radaguru thuma.adahilla, sadacharaya saha palliye palanaya pilibanda ihalama baladhariya lesaya. peradiga oothadoks kramaya men, katholika sabhawada, aposthalika anuprapthiya thulin, ehi mularambhaya yesus kristhus wisin pihituwana lada kristhiyani prajawata ayath we. yesus wisin pihituwana lada “eka, shuddha, katholika ha aposthalika palliya” katholika palliya thula mulumaninma pawathina bawath, anekuth kristhiyani palli saha prajawan piliganna bawath katholikayo pawasathi. saha siyalu kithunuwan athara prathisandhanaya sandaha kriya karayi. katholika adahilla katholika palliye katachiswadaye sawistharawa dakwa atha.
lowa paranithama ha wishalathama akhandawa kriyathmaka wana jathyanthara aayathanaya lesa eya batahira shishtacharaye ithihasaya ha sanwardhanaya sandaha pramukha karyabharayak itu kara atha. swayaththa palli 24 kata beda atha (eewayin wishalathama eewa lathin palliyayi), ee sama ekakma aagamika wathpiliweth saha puja pawathwima sambandhayen ekinekata wenas sampradayan atha. bawthisma wu samajikayan biliyana 1.1 kata wada sitina katholika palliya wishalathama kristhiyani palliya wana athara eya 50.1% k niyojanaya karayi siyaluma kithunuwan menma loka janagahanayen hayen ekak.
oothadoks palliya
nangenahira oothadoks palliya samanwitha wanne konstantinopalhi kithunu kuladetu piyathuma wani nagenahira pithrumulika drushtin samanga ekangawa katayuthu karana palli walini. katholika palliya menma, nagenahira oothadoks palliyada ehi urumaya aposthalika anuprapthiya thulin kristhiyani dharmaye aththiwarama dakwa athi athara episkopal wyuhayak atha. ehi kotaswala swadhipathyaya awadharanaya kara athi namuth eewayin bohomayak jathika palli we.
dharmaya ha adhikaraya pilibanda prashna sambandhayen batahira kristhiyani dharmaya samanga gatum gananawakma maha bhedayen awasan wiya. nagenahira oothadokswadaya kristhiyani dharmaye dewana wishalathama thani nikayak wana athara asthamenthugatha anugamikayan miliyana 230 k sitiyath reparamadu bhakthikayan samuhikawa eewa abhibawa giyath salakiya yuthu pramanayakin yukthayi. lokaye paranithama aagamika aayathanayak lesa nagenahira oothadoks palliya nagenahira ha ginikonadiga yuropaya, kokesas saha aasanna nagenahira ithihasaya ha sanskruthiya thula pramukha karyabharayak itu kara atha.
peradiga oothadokswadaya
peradiga oothadoks palli ("parani peradiga" palli lesada handinwe) yanu palamu kithunu sabha thuna wana nayisiya, konstantinopal saha efisas matha pili ganna nagenahira palli wana namuth chalsadan kawunsilaye muladharma prathikshepa karana athara ee wenuwata miyafayisayit kristhiyani matha idiripath karayi.
peradiga oothadoks hawula kandayam hayakin samanwitha we: siriyak oothadoks, koptik oothadoks, ithiyopiyanu oothadoks, erithriyanu oothadoks, malankara oothadoks siriyanu palliya (indiyawa) saha aarmeniyanu aposthalika palli. mema palli haya, ekineka samanga hawule sitiyada, dhurawali washayen sampurnayenma swadhina we. mema palli samanyayen nagenahira oothadoks palliya samanga hawule nositina athara, owun samanga hawulak athi kirima sandaha sanwadayaka yedi sitithi. lowa pura samajikayin miliyana 62 k pamana sitithi.
nangenahira asiriyanu palliya
17 wana shathawarshaye pihituwa athara, nagenahira palliye akhandathawa kiyapana swadhina nagenahira kristhiyani nikayak we. wishala washayen anikonik misa wenath palliyak samanga sambandha nowi eya siriyak kristhiyani dharmaye nagenahira shakhawata ayath wana athara nagenahira siriya charithra ehi namaskarayedi bhawitha karayi.
ehi pradhana kathana bhashawa nagenahira aramayika bhashawe siriyak wana athara ehi anugamikayangen bahutharaya janawargika asiriyanuwan ya. eya nila washayen mulasthanaya uthuru iraka kurdisthanaye arbil nagaraye pihita athi athara, ehi mul pradeshaya purana asiriyawata anurupawa ginikonadiga thurkiya saha wayambaa diga iranaya dakwa da wyaptha we. ehi dhurawaliya metropolitan bishopwarun saha dayokeshan bishopwarungen samanwitha wana athara pahala pujakayan pujakawarun saha upasthayakayangen samanwitha wana athara owun madaperadiga, indiyawa, uthuru amarikawa, ooshaniya saha yuropaya pura (kokesas saha rusiyawa athuluwa) .
nangenahira purana palliya 1964 di nagenahira asiriyanu palliyen wen kota dakwiya. eya asiriyanu palliwalin ekak weyi .
reparamadu aagama
1521 di matin lutharwa hela dutu athara shuddha wu roma adhirajyaye purawasiyanta ohuge adahas aaraksha kirima ho pracharaya kirima nila washayen thahanam kaleya. romanu katholika sabhawa thula mema bhedaya dan prathisanskaranaya lesa handinwe. pramukha prathisanskaranawadin athara matin luthar, haldrik swingli saha jon kalwin da wuha. nerapa harimata erehiwa 1529 di speyarhi pawathi wirodhathawa mema pakshayata reparamadu yana nama laba dunneya. lutharge prathamika dewadharmaya lutharan lesa handinwe. swingli saha kalwinge nikayata wada pulul ya. eewa prathisanskarana sampradaya lesa handinwe. reparamadu bhakthikayan adhyapanaya, manawa shasthra ha widyawan, deshapalana ha samaja piliwela, aarthikaya ha kalawa saha thawath boho kshethrayanhi wishala dayakathwayak laba demin thamangema sanskruthiyak wardhanaya kara gena atha.
anglikan palli engalantha palliyen pawatha ena athara anglikan sanwidhanaya in athi wiya. samaharu, namuth siyaluma anglikanuwan thaman reparamadu ha katholikayan lesa salakanne natha.
reparamadu aagame anglikan, lutharan saha prathisanskarana shakha boho durata rajaya samanga sahayogayen aarambha wiya . anek athata, boho wita thaman reparamadu bhakthikayan lesa nosalakena anabapthisthawarun wani kandayam radikal prathisanskaranaye aarambhaya wu athara, samahara wita eewa panath yatathe aaraksha kara thibunada, owunge ithihasaya kisidu rajya palliyakata sambanda noweyi . ladaru bawthismaya prathikshepa kirimen owun thawaduratath kapi pene. owun bawthismaya wishwasa karanne wadihiti adahiliwanthayan pamani.
reparamadu yana yedumen ihatha sampradayan athi oonama palli gana sandahan we. nidasunak washayen, 18 wana siyawasedi methodisthawadaya wardhanaya wuye anglikan amathi jon weslige ewanjalistha ha punarjiwana wyaparayeni. shuddhathmayanange pawithra kirime balaya awadharanaya karana penthakostha ha nikayata ayath nowana palli kihipayak methodisthawadayen wardhanaya wiya.
nagenahira oothadoks palliya oonama thani reparamadu nikayakata wada wishala wuwath, anugamikayan ganana anuwa katholika dharmaya pasu wu dewana wishalathama kristhiyani kandayama wanne reparamadu bhakthikayayi. asthamenthu wenas we, pradhana washayen reparamadu bhakthikayan lesa wargikaranaya kala yuththe kumana nikayanda yana prashnaya mathaya. eheth, mulu reparamadu kithunuwange sankhyawa samanyayen miliyana 800 th 1 th athara wana athara eya loka kithunuwangen 40% kata aasanna sankhyawak we. reparamadu bhakthikayangen bahutharaya nikaye pawul athalossaka samajikayan wana athara, enam adwentist, anglikan, baptist, prathisanskarana (kalwinist), lutharan, methodistha saha penthakosthawadin, ewanjalistha, swadhina saha wenath palli wadiwemin pawathina athara reparamadu kristhiyani dharmaye salakiya yuthu kotasak we.
mulika reparamadu muladharma darana samahara pudgalayin thamanwa “kristhiyanin” ho “nawatha ipadunu kithunuwan” lesa handuna gani. owun samanyayen wenath kristhiyani prajawa gen wenwa sitithi. boho wita thani dewagathiwarun wisin aarambha karana lada owunta ethihasika nikayan samanga etharam sambandhayak natha.
pradhana reparamadu shakha wala aithihasika satahana
prerithawarunge maranayen pasu pujaka thanthraya ahosi wi athi bawin eya yatha thathwayata path kala yuthu bawa pasu dina santhuwarayan wishwasa karayi.
1800 gananwala mul bhagayedi eksath janapadaye sidu wu aagamika punarjiwanaye dewana maha pibidima, sambandha nowu palli gananawaka diyunuwa dutuweya. owun samanyayen dutuwe danata pawathina ek palliyak prathisanskaranaya karanawata wada yesus kristhusge mul sabhawa prathisanskaranaya kirimayi. prathishtapakayange podu wishwasayak wuye kristhiyani dharmaye anek nikayanta adupadu athi bawayi. aasiyawe, igleshiya ni kristo yanu 1900 gananwala mul bhagayedi pihituwana lada prakata ewani nikayaki
mema kala parichchedaya thula aarambha wu samahara palli 19 wana siyawase mul bhagaye madaperadiga ha niw york nuwara kandawuru raswimwalata sambandha we. mema wyaparayen bihi wu wishalathama palliwalin ekak wanne pasu kalina santhuwarayange jesus kristhus wahansege nikaya ( Latter day saint ). [381] ewanjalistha reparamadu aagamen pananangunu amarikanu sahasrawadaya saha adwentiswadaya, yehowage sakshikaruwange wyaparayata balapam kala athara, wisheshayen sewanth de adwentistwarun wana wiliyam milarta prathicharayak lesa. kristhiyani palliya (kristhusge golayan), kanadawe ewanjalistha kristhiyani palliya, [382] [383] kristhusge palli saha kristhiyani palli saha kristhusge palli athulu thawath samaharak samakalina nikayan wyaparaya thula mul basa atha. mema kala parichchedaya thula aarambha wu anekuth kandayam athara kristadelfiyans saha kalin sandahan kala pasu dina santhuwarayange wyaparaya da athulath ya. dewana maha pibidimen aarambha wu palliwalata mathupitin yam samanakam thibunada, owunge muladharma salakiya yuthu lesa wenas we.
wandanawa
kithunu namaskarayata sangithaya ha kathawa thulin dewiyan wahanseta prashansa kirima, shuddha liyawili kiyawima, wiwidha yachnya , deshanawak saha sathprasadaya wani wiwidha shuddha uthsawa (boho wita sakramenthu lesa handinwe) athulath we.
namaskaraya boho wita kithunuwan samuhayak washayen ekwana sewawan lesa pamanak wana athara, thani kithunuwanta thaniwama ha oonama sthanayaka dewiyan wahanseta namaskara kala hakiya.
mularambhaya
kristhiyani namaskaraya wardhanaya wuye yudew namaskarayen.
yesus kristhus wahanse sinagogayata sahabhagi wu yudew uthsawa samaru aagamika yudewweku wu athara ohuge golayan yudew charithra ha sampradayan huru purudu wiya.
yudew aagamen mulinma wenas wuye senasurada wenuwata irida shuddha dinaya bawata path kirimayi. meya kirimen kithunu namaskaraye dinaya yesus wahanse malawungen uththana wu dinayata samanaya.
shuddhathmayanan ewimen itu wu yesus thama anugamikayan samanga randi sitina bawata dun poronduwa mul kalaye sitama kristhiyani namaskaraye dinaya aalokawath kaleya.
katholika, oothadoks ha samahara reparamadu nikayan namaskaraya thuladi diwya sathprasadaya denu labayi .
kristhiyani dharmaye ithihasaya purama, aayathanika kristhiyani namaskaraya wandanamana kara athi athara, eya yachnya saha githika walin sanlakshitha we. romanu katholika, nagenahira oothadoks saha anglikan palli menma lutharanwadaya saha methodisthawadaya wani samahara reparamadu nikayan wisin mema pujaniya ha charithranukula namaskaraya thawamath kriyathmaka we. ewanjalisthawadaye di, namaskaraya wadath awidhimath sankalpayak sahithawa dewiyan wahanseta namaskara kirime kriyawak lesa salakanu labe.
sakramenthu
sakramenthuwaka wadath sampradayika kriyakari artha dakwima nam, eya kristhus wahanse wisin sthapitha karana lada bahira lakunak wana athara eya kristhus wahanse thulin abhyanthara, adhyathmika karunawa gena eyi. wadath piligath sakramenthu deka wanne bawthismaya saha sathprasadayayi. kese wethath, kithunuwangen bahutharayak athireka puja pahak da piliganithi: thahawuru kirima , pawidi kirima, papochcharanaya, asanipaya aalepa kirima , saha wiwahaya.
samaja balapama
bayibalaya ha kristhiyani dewadharmaya batahira darshanikayanta saha deshapalana kriyakarinta da dadi lesa balapa atha. lingikathwaya ha wiwahaya pilibanda dir kalina kristhiyani iganwim pawul jiwithayata da balapa atha. minis puja , wahalbhawaya, ladaru ghathanaya saha bahu wiwahaya wani purudu awasan kirimedi kristhiyani dharmaya karyabharayak itu kaleya.
batahira sanskruthiya, ehi ithihasaya purama kristhiyani sanskruthiyata boho durata samana wi athi athara, batahira ardhagolaye janagahanayen wishala kotasak kristhiyanin ho namika kithunuwan lesa handinwiya hakiya. "yuropaya" saha "batahira lokaya" yana sankalpaya "kristhiyani dharmaya ha kristhiyani lokaya" yana sankalpaya samanga samipawa sambandha wi atha. eksath yuropiya ananyathawayak athi kala sambandhakaya lesa boho denek kristhiyani dharmaya aaropanaya karathi.
grika ha roma adhirajyayan yatathe batahira sanskruthiya ehi mul awadiyedi bahu dewawadi aagam kihipayak adangu wuwada, madhyagatha roma balaya aduweddi, batahira yuropaye ekama sthawara balaya wuye katholika palliye aadhipathyayayi. buddhimaya yugaya thek kristhiyani sanskruthiya darshanaya, sahithyaya, kalawa, sangithaya saha widyawa yana sandaha manga penwiya. adala kalawanhi kristhiyani wishayayan pasuwa kristhiyani darshanaya, kristhiyani kalawa, kristhiyani sangithaya, kristhiyani sahithya yanadiya dakwa wardhanaya wi thibe .
shuddha grantha
kristhiyani bayibalayata parana giwisuma ha aluth giwisuma yana kotas dekak atha. parani giwisuma yanu mul hebrew bayibalaya wana athara eya yudew adahille shuddha liyawili we. eya kri.pu. 1200 th 165 th athara kalawaladi wiwidha kalawaladi liya atha. kri.wa. palamuwana siyawasedi kithunuwan wisin aluth giwisume poth liya atha.
hebrew bayibalaye poth 39 k athi athara eewa dirga kalak thisse liya athi athara eya purana eeshrayelaye sahithya lekhanagarayayi. eya sampradayikawa kotas thunakin sakas karana ladi.
palamu poth paha, uthpaththi sita dwithiya kathawa. nuthana batahira arthayen eewa 'nithiya' nowe: uthpaththi yanu katha pothak wana athara eyata nithi rithi ha samana kisiwak nomathi athara anek sathara thula praja nithi adangu atha. nithiya sandaha wu hebrew wachanaye ('tora' 'yannehi arthaya' maga penwima 'ho' upades 'wana athara, minisun jiwath wimata adahas kala aakaraya menma nithimaya awashyatha pilibanda edineda udaharana sapayana kathandara eeta athulath wiya hakiya.
mema poth pasuwa 'pentatiyuch' lesa nam karana lada athara sampradaya eewa mosesta kathuwara bawa aaropanaya kaleya. samahara kotas nisakawama ema kala parichchedaye sita pawatha ena namuth dewal wenas wana wita parani nithi yawathkalina kara nawa eewa nishpadanaya karana lada athara meya shathawarsha gananawak pura pasukalina kathuwarunge karyayaki.
anagathawakthruwarun
hebrew bayibalaye wishalathama kotasa wana athara ehi kotas dekak atha ('hitapu anagathawakthruwarun' saha 'pasu anagathawakthruwarun').
samaja saradharma pilibandawa minisunta mathak kara demin, ithihasaya purama jathiye adhyathmika hrudaya sakshiya lesa sewaya kala aagamika ha deshapalana kriyakaringe ('anagathawakthruwarunge) kiyaman ha katha' pasukalina anagathawakthruwarunge 'poth magin aaraksha we. samahara poth salakiya yuthu ya (yesaya, yeremiya, esakiyel), thawath eewa wada keti ya (hosheya, joyel, aamos, obadiya, yona, mika, nahum, habakkuk, shepaniya, haggayi, sekariya, malaki).
'hitapu anagathawakthruwarun' samanwitha wanne yoshuwa, winishchayakaruwan, 1-2 samuwel saha 1-2 rajawaliya. eewa ithihasa poth wana namuth owun 'anagathawakthruwarun' bawata path karanne owun thorathuru wartha kirima pamanak nowa, eya artha nirupanaya kirima, eeshrayelaye ithihasaye wenath siduwim ha owunge dawase pulul lokaya sambandhayen ehi wadagathkama pahadili kirima ya.
lekhana
githawaliya (githa, yadum saha namaskaraya sandaha namaskaraya), hithopadesha kiyaman), yob (duk windime swabhawaya gaweshanaya karana natyayak), saha ek ek liyawili pahak (megiloth) ekata ekathu wi athi nisa wisheshitha aagamika uthsawayak samanga asuru karana ladi: ruth (sathiwala yudew mangalyaya, shawut lesada handinwe), salamonge githaya (pasku uthsawaya), deshanakaraya (mandapaya), wilapa gi (yerusalame winashaya) saha esthar (purim). mema kotase hebrew bayibalaye awasana poth liya atha: esra, nehemiya saha 1-2 lekam (siyaluma ithihasa poth) saha daniyel ithiri eewa ya.
aluth giwisuma
aluth giwisume poth 27 k athi athara eewa kri.wa. 50 th 100 th athara kalayakadi liya athi athara eewa swabhawikawama kotas dekakata ayath we: suwisheshayan, yesusge kathawa pawasana (mathew, mak, luk saha yohan); mul kristhiyani prajawanta maga penwima sandaha wiwidha kristhiyani nayakayan wisin liyana lada lipi ya.
palliye nayakayinta owunge aagamata harunu aya samanga sanniwedanaya kirimata swabhawika kramaya lipi wu athara mulma eewa suwisheshawalata pera liya atha. samahara wyathirekayan samanga (roma, hebrew) eewa kristhiyani wishwasaye widhimath idiripath kirim lesa nowa, wiwidha sanskruthika sandarbhayanta adala wana ayurin yesus kerehi athi owunge kapawima prakasha kala yuthu aakaraya pilibandawa katayuthu karamin siti ayata upades laba dunneya.
eewa kiyawima sanwadayakata sawan dima ha samana wiya hakiya, manda lekhakayan wisin owun wetha yawana lada prashnawalata wachikawa ho likhithawa pilithuru sapayayi. ewani lipi liyu wadath daksha lekhakaya wuye pawulya.
suwisheshayan
suwisheshayan liya aththe yesus wahansege jiwithaya ha iganwim wiwidha patakayanta galapena ayurin idiripath kirima sandaha wana athara, ema hethuwa nisa siyallama eka ha samana nowe. eewa yesusge charithapadanayan nowa wiwidha sanskruthin sandaha ohuge wadagathkama pennum karana thoragath wartha we.mathew , johan , luk ha mak mita ayath ya .
lukge lekhakaya aposthuluwarunge kriya da liya athi athara, eya yesusge kalaye siti yudew adahiliwanthayangen kuda kandayamak lesa sita paramparawakatath adu kalayakadi loka wyaptha adahillak bawata pathwima dakwa kristhiyani dharmaya wyaptha wu aakaraya pilibanda kathawaki.
aluth giwisuma elidaraw potha samanga awasan wana athara eya sulu aasiyawe (nuthana thurkiya) pradeshaye palli hathakata lipi malawakin aarambha wana namuth mawime sita awasanaya dakwa siyalu dewala arthaya pilibanda darshaniya idiripath kirimak idiripath karayi.
adawiyen bahara pitu
Theology.lk katholika dewadharma lipi
kristhiyani aagama |
katholika sabhawa | katholika sabhawa hewath romanu katholika sabhawa, 2019 wana wita lowa pura bawthisma wu katholikayan biliyana 1.3k sitina lowa wishalathama kristhiyani sabhawa we. lowa paranithama saha wishalathama awichchinnawa kriyathmaka wana jathyanthara aayathanaya wana athara eya batahira shishtacharaye ithihasaya saha sanwardhanayehi pramukha karyabharayak itu kara atha. katholika sabhawa, lathin sabhawa saha peradiga katholika sabha 23 k athuluwa sui iuris sabha 24 kin samanwitha wana athara eewa lowa pura pihiti radaguru padawi saha eparchies 3,500 kata aasanna pramanayakin samanwitha we. romaye bishopwaraya wana papthuma sabhawa pradhaniya we. shuddhasanaya lesa handinwena romaye radaguru padawiya sabhawe madhyama palana adhikariya we. shuddhasanaye paripalana aayathanaya, romanu kiyuriyawa lesa hadunwana athara, ehi pradhana karyala aththe ithaliye romaye kuda pariwara bhumiyak wana wathikanu nagaraye wana athara, ehi rajya nayakayada papthuma we.
katholika dharmaye mulika wishwasayan nayisiyanu wishwasa lakshanaye daknata labe. katholika sabhawa sthapitha karanu labuwe jesus kristhun wahanse wisini. thawada katholika sabhawa ehi bishopwarun kristhus wahansege prerithayange anuprapthikayin wana athara, pap wahanse jesus kristhus wisin pramukhathwaya laba dun shuddha wu peduru thumange anuprapthikaya we. eya prerithayan wisin iganwu mul kristhiyani adahilla kriyawata nanwana athara, shuddha liyawilla saha pujaniya sampradaya(jiwana sabha sampradaya) haraha adahilla nowaradina lesa aaraksha karana athara, sabha guru adhikarithwaya haraha nowaradinasulu lesa arthakathanaya karayi.
ehi sakramenthu hathen, diwya sathprasadaya pradhana eka wana athara, eya diwya pujawedi pawathwanu labe. katholika sabhawa uganwanne piyathumeku wisin kapa kirima thulin puja karana pupa saha wayin kristhus wahansege shariraya ha rudhiraya bawata pathwana bawayi. katholika sabhawa thula mariya thumiya sadakalika kanyawak, dewiyange mawa saha swargaye rajina lesa gaurawayata pathra we. thawa aya ethek methek ha mathuwatath pahala wu shreshtathama kanthawa lesada ihala gaurawayak laba deyi.katholika samaja iganwim magin dayawe sharirika ha adhyathmika kriyawan thulin rogin, duppathun saha pidithayan sandaha swechcha sahayogayak labadimata janathawa meheyawayi. katholika sabhawa lowa pura katholika pasal, wishwa widyala saha widyala, rohal saha anatha niwasa dahas gananak kriyathmaka karana athara lowa wishalathama rajya nowana adhyapana saha saukhya sewa sapayanna we. ehi anekuth samaja sewa athara boho punya saha manushiya sanwidhana we.
katholika sabhawa batahira darshanaya, sanskruthiya, kalawa, sangithaya saha widyawa kerehi gambaurin balapa atha. katholikayan lowa pura sakriyawa wiwidha katayuthu wala niratha wana athara, 20 wana siyawase sita, bahutharayak dakunu ardhagolaye wasaya karayi. kri.wa. 1054di maha sabha bhedayen pasuwa peradiga oothadoks sabhawa, katholika sabhawen wen wu athara, wisheshayen papthumage adhikaraya prathikshepa kaleya. kri.wa. 431 di episas kawunsilayata pasuwa peradiga sabhawada(Church of the East), kri.wa. 451 di kalsidon manthrana sabhawata pasuwa oriyantal oorthadoks sabhawada katholika sabhawen wen wi giyeya. ee jesus wahansege swabhawayan sambandhayen pana naguna matha bheda nisaya. aasanna washayen miliyana 18 ka eekabaddha samajikathwayak athi peradiga katholika sabhawa niyojanaya karanne, wiwidha aithihasika thathwayan magin mema bhedayan atharathura ho pasuwa pap wahansege adhikarithwaya piliganna peradiga kithunuwanya. 16 wana shathawarshayedi, prathisanskaranaya maginda thawath kotasak katholika sabhawen wenwa swadhina sabhawan aarambha karagaththeya.
aashritha lipi
katholika sabhawa gana wenath lipi
romanu katholika sabhawe ithihasaya
katholika dharmaya
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katholika gihi samithi/sanwidhana
Anti-Catholicism
Catechism of the Catholic Church
Catholic Church by country
Catholic spirituality
Criticism of the Catholic Church
Glossary of the Catholic Church
List of Catholic religious institutes
Lists of Catholics
Role of Christianity in civilization
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mulashra
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kolambaa agaradaguru padawiya — kolambaa agaradaguru padawiye nila web adawiya
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Pontifical Mission Societies Sri Lanka
Theology.lk katholika dewadharma lipi
prathiuththarawedaya
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kristhiyani warga
Christian organizations established in the 1st century
International Christian organizations
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Religious organizations based in Vatican City |
mariya hamudawa | mariya hamudawa (lathin basin් : Legio Mariae / ingrisi basin් : Legion of Mary ) - sabhawata swechchawen sewaya karana katholikayangen samanwitha, katholika gihi sanwidhanayaki. mema sanwidhanaya aarambha wuye 1921 sapthambara 7, ayarlanthaye dakhlin nuware di wu athara, mehi loka wyaptha kriyakara ීsamajikathwaya miliyana thunakata wada adhikawe.
adawiyen bahara pitu
mariya hamudawa — mariya hamuda jathyanthara madhyasthanaye nila web adawiya
katholika gihi samithi/sanwidhana |
kithu dana pubuduwa |
thawada balanna
Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal
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kithu dana pubuduwa — kithu dana pubuduwe nila web adawiya
katholika gihi samithi/sanwidhana |
bhashawa | bhashawa yanu sanniwedana kramayaki. manawa bhashana ha kathana bhasha sanketha saha ema sanketha hasuruwana wyakaranaya athulath paddhathiya lesa wisthara kala haki ya. ema nisa bhashawa wanahi pudgalayakuge kathana indriya upakara kota shabdaya mudaharimath eya wiwidhakara lesa anuyojanaya kirimathya. minisa soya gena athi prabalama upakaranaya bhashawa yi.emenma bhashawa minisage sithime upakaranaya lesada salakiya hakiya.
prathama likhitha bhasha kramaya wuye nilankarayayi. namuth kathakarana bhashawa liwima arambaimata adu washayen awurudu dasadahas gananak gatha wu bawa wishwasa kere.
bhashawak yanu drushya shrawya ho drushya sanniwedana sankethayan ha eewa meheyawima sadaha yodath rithinya. ewani kramayak samanya sansiddhiyak lesa yoda ganimada, bhashawak yanuwen hadinwiya haki. bhashawa wisheshitha minis sanniwedana madhyayak lesa salake. sathun wisin salakiya yuthulesa sankirna wu sanniwedana krama bhawitha kalada eewa kisiwak wag widyagnyayin wisin bhashawa nirwachanaya kirimata yoda ganna siyalu gunayan adangu wana bawath danagannata natha.
bhashawe adangu lakshana
ekagathawayata path sanketha samuhayak likhithi bhashawehi ek lakshanayak pamani. siyalu bhashawan wisin wyakarana kramayak thula mema sankethayan athara athi wyuhathmaka sambandhathawan nirwachanaya kirima aniwaryaya we. bhashawa anekuth sanniwedana krama walin wen kota dakwanuye wyakarana pilibada rithin walini. eewa sambhawashya washayen aparimitha wu bhashamaya prakashayan sankethawath nirmanaya kirima sadaha simitha sankhetha kattalayak meyewimata ida salasayi.
bhashawehi thawath lakshanayak wanuye yoda ganu labana sankhetha abhimanukula wimayi. oonama sankalpayak ho wyakarana rithiyak sankethayakata anurupanaya kala hakiya. boho seyin bhashawan shabdaya yoda ganna namuth yoda ganu labana shabdawala sankalanayanhi eewaye anthargatha arthayak nomatha. eewa ema bhashawa yoda gannan wisin kisiyam deyak niyojanaya kirima sandaha ekagathawata pathwu giwisumak pamani. (udaharanayak lesa "nada" yana spanynya wachanayehi "kisiwak natha" yana aruthin yoda ganimata adalawa kisiwak natha) thawath shabda kattalayak (udaharanayak lesa ingrisayen nothing yana wachanaya) ema sankalpayema niyojanaya kirima sadaha ee ha samanawa yodagatha hakiya. kese wuwada siyaluma spagnynya kathikayan ema shabda ratawa sadaha ema kathikayan arthaya athikaragena igena gena atha. namuth koeesiyanu sarbiyanu/kosowanu ho bosniyanu kathikayinta nada yannehi arthaya balaporoththuwa yannaya.
kese wuwada, muladharmayak hatiyata sanketha abhimanukula wuwada, bhashawaka paramadarshaya lesa salakena sanketha, ewani bhashawaka thibiya nohaki yayi in, adahas nowe. "miyow" (Meow) wani wachana eewa niyojanaya karana padayata samana shabdayak athi kalada, eewa therum ganima sadaha eewa ese wima awashyama natha. boho bhashawan balalek nikuth karana shabdaya niyojanaya kirima sadaha ekathawayata path sammuthiyak lesa wiwidha shabdanuharanayak yoda gani.
widhimath bhashawa
mema lipiya ganithaya, tharka shasthraya saha pariganaka widayawedi yoda ganena paribhashika padayak sambandhayeni. swabhawika bhasha sambandha aashritha adhyayanayan pilibadawa wyakarana ramuwa balanna. kathanaye aakarayak washayen widhimath bhashawa sambandhawa lekhanaya (wag widyawa) balanna.
widhimath bhashawak yanu wachana kattalayaki. enam niyamitha akuru ho saketha walya. mema akuru laba ganu labana wattoruwa bhashawa nirwachanaya karanu labana aakaradi lesa hadinwena widhihath bhashawak boho wita nirwachanaya karanu labanne widhimath wyakaranatayak osseya. widhimath bhashawan hudek pada sadhanaya sambandha sankalpayaki. enam prag anubhuthiwa eewa ha sambandha aruthak nomatha. bhashawaka wachana eki aakaradiya abhimathanukulawa yoda ganu labana wadana walin wenkota haduna ganima sadaha eewa samahara wita hodin nirmanaya wu wachana ho (tharka shasthrayedi nam ) hodin nirmanaya wu suthra lesa hadinwe.
widimath bhashawan, widhimath tharka shasthraya ha pariganaka widyawa yana wishaya kshethrayanhi di adhyanaya kere. eewaye ithamath wadagath prayogika upayogithawaya wanne pariganaka wadasatahan sampadana bhashawaka niwaradi pada nishchitha artha dakwima sadahaya. ewani bhashawanhi shuddha washayen pada satanathmaka pathi kerahi pamanak salaka balena ganitha widyawe anshaya saha pariganaka widyawa (enam eewaye abhyanthara wiyuhathma rata) widhimath bhasha nyaya lesa hadinawe.
eya widhimathwa bhashawehi kotasak nowunada bhasawaka wachana wala shabdartha wibhani manayak da pawathi bhawithawedi meya sama witama bhashawehi wyuhaya ha thadin badi pawathi. widhimath wyakaranayak (bhashawak aawarthathikawa nirwachanaya karanu labana nirmana rithi kattalaya) wachanawala (hodin nirmanaya wu ) arthaya wigraha kara ganima sadaha upayogi karagatha hakiya. mita ithamath prasiddha udaharanayak wuye prathama ganaye tharka shasthraya sadaha tiskima aashraye taskig sahathyaya pilibada nirwachanaya saha leks saha yak wani sampadana uthpadanayanya.
bhasha wicharaya
yamkisi samajayaka minisun wisin bhashawak katha karana (ho karana lada) aakaraya pilibanda purna adhyayanayak ha wistharayak bhasha wicharaya namwe. siyalu widwath bhasha wicharayan itha wistharathmaka wa kara atha. an siyalu widyawan menma, bhasha wicharaye da mulika aramuna wanuye bhashawe bhawithaya pilibandawa athi satiyen kerena adhyayanayaki. mehidi yamkisi bhashawak kumana aakarayen wiya yuthuda?” yana pakshapathi bhawayen walakiya yuthuya. blumfild saha anekuth aya wisin udaharana sahithawa penwa dena paridi, nuthana bhasha wicharayan sanwidhanathmaka padanamakin kere.
bhasha wicharayak, boho witadi adhyapanikawa ha mudritha madhya waladi hamuwana bhasha wattoruwakata wada wenas we. (bhasha wattoruwak yanu nithi malawaki) nithi malawakin kerenuye bhashawaka wiwidha madili saha wyakarana nithi aadiya handunwa dimayi. mehidi sahithyamaya anga da athulath wiya hakiya. mema nithi malawath (wattoruwak) bhasha wicharayath samahara wita paraspara wirodhi wiya hakiya.
bhasha wicharayakin sarwa sampurna bhasha adhyayanayak kirima dushkaraya. ese wanne, bhashawaka uchcharanaya, wyakarana nithi saha siyalu wachana ekama ramuwakata kotukara dakwiya nohaki bawini.
yam bhashawaka prawinayaku hata nithathinma bhasha nithiya pilibanda danumak pihitayi. namuth, bhasha wicharayak kirimata nam, ema bhashawa hasalawa katha kirimata puluwan wiya yuthumayi niyamayak natha. bhashawak pilibanda mana puhunuwak nathi aya wisin karana lada bhasha wicharayan da dahas gananak atha. 1900 ta pera kalayedi bhashawan pilibanda sawistharathmaka thorathuru itha awamaya.
pahatha karunu siyallama ho kihipayak wath adangu we nam eya bhasha wicharayak lesa hadunagatha haka.
bhasha prathigrahanaya
bhasha prathigrahanaya yanu manawaya thula bhasha hakiyawa wardhanaya wana kriyawaliyayi. prathama bhasha prathigrahanaya lamayin thula bhashawe sanwardhanaya sambandhayen wana athara dwithiya bhasha prathigahanaya wadimahallan thulada siduwana bhashawe sanwardhanaya kerahi yomuwe. aithihasikawa prathigrahanaye ithama wadagath hethu sadhakaya swabhawadharmaya ho puhunuwa yana dekin ekak bawa awadhanaya karamin nyayawadin boho wita bedi sitithi.
wadath unusum lesa wiwadayata bhajanaya wu karanayak wanne boho wita wishwa wyakaranaya lesa da hadunwana bhashawa anthara ganimata yannayi. warsha gananak thisse nom domski saha nasigiya erik lebarg nam wishwa widyalana lamayinta bhashawaya iganima pahasu karawana saha ee sadaha bala karawana sadaha bhashawa wisheshika hakiyawan atha yana upakalpawata pakwa tharka kalahaka.
elisaben bets, thanarisnath saha mayikal tomaselo athulu anekuth paryeshakayin bhasha adhyanaya athiwanne podu hadunathmaka hakiyawan saha igena gannan saha owun watapitawe sitina janathawa athara athiwana anthar kriyakarakam magin pamanak bawa upakalpanaya kalaha. wiliyam oo gredi wisin mathakadi kala kruthiyakin sankirna pada samana panchayan athiwanne karyakshamathawa magin athi karawana rekhiya sankhyathmaka kramayak magin bawa yojana karayi. oo gres siya karya wishwa bhashawakin desha janawadaya pilibada ithamath wadagath pragamanayak wanuye buyan makwini saha katharin wisin lama daththa gabadawa athi kirimayi.
bhashawa pilibada puranokthikagatha aarambhayan
widyathmaka nyayan kisiwak athiwimata pera bhashawe aarambhaya pilibada wiwidha hethu dakwim pawathini. bhashawe aarambhaya, sanwardhanaya saha pawathina bhashawanhi wiwidhathwaya pilibada boho sanskruthin thula hethu widyathmaka prabandhayan saha wenath katha adath pawathi.
wachika sampradaya osse idiriyata pamini mema mithyawenhi samanakam sunarawarthi themawan saha wenaskamda we. samahara mithyawan hudu katha walata wada arthayakda, thawath samaharaka wyapthiya pilibada athi puranothikiwala, yali yalith daknata athi themawan wanuye jala galim saha manawa winashayanya. boho katha mihi madale siti janathawa grahaya mathupita wisira yannata hethu wu maha jalagalmak pilibadawa pawasayi. minisa wisin karana ladayi therumgath waradi walata dewiyan ho dewiwarun daduwam labadima thawath yali yalith dakiya haki themawaki.
bhashawe aarambhaya pilibada puranokthi samanyayen wada wishala nimawum pilibada puranokthiwala upagrahanaya wi ho wada satahan lesa dakwima siduwi atha. samahara katha nimawum karuweku wisin aarambhaye sita bhashawa pawara dena lada bawa pawasana athara anekuth eewa bhashawa pasukalinaya dan thyagayak lesa salakayi.
aasiyawa
brahmaya wisin udagu gasakata dena lada daduwamak magin bhashawe wenaskam pamanak nowa sanskruthiye ho sirith wirithwala wiwidhathwaya pawa athawuye kese dayi hindu mithya kathawak pawasayi.
pruthiwiye manushya ithihasaye aashcharyamath loka gasa/danum gasa wadini. eya ketharam us wida yath, eya dewlowa asannayata lan wiya. eya thamage hrudaya wasthuwen mese pawasiya. "mama mage hisa dewlowahi radawam mage athu ithi mulu pruthuwiya pura wihiduwami. siyalu minisun mage sewanalla yatata ras karami. aaraksha karami. wenwimen walakami." namuth brahmaya gasehi udagukamata daduwam kirima sadaha emi athu ithi kala eewa pruthiwiya matha heliya. eewa wata gas lesa mathuwi wuta pruthiwiyehi mathupita minisun wisuruwa harima sadaha adahili kathawehin ha sirith wirith wala wenaskam athi karana ladi.
bengala bokkehi andaman dupathwala deshiya wasiyange sampradayika wishwasayanta anuwa bhashawa yanu dewiyan wisin prathama minisa saha gahaniyata dena laddaki. owunge wishwasayata anuwa ese dena lada bhashawa madhya andamin hi dakunudiga saha ginikona diga kentas wala jiwath wana grothrikayakan wisin ada dakwama katha karana bawa "bojil -yab" namin hadinne bhashawaki. mema bhashawa maw bhashawa bawath anekuth siyalu upa bhashawan eyin sadunu bawath ehi wasiyan wisthara karathi.
owunge wishwasaya anuwa prathama minisage maranayatada pera ohuge du daruwan gananin thoram wishala wida yak owunge niwasata thawaduratath owun rada thaba gawimata nohaki wiya. puluga ge niyamaya paridi owunata awashya siyaluma awashya upakarana saha gindara owun wetha sapayana laduwa, diwayina pura jodu washayen wisurawa harina ladi. mema nikmima sidu wu wita ethek ek kandayamata puluga wisin wishesha wu upa bhashawak sapayana ladi bhashawe wiwidhathwaya ee aakarayen pahadili kerini.
bhashawa yanu kumakda?
bhashawa yanna nirwachanaya kirimedi salaka baliya yuthu wishesha ansha kipayaki. shishtacharaya haraha minisage wishishtathama nirmanaya wana bhashawa wismitha bawak gani. kese wuwa da me siyalla desa awadhanaya yomu karamin yam aakarayaka nirwachanayak idiripath kirimata yomu kala yuthu ansha kipayaki.
1. wag widyauwata wishaya wiya yuththe manushya bhashawayi.
2. ehidi bhashanayata mul thanath lekhanayata dewana thanath himi wiya yuthuya.
3. nirwachanaya kirimedi sanyuthiya men ma karyabharaya pilibadawa da awadhanaya yomu kala yuthuya.
4. bhashawa samaja nirmithayak bawin samajiya karyantath mul thana diya yuthuya.
karyabharaya pilibadawa salakimedi adahas pala kirima, hagim pala kirima, abhilashayan pala kirima, sanniwedanaya, anyonya sahayogithawaya ha kriyakarithwaya aadiya pradhana we.
me siyaluma ansha kerehi salakilimath wemin nirwachanayak idiripath kirima athi dushkara karyayaki.
“minisa miniseku wanne bhashawa nisaya.” - wilem wenhum
“bhashawa nam minisage manasika kriyakarithwayata paryaptha wana prakashanashili gathiyehi aakruthiyayi.” - lenad blumfild
“bhashamaya paddhathiyak nam arthamaya wenaskam malawak samaga badunu shabdamaya wenaskam malawaki” - sosuyayo
“bhashawak nam minisun samajiya samuhayaka samajikayan da sanskruthiyaka kotas karuwan da washayen anyomanyaya krikayakaritha ha sanniwedanaya sadaha yoda ganna sammuthika wu wag sanketha paddhathiyaki” - barnad blok
ihatha nirwachana sama anshayak kerehi ma salakamin wicharayata lak kala hoth paripurna kumakdayi yanna hadunagatha haki weyi. kese wuwa da oonama bhashawaka daknata labena aakruthikamaya wu podu lakshana kipayak mese dakwiya haka.
• bhashawak yanna wagalapa ha wachana walin nirmanaya wi athi bawa.
• wagalapa, wachana nirmanaya wi aththe katha shabda anusarayen bawa.
• wachana ha katha shabda, sanketha(sangnya) samuhayak bawa.
• sankethaya ha -------- athara sambandhathawa samaja sammuthiyak wana athara eewa sahaja sambandhayak nodakwana bawa.
• ee ee basata suwisheshi wu rata ha rithi anuwa paddhathiyak lesa pihitana bawa.
• oonama samajayiya awasthawakata sarilana aakarayen nawathawayan sahitha wi athi bawa.
bhashawe ithihasaya.
bhashawe aarambhaya sambandhawa wiwidha matha pawathi. dewiyan wahanse wisin meya aarambha kala bawata prkasha kala da bhashawe ithihasaya minis shishtacharaya ha badunu bawa piligatha yuthu karunaki. shishtacharaya magin wiwidhakarayata pariwarthanaya wu minisa upakarana nirmanaya kirimath eewa pariharanaya kirimath idiri parapurata eewaye nirmanaya ha pariharanaya pilibadawa kiya dimath sidu kala athara ee sadaha bhashawa bhawithataya da pelambaini.
me aakarayata balana kala mita awurudu lakshayakata pamana pera bhashawa ipadi athi bawa athamek pramakasha karathi. esema mema sankalpayata anuwa awurudu panlakshayakata pamana pera bhashawa pahadili lesa dakwima dushkara wana athara warthamanaya wana wita lokaye bhashawan thun dahasak pamana bhawithaye athayi salake. (wadima pirisak china bhashawa katha karayi)
bhashawe karyabharaya.
bhashawa haduna ganime di nathahoth nirwachanaya kirime di ehi karyabharaya hakula dakwimak sidukota athi bawa nirwachanayan wimasa balimedi peni yana karunaki. boho wita poduwe nathahoth samajamaya karyan itu kirima sadaha bhashawa upayogi wanabawa peni giya da mehi karbharayan kotas 02 kata beda dakwiya hakiya.
1. samajayiya karya.
2. aathmiya karya.
1. samajayiya karya
mehidi adahas kerenne poduwe samajaya udesa bhashawen ishta karanu labana wiwidhakara karyabharaya yi. eewa da adhyainaye pahasuwa sadaha prayadhana kotas 02 kata wen kere.
1.1.1.1. sanniwedana mulika karya.
1.1.1.2. anyowanya kriyakaritha pawathwima.
1.1. sanniwedana mulika karya.
1.1.1. samanya sanniwedanaya.
1.1.2. jana sanniwedanaya.
1.1.3. adhyapanaya
a) widhimath adhyapanaya.
b) awidhimath adhyapanaya.
1.1.4. bhawa prakashanaya. (hagim ha abhilashayan)
a) kalathmaka ha saundaryathmaka.
b) anthar bhawa mochanathmaka (duka, sathuta, wedanawa prkasha kirima, mochanaya kirima)
1.1.5. anyonya kriyakari pawathma.
A. anyayan meheyewima sanwidhanaya ha palanaya.
B. ek wa kriyakirima.
C. hodahitha pawathwima. (saundaryathmaka)
D. winodaya
a) samajiya winodaya.
b) sawayan winodaya.
1.1.6. aagamika ha abhicharika karyaya.
1.1.7. anushtaniya karyaya. (sethpathima ha ashirwada)
1.1.8. manawa sanskruthika priwahaya.
2. aathmiya karyaya.
2.1. chinthanaya ha anthar bhashanaya.
2.2. swayan bhashanaya.
2.3. sawayan winodaya. (paluwa maka ganima)
samajiya karyaya.
samajaya samaga ganudenu kirime di ha wiwidha kriayakarakam waladi bhashawen sidukerena karyayabharaya mehidi salakillata gane. sanniwedana mulika karyayedi sanniwedana yana padaya artha dakwima itha wadagath ya. me sadaha sanniwedayeku ha sanniwedithayeku (gradahakaya) yana deparshawaya sanketha upayogi kara ganimin artha samprepashanaya kirima atham samaja widyagnyayin memagin nirupanaya karanu labayi. shabda koshayata anuwa “hawul karagannawa” yana arthaya sanniwedanaya lesa dakwa atha.
1.1.1 samanya sanniwedanaya.
edineda jiwithayedi adahas ha danuma huwamaru kara ganima mehidi apeksha kere.
kiwe kawarek da?
katada?
kumata da?
keseda?
kothanada?
koyiweleda?
kumana awasthawaka da?
kumana hethuwak nisada? yana karunu matha sanniwedanaya karanu labana karyaya sarthaka ho asarthaka we. ebawin yam sanniwedanayak sidu kirimedi ihatha karunu siyalla pilibadawa awadhanaya yomu karamin bhashawa sarthakawa hasirawimak sidu kirima itha wadagath wadagath ya.
1.1.2. jana sanniwedanaya.
janasanniwedanaya samanya. sanniwedanayata wada sanwidhanathmaka wu deyaki. me sadaha sampranadayika kradhama men ma widyu.th ha mudriwatha madhyo yoda gane. (rupawahinaya, guwan widuliya, puwathpath, sagara, athpathrika)
1.1.3. adhya panaya.
manawa samajaye sanwardhanaya sadaha adhyanapanaya athyaiwashya ya. adhyahapanaya mulumaninma pahe radi aththe bhashawa mathaya. widhimath adhyaupanaya lesa nishchitha aayathanayaka di nirdeshitha wishaya malawak sudusukam lath pudgalayin wisin sanwidhanathmakawa laba dima apeksha kere.
uda-
pasala
wishwa widya laya
karmika widyalaya
guru widyalaya
melesa sanwidhanaya nowu awastha awidhimath adhyapanaya lesa hadinwe.
uda-
pawula
samawayas kandayam
aagamika sthana
janamadhy
1.1.4. bhawa prakashanaya.
minis sitha thula upadina wiwidha bhawayan sira kirimata yamedi paursha anukramikatha pana nagimata balapam sidu kere. ebawin meki bhawayan krakamana ho aakarayakata pita kirima ithama wadagath ya. ugath samajaye me sadaha bhashawa wadagath lesa bhawithayata gani. (githa, kawi, nawakatha, ketikatha, natyi)
1.1.5. antharbhawa mochanaya.
kalathmakawa pra.kasha kala nohaki bhawayan prethakopakari lesa pita kirima sadaha atham awastha waladi bhashawa yoda ganima mehidi adahas kere.
uda- walapima, asabhya wachana, shapa kirima.
1.2. anyonya kriyakaritha palanaya.
thamage parshawaya sadaha thani thaniwa ho samuhika washayen anyawayan meheyawima sanwidhanaya ha palanaya pahasu kara ganima sadaha bhashawa itha wadagath karyaya bharayak sidu karayi. mehidi yam karyayak sarthaka ho asarthaka wimata yoda ganna bhashawe thaththwaya balapayi.
1.2.2. ekwa kriya kirima.
samuhayak ek wi balaya yodawamin sidu kerena katayuthu waladi bhashawa ekawara shabda naga bhawitha kirimen ema katayuthu walata pahasuwak siduwe. mewan wruththinhidi meya wisheshayen daknata labe.
uda-
madal adima
jambara gasima
kambaa adima
1.2.3. hodahitha pawathwima. (sauhardya ya)
sihala bhashawe suwishesi lesa arthayak sahithawa ho rahithawa bhashathmaka yedum mema karya sadaha boho seyin yoda gani.
uda- keheda yanne, nanawada?
1.2.4. winodaya.
winodaya sadaha bhashathmaka bhawithayan boho seyin upakari we. minis saththwaya thruplimath wima kerehi wishala ladiyawak dakwayi. bhashathmaka nirmana walin thrupthimath nowu wita wenath aakara walin asammatha lesa samaja wirodhi kripayawanta yomuwima daknata labe. me sadaha bhashathmaka nirmana wana kawi, gi, natyaba, nawakatha aadi nirmana parishilanaya men ma wihilu thahalu, sina katha, hitiwana kawi, kathandara kima aadiya wikalpa lesa bhawitha kala haka.
1.2.5. aagamika ha aabhicharika karya.
sama aagamak ma charithriwarithracha itukirima sadahath wath piliweth pawathwaganima sadahath bhashawa yoda gani.
uda- bana, pirith, yathika, githika
abhichara widhi waladi mita wada wenas aakarayakata ee ee karyayan sadaha aawenika wu bhashawan yoda gani. artha wataha ganimakin thorawa yanthra manthro japa kirim aadi katayuthu waladi yoda ganna gatha, shloka me yatathata gane.
1.2.6. anushtaniya karyaya.
jiwithaye boho awasthawaladi seth pathima ha aashirwadayan oonama jana kotasaka daknata labe. nawa padawiyaka wada bara ganima, diwurum dima, aluthin yam yam katayuthu aarambha kirima aadi awasthawala yoda ganna parthana ha seth pathim bhashawa mulkota sidu kere.
1.2.7. manawa sanskruthika pradawahaya.
minis sanskruthiyata adala dranawyimaya dewal men ma wisheshayen agayima ha prithimana athulu hara paddhathin eelaga paramparawata pawara dime di bhashawen siduwana karyarabharaya athi wishalaya.
uda- adum paladum, aabharana, sirithwirith, charithro.
mehidi jathaka kathada wadagath weyi. shathigochara shailya yanu eewa kiyawana basayi.
2. aathmiya karyayan.bhashawa
aathmiya karyayan lesa hadunwanne bhashawa upayogi kara ganimin pudgala jiwithayata laba ganna karyanabharaya we.
2.1. chinthanaya ha antharbhashanaya.
pudgalayekuge jiwithaya ma godanaganu labanne ohuge sithiwili mathini. sithuwili shakthimath wimata nam chinthanaya yahapath wiya yuthuya. ee anuwa yahapath wa sithima sadaha bhashawa magin sidu karanuye dawantha karyabharayaki. sithiwili yahapath wu pamanin ma eewa wadagath nowe. ema sithiwili krieeyathmaka kirima sadaha thawath kenekuta bhashawa yoda ganimin sampre shanaya kala yuthuya. meya antharbhashanaya yi.
2.2. swayan bhashanaya.
swayan bhashanaya yanu thama sambandhawa thamage nirdeshaya yi. thama pilibada wa watinakamak nodena pudgalaya samajayata hithakara nowe. thamage wadagathkama salakanna ayahapath deta yomu nowe. ebawin thama sambandhawa dhanathmakawa sithimata yojanawan kirimata bhashawa magin wadagath karyayak itu kere. bhashawa |
yuniskrayib | yuniskrayib (Uniscribe) yanu mayikrosoft windos hi yunikod-akshara aandime mewalam kattalayaki. mewa godananga aththe USP10.DLL nam Dynamic-Link Libraryya thulaya. Windows 2000 saha Internet Explorer 5.0 samanga mema USP10.dll mulinma mahajanathawa athata pathwiya. mita amatharawa, Windows CE platform da ehi 5.0 wana welume sita yuniskrayib samaga kriyakari wiya.
USP10.dll
USP yanu keti wachanayaki for Unicode Scripts Processor. mehi nawathama sanskaranaya wanne 1.613.5291.0 ya. mehi mulika paramartha nam:
aadana akshara pela (aadana piliwela) anuwa gena prathidana piliwela sakasima.
adala sthana walata sanyuktha akshara aadesha karima, (uda: k + ra = kra : g + ya = gya : k + sha = ksha) [mehidi ekathukarimata ZWJ ho NZWJ yodagani]
drushya akshara dishawa sakasima (uda: dakune sita wamata-hibru, ihala sita pahalata-japan)
usp10.dll wala bahulawa bhawitha wana welum kihipayak (ha e්wa beda hara athi aakara samanga) pahatha dakwe:
How to update?
Although Uniscribe has been available since Windows 2000, new versions of Uniscribe provided more functions to the system, namely, support to other writing systems. An earlier update of it supports the display of Arabic and Hebrew, then Thai and Vietnamese. Since Windows XP, more South Asian and Assyrian alphabets are supported.
If a user needs to use the newer usp10.dll for only certain applications, they are permitted to copy the newer version into the executable directories of those applications. However, newer versions of usp10.dll are not allowed to be re-distributed according to Microsoft's licensing agreement. Therefore, they are always encouraged to join the Microsoft VOLT discussion forum in order to get the latest version of usp10.dll. This is considered to be troublesome by most novice computer users, who need to type text in certain unsupported writing systems but are stuck with older versions of usp10.dll.
thawada balanna
International Components for Unicode
References
Uniscribe
Microsoft Typography
Uniscribe at MSDN
Summer Institute of Linguistics. Uniscribe versions
adawiyen bahara pitu
How to update usp10.dll at Windows 2000
FAQ about usp10.dll
Digital typography |
pango | In computing, pango hewath pango (Pango) is an wiwrutha mulashra library for rendering internationalized texts integrated into GTK+ 2. The name pango is from (grika basin් "pan/Pan" (Παν; lit. all) + japan basin් "go/Go" (語; lit. bhashawa).
thawada balanna
yuniskrayib (Windows multilingual text rendering engine)
WorldScript (Old Macintosh multilingual text rendering engine)
Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging (New Macintosh multilingual text rendering engine)
Graphite (multiplatform open source renderer from SIL)
adawiyen bahara pitu
http://www.pango.org/ - pango/pango web adawiya
http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-u-pango1/ Pango introduction
C libraries
GNOME
Digital typography
GTK |
linaks | linaks (Linux) (ganu linaks lesada handinwe) yanu yuniks ha samana pariganaka meheyum paddhathiyaki. links wiwrutha ketha (open source) mrudukangayaka sanwardhanayata prakata nidasunak wana athara, wanijamaya meheyum paddhathi wana mayikrosoft windos ha mak ooes eks men nowa meheyum paddhathiye siyalu kethayan lokaye oonama keneku hata nomilaye bhawithayata laba ganimata, beda harimata, ha wenas kirimata ida salasayi.
aaramhaka yugayedi linaks sanwardhanaya ha pawichchi kirima siduwuye linaks lolin simitha pirisak athara pamani. enamuth pasu kalina wa IBM, Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Novell wani samagam linaks sarwar meheyum paddhathiyak lesa diyunu kerini. warthamana wana wita linaks wadathala meheyum paddhathiyak (desktop OS) lesa prachalithawa atha. meya jangama durakathana wala sita supiri pariganaka dakwa wihidi atha. mehi athi wishwasidayakathwaya, aarakshawa, adu wiyadama (aththatama wiyadamak aththema natha) ha nidahasa mehi sarthakathwayata hethuwi atha.
ithihasaya
wasara 1964 pamana kalayedi amerika eksath janapadaye machuset thakshana aayathanaya MIT, General Electric aayathanaya saha [Bell Labs] aayathanayada ekwa Multics namin pariganaka meheyum paddhathiyak nirmanaya kirime wyapruthiyak aarambhakerini. eheth wasara 1969 wanathekma wyapruthiya sampurna karagatha nohakiwu heyin [Bell Labs] aayathanaya ema wyapruthiyata dakwu dayakathwaya awasan kaleya. eheth [Bell Labs] aayathanaye denis richi saha ken thomsan yana pariganaka widyagnyayin dedenata mewani meheyum paddhathiyak nirmanaya kirime awashyathawak athiwi thibuni. eheyin owun sathu PDP-7 namathi kuda pariganakaya matha kriyathmaka wiya haki meheyum paddhathiyak nirmanaya kara eya yuniks Unics lesa handunwana ladi. pasukalinawa ehi namaya [Unix] lesa wenas wu athara denis richi pariganaka widyagnyaya wisin B pariganaka kramalekha bhashawa mangin wadidiyunu karana lada [C] pariganaka kramalekha bhashawa aadharayen eya wasara 1973 pamana nawatha kramalekhagathakarana ladi.
wasara 1983 wana wita [Unix] meheyum paddhathiya matha padanam wu wanijamaya pariganaka meheyum paddhathi itha prachalithawa pawathina. eheth eewaye kramalekhanaya nidahas nokirimata eewaye nirmanakaruwan wagabalagathha. ewakata amerika eksath janapadaye machuset thakshana aayathanaye MIT karye niyuthuwa siti richad stolman Richard Stallman namathi pariganaka widyagnyaya mema kramalekhana nidahas nokirima pilibanda mahath kanassallata pathwa sitiyeya. ebawin wasara 1983 di machuset thakshana aayathanaya haradama yana ohu nidahas mrudukanga padanama aarambha karamin [Unix] wani nidahas meheyum paddhathiyak nirmanaya kirime aramunin GNU Project wyapruthiya aarambha kaleya. in pasu lowapura sitina pariganaka kramalekhana shilpingeda dayakathwayen wasara 1990 pamana wanawita mema wyapruthiya sampurnayanma pahe awasan wi thibuni. eheth mema meheyum paddhathiyata athyawashya angayak wana karnalaya richad stolmanta awashya paridi nimawi nothibuni. ee sandaha ohuta linas trowalds ge aagamanaya thek nawathimata siduwiya.
wasara 1991 di pinlanthaye helsinki wishwawidyalayata athulath wana linas trowalds nam 21 hawiridi wishwawidyala sisuwa pariganaka meheyum paddhathi pilibanda unanduwak dakwuweki. ohu wishwawidyalaydi adhyapanika katayuthu sandaha bhawitha kale ohuge guruwaraya wu amerikanu jathika mahacharya andru tananbom wisin kramalekha gathakarana lada [Unix] wani MINIX namathi meheyum paddhathiyayi. ohu mema meheyum paddhathiye athi kramalekha bhawitha karamin saha wadidiyunu karamin linaks karnalaya nirmanaya karana ladi. pasuwa ohu wisin antharjalayata mudaharina lada ema kramalekhanaya lowapura sitina pariganaka kramalekhana shilpingeda dayakathwayen wadidiyunu kirimen anathuruwa richad stolmange GNU Project wyapruthiya mangin nipayunu wadasatahan samanga eekabaddha karamin Linux meheyum paddhathiya kriyathmaka wiya.
thakshanika sahaya
linaks meheyum paddhathin sandaha thakshanika sahaya labadima sandaha gewimak kara aayathanayak magin ho miliyana sankhyathayak wana linaks parishilakayan gen online forums, newsgroups saha mailing lists magin nomile sahaya laba gatha haka.
wyaparika ramuwe di thakshanika sewawan sandaha yam mudalak aya karanu labe. me nisa wisheshayen wyaparika bhawithaya sandaha wenamama pakeja labadimata samahara linaks aashritha sewa labadena aayathana kriya karayi. me samanga ma ema wishesha linaks pakejayata ananya wu paripalana mrudukanga labadimen linaks bhawithaya pahasukara di atha.
GNU/Linux hi warthamana yedawim
GNU/Linux nohoth linaks meheyum paddhathiya warthamana lokaye nathuwama bari meheyum paddhathiyak bawata pathwi atha. meyata boho seyin hethukaranaya wi aththe androyid (Android) nam linaks meheyum paddhathiya jangama durakathana ha ee aashritha chanchala mewalam bhawithaye siduwu athi prabala wardhanayayi. namuth me pilibandawa linaks karnalaye nirmathru wana “linas throwald“ kanagatu wana bawa danagannata labe. ee maknisadayath ohu ge sihinaya wuye “linaks“ meheyum paddhathiya edineda karyayan sandaha wana laptop ha desktop pariganaka wala bhawitha wenu dakimayi.meheyum paddhathi |
nidahas mrudukanga | nidahas mrudukanga yanu thahanamakin thorawa bhawitha kala haki adhyanaya kala haki saha nawikaranaya kala haki mrudukanga wana eewa thahanamakin thorawa nawikaranaya kara ho nokara pitapath kala sema nawatha beda harimatada haka. samahara mrudukanga pitapath labannantada mema wenas kirimata awashya wana se itha awama thahanchi panawa atha. mema mrudukanga nomile bedahariya yuthu athara pudgalayakuta bhawitha kala haki wana se wadasatahan kethayan saha awasara laba sadana awasarapathak labanna wethata mrudukanga samanga pathkala yuthuya. mema awasara patha “nidahas mrudukanga awasarapatha” nam wana athara emagin kiyawenne adala mrudukangaye ketha mahajanakaranaya kala bawayi.
sama pariganaka bhawitha karannakutama nidahasa laba dime udarachethanawen mema “nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaye” 1983 di richad stoman wisin arambaiya. 1990 gananwala sita me aakaraye mrudukanga handinwanu labanne “wiwrutha mulashra mrudukanga” Open source software" yana yedumeni thawada FOSS saha FLOSS" yana yedumda nitharama bhawitha we. esema “nidahas nowana mrudukanga” yana yedum eeta wiruddhartha padayayi.
antharjalaya haraha mudal gewimakin thorawa laba gatha haki mrudukanga (freeware) walin nidahas mrudukanga wenas we. nidahas mrudukanga walata himikarithwayak labima mema wenasayi. esema nidahas mrudukanga men antharjalayen mudal gewimakin thorawa laba ganna mrudukanga adhyayanayata ,nawikaranayata pera nawatha bedaharimata parishilakayata hakinowe. mema warga 2 athara athi ekama samana kama wanne oonama ayekuta bhawitha kirimata hakiwima pamani.
nidahas mrudukanga nomile bedaharima arambau da sitama eya gasthuwak aya nokara ho ithama awama gasthuwak ayakaragena labade. nidahas mrudukanga wyapara aakruthi padanamwa aththe sahaya labadime ,puhunu kirime, nawikarana kirime, eekabaddha wim ,ho hathika kirim wani watinakam ek kirimeni. emenma samahara wyapara aakruthi haraha himikarithwa mrudukanga laba dunnada eewa nidahas mrudukanga walin wenas wanne eki himikarithwa mrudukanga nithyanukulawa bhawithayata laba gatha yuthu awasara pathraya gewimakin anathuruwa labagatha yuthu niyaweni.
ithihasaya
1950, 1960 ha 1970 dashaka wala samanya pariganaka parishilakayin nidahas mrudukanga bhawitha kalaha. mrudukanga boho durata parishilakayin ha drudanga nishpadakayin mrudukanga bedahada gath athara emagin owunge drudangawala prayojanathwaya wadi karanu labiya. mrudukanga beda ganimata sanwidhana pawa pihituwa gathha. memagin mrudukanga beda hada ganim walata mana sahayak labina. namuth 1960 n pasu mema thathwaya wenas wiya. mrudukangayanhi mila wishala washayen ihala giyeya. drudanga nipadawana samagam walata mrudukanga nipadawana samagam samaga ithamath thiyunu tharagayaka niyalimata sidu wiya. drudanga nipadawana samagam thama drudanga samaga mrudukanga laba denu labuwe ema mrudukanga sadaha wana wiyadamada ema drudangaya sadaha ekathu kirimeni. eheth kal yathma parishilakayan wisin thama awashayathawayata galapena mrudukanga wenath samagam walin laba ganimata huru wiya. 1970 pamana wanawita mrudukanga samagam thama mrudukanga ehi kethaya samaga beda harima nawatha damiya. emagin ehi wenaskam kirima ha eya adhayayanaya kara nawa nishpadana sidu kirima awurana ladi. 1980 wana wita mrudukanga sadahada buddhimaya depala nithi adala wiya.
1983 di MIT kruthima buddhiya sadaha wu parikshanagaraye hakar prajawe dirgakalina samajikayeku wu Richard Stallman, wisin GNU wyapruthiya gana heli kaleya. mrudukanga bhawithaya nidahas kirima ohuge aramuna wiya. GNU meheyum paddhathiya sanwardhanaya kirima 1984 di aarambha wiya. thawada 1985 okthobar masayedi nidahas mrudukanga peramuna pihituwana ladi. ohu ge aramuna wuye ayithin athulath nowana nidahas mrudukanga nirmanaya kirimayi. mehi aarthika watinakama wishala aayathana wana IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems wisin wataha ganna ladi. boho samagam thama katayuthu sadahada mema nidahas mrudukanga bhawitha karana ladi. adu wiyadamak darimata siduwima mehidi kapi penena wasiya wiya.Creative Commons ha nidahas mrudukanga peramuna mema nidahas mrudukanga wyaparayata mahath pitiwahalak labaduni.
thawada balanna
nidahas ha wiwrutha mulashra mrudukanga (FOSS)
nidahas mrudukanga
wiwrutha mulashra
wiwrutha mulashra vs. nidahas mrudukanga
nidahas mrudukanga
pariganaka mrudukanga
pariganaka widyawa |
nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya | nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya (free software movement) 1983 di richad stalman wisin ganu labu waාpruthiya niwedanaya samanga aaramha wiya.mema wyaparaye aramuna wanne pariganaka pawichchi karannan athara nidamas ha wiwrutha mrudukanga prachalitha kirimata ha aawrutha mrudukanwala eekadhikaraya parajaya kirimayi.
Most members of the nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya believe that all software should come with the freedoms listed in the free software definition. Many hold that it is immoral to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their use of their computer.
Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that proprietary mrudukanga is strictly immoral. They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense. Moreover, they may use the term "free software" to distance themselves from claims that "wiwrutha mulashra" mrudukanga is always technically superior to proprietary software (which is often demonstrably false, at least in the short term). In this sense, they object that "wiwrutha- mulashra" advocates, by concentrating solely on technical merits, encourage users to sacrifice their freedom (and the long-term benefits thereof) for short-term conveniences that proprietary mrudukanga may provide.
Supporters of wiwrutha mulashra> argue for the pragmatic virtues of free mrudukanga rather than questions of morality. Their basic disagreement with the nidahas mrudukanga padanama is its blanket condemnation of proprietary software. There are many programmers who enjoy supporting and using free software but make their livings developing proprietary software, and do not consider their actions immoral. The "official" free-software and open-source definitions are slightly different, with the nidahas-mrudukanga definition generally considered to be more strict, but the wiwrutha mulashra licenses which are not considered to be free software licenses are generally obscure, so in practice virtually all open source software may also be considered free software (a notable exception being the Netscape Public License used by Netscape Navigator and Mozilla).
The nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya also believes all software needs free documentation, but does not take a strong position on other types of works. Members of the nidahas mrudukanga community advocate works that serve a practical purpose should also be free.nidahas mrudukanga mrudukangaye boho samajikayin wishwasa karanne nidahas mrudukanga nirwachanayehi layisthu gatha kara athi siyaluma nidahas mrudukanga samanga mrudukanga siyallama paminiya yuthu bawayi. boho dena pawasanne mema nidahasa pawichchi kirima walakwima ho walakwa ganima walakwima ho walakwima saha mrudukanga parishilakayin ekinekata upakara kala haki yahapath samajayak bihikirima sandaha mema nidahasa awashya wana athara eewaye pariganaka bhawithaya pilibandawa palanaya kirimayi.
nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya wetha samahara anugamikayin wishwasa karanne wyaja welanda namayak ithama duracharathmaka bawayi. owun tharka karanne nidahasa yanu samajaye saha prayogika washayen wadagathkamakin yuktha wana mrudukangayak wana athara eewaye ayithiye athi mrudukangayak lesa patu hangimakin yuktha we. epamanak nowa, "wiwrutha mulashra" mrudukanga sama witama wanija mrudukanga walata wada thakshanikawa ihalin athi bawata kiyapam walin durastha kirima sandaha owun "nidahas mrudukanga" yana yeduma bhawitha kala hakiya (boho wita nirathuruwama pennum karanne, adu washayen ketikalinawa) ya. mema arthayen gath kala, owun "wiwrutha mulashra" prakopakarin wisin, thakshanika kusalathawan matha pamanak awadhanaya yomu kirimen, parishilakayinge nidahasa laba gatha haki keti kalina pahasukama sandaha parishilakayan owunge nidahasa (saha digukalina prathilabha) parithyaga kirimata diriganwayi.
wiwrutha mulashrawala aadharakaruwan> sadacharaye prashnawalata wada nidahas mrudukangaye prayogika gunanga sandaha tharka karanna. nidahas mrudukanga padanama samanga owunge mulika mathabhedaya wanne wanija mrudukangaya hela dakimayi. nidahas mrudukanga bhawithayata saha bhawitha karana boho wadasatahan karannan, namuth owunge sajiwikaranayan himikara mrudukangayak sanwardhanaya kirima, owunge kriyawan anacharaye nosalake. nidahas ha mrudukanga nirwachanaya wada dadi lesa salakanu labana "nila" nidahas mrudukanga saha wiwrutha ketha nirwachana tharamak wenas we, namuth nidahas mrudukanga balapathra lesa salakanu nolabana wiwrutha mulashra balapathra samanyayen apahadili we. ebawin prayogikawa sabawinma wiwrutha mrudukanga siyallama nomile mrudukangayak lesa salakiya hakiya (Netscape Navigator saha Mozilla wisin bhawitha karana lada Netscape Public License lesa salakiya yuthu wyathirekaya).
nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya da siyalu mrudukanga sandaha nomile pralekana awashya wuwada, anek wargaye kruthi matha shakthimath sthawarayak nosalakayi. nidahas mrudukanga web adawi prajawage kriyakarithwayan prayogika hethuwak wiya yuthuya.
See also
nidahas mrudukanga padanama
Hacker culture
wiwrutha mulashra
wiwrutha mulashra wyaparaya
wiwrutha mulashra license
GNU Manifesto
nidahas Culture wyaparaya
nidahas mrudukanga culture and documents
Cultural wyapara |
nidahas ha wiwrutha mulashra mrudukanga | nidahas mrudukanga padanama magin artha dakwa athi andamata nidahas mrudukanga yanu badhawakin thorawa bhawitha kirimata, pitapath kirimata, adhyayanaya kirimata, wenas kirimata ha yali beda harimata haki mrudukanga we. mrudukangayak, nidahas mrudukangayak lesa beda harime samanya kramaya wanuye mrudukangaya eya labanna wetha nidahas mrudukanga balapathrayak samaga liyapadinchi kirima (ho Public domain thula wima) saha mrudukangayehi mula kethaya muda harima we. (for a compiled language).
bhawithaya
1960 dashakaye nirmanaya wu wishala pramanaye wanija pariganaka welendapolata paminiye eeta awashya pariganaka wadasatahanada samangini. ema mrudukanga wala prabhawa kethayada rahas eewa nowuni. namuth 70 dashakaya wana wita mema sampradaya nathiwi giyeya. eyata hethuwa wuye miladi gathayuthu, buddhimaya depala ayithiyak athi pariganaka wadasatahan welendapolata nikuthwimayi.
ekala thibu yuniks (Unix) meheyum paddhathiyada ewani pariganaka wadasatahanaki.
pariganaka wadasatahan pariganaka bhawitha karannata awashya se wenas karagatha haki saha nomilaye labadena mrudukanga wiyayuthu bawata mathayak 80 dashakayedi wyaptha wi giyeya.
me bawa danagath ewakata masawusets thakshana aayathanayehi (MIT) kramalekha shilpiyeku lesa katayuthu kala stolman thama sewaya kala thakshana aayathanayen iwath wi katath nidahase bhawithayata gatha haki pariganaka meheyum paddhathiyak thanime katayuthu aarambha kaleya. mese thanu meheyum paddhathiya gnu (GNU) lesa nam karana ladi.
gnu yannehi theruma ena meheyum paddhathiya wadasatahan gananawaka ekathuwak lesa idiripath karana lada bawayi. meheyum paddhathiyaka athyawashya angayan wana karnalaya hewath pradhana meheyum ketha paddhathiya, drayiwars wadasatahan, yusar intar fes menma sistam yutilitisda ehi anthargatha wima wisheshathwayaki. eewata adalawana ketha liyamin gnu wyapruthiya (www.gnu.org) ohuwisin aarambha kale 1983 diya.
thawada balanna
DADVSI
Dual license
Free software magazine
Free audio software
Free file format
nidahas ha wiwrutha mulashra mrudukanga
FLOSS Concept Booklet on Wikibooks
nidahas mrudukanga padanama
nidahas mrudukanga balapathra
GNU General Public License
GNU Project
List of free software packages
List of liberated software
wiwrutha mulashra
wiwrutha mulashra vs. nidahas mrudukanga
wiwrutha pramithiya
Open format
Software Freedom Day
www.ubuntu.com,
www.shipit.ubuntu.com
udaharana
Some examples of FOSS include: the linaks kernel, the KDE and GNOME desktops, BIND and Firefox.
balapathra
The most well known and popular F/OSS licenses include: GNU General Public License (GPL), GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), BSD license, Apache License, MIT License and Mozilla Public License.
There are a number of endorsed F/OSS definitions, and related lists of licenses. The above licenses are approved by all definitions.
F/OSS definitions and guidelines:
wiwrutha mulashra Definition , from the wiwrutha mulashra Initiative
Free software definition, from the nidahas mrudukanga padanama
debiyan nidahas mrudukanga Guidelines
Lists of licenses:
OSI anumatha kala balapathra
nidahas mrudukanga padaname nidahas saha nonidahas balapathra layisthuwa
sanskruthiya
The F/OSS sanskruthiya and F/OSS community stem from hacker sanskruthiya.
adawiyen bahara pitu
The Free Software Definition - published by FSF
Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) .
Free Software and Open Source software (Where to find) - from Wikisolutions
FSF's list of free software licenses, including clarifications on often confused non-free licenses
FSF/UNESCO directory of free software packages
The GNU philosophy pages
FSF's comparison of "Open Source" and "Free Software"
Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers! — David Wheeler's analysis of the advantages of OSS/FS.
Free software transcripts by Ciaran O'Riordan
The best free softwares for Windows XP and Windows Vista
nidahas mrudukanga
Software licenses
Libre
nidahas mrudukanga sanskruthiya ha liyawili |
yapahuwa |
pihitima
rata - lankawa ,
disthrikkaya - kurunagala ,
pradeshiya lekam karyalaya - mahawa ෴
wenath nam
yapawwa, yapawigala, sundaragiri kanda, ayo parwatha
wadagathkama
aithihasika ha prag aithihasika natabun surakshithawa pawathima
kolambaa sita langawima
anka 57 alla haraha anuradhapura basayakin pamina daladagama handiyen basinna.
ethanin mahawa basayaka naga mahawa nagarayata (3km) yanna.
mahawa nagaraye sita galtanwawa basayakin yapahuwa pansala alasin basa gatha haki athara nitharama mema margaye bas gamana gamanaya nomathi heyin ema dura pramanaya kuli rathayakin salasa gatha yuthuyi.
athithaya
kristhu warsha 1272 di palamu buwanekabahu rajathuma mul warata yapahuwa aga nagaraya kara gaththeya. inpasu kristhu warsha 1281 di thunwana parakramabahu rajathuma th kristhu warsha 1292 di dewana buwanekabahu rajathuma th piliwelin yapahuwe raja wiya. kristhu warsha 1300 di dewana buwanekabahu rajathuma thama rajadhaniya kurunagalata gena giyeya.
seya ru ekathuwa
<center>
nirithadiga aganagara - shri lanka
shri lankawe sthana
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana
shri lankawe aithihasika nagara
yapahuwa |
nuwarakanda raja maha wiharaya | shri lankawe kurunagala disthrikkaye wariyapola pihiti, nuwarakanda raja maha wiharaya purawidyathmaka watinakamen yuthu bauddha siddhasthanayak we.
lagawima
wariyapola - ganewaththa pare natiya handine wamata hari natiya desata sa 4k gos nuwarakanda handiyen wamata hari sa 2k gaman kara nuwara kanda wiharayata lagawiya haka.
ithihasaya
dewanampiya thissa rajuge malanuwan se salakena surathissa raju wisin mema wiharaya karawu bawa salake. pasukalinawa sathuru aakramana hethuwen anuradhapuraye sita pala aa walagamba raju mema sthanaye boho kalak sangawi wasaya kara athi bawatada thorathuru sadahan we.
wihara natambaun
shri lankawe daknata labena itha durlabha ganaye prathima se salakena dahayiya walin nirmitha buddha prathimawak mema wiharasthanaye dakagatha hakiwe. esema mema wiharaya aashritha kataram kotana lada len 26k athulu len 32ka sadhaka, purawidya departhamenthuwa magin hadunagena thibe.
mulashra
kurunagala disthrikkaye bauddha siddhasthana
kurunagala disthrikkaye purawidya aarakshitha smaraka |
winodansha namawaliya | winodansha layisthuwa
meya winodansha layisthuwaki..
Animal-related
Fancy (animal breeding) - Keeping pet or show animals
Animal rescue (injured or orphaned wild or domestic animals)
kurullan narambaima
mimasi palanaya
sunakha abhijananaya
Herpetoculture
Horses
Aquariums
Self-maintaining Home Aquarium
Arts and Crafts
Blacksmithing
Calligraphy
Crochet
Dollhouses
Doll making
andima
Embroidery
Enamels
pihi sadima
gethima
Miniature figures
origami
chithra shilpaya
Figure painting (hobby)
Tole painting
diyasayam chithra shilpaya
mati karmanthaya
Quilting
Scrapbooking
murthi
mahum
Stained glass
muddara ekathu kirima
Warm glass
redi wiwima
li katayam
li wada
Chemistry
Chemical experiments
Fireworks
ekathu kirima
Antiques
Artwork
Ashtrays
Autographs
Aviation archaeology
Beer Cans
Beetles
poth
bothal
Butterflies
dina darshana
Candlesticks
Conifer cones
Bottle caps
Christmas accessories
Cigarette cards
Classic videogames
oralosu
Coasters
Coins
Comic books
Currency
Dice
Dumpster diving
Enamels
Fossil collecting
Found objects
Hats
Keychains
knives
Lighters
Lunchboxes
Manga
Microchips
Miniature figures
Moths
puwathpath
Patches
Phillumenism, i.e. collecting matchbooks and matchboxes
Photographs
Poker Chips
Postcards
Posters
Quotes
Records
Collecting Rocks and Minerals
Scale models
Scissors
Shopping lists
Shot glasses
Souvenirs
handi
Stamps
Swords
Teddy bears
Thimbles
Tobacco and marijuana smoking devices (smoking pipes, bongs, grinders...)
Trading cards such as baseball cards
Wine labels
Yardsticks
pariganakaya sambandha
3D pariganaka graphics design
Animation design
pariganaka krida
pariganaka programming
wiwrutha mulashra and the nidahas mrudukanga wyaparaya
Competitive programming - e.g. ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest
or TopCoder
Operating systems, e.g. GNU/linaks
Photoshopping
Retrocomputing
Modding / Case modding
Cooking
Any food/drink you feel like making
DIY (Do It Yourself)
Home Repairs
Electronics
Amateur radio
CB radio
DIY audio
Designing and building electronic circuits
Hardware hacking
Robots
TV and FM DXing
Fan fiction
Slash fiction
Film-making
Animation
Games
Board games
karam
Backgammon
Checkers
ches
Chinese Checkers
Go
Monopoly
Pente
Rummikub
Tournament Scrabble
Stratego
Card games
Bridge
Poker
Gin rummy
Backgammon
Dominoes
Role-playing games
Wargaming, sometimes with miniatures
German board games
Geofiction, including model nations
Historical reenactment, as in the Society for Creative Anachronism
Homebrewing
Interactive fiction
Internet-based hobbies
43things.com
Blogging
BookCrossing
Currency bill tracking
Writing reviews for Gamespot
Geocaching a modern day form of treasure hunting
Google Whacking
GPS drawing
Newsgroups
StumbleUpon
wikipidiya
World Wide Web
sahithyaya
Constructed languages (conlanging)
Learning foreign languages
Reading and bibliophilia
Writing
Machining
Model engineering
Model (scale model) building
Live steam models
Matchstick models
Military models
Model aircraft -- civil and military
Model cars, including radio-controlled cars
Model commercial vehicles
Model engineering
Model houses
Model figures -- historical and military
Model military vehicles -- including armored vehicles
Model nations
Model railways/railroads
Backyard railroads
Model rockets
Model ships -- civil and military
sangithaya
Musical composition and MIDI composition
Singing and playing musical instruments
Observation
Amateur astronomy
Geyser gazing
elimahan kriyakarakam
Backpacking
Birdfeeding, birding, and birdwatching
Bouldering
Butterfly watching
Camping
Caving
Canoeing and kayaking
Gardening, including forest gardening, organic gardening, wildlife gardening, bonsai, and permaculture
Hiking
Geocaching
Kite flying
Mountain climbing
Rafting
Rock climbing
Rockhounding (rock and mineral hunting/collecting)
Skiing
Stone skipping
SCUBA diving
Walking
Performing arts
Amateur theater
Dancing
Magic tricks
Singing
chayarupa shilpaya
Darkroom work, i.e developing films and enlarging photos in black-and-white or color
Kite aerial photography
Physics demos or experiments
krida or other physical activities
Archery
bes bol, softball, and rounders
pasipandu
Bowling
Cycling
Dance
Fantasy sports
Freshwater and saltwater fishing, including fly fishing
Fencing
Football
papandu
Gliding
Golf
Hunting
Martial Arts
Racquetball
Running
Sailing
Shooting rifles, pistols, and shotguns
Surfing
Table tennis where the level of play isn't really hindered by advanced age
tenis
Ultimate
wolibol
Skating
Toys of some sophistication
LEGO, including Brikwars, and Lego Mindstorms
Radio control toys
Transportation
Automobiles:
Antique cars
Autocross
Car washing
Kit cars
Motorcycles
Off-roading
Rallying
Trucks
Enthusiasm
Railfan
Roadgeek
Metrophile
Gongoozler (people who watch canals in the United Kingdom)
Transport spotting
Aircraft spotting
Bus spotting
Train spotting
layisthu |
fri softweya faundeshan | The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, a copyleft-based movement which aims to promote the universal freedom to create, distribute and modify computer software.
padanam
Non-profit organizations
Nonprofit technology
rajya nowana sanwidhana |
rakiya layisthuwa | wruththin layisthuwa (List of occupations)
The following is a list of jobs.
__NoTOC__
See also External links
A
Abbess (Abbess)
Abbot (Abbot)
ganakadhikari (Accountant)
Acoustical Scientist (Acoustical Scientist)
Actor (Actor)
Actuary (Actuary)
Administrator (Administrator)
Advocate (Advocate)
Aerospace engineer (Aerospace engineer)
Agent (Agent)
Agrarian (Agrarian)
Agrologist (Agrologist)
Agronomist (Agronomist)
Air traffic controller (Air traffic controller)
guwan nawiya (Airman)
Alchemist (Alchemist)
Alderman (Alderman)
Alewyfe (Alewyfe)
Almoner (Almoner)
thanapathi (Ambassador)
Anesthesiologist (Anesthesiologist)
Analyst (Analyst)
Animal trainer (Animal trainer)
Anthropologist (Anthropologist)
Antique dealer (Antique dealer)
Apiarist (Apiarist)
Arbiter (also Arbitrator) (Arbiter/Arbitrator)
Arborist (Arborist)
Archbishop (Archbishop)
Archer (Archer)
pura widyagnyaya (Archaeologist)
Architect (Architect)
Archivist (Archivist)
Armourer (Armourer)
Art director (Art director)
Art therapist (Art therapist)
Arts Manager (Arts Manager)
Artist (Artist)
Assayer (Assayer)
Assassin (Assassin)
Assessor (Assessor)
daiwagnyaya (Astrologer)
abhyawakashagamiya, ajatakashagamiya (Astronaut)
tharaka widyagnyaya (Astronomer)
Astrophysicist (Astrophysicist)
malala kridakaya (Athlete)
Attorney at law (Attorney at law)
Auditor (Auditor)
Au pair (Au pair)
Author (Author)
Aviator (Aviator)
B
Background artist (Background artist)
Bacteriologist (Bacteriologist)
Bagger (Bagger)
Bailiff (Bailiff)
bakkare , pan pulussanna (Baker)
Balancemaker (Balancemaker)
Balloonist (Balloonist)
Bandit (Bandit)
Banker (Banker)
karanawamiya, babar (Barber)
Bard (Bard)
Bargeman (Bargeman)
Barista (Barista)
Barker (Barker)
Bartender (also Barkeeper, Barman, Barmaid) (Bartender/Barkeeper/Barman/Barmaid)
Basinbeater (Basinbeater)
Basket maker (Basket maker)
Bather (Bather)
Beader (Beader)
Beadle (Beadle)
Beautician (Beautician)
Beekeeper (Beekeeper)
yadiya, hinganna (Beggar)
Bellfounder (Bellfounder)
Bellmaker (Bellmaker)
Biographer (Biographer)
jiwa widyagnyaya (Biologist)
Biomedical Scientist (also BMS, Healthcare Scientist) (Biomedical Scientist)
Bishop (Bishop)
Blacksmith (Blacksmith)
Boatbuilder (Boatbuilder)
Boatman (Boatman)
Boatswain (Boatswain)
Boatwright (Boatwright)
Bodger (Bodger)
Bodyguard (Bodyguard)
Bondbroker (Bondbroker)
Bonecarver (Bonecarver)
Bookbinder (Bookbinder)
Bookkeeper (Bookkeeper)
Bookseller (Bookseller)
Bowyer (Bowyer)
Brewer (Brewer)
Bricker (also Brickbaker, Brickmaker) (Bricker/Brickbaker/Brickmaker)
Bricklayer (Bricklayer)
Broker (Broker)
Bronzefounder (Bronzefounder)
Brushbinder (Brushbinder)
Budget Analyst (Budget Analyst)
Builder (Builder)
Bureaucrat (Bureaucrat)
Burglar (Burglar)
Business analyst (Business analyst)
Business owner (Business owner)
Busker (Busker)
Butcher (Butcher)
batlara (Butler)
C
Cab driver (Cab driver)
Cabinet-maker (Cabinet maker)
Caddy (Caddy)
Calligrapher (Calligrapher)
Cameraman (Cameraman)
Canaller (Canaller)
Cannoneer (Cannoneer)
Capper (Capper)
Captain (Captain)
Cardinal (Cardinal - Catholicism)
Cardiologist (Cardiologist)
waduwa (Carpenter)
sithiyam shilpiya/widyagnyaya (Cartographer)
Cartoonist (Cartoonist)
Cartwright (Cartwright)
Carver (Carver)
Cellist (Cellist)
Censor (Censor)
CEO (Chief Executive Officer) (CEO - Chief Executive Officer)
CFO (Chief Financial Officer) (CFO - Chief Financial Officer)
Chamberlain (Chamberlain)
Chancellor (Chancellor)
Chandler (candles) (Chandler - candles)
Chandler (provisions) (Chandler - provisions)
Chaplain (Chaplain)
Chapman (Chapman)
Cheesemaker (Cheesemaker)
Chemical engineer (Chemical engineer)
Chemist (Chemist)
Chicken sexer (Chicken sexer)
Chief of Police (Chief of Police)
Chimney-sweeper (Chimney sweeper)
Chiropodist (Chiropodist)
Doctor of Chiropractic (Chiropractor/Doctor of Chiropractic)
Choreographer (Choreographer)
Circuit preacher (Circuit preacher)
Civil servant (Civil servant)
Civil engineer (Civil engineer)
Clarinettist (Clarinettist)
Cleaning staff (Cleaning staff)
Clergymen (Clergymen)
Clerk (Clerk)
Clockmaker (Clockmaker)
Clothier (Clothier)
Clown (Clown)
Coach (Coach)
Coachmaker (Coachmaker)
Coachman (Coachman)
weralarakshaka sanwidhanayaka samajikayaku (Coast guard)
Cobbler (Cobbler)
Cofferer (Cofferer)
Combmaker (Combmaker)
wikata naluwa (Comedian)
Compasssmith (Compasssmith)
nirmapakaya (Composer)
Computer engineer (Computer engineer)
Computer programmer (Computer programmer)
Conductor (music) (Conductor - music)
kondosthara (Conductor - transportation)
Confectioner (Confectioner)
Conferencier (Conferencier)
kosthapal - poliskaraya ho poliskariya (Constable)
Construction worker (Construction worker)
Consul (Consul)
Consultant (Consultant)
Controller (Controller)
Copyist (Copyist)
arakkamiya, kokiya (Cook)
Cooper (Cooper)
Coppersmith (Coppersmith)
Copywriter (Copywriter)
Cordwainer (Cordwainer)
Coroner (Coroner)
Corporate executive officer (Corporate executive officer)
Corporate librarian (Corporate librarian)
Corrector (Proof Reader/Corrector)
Correspondent (Correspondent)
Cosmetologist (Cosmetologist)
rusiyanu ajatakashagamiya (Astronaut/Cosmonaut
Costermonger (Costermonger)
Courier (Courier)
Court jester (Court jester)
arohaka gopalla (Cowboy)
Cowherd (Animal husbandry/Cowherd)
CPA (Certified Public Accountant) (CPA - Certified Public Accountant)
Crafter (Crafter)
Crammer (Crammer)
Crier (Crier)
Crofter (Crofter)
Crossbowyer (Crossbowyer)
Cryptanalyst (Cryptanalyst)
Cryptographer (Cryptographer)
Cryptologist (Cryptologist)
Cuillerer (Cuillerer)
Culinary cooker (Culinary cooker)
Curator (Curator)
Currier (Currier)
Custodian (Custodian)
Customs officer (Customs officer)
Cutler (Cutler)
D
Dancer (Dancer)
dantha waidya (Dentist)
Deputy (Sheriff/Deputy law enforcement)
Deputy (Deputy - parliamentary)
Designer (Designer)
Detective (Detective)
Dietician (Dietician)
Diplomat (Diplomat)
Director (Director)
Disc jockey (Disc jockey)
Dishwasher (Dishwasher)
Dispatcher (Dispatcher)
Distiller (Distiller)
Ditcher (Ditcher)
kimidumkaruwa (Diver)
Dock labourer (Dock labourer)
Documentalist (Documentalist)
waidyawaraya, dosthara (Physician/Doctor)
Dogcatcher (Dogcatcher)
Dominatrix (Dominatrix)
Doorman (Doorman)
Dramatist (Dramatist)
redi welenda (Draper)
Drayman (Drayman)
Dressmaker (Dressmaker)
Dressman (Dressman)
Drill instructor (Drill instructor)
Driver (Driver)
Drummer (Drummer)
Drycooper (Drycooper)
Drywaller (Drywaller)
Dustman (Dustman)
Dyer (Dyer)
E
aarthika widyagnyaya, artha shasthragnyaya (Economist)
Editor (Editor)
Educationalist (Educationalist)
Electrical engineer (Electrical engineer)
widuli karmikaya (Electrician)
Elevator girl (Elevator girl)
Embalmer (Embalmer)
Embroiderer (Embroiderer)
Embryologist (Embryologist)
Emergency Manager (Emergency Manager)
Engine-driver (Engine driver)
Engine fitter (Engine fitter)
injineruwa (Engineer)
katayam kotanna (Engraver)
winodaya sapayanna (Entertainer)
kita widyagnyaya (Entomologist)
wyawasayakaya (Entrepreneur)
Environmental scientist (Environmental scientist)
Ergonomists (Ergonomists)
Estate Agent (Realtor/Estate Agent)
Ethnologist (Ethnologist)
Ethologist (Ethologist)
Etymologist (Etymologist)
Evangelist (Evangelist)
parikshakaya (Examiner)
rajya bhandagaraya (Exchequer)
Executioner (Executioner)
Executive (Corporate officer/Executive)
Executor (Executor)
Exotic dancer (Exotic dancer)
Explorer (Explorer)
wadhakaya, alugosuwa (Executioner)
Expressman (Expressman)
Exterminator (Exterminator)
Extra (Background artist/Extra)
F
Fabricshearer (Fabricshearer)
Factory worker (Factory worker)
ukussan puhunu/athi karanna (Falconer)
gowiya, waga karanna (Farmer)
Farrier (Farrier)
Fashion designer (Fashion designer)
FBI Agent (FBI Agent)
Fellmonger (Fellmonger)
Feltmaker (Feltmaker)
Fence (Fence - criminal)
Ferryman (Ferryman)
Film director (Film director)
Film producer (Film producer)
Financial Advisor (Financial Advisor)
Financial Analyst (Financial Analyst)
Financial Planner (Financial Planner)
aayojakaya (Financier)
Fire officer (Fire officer)
Firefighter (Firefighter)
Fishmonger (Fishmonger)
dhiwaraya (Fisherman)
Fitter (Fitter)
batanala wadakaya (Flautist)
Flavorist (Flavorist)
Fletcher (Fletcher)
Flight attendant (Flight attendant)
Flight engineer (Flight engineer)
Flight technician (Flight technician)
Flight instructor (Flight instructor)
Fluffer (Fluffer)
Floor manager (Floor manager)
malkaruwa (Florist)
Flutist (Flutist)
Footballer (Footballer)
Footman (Footman)
Forester (Forester)
saththara karaya (Fortune teller)
Fowler (Fowler)
Fraudster (Fraudster)
Friar (Friar)
Fruiterer (Fruiterer)
Furbisher (Furbisher)
Furrier (Furrier)
Fuster (Fuster)
G
Game show host (Game show host)
Garbage collector (Dustman/Garbage collector)
Garbler (Garbler)
uyanpalla, gewathu wawanna (Gardener)
gettupalla, doratupalla (Gate keeper)
geyishawa (Geisha)
Gemcutter (Gemcutter)
Genealogist (Genealogist)
General (General)
Geographer (Geographer)
Geologist (Geologist)
Geometer (Geometer)
Geophysicist (Geophysicist)
Gigolo (Gigolo)
Gladiator (Gladiator)
Glazier (Glazier)
Glover (Glover)
elu palla (Animal husbandry - Goatherd)
Gofer (Gofer)
rankaruwa (Goldsmith)
gondola habal lanna (Gondolier)
Governess (Governess)
Government agent (Government agent)
Governor (Governor)
wyakaranagnyaya, wyakarana wediya (Grammarian)
Graphic artist (Graphic artist)
Gravedigger (Gravedigger)
Grenadier (Grenadier)
Greengrocer (Greengrocer)
Grinder (Knifegrinder - Grinder)
sillara welenda (Grocer)
Groom (horses) (Groom - horses)
Groom (manservant) (Groom - manservant)
Guard (Guard)
Guide (Guide)
Guitarist (Guitarist)
Gunsmith (Gunsmith)
Gunstocker (Gunstocker)
Guru (Guru)
nari waidyaya, sthri chikithsaka (Gynecologist)
H
Haberdasher (Haberdasher)
Hairdesser (Barber/Hairdesser)
Harnessmaker (Harnessmaker)
Harper (Harpist/Harper)
Hatter (Hatter)
Hawker (Hawker)
Hayward (Hayward)
Headmaster (also Headmistress) (Headmistress/Headmaster)
Heaumer (Heaumer)
nila duthaya, peramanga danwanna (Herald)
Herbalist (Herbalist)
endera, ralak palanaya karanna (Herdsman/Herder)
ithihasagnyaya (Historian)
Hornere (Hornere)
Hosier (Hosier)
Host (also Hostess) (Host/Hostess)
hotalkaru (Hotelier)
House painter (House painter)
swami duwa (Housewife)
dadayakkaraya (Hunter)
Hydraulic engineer (Hydraulic engineer)
Hypnotist (Hypnotist)
I
Illuminator (Illuminator)
mayakaraya, wijjakaraya, indrajalikaya (Illusionist)
Illustrator (Illustrator)
Imam (Imam)
Impersonator (Impersonator)
Importer (Importer)
Industrial designer (Industrial designer)
Industrial engineer (Industrial engineer)
karmanthagnyaya (Industrialist)
Information Technologist (Information Technologist)
Inker (Inker)
Innkeeper (Innkeeper)
Instrumentmaker (musical) (Instrumentmaker - musical)
Instrumentmaker (scientific) (Instrumentmaker - scientific)
Instructor (Teacher - Instructor)
Insurer (Insurer)
Intelligence officer (Intelligence officer)
Interior designer (Interior designer)
Internist (Internist)
Interpreter (Interpreter - communication)
Interrogator (Interrogator)
Inventor (Inventor)
Investment Analysts (Investment Analysts)
Investment Banker (Investment Banker)
Investment Broker (Investment Broker)
Invigilator (Invigilator)
yakada badu welenda (Ironmonger)
Ironmaster (Ironmaster)
J
hiragedara niladharaya, jelar (Jailer)
manik welenda, manik sadanna (Jeweler)
Jockey (Jockey)
Joiner (Joiner)
pathra kalawediya, puwathpath lekhakaya (Journalist)
Judge (Judge)
Juggler (Juggler)
Jurist (Jurist)
K
Kinesiologist (Kinesiologist)
King (Monarch - King)
Knifegrinder (Knifegrinder)
Knifesmith (Knifesmith)
nayitwaraya (Knight)
L
Laboratory worker (Laboratory worker)
Ladeler (Ladeler)
Lady-in-waiting (Lady-in-waiting)
Landlord (also Landlady) (Landlord also Landlady)
Lanternmaker (Lanternmaker)
Lamplighter (Lamplighter)
Lauderer (Lauderer)
Laundress (also Lavendar) (Laundress also Lavendar)
Law enforcement agent (Law enforcement agent)
nithignyaya (Lawyer)
Latener (Latener)
Leadworker (Leadworker)
Learning mentor (Learning mentor)
Leatherer (Leatherer)
Lecturer (Lecturer)
Lens grinder (Lens grinder)
pusthakalayadhipathi (Librarian)
Librettist (Librettist)
Lifeguard (Lifeguard)
Lighthouse-keeper (Lighthouse-keeper)
Lighting technician (Lighting technician)
Limner (Limner)
Linesman (Linesman)
Linguist (Linguist)
Linkman (Linkman)
Loan officer (Loan officer)
Locksmith (Locksmith)
Loriner (Loriner)
Lord Chamberlain (Lord Chamberlain)
Lorist (Lorist)
gas kapanna (Lumberjack)
gi pada rachakaya (Lyricist)
M
Macer (Macer)
wijjakaraya, majikkaraya, indra jalikaya, maya karaya (Magician)
mahesthrath, nadukaraya (Magistrate)
Mailmaker (Mailmaker)
Mailman or Mail carrier (Postman, Mailman or Mail carrier)
Makeup artist (Makeup artist)
Management Analyst (Management Analyst)
Management Consultant (Management Consultant)
kalamanakaruwa, paripalakaya (Manager)
ath/niya alankara karanna (also ath/niya alankarakaranaya) (Manicurist also Manicure)
Manservant (Manservant)
Manual therapist (Manual therapist)
Manufacturer (Manufacturer)
Marbler (Marbler)
Marine (Marine - armed services)
Marketer (Marketer)
Market gardener (Market gardener)
Marksman (Marksman)
Marshal (Marshal)
Martial artist (Martial artist)
Mason (Mason)
Masseur (also Masseuse) (Masseur also Masseuse)
Master of hounds (Master of hounds)
Matador (Matador)
Materials engineer (Materials engineer)
Mathematician (Mathematician)
Matron (Matron)
Mayor (Mayor)
Mechanic (Mechanic)
Mechanical engineer (Mechanical engineer)
Mechanician (Mechanician)
Mediator (Mediator)
Medic (Medic)
Medical Technologist (Medical Technologist)
Mercenary (Mercenary)
Mercer (Mercer)
Merchant (Merchant)
Mesmerist (Mesmerist)
Messenger (Messenger)
Meteorologist (Meteorologist)
Microbiologist (Microbiologist)
Midwife (Midwife)
Milkman (also Milkmaid) (Milkman also Milkmaid)
Miller (Miller)
Miner (Miner)
Mintmaster (Mintmaster)
Minister (Religious Minister)
Mirrorer (Mirrorer)
Missionary (Missionary)
Model (Model)
Molecatcher (Molecatcher)
Moldmaker (also Mouldmaker) (Mouldmaker also Moldmaker)
Moneychanger (Moneychanger)
Moneylender (Moneylender)
Monk (Monk)
Moonlighter (Moonlighter)
Mortagager (Mortagager)
Mortician (Mortician)
Music director (Music director)
Musician (Musician)
Maid (Maid)
N
Nailor (Nailor)
Nanny (Nanny)
Navigator (Navigator)
Needler (Needler)
Négociant (Négociant)
Negotiator (Negotiator)
Netmaker (Netmaker)
Ninja (Ninja)
Notary (Notary)
Numerologist (Numerologist)
Nun (Nun)
Nurse (Nurse)
Nursemaid (Nursemaid)
O
Oboist (Oboist)
Obstetrician (Obstetrician)
Occupational therapist (Occupational therapist)
Odontologist (Odontologist)
Oilpresser (Oilpresser)
Operator (Operator)
Ophthalmologist (Ophthalmologist)
Optician (also Optometrist) (Optometrist also Optician)
Oracle (Oracle)
Organist (Organist)
Organizer (Organizer)
Ornithologist (Ornithologist)
Orthodontist (Orthodontist)
Orthopaedist (Orthopaedist)
Ostler (Ostler)
Otorhinolaryngologist (Otorhinolaryngologist)
P
Painter (Painter)
Paleoseismologist (Paleoseismologist)
Paperer (Paperer)
Paramedic (Paramedic)
Parchmenter (Parchmenter)
Pardoner (Pardoner)
Pargeter (Pargeter)
Parker (Parker)
Park ranger (Park ranger)
Party-leader (Party Leader)
Pasteler (Pasteler)
Pastor (Pastor)
Patent attorney (Patent attorney)
Patent clerk (Patent clerk)
Pathologist (Pathologist)
Paviour (also Pavior) (Paviour also Pavior)
Pawnbroker (Pawnbroker)
Peddlar (Peddlar)
Pediatrician (Pediatrician)
Pedologist (soil study) (Pedologist - soil study)
Pedology (children study) (Pedology - children study)
Pepperer (Pepperer)
Percussionist (Percussionist)
Pewterer (Pewterer)
Pharmacist (Pharmacist)
Philanthropist (Philanthropist)
Philologist (Philologist)
Philosopher (Philosopher)
Photographer (Photographer)
Physician (Physician)
Physicist (Physicist)
Physiognomist (Physiognomist)
Physiologist (Physiologist)
Physiotherapist (Physiotherapist)
Pianist (Pianist)
Piano tuner (Piano tuner)
Pickler (Pickler)
Pickpocket (Pickpocket)
Pilot (shipping) (Pilot - shipping)
Pilot (see aviator) (Pilot. See aviator)
Pinner (Pinner)
Pirate (Pirate)
Plasterer (Plasterer)
Playwright (Playwright)
Plumber (Plumber)
Poet (Poet)
Police officer (Police officer)
Police inspector (Police inspector)
Politician (Politician)
Political scientist (Political scientist)
Poll-taker (Poll taker)
Pope (Pope)
Porcilinist (Porcilinist)
Poter (Poter)
Poulterer (Poulterer)
Premier (Premier)
Presenter (Presenter)
President (President)
Press officer (Press officer)
Priest (Priest)
Prime minister (Prime minister)
Principal (Principal - school)
Printer (Printer - publisher)
Private detective (Private detective)
Proctologist (Proctologist)
Procurator (also Proctor) (Procurator also Proctor)
Professor (Professor)
Professional athlete (Professional athlete)
Programmer (Programmer)
Prostitute (Prostitute)
Psychiatrist (Psychiatrist)
Psychologist (Psychologist)
Public relations officer (Press officer/Public relations officer)
Publisher (Publisher)
Q
Quarreler (Quarreler)
Quartermaster (Quartermaster)
Quivermaker (Quivermaker)
Queen (Monarch - Queen)
Quantity Surveyor- (pumana samikshaka)
R
Rabbi (Rabbi)
Race driver (Race driver)
Radiologist (Radiologist)
Radiographer (Radiographer)
Railway gasser (Railway gasser)
Rat catcher (Rat catcher)
Reader (Reader)
Real estate agent (Realtor/Real estate agent)
Real estate broker (Real estate broker)
Real estate investor (Real estate investor)
Real estate developer (Real estate developer)
Receptionist (Receptionist)
Record Producer (Record Producer)
Recording engineer (Recording engineer)
Rector (Rector)
Redsmith (Redsmith)
Reeve (Reeve)
Referee (Referee)
Refuse collector (Refuse collector)
Registrar (Registrar)
Remedial Teacher (Remedial Teacher)
Reporter (Reporter)
Researcher (Researcher)
Retailer (Retailer)
Rigger (modern usage) (Rigger - modern usage)
Rivener (Rivener)
Ropemaker (also Roper) (Ropemaker - Roper)
Roofer (Roofer)
S
Sacker (Sacker)
Saddler (Saddler)
Sage (Sage)
Sailmaker (Sailmaker)
nawiya, yathrikaya (Sailor)
Salesperson (also Salesman, Saleswoman) (Salesperson -Salesperson also Saleswoman)
Saltboiler (Saltboiler)
Salter (Salter)
Sapper (Sapper)
Sarariman (Sarariman)
Saucier (Saucier)
Saxophonist (Saxophonist)
Sawyer (Sawyer)
Scabbardmaker (Scabbardmaker)
Scale mechanic (Scale mechanic)
widyagnyaya (Scientist)
Scout (Scout)
Screenwriter (Screenwriter)
Scribe (also Scrivener) (Scribe also Scrivener)
Sculptor (Sculptor)
Scythesmith (Scythesmith)
Seamstress (Seamstress)
Secretary general (Secretary general)
Secretary (Secretary)
Security guard (Security guard)
Senator (Senator)
Servant (servant - domestic)
Sexologist (Sexologist)
Sexton (Sexton - office)
Sheepshearer (Sheepshearer)
Shepherd (Shepherd)
Shaman (Shaman)
Sheriff (Sheriff)
Shingler (Shingler)
Shipwright (Shipwright)
Shoemaker (Shoemaker)
Shop assistant (Shop assistant)
Shrimper (Shrimper)
Siever (Siever)
Signalman (Signalman)
Silversmith (Silversmith)
Singer (Singer)
Skinner (Skinner)
Slave (Slave)
Slavedriver (Slavedriver)
Slaver (Slaver)
Smelter (Smelter)
Smith (Smith - metalwork)
Sniper (Sniper)
Social worker (Social worker)
Software engineer (Software engineer)
Soil scientist (Soil scientist)
Soldier (Soldier)
Solicitor (Solicitor)
Sommelier (Sommelier)
Sound technician (Sound technician)
Special agent (Special agent)
Speech therapist (Speech therapist)
Spelunker (Spelunker)
Spin doctor (Spin doctor)
Sponman (Cuillerer/Sponman)
Spurrier (also Spurrer) (Spurrier also Spurrer)
Spy (Spy)
Stage designer (Stage designer)
Statistician (Statistician)
Steersman (Steersman)
Steward (also Stewardess) (Steward also Stewardess)
Stock-breeder (Stock breeder)
Stockbroker (Stockbroker)
Stonecutter (Stonecutter)
Street artist (Street artist)
Street musician (Busker - Street musician)
Street vendor (Street vendor)
Stringer (Stringer)
Stripper (Stripper)
Stuffer (Stuffer)
Stuntman (Stuntman)
Surgeon (Surgeon)
Surveyor (Surveyor)
Student (Student)
Sumpter (Sumpter)
Swineherd (Swineherd)
Swimmer (Swimmer)
Swimming Coach (Swimming Coach)
Switchboard operator (Switchboard operator)
Swordsmith (Swordsmith)
System administrator (System administrator)
Systems designer (Systems designer)
Systems analyst (Systems analyst)
T
Taikonaut (Taikonaut)
Tailor (Tailor)
Tallowchandler (Chandler - Tallowchandler)
Tanner (Tanner)
Tapicer (also Tapestrymaker, Tapester) (Tapicer - Tapestrymaker,Tapester)
Tattooer (Tattooer)
Taxidermist (Taxidermist)
Taxi-driver (Taxi driver)
Tea lady (Tea lady)
Teacher (Teacher)
Technical engineer (Technical engineer)
Technician (Technician)
Telegraphist (also Telegraph operator) (Telegraphist - Telegraph operator)
Telephone operator (Telephone operator)
Tentsman (Tentsman)
Test developer (Test developer)
Test pilot (Test pilot)
Thatcher (Thatcher)
Theatre director (Theatre director)
Theologian (Theologian)
Therapist (Therapist)
Thief (Thief)
Thimbler (Thimbler)
Thresher (Thresher)
Tiler (Tiler)
Tinker (Tinker)
Tinner (Tinner)
Tinsmith (Tinsmith)
Toolmaker (Toolmaker)
Torturer (Torturer)
Trademark attorney (Trademark attorney)
Trader (Trader)
Tradesman (Tradesman)
Transit planner (Transit planner)
Translator (Translator)
Trapper (Trapper)
Treasurer (Treasurer)
Troubador (Troubador)
Tumbler (Tumbler)
Tuner (Tuner)
Turner (Turner)
Tutor (Tutor)
Tyler (Tyler)
Typefounder (Typefounder)
U
Umbrella repairer (Umbrella repairer)
Urban planner (Urban planner)
Undertaker (Mortician - Undertaker)
Upholder (Upholder)
Upholsterer (Upholsterer)
Usher (Usher)
V
Valet (Valet)
Ventriloquist (Ventriloquist)
Verger (Sexton - Verger)
Veterinarian (Veterinarian)
Vibraphonist (Vibraphonist)
Vicar (Vicar)
Victualler (Victualler)
Video-editor (Video editor)
Vintner (Vintner)
Violinist (Violinist)
W
Wagoner (Wagoner)
Wainwright (Wainwright)
Waiter (also Waitress) (Waiter also Waitress)
Watchman (Watchman)
Weaponsmith (Weaponsmith)
Weaver (Weaver)
Webmaster (Webmaster)
Welder (Welder)
Wet nurse (Wet nurse)
Wheelwright (also Wheeler) (Wheelwright also Wheeler)
Whitesmith (Whitesmith)
White-tawer (White-tawer)
Window-dresser (Window dresser)
Wine connoisseur (Wine connoisseur)
Wiredrawer (Wiredrawer)
Wiremonger (Wiremonger)
Woodcarver (Woodcarver)
Wood-cutter (Wood cutter)
Woodturner (Woodturner)
Wooler (Wooler)
Wrangler (Wrangler)
Winemaker (Winemaker)
Wireless operator (Wireless operator)
Writer (Writer)
X
Xylophonist (Xylophonist)
Y
Yodeler (Yodeler)
Z
Zookeeper (Zookeeper)
Zoologist (Zoologist)
thawada balanna
Professions (World of Warcraft)
List of titles
list of people by occupation
adawiyen bahara pitu
http://www.state.ma.us/reg/boards/dirprofs.htm
layisthu |
nithignyaya |
ithihasaya
shri lankawe nithi wruththiye ithihasaya 1833 dakwa ithihasayakata diwa yannaki. 1833 di shri lanka shreshtadhikaranaya nithi wruththiya pilibada mana danumak athi, yahapath kala kriyawen yuthu pudgayin wibhagayakin pasu adhinithignyawarun saha nithignyawarun lesa nithi wruththiyata badawa ganimata awasara laba dunneya. mese karana ladde brithanya yatath wijitha palanaya wisin handunwa dena lada nithi paddhathiya kriyathmaka kirimata awashya manawa sampath sapaya ganime eka angayak lesaya. ekala nithi adhyapanaya wenuwen kramawath panthi pawathwimak sidu nowuna athara palapurudu nithignyayek yatathe aadhunikayeku lesa katayuthu kirimen awashya puhunuwa laba ganimata sidu wiya. mita amathare shreshtadhikaranaya wisin pawathwana lada wibhaga magin nawakayange nithi danuma piriksanu labini.
1873 di nithi adhyapana kawunsilaya pihituwana lada athara ema kawunsilaya magin 1874 di shri lanka nithi widyalaya pihituwana ladi. nithignyayanta kramawath puhunuwak laba dima mehi mulika aramuna we.
shri lankawa
eksath janapadaya
bahira sabandi
http://apli.org/ftp/SLLC%20Introduction.pdf
http://www.sllc.ac.lk/
aashritha
nithignyaya
nithiya
nithignyaya
nithika jiwanopayayan
nithika aachara dharmaethics |
martin wikramasinha | lama hewage don martin wikramasinha (1890 mayi 29 – 1976 juli 23) lama hewage don basthiyan da silwa (pasukalinawa don basthiyan wikramasinha yana namin handunwa thibe.) saha magalla balapitiya liyanage thochchohami yana yuwalata dawa dasa denekugen yuthu pawule ekama pirimi daruwa lesa shri lankawe koggala gramaye di upatha labiya. koggala gramaya ek paththakin gal parayakinda, anek pasin koggala oye athu gangawan wishala pramanayakin ekathuwana jala prawahaya wisin nirmanaya kala wishala wawakinda samanwitha wiya. muhuda kuda dupath walin samanwitha wu wawa shaka ha sathun da pasekin wu wana gahanayen da susadi bhu darshana men ma gammanaye janathawage wenaswana jiwana krama saha sanskruthiya ohuge pasukalina nirmana kerehi wishala balapamak athi kale ya.
mul kalaya
wayasa awurudu pahedi wikramasinha siya niwase di saha game pansale hamuduruwangen sinhala akuru ugaththe ya. ohu dewanagari akshara da ugath athara hithopadeshaye parichjeda katapadamin kiwahaki wiya. awurudu dekakata pasu ohuwa game pasalata athulath karanu labu athara, ohu 1897 dakwa ehi adhyapanaya labiya. anathuruwa ohuwa galle ingrisi pasalak wu bonawista widyalayata athulath kerini. ehi adhyapanaya labu wasara deka thula wikramasinha ingrisi men ma lathin bhashawa da wyaktha lesa hasirawimata ugaththe ya. ohuge piya miyayamen anathuruwa ohu nawathath ahangama pihiti sinhala pasalata athulath karanu labu athara, ehi di igenima kerehi wu ohuge unanduwa wiyaki giyeya.
nirmanakaruwa saha purogami wicharakaya
wikramasinha siya sahithya jiwithaya aarambha kale lila (1914) nawakathawa saha sahithya wichara lipi sangrahayak wu shasthriya lekhana (1919) yana kruthin elidakwamini. ee kalayedima sinhala sahithyaye pramithin ihala nanwima sandaha wu wyaparayak ohu wisin aarambha karanu labu athara ema aramunin sampaditha sahithyodaya katha (1932) wichara lipi (1941) guththila githaya (1943) sinhala sahithyaye nagima (1945) wani kruthin thulin ohu uthsaha kale sampradayika sahithya urumaya indiyanu saha batahira sahithya wichara sampradayan sankalanaya kirimen nirmanaya kala sahithyamaya minum dandu yodaganimin thakseru kirimayi.
1940 ganan purawatama wikramasinha sahithya wicharakayakuge bhumikawa menma nirmanathmaka rachakayekuge bhumikawa da itu kaleya. anthargathaya saha thakshanaya athin nuthana loka sahithyaye shreshta nawakathawan samaga sasandiya haki prathama sinhala nawakathawa wanne 1944 di palawu wikramasinhage gamperaliya yi. nuthanathwaya wethin ellawana pidanaya hamuwe sampradayika gama kadahalena aakaraya in nirupanaya wiya. game sampradayika aarthika ha samaja wyuhaya wanijakaranaya wu nagaraya wisin kramayen aadesha karanu labima nirupanaya kirima sandaha dakune gamaka sarthaka pawulaka kathantharayak yodaganina.
wikramasinha wisin pasuwa gamperaliya (1944), yuganthaya (1949) saha kaliyugaya (1957) thun aanduthu nawakathawak nirmanaya karanu labina. sampradayika jiwithaya garawatimen anathuruwa nagarika padanamak saha wyaparika pelambaumak sahitha nagarika panthiye wardhanayath ee samanga siduwana kamkaru wyaparaye saha samajawadi darshanaye aarambhayath awasanaye nawa samaja piliwelak pilibanda apekshawath mema nawakatha thrithwayen idiripath kerina.
50 dashakaye mulbhagayedi sahithya wicharaye wardhanayath samaga wikramasinha, sahithya kalawa (1950) saha kawya wicharaya (1954) nam kruthi deka rachana karana ladi. wikramasinhage wishishtathama kruthiya wu wiragaya 1956 di prakashayata path kerina. ehi themawe suwisheshithwaya saha ehi shilpa kramaye sankirnathwaya hethukotagena eya sinhala prabandha sahithyaye wishishtathama nirmanaya lesin salakeyi. sampradayika bauddha niwasaka hadi wadunu sinhala tharanayaku samajaya nuthanakaranaya wima thula sankirnathwayata pathwu wadihiti jiwithaya saha ee samaga ena wagakim hethuwen nirmanaya wannawu gatalu sahagatha thathwaya in nirupitha ya. mehidi kalanukramika piliwelakata nowa prathiwiraya wisin liyana lada upasthithiwadi granthalankarayak lesin prathama purusha aakhyathayen mema kruthiya rachana wi atha. mema kruthiyen athiwu pelambauma matha wiwidha nawakathakaruwan athin mewani kruthin rasak ma pasuwa bihiwu namuth wiragaya ee siyallata ma ihalin wishishta sthanayaka wajambaeyi.
martin wikramasinhayange sahithya nirmana
lama sahithya
balopadeshaya (1903)
unmada chithra (1929)
upasakamma (1929)
galiwarayanaya (1932)
rajawenta giya mahanna (1932)
dadumonaraya (1932)
rankedi kumarikawa (1932)
gnyanodaya katha (1991)
jiwa widyawa
kurumini saththu (1929)
kurukuhumbau saththu (1930)
wes marukarana saththu (1932)
muhudu werala (1932)
sathwa lokaya (1936)
widya winoda katha (1957)
patashala poth
gramiya widya praweshanaya (1930)
sadacharaya ha nirogi sampatha (1931)
palath aandu (1933)
praja palana shiksha (1938)
sahithya shiksha - 02 (1938)
sahithya shiksha - 03 (1939)
nawakatha
lila (1914)
soma (1922)
ayirangani (1923)
shitha (1923)
mirigu diya (1925)
rohini (1929)
gamperaliya (1944)
madol duwa (1947)
yuganthaya (1949)
wiragaya (1956)
kaliyugaya (1957)
karuwala gedara (1963)
bawatharanaya (1973)
ketikatha
gahaniyak (1924)
magul gedara (1927)
pawkarayata gal gasima (1936)
ape withthi (1942)
hada sakki kima (1945)
mage kathawa (1947)
billa saha apuru muhuna (1949)
wahallu (1951)
katha ahura (1955)
thoragath ketikatha (2009)
ran pilimaya (2012)
keti katha ekathuwa prathama bhagaya (2013) (kruthi ekathu 1)
keti katha ekathuwa dwithiya bhagaya (2014) (kruthi ekathu 2)
drushya kawya
chithra (1940)
mayuri (1944)
wijitha (1953)
wijitha saha thawath nataka (1953)
padya kawya
theri gi (1952)
jiwithaya asurin
ape gama
upan da sita
upanda sita bala wiya
widesha sanchara
sowiyat deshaye nagima (1962)
nawa chinaye pimbaidima (2006)
indiyawa lankawa ha nidahas sampradhaya (2018)
sahithya wichara
shasthriya lekhana (1919)
sinhala sahithoyadaya katha (1932)
wichara lipi (1941)
guththila githaya (1943)
sinhala sahithyaye nagima (1945)
sahithya kalawa (1950)
kawya wicharaya (1954)
aththa yuththa (1955)
bana katha sahithya (1955)
nawa padya sinhalaya (1957)
rasawadaya ha bauddha kawya (1961)
sinhala wichara maga (1964)
nawakathanga ha wiragaya (1965)
jathaka katha wimasuma (1968)
sinhala nawa kathawa ha japan kamakatha hewanalla (1969)
sinhala natakaya ha sada kiduruwa (1970)
sampradhaya ha wicharaya (1971)
wyawahara bhashawa ha parinama dharmaya (1997)
ape lama sahithya (2011)
sinhala sinama siththam (2012)
jiwa widyathmaka grantha
kurumini saththu (1929)
kurukuhumbau saththu (1930)
wes marukarana saththu (1932)
muhudu werala (1932)
sathwa lokaya (1936)
widya winoda katha (1957)
patashala poth
gramiya widya praweshanaya (1930)
sadacharaya ha nirogi sampatha (1931)
palath aanduwa (1933)
praja palana shiksha (1938)
sahithya shiksha - 02 (1938)
sahithya shiksha - 03 (1939)
martin wikramasinha karthru dhuraya daru puwathpath ha dhurakalaya
lakwasiya pathrayehi karthru dhuraya daru kalaya (1928 marthu 07 sita 1928 aprel 04 dakwa)
lakmina pathrayehi karthru dhuraya daru kalaya (1929 janawari 19 sita 1931 juli 30 dakwa)
silumina pathrayehi karthru dhuraya daru kalaya (1934 agosthu 05 sita 1937 mayi 16 dakwa)
dinamina pathrayehi karthru dhuraya daru kalaya (1937 mayi 18 sita 1944 nowambar 14 dakwa)
martin wikramasinha bhawitha kala aaruda nam
hethuwadi
hethudarshanawadi
wijitha manuwarna
mayurapada
susantha manuwarna
manuwarna
susantha
paladigin
jagathpriya
hithawadi
hethuwadiyek
mewada balanna
koggala
aashritha
bahira sabadi
martin wikramasinha nila web adawiya
martin wikramasinha poth kiyawamu
martin wikramasinha jana kauthukagaraya
charitha katha
shri lankika sinhalayo
wikramasinha, martin
shri lankika lekhakayo
shri lankika bauddhayo
wikramasinha, martin
wikramasinha, martin |
purawidyawa |
mula ha artha dakwim
yuropaye ha parani lokaye kotas waladi mema wishaya pathaye mula thibune pura wedaye ha lathin ha purathana grika iganim walaya. ema nisa eyata ithihasa kshethraya samaga swabhawika sabanda kamak thibuni.
parani chinaye purawidyawa athi wuye puraweda parishilanaya nisa menma wisheshayenma rajya charithrawala wu purathana dhathu bhawitha kirima wadi diyunu kirimata wu niladhari warunge kamaththa nisaya. ohuge china sangayange mema sewima shen kuwo (1031 – 1095) wisin wiwechanayata bhajanaya karana ladi. ohu prakasha kale pura widyawa kriyakarithwaya adhyayanaya kirima, purathana kala wala nishpadana krama sewima samaga parishilanaya kala yuthu athara anthar kshethra praweshayak samaga adhyayanaya kala yuthu bawa shen menma mema wishaya pathaya sankirnawa gath thawath ayeku wuye niladhari, ithihasagnya, padya rachaka ha gadya rachaka owyang shiwuya. (1007 – 1072) ohu wisin pashana ha lokada matha wu purathana athillim wala wishleshanika namawaliyak sakas karana lada athara emagin mul abhirekhana ha pura widyawa pilibada adahas diri ganwana ladi.
uthuru amarikawedi purawidyawa yanu manawa widyawe upakshethra ho ansha ¼ ki. anekuth ansha 3 wanne sanskruthikamaya manawa widyawa, jiwi sanskruthiha samaja pilibada adhyayanayan; wag widyawa , bhasha ha bhasha kanda wala mula athulathwa bhasha pilibada adhyayanaya; ha bhauthika manawa widyawa, manushya parinamanaya ha bhauthika ha janamaya gathi lakshana pilibada adhyayanayan athulath weyi.
handinwima
purawidyawa yanu manawa sanskruthiyan noyekuth shilpa kramayan upayogi karagena adhyayanaya karanu labana wishayaki. mema wishayehi anthargatha aramunu wiwidhakaraya. eewa athara manawa wargayage aarambhaya ha wikashanaya lekhanagatha kirima, wiwidha sanskruthiyan hadunaganima, parinamanaya adhyayanaya kirima mul thanak gani.
me sandaha purawidyagnyayin thorathuru ekraskaraganna krama kipayaki. purawidyathmaka kanim, wargikaranayan, wishleshanaya kirim ha sanrakshanaya kirim ee atharin samaharak we. poduwe mema wishaya manawa widyawa, ithihasaya, bhauthika widyawa, rasayanika widyawa wani wishayan gananawaka sankalanayak lesa genahara dakwiya hakiya.
pura widyawe ithihasaya
ithihasaya pilibanda gaweshanaye diyunuwa saha ema thakshanaye walanguthawaya randa pawathinne pariksha karana lada bhumiye pramanaya mathaya.gaweshana magin soyagath purana smarakawalata saha wasara dahas ganan parani wasthuwala ekathuwata wishala watinakamak ho ihala kalathmaka agayak himiyi.
mese soyaganimata bhajanaya wana natambaun pilibandawa widhimath lesa adhyayanaya aarambhaya wuye 19 wani shathawarshayedi pamanaya. romaye itha iparani menma wishishta wu nirmanayan purawidyawa pilibanda lipi huwamaru aayathanaye Eduard Gerhard saha ohuge kandayama magin 1829 di soyaganna ladi.
purawidyawe kramaweda kalakami saha wruththimaya yana deaakarayenma diyunu wemin pawathiyi. mema kriyawaliya Mortimer Wheeler wani pudgalayan ihala sanyamayakin yuthuwa karana lada wishishta gaweshana nisa 20 wani shathawarshaye sita nonawathwa diyunu wemin pawathiyeya.
purawidya diyunuwa kerehi nagarika purawidyawe saha galawaganime purawidyawe diyunuwa itha wadagath thorathuru pramanayak laba deyi. prag tharaka widyawa yanu purawidyawa nowana athara eya wadidura adhyayanayedi athitha gami sanskruthiyata sambandhawa pawathina bawata sadhaka atha.
aramunu
pura widyawe aramunu wiwidha wana athara ehi aramunu ha wagakim monawada yanna pilibanda yam wiwadayak da pawathi. samaharak aramunuwalata purwa aithihasika ha aithihasika samaja sandaha, manushika sanskruthinwala mularambhaya ha diyunu wima lekhanagatha kirima ha wisthara kirima, sanskruthika ithihasaya therum ganima, sanskruthika parinamanaya wartha kirima ha manushika hasirima ha parisara widyawa adhyayanaya kirima athulath we. pura widyagnyayin, adala anshaya thuladi yoda ganna igenum krama samanga ha pura widyagnyayin athithaye asanu labana paryeshana wala sangawi athi saiddhanthika ha darshanika daththa matha salaka balanu labe. nawa wada bim sewima sandaha pradesha samikshanaya kirima, sanskruthika awashesha soya ganima sandaha wada bim kanima, wargikaranaya , wishleshanaya ha sanrakshanaya pura widyathmaka kriyawaliye siyalu wadagath kotas we. me siyalla wadagath thorathuru prabhawa we. adala wishaya pathaye athishayin pulul parasaya penwa dena pura widyawe haras wishaya patha parikshana bohomayak pawathi. eya manawa widyawa, ithihasaya, kala ithihasaya, sambhawya, manawa widyawa, bhugola widyawa, bhu widyawa,bhauthika widyawa, thorathuru widyawa, rasayana widyawa, sankhyanaya, pura parisara widyawa, pura sathwa widyawa, pura manawa udbhida widyawa ha pura udbhida widyawa samanga sambandha we.
siddhantha
pura widyawe ek thani siddhanthayak nomatha. emenma artha dakwim da matha bhedayata thudu dena 20wana siyawase mada bhagaya thek pura widyawa ithihasayata ha manawa widyawata samipawa sambandha bawata podu sammuthiyak pawathuni.
eksath janapadaye pura widyathmaka siddhanthaye ithihasaya prathama pradhana kalapaya 19 wana siyawase pasubhagaye di ha 20 wana siyawase mul bhagaye di diyunu wiya. eya samanyayen handunwanu labanne sanskruthikamaya ho sanskruthika ithihasaya lesaya. eya ehi aithihasika suwisheshithawaya pilibanda wu mathukara dakwima sandaha wadath suprasiddha we.
1920 dashakaye di amarikanu niritha diga sanskruthikamaya aithihasika pura widyawa ruju pura widyathmaka praweshaya samanga thadin bandi thibuni. mema praweshaya, amarikanu niritha diga pradeshaye amarikanu wayambaa diga werale, meso amarikawe andish, ooshiniya, sayibiriyawa ha jiwi aawenika janagahana ha parani kandayame pura widyathmaka awashesha athara akhandathawaya daknata athi lokaye anikuth pradeshawala akhandawa kriyathmaka wiya. ruju aithihasika praweshaya kriyathmaka kirime di nuthana minisun ha pura widyathmaka athithaya athara sambandhathawaya ekthan kirima sandaha manawa pura widyathmaka ha mul aithihasika wartha wadagath bhumikawak ranga dakwanu labe. sahithyamaya prabawa anikuth sandarbhawala di da bhawitha kala haka. udaharana lesa hadriyange linda dakwiya haka.
1960 dashakaye di mulikawa amarikanu pura widyagnyayan kihipa denek (lewis binfrod ha kewin flanari wani) sanskruthikamaya ithihasaye nama malawata erehiwa karali gase. owun wisin nawa pura widyawa yojana kala athara eya wada widyathmaka ha manawa widyathmaka wana atharama kalpitha pariksha kirima ha widyathmaka krama samanga wadath wadagath wiya. pasuwa eya sakasum pura widyawa lesa handinwe.
1980 dashakaye di brithanya pura widyagnyayan wu michel shanks, kristopar tili, daniyel mi ha iyan hodar wisin meheya wu nawa pasu nuthanawadi wyaparayak mathu wiya. emangin sakasim widyawe widyathmaka dhanathmakathawayata ha asadharanathwayata athi aakarshanaya gataluwata bandun kala athara wada swashasthriya saiddhanthika parawarthathawaka wadagathkama mathukara dakwiya. mema praweshaya pasu sakasum pura widyawa lesa handunwanu labiya. kese namuth mema praweshaya sakasumkaruwan wisin widyathmaka umathuwa adu yayi pawasamin wiwechanayata lak karana ladi. sakasumwadaya ha pasu sakasumwadaye walangu bawa pilibanda thawaduratath wiwadayata bandun wi thibe.
aithihasika sakasumwadaya mathu wemin pawathina nama malawak wana athara emangin kriyawali ha pasu sakasum pura widyawe parawarthithawa ha ithihasaya pilibanda mathu kara dakwima pilibanda wadi awadhanayak yomu karanu labe.
pura widyathmaka siddhantha warthamanaye di balapam gananawakin karaliyata pamine. eyata nawa dawiniyanu parinamaniya sithuwilla, sansiddhimaya widyawa, pasu nuthana wadaya, eejansi siddhanthaya gnyanathmaka widyawa, karyabaddha wadaya, lingikathwaya matha padanam wu ha ebandu matha darana pura widyawa ha paddhathi siddhanthaya athulath we.
Academic sub-disciplines
sanskruthika sampath kalamanakaranaya
kreshthra piliweth
minuma(Survey)
purawidya kanima
bhumiya nopurudu ayage balapradeshayakwa pawathiddi pawa purawidyathmaka kanim pawathini. boho wyapruthi walin anawaranaya karagath bahutharayak thorathuruwala prabhawa ithiriwa atha. bhu stharaya pilibandawa adhyayanaya saha thrimana nirmana aadi samikshana walata samanyayen piwisiya nohakiya. ebawin noyek wargaye thorathuru anawaranaya karaganimata eeta puluwana. nawina kanim shilpa krama walata labena sambhawaya wartha karaganimata siyum lesa lakshana saha wasthu pihiti sthana awashyaya we. memangin thiras pihitima menma siras pihitimada thiranaya kirimata hakiyawa labe.awata thibena wasthun saha lakshana samanga eewaye pawathina sambandhathada pasuwa karana wigraha sandaha wartha kara ganu labe. memangin purawidyagnyayata kumana manawa kruthi ha eewa pawathiyeda yanna aadiya pilibandawa nigamanaya kirimata ida labe. udaharanayak lesa bhumiya kanimedi ehi bhu stharaya pilibandawa adhyayanayata ida labe. bhumiya wiwidha sanskruthinta ayath manawa kotaswalata wasa bhumiwa winam boho parani kalaye sita pawatha ena manawa sanskruthinge manawa kruthi matha matha kalaye sanskruthingen pawatha ena manawa kruthi da pawathiyi.
purawidya paryeshana waladi wadathma wiyadam sahitha awasthawa kanim awasthawayi. prathipalayak lesa samahara bhumi kanim karana prathishathaya randapawathinne ema rata anuwayi. boho wita eya 90% ki. kanim waladi samikshanayata wada sampal labaganima wada wadagath we. mema kanim kriyawaliya wada parissamen kala yuthu uwath wisheshayen mathupita pasa iwath kirimedi wishala yanthrika upakarana (bako yanthra ) bhawitha karayi. siyaluma lakshana pahadiliwa peneda yanna nishchaya kara ganima udesa mema pradeshaya udalu saha mesan handi bhawithayen pirisidu karayi.
eelanga karyaya bhumi salasmak nirmanaya kirimayi. eya kanim katayuthu waladi thirana ganima sandaha bhawitha kere. wartha ganima sandaha wiwidha kotas wena wenama swabhawika yatipasa thek kanim walata bhajanaya karayi. udaharanayak lesa agalak kotas 2 kin yuktha we. eya pirawuma ha wiwaraya lesa we. wiwaraya yanu swabhawika pasa hamuwana lakshana sahitha mayima we. pirawuma yanu swabhawika pasata wada sampurnayen wenas lakshana sahitha kotasayi.
parimanayata andina lada salasma ha bhumiye ek ek lakshana wala eekaka andinu labe. eewaye chayarupa labagena (kalu, sudu ha warna )anthargathaya wartha karanu labe. danata winasha wi giya pura wasthunge wartha , eewaye thorathuru sapaya dena athara eewa bhumiya pilibandawa wisthara kirimata ha therum ganimatada yodagani.
kapuma yanu
pura widyawedi ha pura widyathmaka bhu sthara adhyayanayedi kapumak yanu agalak ho walak wani yam angayak nirmanaya kirima sadaha anekuth pura widyathmaka awashesha iwath kara athi, kalaye yam kisi mohothak nirupanaya karana sandarbhayaki. layimanu wadan walin kapumak yanna athithayedi harana lada sidurak lesa sithiya haki namuth kapumak yanna siras lopa karana wani pura widyathmaka wartha wala anek kotas walata da yedeyi. kapum sandarbhayak yanna samaharak wita dhana sandarbhayakata prathiwiruddhawa sruna sandarbha lesa da parishilanaya weyi. ema wadana magin kiya sitinne eya nirmanaya wu kalayedi kapuma magin pura widyathmaka warthawen drawya iwath kara athi athara eeta prathiwiruddhawa dhana sandarbhayangen kiyawenne pura widyathmaka warthawata drawya ekathu kirimaki. kapumakata shunya ghanakamak himi athara drawyamaya guna nomathi weyi. eya artha dakwanu labanne anekuth sima magini. wartha thula kapum dakinu labanne emagin kapunu drawya ha eya nawatha purawana lada drawya athara guna wala pawathna wenasa magini. mema wenasa wada bime sitina pura widyagnyayin wisin simawak lesa dakinu labayi. meya ihatha rupaye dakwena athara ehidi ardha kotas karanaya kara athi saksan walakin ehi pasu pirawumen bagayak iwath kara athi athara ema nisa apita wala harana lada bhumiya ha wala pirawima sidu karana bhumiya athara wenasa samaharak wita mema wenaskam pahadili nowana athara ewani awastha waladi kapum soya ganima sadaha pura widyagnyayinta thama athdakim ha piriksum balaya matha rada pawathimata sidu wanu atha.
angaya yanu
pura widyawedi anga ha wisheshayen kanim yannata wenas namuth samana therum kihipayak atha. angayak yanu chalanaya nokala haki manushya kriyakarakamak nirupanaya karana sandarbha ekaka ho kihipayaka ekathuwak wana athara wada bimehi bhu sthara pilibada widyawata sapekashawa siras gathi lakshana atha. anga walata udaharana lesa walawal, thappa ha angal dakwiya hakiya. bhuwisthara widyathmaka anukramanayaka pawathina sthara, gati ho mathupita wani samanya thiras awayawa anga lesa hadunwanu labe. mathupita walata udaharana lesa angana, parawal ha mahal dakwiya hakiya.
anga wala aaganthuka gathi lakshana ho eeha sambandha wu kapum thibime hakiyawak atha. godanagillaka mathupitada angayak lesa hadinwiya haki nisath ha nipadum kapumwalin thora nidahas nagisitum wyuha anga wiya haki nisath, meya nisi artha dakwim aakarayak nowe. kunu godawal (kunu kasala thanpath owunge anga lesa hadunwanu labe) meya apadrawya mattam karanayata sansandanathmakawa salaka balanu labana athara eya adala wada bimehi salakiya yuthu kotasak pura wyaptha wi atha. angayak yana sankalpaya yamthak durakata wikruthiyak wana athara eyata hethuwa eya thanime thara thirama matha padanamwa wenaswimata hakiyawak athi wimayi.
aashritha
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
layisthu
List of archaeological excavations by date
List of archaeological periods
List of archaeological sites by country
List of archaeologists
List of archaeology awards
List of paleoethnobotanists
mulashra
bhahira sabandi
Sri Lanka Archaeology shri lanka purawidya departhamenthuwa
Fasti Online – an online database of archaeological sites
The Archaeology Data Service – Open access online archive for UK and global archaeology
World Archaeology News – weekly update from BBC Radio archaeologist, Win Scutt
The Archaeology Channel
Anthropology
ithihasaya |
thanapathi | An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country.
Diplomats
Role
Extraordinary postings
Lists of ambassadors
Non-diplomatic ambassadorships
thawada balanna
Diplomatic rank
Consulate general
High Commissioner
Nuncio
Diplomacy
Titles
Government occupations |
tharakawediya | tharakawediya ho tharaka widyagnyaya yanu tharakawedaya ho tharaka bhauthikawedaya pilibandawa unanduwak dakwanneki.
thawada balanna
aadhunika tharakawedaya
tharakawedi namawaliya
daiwagnyayin layisthuwa
tharakawedin |
sanath jayasuriya | sanath teran jayasuriya (upatha 1969 juni 30, mathara) shri lankiya hitapu krikat kridakayeku ha shrilanka parlimenthuwe manthri warayaku lesa katayuthu kaleya.ohuge panduwata pahara dime wilashaya saha tharanga dinawime suwisheshi hakiyawa nisa lowa methek bihiwu hondama ekdina kridakayan atharata ohuda ekwa siti.2013 janawari 28 wana dina shri lanka krikat aayathanaya wisin shrilanka krikat therim kamitu sabhapathi washayen path kala athara mohuge nila kalaya thula shrilanka kandayama prathama warata 2014 krikat 20-20 loka kusalanaya dina ganimata samath wiya.
paudgalika jiwithaya
shri lanka jathika ki්rakat kandayamata 1989 di sambandha wu ohu thun iriyawwenma daskam dakwu kridakayeki. ekdina tharangawaladi lakunu 13000 ikmawuda kadulu 300 dawaganna ladda wuda lowa sitina ekama kridakaya mohuya.
jayasuriya adhyapanaya ladde mathara sarweshas widyalayeni. ohu krikat kridawata athpoth thabana ladde ema widyalaye igenuma labana kalayediya. ee ewakata siti widuhalpathi ji.el. galppaththi saha puhunukaruwu layanal wanasinhage purna upakaraya athiwaya.
sanath jayasuriya krikat kridawata amatharawa samaja sewakayeku lesada katayuthu karana athara shri lankawe eengs rogaya thuran kirime aramuna athiwa ohu wisin itu karana lada mehewara udesa eksath jathinge sanwidhakaya mangin wisheshitha gaurawa thanathurakin da pidum labiya.
antharjathika wartha
ek dina tharanga waladi wadiyenma lakunu labu siwwanna lesa sama thathwaya - wiw richidsan samaga lakunu 189
ek dina tharanga wala wadathma wegawath ardha shathakaya warthamanaye darayi. pandu 17 kadi.
jathyanthara ek dina tharanga waladi inimakadi wadima haye paharawal ella kala thanaththa lesa sahid afridi samaga sama warthawa darayi. ee pakisthanayata erehiwa singappuruwedi (inimakadi lakunu 134 yi pandu 65 kadi)
ek dina tharanga waladi wadima lakunu gath dewanna lesa lakunu 12207 (dewani wanne sachin thendulkarge 16361)
ek dina tharanga ithihasaye tharangawaladi 150 kata wada hathara wathawak lakunu laba gath ekama pudgalaya.
ek dina tharanga ithihasaye pita pita dewathawak 150 kata wada gath ekama pudgalaya lesa.
jathyanthara ek dina tharangayakadi wegawathma lakunu 150 gath pudgalaya lesa (pandu 95 kadi - engalanthayata erehiwa 2006 di)
danata wadima shathaka ras kala thewani pudgalaya lesa thabu warthawa shathaka 25
wegawathma shathakaya laba ganime warthawata himikam kiweya. ee pandu 47 kadi (mema warthawa shri lankawata erehiwa tharangayakadi sahid afridi binda damuweya. ee pandu wara 37 kadiya)
ek dina tharangayakadi wadima 6 lakunu laba gath kridakaya lesa warthawa darayi. danata 6 lakunu laba gath wara sankhyawa 249 ki.
ek dina tharanga waladi ek oowarayakata lakunu 30 kata wada laba gath kridakaya lesa mema awasthawa ohu dewarakadi laba gena atha.ee pakisthanayata erehiwa saha nawasilanthayata erehiwayi. pasuwa dakunu aprikawe harfal gibsan wisin oowarayakadi haye pahara 6 k ella kota mema warthawa binda damiya. ee nedarlanthayata erehiwa (Daan van bung) hidi.
ek dina tharanga waladi wadima wara gananak tharangaye wiraya wu dewaniya lesa. wara 45 yi. (palamu wanna thendulkar 57)
jathyanthara ek dina tharanga 400 kata tharanga kala palamu pudgalaya lesa.
test tharangayakadi ek oowarayakadi hathare paharawal 6k ella kala thewani pithikaru lesa meya ohuge anthima test inimedi - engalanthayata erehiwa.
jathyanthara thorathuru
1996 warshaye loka kusalana krikat tharanga waliya pawathi kalaye sanath jayasuriya ohuge upaya margika krama bhawitha karamin ek dina jathyanthara krikat tharangawala panduwata pahara dime wiplawayak athi kaleya. mehidi bhawitha kala upakramaya nam palamu pandu yawannanta pitiye sama anthayakatama digata harahata pahara ella karamin owun durmukha kirimaya. meya aluth kramayak wuwada ee kalaye di tharanga dinawiya haki upayak wiya. itha ikmaninma mema kramaya loka krikat tharanga waladi palamu panduwata pahara dime niyatha kramayak bawata path wiya. glen makgrath jayasuriya gana sandahan karamin kiwe. "eya sama witama kenekuta gaurawayak wenawa mese kimata haki wima sambandhayen. owun kridawe gaman maga wenas kala. ohuge dawantha inimayan 1996 loka kusalana tharanga waliye palamuwen lakunu ras kirima aarambha kala yuththe kese dayi yanna pilibanda samage adahas wenas kala" yanuweni.
jayasuriya ohuge suwishesha pahara kawar poyint samaga kat saha pul pahara gana prasiddhaya. jayasuriya 1995-96 oostreliyanu sancharayedi ek dina tharanga sandaha pahara dennange anu piliwele mul pela pahara denneku lesa idiriyata pamina romesh kaluwitharana samaga mul oowara waladi nidahase lakunu ras kirime kramaya prayojanayata gaththeya. 1996 loka kusalanaya tharangawaliyedi shri lankawata jayagrahanaya laba dimata ohuge dayakathwaya itha thiranathmaka wiya. sama iriyawwakinma labunu dayakathwaya hethuwen tharangawaliye wiraya sammanaya dina ganimatada ohu samath wuyeya.
panduwata pahara dima gana ohuge darshanaya ohuge aakramanakari aarambhayen kati kota dakwayi. ohu gathawu awurudu ganana purama pandu yawannange sanyogayanta muhuna di owun abhibawa sitiyeya. gilkrist saha afridi wani wenath pithikaruwan geda samana kam daknata labena namudu lokaye sitina bhayanakama pithikaruwa lesa handinwenne jayasuriyayi. ohu jathyanthara ek dina tharanga waladi wadima shathaka laba gath thanaththan athara dewanna menma 150 kata wadiyen laba gath thanaththada weyi. ohuge athi wishishta sahabhagithwaya nisa shri lankawa sahabhagi wu tharanga walin 80% kma wage jayagrahanaya kara atha. ee hama tharangayakadima ohu lakunu 50 kata wada ras kara atha. mese wimata hethu wuye ohuge prawegakari lakunu ras kirima saha wiruddha pandu yawannanta ella kala manasika pidanayayi.
1997 warshaye wisdan warga kirima anuwa ohu ema warshaye krikat kridakaya lesa nam kerunu athara 1999 sita 2003 dakwa shri lanka kandayame nayakaya lesada kriya kaleya. ohu itha prayojanawath, sama anshayakinma daksha kridakayeku menma test ha ek dina tharanga wala panduwata pahara dime honda samanyayak pawathwagena giya kridakayeku wiya. emenma ek dina tharanga waladi panduwata pahara dimedi wishishta lakunu laba ganime anupathayakda pawathwa gena giyeya.
wamath danga pandu yawanneku wu hethema pandu yawime samanyaya salakiya yuthu saha wasidayaka mattamaka pawathwa gena giyeya. muththayiya muralidaran ha chaminda was wetha pawari athi wagakim walin owun yam tharamakata mudawa gaththeya. 2007 agosthu waladi ohu thamange antharjathika 400 wani wikattuwa laba gaththeya.
jayasuriya itha daksha pandu rakinneki. 2005 warshaye aga bhagaye krikinfo (Cricinfo) aayathanaya magin sakas karana lada warthawaka, ohu gana sandahan wanne 1999 loka kusalana tharangawaliyen pasuwa, duwaddi dawimakata hasu kara gath kridakayan sambandha ek dina tharanga warthawe hathweni sthanayada, sarthakathwaya athin ekolos weni sarthaka anupatha thathwaya ohu wisinlaba gena athi bawayi. (11th highest success rate).
shri lankika kridakayeku test tharangayakadi laba gath ihalama lakunu sankhyawe himikaru wuyeda sanath jayasuriyayi. ee indiyawa samaga 1997 di pawathwana lada tharangayakadi lakunu 340 k laba ganimeni. mema uthsahayedi ohuge sahaya pithikaru wuye roshan mahanamayi. dedenage lakunu sambandhathawaya 576 k wu athara eya ee wana wita test tharangayakadi dewana wikattuwa sandaha wartha kara thibu hondama sambandhathawaya wiya. mema wartha dekama pasuwa binda helana ladde shri lankawema kridaka mahela jayawardhana wisini. ee 2006 warshayedi dakunu aprikawata erehiwa karana lada tharangayediya. ehidi mahela jayawardhana ha kumara sangakkara ek wi lakunu 624 k wartha kala athara mahela jayawardhanage lakunu sankhyawa 374 k wiya.
ohu jathyanthara ek dina tharangayakadi wadima lakunu laba gath dewanna lesa wiw richad samaga sama warthawata himikam kiyayi. 2007 pebarawari wana wita wadima paudgalika lakunu laba gath shri lankikayangen 4 wanna lesath ihalama nama denagen hath waniya lesath wu warthawa dara sitiyeya.
danata wegawathma ardha shathakaya warthawata himikam kiyanneda ohuya. pandu 17 kadi ohu ema ardha shathakaya laba gaththeya. pakisthanaye sahid afridi wegawathma shathakaya laba ganime warthawata himikama labana thek pandu wara 48 kadi wegawathma shathakaya laba ganime warthawa ohu sathuwa thibuneya. ohu ek dina jathyanthara tharanga waladi wadima haye paharawal ella kala pudgalaya lesa warthawata himikam kiyana athara ema wara ganana 241 ki. emenma ODI tharanga waladi lakunu 10000 ikmawu ayagen 4 wani kridakayayi. 2005 sapthambar 20 dina bangladeshaya samaga pawathwu dewani test tharangayedi test tharanga 100 kata sahabhagi wu palamu lankika kridakaya wime awasthawa laba gaththeya. ee anuwa ema awasthawa laba gath 33 weni kridakayada ohu wiya. ek oowarayakadi wadima lakunu sankhyawak laba ganime warthawada sathuwa thibune ohutaya. ee oowarayakadi 30 k washayeni. ohu mema thathwaya awastha dekakadi laba atha. pasuwa dakunu aprikanu kridaka harshal gibs ema warthawata himikam kiweya. ee oowarayakata lakunu 36 k laba ganimeni.
2006 aprel masayedi pakisthana kandayame shri lanka sancharaya awasanaye test kridawen samuganime adahasa gana ohu prakasha kaleya. eheth 2006 mayi masaye engalanthaya samaga pawathwu tharanga walata shri lanka kandayamata ekwimen ohu ema adahasa iwath kara gena thibuni. ohuta palamu test tharanga dekata sahabhagi wime awasthawa gili hi giya athara trent brij hidi thun wani tharangayata sahabhagi wuyeya. ohuge test tharanga wadima etharam sarthaka nowunu namudu natwest tharangawaliyedi shathaka dekak ras kaleya. meyata awasana tharangayedi pandu 99 kata lakunu 152 k ras kirimada athulath wiya. mema inim waladi ohu saha upul tharanga (109) palamu wikattuwa sandaha lakunu 286 k laba gath athara eya ek dina tharanga wala nawa warthawak wiya. mema tharangawaliyedi jayasuriya wisin pradarshanaya karana lada pithi harambaaya nisa ohuta tharangawaliye wiraya wirudawaliya himi wu athara shri lankawata 5 - 0 lesa jaya ath wiya.
nat west kusalana tharangawaliyen pasu shri lankawa ek dina tharanga dekak sandaha oolandayata giyeya. palamu tharangayedi jayasuriya pandu 104 kata muhuna di lakunu 157 k ras kaleya. mehidi shri lankawa simitha oowara krikat tharangayakadi laba gath ihalama lakunu sankhyawa wu (443/9) k laba gaththe ee wana wita 2006 marthuwedi oostreliyawa ta erehiwa dakunu aprikawa laba gath 439/9 lakunu sankhyawa abhibawa yamini. shri lankawa lakunu 195 kin tharangaya dinuweya. ODI tharangayakadi 150 kata wada paudgalika lakunu laba gath 4 wani awasthawa meya wu athara me wana wita ema thathwaye pasu wana ekama kridakaya jayasuriyayi. meya pita pita dewani wathawatath 150 ta wada lakunu laba gath awasthawak wu athara eya thawath ek dina tharanga waladi palamu sthanaya wiya.
batahira indiya kodew hidi pawathwana lada loka kusalana krikat tharangawaliyedi ohu shathaka 2 kda ardha shathaka10 kda wartha kaleya.
2007 ayi si si (ICC)wissayi 20 tharanga waliye jayasuriya ohuge sampradayika kokabura piththa wenuwata ribok anugrahakathwaya sapayu samanya ribok piththak pawichchi kaleya. ohu mema tharangawaliyedi kandayame anith tharangakaruwan wu nawasilanthaya saha kenyawata erehiwa ardha shathaka dekak laba gaththeya. ohu wissayi 20 jathyanthara tharangayakadi oowara 4 kadi lakunu 64 k ras kaleya.
wissayi 20 loka kusalana tharangawaliyen pasu jayasuriya engalanthayata erehi ek dina (3-2) parajitha tharanga malawatada, oostreliyaෙwdi pawathwana lada parajitha test tharanga malawatada (2-0) sahabhagi wiya. engalanthayata erehiwa mahanuwaradi pawathi palamu test tharangayedi ardha shathakayak laba ganimen pasu thun wani dinaye thaman mema tharangaya awasanaye test tharanga walin wishrama ganna bawath eheth jathyanthara ek dina tharanga sandaha digatama krida karana bawath jayasuriya prakasha kaleya. ohuge anthima test tharangayedi lakunu 78 k laba gath athara ek oowarayakadi haye pahara hatharak ella kaleya. ee jems andasange oowarayakadiya.
2007 desambarayedi jayasuriya 2008 wissayi20 (Twenty 20)tharanga sandaha worwikshayar wenuwen giwisum athsan kala bawa sthirawa prakasha kaleya.
adawiyen bahara pitu
Cricinfo Player Profile : sanath jayasuriya
1969 upath
jiwamana janaya
shri lankiya e.di.ja krikat kridakayan
shri lankiya test krikat kridakayan
shri lankiya wissayi20 jathyanthara krikat kridakayan
krikat kridakayo
shri lankika krikat kridakayo
sinhala janaya |
muththayiya muralidaran | muththayiyage krida wilashaya pilibandawa wachikawa wiwechana ella kala dedena wuye peradi test krikat kridakayan wu oostreliyawe din jons saha peradi indiya nayaka bishan bedi wethi.
kalin siti batahira indiya kodew wega pandu yawana kridakayeku wu mayikal holdings da muralidaran wiwechanaya kaleya. eheth pasuwa pawathwana lada parikshana walin heli wu karunu walin anathuruwa ohu thama wiwechana illa as kara gaththeya. holdin saha bedi dedenama muralige pandu yawime iriyaw ‘hella wisi kirime’ (Javelin Throw) kramayata samana bawa kiha. ICC ye adhyayana warthawen pasu kamitu samajikayeku washayen holdin mese kiweya. “widyathmaka sakshi siyalla wenas karanawa. piyawi asata samanya lesa pandu yawannek lesa penennek pawa anshaka 11 ho atham wita 12 k pamana atha nawana bawa thakshanayata peni yanawa. mema kridakayin nithi rithi ullanghanaya karathi. kridawa mema yatharthaya. samaga katayuthu kala yuthuyi”.
2002 mayi masaye adam gilkrist kaltan papandu klab hi diwa bhojana sangrayakadi muralidarange krida iriyaw krikat nithi samaga nogalapena bawa kiweya. gilkristge prakashayak uputa dakwana Age puwathpatha “ow mama hithanawa ohu dama gasanawa kiya.... mama ese kiyanne ohu kridawe nithi kiyawanne nam kisi sakayak na mage hithe ohu saha thawath boho kridakayin krikat ithihasaye pura dama gasanawa kara thibe” yanuwen ohu prakasha kara athi bawa sandahan kara atha. 1996 saha 1999 warsha dekedima ICC ya wisin muralidarange iriyaw niwaradi bawa prakasha kara thibiyadi ee bawa nosalaka ihatha sandahan prakashayan karana ladde ‘dusra’ panduwa pilibanda wiwadathmaka siddhi walata peradiya. mewani prakashayak karamin oostreliyanu krikat palaka mandalaye nithi rithi ullanghanaya karana ladayi ema mandalaya grilkrist ta tharjanaya kara ohu ewani anarthakari prakashayak kirima sambandhayen waradi karuweku kaleya.
2006 wasare nawasilantha krikat sancharayedi muralidaran ge thawath wiwechakayeku wu nawasilantha pile hitapu nayakayeku ha krikat wisthara wicharakayeku wu matin kro muralidarange dusra panduwa itha samipawa nirikshanaya kala yuthu bawata illa siti athara krida tharanga warayakadi ohuge iriyaw itha naraka athata harunu bawa peni giye yayida kiweya. ema wasare muladi lords hi di kawdri deshanaya pawathwamin muththayiya muralidaran dama gasannek bawa kiweya. kro ge mema prakasha walata prathichara dakwamin ICC ye samanyadhikari wu dewid richadsan, mahacharya baෲs eliyat aacharya pol harisan saha mak portuswith yanadinge widyathmaka sakshi idiripath kaleya. “naraka andamin pandu yawannan lesa nodakwena atham kridakayin pandu yawimedi waradi lesa peni yana iriyaw pradarshanaya karana bawath, sthira washayen namunu wala mita sahithawa pandu yawana bawath, nithiye dadi arthakathanayan yatathe owun nithi kadannan lesa penenneya. eheth ese baluwoth niwaradiwa pandu yawana ekada kridakayeku ithiri wanne natha”. ihatha prakashaya dewid richadsan wisin idiripath kaleya.
lama kalaya - jiwana thorathuru
muththayiya muralidaran indiya sambhawayak athi shri lankika damila jathikayeki. ohuge piya parshawaye muththa wu periyasami sinnasami 1920 di dakunu indiyawe sita shri lankawata paminiye madhya kandukaraye the wathu wala wada kirima pinisayi. ohu pasuwa ohuge duwarun samaga indiyawe thiruchirapalli hi padinchi wima sandaha ehi giya namuth muralidarange piyada athulath ohuge puththu shri lankawe nathara wuha.
muralidaran mahanuwara asala, kundasale naththaranpotha di lakshmi saha sinnasami muththayiya maw piyanata dawa upatha lath athara, daruwan hathara denekugen yuth pawule wadimala ohu wiya. muththayiyage piya wu sinnasami muththayiya sarthaka wiskothu nishpadana wyaparayak pawathwagena yanneya.
ohuge wayasa awurudu 9 k wana wita ohu mahanuwara shantha anthoni widyalayata (sent anthani kolech ) yawanu labuweya. mema pasala paudgalika ekak wu athara benadik pujakawaru wisin palanaya karana laddeya. ohu thama krikat diwiya aarambha kale mada wega pandu yawanneku washayeni. eheth pasuwa ohuge puhunukaru wu sunil pranandu ge upades matha wayasa dahatharedi pita danga pandu yawanneku lesa krida kirima arambauweya. ema dina wala ohu thuniriyawwema krida karanneku lesa krida kala athara mada pela pithikaruweku lesa panduwata pahara dunneya. sent anthani widuhale ohuge awasana wara dekedi wikattu siyayak laba gath athara 1990/1 wasare ‘bata pasal krikat shuraya’ sammanaya laba gaththeya.
pasalen nikmunu pasu ohu tamil yuniyan krikat samajayata saha athlatik krida samajayata banduneya. 1991 wasare shri lanka A kandayamata thora ganu laba engalantha charikawakata sahabhagi wuyeya. ohu tharanga pahakata krida kala namuth eka wikattuwak ho laba ganimata apohosath wiya. shri lankawata paminimen pasu alan bordarge nayakathwayen yuth oostreliyanu kandayamata erehi puhunu tharangayata yedawu athara in pasu aar.premadasa kridanganaye pawathi ohuge prathama test krikat tharangayata sahabhagi wiya. ee dewani test tharangaya sandahaya.
ohuge muththayiya awurudu 104 k aayu walanda 2004 warshaye indiyawedi miya giyeya. ohuge awasana katayuthu walata sahabhagi wu muralidaran perala lankawata paminiyeya. ohuge siya wu periyasami sinnasami thama munubura wadima test wikat sankhyawak laba gath kridakaya yana loka warthawa labanu dakime aashawen pasu wiya. ema warama ohuta himi wu namudu munubura wiwaha wanu dakimata muththa jiwath nowiya. muralidarange kalamanakara wu kushil gunasekara “muralige pawula hondin sakasunu ekamuthu kamen yuktha pawulaki” yayi kiweya. owuhu paramparagatha watinakam saha saradharma walata garu kalaha. miya giya muththa murali samaga mana sabandathawayak pawathwiya.
muralidaran 2005 marthu 21 weni dina indiyanu jathika madimalar ramamurthi samaga wiwaha wuyeya. aya malar aarogyashalawe waidya S.ramamurthige diyaniyayi. ohuge birinda waidya nithya rama murthi wuwaya. owunge palamu daruwa naren upatha ladde 2006 janawari masayediya.
test krikat kridakayo - shri lanka
1972 upath |
mawan athapaththu | deshabandu mawan samsan athapaththu (upatha 1970 nowambar 22) yanu shri lanka krikat puhunukaruweku saha shri lankawa wenuwen wasara 17k krida kala hitapu krikat kridakayeki. ohuge yugaye thakshanikawa dakshathama pithikaruweku lesa salakena athapaththu shri lankawa wenuwen test krikat kridawe dwithwa shathaka hayak labagena athi athara, ohuge palamu inima haye di lakunu nolaba dawiyam pahak wartha wiya.
ohu kanadawe saha singappuru jathika krikat kandayamwala puhunukaru lesa katayuthu kara atha. 2014 aprel sita 2015 sapthambar dakwa ohu shri lanka krikat kandayame pradhana puhunukaru wiya.
pasal awadhiya
mawan athapaththu siya krikat diwiya nawa yowun wiyedi aarambha kale galla mahinda widyalaya n wana athara ehidi mejar ji dabliw es da silwa ohuge palamu krikat puhunukaru wiya. pasuwa ohu kolambaa aananda widyalaya ta giya athara, pasuwa ohu P. W. perera wisin puhunu karana ladi.
wruththiya diwiya
1990 nowambar masayedi ohuge 20 wani upandinayen pasuwa ohuge mangala test tharagayata piwisi athapaththu palamu inima haye di lakunu nolaba dawiyam 5k saha anek inima 1 lakunakata simawiya, ohu mangala tharagayedi inima dekedima lakunu nolaba dawi giya palamu shri lanka pithikaruwa wiya. ohuge palamu tharanga thune mema dushkara aarambhayen pasuwa, ohu ohuge eelanga inim 11 thula lakunu 29 ta wada laba gaththe natha, ohuge mangala test tharangayen wasara hathakata pasuwa, indiyawata erehiwa ohuge 10 wana tharangayedi ohuge palamu test shathakaya laba ganimata pera. ohuta thani test tharagayakadi lakunu nolaba dawiyam dekak athi athara, me dekama ihala pela pithikaruweku sandaha wu warthawak wiya.
ohu siya mangala ekdina jathyanthara tharagaya indiyawata erehiwa nagpurhidi krida kaleya. ohu 2003 aprel masayedi ekdina kandayame nayakaya lesa path karana ladi. ohu 2004 di simbabweta erehiwa ohuge wadima test lakunu 249 wartha kale kumar sangakkara samanga dewana kadullata lakunu 438 ka sambandhathawak beda ganimini. athapaththu 2004 wasare kwinslantha pranthaye keyarns hidi ostreliyanu sancharayaka niratha wu awasthawedi dewani test tharagaye palamu inimedi shathakayak wartha kaleya. ohuge thunwana shathakaya inim pahak athulatha gath athara, ohu lakunu 133k laba gaththeya. ohu tharaga dekakin samanwitha tharagawaliya nima kale lakunu 156k laba ganimin samanya 39.00k lesa wana athara ohuge kandayame wadima lakunu labhiya wiya.
athapaththu niwaradi pandu kadullata yomu kala haki daksha pandu rakinneki. 2005 agabhagayedi ESPNcricinfo wisin sakas karana lada warthawakin pennum kale 1999 krikat loka kusalanaye sita, ohu oonama pandu rakina kridakayekuge ekdina krikat kridawe hathwana ihalama sarthakathwa anupathaya samangin dewani wadima duwaddi dawim sankhyawak sidu kara athi bawayi. 2007 krikat loka kusalanaya sandaha ohuwa aandolanathmaka lesa sanchithayen iwath karana lada athara ehi prathipalayak lesa ohu shri lanka giwisumgatha kridakayinge layisthuwen iwath karana lesa illa sitiyeya. 2007-08 ostreliyanu sancharaya athapaththuta ahimi wimata niyamithawa thibu namuth shri lanka krida amathya gamini lokugege madihathwimen ohu kandayamata ek karana ladi. athapaththu palamu test tharagayedi dadi lesa krida kala namuth pasuwa pashchath prawruththi sakachchawakadi kopayen therim kamituwata lebal kale "mulika washayen, wihilukarayekuge pradhanathwayen yuth rukadayan pirisak bawayi" yanuweni.
shri lankawa tharagamalawa 2-0k lesa parajayata pathwimen pasuwa, hobart hi pawathi dewani test tharagayen pasuwa athapaththu jathyanthara krikat pitiyen samuganna bawa niwedanaya kaleya. ohu test lakunu 5,502k awasan kale test tharaga 90kadi 39.02ka samanyayak sahithawaya. ekdina jathyanthara samanya 37.57k samangin tharaga 268kadi lakunu 8,529k labagenaya. athapaththu siya test krikat diwiye dwithwa shathaka hayak saha shathaka dahasayak ras kaleya. ohu siyaluma test krida karana ratawalata erehiwa shathaka ras kara atha.
shathaka
Reference
<!Categories-->
athapaththu, mawan
athapaththu, mawan
athapaththu, mawan
athapaththu, mawan
test krikat kridakayo - shri lanka |
boliwud | boliwud (Bollywood)
Cinema of India
Film industries
Hindustani
Mumbai culture
Portmanteaus
Ollywood |
royi dayas | royi dayas (Roy Dias)
mohu 1979-1987 samaye shri lanka krikat kandayama niyojanaya kala prabala pithikaruwaku wana athara shri lankawe test krikat ithihasaye lakunu dahasa labagath palamu kridakaya da royi dayas ya.
Reference
Cricinfo page
1952 upath
jiwamana janaya |
astariks | astariks bhasha siyayakata adhika sankhyawakata pariwarthanaya wu chithra katha malawaki. katha malawa chithra katha poth 32kin samanwitha we. rene goskini kathawa liyu athara, albrt udarso wisin chithra andinu labi ya. 51 wani wiye di goskini abhawayata path wu athara in pasu udarso wisin kathawa da, chithra da, sampadanaya karanu labuni.
astariks katun charithaya lankawe wadath prakata wuye sura pappa yana namini.
aashritha
Recurring characters in Asterix
List of Asterix films and videogames
Roman Gaul, after Julius Caesar's conquest of 58–51 BC that consisted of five provinces.
bhahira sabandi
nila astariks web adawiya
Comics characters
Fictional Celts
French comics |
tintinge wira kriya | tintinge wira kriya ( French title "Les Aventures de Tintin et Milou" /English title "The Adventures of Tintin" )
thawada balanna
tintin poth, chithrapata ha madhya
adawiyen bahara pitu
tin tin nila web adawiya
Adventures of Tintin, The
Adventures of Tintin, The
Adventures of Tintin, The
Adventures of Tintin, The |
tintin poth, chithrapata ha madhya | tintin poth, chithrapata ha madhya
This is a list of all books, films, and media produced so far in tintinge wira kriya .
poth
potha wargikaranaya
Production anu piliwela
Publication anu piliwela
U.K. publication anu piliwela
shri lankiya (sinhala Edition) publication order
http://home.planet.nl/~graaffje/singala.html
chithrapata
guwan widuliya
Series one
Series two
Specials
rupawahiniya
Stage shows
widiyo krida
Reprints and republications
wenath poth
poth, chithrapata ha madhya |
suparman | suparman () yanu prabandha charithayaki. mema charithaya DC(Detective Comics(ditektiw komiks) = rahas parikshaka chithra katha; pasuwa 'ditektiw komiks' yana nama eya beda hala samagamata bara wiya. ) chithra katha athara janapriyathama ha balagathuma supiri wira charithayak lesa salakiya haka. kanadawe upan chthra shilpi jo shustar (Joe Shuster) ha amerikanu gathkaru jeri sigal (Jerry Siegel)wisin 1932 di nirmanaya kota simasahitha ditektiw komiks wetha 1938 di alewi kala mema charithaya palamuwa 1938 juni masa akshan komiks anka 1 (Action Comics #1)hi elidaka pasuwa boho guwanwiduli wruththantha, rupawahini wadasatahan, chithrapata, puwathpath chithrakatha ha widiyo thrida wala thama shilpa dathwiya.
warsha 1978 di kristopar riw wisinda, 2013 di henri kawil wisinda suparman charithayata pana powana ladi.
adawiyen bahara pitu
nila web adawiya
prabandha charitha |
ha ha hari hawa | ha ha hari hawa (Bugs Bunny), shri lankawe jathika rupawahini nalikawe wikashanaya wu katun wadasatahanak we.
katun wadasatahan
bg:Бъгс Бъни
bs:Duško Dugouško
ca:Bugs Bunny
da:Snurre Snup
de:Bugs Bunny
en:Bugs Bunny
es:Bugs Bunny
fi:Väiski Vemmelsääri
fr:Bugs Bunny
he:באגס באני
hr:Zekoslav Mrkva
id:Bugs Bunny
it:Bugs Bunny
ja:バッグス・バニー
nl:Bugs Bunny
no:Snurre Sprett
pl:Królik Bugs
pt:Bugs Bunny
simple:Bugs Bunny
sq:Bugs Bunny
sr:Душко Дугоушко
sv:Snurre Sprätt
th:บักส์ บันนี
tr:Bugs Bunny
zh:賓尼兔 |
top kat | top kat hana-babara sajiwikarana katun katha malawaki. meya pissu pusa yana namin shri lankawe jathika rupawahiniya wisin handakawa wikashaya karana ladi.
Fictional cats
Animated television series
Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network Studios series and characters
Dell Comics titles
Gold Key Comics titles
Charlton Comics titles |
shabda koshaya | shabda koshaya (Dictionary)
shabda koshayak yanu niyatha bhasha ekaka ho kihipayaka wachanawala ekathuwaki. boho wita eewa akaradi piliwelata sakas kara atha.
aashritha
Dictionaries
Technical communication tools |
mir abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya | mir (Мир, rusiyanu basin lokaya saha samaya yana aruth dekama atha) yanu sowiyat sangamaye (saha pasuwa rusiyawe) athi sarthaka abhyawakasha madhyasthanayaki.
mir ajatakasha madhyasthanaya
“mir” yanu rusiyanu (kalin sowiyat) bhashawen “samaya” ha “lokaya” yana therum dekama denna wu wadanaki. mir ajatakasha madhyasthanaya yanu rusiyanuwan wisin guwangatha karana lada abhyawakasha paryeshana madhyasthanayaki. esema eya niranthara manushya wasayakin yuktha wu digukalina widya paryeshana sidukala haki pahasukamwalin samanwitha “thunwana paramparawe” kakshagatha abhyawakasha madhyasthanayaki. mehi idikirim wasara gananawak purawata sidu kerini.
enam wasara dahayakata dina atak pamanak adu wu kalayaki. abhyawakashaye nonasi manushya wasayak pawathuna digama kalayata himi warthawa da mir sathuya. mir madhyasthanaya sambandha noyekuth hala happimwalin anathuruwa eya jathyantharawa rusiyanu, amarikanu ha wenath ratawala abhyawakashagaminta pahasukam sapayu antharjathika mattame abhyawakasha madhyasthanayak bawata path wuni. min wadipurama awadhanayata pathra wanuye “mir - shatala” wadasatahana yatathe amarikanu abhyawakasha gaman wara 11k mir arabaya wen kota thabima weyi. madhyasthanayata saha ehi radi siti abhyawakasha gaminta awashya da saha upakarana sapayima me gaman warawala aramuna wiya. esema , abhyawakashagaminge sewa wara maru kirima da mema gaman warawala pradhana aramunak wiya. mir abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya pahala pruthiwi kakshayaka di 1986 sita 1996 dakwa athara kalaye di guwangatha kala modiyula ekalas kota idikarana ladi.
abhyawakasha madhyasthanaye sewa kalaya 2001 marthu 23 wana dina awasan karanu labuye pruthiwi wayugolaya thulin eya watimata salaswa damimata lakkota winasha karanu labimeni. eya kotaswalata kadi dakunu pasipik sagara kalapayata pathitha wini.
mir abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya - wardhanaya
1976 pebarawari 17, salyut Dos-17k abhyawakasha nawathum polehi wadi diyunu karana lada aakruthiyak nirmanaya wimata thiranaya wiya. mir ehi prathipalayak menma sowiyat abhyawakasha paddhathiye thunwana paramparawe kotasak da we. 1971 patan salyut abhyawakasha madhyasthana hatharak diyath kara atha. mir sanwardhanaya kerena atharathura thawath 3 k diyath kerini. eya salasum kerunu awadhiyedi paryantha paddhathi dekehi (DOS-7, DOS-8) nawathumpala 4 k idiripath kirimata adahas wiya. ee salyut madhyasthanaye men dekelawarehi ha madhyasthanaya idiripasa athi goliya thatakaya depasa washayeni. 1978 wana wita meya pasupasa ek nawathum polak ha idiripasa goliya kotasehi nawathum pola 5 ka aakruthiyak dakwa wikashanaya wi thibuni.
soyus(z) abhyawakasha yanayen labagath ton 7.5 modiyulawalata nawathumpala sambandha kirimata muladi salasumkara thibuni. mema modiyula (“soyus” hi men soyus prachalana modiyulayak ha awagamana modiyulayak da kakshiya modayulaya) wenuwata prathisthapitha parikshanagara modiyulayak da bhawitha kirimata ida atha. swesda sarwis modiyulaya mir 2 hi garbhaya wana athara mir ehi garbhaya weyi. mir wadasatahana 1979 pebarawarihidi yojana wu wiladmar chelomge almas(z) yudhamaya abhyawakasha nawathan wadasatahana samaga eekabaddha wuwaki. TKS abhyawakasha yanaya matha padanamwa, ton 20 abhyawakasha modiyula randawimata mehi thatakagatha kirime paryantha wadi diyunu kerini. abhyawakasha madhyasthanaya pilibanda samastha wagakima daruwe NPO Energia wisini. kese wuwada Energia, saliyut 7, Soyuz-T ha Progress abhyawakasha yanawehi ee wana wita keremin thibu wada katayuthu nisa Khrunichev hi sanwardhana shakhawa wu KB – saliyut ta upa konthraththuwak pawarini. KB-saliyut 1979 di wadakatayuthu aarambha kala athara salasum 1982 – 1983 nikuth kerini. Kurs swayankriya munagasim paddhathiyak, Altair chandrika sanniwedana paddhathiyak, Elektron oksijan uthpadanayak Vozdukh kabandayoksayid wayu pirisidu karanayak, wibhrama dayina jawaroda (Almoz gen ganna lada), saliyut SB sankhyanka piyasari palana pariganakayak athulu aluth paddhathi kihipayak abhyawakasha nawathum palata athulath wiya.
1984 mula bhagayedi Buran abhyawakasha shatalaya piyasari parikshawakata sudanam kirima sandaha wu Buran wada satahana sandaha siyalu sampath yedawima nisa mir wada satahane katayuthu ana hita thibini. namuth 1986 di 27 wana samajawadi paksha kongrasaya palanayata ena wita Mir kakshagatha kirima sandaha abhyawakasha ha aarakshawa pilibanda madhyama komiti lekam wisin Valentin Glushko hata niyoga karana ladi.1984 dima ee sandaha nawatha mudal sampadanaya kerini.
menisa salasum karana lada kriyawaliya anugamanaya kirima ha 1986 awashya dinayedi diyath kirimata nohaki bawa pahadili wiya. inpasu Cosmonaut’s day (aprel 12) di piyasari aakruthiyada baikonur wetha genayamatath ehidi paddhathi pariksha kirim ha eekabaddha kirim kirimata thiranaya wiya. Khrunichev hidi bhumi pariksha aakruthiya matha karana lada parikshawanhi prathipala hethuwen kebala 2500 n 1100 nawatha aluthen sakas kirimata siduwiya. okthobaryedima mir ehi pirisidu kirime kamarayen eliyata ganna ladi. 1986 pebarawari 16 dina prathama diyath kirime uthsahaya abhyawakashayana sanniwedanaya durwalawima matha wyartha wiya.
mulashra
bahira yomu
http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir.html Site contains detailed diagrams, pictures and background info.
http://www.astronautix.com/craft/mirodule.htm Site describes the Mir-Shuttle Docking Module
abhyawakasha madhyasthana
minisun sahitha abhyawakasha yana
Big Science
sowiyat abhyawakasha wadasatahana |
sunil shantha | sunil shantha (1915-1981) shri lankika wishishta sangithagnyayeki. ohu 1956di lestar jems piris mahathage suprasiddha "rekhawa" chithrapataye gi thanu nirmanaya kaleya. emenma sandeshaya chithrapataye gi thanu nirmanaya karana ladde da sunil shantha wisini. rediyo silon pihituwimen anathuruwa 1946 wasare ehi patigatha kala prathama githaya wu "oolu pipila wela lela denawa" githaya gayanaya kale sunil shantha wisini. ehi pabanduma saha sangitha nirmanaya da ohugema wiya. ohu gi thanu nirmanaya kala githa bohomayak warthamanaye di da itha janapriya athara rekhawa chithrapataya sandaha marsalin jayakodi piyathuman wisin rachitha "wesak kakulu athu aga hinda" githayath sandeshaya chithrapataya sandaha arisen ahubudu wisin rachitha "pruthugisikaraya" githayath eyata udaharana weyi.
jiwana therathuru
aarambhaka awadhiya (1915-1945)
baddaliyanage don josap ඦෝn 1915 aprel 04 dina di dehiyagaththa¸ඦාaladi melowa paliya dutuwe katholika pawulakataya. mawa kurugamage engalthina wu athara piya baddaliyanage don pemiyanu wiya. bala awadhiyedi ma ohuta demapiyan ahimiwiya. em. je. perera ohuge mama wu athara ohu wruththiyen sangithagnyayek wiya. bala awadhiyedi ma shanthayan hamoniyam wadanaya hadaleya. sunil shanthayan pasal wihaga tharagawaliyen ihalama lakunu labagath atharama wirarathna sammanayenda piduma labiya. awasan guru wibhagaya 1933 di sampurna kala sunil shantha klawari pasalen thama guru diwiya arambaiya. pahidi thama pasalata dakunu palatha sangitha tharagawaliyen sammana thunak labadimata hethema samathwiya. 1939 di antharmadhya gandharwa wihagayen samathwu ohu pwanawita piyano wadanaya hadara thibini. 1940 di shanthayan wadidura adhyapanaya sadaha shanthi nikethanayata athulath wu athara ema wasara thuladima bhathkhannde wishwa widyalayata athulath wu hethema 1944 di sithar wadanaya pilibanda wadya wisharada upadhiya labiya. in pasu baddaliyanage don josap ඦෝn namin sunil shantha bawata path wiya.
dhiwara waayaparikayeku wu badda liyanage don pemiyanu ha maharage engalthina perera yana depalage kanitu daruwa lesa 1915 aprel masa 14 wana dina jaala pamunugama di josap jon ladaruwa upatha labuwe ya. ohuta masa thunak wana wita piya maranayata path wiya. ohuta the wasarak wana wita mawa da miya giya ya. anathuru wa josap jon hadawada ganima dehiyagatha pradeshaye jaswath wu kurugamage mariyamadalena perera jayawardhana namathi ohuge miththaniyata bhara wiya. josap balansha adhyapanaya labuye dehiyagatha pasaleni. palamu wani panthiyata pasu adhyapanaya sa`daha loku mama wana anthoni perera sewaya kala kolambaa shantha benadikt widyalayata athulath wiya. thawath mama keneku wana em.jea. perera namathi sarpina shilpiyagen eya wadanaya kirimata ugath muth loku mama eya anumatha no kale ya. me kalaye galla mawunt kalwari pasale mul guruwaraya lesa katayuthu kala marsalin perera namathi mama wisin galla santha alosiyas widyalayata athulath karanu laba siya niwase ma ra`dawa gena iganwim katayuthu karawi ya. pasal gasthu gewime apahasuwa nisa de wani panthiya samath wimata da pera kuda josapta nawathath dehiyagathe siya miththaniya wetha yamata sidu wiya. anathuru wa thudalla sinhala pasalen de wani panthiye sita paswani panthiya dakwa shilpa hadari ya. yalith dehiyagatha pasalata pamini josap ehi natya ra`gadakwima aadi kala katayuthuwala niratha wiya. daksha lesa mawuth ooganaya wayime hakiyawa ohu sathu wiya. 1931 di dehiyagatha pasalen patashala harayame wibhagayata idiripath wu ohu diwayinen ma prathama sthanaya dina ngngwirarathna thyagaya.. himikara gaththe ya. 1932 di gampaha bauddha patashalawe shishyayeku washayen guru prarambha parikshanayata idiripath wa in samath wiya. 1933 di galla ka`pawalla kalwarikanda patashalawe siti mama la`gata gos ehi shishyayeku washayen guru awasana parikshanayata idiripath wa in samath wiya. 1934 kalaye maggona romanu katholika guru abhyeaasa widyalaye puhunu wa labi ya. me kalaye natyawala ra`gapamath githa rachana kirimath kara atha. jon da silwage thanuwalata gami sundarathwaya piliba`da gi elesa rachana kara atha. 1936 kalaye di puhunuwen pasu wa galle kalwari kanda pasale guru thanathurakata path wiya. lankawe pawathi palamu adhyapana pradarshanaye hastha karmantha nishpadana kshethraye dewana sthanayath wisithuru bhanda nishpadanaye palamu sthanayath dinaganina. 1936-1939 kalaye di josapge shishyayo nokadawa thewasarak ma dakshina lanka patashala sangitha thara`gayen palamu thagga dinagathha. 1938 di adhyapanagnya es.el.mbai kapukotuwa mahathage upades paridi gandharwa prarambha parikshanayata rawikinynya wadana wishayen idiripath wa samath wiya. gitar saha akodiyan wadanaya piliba`da wa da prawinathawak he labagaththe ya. me kalaye di ma uurapola banda gurunnansegen janakawi saha wannam gayanaya igena ganna landi 1938 desambar 1 wana dina sharirika abhyeaasa wishayehi adhyapana departhamenthuwen pawathwu parikshanayen samath wa lankawe oona ma sinhala pasalaka sharira abhyeaasa ha krida iganwimata sudusukam labi ya. 1939 di sangithaya hadarima sa`daha indiyawata yame adahasin pasalin aswiya. 1939 di shanthi nikethanaye shishyayeku washayen shasthriya saha wanga sangithaya ha gayana widhi hadarima arambaana landi 1940 kalaye laknawhi maris hindusthani sangitha widya pitaya hewath bhathkhande sangitha wishwawidyalaye igenuma labu athara igenuma labu awasan wasara deka sa`daha lak rajayen rupiyal 50 ka shishyathwayak labi ya. pasuwa eya 100 dakwa wadi karana landi me wasare desambarwala dewar suryasena sama`ga naththal wadasatahanakata sahabhagi wi atha. 1941 juli 05 dina galkissa santha thomas widyalaye sinhala samithiye wiwidhaprasangaye hindusthani gi dekak ha wanga giyak da gaya atha. sithar wadanayak da idiripath kara thimbae surya sankar molligoda da sangithayen sahaya wi atha. 1944 di bhathkhande wishwawidyalayen sithar wadanaya pilibada palamu panthiye samarthayak sahitha wa wadya wisharada upadhiya laba atha. 1944 desambar 24 dina sunil santha namin namaya wenaskotagena mawu bimata aapasu paminiye ya. adhyapana departhamenthuwen labunu sangitha shishyathwayen ugath heyin 1945 di kapukotuwa mahatha hamu wi sangitha gurupathwimak illasiti muth sarambaa pathwimak pamanak diya haki bawa pawasu nisa iganwime abhilashaya athharasmata sidu wiya.4 anathuru wa rakwane siti mama wana garu mosas perera piyathuma wetha giya ohu ehi di kumarathunga munidasa ha rayipiyel thennakon aadinge poth kiyawimen deshiya sangithayaka awashahthawa therumganima ha ee wenuwen kapawima arambaana landi 1945-46 kalaye sangitha panthi pawathwima, puwathpathwalata lipi sapayima aadiya karana landi surya sankar molligodage niwase raf`damin hela sangithayak gana wiwidha paryeshanawala niratha wiya. 1946 di ngngolu pipila.. githaya lanka guwanwiduliya magin thatiyakata nagana lada mul ma githaya lesa warthagatha wa atha. in anathuruwa sangitha nirmana kirima ha githa poth pala kirima karana landi me kalaya wana wita sinhala bhasha rasikayan athara ohu itha ma janapriya wi sitiye ya. 1952 di guwanwiduliye rathanjankar parikshanayen pasu sunil santhata guwanwiduliye dora wasina. 1952 agosthu 21 dina jayasekara senewirathna mudiyanselage meri josapin barnadeth lilawathi sama`ga pannipitiya romanu katholika dewasthanaye di wiwaha wiya. ee wasare okthobaraye jaala kanuwana pihiti sunil santhage punchi ammage niwasata padinchiyata paminiye ya. 1953 kalaye albat perera nohoth amaradewata igenima sadaha upakara kara atha.5 1956 -1959 kalaye di lestar jems pirisge rekhawa ha sandeshaya yana chithrapatawala gi thanu nirmanaya karana landi 1967 di guwanwiduliye adhyaksha newil jayawira mahatha nawathath sunil santhata guwanwiduliye wadasatahan bharadima sidu wiya. 1980 di ranasinha premadasa agramathyawaraya ohuta nomile niwasak laba dun muth ohu eya bharaganu labuye niwasa departhamenthuwata masika kuliyak gewime giwisuma matha yi. 1981 di sunil santhage daruwan siwdenagen bala puthraya wu jagath santha wane sansthawe injasneruweku wa katayuthu karad di hadissiye miyayama sidu wiya. meya ohuta daragatha nohaki kampanayak gena aawe ya. 1981 aprel 11 wana dina perawaruwe sunil santhage abhawaya sidu wiya. aprel 13 wana dina dehaya kalabhawanata gena aa athara ja-ala dehiyagatha muthurajawela asabada pihiti susana bhumiye ee sirura mihidan karana ladi (witharana,2001:337-348).
guwanwiduli awadhiya (1946-1952)
milaga wasara 7 thula gayana kala githa athara samahara githa athi chanapriya wiya. pawa nam oolu pipila (prathama patigatha githaya) ,"hadapane", "ho ga ralanageyi", " bowitiya dan palukan ware", " suwada rosa mal nela" , "kokilayange" saha " mihikatha nalawala" we. ohu gayana kala githa sihala urumaya pilibadawu athara p kisiwak an bhashawala uputa ganim nowiya. thawada kalathurakin githa rachanaweda niyaluneya. ohuge githawala githa rachakayan athara kumarathunga munidasa, marsalin jayakodi piyathuma, ariyasen ahubudu dakwiya haka.
pasu awadhiya
1952 di bharathiya mahacharya rathan jankar idiriye sammukha parikshanayakata penisitima prathikshepa kala nisa sunil shanthata guwan widuliye rakiyawa ahimi wiya. ethan patan ohu jiwikawa sandaha wadu wada, mesan wada, rathawahana aluthwadiyawa, chayarupa shilpaya, guwanwiduli yanthra aluthwadiyawa, sillara welandasalak pawathwagenayama wani noyek rakiyawala niratha wini. 1953 di sunil shanthayan wisin maradane niwtan godanagille kunga pasalak arambaana ladi. paya thulin shishayyan dahayakata pamana nomile hadarimata awasthawa salasa dena ladi. tika kalakata pasuwa mithuru albat perera (warthamanaye dab. di. amaradewa) guruwarayaku washayen eeta athulath wiya. 1967 di newil chayawira mahatha gen jathika guwanwiduli sewawa samaga sambandha wanalesa sunil shanthayan ta arayum labina. pasuwa hethema dab. di. amaradewa samaga ekwa ehi katayuthu kaleya. 1970 di mamage niwasin baharawu hethema 1977 di sunil gi namin patigathayak nipadawana ladi.
sangitha sahrudayan
bi.es. perera
abhawaya
ohuge puth jagath shantha akal maranayakata goduru wima nisa dadi kampanayakata path wu sunil shantha ehi prathipalayak lesa hataganunu hrudayabadhayakin 1981 aprel 11 dina abhawapraptha wiya. ee thama puthuge wiyowen sathi pahak gathawu thana di ya.
bahira sabandi
The legend of 'Hela' music. Daily News (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
Life Story. Kala Santha (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-21.
charitha katha
hela hawula
shri lankika gayakayo
sinhala gayakayo
lankika sinhalayo |
arisen ahubudu | kalasuri arisen ahubudu (1920 marthu 18 – 2011 mayi 26) sinhala basa pilibada wiyatheki. ethuma shri lankawe kirthimath kathuwarayek, kathikayek, shasthragnyayek, natya rachakayek, guruwarayek, sinhala githa rachakayek, saha kawiyek wiya. thawa da hela hawule kapi penena samajikayek lesa da ohu prasiddhiyak isiliya. ohu rajya sahithya sammana thunak da kalashuri namaya da hondama githa rachakayata pirinamena sarasawi sammanaya da himi karagena atha.
rachitha grantha
gadi poth
kumarathungu da alma
kumarathungu asura
ran kirula
lanka gam nam wahara
asammathaya rajawima
arutha nirutha
maha pawa dime jathakaya
ena kape bana katha
kalata pipena mal
hela derana waga
nuthana jathaka
hela awurudu waga
samana asna
ira handa nangi rata
padi poth
aduwa
hadiya
koggala pawatha
sinhala wansa kathawa
manuwasa
chayarupa
Links
Official Website of Arisen Ahubudu
Information on Arisen Ahubudu
Press Articles
Arisen Ahubudu recommends Cumaratunga's works to posterity
Ahubudu presented books to President
aashritha
Profile of Arisen Ahubudu
Official website of Arisen Ahubudu
sinhalayo
sinhala sahithyaya
hela hawula
shri lankika bauddhayo
1920 upath
2011 marana |
ayiwar denis | ayiwar denis (Ivor Dennis) |
karunarathna abesekara | karunarathna abesekara (ingrisi: Karunaratne Abeysekera) (guwan widuliye karu ayiya) shri lankawehi janapriya, podu janayage sithdinu kawiyaku, lekhakayaku, guwanwiduli wisthara niwedakayaku, wadasatahan sampadakayaku, chitha්rapata githa rachakayaku, githa nibandhakayeki. ohu shri lankawehi prathama guwan widuli wada satahana sinhala niwedakayayi. lokaye prathamayenma guwan widuliyen sinhala basin krikat krida wicharayak pawathwuyeda karunarathna abesekara mahathayi. ee silon krikat pila ha sancharaka engalantha krikat pila ha tharangayayi.
jiwana satahan
1930 mathara rathmale bambaaranda posathugodadi upatha lada karunarathna, kolambaa nalanda widyalayayen ugaththeya. karu pasal yugaye athi daksha kathikayaku wiya. ohu 1946 sita 1950 dakwa kalaye nalanda widyalaye wiwada kandayame nayakaya da wiya. aarambhaka sabhapathi loka akshi dana sangamaya deshabandu waidya hadsan silwa, hitapu deshiya waidya amathi (waidya) dharmasena aatigala, hitapu wawili amathi rupa karunathilaka, sinhalaye mahasammatha bhumiputhra pakshaye nayaka aacharya harishchandra wijayathunga, hitapu silon krikat kridaka ha engalantha lankashayar kridaka stanli jayasinha , waidya gunadasa amarasekara, chithrapata nalu aananda wirakon, kirthimath siwil niladhari rijwe thilakarathna abesekarayange nolambaa nalanda widyalayaye samakalinayoya. nalandawedi abesekarayange sinhala guruwaraya wuye ewakata kawiyaku ha guwanwiduli wadasatahan sampadakawarayaku lesa kirthiyak isilu, guwanwiduliye lama mandapaya meheya wu siri ayiya namin pa්rakatawa siti adhinithignya yu. ee. es. pererayi.
rediyo silon
1950 di labala wisiwana wasa ohu rediyo silonhi niwedakayaku lesa sewayata banduneya. 1958 di wangidura puhunuwa ohu brithanya bibisi aayathanayen labagaththeya. karunarathna abesekara (karu ayiya) guwan widuliye saraswathi mandapaye ‘minikinkini’ wada satahanata sahabhagi wimata aa nangila mallila (darudariyan) sandaha esana gi rasak liyuweya.
githa rachanaya
peradiga muthu atayayi me loke siribara siri lanka
awilla awilla sinhala awurudda awilla
suranara pujitha loka wirajitha shanthi thiloguru sasi piya budu sasi piya
obe ra gi mana kalambaedo
onchilla thotili koyindo ransalu pili walalu koyindo
girihel mudune manel nopipe hiru nonagi awaragirehi
thaniwayi upanne thaniwayi marenne me dingedi ayi kolam natanne
sarawana bawa kanda surinduge theda bale palathula thuruliya oda theda mada nale
sammana
1967 sarasawi sammanaya - kanda surinduni githaya(maha ra hamuwu sthriya chithrapataya)
1968 guwan widuli sangara sammanaya
1968 swarna padma upahara sammanaya
pinthura
wadidura kiyawim
gi pada rachanaye nomiyena mathakaya karunarathna abesekara
githa rachaka lokaye ‘‘nishshabda wiliyam’’ mahinda algama – thilakarathna kuruwita bandara
Pinbara Udesana (pinbara udasana) | 2017-02-12 | 8.30 AM (nalanda widyalaya (kolambaa 10))
charitha katha
shri lankika bauddhayo
shri lankika gi pada rachakayo
lankika sinhalayo
aadi nalandiyayo
1930 upath
1983 marana |
sanwidhana | sanwidhanaya (organization or organisation)
sanwidanayak yanu kumakda
Organization terms
sanwidhanayak yanu yam podu aramunak itukara ganima sadaha wu pudgalayan samuhayakage ekathuwaki.
sanwidhanayak yanu samaja aarthika eekakayaki.
minisunge wiwidha awashyatha saha wuwamana sapuraganima pinisa samajayata wiwidha nishpadana saha sewa pak karayi.pase sapayanu labana sewa yam nishchitha podu aramunak osse katayuthu karayi.sanwidhanayata dakma,mehewarak,ilakka,paramartha,sampath,kriyawalin,paddhathi,wyuhayak saha sanskruthiyak aාdi upanga walin samanwitha wana athara pase pudgalayin dedeneku ho eeta wadi pirisak pakwa katayuthu karana minisun kandayamak sanwidhanayak we.
Orgaugfknbchjnization in sociology
Organization in management and organizational studies
sadhanakarana nayayana
Organizational structures
Pyramids or hierarchies
Committees or juries
Staff organization or cross-functional team
Matrix organization
Ecologies
"Chaordic" organizations
thawada balanna
Related lists
References |
linaks beda harima | linaks beda harima is a member of the family of Unix-like operating systems built on top of the Linux kernel. Such distributions (often called distros for short) are Operating systems including a large collection of software applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, media players, and database applications. |
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya | kolambaa wishwawidyalaya yanu shri lankawe kolambaa nagaraya mulika karagena pihiti rajya paryeshana wishwawidyalayaki. meya shri lankawe nuthana usas adhyapanaye kshethraye paranithama aayathanaya menma diwayine pihiti wishalathama wishwawidyalayada weyi. kolambaa wishwawidyalaya swabhawika widya, samaja widya saha bhauthika widya, rasayana widya menma ganithaya, pariganaka widyawa saha nithiya pilibandawada wishesha adhyapanaya laba deyi. dakunu aasiyawe hondama wishwawidyala 10n ekak lesa kolambaa wishwawidyalaya salake. shri lankawe usas adhyapana aayathana wargikaranaya anuwa 2015 warshayedi mema wishwa widyalaya 1 sthanaya himikaragena thibe. lokaye hondama wishwawidyala wargikaranaya anuwa, mema wishwa widyalaya himikaragena aththe 2135 sthanayayi.
1921 di kolambaa yuniwarsiti kolijiya (University College Colombo) namin landan wishwawidyalaye anubaddha aayathanayak lesa kolambaa wishwawidyalaya aarambha wiya. upadhi pirinamima 1923 sita sidu karana lada athara mema wishwawidyalaye mulaya 1870 bihiwu kolambaa waidya widyalaya dakwa diwa yayi. kolambaa wishwawidyalaya widya, nithi, aarthika widya, wyapara, sahithyaya saha deshapalana yana kshethayanhi kapi penena sewawan itu kala aadi widyarthin rasak lowata dayada kara thibe.
dala wishleshanaya
meya rajya wishwa widyalayak wana athara anekuth rajya wishwa widyalawalata menma mulya prathipadana sampurnayenma pahe wishwa widyala prathipadana komishan sabhawa (University Grants Commission (UGC)) haraha rajayen labadenu labayi. ema nisa upa kulapathi dhuraya saha siyalu paripalana dhurayan shri lankawe janadhipathi wisin path karanu labayi. "buddhiya samathana babale" yana theruma sahitha "buddhi sarwathra bhrajathe" yana sanskrutha wadana wishwawidyalayiya aadarsha pataya we.
adhyayanansha 41 kin samanwitha wana pita 10k da wenath anubaddha aayathana 8 kinda ha 11,000 pamana shishya prajawakagenda mema sarasawiya samanwitha weyi. bohomayak pita abhyanthara ha bahira upadhi patamala pirinamana athara in samaharak bahira sisun sandaha patamala saha durastha adhyayana wadasatahanda pirinamayi.
pihitima
kolambaa nagara madhyayaye kurunduwaththa pradeshaye akkara 50ka pradeshayak pura mema sarasawiya pihita thibe. ehi paripalana mulasthanaya sanathana mandiraya (College House) lesa handunwana athara eya upakulapathi warayage karyalayada we. mema godanagilla kolambaa nagara nirmanaye sandhisthanayak lesa salakanu labe.
sanathana mandiraya, upadhi adhyayana pitaya saha jiwarasayanaya, anuka jiwawidyawa ha jiwathakshana aayathana kumarathunga munidasa mawathe (rajina mawatha ha indiya thanapathi karyalaya athara) pihita athi athara, rid mawatha ha tharstan mawatha athara widya pitaya, nawa kalagaraya, kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya (UCSC) saha sarasawi krida pittaniya pihita atha. rid mawathen anek pasa kolambaa sarasawi pusthakala godanagilla, shasthra pitaya, adhyapana pitaya, nithi pitaya, kridagaraya saha kalamanakarana ha mulya pitaya pihita thibe.
mema pradhana bhumiyata amatharawa kolambaa maharohalata aasannaye kinsi pare waidya pitayada, waidya pashchath upadhi aayathanaya noris kanal mawathe da, deshiya waidya aayathanaya nawala nagarayeda, hambanthota krushi thakshana aayathanaya saha horana pihiti shri pali mandapaya da kolambaa wishwawidyalayata ayath we.
adhyayana katayuthu
wishwa widyalayaya pita 7kinda wenath aayathana 8kinda departhamenthu 41kinda sisun 11,000kinda samanwitha we. boho pita wisin upadhi ha pashchath upadhi pirinamanu labayi. emenma amathara bahira patamala durastha ha bahira sisun sandaha pawathwanu labayi.
upadhi apekshakayan 9100k 2009 wasare sita athi athara ema wasara wana wita warshika athulath kara ganima 2315k wiya. upadhidharayin sankhyawa ema wasara wana wita 2504k wu athara eya rate ihalama agaya wiya. emenma wihwa widyalayen durastha adhyapana kramayata igenuma labana bahira sisun sankhyawada salakiya yuthu agayak gani. upadhi ha pashchath upadhi patamala walin wadimanak ingrisi bhashawen sidukaranu labayi.
adhyayanansha
mandapa
shri pali mandapaya
pita
thakshana pitaya
upadhi adhyayana pitaya
kalamanakarana ha mulya pitaya
nithi pitaya
widya pitaya
waidya pitaya
shasthra pitaya
adhyapana pitaya
aayathana
kolambaa wishwa widyalayiya shri pali mandapaya
kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya
krushi thakshana ha paramparika widya aayathanaya
jiwarasayana , anuka jiwa widya ha jiwa thakshana aayathanaya
deshiya waidya aayathanaya
waidya pashchath upadhi aayathanaya
pusthakala ha thorathuru widyawa sandaha jathika aayathanaya
manawa sampath abhiwardhana aayathanaya
paripalanaya
paripalana mulasthanaya kolej hawus (College House) namin handinwe. kolambaa wishwa widyalaya sampurnayenma rajya wishwa widyalayayak wana athara prathipadana komisama meya pawathwagena yama sandaha mulya aadhara denu labayi. ema nisa mehi adhyayana katayuthu sampurnayenma nomile we. 1978 anka 16 darana wishwa widyala panatha mangin ha sanshoditha 1985 anka 7 darana mangin nithimaya prathipadana sapayayi.
wishwa widyala paripalanaya ansha dekakin samanwitha wana athara kawunsilaya (council) saha adhyayana senetaya (Academic Senate) namin eewa handunwayi. mema bedima parani lanka wishwa widyalayaya samaye thibunu paripalana wyuhaya padaka kota gaththaki.
boho niladhari path kirim sidukaranne wishwa widyala prathipadana komishan sabhawe rekamadaruwa matha mema anshayeni.
kulapathi
wishwa widyalaye pradhaniya wana athara siyaluma upadhin pirinamanu labanne kulapathi wisini. namuth kulapathi sathu wadakatayuthu walin wadimanak kerenne upa kulapathi athini. kulapathi thanathurata path kirim sidukaranne shri lankawe janadhipathi wisin wana athara boho wita adhyayana katayuthu wala ho aagamika ho siwil sanwidhanayaka sambhawaniya pudgayekuta mema thanathura pirinamanu labayi. me wana wita garu aacharya oswald gomas himipanan wisin mema thanathura hobawanu labayi.
upa kulapathi
wihwa widyalaye edineda wadakatayuthu kalamanakaranaya sidu wanne upa kulapathi wisini. mema thanathurada shri lanka janadhipathi wisin path karanu labayi. mahacharya lakshman disanayaka wathman upa kulapathi we.
mandapadhipathi (Rector)
mandapadhipathi (Rector) yana thanathure karyabharaya mandapayaka kalamanakarana katayuthu sidukirima wana athara kolambaa wishwawidyalaya sathuwa aththe ek mandapayak wana nisa shri pali mandapaye kalamanakarana katayuthu sidukirimata mandadhipathiwarayeku path kara atha. upakulapathi wisin pathkarana me thanathura me wana wita hobawanne aacharya ranjan hettiaarachchi mahathayi.
wishwa widyalayen bihiwu kirthimath pudgalayan
shri lanka prajathanthrika samajawadi janarajaye widhayaka janadhipathi warayek ha agamathi warayek athuluwa giniya nohaki sankhyawak wu adhyayana, kridaka ha kalakaruwan pirisak wishwa widyalayaya thulin bihiwa atha. waidya widyalayaya ha yuniwarsiti kolijiya pihitu wimen anathuruwa kolambaa nagarashritha janayata pamanak nowa rate siyaluma palath wala janayata usas adhyapana waram labadun danum kendrayak washayen mema wishwa widyalayaya handunwa diya haka.
aadi widyarthin salaku wita, shri lanka prajathanthrika samajawadi janarajaye prathama widhayaka janadhipathi je aar jayawardhana, hitapu agamathi ranil wikramasinha athuluwa nishshanka wijayarathna, anil munasinha, roni da mal, en em perera mahatha wani deshapalakayinda, lankawe prathama kadinal dhuraya hebawu kadinal thomas kure wani aagamika nayakayinda, eksath jathinge sangamaye maha samuluwe sabhapathi sharli amarasinha, UNCTAD hi garu lekam gamani koraya, antharjathika adhikaranaye winisuru kristopar wiramanthri wani wishishta rajya thanthrikayanda, prathama lankika upa kulapathi wu sar nikalas aatigala, kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaye nirmathru widyajothi mahacharya wi.ke. samaranayaka shurin wani adhyapana kshethraye ugathunda, shri lankawe prathama luthinan jenaral dhuraya hebawu deshamanya jenaral sepala aatigala, prathama lankika yudha hamudapathi wu mejar jenaral antan muthukumaru yana mahathunda, kumar sangakkara (shri lanka krikat pile hitapu nayaka) jehan mubarak wani kirthimath kridakayinda kolambaa wishwa widyalaya thulin lowata dayada kara atha.
hitapu kulapathiwaru saha upakulapathiwaru
kulapathiwaru
lanka wishwawidyalaya
shrimath andru kaldekot (1942–44)
shrimath henri monk-mesan muwar (1944–49)
harwald ramsbotham (solbari sami) (1949–54)
shrimath oliwar gunathilaka (1954–62)
wiliyam gopallawa (1962–72)
shri lanka wishwawidyalaya
wiliyam gopallawa (1972–78)
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya
je.aar. jayawardhana (1978–1981)
waidya pi.aar. anthonis (1981–2002)
athigaru oswald gomas piyathuma (2002 - 2021)
athi gaurawaniya muruththettuwe aananda himipanan wahanse
sabhapathiwaru
kolambaa mandapaya (1972–1977)
mahacharya osmand jayarathna
mahacharya em.bi aariyapala
mahacharya pi.pi.ji.el. siriwardhana
mahacharya hiran dayas
upakulapathiwaru
yuniwarsiti kolijiya, kolambaa
robat mas (1922–1939)
mahacharya shrimath ayiwar jenins (1940–1942)
lanka wishwawidyalaya
mahacharya shrimath ayiwar jenins(1942–1954)
mahacharya shrimath nikalas aatigala (1954–1967)
mahacharya oo.ech. da. ee. wijesekara (1967)
lanka wishwawidyalaya, kolambaa
wolwin ee. da silwa (1968–1969)
mahacharya bi. ee. abewikrama (1969–1972)
shri lanka wishwawidyalaya
mahacharya bi. ee. abewikrama (1972–1974)
aacharya el.ech. sumanadasa (1974)
mahacharya pi.pi.ji.el. siriwardhana (1974–1978)
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya
mahacharya stanli wijesundara(1978–1988)
mahacharya ji.el. piris (1988–1994)
mahacharya nandadasa kodagoda (1994)
mahacharya dab. di. lakshman (1994–1999)
mahacharya sawithri gunasekara (1999–2002)
mahacharya ti. hettiaarachchi (2002–2007)
mahacharya kshanika hirimbauregama (2007- 2013)
aacharya kumara hirimbauregama (2013 -2015)
me adawiyath balanna
University of Colombo
கொழும்புப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்
shri pali mandapaya
adawiyen bahara pitu
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya
wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya
kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka widya sangamaya
kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya shri pali mandapaya
shri lankawe wishwa widyala wargikaranaya 2014
"lanka yuniwarsiti niws” web adawiya
mulashra
shri lankawa thula pihiti wishwawidyala
wishwawidyala adhyapanaya - shri lanka
wishwawidyala |
wishwawidyala | wishwawidyala yanu usas adhyapanaya saha paryeshanaya karana athara siyaluma shasthraliya upadhin pradanaya kirimata hakiyawa athi adhyayanayathanawe.
adhyapanaya
School types
wishwa widyala |
landan wishwa widyalaya | landan wishwa widyalaya (University of London)
dala wishleshanaya(overview)
pihiti sthanaya
ithihasaya
Organisation
Recognised bodies
Listed bodies
Colleges no longer in existence
shishya diwiya (Student life)
Sports, clubs, and traditions
University of London people
Trivia
References
amatharawa balanna
bahira puruk
Educational institutions established in 1836
landanaya
engalanthaya
maha brithanyaya
yuropaya
wishwawidyala |
moratuwa wishwawidyalaya | shri lankawe, moratuwa, katubadde ramaniya bolgoda wawehi iwurehi pihiti moratuwa wishwawidyalaya ( ), shri lankawe pradhana rajya wishwawidyala athurin ekaki. upadhi apekshaka saha pashchath upadhi apekshaka adhyayana katayuthu walin samanwitha shasthriya katayuthu walin paribahirawa wiwidha wu samajiya ha sanskruthika kriyakarakam, shishya sewa, sangam , saha krida saha winoda kriyakarakam sandahada moratuwa wishwawidyalaya wisin pahasukam sapayanu labayi. wishwawidyala thaththwaya labumata pera mema aayathanaya lanka karmika widyalaya, katubadda ( katubadda tek) lesin handinwini. kesewuwada ehi mul athithaya wimasu kaleka apa hamuwanne 1960 di karmikagnya adhyapanaya sapayanu was pihituwenu prayogika karmika aayathanaya weyi. shri lankawe usas adhyapana aayathana wargikaranaya anuwa 2015 warshayedi mema wishwa widyalaya merata 3 wana sthanaya himikaragena thibena athara, lokaye hondama wishwawidyala wargikaranaya anuwa 2608 sthanaya himikaragena thibeyi.
sanwidhanaya saha paripalanaya
shasthriya sthithin
injineru pitaya
mehi injineru pitaya shri lankawa thula mahathwu illumak sahithawuth saha uchchathama anusthanaya laddawuth injineru pitaya weyi. eya moratuwa wishwawidyalayehi wishalathama pitaya wana athara shasthriya adhyayanansha 12 kinda 200 kata adhika shasthriya karya mandalayakinda 3500 kata adhika upadhi apekshaka ha pashchath upadhi apekshaka shishya samudayakinda samanwitha weyi. warthamanayedi pitaya wisin wishaya kshethra 9 k osse injineru widyawedi upadhiyada, wilasitha nirmana saha nipayum sanwardhanaya pilibanda nirmanawedi upadhiyada saha prawahana ha karya sampadana kalamanakaranaya pilibanda widyawedi upadhiyada pirinamayi. meyata amatharawa, pitaya wisin widyanidhi, injineru widyanidhi, darshananidhi, wyapara paripalananidhi saha darshanacharyaya yannan kara elambaena pashchath-upadhi upadhin bohomayak pirinamayi.
adhyapana anshaya
injineru pitaya
injineru pitayehi anshayan
rasayanika saha kriyawali anshaya
siwil injineru anshaya
pariganaka widya ha injineru anshaya
bhugarbha injineruanshaya
widuli injineru anshaya
widyuth ha durawinawum injineru anshaya
ahshugatha windo ahshaya
yanthrika injineru anshaya
redipili ha ehii sakasum pilibada ahshaya
puwahana ha salasum ahshaya
mita amatharawa shishayange adhana katayuthu walata samibhandhawa pahatha sandahan ansha deka kiyathmaka we.
thakshana kalamanakarana ahshaya
ganitha ahshaya
prawahana ha salasumi anshaye sisun hadaranke B.Sc.(Engineering) upadhi padhamalawak nowana athara eya shri lankawe prawahana ha salasumi walata athi illuma nisa athi samanan upadhi patamalawaki.
thorathuru thakshana pitaya
shri lankawathula ihalama illumak athi adhayapanika padamalawak wana athara shri lankaw aෙpasa(u/ෙpa) windah wishaya dharawewn samathun ෙmama padamalawata athahlu kara gani. ෙmama padamalawa thun awurandu wana athara awasaney B.Sc.(IT) upadhiyen pidum labayi. mema patamalawa hadarana sisun shri lankawathula ihalama watup thala sandaha thoraganu labathi.
thorathuru thakshana ashaya
pariganakagatha ganitha ahshaya
Interdisciplinary Studies
wasthu widya pitaya
wasthu widya ahshaya
godanagili aareka windo ahshaya
nagara nirmana ha salasumi ahshaya
waidya pitaya
moratuwa wishwa widyaliya waidya pitaya shri lankawe pihitawu ekolas wana waidya pitaya wana athara waidya thakshana departhamenthuwa athulu departhamenthu daha thunakin samanwitha we.
thakshanika aayathanaya, moratuwa wishwawidyalaya
moratuwa thakshanika aayathanaya shri lankawata awashya sahakara injineruwarun khihikiriem aramunin pihitawana lada aayathanayaki. mehi patamala siwil ichienra,winduli katayuthu, widyuth ha widuli sandesha, redipili ha ehii sakasuma, rasayanika saha kiyawali saha nawika ansha walin samanwitha ya.
thakshanika aayathanaya
pradhana karya madulla
kulapathi:
deshamanya aacharya roland silwa
upakulapathi:
mahacharya. aananda jayawardhana
BSc Eng (Moratuwa), MSc (Loughborough), PhD (Loughborough)
pitadhipathi, wasthu widyapitaya:
mahacharya pi.ke.es.mahanama
B. A. (Hons) Geog., M. Sc. (TCP ) SL, FITP (SL)
pitadhipathi, injineru widya pitaya:
mahacharya yu. ji. ee. puswawala.
BSc Eng (Moratuwa), MEng. (AIT), PhD (Manitoba), CEng, MIE(SL)
pitadhipathi, thorathuru thakshana pitaya:
D. K. wthanage mahatha
B.Sc. Eng. (Moratuwa)
pitadhipathi, waidya pitaya:
mahacharya F.R. pranandu mahatha MBBS, M.S. (Col), FRCS (Edin), FRCS (Eng), FCPS (Pakistan), FASI (India), FCSSL (Sri Lanka), Ph D (Col)
wishwa widyalayen bihiwu kirthimath pudgalayan
indira samarasekara -12 wani upakulapathi,albarta wishwawidyalaya,kanadawa
mahacharya lalith gamage,sabhapathi,shri lanka thorathuru thakshana aayathanaya
adawiyen bahara pitu
moratuwa wishwawidyalaya
ITFAC
aashritha
shri lankawa thula pihiti wishwawidyala |
kalaniya wishwawidyalaya | kalaniya wishwawidyalaya , shri lankawe jathika wishwawidyala atharin ekaki. eya lankawe pradhana nagaraya wana kolambaata aasannaye aithihasika kalani purawaraye dalugama pihita atha. warthamanayedi paliyagoda widyalankara piriwene pariwenadhipathi, kolambaa halawatha dedisawe pradhana sanghanayaka, thripitaka wagishwaracharya, mahopadhya, panditha pujya walamitiyawe dharmakirthi shri kusaladhammabhidhana swamindrayan wahanse kulapathi dhuraya hobawana athara upakulapathi dhuraya daranne mahacharya nilanthi da silwa mahathmiyayi . warthamanaya wana wita kalaniya wishwawidyalaya pita 6 kin da anubaddhitha aayathana 3 kin da prathyayitha widyayathana 3 kin da samanwitha we. shri lankawe usas adhyapana aayathana wargikaranaya anuwa 2015 warshayedi mema wishwa widyalaya merata 4 wana sthanaya himikaragena thibena athara, lokaye hondama wishwawidyala wargikaranaya anuwa 3087 sthanaya himikaragena thibeyi.
ithihasaya
kalaniya wishwawidyalaya rathmalane shri dharmaloka nahimiyan wisin widyalankara piriwena namin 1875 di kalaniya, paliyagoda pihitawanu labini. ethan sita wasara 100 kata aasanna kalayak piriwenak wa pawathi me aayathanaya 1957 anka 45 darana widyodaya, widyalankara wishwawidyala panatha anuwa 1959 janawari 01 dina sita wishwawidyalayak bawata pathkerunu athara eeya shri lanka widyalankara wishwawidyalaya lesa nam kerini. mehi di ewakata widyalankara piriwene pariwenadhipathi wa wada wisu apawath wi wadala kiriwaththuduwe shri pragnyasara nahimipanan wahanse me abhinawa wishwawidyalaye kulapathiwaraya lesa path karana ladi.
pasuwa 1972 anka 01 darana shri lanka wishwawidyala panatha mangin shri lankawe siyaluma wishwawidyala eka ma wishwawidyalayak bawata path karanu labu awasthawe di 1972 pebarawari 15 wana da sita mema wishwawidyalaya shri lanka wishwawidyalaye widyalankara mandapaya bawata path wiya. 1978 anka 16 darana wishwawidyala panatha yatathe sidu wu shri lankika wishwawidyala wyuhaya sanshodhanaye di yathoktha mandapaya kalaniya wishwawidyalaya, shri lankawa lesa nawatha warak swayaththa wishwawidyalayak bawata path karana ladi.
1957 panatha anuwa aarambhaye di gihi pawidi shishyayin pamanak mema aayathanayata athulath karaganu labu athara 1966 anka 20 darana jathika usas adhyapana panatha kriyathmaka wimath samanga shishyawantada me sandaha athulath wimata haki wiya. aarabhaye di paliyagoda piriwen bhumiye ma pihitawanu labu mema wishwawidyalaya idakada manda wime gataluwa nisa warthamanaye wishwawidyalaya pihituwa thibena bhumi bhagayata 1975 wana wita gena ena ladi. 1959 aarambhaka awasthawe di eya prachina bhasha shasthra, bhugola widyawa, bauddha adhyayana ha darshanaya, aarthika widyawa, ganithaya ha adhyapana widyawa wani wishaya kipayakata sima wuwada,
ada wanawita manawashasthra, widya, samajiya widya, waidya widya, wanija ha kalamanakarana adhyayana saha pashchath upadhi adhyayana washayen handinwena pita 6 kin ha adhyayana ansha 48 kin samanwitha mulpele wishwawidyalayak bawata path wi atha.
thema pataya
panynyaya parisujjhathi - pragnyawa thulin parishuddhathwayata pathwanna.
kulapathi saha wishwawidyala baladharihu
kulapathi:
paliyagoda widyalankara piriwene pariwenadhipathi, kolambaa halawatha dedisawe pradhana sanghanayaka, thripitaka wagishwaracharya, mahopadhya, panditha pujya walamitiyawe dharmakirthi shri kusaladhammabhidhana swamindrayan wahanse
upakulapathi:
mahacharya di.em. semasinha mahatha
pitadhipathi - wanija ha kalamanakarana adhyayana pitaya:
aacharya R.P.C. ranjani mahathmiya
B.Com. [Kelaniya], M.Com., Ph.D. [Panjab]
pitadhipathi - samajiya widya pitaya:
mahacharya ee්.eech.eem.eech. aberathna mahatha
pitadhipathi - widya pitaya:
mahacharya nalin da silwa mahatha
B.Sc. [Ceylon], D.Phill.[Sussex]
pitadhipathi - pashchath upadhi adhyayana pitaya:
mahacharya manik gunasekara maya
B.A. Hons. ( Kelaniya), M.A., PhD.( Michigan)
pitadhipathi - manawashasthra pitaya:
mahacharya kulathilaka kumarasinha mahatha
B.A. [Sri Lanka], Ph.D. [Kelaniya], Dip. in Japanese [Osaka U.]
pitadhipathi - waidya pitaya:
mahacharya A.R. wikramasinha mahatha
M.B.B.S. [Colombo], MPH [Tulane], Ph.D. [Tulane], Ph.D. [Louisiana]
adhyaksha - pali ha bauddha adhyayana pashchad upadhi aayathanaya:
mahacharya G.D. sumanapala mahatha
B.A., M.A., Ph.D. [Kelaniya], Prachina Panditha
adhyaksha - purawidya pashchad upadhi aayathanaya:
mahacharya T.K.N.P. da silwa mahatha
B.Sc. [BE], M.Sc. [Archt]
adhyaksha - wikramarachchi aayurweda waidya widyayathanaya:
mahacharya J.A. liyanage mahathmiya
B.Sc. [Sri J'pura], Ph.D. [Cardiff], FRCS, F.I.Chemc.C., C.C.Chem., C.Sci.
widyapitadhipathi - nawika ha sagarika widyapitaya:
komadoru S.S. ranasinha mahatha
WWW, RWP, USP, PSC, M.Sc. [D&SS], M.Sc. [WS&DM], AOWC
widyaladhipathi - aarakshaka sewa ana ha mandalika widyalaya:
sena widhayaka/ mejar jenaral N.A. ranasinha mahatha
RSP, USP, PSC
widyaladhipathi - guwan hamuda kanishta ana ha mandalika widyalaya:
guwan komadoru N.H.V. gunarathna mahatha
USP, M.Sc. [Human Sec.], NDU-USA, PSC, CTF-NDU, PG. Dip. [LS] Colombo U., Dip. in HRM [UK], Dip. in Psy. [UK]
lekhakadhikari:
W.M. karunarathna mahatha
B.Sc. Pub. Ad. [Sri J'pura], MSSC [Kelaniya]
pusthakaladhikari:
L.A. jayathissa mahatha
B.Sc. [Vidyalankara], Dip.Lib.Sc. & Inf.Studies [Kelaniya], M.L.I.Sc [Delhi]
wadabalana mulyadhikari:
L.M. jayawira mahatha
B.A. Sp. [Sri J'pura], PG. Dip. in Mgt. [Open University]
pita
manawashasthra pitaya
wagwidya adhyayana anshaya
sinhala adhyayana anshaya
pali ha bauddha adhyayana anshaya
nuthana bhasha adhyayana anshaya
ingrisi adhyayana anshaya
sanskrutha adhyayana anshaya
hindi adhyayana anshaya
natya, rangakala ha prathibimbhakala adhyayana anshaya
batahira sambhawya ha kristhiyani adhyayana anshaya
samajiya widya pitaya
purawidya widya adhyayana anshaya
ithihasa adhyayana anshaya
janasanniewdana adhyayana anshaya
aarthika widya adhyayana anshaya
bhugola widya adhyayana anshaya
darshana adhyayana anshaya
samaja widya adhyayana anshaya
pusthakala ha wignyapana widya adhyayana anshaya
kalaniya wishwawidyalaye samajiya widyapitaye thibena wadagath adhyayana anshayak washayen pusthakala ha wignyapana widya adhyayana anshaya salakiya haki ya. 1972 di meya aarambha kala athara shri lankawa thula pusthakalayadhipathi wruththiye puhunu minis bala sampatha nirmanaya kirima ha pusthakala ha thorathuru widyawata adala usas adhyapanaya ha wruththiya danuma laba dimehi la shri lankawe wishwawidyala paddhathiya thula pawathina ekama adhyayananshaya we. pusthakala wruththiye gunathmaka bawa wardhanaya kirima ha mema kshethrey manawa sampatha sanwardhanaya kirima sandaha aparimitha sewayak memangin sidu we. pusthakala ha wignyapana widyawa pilibandawa shri lankawe sitina eka ma jyeshta mahacharyawaraya wana piyadasa ranasinha mahatha mehi acharya mandalaye katayuthu karana athara warthamana ansha pradhana thanathura hobawanne jyeshta kathikacharya pujya lagumdeniey piyarathana swamin wahanse ya.
widya pitaya
wanija ha kalamanakarana adhyayana pitaya
pashchath upadhi adhyayana pitaya
waidya pitaya
anubaddhitha aayathana
pali ha bauddha adhyayana pashchad upadhi aayathanaya
purawidya pashchad upadhi aayathanaya
wikramarachchi aayurweda aayathanaya
prathyayitha widyayathana
nawika ha sagarika widyapitaya
aarakshaka sewa ana ha mandalika widyalaya
guwan hamuda kanishta ana ha mandalika widyalaya
pahasukam saha sewawan
thorathuru saha sanniwedana thakshana madhyasthanaya
pusthakalaya
ingrisi iganwime eekakaya
sharirika adhyapana anshaya
karya mandala sanwardhana eekakaya
wruththiya margopadesha eekakaya
shishya upadeshaka eekakaya
waidya madhyasthanaya
wiwrutha ha durastha adhyana kendraya
aasiyanu madhyasthanaya
bahira sabandum
University of Kelaniya
Vidyalankara Pirivena
University of Ceylon
Sri Lanka University Games
adawiyen bahara pitu
kalaniya wishwawidyalayiya nila web adawiya
wishwawidyala prathipadana komisam sabhawa
kalaniya wishwawidyalaya
shri lankawa thula pihiti wishwawidyala |
manawa sampath | manawa sampath yanna boho sanwidhana thula sampradayika paripalana sewaka saha karya pala kalamanakarithwa aashritha wiwidha sanwidhana thula wisthara wena sanyuthiyaki. sewaka sabandatha saha sampath salasumkaranayada eeta adangu we. karmika saha sanwidhanathmaka manowidyawedi sanwardhanaya karana lada sankalpa matha eya randa pawathi. sandharbhaya anuwa manawa sampath yannata awama washayen adala therum ganim dekaki. mul bhawithaya deshapalana aarthika saha aarthika widyawen pawathe. ehidi eya sampradayanukulawa shramaya lesa handinwe. eya nishpadana sadhaka hatharen ekakda wiya. wada prachalitha sanstha saha wanija bhawithayedi eya ganenne samagamak thula sitina pudgalayan lesaya. ema sanwidhanaye bandawaganim, askirim, puhunuwa saha wenath sewa katayuthu pilibandawa kriya karana kotasata ayathwe. mema lipiyata nirwachana dekama adangu we.
manawa sampath yannehi ilakkaya wanne sanwidhanaye manawa pragdhanayen uparima labhayak labaganimatath mulyamaya awadhanaya awama kirimathya. mema karyabharayan balapana aakarayata nithyanukulawa sadharanawa saha samana aakarayata sidukirima manawa sampath kalamanakaruwange wagakima we. manawa sampath kalamanakaranaya pahatha dakwena athyawashya shrithayan itu karayi.
bandawa ganime upakrama salasum kirima.
bandawa ganim kriyawali.
thoraganima.
puhunuwa saha sanwardhanaya.
karya pala aagayima saha kalamanakaranaya.
usaswim.
samathirikthaya.
karmika saha sewaka sabandatha.
paudgalika daththawala siyaluma wartha thabaganima.
wandi, wishrama watup, wenath prathilaba gewim anshayath samaga ekata kirima.
abhyanthara sewadayakayinta wada pilibanda gataluwalata rahasigatha upades labadima.
wruththiya sanwardhanaya.
manawa sampatha pilibanda nawa sankalpa
manawa sampatha athithaye patan wyapara walata yoda ganunath, eya kalamanakaranaya pilibanda adahasa “Fedric. W. Teylor” ge sankalpayak anuwa 1900 yugaye sita aarambha wiya. 1920 wana wita amarikawe manasika ha wyawasayakathwaya pilibanda wisheshagnyawarun, wyaparaye sewakayage ha aayathanaye sambandhathawa ha manasika sthayithawata wada ida laba duni. 20 wani siyawasa mada pamini “nayakaya” sankalpaya, sewakayan athara kandayam hagima athi kirima aadiya aayathanaye sarthakathwayata thudu dena hethun lesa handunaganna ladi.
kese wuwath mema sankalpa, minisa thadin palanaya kala yuthu bawa kiyana ha labha padanam karagath sankalpa samaga gatim athi we. aayathanayaka ebawin oonama aayathanayaka mema sankalpa, kalpanakariwa bhawitha kala yuthuya.
manawa sampath kalamanakaranaya |
widyawa (wakroththiharanaya) | obata awashya lipiya thoraganna
aාsiyathika bhasha walin widya lesa bhawithawana wachanaye theruma widyawa balanna.
bauddha sankalpamaya wigrahaya sandaha widyawa (bauddha sankalpaya) balanna.
sayans yana wadane sinhala pariwarthanaya sandaha nawina widyawa balanna.
widya yana anwartha namaye theruma sandaha saraswathi balanna.
wadidura kiyawim
nalin da silwa. (2008). ape prawada 2 wisidunu prakashakayo. ISBN 978-955-1741-08-2
nalin da silwa. (2003). widya kathandara wisidunu prakashakayo. ISBN 955-9170-60-0 Book Pre-view
bahira sabandi
ape danumata dohiwima
nirmanathmaka chinthanaya saha sapekshathawadaya |
sunil aariyarathna | sunil aariyarathna yanu shri lankawe janapriya kalakaruweki.
adhyakshanayan
nishpadanayan
sudu sewanali
sammana
2003 - hondama adhyakshanaya - sudu sewanali
adawiyen bahara pitu
IMDB web adawiya - sunil aariyarathna |
ayirangani serasinha |
mulashra
bahira sabandi
web adawiya
bishop widuhale aadi sisu sisuwiyo |
widyuthaya | widyuthaya yanu widyuth aaropanaya pawathima saha eya gala yama ha bandi bhauthika sansiddhin malawayi. akunu gasima, sthithi widyuthaya, widyuth-chumbaka preranaya saha widyuth dharawa gala yama wani supathala aacharanayan bohomayak widyuthaya wisin sapayayi. meyata amatharawa, rediyo tharanga wani widyuth-chumbaka wikirana thanima ha aadayanaya sandahada widyuthaya awakasha salasayi. widyuthaya (lathin bhashawen “Electricus) yanu widyuth aaropana ha eewaye gala yama nisa athiwana wiwidha sansiddhinta poduwe yedena padayaki. enam widyuthaya ha akunu gasima wani nithara hamuwana sansiddhin menma widyuth chumbhaka preranaya ha widyuth chumbhaka kshethra wani nithara hamunowana sankalpada meyata athulath we. samanyaya bhawithayedi widyuthaya yana wachanaya bhauthika aacharana rasak dakwima sandaha pramanawath we. kese wethath widyathmaka bhawithayedi meya pramanawath nowana nishchitha aruthak rahitha wadanak bawata pathwana athara mehi wiwidha arthayan wen wenwa wisheshakara dakwima wadaාth pahadili kramayayi.
widyuth kshethra - widyuth washayen aaropanaya wu wasthu athara hataganna sansiddhi.
widyuth gamaka balaya - widyuth kshethrayaka widyuth dharawak athi karime hakiyawa. (wolt walin maninu labayi)
widyuth dharawa - widyuth aaropitha anshu wala chalanaya wimak ho gaman karima. (ampiyar walin maninu labayi)
widyuth shakthiya - sannayakayak thulin dharawak gaman karima nisa hataganna shakthiya.
widyuth balaya - widyuth shakthiya wenath shakthi aakarayakata (alokaya, thapaya, yanthrika shakthiya) harawime wegaya.
widyuth aaropana - upa-paramanuka anshu athara hataganna widyuth chumbhaka kriyakarithwayak.
widyuth chumbhaka shakthiya - widyuth dharawa nisa athi wana mulika sansiddhiyak.
17 – 18 siyawas pamana wana thekma widyathmaka diyunuwak nolath namuth athithaye sitama widyuthaya adhyayanayata lakwiya. kese namuth injineruwanta widyuthaya karmika ha gruhastha prayojanayan sandaha yoda ganimata 19 wana siyawase aga bhagaya pamana wiya. mema kala wakawanuwedi thakshanaye diyunuwa samaga wishala wyapthiyak athi wimath samaga karmika ha gruhastha bhawithaya sandaha widyuthaya sapayimata injineruwanta haki wiya. widyuthaya,prawahanaya, thapaya upadawim , sanniwedanaya ha pariganakakaranaya aadi asimitha kshethrayan gananawakata yediya haki tharam bahukarya shakthi prabhawayaki. enisa widyuthaya adwithiya shakthi prabhawayak lesa salake. warthamanayeth, anagathayeth boho kalayak sandaha karmika samajaye padanama lesa widyuth balaye bhawithaya matha randa pawathi yayi sithiya haka.
ithihasaya
madhyadharani pradesha aashritha parani sanskruthinta ayath janaya ambar aadi drawyawalin thanu dandu pus lomwalin pirimadi wita eewata pihatu wani sahallu wasthu aakarshanaya wana bawa dana sitiyaha. kri.pu. 600 di pamana keleshi miletas sthithi widyuthaya pilibanda paryeshana malawak sidu kala athara pirimadimen thorawama chumbhaka guna penwana magnatayit wani khanijawalata paraspara aakarayata gharshanaya nisa ambarwalata chumbhaka guna labena bawa ohuge wishwasaya wiya. ihatha aakarshanayata hethuwa chumbhakathwaya bawata theles kala nigamanaya nirawadya ekak nowana namuth pasu kalinawa widyagnyayan wisin widyuthaya ha chumbhakathwaya athara sambandhathawaya oppu karana ladi.
1936 wasare di soya ganna lada penumin galwani koshayak aakaraya ganna “Baghdad Battery” (bagbag koshaya yana arutha de) nam pura wasthuwa matha padanamwa pathiyanwarunhata widyuth lohalepanaya pilibanda yam danumak thibu bawata mathayak palawi athi namudu meya wiwadayata thudu di atha. pura wasthuwe yam widyuth gunangayak pawathi da yanna thahawuru wi nomathi athara lohalepanaya pilibanda mathayata pura wasthuwe wyuhaya ha ekanga wana aakaraye sakshi nomatha.
plini (Pliny the Elder) saha skriboniyas lagas aadi parani lekhakayan katfish saha topido maduwak athi karana widuli sara wadimen danena kampanaya pilibanda sandahan kara athi athara ewan widuli sarayak sannayaka osse gaman kala haki bawa da owun dana sitiyaha. ekala hisaradaya ho rakthawathaya wani rogawalin pelunu rogin , prabala widuli sarayak hethuwen rogaya suwa we yayi thibu wishwasa hethuwen widuli sara nikuth karana masun allimata yomu karawa atha.
kese namuth aarambhayen sahasraka dekakatath wadi kalayak gathawana thuru, enam kri.wa.1600 pamana wana thuru widyuthaya hudek buddhimaya kuthuhalaya madak ikmawu kshethrayak pamanak wiya. kri.wa. 1600 pamana ingrisi jathika bhauthika widyagnya wiliyam gilbat widyuthaya saha chumbhakathwaya pilibanda sukshama adhyayanayakin anathuruwa chumbhaka guna athi pashana mangin athi karana aawaranaya ambar kabali pirimadimen labena sthithi widyuthaya wenkara dakwana ladi. thawada ohu wisin pirimadimen anathuruwa kuda wasthu aakarshanaya kirime gunaya handinwima sandaha electricus nam nawa lathin padaya nirmanaya karana ladi. (meya “ilektron” lesa shabda kerena ambar sandaha yedena grika wachanaya asurin nirmanaya kara athi athara lathin basin ehi adahasa “ambar wani” yannayi) anathuruwa me anusarayen widyuthaya handinwimata bhawitha wana "electric" ha "electricity" yana wadan nirmanaya wu athara eewa palamu warata mudritha ayurin prakashayata pathwa aththe 1646 palawu thomas brawunge “Pseudodoxia Epidemica” nam granthayeya.
oto won gurik, robat boyil stiwan gre saha si.ef. du feyi wisin paryeshana katayuthu thawaduratath kriyathmaka karana ladi. 12 wani shatha warshaye di benjamin franklin widyuthaya pilibanda pulul paryeshana rasak sidu kala athara siya paryeshana sandaha awashya mudal soya ganimata ohu siya badu bahiradiya pawa wikuna damana ladi. 1752 juni masaye dineka ohu theth wu nulak sahitha sarungalayaka nulehi pahala kelawarata loha yathurak sambandha kara anathuruwa kunatuwak arambaimata aasannawa ema sarungalaya ahasata nanwa anathuruwa yathurehi sita siya piti allata pulingu panina ayuru nirikshanaya kara ee asurin akunu gasima widyuthaya ha sabandi kriyawaliyak bawa penwa dena ladi.
snayu saila osse peshi dakwa sangnya gaman karanuye widyuthaya madhyayaya lesa yoda ganimin bawa aadarshanaya karamin 1791 di luyiji galwani siya jaiwa widyuthaya pilibanda soya ganima prakashayata path kaleya. kri.wa. 1800 kalayata ayath maruwen maruwata sink saha thambaa pathuru yoda nirmanaya kala wolta punjaya lesa handinwena aleksandar woltage koshaya eyata pera widyagnyayan bhawitha kala sthithi widyuth upakaranawalata wada widyuthaya sandaha wishwasawantha prabhawayak wiya. 1820 di ande mari ampiyar widyuthaya ha chumbhakathwaya athara sambandhathawayak pawathina bawa mulwarata soyaganna ladi. 1821 wasare di mayikal farade widuli motaraya nirmanaya kala athara 1827 di joj oom widyuth paripatha ganithamaya lesata wisha්leshanaya karana ladi.
19 wani siyawase widya kshethrayak lesa widyuthaya sighra diyunuwakata lak wu athara widuli injineru widyawa wadath sighrawa wardhanaya wuye 19 wani siyawase aga bhagaye diya. nikola tesla , thomas eediyan, joj westing hawus , arnst warnar won simans, aleksandar graham bel saha kelwin samiwaraya aadinge dayakathwaya hethuwen widyuthaya hudek widyathmaka kuthuhalayak danwannaka sita nuthana jana jiwithaye athyawashya angayak dakwa pariwarthanayakata bhajanaya wu athara widyuthaya dewani karmika wiplawaya athi kirima sandaha da hethu wiya.
widyuth kshethraya
widyuth kshethraya yana sankalpaya idiripath karana ladde mayikal farade wisini. yam aaropitha wasthuwak wata wu awakashaya thula widyuth kshethrayak athiwana athara me kshethraya thula wenath oonama aaropitha wasthuwak matha kshethraya mangin balayak athi karayi. skandhayan dekak athara guruthwakarshana kshethrayak kriya karanna se aaropana dekak athara ananthaya dakwa wu kshethrayak hataganna athara durehi wargayata prathiloma lesa eya ananthaya dakwa pathire. namuth mema kshethra yugala athara wadagath wenasak atha. guruthwakarshanaya sama witama skandha dekak ekinekata aakarshanaya karana namuth widyuth kshethrayaka di aaropana dekak aakarshanayakata ho wikarshanayakata bhajanaya wiya haka. grahaloka wani wishala wasthunge shuddha aaropanayak nomathi nisa yam durakin wu widyuth kshethraya shunya we. ee nisa durwala wuwath wishwaye wishala dura pramana haraha kriyakarana pradhanama balaya guruthwakarshanaya we.
sannayaka thalayak mathupita kshethra rekha dhana aaropanayak nissrawanaya we.
awakashaya thula widyuth kshethrayak samanyayen wichalanaya we. ehi yam sthanayaka ehi prabalathawa ema sthanaye wu nishchala noganiya haki tharam kuda aaropanayak sandaha (eekaka aaropanayak matha) lesa artha dakwe. sankalpitha aaropanaya (pariksha aaropanaya) pradhana kshethrayata badha nokerena paridi kshethrayak nosadana itha krada aaropanayak wiya yuthu athara chumbhaka kshethrawala aacharanayata lak nowana paridi nishchala wiya yuthuya. widyuth kshethrayak yanu balayaki. balayak yanu daishikayak nisa widyuth kshethrayak da yanu dishawak ha wishalathwayak athi daishikayaki. enam eya daishika kshethrayaki.
nishchala aaropana magin athiwana widyuth kshethrayak pilibanda adhyayanaya sthithi widyuthaya yatathe sidu we. kshethrayak dakwimedi manankalpitha rekha bhawitha kala haki athara ehi di oonama sthanayaka rekha dishawa ema lakshyaye da kshethraye dishawata samana wiya yuthuya. mema sankalpaya warthamanaye di da bhawitha kerena athara 'bala rekha' yanuwen handinwe. meya farade wisin hadunwadena laddaki. bala rekha yanu kshethrayak thula thabu dhana aaropana eewa matha balayak yedena balaya nisa gaman karana pathayayi. mema manankalpitha rekhawalata bhauthikamaya pawathmak nomatha. thawada rekha athara paratharaya purada kshethraya pathiri pawathi. nisala aaropanayakin srawaya wana bala rekhawalata pradhana lakshana kihipayak atha eewa dhana aaropanayakin patan gena runa aaropanayakin awasan we. thawada eewa aniwaryen honda sannayaka madhyayakata rujukoniwa ma athulu wiya yuthuya. thewanna kisiwitakath kshethra ekineka chedanaya nowe.
adhiwoltiya upakarana sadimedi sthithi widyuth muladharma wadagath we. oonama madhyayakata dariya haki widyuth kshethra shakthiyata simawak atha. mema simawa ikmawu wita widyuth bida watimak athiwana athara aaropana kotas athara widyuth chapa hatagani. udaharanayak lesa kuda dura pramana sandaha sentimitarayakata ha 30kv ho eeta wadi prabalathawak atha. widyuth kshethrayak hataganime di wathaya thulin widyuth chapa dakwe. wishala parathara haraha wathaye binda watum shakthiya hina we. enam sentimitarayakata 1kv pamana we. akunu gasima me sandaha wadath prayogika swabhawika nirishanayaki. meya siduwanne ihala nangina watha kadan magin walakuluwala aaropana wen wi wathayata daragatha nohaki tharam prabala widyuth kshethrayan ee haraha hatagath witaya. mese wu aaropitha wishala walakulaka woltiyathawa 100Mv wani ihala agayak gatha haki athara 250kwh wani wishala wisarjana shakthiyak pawathiya haka.
sannayaka wasthu magin eewa asala wu kshethrayaka shakthiya kerehi wishala washayen balapam sidu karayi. thiwra thudu sahitha wasthunge thudu gaman kirimata sidu we nam kshethra thiwrathawa thawath ihalawe. akunu sannayaka sadaha mema muladharmaya yodagani. thiwra thudu sahitha sannayakaya eya wisin aaraksha karana godanagillata wada ee mathata widuli sara ada gani.
widyuthaya ha swabhawika lokaya
kayika balapama
minis sharirayata woltiyathawak sapayu wita patakayan haraha widyuth dharawak gaman karayi. sambandhaya rekiya nowuwath woltiyathawa wadiwana wita galana dharawada wadiwe. dehaliya sanwedanathawa dharawe pathaya ha sapayana lada sankhyathaya samaga wenas wana athara jawa mulika sankhyatha widyuthaya sandaha patha 1mA pamana we.dharawehi agaya pramanawath tharam ihala we nam ewita peshi sankochanaya,hruda thathwayanaya ,pataka pilissima aadi balapam athiwe. widyuthaya kara athi sannayakayak bahirawa handuna ganimata nohaki bawin eya uwadurak athiwime margayak we.widulisara wadimen athiwana wedanawa athishaya thiwra wiya haka athara ebawin widuliya hinsana upayanta yodagane. widuli paharak nisa siduwana maranayak electrocution lesa ingrisiyen sandahan we. warthamanaye sulabhawa bhawitha ෙnawuwada samaharak adhikarana bala pradesha thula marana dandanayata lakwuwan widuli sara wadimen maranayata path kirima sidukaranu labiya.
widyuth sansiddhiya
widyuthaya yanu siyayata siyakma minis nipayumak nowe. akunu gasima wani wiwidhakara thathwalin
widyuthaya swabhawaye pawathi. pruthiwi chumbhaka kshethraya da pruthiwi garbhaya wata wu swabhawika dayinamowak aakarayata kriya karana sankramana dhara hethuwen athiwe yayi wishwasa kere. uk dandu menma kwatis wani samahara pashana warga da bahira pidananayakata yatath wu kala eewaye prushta haraha wibhawa antharayak hatagani. mema sansiddhiya pida widyuthaya washayen handinwe.
grika bhashawe piezein yanu thada karimayi. mema sansiddhiya 1880 di piyari ha jaks kiyuri wisin soyaganna ladi. mema aawaranaya paraspara lesa pida widyuth drawyayak widyuth kshethrayakata bhajanaya kala wita ehi hauthika mana yam pramanayakin wenwima sidu we.
morun wani samahara jiwin “widyuth prathichara” yana hakiyawa magin widyuth kshethraෙy wenas wim handunagena eyata prathichara dakwiya haka. samaharak jiwin widyuth jananiya jiwin wana athara owuhu aarakshakari ho praharaka aayudhayak washayen widyuthaya nipadawa bhawithayata ganithi. ‘widuli aanda’ athulath wana jamnotifom gothraye jiwinta widyuth janaka saila lesa handinwena wisheshaෙyan sakasunu peshi sailawala nishpaditha adhika woltiyathawan asurin owunge goduru aawaranaya karaganima ho adapana kirima kala haka. snayu paddhathiye snayu saha peshin athara sanniwedanayata upakari wana kriya wibhawayan lesa handinwena widyuth spandayak asuren siyalu jiwin siya saila patala /plasma mbaasse thorathuru sampreshanaya karathi. (mema muladharma hethuwen widulisara wadimak magin snayu paddhathiya adhibharayakata lakwimen jiwiyeku thawakalikawa ho sthirawama anshabhaga thathwayakata bhajanaya wiya haka.) mema paddhathin samahara shakawala sambandhikarana kriyawaliya sandaha da wadagath we.
widuliya |
ithihasaya | ithihasaya igena ganimata pera ithihasaya yanu kumak da kiyala api igena gatha yuthuyi. ithin saralawa ithihasaya kiyala kiyanne api da api wata athi siyaluma dewalwala da athithayi.
ithihasaya kiyana wachanaya mulinma jana samajayata enne grisiye sambhawya yugaye di. enam kri.pu.6 wana siyawase di pamana (adin wasara 2500 pera)
parani grikayo mahathse danuma saha pragnyawa soya giya aya wuha. owunge danuma saha pragnyawa waradaya kala ek wishayayak wuye ithihasayayi. manushya wargayage athithaya pilibandawa parikshana magin adhyayanaya kirima hewath manushya wargayage ithihasaya igenima heradotas saha thiyusidis yana grika ithihasagnyayan wisin pasu kalayedi ekthara shikshanayak washayen wadi diyunu karana ladi.mema thathwaya nisa heradotas ithihasaya wishaye piya lesa handunwayi.
ithihasaya yana padaya nirwachanaya kirima
wiwidha ithihasagnyayan ithihasayen apeksha kala da anuwa "ithihasaya" yana padayata di athi arthakathana da wenas wi atha.
suprasiddha ithihasagnyayeku wana thomas kalayil loka ithihasaya "shreshta minisunge jiwitha kathawak" lesa handinwiya.
ee.ech. kar namathi ithihasagnyaya "warthamanaya igenimata athi yathura" lesa ithihasaya handinwiya.
mahacharya eeniyarge wigrahayata anuwa ithihasaya yanu "samaja krama wala mathaka satahanaki.
ithihasagnya wil durant kiwe ithihasaya yanu "shishta sampanna minisun athithaye kala ki da saha sithu pathu da pilibanda wruththanthayak" bawaya.
ithihasagnya ji.em.trewliyange mathaya anuwa "ithihasaya yanu thani wishayak nowe wishayan rashiyakin sadum lath gruhayaki".
ithihasaya widyawak da kalawak da?
ithihasaya wishaya ayath wanne widya wishaya ganayata da nathahoth kala wishaya ganayata da yanna mahath wiwadayata thudu di athi, eheth thawama sathutudayaka pilithurak labi nathi prashnayaki. kese wethath boho ithihasagnyayan ithihasaya salakanne paranithama manawa widyawa washayeni.
ithihasaye athi watinakama
heradotas ithihasaya liwe parani grikayange wada katayuthu anagatha parampara wisin amathaka nokaranu atha yana pahadili balaporoththuwa athiwaya. wiwidha kala parichcheda wala siti rajawarunge saha shreshta pudgalayange wada katayuthu ithihasaya thulin gena hara dakwena athara emagin minisa pilibandawa minisage danuma wardhanaya kere. ithihasaya magin athitha minis kriyakarakam walata pasubim wu aramunu rasawath saha manawawadi aakarayakata pahadili karayi. kalayil nam ithihasagnyayage pransha wiplawaya nam kruthiyen parani minis kriyakarakam pamanak nowa eewata thudu dun hethukaraka da wisthara kara thibima ihatha karanayata nidasun washayen dakwiya haka.
ithihasaya magin athitha siduwim adhyayanaya karayi. ee anuwa dakiya haki wanne eka samana aithihasika siddhi bahula bawayi. mewa magin wathman minisata padam ugatha hakiya. nidahasa sandaha ho sura kamata erehiwa ho pidanayata wiruddhawa ho sidukarana aragala sandaha parannan ewani thaththwa hamuwe katayuthu kala aakaraya nuwanin kalpana kota anugamanaya kirima wathman minisata kala hakiya. mahathma gandhi thumage kriyakalapayan sandaha wishala anubalayak labune eeta siyawasakata ihatha ithaliye nidahas satankamin anugamanaya kala kriyamarga gana liya thibu kruthi kiyawimen bawa sandahan we.
ithihasaya igenimen wathman minisata athithaya samanga sambandhatha athi kara ganimata haki we. sanskruthiye saha shishtacharaye aarambhaya sidu wuye athithayediya. athithaya saha wathman minisa athara athi sambandhathawaya sinda binda damiya nohaka. nidasun lesa thawamath pawathina ayahapath samaja lakshanayak wana kulawadaya dakwiya hakiya. eya athithaye aarambha wuwaki.
paryeshakayan saha samaja widyagnyayanta ithihasaya igenimen labena prayojana rashiyaki. gatalu winiwida dakimatath, samaja widyathmaka ho aarthikamaya wathawaranaya pilibanda daththa sapaya ganimatath, mulashraya thorathuru sapaya ganimatath ithihasaya mahangu pitiwahalak sapayayi. buddhimathun, deshapalanagnyayan, paripalakayan, hamuda niladharin, widyagnyayanta menma palakayanta da ithihasaya igenimen prayojana atha wanu atha. napoliyan bonapatta itha keti kalayak thula itha wishala jayagrahana ath kara ganimata, ithihasaya kerehi ohu thula pawathi salakilla saha awabodhaya da iwahal wiya. jawaharlal neru, jon ef. kenadi wani samakalina shreshta pudgalayange thikshana buddhiya, ithihasaya igenima nisa wadi diyunu wu bawa pahadili we.
oonama jathiyaka ithihasaya adhyayanayedi peniyanne ithihasayedi ema jathiya boho arbuda walata muhuna di athi bawayi. jathika arbuda thaththwa hamuwe jathika nayakayanta margopadeshakaya wanne ithihasayayi. ithihasaya magin athitha wruththanthayak gena hara dakwima pamanak nowa athithaya saha warthamanaya ekata sambandha kota anagathayata maga salasana palamak da sapayana bawa alan newnsge mathaya we.
jathiyaka sampradayanukula saha sanskruthikamaya watinakam ithihasaya magin aaraksha kara dena bawa sandahan kirima athyawashya we. siya deshaya loka ithihasaya wenuwen kisiyam karyabharayak itukara athi bawath ehi athi wadagathkamath nirathuruwa sihipath kara dimen ithihasaya wisin yam jathiyakata, jathika wadagathkamakin yuktha wu karthawyayak itu kara denu labe. 19 wana siyawasa mul kalaye di napoliyanta erehiwa jarmaniye ithihasagnyayo jathiwadi ginisilu awilawuha. ema ithihasagnyayange adahas walin 20 wana siyawase di waradi magata yomu wu hitlar, jarman jathikayan pirisidu aaryayan bawa da, ema nisa owun mulu lokaya ma palanaya kirimata sudusu bawa da wishwasa kale ya.
pahadili lesa sanatha kota dakwiya nohaki wuwath, aadaraya, karunawa, anukampawa saha iwasima aadi yahaguna pudgalayage sithehi janitha kirima ithihasa danumen laba gatha haki thawath prayojana washayen dakwiya haki ya. ek jathiyak wisin thawath jathiyak pidanayata path kirima aadiya ithihasaya thulin daka pidawata path jathiya kerehi anukampawa, dayawa, karunawa sithhi janitha karaganna ithihasaya adhyayanaya karanno, ewan wu sidu wim yali athi wima walakwa ganimatath warthamanaye di sidu wemin pawathina ewani kriya walata erehi wimata/hela dakimata th yomu wethi.
ithihasayen lada haki padam
athitha athdakiim thulin warthamanaya theramgena anagathaya godanaga ganima .
pudgala paurshathwaya wardhanaya karagatha haki wima..
ithihasaya saha purawidyawa
purwa aithihasika awadhiya pilibandawa awabodha kara ganimata ithihasagnyayanta ida salasanne purawidyawa magini. purawidyawa magin athithayen ithiri wi athi da widyathmaka adhyayanaya kirima sidu karayi. parani wadagath sthana, smaraka, kasi, sellipi athulu kauthuka bhanda itha niwaradi lesa upayogi kara gena ithihasaya yali sakas kirimata purawidyagnyayata haki we. indu nimna shishtacharaya anawaranaya kara gaththe (1921 - 1922) indiyanu purawidyagnyayange kanim magini.
ithihasaya saha bhugola widyawa
eejipthu, mesapothemiyanu, indu nimna, saha china wani aadithama ganga nimna shishtacharawala wardhanayata deshagunaya, pasa, ganga, kanduwati, muhudu, muhudu werala saha khanija sampath wani bhugoliya sadhaka upakari wi atha. heradotasge pahadili kirim anuwa eejipthuwa, nayil gange dayadayaki. muhudu gaman saha muhuden yapena jiwana krama walata yomu wimata nisaru pasa, muhudata samipa bawa saha kadatholu sahitha muhudu werala wani bhugoliya sadhaka hethu wu bawa grikayange adahasa wiya. namuth bhugoliya sadhaka pawa wenas kirimata minisata athi hakiyawa nisa minisage hasirim ratawa saha owunge ithihasaya kerehi bhugoliya sadhaka, simitha balapamak karana bawa piliganima sudusu ya.
ithihasaya saha wenath samajayiya widya
manawa widyawa saha ithihasaya ithamath ma samipa sambandhatha athi wishayayan we. wiwidha janawarga walata ayath aadithama minisunge sanskruthika ratawa wadath hondin awabodha kara ganima sandaha ithihasagnyayanta manawa widya wishaya upakari we.
deshapalana widyawa, aarthika widyawa, mano widyawa wani anekuth samajayiya widya hondin therum ganimata da ithihasaya upakari we.
sama thanakama palaka palaka panthiya wisin ithihasaya saha anekuth samajayiya widyawan pilibandawa danuma laba ganne nam eya owunge anagatha wada salasum kirimata behewin prayojanawath we. ithihasa wishayaya yatathe manushya swabhawaya pilibandawa siyawas gananawak thisse adhyayanaya kara athi bawin eya manushya wargayata sathuta saha samaya sahathika kara dimata samath thaththwayaka atha. .
aashritha lipi
athithaya
mulashra
loka ithihasaya - bi.wi. rawo (sinhala pariwarthanaya - mahacharya malani andagama), adhyapana prakashana departhamenthuwa
ithihasaya |
rejistrar janaral departhamenthuwa, shri lanka | rejistrar janaral (Registrar General)
adawiyen bahara pitu
shri lankawa
shri lanka rejistrar janaral departhamenthuwe nila web adawiya .
Government occupations
Legal occupations
Government of the Sri Lanka |
premasiri kemadasa | kemadasa mastar namin sangitha kshethraya dig wijaya kala premasiri kemadasa (janawari 25, 1937 – okthobar 24, 2008) wanahi shri lankeya sangithaye nim walalu pulul kala sangitha rachakaya yanuwen handinwima waradak nowe. lowa pura pawathina wiwidha sangitha shailin gaweshanaya kirima thulin ananya sangitha shailiyak bihi kirima kemadasayan ge wayama wiya. he, sinhala jana sangithaya da, hindusthani sangithaya da, batahira sangithaya da, wenath anekawidha sangitha daharawan da, adyathana yugayata obina ayurin sanyuktha kirimen thama thanu rachanawan nirmanaya kale ya. ohugen shri lankeya sangitha kshethrayata sidu wu sewaya agayimak washayen pasukalina wa ruhuna wishwawidyalaya magin kemadasa shurin hata gaurawa aacharya upadhiyak pirinamana ladi.
jiwana thorathuru
lama kalaya
thalpitiya, wadduwa nam gamehi daruwan dahathun denekugen yuth pawulaka balaya lesa upan kemadasa kerehi kuda kalaye di kisiwakuge awadhanaya yomu nowuye ya. wayasa awurudu haye di an siyaluma lamun thama demapiyan samaga pasalata athulath wimata giyath kemadasa giye thaniwama ya. dilindukama nisawen ma kemadasage adhyapanaya kerehi pawule kisiwakugen sahayogayak nolabuni. ohuta wayasa awurudu hathe di ohuge piya ra madimata gos sitiya di pol gasakin wati miya giye ya. anathuruwa pawule bara karata ganimata sidu wuye kemadasage mawa wu alan perra mahathmiyata yi. aa gammun hata thama wassiyagen labena kiri wikunamin pawula nadaththu kalaya. kemadasa ge wadimahal soyuriya paduru saha pan malu wiwimen aadayamak labuwaya. kemadasa lankawe ee wana wita adu ma milakata miladi gatha haki wa thibu batanalawak mila di gena wadanaya puhunu wuwe ya. perera pawule kisiwakuta nothibena sangithamaya hakiyawa ha alma kemadasata uruma wuye keseda yanna kisiwaku dana sitiye natha.
kemadasa pasu kalayaka sandahan kala paridi ohuge jiwithaya wenas wuye ohu shantha jon widyalaye haya wana shreniye uganimin sitiyadi ya. ee wana wita panthiye dakshathama sisuwa wu kemadasata labimata niyamitha wa thibu dwithwa usaswima nolabunu kala ohu ee pilibanda wa wimasimata widuhalpathiwaraya hamu wuye ya. kemadasata sidu wuye widuhalpathithumagen thalum pahara kamata ya. ohuta himi wa thibu usas wima pradeshaye dhanawath deshapalagnyayakuge daruwakuta laba di thibina. ethan sita igenimata thibu ohuge alma kramayen aduwu athara batanala wadanayata athi aasawa deguna theguna wiya.
kemadasa sangithagnyayaku wanu dakimata pawule kisiwaku apeksha nokala athara kemadasa ge wadimahal sahodara sahodariyo atham wita ohuge batanala pussa damannata katayuthu kalaha. kemadasage prasiddhama kathawak wuye ohu panadura sita kolambaata dumriye batanala wadanaya karamin giya aakaraya yi. dumriye gaman karana waraye sewakayan pinawima wenuwen ohuta sulu mudalak labina. kuda kemadasa kisindu dinaka dumriye yamata praweshapathra nogaththe ya. tikat parikshakawarun pamini wita hithawath sewakayan kuda batanala wadakaya owunge kiliti saram walin wasa gena sangawa gathha.
ohuta pasale jyeshta sahathika pathra wibhagaya pawathwimata niyamithawa thibunu dinaye di ma lanka guwan widuli sewaye(rediyo silon) sammukha parikshanayata sahabhagi wimata niyamitha wa thibina. wibhagaya nima wimata kalaya boho ithiri wa thibiya di kusalatha parikshanayata peni sitima sandaha he wibhaga shalawen nikma giye ya.
thanu rachakayek washayen
sirisena wimalawira ge rodi kella chithrapatayata sangithaya adhyakshanaya karamin kemadasa chithrapata sangitha adhyakshanayata piwisiye ya. bambaaru awith chithrapataya thulin ohu wana wita shri lankeya chithrapata sangithayata aaganthuka wu adwithiya sangitha shailiyak handunwa dunne ya. anathuruwa ohu sammananiya chithrapata adhyakshakawarayeku wu aacharya lestar jems piris mahathage golu hadawatha saha nidhanaya wani chithrapatawalata sangitha adhyakshanayen dayaka wuwe ya. chithrapata sangitha adhyakshakayaku washayen kemadasa wicharakayange prasanshawata pathra wu athara ethan sita ohu kemadasa mastar yana gaurawa namayen aamanthranaya karannata wina. chithrapataye rupa ramu walin hangawena bhawayan uddipanaya kirima udesa batahira sambhawya sangithaye bhawithaya, chithrapata sangithaye kemadasa salakuna sanituhan kaleya. mohuge samahara nirmana walata wulfgang aamediyas mosart saha gayisep wardi wani batahira opera nirmapakayange nirmanawala aabhasaya labi atha.
shri lankeya sinama sangithayata indiyanu aabhasaya laba anukaranawalin yapemin thibu yugayaka sinama sangithaya shri lankikaranaya kirima udesa kemadasa mahath wehesak dariya. golu hadawatha chithrapataya sandaha kemadasa nirmanaya kala sangithaya sinhala sinama sangithaye mahath peraliyak athi kirimata samath wiya. pasu kalina wa aacharya premasiri kemadasa mahatha , jayantha chandrasiri ge agnidahaya chithrapatayata th, sinama kshethrayen thama samuganima sanituhan karamin aacharya lestar jems piris mahatha adhyakshanaya karana lada ammawarune chithrapatayata th, sangitha nirmanayen dayaka wuweya. hansawilak, thunweni yamaya, para dige saha yasa isuru wani chithrapata sandaha premasiri kemadasa shurin wisin rachitha sangithaya ohu ee wana wita th sinama kshethraya thula laba thibu prasadaya ihala nanwannata samath wiya. ohu shri lankawen pitatha di nishpadanaya wu dahasak mal chithrapatayata da sangitha adhyakshanayen dayaka wuwe ya. ohu awasana washayen dayaka wu chithrapata lesa sanath gunathilaka ge ekamath eka rataka saha sirithunga perera ge kanyawi handinwiya haka.
telinatya sangithayata kemadasa shuringen labunu dayakathwaya thulin shri lankeya sangithayata thawath agraganya kalakruthi rasak uruma wiya. daksha teli natya saha chithrapata adhyakshakawarayeku wana jayantha chandrasiri mahatha ge nirmana thulin kemadasa shurin ge amaraniya sangitha nirmana rasak bihi wiya. dandubasnamanaya teli wruthanthaya sandaha kemadasayan nirmanaya kala pera noasu wiru sangithaya, prekshakayan washikrutha kirimata samath wiya. me indrajalitha gandharwaya dayakathwaya dakwu teli nirmana athara wana jayantha chandrasiri ge weda hamine, akala sandhya, sathara denek senpathiyo, dharmasena pathiraja ge gangulen egodata, alla langa walawwa, pura sakmana saha bandula withanage ge asalwasiyo wani teli natya, prekshakayan hata kisida amathaka nowana sangithamaya athdakim laba dennata samath wiya. ohu awasana washayenasengitha adhyakshanayen dayaka wu telinatyaya lesa dewinda kongahage adhyakshanaya kala sadisi tharanaya handinwiya haka.
kemadasa jayantha chandrasiri ge mora, ath saha dharmasiri bandaranayaka ge makarakshaya, dhawala bhishana yana wedika natyawalata da, dayaka wuwe ya.
ohu wisin rachana karana lada sandhwani athara muhuda, mage kale mawni saha sinhala awurudda weyi. budun wahanse ge piriniwime awasthawa padaka kota gena ohu wisin nirmanaya karana lada piriniwan mangalyaya kantatawa wishwa sangithaya thula hamuwana ekama baudidha kantatawa lesa handinwiya haka. ema sumadhura nirmanaya kemadasa shuringe awamangul uthsawaye di kemadasa padaname sisu sisuwiyan wisin idiripath karana ladi.
kemadasage sangitha nirmana thula daknata labena operamaya saha prasanwadi gayanayan, opera saha hamani (prasanwada) pilibanda wa ohuge wu pruthula danuma widahapayi. ohuge jiwitha kalaya thula gayanayehi saha wadanayehi la wiwidha athhadabalim kirimata kemadasa pasubata nowuye ya. ekinekata nogalapena ridma rata, athishaya wiplawakari wu prasanwadayan saha sitharaya wani sangitha bhanda wadanayehila nawum shilpa krama bhawitha kirim ohuge sangitha nirmana thula noaduwa daknata labe.
shri lankeya sangithagnyayan athara opera shailiya praguna kala saha nirmanaya kala ekama sangithagnyaya lesa kemadasa handinwiya haka. gambada pradeshawalin pamina kemadasayangen sangithaya hadara puhunuwa laba ohuge operawanhi ranga dakwana daksha shishya parapurak ohu sathuwa sitiye ya. manasawila, doramadalawa saha sonduru warnadasi kemadasa ge opera athara weyi. awasana washayen ohu nirmanaya kala agni operawa purana shishtacharaya pilibanda wa nirmanaya wuwaki. ohuge opera siyallama sinhala bhashawen liyawi athi bawin eewa sinhala opera lesa handinwima waradak nowe. opera sangithaye marmasthanaya lesa handinwiya haki oostreliyawe sidni opera hawus hi pawa opera ranga dakwimata kemadasa athulu kandayamata awasthawa udawi atha. shri lankeya sangithaye kemadasa salakuna idiriyata gena yama udesa warthamanaye kemadasa padaname sisu sisuwiyo kriya karathi. warthamanaye shri lankawe sitina daksha sangithagnyayin wana amarasiri piris, samantha perera, indika upamali, nadika guruge, kasun kalhara wannawun kemadasage guruharukam thulin sangitha kshethrayata paminiyawun ya.
haththawana wiyehidi sidu karana lada wakugadu baddhakirime shalyakarmayen anathuruwa da shri lankeya sangithaye anagathaya surakshitha kirime aramuna athi wa kemadasa shurihu nawatha sangitha kshethrayata pilipanne ya. mastar, 2008 okthobar 24 wana da rajya gaurawa sahitha wa dayen samuganna wita 71 wana wiyehi pasuwuwe ya. ethan sita shri lankeya sangithaye kemadasayengen his wunu aduwa pirawimata samath kisiwaku bihi nowima thulin ma ohuge wishishtathwaya monawata pahadili weyi.
chithrapata sandaha dayakathwaya
sangitha adhyakshanaya
premasiri kemadasa padanama
shri lankawe dushkara palathwala jiwath wana sangitha hakiyawan sahitha adu aadayamlabhi tharuna tharuniyange kusalatha op nanwima sandaha premasiri kemadasayan wisin 1992 warshaye di kemadasa padanama aarambha karana ladi. mema padanama magin pawathwana patamala saha puhunu siyalla nomile pawathwima wisheshathwayaki.
kemadasa padanama haraha sangithayata ath poth thaba diwayine supathala gayakayan saha sangithagnyayan bawata path wu siya gananak kalakaruwan warthamanaya wana wita deshiya wa saha antharjathika wa kirthiyata path wu nirmanawalata dayakathwaya dakwa thibe. aarambhaka dinaye di ma rupiyal miliyana 3.7ka aadayamak ipayu ‘doramadala‘ operawa, lowa prathama bauddha kantatawa wu ‘piriniwan mangalyaya‘ menma ‘sonduru warnadasi‘ saha ‘agni‘ opera da kemadasa padaname anabhibhawaniya nishpadanayan ya.
jathin athara athi ediriwadikam durukaralima thulin samajiya saha sanskruthika peraliyak athi kirimata haki darshanayak jathiyata dayada kirima aarambhaye sita ma kemadasa padanaye mukhya aramunak wiya. sangithayata menma anekuth kalawanta da athyawashya wana samuhikathwaya saha garuthwaya sahitha wu, manushyathwayata garu karana nyayapathrayak matha pihita katayuthu kirima kemadasa padaname ananyathawaya yi.
premasiri kemadasayan 2008 wasare di abhawapraptha wimen anathuru wa kemadasa padanama nawa adhyaksha mandalayak samaga prathisanwidhanaya wu athara saundaryathmaka bandim wardhanaya kirime th, sangithamaya dayanugrahaya dakwime th ‘mastar‘ge mehewara idiriyata pawathwagena yamata owuhu apa kapa wi kriya karathi.
balanna
agni operawa
parishilana
aashritha
rohana wirasinha
bahira sabandum
premasiri kemadasa nila web adawiya
premasiri kemadasa jala satahana
premasiri kemadasa mahathage abhawayen pasu dinamina puwathpathehi palawu wisheshanga lipi pela
mastar gihin enna.....
premasiri kemadasa pashchath nuthanawadiyaku nowe....
Premasiri Khemadasa Agni Opera
IMDB web adawiya - premasiri kemadasa
A man on fire
Comprehensive biography of Khemadasa
The immortal note that captures the heart beat of the nation
Sondura Warnadaasi - an Opera by Khemadasa
Listen to compositions by Dr. Khemadasa at Sinhala Jukebox
Reminiscence of his real-life sonata
Sonic canvas of Premasiri Khemadasa
Premasiri Khemadasa in Sinhala
charitha katha
kemadasa, premasiri
sangithaya
1937 upath
2008 marana
shri lankika bauddhayo
lankika sinhalayo
shri sumangala widyalaye aadi sisuwo |
pariganakaya | pariganakayak yanu di athi upades matha kriyakarana yanthrayaki eya dijital ilektronik upangayak lesa hadunwanu labayi. eyata hethuwa pariganakaya nipadawime di ilektronika thakshanaya ha dijital sankalpaya yana dekama bhawitha kara thibimayi. pariganakaya magin sidu karanu labanne eyata labadana daththa samuhaya (Data) yam sakasime kriyawaliyakata lakkota (Process) emagan wadagath thorathuru samuhayak (information) pitathata laba dimayi.
pariganakaye ithihasaya
jakard redi wiyanaya (Jacquard loom) mulma kramalekha kala haki upakarana atharin ekaki.
palamu pariganaka lesa ek upakaranayak nam kirima apahasuya. mandayath ‘pariganakaya’ yana wadana kalantharayak thisse wiwidha artha kathanawalata hethu padaka wi atha. mulinma pariganakaya lesa handinwuye ganithamaya gananaya kirima sidu kala pudgalayanya. (minis pariganaka - yanthrika ganaka upakaranawala udaw athiwa)
nuthana pariganakaye ithihasaya aarambha wanne ekinekin wenwu thakshanika krama dekakini - swayankriya gananaya kirima ha kramalekhanaye hakiyawa.
mul kalina yanthrika ganana upakaranawalata udaharana lesa abakasaya , sarpana rula, tharkika tharu malimawa ha anti kayithera (Antikythera) yanthranaya (150- 100 BC kalaye) dakwiya hakiya. madhyama yugawala awasanayedi yuropiya ganithaye ha injineru shilpaye yali pibidimak athiwiya. wilhelm shikardge (Wilhelm Schikard) 1623 upakaranaya yuropiya injineruwan wisin nipada wu prathama yanthrika ganana yanthraya wiya. namuth mema upakarana kisiwak pariganakaye nuthana artha dakwimata nogalape. manda yath mewa kramalekhagatha kirimata nohaki bawini.
aleksandriyawe wiraya (Hero of Alexandria) (c.10 – 70AD) yanthrika ranga shalawak thanu athara ehi miniththu 10ka natyayak pradarshanaya karana ladi. eya kriyathmaka wuye kambaa ha berawalin yuktha wu sankirna paddhathiyakini. yanthranaya kumana kotasa kumana welawakadi kumana kriyawa sidukarayi da yanna emagin thiranaya wiya. meya kramalekha kirime hakiyawe mularambhaya we. 1801 di josap meri jekard (Joseph Marie jacquard) ohuge redi pili wiyanaya wadi diyunu karana ladi. ehi sankirna rata swayankriyawa wiwima sandaha siduru sahitha kadadasi pathrika bhawitha kala athara meya pariganakawala diyunuwe wadagath piyawarak we. manda yath wiyana rata nirnaya kirimata siduru sahitha kadpath bhawithaya mul kalina eheth sima sahitha kramalekha kirime hakiyawe swarupayaki.
swayankriya gananaye ha kramalekha kirime hakiyawe ekathuwime prathama pariganakaya nirmanayata hethu wiya. 1837 di purna lesa kramalekhagatha kala haki yanthrika pariganakayak sankalpanaya kirime ha salasum kirime palamu waniya wimata chals babejta (Charles Babbage) hakiwiya. ohu eya wishleshanika enjima (Analytical Engine) lesa handinwiya. simasahitha mulyamaya wathkam nisath , nirmanaya aluthwadiya kirim walakwa ganimata nohaki nisath babej aththa washayenma kisimadaka ohuge wisheleshanika enjima nirmanaya nokarana ladi.
1890 di pawathwu eksath janapada sangananaye di harman holerith (Herman Hollerith) salasum karana lada parigananaya kirime layisthugatha kirime ha lekhana gatha kirime samagama magin nishpadanaya karana lada wishala parimana swayankriya sidurupath daththa sakasum yanthra bhawitha karana ladi. pasuwa IBM bawata pathwuye meyayi. 19 wana siyawasa awasanayedi prayogika pariganaka yatharthayak kara ganimata awashya bawata oppu wu pasuwa thakshana krama gananawak mathuwimata patan ganuni. siduru path , buliyan wija ganithaya , riktha nalaya ha teli mudrakaya ( Tele Printer) ee athara we.
20 wana siyawasa mul bhagayedi bohomayak widyathmaka pariganaka awashyatha sapura gaththe sighrayen janapriya wu prathisama pariganaka (Analog Computers) magin wu athara gananaya kirim matha padanam wu yanthrika ho widyuth modala bhawitha wiya. kese wuwath mewa kramalekha kala nohaki athara nawathama dijital pariganaka men nowa nipunathwayen ha nirawadyathawayen adu wiya.....
pariganaka kriya karana aakaraya
samanya bhawitha pariganakayak pradhana washayen madhyama sakasum eekakaya saha paryantha upanga lesa kotas dekakata bediya haka. madhyama sakasum eekakaya thula ankaganithamaya ha tharkana eekakaya (ALU) saha palana eekakaya (CU) lesa pradhana kotas dekaki. siyalu tharkana katayuthu saha sakasim ALU thula siduwana athara upanga saha kriyawali palanaya Control Unit mangin siduweyi. mathakaya (Memory) saha aadana ha prathidana upanga (ekkota I/O lesa handunwana) mema kotas wayara kanda walin boho wita sadi athi, “Bus” namin handunwana daththa huwamaru marga magin antharwa sambandha wi abhyantharawa sabandi atha.
palana eekakaya (CU), ALU, rejistar ha mulika I/O (ha mewa samaga samipawa sambandha kara athi anekuth drudanga) samuhayak lesa madhyama sakasum eekakaya (CPU) handunwanu labe. mulkalina madhyama sakasum eekaka (CPU) ekinekata wenwu kotas kihipayakin yuktha wana muth 1970 mada bhagaye sita samanyayen mewa (microprocessor) lesa handunwana thani sangruhitha paripathayak lesa dakiya hakiya.
pariganaka paddhathi
pariganaka paddhathiyak lesa hadunwanu labanne mulika ekaka kihipaka ekathuwaki. min ek ekakayak ho nomathiwa pariganaka paddhathiya sampurna nowe.
drudanga
mrudukanga
sthiranga
jiwanga
gabada kala wadasatahan sankalpaya
nuthana parigananayak thulin apata wishala katayuthu rashiyak kara ganimei hakiyawa atha.
apata memagin pariganaka krida kirima,esema kumak he lipiyak sakas kara ganima,jayarapayak sakasa ganima.antharjalaya bhawitha kirima aadiya kara ganimata hakiyawa atha.
anek athata balu kala ada warthamane dakinnata labena puwath path,aadiye sita.dakinnata labena siyaluma pathrika sakasanu labanne memagin.
pariganaka wadasatahan/ kramalekha
pariganakayaka kriyakarithwaya nisi lesa palanaya kirima sandaha dena lada upades samuhayak saralawa pariganaka wadasatahanak lesa handinwiya haka.
me adawith balanna
pariganaka thiraya
pariganaka mrudukanga
pariganaka drudanga
pariganaka wairasa
pariganaka widyawa
pariganaka ithihasaya
adawiyen bahara pitu
pariganaka wada pahasu karana webadawi
thawada balanna
parigananaya
pariganaka widyawa |
himikara mrudukanga | mrudukanga beda harima |
mrudukanga pakeja | mudrukanga asurumak (Software Package) yanu pariganakayaka pihituwimata pahasu aakarayata sakas kala mrudukangayaki. mehi mulikama awashyathawaya wanne pariganaka bhawithaya pilimbaanda mulikama danumak pamanak aththekuta mrudukangayak thama pariganakaye sthapanaya karaganimata haki wimaya. boho wanija mrudukanga laba denne mese asurumak lesaya.
asuruma |
pariganaka mrudukanga | pariganaka mrudukanga (Computer Software) yanu pariganakayak bhawitha kara yam katayuththak kara ganimata athi pariganaka wadasatahan (Programs), ee sambandha upades, lekhana, kriyawali ekak ho kihipayaka ekathuwaki.
pariganaka wadan sakasana mrudukanga wani yedum mrudukanga (Application Software) menma meheyum paddhathi (Operation System) wani paddhathi mrudukangada (System Software) mita ayath we. thawada sewa paddhathi (Servers), wisiri paddhathi (Distributed Computers) wala kriyakarithwayatada mrudukanga awashya we.
drudanga ha mrudukanga
drudanga (Hardware) yanu pariganakayaka athi bhauthika wasthunya. eeta sapekshawa mrudukanga yanu bhauthikawa sparsha kala nohaki deyaki. emenma apata mrudukangayak kriya karawiya hakke drudangayak mathaya, (mrudukangayak apata gochara wanne drudanga wala kriyakarithwaya mathaya). enam drudanga kriya karanuye eya matha kriya karana mrudukangaya anuwaya. mrudukangayak yanu eya kriyathmaka wana drudangaya sandaha dena lada upades malawaki. mese drudanga wala kriyakarithwaya palanaya kirima sandahama nipadawana lada mrudukanga paddhathi mrudukanga ho meheyum paddhathi lesada handinwe.
mrudukangayak pariganakaye pradhana mathakaya (Main Memory) mathata prawesha wi ehi athi upades malawa (Instruction set) ekin eka piliwelata (Sequence) pradhana sakasum eekakayata (central processing unit) laba deyi. mrudukangayak ehi sukshamathama mattamedi pawathinne dwimaya (Binary) sangnya malawak washayeni. mewa yanthra bhashawen (Machine Language) athi upades ya. pradhana sakasum eekakaya ema upades walata anuwa pariganakaye drudanga walata widyuth sangnya nikuth karayi. ee anuwa kriyakarithwaya sidu we.
daththa ha mrudukanga
mrudukanga thananne minisun ge jiwath wana lokaye pawathina gatalu walata wisandum sewimataya. mrudukanga thanimata prathama eeta adala mrudukangaye sakilla (Software framework) thananu labe. wisandum sewimatanam gataluwa pilibanda thorathuru ha daththa awashya we. pariganakayakata athulath karana lada daththa gabada kara thabaganimata, sakasimata, gananaya kirimata, sanniwedanaya kirimata saha eya nawatha laba dimata eyata hakiya. me kriyawaliya pradhana washayen ma palanaya karanu labanne mrudukanga magini.
mese pradhana mathakayata athul karana daththa ha thorathuru, pariganakaye widuliya wisandhi kirimen pasu mathakayen iwath we. namuth ema thorathuru dwithiyika mathakaya (sthira mathakaya) matha gabada kirimen ekama daththa nawatha nawatha athul kirimata sidu nowe.
pariganaka sambandha palamu nithiya wana GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) yannada, daththa ha sabandi adahasaki. eyata anuwa waradi daththa athul kirimen labenne waradi prathidanaya. niwaradi prathidanaya labaganimata niwaradi daththa laba diya yuthuya.
pariganaka aashritha paddhathiyakin niyama prayojana ganimatanam ehi athi daththa...
niwaradi wiya yuthuya, (Accurate).
yawathkala wiya yuthuya, (Up to date).
sampurna wiya yuthuya, (Complete).
paraspara wirodhi nowiya yuthuya, (Consistent).
pariganakayaka wadasatahanakata daththa athul kirimedi ema daththa wala niwaradi bhawaya thahawuru kirimata validation (niwaradibawa thahawuru kirima) bhawitha karayi. mehidi sidu wanne ema daththa di athi ratawak (pattern), (regular expression) ho arthadakwimakata (definition) anugathadayi pariksha kara balimayi. memagin waradi daththa athul kirimedima walakwagatha haka. namuth validation nithiyak samath wima ema daththaya niwaradi bawa mulumaninma sanatha nokarayi. in adahas wanne ema daththaya waradi wimata athi wishala idakadak (sambhawithawak) adu bawayi. enam validation asamath wu daththayak mulumaninma nishprayojana bawaya.
paddhathi wadasatahankaranaya saha yedum mrudukanga
meheyum paddhathiyak yanu pradhana washayen ma pariganakaye athi drudanga, mathakaya ha sakasum kala awakashaya palanaya karana wadasatahanaki. mita amatharawa pariganakaya matha kriya karana yedum mrudukanga sandaha wedikawak lesa kriya kirimada itha wadagath angayaki.
paddhathi mrudukangayak magin kelinma pariganakaye drudanga kriya karawana athara yedum mrudukangayak kriya karanne meheyum paddhathiya mathaya. enam yedum mrudukangayak pariganaka paddhathiyata balapam karanne meheyum paddhathiya harahaya. yedum mrudukangaye athi yanthrika upades malawa meheyum paddhathiya magin yanthra bhashawata pariwarthanaya kara drudanga pradhana sakasum eekakayata laba deyi.
mehidi athiwana pradhanathama gataluwak wanne yedum mrudukangaya meheyum paddhathiye swabhawaya mathata sima wimayi. enam ek meheyum paddhathiyak sandaha nirmanaya karana lada yedum mrudukangayak wenath meheyum paddhathiyak matha kriya nokirimayi.
Virtual Machine
meyata wisandumak washayen Virtual Machine yana sankalpaya bihi wiya. ehidi sidu wanne yedum mrudukangaya ek meheyum paddhathiyakata sima nowana lesa thana, eya kriya kirima sandaha noyek meheyum paddhathi sandaha wena wenama wedika thanimayi. ewita wenas meheyum paddhathi matha ekama yedum mrudukangayata dhawanaya wiya haka.
mehi thawath pradhana wasiyak wanne yedum mrudukanga wadasatahankaranaya pahasu wimayi. enam Virtual Machine thulama boho wadasatahan sandaha awashya wana podu libraries anthargatha wimayi.
.net platform .net wedikawa (Platform) yanu mayike්rasoft samagama wisin .net bhawitha kara thanana lada mrudukanga dhawanaya sandaha nipadawa athi mrudukanga wedikawayi.
mehi pradhana karthawya wanne .net Intermediate Languge (atharamadi bhashawa) athi wadasatahanak pariganakaye meheyum paddhathiye widhana walata pariwarthanaya kirimayi.
.net platform 3.5 Beta 2
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) JVM yanu Sun Microsystems(pasuwa Oracle) samagama wisin owunge jawa (Java) pariganaka bhashawa sandaha nipadawa athi wedikawayi. mehi pradhana karthawya wanne Java Bytecode gonuwak ee ee meheyum paddhathiye widhana walata pariwarthanaya kirimayi.
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index.html
Mono Mono yanu wiwrutha mrudukanga wyapruthiyaki. mehi aramuna wanne mayike්rasoft .net, Python menma Sun Java wadasatahan dhawanaya kala haki Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac-OS.X menma Sun Solaris mathada kriya kala haki podu wedikawak thanimayi.
http://www.mono-project.com/Main_Page
MSVBVM Microsoft Visual Basic Virtual Machine yanu wishuwal besik (Visual Basic) 5.0 saha 6.0 bhawitha kara thanu wadasatahan dhawanaya kirima sandaha windos meheyum paddhathiyata ekathu kala haki kuda DLL gonuwaki.
mrudukanga wadasatahan saha library
library yanu pariganaka wadasatahanak ho kihipayak thawath wadasatahanak ehi kriyakarithwayata dayaka karaganimayi. mehi athi wisheshathwaya wanne mema libraryya ek pudgalayeku wisin liya athi wita wenath ayekuta eya thamage wadasatahanakata baddha karagatha haki wimayi. ema nisa library bhawithaya, pariganaka wadasatahankaranaya pahasu karayi, ekama karyaya sandaha nawatha nawatha ekama ketha kotasa liwima walaka kalayath shramayath ithiri karayi.
DLL da balanna
Three layers of software
balapathraya
balapathralabhi parisarayak thula mrudukangaya bhawitha kirime ayithiya bhawitha karannata ‘mrudukanga balapathraya’ magin laba de. samahara mrudukangawala balapathraya paminenne adala ekathuwa mila di ganimen pasuwa wana athara samahara drudanga ha badi ena (mulma upanga balapathraya) (OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer ) samaga balapathraya himi we. anek mrudukanga nidahas mrudukanga balapathra se labannata eya wenas kirimata ha nawatha beda harima sandaha awasara demin nikuth kere. mrudukanga boho wita nidahas mrudukanga ho simitha mrudukanga aakarayen dakiya haka.
mrudukanga bhawitha karannan sadaha saradharma saha ayithin
samajaye aluth parshawayak lesa mrudukanga bhawitha karannan sadaha thibiya yuthu ayithin yana adahasa wada wardhanaya wuwak nowe. nidahas mrudukanga samajaya wani athamek thaman bhawitha karana mrudukanga nawikaranaya ha nawatha bedaharime ayithiya mrudukanga bhawitha karannanta thibiya yuthuya yayi wishwasa karayi. ek ek pudgalayata thama pariganakaya palanaya kirimata mema ayithin athyawashya bawath emagin siyalu denata sahayogayen owun thoraganna paridi samajayak lesa ekata wada kirima ha mrudukangayehi wardhanaya wana dishawa palanaya kirimata hakiyi lesa owun wada karathi. anek parshawaya , mrudukanga bhawitha karannanta labiya yuthu ayithin mrudukanga nirmanakaruwan thiranaya kala yuthu yayi wishwasa karayi.
warga
paddhathi mrudukanga wada satahan sampadana mrudukanga ha yedum mrudukanga lesa prayogika pariganaka paddhathi pradhana panthi thunakata mrudukanga paddhathi wen karayi. mema wargikaranaye mathabhedakari wagema bohowita nopahadiliya.
paddhathi mrudukanga (System software)
pariganaka drudanga ha pariganaka paddhathi dhawanayata udaw karayi. ehi meheyum paddhathi upakarana dhawaka , dosha winishchaya pilibada upakarana ,meheyan , kawulumaya paddhathi , prayojanawath sewawan ha thawath de adanguya. paddhathi mrudukanga hi aramuna hakithak dura suwishesha bhawitha kala pariganaka sankirnaye wistharaya , wisheshayen mathakaya ha anekuth drudangawala lakshana , amathara upanga sanniwedanayan , mudrana yanthrayan , kiyawannan , widaha penwim , yathuru puwaru ha thawath da wani karyaya krama sampadakata pariwahanaya kirimayi.
krama sampadana mrudukanga (Programming software)
samanyayen itha pahasu aakarayata wenas pariganaka bhasha bhawitha karamin pariganaka wada satahan ha mrudukanga liwimata krama sampadakata sahaya dakwimata mewalam sapayayi. mewalam pata sanskarakayan, sangrahakayan , pariwarthakayan , bandhakayan , nidoskaruwan ha thawath da adanguya . samodhanaya kala sanwardhana parisarayak (IDE) ema mewalam mrudukanga podiyakata eekabaddha karana athara krama sampadaka hata sampadanaya kirimata , pariwarthanaya kirimata , nidos kirimata , anshu mathranayata , ha wenath da sadaha gunakara widhana tayip kirima / liwima awashya nowe. maknisadayath IDE samanyayen diyunu kala grasikakara parishilaka athuru muhunatha thibe. (GUI – Graphical User Interface)
yedum mrudukanga (Application software)
awasan parishilakayahata wishesha (pariganaka nowana aashritha) meheyan ekak ho kihipayak itu kirimata ida salasayi. niyamanukula yedim karmantha shala swayankriyakaranaya , wyaparika mrudukanga , adhyapanika mrudukanga, mbarushadhiya mrudukanga / waidya mrudukanga , pariganaka daththa gabada saha pariganaka krida adangu we. yedum mrudukanga wishalathama bhawitha karannan wyaparikayan wuwa da sama athinma pahe yedum mrudukanga aakarayak minis kriyakarakam athi sama kshethrayakama bhawitha karayi.
leyara 3
1980 sita ada dakwa yedum mrudukanga bahula washayen wikini atha. yamak parishilanaya karna boho wita ehi sampadakayata wada wenas lesa eya dakiyi. podu karaya pariganaka (nihitha paddhathi prathighama pariganaka, supiri pariganaka aadiya nowa) bhawitha karannan samanyayen mrudukangayaka padanam wedikawa yeduma ha parishilaka lesa sthara 3 k kriyathka wana bawa haduna gena atha.
padanam mrudukanga - meyata sthiranga, upakrama dhawaka, meheyum paddhathi ha nishchithawama grapikarapi athura muhunak adangu we. ekwa kati ka meya parishilakaya pariganakaya ha eyata adala anekuth upakarana samaga anthar kriya kirimata maga padayi. mema mrudukanga boho wita pariganakayan samaga labade. paudgalika pariganaka obata samanayen padanam mrudukangayak wes kala haka.
yedum mrudukanga - boho wita pudgalayan mrudukangayak kiyu pamanin hithe mawa ganne yedum mrudukangayanaki. pahadili udaharana lesa office suites saha widiyo krida dakwiya haka. yedum mrudukangayak boho wita wemama pariganaka drudanga walata paribahirawa miladi gatha haka. samahara awasthawala pariganakayan samagama mewa laba dena athara eheth swadhinawa kriyathmika wana sesu we. esema hamawitama wage meheyum paddhathiyen sawadhinawa mewa kriyathmaka wana namutheewa padannewisheshitha padanamak (Platform) mul karagenaya boho aya sampadaka (Compilers) pariganaka daththa gabada saha anekuth paddhathi mrudukanga salakanne yedum lesaya
pirishilaka mrudukanga - parishilaka mrudukanga pariganaka paddhathiwata eya parishilanaya karannage sakasna widyathmaka nirapanaya saha chithraka ha sajiwikaranaya sadaha pitapath mema ganayata wat. esma ibalektronik thapal filtar da mema wargaye mrudukanga we. parishilaya karanne mema mrudukanga thaman sadahama sada ganna athara nitharama ehi wadagathkama pariksha kara balayi
parishilaka mrudukanga, yedum pakeja walata ekathu wi athi usas aakaraya anuwa boho parishikayakan hata miladi gath yedum pakeja wala ha parishilaka mrudukanga athara wenama ha eewata pasuwa ekwuye monawadayi nisi watahimak natha.
mrudukanga nirmanaya
wadasatahan gabadawa
parighanaka wada satahanakin pamanak karyak kriyawata nanwimata nohaki wana awastha atha. ema wadasatahana awashya bahira mrudukanga kotasda wana athara mewa Vbraies namin hadinawe. mewani Briberies thaniwa kriyathmaka wimata nohaki wadasatahan udaharanayak lesa samahara Stand Alone wadasatahan kotas Liparies lesa athi athara wadasatahan liwime kriyawata panawena namuth eewa amathana wadasatahan sadaha daththa nawatha bharadima sidu nokarana Stand Alone Cadging proges wadasatahanda Libraries thula anthargatha ෙw Libraries ekak ho bohomayak wadasatahanak Libraries amathima ho wadasatahan thawath wadasatahanak amathima ho kisidu wadasatahanak amathima sidu nokirima siduwiya haka.
mrudukangawala nirawadyathawaya
mrudukanga nirmana himikam pathra (mudrukanga petant balapathra)
thawada balanna
wiwrutha mrudukanga (Open and/or Free software)
mrudukanga karmanthaya (Software industry)
bahira sabandi
Programming Tutorials
mulashra
pariganaka thakshanaya
pariganaka widyawa |
shri dalada maligawa | shri dalada maligawa yanu budurajanan wahansege wam danthadhathun wahanse warthamanaye thanpath kara athi maligawayi. warthamana dalada maligawa shri lankawe mahanuwara nagaraye pihita atha. udarata rajyaya samaye (1592 sita 1815) meya pihita thibune ewakata pawathi rajakiya maliga sankirnaya thulaya. shri dalada maligawa mulwarata godanaganu labuye palamuwana wimaladharmasuriya(1592-1604) rajathuma wisini. ethuma idikala maligawa pruthugisi aakramanikayo winasha kalaha. danata daknata labena parani demahal wadasitina maligawa idikaranu laba aththe shri wiraparakrama narendrasinha(1707 - 1739) rajathumaya. inpasu raja pamini nayakkar wanshika drawida rajawaru pawa shri dalada maligawa wadi diyunu kota aaraksha kalaha.
dalada maligawa pihita athi mahanuwara nagarayama yuneskowa wisin loka urumayak lesa nam kara atha. siyam nikaye malwathu ho asgiri yana deparshawaye swamin wahansela dinapathama dalada wahanseta puja sathkara karathi. mema pujawa (thewawa) dinakata thun warak (pandara, dawal saha sawasa) pawathwayi. badada dinawala wishesha pujawak lesa nanumura mangalyaya pawathwayi. mehidi suwanda ganwu aushadhiya jalayen sanketha washayen dalada wahanse snanaya karawanu labayi. mese snanaya karawimen labena jalaye roga suwa karime aanubhawayak athi bawa wishwasa kere.
wenath nam
dalada wahanse wadahiti mandiraya, dhathugharaya, daladage, dalada mandiraya, dalada maligaya aadi nam walin handinwu bawa pene.
dalada wahanse
athithaye sitama janathawage piliganima wuye rate rajathumata dantha dhathun wahansege saha pathra dhathun wahansege bharakarithwa himi wiya yuthu bawaya. me nisa athithaye rajawaru siya diwi himiyen dalada wahanse saha pathra dhathun wahanse aaraksha kalaha. madhyakalina yugayayen pasu pathra dhathun wahanseta siduwude abhirahasakwa pawathi, enamuth dalada wahanse nirupadrithaya.
dalada maligawe pihitima
senkadagala rajakiya parishraya thula dalada maligawa pihita atha. mahanuwarata nagenahirin udawaththa kalayath hanthana kanduwatiya ekpasakin ha bahirawa kannda thawath paththakin watawu mahanuwara rajadhaniya saumya deshagunayakin yukthaya. oonama bhogayak wawimata tharam sashrikaya. aluth nuwara, madamahanuwara, hanguranketha nuwara, nilambae nuwara, senkadagala nuwara, ha gale nuwara, dalanda wahansege aarakshitha pradesha we.
dalada maligaye ithihasaya
mul awadhiye mahanuwara handinwuye "shri senkhanda shailabhidhana shri wardhanapuraya" lesaya. dambaadeni rajadhaniye hatharawana parakramabahu (kri.wa 302-1326) rajathumage bana keneku wu siriwardhana namathi aya wisin kri.wa. 1312 di ewakata katupulle namin handinwu pradeshaya asala "senkadagala siriwardhanapuraya" namin nagarayak aarambhakota atha. thawath janaprawadayak nam senkhanda nam brahmanayekuge namin me nagaraya indiwu bawath, thunwana wikramabahu nam rajuge agamehesiya wu senkhanda nam dewiya namin me nagaraya indiwu bawath, mehi thibu senkadagala nam raktha warna pashanayak mulkotagena me nama athiwu bawath janaprawadaye sandahan we. gampola rajadhaniye palakaya wu thewana wikramabahu rajasamaye (kri.wa 1357-1374) dalanda mandura saha lokeshwara natha dewiyan sandaha wu natha dewalaya mehi indi wiya. yasgiri thalpathehi sandahan ayuru asgiri wiharaya aarambha wuyeda mekalaya. warthamanaye mewa mahanuwara paranithama godanagili we. gampola raja pawulen pawatha aa sena sammatha wikramabahu (kri.wa 1469-1511)raju wisin senkadagala puraya lesa nam karana ladi.ohu mahanuwara rajadhaniye nirmathruwaraya lesa salake. budun wahansege pathra dhathuwa thampathkara chaithyak, demahal pohoya geyak, sanghawasayan 86 k karawa ha dhathu karandu saha pilima wahansela puja karamin pothapatha palakaramin wishala meheyak kara atha. sithawaka palamu rajasinha raju, jayawira(kri.wa 1511-1552), karalliyadda bandara(kri.wa1552-1582) palamu wimaladharmasuriya(kri.wa 1590-1604) sinhalaye awasan raju shri wikrama rajasinha (kri.wa 1798-1815) dakwa rajawaru 10 deneku mahanuwara rajadhaniya karagena atha. sathuru uwaduru harunuwita an sama awasthawakadima dalanda wahanse wadasitiye raja maligawa aasannayeya. dantha dhathun wahanse aarakshakara ganima rajuge wagakima wu athara ehi bharakaru rate palakaya bawata piliganimak pawathuni. dewana wimaladharmasuriya raju thun mahal prasadayak karawu athara mangul manguwa ha paththirippuwa dewendra, mulachariya namaththan indikara atha.
dalada maligaye godanagili
wadasitina maligaya
aluth maligaya
paththirippuwa - kri.wa. 1805 thi 1812th athara idikara atha. gruha nirmana salasuma alakeshashwara dingiriappu hewath dewendra mulachari wisin sidukara atha.
diyawadana nilame thanathura
puranaye rajawaru pathkaranu labu mema thanathura brithanya palakayan wisin wadawasam rajakari kramaya wenas kota athi karana lada krama paripatiya anuwa chandayakin thora pathkara ganna thanathurakata pariwarthanaya wiya. shri dalada maligawe chiragatha sampradayika dalada pudasirith aaraksha kota raukaganimata adala sewa sampadanaya ha nishchala chanchala depala athulu samanya paripalana sewa itukirimehila pawathina gihi nila pangu thula sama athinma pramukhathawaya himiwanne diyawadana nilame warayataya. danata 1931 ke 19 wana aagnya panatha yatathe diyawadana nilamewaraya pathkirima sidu kere.
kanda udarata palanaya ingrisin athata pathwana wita kri.wa. 1814 sita 1824 dakwa diyawadana nilame thanathura karawuye kapuwaththe adikaram nilamethumaya. kapuwaththe adikaram nilamethumagen patangena me dakwa diyawadana nilamewaru dahanawa deneku mema uthum thanathura daruha athara dahanawawana diyawadana nilamewaraya washayen kri.wa. 2005 juli masa 01 wana dina path wu pradip nilanga dala diyawadana nilamewaraya mema thanathura adath hobawayi. .
diyawadana nilame nam wu nilanamaya sambandhayen mulashra sadhaka labenuye mahanuwara yugaye sitaya. dalada wahanse sambandhayen datawanshaye sandahan wana ayuru prathama nilaya washayen "dhathurakkhakadhikari" thanathura dakna labe. kotte awasan bhagaye ha sithawaka delgamu rajamaha wiharayehi dalada wahanse wadasiti kalaya thula hiripitiye diwanilame namin pawathi thanathurak gana kiyawe.
"kotte kalale kisille
datha mada gena yanna rale"
ihatha janakawi depadaye ena "rale" yanna da, gnyana darshanaya namathi kruthiye ha udarata withthihi diyawadanarala yanuwen da, thawath boho thanhi wyawaharagathawa da pawathna ayuru diyawadana nilame yana thanathuru namaya wenuwata kotte yugayedi diwanarala, diyawadanarala washayen da bhawitha wu bawa pene. diwanilame, diyanilame yanu da diyawadana nilame yannatama boho thanhi wyadawaharawa pawathi.
parani mahanuwara mahawasala sambandhawa diyawadana nilame thanathuru thunak pawathiye yayi salake. enam rajuge rajakiya ulpange snanadi katayuthu bharawa ha rajathuma aahara ganna awasthawanhidi ran kothalayen jalaya wangima bharawa siti maha diyawadana nilame, bisowarunge ha kumarayange pallewahala snanagaraya bharawa siti diyawadana nilame ha maharajathuma shirajatha dalada maligawata pamini kalhi athapan wangimatath, muluthan buddha pujawata pan payinda kirimata ha nanumura mangallayata nanu payinda kirimatath, yanadi katayuthu sandaha dalada maligawata, pathkota siti diyawadana nilame washayeni.
mul kalayedi raju dalada puda sirith itu kirimata pera rajuge dath dhowanayata diya wangima menma dalada thewawata awashya pan payinda kirima ha nanu payinda kirima da diyawadana nilametama pawari thibuna bawath ema katayuththa danata geparalata pawari athi bawath sammana mahacharya anuradha senewirathna "gnyanadarshanaye" sandahan karayi.
mahanuwara yugayata pera sita jalaya pilibanda wagakima pawarunu amathyarayeku siti bawa aacharya chals godakumbaure anumana karayi. kalata wasi labadime shakthiya aththeth, rate saubhagya ha samruddhiya athikala hakketh dalada wahanseta bawa janathawage wishwasaya wiya. mema wishwasaya padanam karagena jalawardhanaya sambandhayen rajawarunge suwisheshi awadhanaya yomu kota ee sandaha wishesha dhurayak athi kalayi ohu wadiduratath penwa deyi. mema jala paramu wardhana amathi thanathura mahanuwara yugaya wanawita diyawadana nilame nam wuwa wiyahaki bawa aacharya godakumbaure anumana karayi.
diyawadana nilame sathu karyabharayan bohomayak ada pawathna aakarayata pariwarthanaya wuye ingrisi palakayan wisin thama rajya wagakimen midi kri.wa. 1853 dalada wahansege gihi bharakarathwaya diyawadana nilame wetha pawarunata pasuwaya.
shri dalada maligawe da gihi bharakarawaraya washayen shri dalada wahanse wadasitina ran kara`duwala prathama maharan kara`duwe ran yathura bharakarawaraya diyawadana nilamewarayaya, eya wanahi purwakrutha punya bala mahimayen labena bhagyakayak kota salake. eda dalada wahansege ekama gihi bharakaruwa washayen rajathuma sathuwa thibu siyaluma wagakim sambharayabharayan 1853 n pasu gihibharakara diyawadana nilamewaraya wetha pawari atha. dalada wahansege aarakshawa, dalada maharan kara`duwe ran yathura bharawa sitima, dalada parama. darshana pawathwima aadiyedi malwathu asgiri ubhaya mahawiharaye athigaru mahanayaka mahimipanan wahanse sama`ga ekwa kariri ya kirima, dalada wahanse wishayehi ishta siddha karanu labana chiragatha samparimidayika puja charithara ka akhandawa nisi lesa pawathwima sandaha thewakaraka bhikshun wahanse sama`ga awashya pahasukam salasa demin, rajakari nilakaruwan pathkara demin ha owunge katayuthu meheyawamin adala katayuthu manawin itu kirima, warshika sathara mangallayan athulu sesu mangalothsawayan ha sambandha siyalu puda sirith chiragatha sampara saladayika charitharayana nukulawa ishta siddha kirima, shri dalada maligawa sathu nishchala chanchala depala surakshitha kota nisi se palanaya kirima, dalada maligawa pilisakara kirima, shri dalada maligawata adala sewaka karakadin pathkirima , mana mulya kalamanakaranaya ha winayanukula kriyamarga ganima aadiya diyawadana nilame sathu karyabharayangen samahareki. (purusha pakshayen pamanak sewaka pathkirim siduwina. diyawadana nilamewaraya, bauddha janathawage nayakaya washayen rate bauddhayan thula pawathna piliganimayi. ema nayakathwayata sarilana aakarayen thaman sathu wagakim sambharaya chiragatha sampradayan kada nokara nisi hatiyata itu kirima da ohugen apeksha kere. shri dalada maligawe siyalu ayawaya widhimath mulya kalamanakaranayakin yuthuwa itu kirimatath warshika ayawaya asthamenthu nisi se sakasa bauddha katayuthu komasariwaraya wetha idiripath kirimatath ohu bandi siti.
diyawadana nilame kenekuge dhura kalaya awurudu dahayak we.
warthamanayehi shri dalada maligawe diyawadana nilame padawiya bauddha nayakathwaye sankethaya washayen des wides gihi pawidi bauddha janathawage sambhawanawata pathra wi atha. parama pujaniya dalada wahansege gihi bharakaraya lesa aagamika, jathika, samajika aadi washayen wagakim sambharayak ohu wetha pawari atha. enisama warthamana diyawadana nilamewarayage karyabharaya wada pulul parashayaka pathiri aththeya. chiragatha sampradayika charithra warithra ha kriyakarakam no kada kota pawathwagena yamin shri dalada maligawa loka baudadha urumayak washayen surakshitha kota aaraksha kirimath chiragatha sampradayika puda sirith nisi paridi ishta siddha kirimata awashya pahasukam salasa dimath ohu sathu pramukhathama wagakima wanneya. epamanak nowa des wides gihi pawidi bauddhayange prarthana malpala ganwamin pansil surakina dahami samajayak nirmanaya karaganimata awashya piyawara ganima, dilindu bauddhayan nagalimata ha aarthika dushkaratha athi gihi pawidi sisunata shishyadhara pradanaya, wehera wihara ha daham pasal sanwardhanaya, waidyadhara athulu nan widha dalada sarana sewa salasum kota kriyathmaka kirimadi kalina samaja sathkarayan meheyawima da warthamana diyawadana nilame waraya sathu karya bharayangen samahareki. shri lankawata paminena widesha rajya amuththan da merata rajya palakayan ha anya prabhuwaru da mahanuwara shri dalada maligawa wanda puda ganimata menma diyawadana nilamewaraya bahadakimata da amathakaka nokarathi.
siw maha dewala
dalanda maligawa aashritha pradhana dewala hathara sathara maha dewala lesa hadinwe. mewa shri wishnu , shri katharagama, shri paththini,yana dewala hathara maha dewala namin handinwe. in katharagama dewalaya hara ithiri eewa senkadagala rajakiya parishraya thula pihita atha. shri dalanda maligawe sathara mangalyayedi mema siw maha dewala wadagath we.wisheshayen 1753 warshayen pasu kirthi shri rajasinha raju dawasa sita warthamanaya dakwa shri dalanda maligawa peratukotagena mema dewala hathara piliwelin perahare yayi.
natha dewalaya
wishnu dewalaya
katharagama dewalaya
paththini dewala
dalada malagawe sathara mangalyayan
senkadagala dalada madure athithaye sita pawathena mangalyayan 4k atha.
1. aluth sahal mangallaya
2. aluth awurudu mangallaya
3. asala mangallaya
4. karthika mangallaya
dalanda maligawe ath panthiya
sinha raja
eekadanthaya
indi raja
sumana
wijaya raja
jaya raja
kadira
nalaka
miyan raja
buruma raja
migara
kaweri
nawam raja
kandula
kauthukagaraya
dalanda maligaye thun mahal kauthukagarayak daknata labe. ehi pahatha kauthuka wasthu thanpath kara atha.
samadhi pilimaya
parani dhathu karaduwa
siri pathula
ridi kalaya
katayam karana lada athdath deka
maliga sankirnaye bim sakasma
kirthi shri rajasinha rajuge andum kattalaya
lensu
hemakanda
shri dhathu mandiraya, malwathu asgiri ubhaya maha wiharaya, wishnu, katharagama, paththini, natha yana dewala ha kiri muda hewath bogambara wawa athuluwa mema nagaraya loka uruma nagarayak bawata pathwa atha.
dalada maligawata ek kala nawathama aayathanaya shri dalada kauthukagarayayi. shri dalada maligawa mahanuwara pihitewu than sita me dakwa kalaya thula wiwidhakara shreni wala sancharakayan, bathimathun, rajakiya amuththan, wiwidha rajya nayakayin, saha samanya podu mahajanayada shri daladawa wetha wiwidhakaraye thyaga, puda panduru, puja kota thibena athara eewa siyalla ee wenuwen thanawana lada wishesha gabada kamara wala, kalin kalata path wu diyawadana nilamethumanla wisin aaraksha sahithawa thanpath kara thibe.
mahanuwara shri dalanda maligaye diyawadana nilame dhuraya dara neranjan wijayarathna ge adahasak anuwa mema watina wasthun mahajana pradarshanayata thabiya yuthu yayi thiranaya kara ohuge arayumak anuwa mema kauthukagaraya itha alankara lesa salasum kara thibe. sanskruthika thrikonaye yunesko - shri lanka wyapruthiye purawidya adhyakshawarayeku wu mahacharya lilananda premathilaka saha ohuge karya mandalaya wisin ema salasum sakas karana ladi.
ti.bi.nugawela nam hitapu diyawadana nilame keneku wisin pihitawanu labu aluth maligawa nam nawa godanagille palamu saha dewani mahal wala mema dalada kauthukagaraya pihita atha. palamu mahalehi pradarshana bhanda athara dalada wahanse lakdiwata wadama kala than sita brithanya palana kalaya dakwa aithihasika wartha, 1765 warshaye maliga sankirnaye landesi salasmak, shri dalada wehi aarakshawa sambandhayen wagabala ganna malwathu - asgiri parshawa wala mahanayaka himi warunge nama lekhana, mahanuwara rajadhaniye rajawarunge nama lekhana, saha diyawadana nilamewarun rashiyakage udukaya pinthura, kirthi shri rajasinha rajuge wasthrabharana, buddha puja charithra waladi rajawaru wisin pawichchiyata ganu labu upakarana saha 1998 janawari masa demala koti wisin dalada maliga parishrayehi bombayak pipirawu awasthawe nirawaranaya wu biththi sarasili katayam yanadiyehi kotas aadiya daknata labe. mehi pradarshanaya wana chayarupa athara siyawas gananawak mululle shri dantha dhathuwa thanpath kara thibu wiwidha wadagath sthana wala chayarupa saha bomba pipirimen dalada maligawata wu barapathala hani widaha dakwena wishala chayarupa ekathuwakda athulathwe.
dewani mahale pradarshanaya sandaha thaba athi bhanda athara shri daladawa sambandha dinapatha thewawanhidi prayojanayata gath aithihasika bhanda, heppu, buddha prathima saha itha watina manik ebbawu sampradayika udarata ran ridi aabharana yanadi bathimathun wisin puja karana lada bhanda daknata labe. mita amatharawa aagamika ha aithihasika washayen itha wadagath watina bhandada mema mahalehi pradarshanaya we. eewa athara kirthi shri rajasinha raju wisin puja karana lada ridi wathura bhajanayak (kalayak) rajasinha rajathuma puja kala ellena ridi pahanak, thayilanthaye borom koth raju wisin ewana lada budunge shri pathulehi aadarshayak gath sithuwamak (meya ema rajathuma wisin shri lankawe sangharaja bawata path wu waliwita saranankara himiyan samaga thayilantha bhikshun pirisak ewu awasthawedi ee samaga ewana laddaki) saha ashoka rajathumage kalayedi (ki.pu.3 siyawasa) thunweni dharma sanghayanawa pawathwimata mulikawa katayuthu kala moggali puththa therunge dhathu adangu suwisheshi dhathu karanduwak yanadiyada weyi. wenath itha wadagath pradarshana bhanda nam purana kodi, kasi, burumayen pradanaya karana lada katayam kala ath dath, anusmarana palaka yanadiyayi. mema sthanaya balimata yamen mahanuwara urumaya, ehi sanskruthika ha kala shilpa yanadiya pilibanda gambauru awabodhayak labiya haka.
1814 warshayedi shri wikramarajasinha nam anthima raju alla ganimen pasu saha shri daladawe aarakshakayin lesa maha na himi depala samaga gihi bharakaruweku path kirime sita diyawadana nilame thanathurehi boho deneku sewaya kara atha. owun nam,
aashritha lipi
shri dalada maligawe diyawadana nilame thanathura
dalada maliga
dalada thewawa
dalada perahara mangalyaya
dalada maliga kauthukagaraya
adawiyen bahara pitu
shri dalada maligawa
pinthura galariya
mahanuwara
senkadagala rajakiya parishraya
ithihasaya - lanka
mahanuwara disthrikkaye bauddha siddhasthana
mahanuwara disthrikkaye purawidya aarakshitha smaraka |
mahagama sekara | mahagamage samarasekara - mahagama sekara (1929 apriyel masa 7 – 1976 janawari masa 14) shri lankawen bihiwunu agraganya kalakaruweku washayen salake. ohu kawiyaku, githa rachakayaku, nawakatha karuweku, keti katha karuweku, natya rachakayaku saha chitha්rapata adhyakshakayeku washayen supathala wiya.
ohu wadi washayenma prasiddha wuye sinhala githa rachakayeku washayeni. sinhala nisandas padya kalawe ohu suwisheshi salakunak thabuweya.
lama kalaya
mahagamasekara 1929 aprel masa 7wana dina gampaha, radawane di upatha labana ladi.ohu igenuma labuwe radawana rajaye pirimi pasaleya.ohuge boho nirmana sandaha thama kuda kalaya thula labu athdakim wasthu wishaya karaganu labiya.
uda: thunmanhandiya nawakathawa
mahagama sekara ge chitha්ra nirmana
mahagama sekara ge chitha්ra nirmana wiga්rahaye pahasuwa thaka kotas kipayakata beda dakwiya haki ya. ee
(1) pa්radarshana sandaha idiripath kala chitha්ra
(2) thunman handiya sandaha nirmanaya kala chitha්ra
(3) puwathpath katun
(4) poth kanchuka nirmana
(5) ilaste්rashan (sannidarshana)
(6) bathik nirmana
(7) embroyidar nirmana
(8) postar yanadi washayeni..
prakashana
anuwada
dhawala senankaya - (1956)
shrimath aathar konan doyilge "da wayit kampani" nam kruthiye anuwadayaki
lama sahithya
punchi ayata kayi kathandara - (1958)
saru polawak apata athe - (1973)
koti waligaya - (1990)
kawya
wyanga (ke. jayathilaka samanga) - (1960)
sakwa lihini - (1962)
heta irak payayi - (1963)
maknisada yath - (1964)
rajathilaka layanal saha priyantha - (1967)
bodima - (1970)
nomiyemi - (1973)
prabuddha - (1977)
natya
saddantha saha thawath nataka - (1961)
mudu puththu (gunasena galappaththi samanga) - (1964)
hansa githaya saha wenath nirmana - (1985)
nawakatha
thunmanhandiya - (1967)
manomandira - (1972)
ketikatha
mahagama sekarage katha saha chithra - (1981) man thananno
pithara
puthata kar ekak
githa rachana
aatha gaw ganan durin
ma mala pasu sohon kothe
obe namin saya badimi
palu aduru liya ahasa mamayi
me sinhala apage ratayi
rathna dipa janma bhumi
chithrapata thira rachana
thunman handiya thira rachanaya - (1993)
shasthriya
sinhala gadya padya nirmanayanhi ridma laknahg - (2001)
sammana
1966 sarasawi chithrapati sammana ulela - hondama githa pada rachaka sammanaya, "sara wita" chithrapatiya wenuwen "me sinhala apage ratayi" githaya
1968 - sarasawi chithrapati sammana ulela - hondama githa pada rachaka sammanaya, "sath samudura" chithrapatiya wenuwen "sinindu sudu mudu thalawe" githaya
1970 - sarasawi chithrapati sammana ulela - hondama githa pada rachaka sammanaya, "binaramali" chithrapatiya wenuwen "ratakin ratakata para asagena" githaya
mewada balanna
sathyakama nam wemi
mulashra
bahira sabandi
mahagama sekara nila web adawiya
mahagama sekara
sampradaya rukulak karagath kalakaruwa
pathirupakawiyaku kiyawamu mahagama sekara gunasamaruwa nimiththeni
charitha katha
sekara, mahagama
sekara, mahagama
shri lankika kawiyo
shri lankika bauddhayo
lankika sinhalayo |
rupawahiniya | 'prathama warata rupawahiniya nipadawana ladde jon logi beyard(jon logi beard) wisini. rupawahini' (ketiyen tiwi ho teli) yanu yamkisi dura pramanayak haraha chalanaya wana rupa saha shabda laba ganima ha wikashanaya sandaha bahulawa bhawitha karana widuli sandesha paddhathiyaki. mema wadana samaharak wita wisheshayen rupawahiniyak, wadasatahangatha kirima ho rupawahini sampreshanaya handinwimata da yoda gani. mema wadana dura dakma yana theruma dena grika wadana matha padanamwa gethunu ekaki.
1930 sita wanijamaya washayen milata gatha haki wu rupawahini niwasa ha aayathanawala wisheshayen winodaswada ha prawruththi prabhawayak lesa bahulawa bhawitha wana gruhastha sanniwedana upakaranayak bawata pathwiya. 1970 VCR pati matha widiyo patigatha kirime sita DVD wani sankhyanka dhawana paddhathi rupawahini mangin patigatha kala chithrapati ha anekuth wadasatahan narambaimata ida prasthawa laba di atha.
rupawahini paddhathiyak bahu eekaka rashiyakin sadi thibiya haka. emanisa wikashana sangnya laba ganima sandaha abhyanthara tiyunarayak nomathi thirayak rupawahiniyak lesa nowa monitarayak lesa handunwanu labe. rupawahiniyak HDTV wani wiwidha wikashana ho drushya aakruthi laba ganimata sada thibiya haka. HDTV samanya tiwi ekakata wada milen wadi namuth eya wadath sulabha wemin pawathi.
rupawahiniye ithihasaya
rupawahini thakshanaye ithihasaya aakara dekakata bediya haka. eewa nam yanthrika saha ilektrogatha muladharmaya matha padanam wu eewa yana sampurnayen ilektronika eewa we. siyalu nawika rupawahini sadaha ilektronika muladharma uruma we. namuth yanthrika paddhathi soya ganim saha prathiwedayak thorawa eya sidu kala nohaka.
rupawahini sahithya nirmana
rupawahani sahithya nirmana pulul parasayak thula diwayayi. ee athara rasawindanathmaka, thorathuru padanam wu ha adhyapanika angayan me athara wishesha we. nishpadanayedi wadima wiyadamak darimata siduwanne rasa windanathmaka natya ha natyamaya keti wadasatahan nirmanaya kirimediya.kese wuwath aithihasika ha batahira nirmana sandaha waya wana wiyadamada ihala agayaka pawathi. rasawindanathmaka nirmana athara polis katayuthu,aparadha, rahas parikshaka natya ,athbhutha windanathmaka nirmana aadiyada we.esema natyamaya nirmana athara waidyamaya natyayada ,hudek pahath aashwadayak athi nirmanada we.widya prabandhayan ehi athi darshanika bawa ha wirathwaya anuwa natya ha ranga sahayata athulath wana athara awasthanukulawa prahasana (Comedy) nirmana ha wadihiti parapura sandaha sajiwi prasangayan nirmanaya da bahulawa we. uda- South Park wiyadama itha awamayen kala haki nirmana wanne winoda
krida,kathika, wiwidha prasanga ha sathya katha aadiyayi.winoda ansha athara narambaannangen prashna wicharima saha jayagrahakayinta thyaga pradanayada athulath we. kathika prasangayan athara chithrapata rupawahini ha sangitha dharayan samanga kerena sakachcha gatha nohakiya. wiwidha prasangayan athara rasawindanathmaka sangitha nirmana,wikata rugum ha majik sanndarshana dakagatha hakiya. samahara wadasatahan ekineka mishrawa pawathina awasthada atha. enam wisheshitha kathika wadasatahan sangithaya gayana hakiyawa matha mishrawa thibena athara samanya idiripath karannan sammukha sakachcha swarupayen pawathwagena yayi. Reality TV shows thula wigraha karanu labanne edineda jiwithaye aasamanya abhiyogayanta muhuna dun pudgalayange athdakimya.ema awastha polisiya magin ath adanguwata gath pudgalayange sita kamkaruwa dakwa wihidi yayi.
wadasatahan patigatha kirima
rupawahini wadasatahan patigatha kirima ha eewa mahajanayata penwima bohomayak aakarawalin sidu wiya hakiya. nishpadanayen pasu eelanga piyawara wanne welenda pola wana athara emangin welenda pola wiwrutha oonama thanakata nishpadanaya beda hari. meya sidu wanne mattam 2 k mathaya.
eksath janapadayen pita prathama dhawana wadasatahangathakaranaya grahaka sewa matha wadiyen pawathina namuth samaharak gruhasthawa nishpadanaya kerunu wada satahan gruhastha FTA matha wyaparagatha we. kese namuth mema kriya piliwela digital only FTA nalikawala ho subscriber – only prathama dhawana drawya matha wardhanaya we.
eksath janapadaya men nowa FTAjala wadasatahanwala nawatha FTA thiragatha kirima sidu wanne ema jalaye pamani. thawada anubandhakayin deshiya awastha matha padanam nowu jalagatha nowu wadasatahangatha kirim mila di ganima ho nishpadanaya kirima sidu karanne itha kalathurakini.
rupawahiniya nisa salasena adhyapanika wasi
dewid gawunt ledge “Ten things wrong with the media effects model” lipiyata anuwa
dimithri kristekis handunwa sitinne “SESAME STREET” ha wenath adhyapanika wadasatahan narambau pera pasal daruwan ihala samartha laba gath athara jayagrahanaya matha wadi watinakamak randawana ha wada nirmanashili poth wadi washayen kiyawu bawayi. samanawama runathmaka aakruthiwalata nirawaranaya wu aya ehi prathipala athwindi athara dhanathmaka aakruthiwalata nirawaranaya wu aya yahapathwa hasirini. nuthana lokaye daruwan hata soya yamata poth, paththara, rupawahini antharjalaya aadi noyek sanniwedana madhya rasak pawathiyi. ebawin pera paramparawala daruwanta wada pahasuwen nuthana paramparawala daruwan ithihasayata, prawruththi ha widyawata nirawaranaya kala hakiya.
rupawahini badu ho rupawahini balapathra
samahara ratawala rupawahini sewayange mulya shakthiya wanne balapathra sandaha aya karanu bana badu mangini. in adahas wanane welanda danwim mangin labena aadayama itha adu karyak karana bawa samahara wita welanda danwim bhawithaya keෙswath nokarana bawa da pahadili we. samahara rupawahini sewayan welanda danwima pracharaya kirima itha aduwenma ho pracharaya nokarana thathwayema atha. in kihipayaki.
eksath rajadhaniye BBC sewaya
ha oostreliyawe ABC sewaya
BBC sewaya kisima welanda danwimaka pracharaya nokarana athara ehi mulyamaya awashyatha sapura ganuye rupawahini pawichchi karannangen ayakara ganna balapathra rajaya mangin niyama karanu labu da BBC aayathanaye eeta prathichara rajayata nodakwana athara eya swadhina aayathanayak lesa siya thirana ganu labayi. mese aya karana ganna badu mudal rediyo sewayan, wikashana madhyasthana ha BBC web adawi sandaha mulya shakthiya laba de.
janagahanayen 90% sama sathiyakama BBC sewaya narambaanu labana athara 27%ka kotasak dayakathwayak narambaannangen labe. mema dayakathwaya wiwidha chanalayan narambaime 85% ka hakiyawak athi jana kotasak sitina athara wana athara in 42% sewayan chandrika thakshana mangin chanalayan 200ka pahasukam laba ganime hakiyawan thibiya diya. esema thawath 43%ka pramanayakata nidahas darshakayan 30k samaga laba ganime pahasukama da athalath we. mema badu aadayamwalin mulya shakthiya laba dena BBC rupawahini sewayanata enam welanda danwim bhawitha nokarana aayathanayanata wayawana mudala warshikawa pawum 136 ka mudalak wana athara eya thama aayathanaya sathuwa athi rupawahini pramanaya salakillata nogenaya. BBC chanalaya ha wanijamaya chanalayanyana deke krida pilibanda awasthawan idiripath kirime di BBC nitharama nitharangayen narambaannage wadima aakarshanayak laba ganna athara eyata hethuwa narambaannan narambaime di badhawak nowi narambaimata wada ruchi karana bawini.
ABC oosa්treliyanu pracharaka sansthawa welanda danwim pracharanaya nokarana athara ese pracharaya kirima 1983 panawanu labu wyawasthawakata anuwa thahanam kirimata lak kara atha. siya mulya awashyatha oostreliyanu rajaya mangin sama awurudu thunakata sarayak laba dima sidu kere. 2006/2007 ayawayen ABC aayathanaya oostreliyanu dolar miliyana 822.67 labu athara eya siya wiyadam ha wagakim piyawimata pramanawath wiya. esema ABC sappu sankirnayangen da siya aramudala thara kara ganima awashya tharam mudal upaya gani
dhanathmaka balapama
rupawahiniya wata kerena boho sakachcha waladi ehi samajiya balapama saha bawa sakachcha wuwak madhya kruthawarayeku wu joshuwa rupawahiniya paminimata pera thorathuru saha danuma laba ganime pradhana margaya mudunaya bawa salakana ladi. ema dinawala minisun thorathuru laba gath aakaraya wiwidha aakarayen simitha we.
samajayiya balapama
nithi sampadakayin, widyagnyayin ha demapiyan wisin rupawahiniya magin ehi narambaannan matha wana rupawahini prachandathawa (wisheshayen yauwanayan) pilibadawa wu aacharanaya gana wada wiwada pawathwayi. rupawahiniya magin lamunge chaithasika ha samajiya sanwardhanayata wana balapam pilibada wana wasara 50 ka paryeshana thawamath ema wiwadaya awasana kara nomatha. (See Bushman & Anderson 2001 ; Savage, 2008)
anek aya menma bushman ha andarsan (2001) pawasa sitinne madhya prachandathwaya ha samajiya prachandathwaya athara sambandhayakata sakshi pahadiliwama sahaya dakwana bawayi. kese namuth anek nirmana karuwan (olsan, 2004, sawej, 2008) wisin sahithya ha eksath janapadaye wadiwana madhya prachandathwaya ha aduwana aparadha sighrathawaya athara nogalapima samaga salakillata gatha yuthu kramanurupi prashna awadhanayata badun karayi.
sayintifik amarikanhi 2002 lipiyak yojana kara sitinne akhanda TV narambaima, rupawahini abbahi wima anekuth abbahi wimakata wada etharam wenasak nowana bawayi. kese namuth mema darshanaya thawamath bohomayak pragnyayin athara pulul eeka mathikathwayata pathwi nomathi athara roga winishchaya kirime ha sankhyathmaka manuwalaya - IV – TR ta anuwa rupawahini abbahi wima winishchaya kala nohaki thaththwayaki.
ek adhyayanaya kirimakata udaharanayak lesa, minisun 1000 k (lama wayase sita wayasa 26 dakwa) athulath nawasinthaye pawathwu aayatha adhyayanaya nirupanaya kara sitiye lama kalaye di ha wadihiti awadhiyedi rupawahiniya narambaima wayaෙs awurudu 12 kadi wana durwala adhyapanika jayagrahanaya kirim samaga sambandha wana bawayi. Sexuality Research And Social Policy ja’nalaye prakashayata path wu adhyanayan kiya sitinne mawpiyan pilibadawa wu rupawahini wada satahan wadiwiyata pathwu gahanu daruwan athara wadi sharira thrupthimath kirimak, gahanu ha pirimi yana depakshayema wadiwiyata path wuwan athara adu lingika athdakim samaga sambandha wana bawath mema rupawahini wada satahan wala prathipalayak lesa aathma garuthwayata ha thama prathirupayata balapamak ella wiya haki bawathya. rupawahiniya narambaima ha pasal shreni athara wana sambandhathawaya matha bohomayak adhyayana sidu kara atha. kese namuth anekuth adhyayana bohomayak da rupawahini narambaima narambaannan matha kisidu balapamak athi nokarana bawa (ho itha sulu balapamak) soya gena atha. (Freedman , 2002 balanna)
parisarika balapama
CRT hi adhi eeyam anthargathaya ha pathali thira sandarshaka thakshanawala wegawath wyapthiya, rasadiya athulath lampu bhawitha karana samaharak eewa (LCD) samanga iwatha damana lada rupawahiniwalin wana ilektronika apadrawya pilibanda wadi diyunu wana salakillak daknata labe. kotaskarannan wisin CRT walin thambaa rahan ha anek drawya iwath kirima sandaha da adala saukhyamaya salakili daknata labe. thawaduratath rupawahiniye salasum kirimata sambandha parisarika salakili daknata labena athara bhawitha kirima sambandhawa upakaranawala wadiwana widyuth shakthi wuwamanawan pilabanda salakili da we.
satahan
rupawahiniya |
sinhala ithihasaya |
sinhala ithihasaya
sinhala ithihasaya gana noyekuth prawada atha. meyin pradhana wanne wijayage paminima ha sinhabahu kathawayi. namuth eeta pera sitama lankawe usas sanskruthiyak thibi atha. budu rajun thewathawak lankawata pamina dharmaya deshana kara atha. lanka ithihasaya gana liyawi athi chulawashaya ha mahawanshaya itha chatina sakshi sapayayi.
mahawanshaye sandahan paridi lankawata wijaya pamini wita hamuwu kuweniya yakiniyaka bawa kiya aැthath yakun yanuwen kotsatasayak nowana bawin aැya merata wisu jana kotasakata ayath bawa sithagatha hakiya. mahawansha kathu waraya wijaya paminima wana awasthawe merata janawasa nowu bawa kimata uthsaha dara athath mahawanshayema boho thanwala athi karunu magin merata itha diyunu sanskruthiyak sahitha janathawak siti bawa oppuwe.
maha rawana rajathumarawana yanu kri.pu.pandahas ganan wala lankawe raja kala balawath adhirajayeki.ohuge sambhawaya pilibandawa ena wisthara adbhutha rasaya mishrawa atha.ohuge mawa sumali rajuge ha kethumathi bisawage diyaniyaka wu kaikasige saha pulasthi rushige puth wishrawan rushige wadimahal puthu we.ohuge agamehesiya maya nam danawa asura kulaye asurayaku ha hema nam apsarawiyakage duwa wu mandodari nam apsarawiyayi.
naga gotha්raya
naga gothraya yanu kawurunda yanna pilibandawa wiwidha matha pawathi.
nagayan wandana mana kala minis kotasak yanna wada piligath saha wishwasa kala haki mathaya we. maha wanshaye sandahan chulodara mahodara na rajun manik putuwata athi karagath gatuma wisadimata budurajanan wahanse paminima eyata sakshi darayi. asu kelak nagayinta ehidi dharmaya desu bawa sandahanwe.
kawrunda me nagayo – nagayan gana bududahame sadahan wi athi karunu danaparamitha muhunu potha asurini.
apa wesena pruthiwiye thunen dekak jalayen yata wi pawathi. ee suwisal jalaskandhaya pulul parasayakata pathira giya maha sagarayangen nirmitha ya. maha sayura adbhutha thanak lesa manawa gaweshanayanta lak wuye ada eeyeka sita no we. ee adbhutha bawa thiwa්ra karawamin warin wara maha sayura deba kota mathu wi kshanayakin no peni yana yodha sharirayan athi sathwayan gana yam yam awasthawanwala wartha wi thibuni.
sagara jalakanda deba kara adi thiha hathalihak ihalata esawi, adi wissakata wada pulul wu maha pena gobaye athi gini pulingu wan das saha thiyunu ul dath athi mukhaya wiwara kara, asipiya helana sanekin yali no peni yana dawantha muhudu uragaya gana puwatha da lokaya hamuwata gena aawe ubhathokotikayaki.
wareka pa්ransha gaweshakayan dedeneku me sathwayage chayarupayak gannata samath wuha. maha sayura mada galwatiyakata bara di siti dawantha sathwaya desa duradaknayen balu owuhu godabima wesena nagayekuge swarupaya ma sahitha palal wu pena gobaya, didulana neth sangala, la rathuwan mukhaya, thiyunu ul dath, saha kalu suduwan wishala sirura pahadili wa daka gathha. adak pamana jalayehi gili gath sirure diga adi siyaya ikmawannata athi bawa owunge nigamanaya wiya.
sabmarina upakarayen mariyana aagadhaya asala gaweshanayaka niyaluna thawath pirisak kamara thulin dutuwe sagara pathlehi adi 200 -250k pamana wu aaloka dhara wihiduwana uragayeku sitina bawa ya. sanekin ema aalokaya niwi giya athara sagara pathule maha kalambaimak athi karawamin uragaya sanin no peni giye ya.
mewan wu wartha gananawak nisa widyagnyayin sarana giya wathman lokaya awasanaye pamini nigamanaya wuye me sathwaya kisiseth ma minis ga්rahanayata hasu kara gatha no haki, piyawi asata penuna da mohothin no peni yana, maha sayure siras saha thiras athata sanekin kimidiya haki, shabdaye wegayata wadi wegayen gaman karana adbhutha jiwiyeku bawa ya.
lowata abirahasak wu me muhudu nagayan apata sihipath kale dedahas hayasiya wasarakata epita lowa pahala wi wadala gauthama samma sambudurajanan wahansege buddha rajyaya thula ismathu wu, apa no dakina lowehi asirimath helidarawwayi.
budu sasunata nagayan yanu aaganthuka jiwi kotasak nam no we.
‘‘aakasatta cha bhummatta – dewa naga mahiddhika
punynyan than anumodithwa – chiran rakkhanthu buddha sasanan”
melesin ahase da polawe da wesenna wu dewiyantath, nagayantath punyanumodana kota sambuddha shasanaya boho kalayak surakshitha karawannata yayi pawasima arambaune da mathaka di no we. sambudu sasuna ha sabandi dewa pirisak se ma naga pirisak da wesena bawa api dannemu. ese ma sambudu sasunata nam nagayan yanu hudu sankalpayak ho manushya gotha්rayak ho no we.
penena nagayo saha danna nagayo
apa piyawi asin dakinne uraga ganayata ayath, uga්ra wisha sahitha sarpayeku lesa salakena nagayan ya. piyawi asata penena me nagayan harunu kota apa danna nagayan siyallan ma apata hamu wanne budu dahama thula ya.
siddhartha gauthama bosathanan wahanse sambuddhathwaya sakshath kala dinaye udasana neranjara nadiye pa kala patha්raya udugan bala gos pasu wa naga lokaye pihiti bawa api asa aththemu. eya dutu maha aayusha athi mahakala na raju adath budu keneku budu wannata yana waga pawasuwe lu.
gauthama samma sambudurajanan wahanse samma sambuddhathwayen pasu ikma giya sayawana sathiya muchalinda naga daranaya thula gatha kala bawa da api asa aththemu. maha warshawangen saha sulengan da masi maduruwangen da sarpayangen da thathagathayan wahanseta uwadurak no wanu pinisa muchalinda na raju sambudu sirura wata darana gasa sambudu shirshayata ihalin pena gobaya nagagena sathiya purawata ma randi sitiye ya. sathiya awasana darana pata leha dama sundara wu sharirayak mawagena bhagyawathun wahanse idiripita minis weshayen peni sitiye ya.(khuddaka nikaya – udana pali)
bhagyawathun wahanse namak lowa pahala wi dayi minisungen dana ganimata upaka්ramayak lesa siya abhirumath diyaniyata giyak uganwa ada masakata warak uposatha dinaye baranasa ganga nadiya asala thama pena gobaya matha minis wesin aya hinduwa age giyata pa්rathigiyak gayannekuta mahath wasthuwa da samanga ayawa saranapawa dena bawa pa්rasiddha kale eerakapatha්ra na raju ya. awasana ohu bhagyawathun wahanse hamuwata paminiye ya.
thawath apa danna nagayeku wanne ruddhimath wu nandopananda ya. bhagyawath budurajanan wahanse sanghaya wahansela piriwara gena dewlowata wadi mohothe pa duwili watima nisa kipi mahameru parwathaya siya pena gobayen wasa gath ee na raju damanaya kale maha ruddhi aththa wu buddha putha්ra moggallanayan wahanse ya.
wareka anuruddha maha rahathan wahanseta walandunu udarabadhayakata piliyam lesa anawathaptha wilen pan gena eemata wadi sath hawiridi wu sumana samanerayan wahanseta pan ganu no haki wana lesa wila wasa penagobaya naga gaththe panthaka na raju ya. namuth samanerayo penaya iwath kara pan ragena wadi seka.
sha්raddhawantha wu nagayeku minis wes gena budu sasunehi pawidi wu bawath, ninde di saba naga swarupaya mathu wima nisa swamin wahansela me baw dana thathagathayan wahanseta danum dun bawath, in anathuru wa nagayan pawidi kirima thahanam kota winaya nithiyak panawunu bawath winaya pitakaye sandahan ya.
ese ma narmada nadiya asabada sahasak sak lakunin piri gath uthum shi්ra pada satahanak bhagyawathun wahanse thaba wadale na rajekuge illima matha bawa kiya we.
epamanak no wa bhagyawathun wahansege dewana lankagamanaya sidu kerune nagayan depirisak athara sidu kerennata giya yuddhayak nawatha yahapatha salasa dennata ya. thewana warata bhagyawathun wahanse apa ratata wadama kale nagadipayata wadi gamane di maniakkhika na raju kala aaradhanawakata anuwa ya.
maha bodhi shakhawa apa ratata wadama karawu mohothe bodhi shakhawa owun sathu kara gannata thath daru nagayan sanghamiththa rahath theraniyo anukampawa matha sathiyak purawata maha bodhi shakhawa na lowa wada hinduwa pujopahara dakwa atha. danudu apa ‘na lowa sathiyak puda lada bodhiya’ kiya jaya shi්ra maha bodhin wahanseta wandana karanne ebawini.
swarnamali maha saye pihitawu dronayak sambudu dhathun wahansela na lowa sita ruddhi balayen ragena aawe sonuththara rahathan wahanse ya. ee maha saya thanawannata nagayan boho seyin upakara kala bawa da wansha kathawala sandahan ya.
somawathiya sa rajun thula nidhan wa aththe da na lowa sita wadama karawu dakshina shi්ra dantha dhathun wahanse ya. apa maha bosathanan wahanse bodhisambhara purana samaye wipassi sambudurajanan wahansegen wiwarana labuwe athula nam naga rajayeku wa ipida sitiya di ya.
melesa sasuna ha sabanduna nagayan kawara sathwa kottasayakata ayath da? nagadipaye da kalaniye da wasaya kala wu nagayan kawurun da? ee manushya gotha්rayak ya kiya pawasiya haki da? penena naga lokaya ha no penena naga lokaya apa kawara ayurakin wiga්raha karanna da?
kawarahu da me nagayo?
apa danne bijuwatin upadina nagayan gana pamani. saththwayan wishayehi yam hathara aakarayakin uppaththi sidu we da ee hathara aakarayen ma nagayan da upatha labana bawa oba asa thibe da? apa no dutu ee lowa pilibanda, penena, no penena siyalu lokayan manawin awabodha kala wu, ee siyalu lokayangen nidahas wi wada sitiya wu sarwagnyayan wahansege dahama thulin ma hara an kawarakin nam apa handuna ganna da?
biththarawalin upadinna wu nagayan, enam andaja nagayan harunu kota sansedaja, jalabuja ha oopapathika yana aakarayangen da nagayo upatha labathi. me bawa bhagyawathun wahanse sanyuththa nikaye naga sanyuththaya thula wisthara kota penwa wadala seka. me aya athuren wadath bala sampanna wanne oopapathika nagayan ya.
mahameruwa pathula mura karana nagayan gana kulawaka jathakaya thula kiyawe. dedew lowata adhipathi sak dewindun sura bi math wu asurayan mahameruwa pathle pihiti asura bhawanata helu bawath, diwya sampath thamanta ahimi wu bawa wataha gath asurayan sura pirisata erehiwa yuda wadunu bawath, meth sithin yuthu wima nisa awasan mohothe sak dewindu yuddhaya jayagath bawath, ee wenuwen sahas yodunak usa waijayantha pa්rasadaya pana naguna bawath ehi sandahan ya. asurayan yali paminima walakwanu pinisa sak dewindun pas thaneka rakawal lu athara ehi purwalindaye hinda mahameruwa pathla mura karanne nagayan ya.
thirisan yoniye upanna wu nagayanta adhipathithwaya daranne wirupaksha nam wu waram dewathawa ya. ‘‘nagananycha aadhipathi wirupakkho ithi namaso” yanuwen aatanatiya sutha්raya thula ee baw pa්rakasha kere.
aatanatiya sutha්raya thula waisha්rawana diwya rajaya pawasa sitinne budu sasuna kerehi pahadunu sith athi yaksha, kumbhanda, gandharwa, naga piris se ma apahadunu sith athi yaksha, kumbhanda, gandharwa, naga piris da sitina bawa yi. sambudu sasunak thula sil guna dam rakinnawun kerehi apa්rasadayen pasu wanna wu ee amanushyayangen siwwanak pirisata athi wiya haki upadrawa duru kirima pinisa me aatanatiya aarakshawa pawasana bawa da wesamuni waram dew raju bhagyawathun wahanse idiriye pa්rakasha kota atha.
bhagyawathun wahanse jiwamanawa wada siti samaye ee sa amanushya balayak pawathi nam mekala gana katha karannata da deyak natha. na lowa wesenna wu siyalu nagayan thisarana saranayehi pihita natha. budu sasuna kerehi hitha pahadawa gath nagayan aththe itha sulu pirisaki. owuhu shasanalayen yuthu wa apa sidu karana punya ka්riyawanta upakara kala da bahutharaya sitinne ee punya ka්riyawanta akul helana asura senawata ayathwa bawa apa amathaka no kala yuthu ya.
‘‘maha sakwala wasanna wu siyalu lo wasi nagayo sapiriwara saha ekwa sadahen rakinu mana lowa seth patha”
aatanatiya sutha්raye di nagayek ho naginiyak ho naga patawek ho naga patawiyak ho naga mahamathyayek ho naga pirisata ayath kenek ho naga sewakayek ho siwwanak pirisata dushta, napuru sithin yuthu wa uwaduru kirimata ida thibena bawa itha pahadili wa pa්rakasha kere. owungen aaraksha wima pinisa aatanatiya aarakshawa se ma khandha piritha da eka se ma upakari we.
bhagyawathun wahanse khandha piritha deshana karannata yedune sarpayeku dashta kirima nisa ek swamin wahanse namak apawath wu awasthawaka ya. wirupaksha, eerapatha, jabyapuththa ha kanhagothamaka yana sarpa kulayanta meth sitha pathirawimen arambaena khandha piritha nuhugunayangen piri thirashchinayangen aaraksha wima pinisa anantha gunayangen piri gath uthum thunuruwane aashirwadaya salasa dena uthum suthuraki. me sutha්ra sajjhayanaya kirimen ha apamana meth sitha ma pathirawimen amanushya uwaduru mada pawathwannata haki ya.
ese ma pin anumodan kirime di ‘sasunehi pahadunu sith aththa wu nagayan’ kerehi pamanak punyanumodana kirima pa්ramanawath bawa pawasiya yuthu ya. ee sadahathi nagayan sambudu sasuna surakinnata haki pamanin apa kapa wanu atha.
diwi puda sil raki bosath nagayo
apa maha bosathanan wahanse na lowa upatha laba sitiya di pawa sil guna dam wardhanaya kala aakaraya jathaka katha kihipayakin ma helidaraw we.
wareka bosathanan wahanse bhuridaththa namin na lowa upan seka. piya raju samanga wirupaksha waram maha rajuge upasthanayata chathummaharajika dew lowata gos ehi wu diwya sampath daka, mandukayan anubhawa kerena me naga yoniyen kawara palayak da yayi sithu bhuridaththa na raju minis lowata with thumbaasak maththe darana wala lagena pehewas rakke ya. ahikuntikayeku ee na raju alwagena thala pela hinsa karaddi pawa ‘‘ma kipune nam mohu sunu wisunu wanne ya. eyin mage shilayata hani wanne ya.” yayi sitha no kipi ma siti na raju diwi dewani kota shilaya raka gaththe ya.
melesa ma wareka champeyyaya namin na lowa upan bosathanan wahanse naga sampath kerehi loba no wi chathurarya sathyaya dharmaya awabodha kala haki sugathi upathak labannata sitha minis lowata pamina pehewas rakke ya. ewara da ahikuntikayeku kala hinsa pida winda daragena sil aaraksha kale eka wisha dhumayak pita kara nagaraya ma alu kala hakiwa thibiya di ya.
thawada me jathaka kathawangen heliwana suwisheshi karunak wanne nagayan pena goba gananawak mawa pame sruddhi balayakin yuthu bawa yi. pena goba pahak, hathak, nawayak ho wadi gananak sahitha wu nagayange lanchana purana hela kalakaruwan athin pana labannata aththe me baw owun manawin dana siti nisa wiya yuthu ya. eya bala sampanna nagayan sathu wu sruddhiyaki.
nagayan sathu mahanubhawa sampanna bawa nisa athamun naga upatha pa්rarthana karathi. kawara aakarayakin upatha labuwa da kawara lesin balasampanna wuwa da kawara ayuraka sampath labuwa da naga upatha yanu thirisan upathak ma ya. ewan thirisan yoniyaka upathakin kawara sapathak da?
champeyyaya jathakaye di uggasena nam raju wisin champeyyaya na raju nidahas karawu pasu na raju pa්rathyupakarayak lesa uggasena rajuwa na lowata ragenawith mahath harasarin yuthuwa sanga්raha kale ya. na lowa pawathna shi්ra wibhuthiya dutu uggasena raju, na rajugen wimasuwe metharam sapawath diwi pewathak hara dama kumak nisa manu lowa with uposatha aaraksha karanne da kiya ya. ewita na raju pawasuwe, indriya damanaya kota keles sathuran paradawa jara, maranayen midi niwan sada ganu kamaththen mese karana bawa yi. thirisan yoniye hindimen ee kshana sampaththiya ahimi wi yana bawa danna nisa owuhu sugathiya patha sil guna dam rakiyaha.
idin apa da kala yuththe lada me sugathigami upathin pala laba me gauthama budu sasuna thula ma keles sathuran paradawalima no we da?
gauthama sasunehi sitha pahadawa gath siyalu dew bambaun da minisun da nagayan da waha waha keles sathuran paradawa ama niwana sakshath kara ganithwa!
mini kata wan as athi na rajune
anumodan wewa me pin!!!
sambudu sasuna kerehi mahath wu pa්rasada chiththayakin yuthu wa sasune chirasthithiya udesa kapa wanna wu naga rajayan athuren maniakkhitha na rajunta himi wanne aga්ra sthanayaki. hetheme gauthama samma sambudurajanan wahanse wa sarana giye bhagyawathun wahansege dewana lankagamanaya sidu wu awasthawe di ya. uthum thisarana saranehi pihiti, mini kata wan as athi heyin maniakkhitha nam wu ee na raju thamange rajadhaniya wetha wadama karana lesa bhagyawathun wahanseta mahath sadahayen aaradhana kirime mahangu pa්rathipalaya wuye ee uthum sambudu pa kamal sparshayen thewana waratath lakdiwa parishuddhathwayata path wima yi.
na lowa nagayeku wa ipida minis wes gena lakdiwa kalani nadiya asabada rajadhaniya goda naga gath maniakkhitha na rajunta punyanumodana wannata bhagyawathun wahanse jiwamanawa wadasiti sonduru manik aasanaya nidan kota thanawu kalani sa rajun danudu api mahath budu bathiyen wandana karannemu.
ese ma pan pahasu wima pinisa bhagyawathun wahanse siwuru galawa thanpath kota thabu, ee bhagyawath arahath dhajaye supinbara pahasa labuwa wu ‘siwuru gala’ da api wandana karannemu.
ee mohothe bhagyawathun wahanse paribhojanaya kala ‘jala satika dhathun wahanse’ wada sitina egoda kalaniya sa rajunwa da api wandana karannemu.
ee paribhogika dhathun wahansela wada sitinna wu, budu siri pa sipa gaththa wu, ee parama pujaniya buddha bhumiya apage wandanamanayata patha්ra wana warayak warayak pasa maniakkhitha na rajuge jiwithayata punya gangulak gala yana bawa nisaka ya. maha sayura yata pihiti naga bhawane sita suwandathi kadupul mal nela genawith kalani nadiyen goda wi danudu ee supinwath na raju thama shasthrun wahanse wada siti pinbima puda denawa wiya yuthuya.
pinwath na rajune, oba, apa sarana giya wu ee shakyamunindrayanan wahanse udesa apa sidu karana aamisha, pa්rathipaththi pujawangen ras wanna wu siyalu kusala dharmayan eka se ma obata da anumodan wewa!
thirashchina upathin nidahas wa sugathigami upathak laba me gauthama budu sasune di ma sadathana pilisarana salasa ganimata obata da me sambudu sasun kethehi hitha pahadawa gath anekuth siyalu nagayanta da wasanawa uda wewa!
siyalu himi kam danaparamitha sathuya
wijayage paminima
wijaya raju lankawata athulu wi aththe thambapanniyeni. mehidi kuweni nam sinhala rajiniyak kapukatimin sitina ayuru wijaya raju deka atha. asawanaye kuweniya me wijaya raju athulu pirisa jiwagrahayen allagena atha. namuth pasuwa wijaya raju kuweniya samaga aadarayak aarambhakaramin kapati lesa lankawa watala lankawe prathama raju lesa likhitha sahithyaye raja wi atha. mahawansha kathuwaraya wijaya rajugen helaya aarambha wu bawa pawasimata boho uthsaha dara athath ehi athi boho karunu magin ekala lankawe itha diyunu janathawak siti bawa thahawuru we.
anuradhapura yugaya
polonnaru yugaya
anekuth rajadhani
mahanuwara yugaya
paranginge paminima
1505 di mowun lankawata paminini.
landesinge paminima
ingrisinge labunu nidahasen pasu shri lankawa
kri wa 1948 di saෝlbari prathisanskaranaya yatathe helayinta dominiyan thathwey nidahasak labini. mehidi aandukarawarayek pathkala athara rajaye namamathrika pradhaniya engalanthaye raju ho rajina wiya. mema thathwayen midi niyama nidahasa 1972 janaraja aandu krama wyawasthawa magin helayinta labuni.yatath wijitha samaye nidahasa wenuwen illim kala lankikayin yata adhirajyawadi palakayin kiya sitiye ratak pabanaya kirimata tharam danumak palakayin hata nomathi bawayi. 2019 wanathuru rata palanaya kala lankiyin ee bawa monawata oppu kara aththe rata dinen dina agadhayata yawamini. |
sinhala sanskruthiya | sinhala sanskruthiya itha digu kalayaka sita pawatha ennaki.
pawula
wawa
pansala ha aagamika sirith
sinhala dewiwaru(sinhalun wishchasa karana dewiwaru)
sinhala awurudda
bali thowil
jothishyaya
gowithana
jana katha
gama
sanskruthiye batahira balapam
jana krida
sinhala sanskruthiya |
jiwa widyawa | jiwa widyawa yanu jiwin pilibanda adhyanaya sandaha wishesha awadhanayak sahitha widyawa yi. jiwa widyawa nam, Biology ya. Biology yana wachanaya sadi aththe Bios (jiwaya) ha Logos (adhyanaya) yana wachana deka mangin ya. 'jiwaya' yana sankalpaya artha dakwima dushkara ya. widyagnyayan jiwaya pilibanda piligath nirwachanayak labadimata apohosath wi atha. 'jiwaya' yanu wishesha ha adwithiya deyaki. eya rasayana widya ha bhauthika widya niyama bhawitha kara pahadili kala nohaki ya. jiwa widyawa pradhana shakha thunak yatathe sakasi atha. enam saththwa widyawa (sathun pilibanda adhyanaya), udbhida widyawa (shaka pilibanda adhyanaya), kshudrajiwa widyawa (kshudra jiwin pilibanda adhyanaya) we.
me jiwa widyawa magin jiwinge wyuhaya, kruthya, wardhanaya, sambawaya, parinamaya saha wyapthiya pilibandawa adhyayanaya karanu labe. emagin jiwin pilibandawa wigraha karana athara owunge kruthya, jiwin athi wu aakaraya saha swabhawika parisaraya samaga saha ekineka athara athiwana anthar kriya pilibandawa hadaranu labe. nuthana jiwa widyawehi padanama sadenuye eyata aawenika muladharma hatharakini. eewa nam sailawadaya, parinamaya, praweniya saha samasthithiyayi.
jiwa widyawa wenamama widyawak lesa sanwardhanaya wuye 19 wana shathawarshaye di widayagnyayan wisin jiwin mulika lakshanayan huwamaru karaganna bawata soya ganimath samagaya. jiwa widyawa me wana wita pasal wala saha lowa pura wishwa widyala wala sammatha wishayak bawata pathwa atha. lowa pura warshikawa jiwa widyawa saha waidya widyawa pilibandawa wiwidha paryeshana pathraka prakashayata pathwe.
boho jiwa widyathmaka hadarim wisheshanaya wu upa kotas we. sampradayikawa eewa hadaranu labana jiwi wisheshaya anuwa wargi karanaya karanu labayi. enam udbhida widyawedi shaka pilibandawa da saththwa widyawedi sathun pilibandawada kshudra jiwa widyawedi kshudra jiwin pilibandawa da adhyayanaya karanu labayi. jiwa widyawa thulada ehi kshethrayan adhyayanaya karanu labana jiwin saha eewa hadarima sandaha bhawitha karana kramopayan anuwa thawaduratath bedim walata lakwe. jaiwa rasayana widyawedi jiwayehi mulika rasahayanaya pilibandawada, anuka jiwa widyawehidi jiwi anu athara athi sankirna anthar kriya pilibandawada, saila jiwa widyawedi siyalu jiwinge mulika nirmapaka eekakaya wana sailaya pilibandawada adhyayanaya karanu labayi. bhautha wedaya magin jiwinge bhauthika saha rasayanika kriyakarithwayan pilibandawada parisara widyawa magin wiwidha jiwin owunge bahira parisaraya samaga anthar kriya sidu karana aakaraya pilibandawada hadaranu labe.jiwa widyawa magin minis dehaye kuuිyakarithwaya pilibandawada hadunaganimata haka
athithaya
jiwa widyawa thani sangatha kshethrayak lesata yana sankalpaya athi wuye 19 wana shatha warshaye wuwada aadi grika saha roma ithihasayehi wisu galan saha aristotal ge samayehi wu sampradayika waidya widyawa saha swabhawika ithihasaya yana yuga waladi pawa jiwa widyawa pawathi atha. mewa madhya yugayedi wisu muslim jathika waidya warun wu al-jahis, awisena, abenso saha iban al-nafis wisin thawaduratath sanwardhanaya karana ladi. yuropiya punaruda samayehi saha mul nuthana awadhi waladi jiwa widyathmaka sankalpayan wadath wiplawakari lesa yuropayehi athi wu athara emagin anubhawaikawadaya ha boho nawa jiwin soya ganima pilibandawa unanduwak athi wuni. meki kshethrayehi purogamin wuye wesaliyas saha hawiya. owun bhautha widyawa pilibandawa parikshana sidu karana lada athara ee pilibandawa itha salakillen adhyayanaya karana ladaha. lineyas saha bafan yana swabhawika wadin jiwayehi wiwidhathwaya pilibandawa , posila sakshi saha jiwinge wardhanaya ha hasirima pilibandawa adhyayanaya kalaha. anwikshiya soya ganim magin min pera hadunanogath kshudra lokaya pilibandawa helidarawu wu athara emagin saila wadaya sadaha mulika adithalama watuni. swabhawika dewa dharma shasthraya pilibandawa wu wadagathkama magin karmika chinthanaya. pilibandawa soya ganim siduwu athara emagin swabhawika ithihasayehi wardhanaya shakthimath karana ladi.
18 saha 19 wana shatha warsha waladi sitama udbhida widyawa saha sathwa widyawa widyathmaka kshethrayak lesa piliganimata lakwuni. lawoyisiyar saha anekuth bhauthika widyagnyayin bhauthika widyawa ha rasayanika widyawa haraha sajiwi saha ajiwi lokaya ekineka sambandha kirimata uthsaha gathha. aleksandar won hambolt wani gaweshanathmaka swabhawika wedinku wisin jiwin saha owuna්ge bahira parisaraya athara anthar sambandhathawaya pilibandawa paryeshana sidu karana ladi. thawada bhugoliyawa mewa athara wu sambandhathawaya wigraha kirimata jaiwa bhu gola widyawa, parisara widyawa saha charya widyawa sadaha mulika padanama athi karana ladi. swabhawa wadin wisin sarathma wadaya pilibandawa matha bahara kirimata patan gath athara owun wisin jiwinge nyashta wima saha anithyathawaya pilibandawa salaka balimedi athi wadagathkama penwa dunha. saila wadaya magin jiwayehi mulika wyuhaya pilibandawa nawa artha kathanayak labadena ladi. mewayehi wardhanayath samaga saha kalala widyawa ha pashana dhathu widyawa magin chals dawin wisin swabhawika waranaya magin parinamaya siduwima pilibandawa sankalpaya idiripath karana ladi. 19 wana shathawarshaye agabhagayedi swabhawika janana wadayehi nimawa dutu athara roga athi wima sadaha wishabija wala athi dayakathwaya pilibandawa sankalpaya bihiwuni. namuth uruma wima pilibandawa athi kriya patipatiya thawa duratath abirahasak bawata pathwa atha.
20 wana shathawarshayehi mulabhagayedi mendalge kriyakarakam nawatha soya ganimath samagama thomas hant mogan saha ohuge shishyayan wisin praweni widyawehi sighra sanwardhanayak sidu karana ladi. 1930 di nawa dawin wadayehi janagahanayaka praweni widyawa saha swabhawika waranaya magin meki wardhanaya siduwuni. wotsan saha krik wisin DNA wala wyuhaya pilibandawa yojana kirimath samagama meki nawa sankalpayan wadath sighrawa wardhanaya wuni. jana ketha wala soya ganimath samagama jiwa widyawa siyaluma jiwin saha jiwi kanda pilibandawa wigraha kerennak lesa da saila saha anuka jiwa widyawa pilibandawa wigraha kerena kshethrayak lesada bedimakata lakwuni. wisiwana shathawarshayehi aga bhagayedi jinomaya saha Proteomic yana kshethra wala soya ganimath samagama meki rallehi wenaswim athi wuni. mehidi jiwin pilibandawa adhyayanaya karana widyagnyayin anuka thakshanaya pilibandawada anuka saha saila jiwa widyagnyayin jana ha bahira parisaraya athara sambandhathawaya pilibandawada adhyayanaya kalaha. thawada jiwinge swabhawika gahanayaka jana pilibandawa adhyayanaya karana ladi.
nuthana jiwa widyawehi padanama
jiwa widyawehi eyata aawenika wu muladharma 4 k pawathi.
saila wadaya. siyaluma jiwin mulika kruthyamaya eekakaya wu saila ekakin ho wadi gananakin nirmanaya wi atha. eeta amatharawa siyaluma jiwinge siyaluma saila wala mulika kriyakarithwaya saha rasayanaya ekaha samana we. thawada ema saila jananaya wanuye eewata pera pawathi saila saila wibhajanaya magin gunanaya wimen pamani.
parinamaya. swabhawika waranaya saha jana magin sidukarana thora ganima matha padanamwa yamkisi janagahanayaka lakshana paramparawen paramparawata wenaswim walata bhajanaya we.
jana pilibanda wu siddhanthaya. jiwinge lakshana jana wala mulika kotasa wana DNA thula satahanwa atha. mita amatharawa meki lakshana ek paramparawaka sita eelaga paramparawata jana magin gaman karanu labe. mema siyaluma thorathuru praweni darshanaya magin rupanu darshaya hewath jiwiyekuge bahirin dakiya haki bhauthikamaya ho jaiwa rasayanika gathi lakshanayak bawata path karanu labayi. jana magin prakashayata path karanu labana rupanu darshaya jiwin magin bahira parisarayata anurupawa wenas karagaththada ema thorathuru nawathath aapasu jana wethata gaman karanu nolabe. melesa bahira parisarayata anuwa prathichara dakwimak washayen jana wala wenas wima parinamaya nam kriyawaliya magin pamanak siduwe.
samasthithiya. bahira parisarayata anurupawa yatath nowi sitima sandaha jiwiyekuge abhyanthara parisaraya pawathwa gena yama sandaha owun sathuwa pawathina bhauthika widyathmaka kriyawaliya me nam we.
paryeshana
wyuhathmaka
anuka jiwa widyawa mangin jiwa widyawe anuka mattamin hadarayi. jiwa widyawe anekuth pathi kadawala wana praweniya ha jiwa rasayana widyawa samanga meya samapatha we. anuka widyawen sailawala pawathina wiwidha anthar kriya (DNA, RNA , protina nishpadanaya, anuka mattamin hadarana athara mema anthar kriya palanaya wana ayuru da adhyanaya karayi.
saila jiwa widyawen sailawala kayika kriya adhyayanaya karana athara hasirim, antharkriya parisaraya (sailika) gana adhyayanaya karayi. meya anwiksha ha anuka mattamin kere. sailika jiwa widyawa thani sailika jiwi aakara wana baktiriyath wisheshitha wu bahu sailika jiwi aakara wana manawayan gana parikshana karayi. jiwa widyawata sailawala sanghataka ha eewa kese kriya karayi da yanna adhyayanaya kirima pradhana thanak gani. sailika ha anuka jiwa widyawen saila aakarawala samanatha ha asamanatha eksath ketawak uthpadanaya karana athara ek saila aakaraya ihatha kriya adhyayanaya kirimen eewa thawath saila aakarawala ema kriya wana aakaraya pilibanda thakseruwak gatha haka.
jana widyawa jana praweniya, ek ek jiwa aakarawala wishamatha pilibanda widyawayi. janawala protina nishpadanaya sandaha thorathuru adangu wana athara ema protina mangin boho durata, (kalin sampurnayenma thiranaya nowu awasana rupa aakaraya thiranaya karayi. nawathama parikshanawalata anuwa jana widyawa, janayaka kriyakarithwaya pilibanda parikshana ha jana anthar kriyawala sansleshanawalata upakarana sapayayi. jiwinge praweni drawyawala praweniya sandaha awashya thorathuru DNA anuwala rasayanika wyuhaye adangu wi atha. sanwardhanaya wima pilibanda jiwa widyawe jiwin wardhanaya ha jiwin pramanaya wadima ha wardhanaya wana aakaraya adhyayanaya karayi. meya kalala widyawen patangena sailawala wardhanaya wikiranaya wima rupakara bawata path wim jana mangin palanaya wana aakaraya adhyayanaya karayi. rupakara bawata pathwima yannen adahas karanne pataka, indriya, bawata pathwimayi. wardhaka widyawata yoda ganna aakruthika jiwin wanne pata panuwa, palathuru massa, sibra maluwa, miya saha wal palatiyak wana abidop chis thaliyana yoda gani.
chayarupa
bahira sabadi
DMOZ hi jiwa widyawa
OSU's Phylocode
jiwa widyawa onlayin - wiki shabdakoshaya
jiwa widyawa pilibanda MIT widiyo deshana malawak
jiwa widyawa saha aachara dharma .
jiwa widyathmaka paddhathi – idaho jathika rasayanagaraya
jiwana wrukshaya : wansha praweniya ha jaiwa wiwidhathwaya pilibanda thorathuru adangu bahu-rachitha, bedaharunu antharjala wyapruthiya.
jiwa widya adhyayanaya
jaiwa sahithya web sampath bhawithayan
sangara pilibada sabadi
PLoS jiwa widya sama samalochanaya, widya mahajana pusthakalaya wisin prakashitha wiwrutha-prawesha sangarawa
wathman jiwa widyawa jiwa widyawe siyalu pradeshawala sita mul paryeshana palawu sangarawa
jiwa widya lipi usas-balapamak athi rajakiya sangamaya sangarawe palawu wadagath jiwa widya pathrika samalochanaya
widya sangarawa jathyanthara wa piligath widya abhiwardhanaya sandaha wu amarikanu sangamayehi (AAAS) widya prakashana
jiwa widya jathyanthara sangarawa salakiya yuthu sama samalochanaya widyathmaka pathrika pala wu jiwa widyathmaka sangarawa
jiwa widyawe saha waidya widyawe idiri darshana pulul parasayaka lipi palakala widya sangarawa
layif sayans logaya
jiwa widyawa
widyawa |
bhauthika widyawa | bhauthika widyawedi katha kerenuye drawyaya, shakthiya kalaya ha awakashaya ganayi. drawyaya wala guna menma wyuhayath, shakthiye guna, shakthiya ha drawyaya athara antharkriya, sahasambandhayada mehidi sakachchawata gane.
bhauthika widyawa apa awata lokaswabhawaya therum ganimata swabhawadharmaya pilibnda hadarimak lesada handinwiya hakiya.
kalaya , awakashaya , padarthaya saha shakthiya yana eewa pilibandawa saha eewa athara pawathina sambandhatha bhauthika widyawa thulin adhyayanaya karayi. ema hadarim warthamana saha anagatha widyawa ha thakshanaye diyunuwata behewin upakari we. ihatha sandahan paridi ema anthar sambandhatha pilibandawa hadarim waladi apata bhauthika widyawa kotas dekakata bediya haka. enam,
shasthriya bhauthika widyawa
nuthana bhauthika widyawa washayeni
shasthriya bhauthika widyawata ayath wana wishaya pathayan wanne yanthra widyawa, aalokaya widyuthaya chumbhaka shakthiya dhwaniya ha thapaya yana eewaya. nawina bhauthika widyawa yana wachanaya samanyayen bhawitha wanne kwantam bhauthika widyawa, paramanuka ha nyashtika widyawa wani wishaya pathayan sandahaya. sapekshathawadaya da mema ganayata wate.
bhauthika widya adhyayanayan salakimedi pradhana washayen kotas dekakata wate. eewa nam, prayogika bhauthika widyawa ha nyayika bhauthika widyawayi. prayogika bhauthika widyawa wadi awadhanayak yomu karanne nirikshana prathipala matha elambaena nigamana walataya. nyayika bhauthika widyawa ganithamaya nyayan, samikarana ha gananaya kirim matha wadi awadhanayak yomukarayi.
bhauthika widyawa hadinwima
mehi balaya , shakthiya , skandhaya ha aaropanaya wani sankalpa samaga ganudenu karanu labe. bhauthika widyawa yanu parikshanathmaka widyawaki. eya swabhawa dharmayage sadharana wishleshanayayi. ehi aramuna wanne wishwaya hasirena ayuru therum ganima yi.
bhauthika widyawa parani nuthana ma shikshawangen ekaki. eya 17 wana shatha warshaye nuthana widyawa lesa mathuwi pamini athara ehi upakshethrayak wana tharaka widyawe haraha eya siyallangenma parani eka ma wiya haki we. kshethraye wruththimaya washayen wada karana aya bhauthikagnyayan nam we.
bhauthika widyawe pragamanayan boho wita thakshanika anshayata pariwarthanaya wana athara samahara wita anekuth widyawanta balapam karana athara ee wagema ganithaya ha darshana widyawata da ese we. udaharanayak lesa widyuth chumbhakathwaya therum ganime pragamanayen widuli balayen kriyathmaka wana pululwa wihidunu upanga(rupawahini, pariganaka , gruha uwarana aadi) bhawithayata maga penwima, thapa gathi widyawe pragamanayan motar ratha prawahanaya sanwardhanayata saha yanthra widyawe wadi diyunuwa kalanaye sanwardhanayata , kwontam rasayana widyawe diyunuwata saha kshudra jiwa widyawe athi ilektrona anwikshaya wani upakarana nirmanaye di upakara wiya.
ada , bhauthika widyawa pulul ha ihalin sanwardhitha wishayaki. gaweshana ghana padartha bhauthika widyawa , anuka , paramanuka saha prakasha bhauthika widyawa , ihala shakthi bhauthika widyawa ha tharaka widyawa ha tharaka bhauthika widyawa se boho wita upa kshethra hatharakata wen kara atha. boho bhauthikagnyayan saiddhanthika ho paryeshanathmaka gaweshana sandaha wishesha we. mak nisada yath saidhantha magin thawa nyaya sanwardhanaya aashrithawa saha paryeshana magin ema nyaya wala walangu bhawaya sewima saha nawa siddhantha sanwardhanaya ha badi atha.
awasan shathawarsha 4 di wu wadagath soyaganim nosalakamin wishala washayen bhauthika widyawe nowisandunu gatalu ha boho wyawahara gaweshana pradesha pawathi.
siddhantha
siddhantha saha sankalpa
pahatha waguwen bhauthika widyawe pradhana nyayayan ha eewaye bhawitha sankalpa dakwa atha.
''' paryeshana
siddantha saha paryeshana, shuddha saha wyawaharika
upa kshethraya
The table below lists many of the fields and subfields of physics along with the theories and concepts they employ.
ithihasaya
widyathmaka wiplawaya
nuthana bhauthika widyawa
wasara 1895 di, ronjan wisin adhi sankhyatha widyuth chumbaka wikirana sambandhayen kala parikshanayaka prathipalayak lesa x-kirana soya ganna ladi.
ee samagama , 1896 di hendri bekaral wisin wikiranashilathawa soya ganna ladi . esema mari kiyuri saha piyari kiyuri da wadi dura me pilibanda adhyanayaka niratha wuha. meya nyayashtika bhauthika widyawe aarambhaya wiya .
1897 di josap je. thomsan wisin ilektronaya soya ganna ladi. eya widyuth paripatha wala widyuth dharawa gena yana prathamika anshuwa we. ohu 1904 di paramanuwa pilibanda palamu aakruthiya idiripath kaleya . eya handin wuye “plam pudima aakruthiya(plum pudding model)” lesaya. eya 1808 di jon doltan idiripath kala sankalpa thula da thibiya.
anagathaye dishawa
See also
sanwidhanaya
AIP.org is the website of the American Institute of Physics
IOP.org is the website of the Institute of Physics
APS.org is the website of the American Physical Society
SPS National is the website of the American Society of Physics Students
CAP.ca is the website of the Canadian Association of Physicists
EPS.org is the website of the European Physical Society
satahan
Alpher, Herman, and Gamow. Nature 162,774 (1948). Wilson's 1978 Nobel lecture
C.S. Wu's contribution to the overthrow of the conservation of parity
Yang, Mills 1954 Physical Review 95, 631; Yang, Mills 1954 Physical Review 96''', 191.
bhauthika widyawa |
wasthu shasthraya | wasthu shasthraya yanu, sampradayika hindu gruha nirmana shilpayak wana athara eya wachanarthayen pariwarthanaya wanne "gruha nirmana shilpayehi widyawa" lesini. salasuma, winyasaya, minum, bhumiya piliyela kirima, awakashaya sanwidhanaya kirima saha, awakashiya jyamithiya yannehi muladharma wisthara kerena kruthin indiyanu upamahadwipaya thula hamu wi atha. wasthu shasthrayanhi sampradayika hindu menma samaharak awasthawanhidi bauddha adahili anthargatha weyi. swabhawa dharmaya, wyuhayehi wiwidha kotas wala sapeksha karthawyayan saha, jyamithika rata (yanthra (indiyanu aagam)), samamithiya saha, dishathmaka pela gannum anusarayen wana purathana wishwasa ha samagin, gruha nirmana shilpaya sanyojanaya kirima mema salasum wala adahasa wiya.
wasthu shasthraya nirmanaya wi aththe kotas 5 kini.
enam,
01. bhumi
02. jalaya
03. wayu
04. agni
05. akasha
aashritha
hindu dewala gruha nirmana shilpaya
waidika yugaya
hindu darshanika sankalpa
indiyawehi gruha nirmana shilpaya
parisarika salasuma
indu nimna sanskruthiya
indiyawehi sahithyayehi ithihasaya
indiyanu gruha nirmanathmaka ithihasaya
gruha nirmanathmaka siddhantha |
injineru shilpaya | widyawa, thakshanaya saha ganithamaya danuma wadidiyunu kara ganima saha ewan danuma nirmanathmaka ayurin upayogi kara ganima thulin, yam aramunak sakshath kara ganima udesa bhanda, aakruthi, upakarana ho paddhathi nipadawime hakiyawa, injineru shilpaya lesa handinwe. |
antharjalaya | lokaya pura pathirunu, oonama ayekuta piwisiya haki, ekineka ha sambandha wu pariganaka jalayangen sadumlath jalaya antharjalaya yi. ehi daththa sammatha antharjala protokolaya (Internet Protocol - IP) bhawithayen gonu nohoth pakattu lesa sampreshanaya we. meyata koti gananakwu kuda gruhashritha, wyaparika ha rajya jalayan athulath wana athara widyuth thapala, marga gatha sanwada, lipigonu sansaranaya ha wishwa wyaptha wiyamane (World Wide Web) athi web pitu ha anekuth lipi aadi wu thorathuru ha sewawanda ayathya.
pada wenaskam: antharjalaya ha wishwa wyaptha wiyamana
antharjalaya ha wishwa wyaptha wiyamana ekama deyak nowe. thambaa rahan, prakasha thanthu rahan, rahan rahitha sambandhatha aadi wu noyek krama magin ekineka ha sambandha wu pariganaka jalayange ekathuwak antharjalaya wana athara hayiparlinks (Hyperlinks) saha URL magin amuna athi lipi ha anekuth sampath wala ekathuwaki wishwa wyaptha wiyamana. wishwa wyaptha wiyamanata piwisiya haki maga antharjalaya wanawa sema widyuth thapala, lipigonu huwamaruwa ha pahatha dakwa athi da aadi wu de itukara ganime maga da antharjalayayi.
antharjalayen bahulawa labaganna sewawan
widyuth thapala
pudgalayin dedeneku ho samuhayaka athera wadyutha් kramayata lipi ha lipigonu lesa paniwuwida (Text messages) huwamaru kramaya widyuth thapala we. mema sewaya nomile sapayana aayathana bahulawa lowawyaptha jalaya hi atha menisa me sadaha waya wanne antharjala sadaha waya wana gasthuwa pamani. eheyin meya itha labhadayi ha ikman sanniwedana kramayaki.
wishwa wyaptha wiyamana(wishwa wisiri wiyamana)
wishwa wyaptha wiyamana(WWW) yanu pakinekata sambandha kota athi athi wishala lekhana samuhayakataya. mema lekhana wala akshara, rupa, widiyo aadi oonama madhyayakin thorathuru adangu kala hakiya. web adawiyak yanuwen handunwanne ekineka amunu mewani lekhana ekathuwaki.
samajayiya balapam
antharjalaye mulika lakshanawana pulul bhawithaya ha piwisimata sthuthiwannata, emagin nawamu aakaraye samajiya antharkriya, kriyakarakam ha sanwidhanagathawim athikirimata eyata haki wi atha.
“fes buk” (face book) ha “mayi spes” (my space) wani samaja jalakarana web adawi samajakaranaye ha anthar kriyakarithwaye nawa widhi nirmanaya kara atha. mema adawiwala parishilakayanta thama paudgalika pituwalata wishala wiwidhathwayakin yuth anga ekathu kara ganimatath, thaman poduwe aasha karana de pilibanda dakwimatath an aya ha sambandha wimatath hakiyawa atha. web adawiya parishilanayanta owunge sambandakam prayojanayata ganimata ha pawathina wishala matha kanda samaga (Groups) sanniwedanaya kirimata idade nam ekineka hadunana ayage wishala hamuwimak da soya gatha haki wanu atha.
wisheshayenma yam web adawiyak, thama niyama nama bhawitha kirimatath wishala jana samuhayak samaga sanniwedanaya kirimatath ehi parishilakayan hata ida laba de nam, ethulin thamage hitha mithuran rasak muna gasimatath hakiyawa labe.
antharjalaya kriya karana aakaraya
loka wyaptha wisiri wiyamena hi (www) web pituwak balima mulinma patan ganne web athariksuwaka (web browser) adala web pituwe URL yathuru liyanaya kirimen ho ema pituwata ho prabhawayata hayiparlink (Hyperlink) anugamana kirimeni. inpasu web brawusaraya eya thirayehi darshanaya kirimata sanniwedana paniwida malawak nikuth karayi.
prathamayenma URL hi sewadayaka nama kotasa , wasam nama paddhathiya ho DNS lesa handunwana loka wyaptha antharjala daththa samudayak bhawithayen IP lipinayak ayipi lipinaya bawata wisandanu labe. mema IP lipinaya web sewadayakaya sambandhakara ganimata ha daththa pakat yawimata athyawashya we.
inpasu brawusaraya adala lipinaye sewadakaya wetha HTTP illimak yawimen sampath sandaha illum karanu labe. samanya web adawiyakadi web brawusaraya magin prathamayen pituwe HTML wadan illum kara eewa wahama wyakarana wigrahayata bhajanaya karanu labe. pituwe kotas wana anekuth chayarupa ha gonu illima sidu karanne inpasuwaya. web adawiyaka janapriyathawa manina daththa randa pawathinne pitu nirikshanaya karana ayage sankhyawa ho bandi athi sewadayaka “hits” (hits) ho gonu illim pramanaya mathaya.
web sewadayakayan awashya gonu labunu pasu brawusaraya , adala pituwe HTML , CSS ha wenath web bhasha magin sandahan kara athi paridi pituwa thirayata pirinamanu (render) labe. parishilakaya thiraya matha dakina web pituwa nirmanaya wimata pinthura ha anekuth sampath da sambanda we.
bohomayak web pituwala anekuth adala web pituwalata ho bagatha kirimwalata , mulashra lekhawalata , artha dakwimwalata ha anekuth web adawiwalata hayiparlink (Hyperlink) adangu we. ewani hayiparlinkwalin (Hyperlink) ekata bandi athi prayojanawath sampathwala ekathuwak thorathuru “webaya” k lesa handinwe. eya antharjalayen labagatha hakiwuye 1990 di tim barnars li ( Tim Berners – Lee) warld wayid web lesa (www) handinwu deyehi nirmanayath samagaya.
antharjalaye ithihasaya
antharjalayata manga padu pululwa pathirunu anthar - jalakaranayata pera wu bohomayak owunge jalaye nawathumpola athara pamanak sanniwedanayata ida dime swabhawaya nisa sima wi thibu athara pawathina pariganaka jalakarana krama wedaya padanam wi thibune madhyama menfrem kramawedaya mathaya. 1960 kala wakawanuwe di je.si.aar. liklidar ha robat dab. telar namathi pariganaka paryeshakayan anthar kriyakari prashnawalata pilithuru sewima sandaha ekineka ha sabandunu loka wyaptha jalayak yojana kalaha. ee ha samakalinawama ekinekin wen wu bhauthika jala athara jalakaranaye mulika nithi paryeshanayata paryeshana wada satahan da aarambha kerini. meya pakattu huwamaru (Packet switching) kramaye wardhanayata hethuwe. mema paryeshana wadasatahanwalata donald dewis (Donald Davies (NPL) pol baran (Paul Baran (RAND sansthawa) ha lenard kleyin ron (Leonard Kleinrock ) (MIT) yana paryeshakayin sahaya laba di atha.
meya 1960 ha 1970 aga bhagaye di ARPANET, saha X.25 athuluwa pakattu huwamaru jalakarana kihipayaka diyunuwata manga hasara heli kaleya. eeta amatharawa UUCP athuluwa podu prawesha ha winodansha jalakarana paddhathi janapriyathwayen ihala yamata wiya. kese namuth thawamath eewa jala athara athi simitha wahal sankhyawakin sewa laba ekinekin wen wu jala weyi. meya pakattu huwamaru yeduma mangin antharjalakaranayata protokolayak nipadawimata maga padiya. emangin ekinekata wenas jala supiri sakili jalayan bawata path kirimata haki wiya. antharjala protokola kattalaya namathi sarala podu jala paddhathiyak artha dakwimen jalaye sankalpaya wani bhauthika kriya piliwelin wen kala haki wiya. antharjalakaranaye mema wyapthiya antharjalaya lesa handunwana wishwiya anthar jala karanayaka adahasa athikaraliya. meya itha wegayen pathirunu athara pawathina jala meyata uchitha lesa pariwarthanaya wiya. meya batahira lokaye diyunu widuli sandesha jala haraha wegayen pathirunu athara aththa washayenma eya loka sammathaya ha wishwa jalaya bawata path wu wita lokaye anek kotaswalata da wyaptha wiya. kese namuth wardhanaye wishamathawa adatath salakillata bandunwana sankhyatha bedumakata hethu wiya.
1980 di paudgalikawa kriyathmaka wana antharjala sewa sapayannan wanijakaranayata lakwima ha handunwa dima 1990 di janapriya bhawithaya thek pulul wima nisa antharjalaya sanskruthiya ha wanijaya matha dadi balapamak athi kaleya. meyata widyuth thapala haraha sanniwedanaya diyunu wima, wadan matha padanam wu sakachcha (warld wayid web) loka wyaptha jalaya aadiya athulath we. mema nawa handunwadima mangin aayojakayanta nawa welanda polawal kerehi athi kala kalpitha wishala welanda pola binda watimath wu dot - kom babl hi uddhamanayata ha binda watimata hethu wiya. ese thibiya dith antharjalaye wardhanaya digin digatama sidu wu athara adatath siduweyi.
mewath balanna
antharjala protokolaya
widyuth thapala
bahira sabandum
mulika
Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the Internet
Glossary of Computer and Internet Terms
Internet Health Report from Keynote
Internet World Stats
lipi
"EU and U.S. clash over control of the Net" - International Herald Tribune article by Tom Wright
"10 Years that changed the world" - WiReD looks back at the evolution of the Internet over last 10 years
Internet Explained Seven part article explaining the origins to the present and a summary for future of the Internet.
John Walker: The Digital Imprimatur
How Stuff Works explanation of the Infrastructure of the Internet
How the Internet actually works An article summarising the core Internet technologies, written for non-experts
ithihasaya
The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal M. Mitchell Waldrop
The Internet Society History Page
How the Internet Came to Be
Hobbes' Internet Timeline v8.1
Futures and Non-futures for Scholarly Internet.
History of the Internet links
RFC 801, planning the TCP/IP switchover
Video of a report on the Internet - before the Web
Vinton Cerf's short history of the Internet
Archive - A searchable database of old cached versions of Web sites dating back to 1996
A comprehensive history with people, concepts and many interesting quotations
CBC Digital Archives – Inventing the Internet Age
A list of lectures, some of which relate to the Internet, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is available here. Of particular interest is lecture #3 The Next Big Thing: Video Internet which is delivered in Real Player format. The lecture gives a brief history of networking; discusses convergence between the Internet/telephone/television networks; the expansion of broadband access; makes predictions about the future of delivery of video over the Internet.
pariganaka widyawa |
sahana (nidahas ha wiwrutha aapada kalamanakarana mrudukanga paddathiya) |
aarambhaya
"sahana" wadasatahana aarambhawuye 2004 desambar masa 26 wanida siduwu "sunami" khedawachakayath samahayi. mewana thek nisi aapada kalamanakarana mrudukanga paddhathiyak nomathi bawin "sahana" wadasatahane aramuna wuye rata thulata genana sahanadhara saha sahanasewa nisi paridi kalamanakaranaya karagatha haki mrudukanga paddathiyak nipadawimayi.
"sahana" - nidahas ha wiwrutha aapada kalamanakarana mrudukanga paddhathiya
shrilankiya parighanaka kshethraye niyalena niladharinge swechcha sewaya nisa sathi 2-3 pamana keti kalayak thula "sahana" - nidahas ha wiwrutha aapada kalamanakarana mrudukanga paddathiya nipadawimata hakiwiya. mema nishpadanayehi purogamiwa katayuthu karanu labuwe parighanaka pariyeshana katayuthu wala niyalena saha langa apeksha nokarana aayathanayak wana "lanka mrudukanga padanama". mema mrudukanga paddhathiya rajaye sahaya aැthiwa shrilankawe "sunami" aapada kalamanakarana kriya waliya sandaha bhawitha wiya.
mehi prathipalayak lesa "sahana" mrudukanga paddhathiya dan dewani adiyara sandaha leokaye siduwana siyalu apadawan kalamanakaragatha haki mrudukanga paddhathiyak lesa nipadawamin pawathi. dewani adiyarehi aramunu wanne paripurna aapada kalamanakarana paddhathiyak nipadawima, danata bhawithawana paddhathin gen daththa huwamaruwa, aapada perahuruwa, sahana saha sewa katayuthuya.
sahana mrudukanga paddathiye bedaharima sandaha "GNU Lesser General Public License" balapathraya bhawithawe.
bhawithaya
2005di shrilanka rajaye anugrahaya yatathe aasiyanu "sunami" aapada kalamanakaranaya sandaha bhawitha wiya.
2005di pakisthanu rajaye anugrahaya yatathe aasiyanu bhumikampa aapada kalamanakaranaya sandaha bhawitha wiya.
2006di pilipina rajaye anugrahaya yatathe naya yame tharjanayata lakwu pradeshawala aapada kalamanakaranaya sandaha bhawitha wiya.
2006di "sarwodaya" aාyathanaye aapada kalamanakarana paddathiya sandaha bhawitha kere.
sammana saha aැgayim
Sourceforge Project of the Month - June 2006
Software 2006 Good Samaritian Award
Redhat User Awards
Wikipedia Reference to FSF Award for Projects of Social Benefit
Stockholm Challenge Finalist
adawiyen bahara pitu
Main Sahana website
Sourceforge project page
Sahana mailing list discussion sampler
http://www.global-disaster-rescue.de (German/European project- & testsite)
Free Software Magazine article on Sahana
Sahana brochure (PDF)
Reference in FSF/UNESCO directory
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake |
shri lankawe aadiwasin | suba udasanak wewa oba samata,oba me ekwa sitinne uda lahiru wadasatahana samagayi. ada dinaye katha kirimata balaporoththu wanne parani wadi janaya pilibandawa yi. aadiwasin washayen handunwanne nam apata danata wasana janawarga atharin paranithama jana wargayayi.
lankawe sinhala saha wadi yana janawarga dekama aadiwasin we.
merata samruddhimathma yugaya lesa indiyanu wansha kathawala pawa sandahan rawana bali tharara wijaya kumaru paka yugayan arambaesara 2500kata peminne mita wasara pan dahasakata pamana perathuwaya. balangoda manawaya apata kiyana ithihasaya nam wasara this dahasakata wada paraniya. mita wanena witath merata diyunu sanskruthiyak thibunu bawa kuweni kumariya kapu katimin sitimen pahadili we. siriwasthu menma kalaniya da ewakata merata thibu pradhana nagaraya. wiwidha grothrikayingen sadumlath merata wasiyan poduwe handinwuye helayin yana namini.
kuweni hela kumariyage pihiten merata rajyayathwaya labagath aaryayeku wu wijaya kumaru helayin dutuwe aakramanikayeku lesaya. ebawin kuweniya jathidrohiyaku wuwaya. siya gnyathinge wairayen berima sandaha kuweniyage daruwanta kala wadimata siduwiya. ee nuthana wadi parapure aarambhayayi. meya hudek mahawanshaye kathawa pamanak nowa wadi jana prarawadayan hida athi kathawayi. emenma manawa widyagnyayo da sinhalayin saha waddan athara athi gnyathithwaya piliganithi.
wijayagamanayen arambai hela-aarya gatuma awasan wi aaryayan helayin samaga musu wanne pandukabhaya raja samaye di ya. mahawanshayata anuwa pandukabhaya rajuge mawu wuye panduwasdew rajuge ekama diyaniya wu unmada chithra dewiyayi. ohuge piya wuye dighagamini ya. ohu panduwasdew rajuge bisawa wu bhaddakachchanage soyureku wu dighayuge puthya. namuth wenath mulashrayanta anuwa nam digha gamini helayaki . ebawin pandukabhaya kumaruge mawa aaryayek wana wita piya helayaki. ebawin ohu helayan ta helayek da aaryayan ta aaryayek da wiya. me nisama aaryaya aadhipathya yata erehiwa helayin pandukabhaya wata rok wana wita aaryayan da ohuge nayakathwaya piligaththeya. in pasu aaryayo helayin samaga musu wuha.
in pasuwa wiwidha yugayan hi indiyawe wiwidha palath sita pamini aaryayo menma drawidayanda da sinhala jathiyata musu wuha. ese musu wu wan athara arabi , china saha male jathikayo da wuha. mema musu wima batahira jathin meratata paminima thek ma akhandawa siduwiya. sinhala jathiya sankramanikayingen poshanaya wunu ayurinma kalaye siti wadi janathawada wiwidha kala wadim thulin poshanaya wiya. sinhalaye kirula patha kerunu abhyayanthara aragalayan hi parajayata path piris wasara dahas gananawak pura sidu kale ekko indiyawata pala yamayi. nathahoth kala wadi wadi janathawata ek wimayi. awasan warata ese wadi janathawa samanga musu wuye 1848 nidahas aragalayata ek wi sudu aakramanikayange udahasata lak wu wellassa janathawayi.
me anuwa peni yanne sinhala janathawa merata wasara dasa dahas gananawak jiwath wu bawath pasu giya wasara dedahas pansiya thula warin wara sinhalayangen wenwi kala wadunu pirisagen wadi janathawa bihiwu bawathya. ebawin wadi janathawa aadiwasin lesa hadinwima owunta wada digu ithihasayak lak polawe athi sinhalayinta karana awamanayaki. epamanak nowa sinhalayanta lak polawata athi adwithiya ayithiya abhiyogayata lak kirimaki. sinhalaya meratata ananya wu jana kotasak pamanak nowa merata aadiwasihuya. ebawin sinhalayage aadiwasikama soragena wadi janayata palandimen sinhalaya thawath ek sankramanika jana kotasak bawata pathwe.
mulashra
samajawedaya
shri lankawe ithihasaya |
mul lamawiye sanwardhanaya | jathyanthara nirwachanayata anuwa mul lamawiya yanu daruwakuge palisindaganime sita awu 8 dakwa kalayayi. eenam wayasu awurudu 0-8 kalayayi. namuth shri lankawe mul lamawiya jathika prathipaththiyata anuwa mema wayasa 0 -5 we. pudgalayakuge jiwithaye ithamath wadagathma awadhiya wanne mul lamawiya awadhiyayi. eenam mbanama pudgalayekuge buddhi sanwardhanayen 80% kma sidu wanne mema mul lamawiya awadhiyediya. siyaluma minisunge jiwithaye padanama sakas wanne mema awadhiyediya. buddhi sanwardhanaya yanu mema awadhiyedi panchendraya haraha labana athdakim padanam karagena molaye siduwana saila uththejanaya haraha athiwana sankirna kriyawaliyaki.
mul lamawiyedi daruwage sanwardhanaya prashastha kirima sandaha gathahaki/gathayuthu kriya marga, mul lamawiye sanwardhanaya sandaha rakawaranaya (ECCD) namwe.
pradhana anga
anga 3ki
diwi surakuma
mul lamawiyedi jiwitha hani wiyahaki awastha magahara jiwithaya rakaganime kramaweda meyata athulathwe.
nidasun
saukhya aarakshitha daru prasuthiya
mathru niwadu
mawukiri pamanak dima (wayasa masa 4 dakwa aniwaryayen)
prathishakthikaranaya
wardhanaya
lamayinge usa, bara, sirura wardhanaya pramanathmakawa dakwiya haki nisa lama wardhanaya yana yedumen ema lakshanawala wadidiyunuwima
adahas kere.
eheth sanwardhanaya yana yedumen eeta wada pulul arthayak genadeyi. lamayinge sharirika, manasika, buddhimaya, samajamaya, chiththawegiya yanadi washayen dakwiya haki siyaluma anshawala siduwana wadidiyunuwa sanwardhanaya yana yedumen artha ganwe.
mul lamawiya daruwage samastha sanwardhanaya
buddhi sanwardhanaya
bhasha sanwardhanaya
kayika sanwardhanaya
mano chalaka sanwardhanaya
samajiya sanwardhanaya
chiththawega sanwardhanaya
yahajiwana purudu
nirmanathmaka ha saundaryathmaka sanwardhanaya
parisara awadhanaya
wiwidha ratawala thathwaya swidanaya
shri lankawa
shri lankawe lama sanwardhana ha kantha katayuthu amathyanshaye lama lekam karyalaye mul lamawiya sanwardhanaya pilibanda jathika prathipaththiyen prakashakarana paridi mul lamawiya yanu daruwakuge palisindaganime sita awu 05 dakwa kalayayi. pawul saukhya karyanshaya saha lama lekam karyalaya mul lamawiya sanwardhanayasambandawa kriyathmakawe.
niwasa padanam karagath mul lamawiya sanwardhanaya pilibanda
mul lamawiya sanwardhana madhyasthana sanwardhanaya / guru puhunu / niyamanaya ha awama pramithin pilibanda
diwa surakum madhyasthana pilibanda
perapasal wayase perapasal noyana pilibanda
daruwanwishesha awashyatha athi daruwan pilibanda
mawa wideshagatha wu daruwan pilibanda
demapiyan ahimi lamun pilibanda
lama mawwarunta labunu lamun pilibanda
thani mapiya lamun pilibanda
wishesha awadhanaya yomu kala yuthu pawul pilibanda
awadanam sahitha pawulawala daruwan pilibanda
gabini mawwaru pilibanda
tharuna ha wiwaha apekshitha kandayam pilibanda
aadarsha mul lamawiya sanwardhana gammana
niwasa padanam karagath mul lamawiya sanwardhanaya pilibanda thoragath pawul eekaka godanagima
pawul saukhya karyanshaya magin kriyathmaka jathika wadapiliwelak atha.
mul lamawiye daruwage nipunatha sanwardhanaya hadinwima.ladaru pasal adhyapanaya rataka adhyapana kramayehi wadagathma adithalama lesa salaka kriyathmaka kala yuthu bawa podu piliganima wi hamaraya.gedarin ladaru pasalata ena daruwata ema parisarayata adalawa siya aakalpa , gathi lakshana huru kara ganimin ladiyawa sakas kara ganimata kalayak gatha wanawa menma ladaru pasalen widhimath pasalata ena daruwata da widhimath pasalata huru wimata kalayak gatha we. ladaru pasalen widhimath pasalata sankranthi wima ladaru jiwithaye siduwana wadagathma siduwim walin ekaki.daruwa widhimath pasala kerehi mul dina kihipaya thula athi kara ganna aakalpaya daruwage pasukalina adhyapanaya ha paurushaya kerehi prabhala balapamak athi karayi. ee nisa daruwa widhimath pasalata huru kirima wishesha salakillak ha awadhanayakin yuthuwa katayuthu kirima , demapiyangeth , ladaru pasal guruwariyageth , widhimath pasale palamu wasara guruwariyageth wishesha yuthukamak we. wiwidha andame puhunuwim ha ratawan anuwa ladaru pasal adhyayanayan sidu karanu labana athara daruwan ta widhimath pasalata athulu wimata pera kawara ayurin ho wishesha huru kirimak ho puhunuwak laba dimata aniyatha wadapiliwelak natha.
ladaru pasalen widhimath pasalata sambandhawima daruwange adhyapana kriyawaliye akhanda kriyakari kotasaki.ladaru pasaledi labana adhyapanaya wadath luladayi lesa pawathwagena ya hakke ladaru pasale ha widhimath pasale samana wu adhyapana addakim kriyawaliyak daruwanta laba dimeni. mano widyagnyayin ha ladaru adhyapana wisheshagnyayin kala paryeshanawalin heli wi athi thorathuru anuwa peni yanne mema sankranthi kalaya pilibadawa sawoma salakillak ha unanduwak dakwiya yuthu bawaya. daruwanta purna sanwardhanayak sadaha aarakshitha , sthawara pasal parisarayak ha wiswasadayi manawa iganumata awasthawa salasima mehi yatharthayayi.ee sadaha gatha haki mulikama piyawarak wanuye demapiyan , ladaru pasal guruwariya , pasal guruwariyath athara anga sampurna ekagathawayak godanagimayi.
monaragala disthrik lekam karyalaye mul lamawiya sanwardhana wishaya pathaya mema karya sadhanaya wana ayurin pulul kshethra aawaranaya kirime puthilulayak lesa pera pasal ha widhimath pasale palamu wasara guruwarun athara mana anthar sabadathawaya wardhanaya wana ayurin “wali keliyen pitu atharata” yana namin aarambha karana lada mema suwisheshi wadasatahana mul lamawiye daruwange awinishchitha sankranthiya nishchitha ha wiswasadayi, prithimath piyawarak bawata path kirimata dayaka karawannaki.
windanathmaka ha parisarika adhyayanayan aashrayen risi lesa siya aakruthika lokaya goda nagu daruwan ta salasumgathawa godanagana lada aakruthi anuwa siya jiwithaya lokaya wetha wiwrutha kirimata awasthawa nobiduna sankranthiyak magin laba dimata awashya manushika badim goda nagima ha prawardhanaya kirima wali keliyen pitu atharata wadasatahane aramunayi.
shri lankawe adhyapanaya pradhana margayan 03k osse hada gasi thibe. enam
01. widhimath adhyapanaya.
02.nowidhimath adhyapanaya.
03. awidhimath adhyapanaya.
widhimath adhyapanaya yanu yamkisi keneku sathu danuma thamange aakruthiyak ha thamange hakiyawa anuwa thawath kenekuta ee aakarayenma laba dimayi. meya guru kendriya adhyapana kramayaki. nowidhimath adhayapanaya yanu yam pudgalayeku, magapenwanneku ha madihathkaruwaku lesa kriya karamin nyayaya saha bhawithaya samaga ilakka gatha ha salasumgatha danumak prathigrahakaya wetha laba dimayi. mehidi siduwanne shishya kendriya adhyapanayaki. widhimath ha salasmak ho ilakkayak nomathiwa samanya wada lokaya thulin laba ganna danuma nowidhimath adhyapanayayi. ehidi aramunu ha ilakka thama wisinma therum gena godanaga gathayuthu athara ee sandaha danuma saha kramaweda da thaman wisinma soya gatha yuthuya. wardhanaya ha sanwardhanaya.'''
· lamayinge usa , bara ,sirura wardhanaya pramanathmakawa dakwiya haki nisa lama wardhanaya yana yedumen ema lakshanawala wadidiyunuwima adahas kere.
· samajamaya, chiththawegiya yanadi washayen dakwiya haki siyaluma anshawala siduwana wadidiyunu wima sanwardhanaya yannen artha ganwe.
daruwakuge sanwardhanaya pilibanda awadhanaya yoma kirimedi lama sanwardhana muladharma kerehi awadhanaya yomu kirima itha wadagathya. lama sanwardhanayata adala muladharma 10 ki.
· akhandathawa pilibada muladharmaya.
· sanwardhana wegaye eekiya bhawayak nomathiwime muladharmaya.
· sanwardhana ratawe eekiya bawa pilibada muladharmaya.
· pudgalagatha wenaskam pilibada muladharmaya.
· samanya prathicharaye sita suwisheshi prathicharaya dakwa wikashanaya wime muladharmaya.
· samodhanaya pilibada muladharmaya.
· antharsabadathawaya pilibada muladharmaya.
· anthar kriyakarithwaya pilibada muladharmaya.
· ihala sita pahalatath kendraye sita paridiyatath siduwana sanwardhanaya pilibada muladharmaya.
· pera kime hakiyawa pilibada muladharmaya.
esema daruwage nipunatha handuna ganimata pera mul lamawiya sanwardhanaye sanwardhana pathikadayan handanagatha yuthuya. daruwakuge samastha sanwardhana pradhana ansha 09 ki. ee anuwa daruwakuge samastha sanwardhanayata adala pathikadawal lesa,
· kayika sanwardhanaya.
· mano chalaka sanwardhanaya.
· samaja sanwardhanaya.
· chiththawega sanwardhanaya.
· buddhi sanwardhanaya.
· bhasha sanwardhanaya.
· parisara awadhanaya.
· saundaryathmaka sanwardhanaya
· yahajiwana purudu ha achara dharma.
mewa ekinekak anthar bandimak ha anthar yapimakin yukthaya. enam udaharana lesa kayika sanwardhanaya sidu wuwahoth pamanak mano chalaka sanwardhanaya siduwe. samaja sanwardhanaya siduwuwahoth pamanak chiththawega sanwardhanaya siduwe. bhasha sanwardhanaya sandaha buddhi sanwardhanaya aniwaryaya. esema parisara awadhanaya yomu nowunahoth samaja sanwardhanaya ha saundaryathmaka sanwardhanaya sidu nowe. ee nisa mema sanwardhana sankalpa sakalyayaya.
mul lamawiya daruwange nipunatha godanagiya haki ha adhyayanaya kala haki nipunatha kshethra 05 k daknata atha.enam,
· sharirika nipunathawaya.
· pudgala ha samaja sanwardhanaya.
· sanniwedana kusalatha sanwardhanaya.
· nirmanathmaka ha saundarya hakiya sanwardhanaya.
· wishleshana ha gatalu wisadime hakiya sanwardhanaya.
mema pradhana kshethra nawatha pradhana nipunatha 29 k lesa goda nagi thibe.ee anuwa,
01. sharirika nipunatha sanwardhanaya.
* awidima
*nagima ha basima
*panima
* samabarathawa pawathwa ganima
*siyum chalaka kriya ha manshapeshi wardhanaya
02. pudgala ha samaja sanwardhanaya.
*thama shariraye awayawa pilibada awabodhaya.
*thama wada katayuthu thani wa kara ganime hakiyawa.
*chiththa wega hasirawima.
*wadiyan samaga sambandhatha pawathwa ganima.
*sama wayas kandayame aya samaga katayuthu kirima.
*parisaraya samaga sambandatha pawathwa ganima.
*aachara dharma huru kirima.
03. sanniwedana kusalatha sanwardhanaya.
*sawan dima
*adahas wachikawa prakasha kirima
*niwaradi uchcharanaya.
*igi ha siruru basa
*kawi gi sindu bhawithaya
*hadathala huruwima
04. nirmanathmaka ha saundarya hakiya sanwardhanaya.
*chithra adima
*gayum,wayum ha ragum
*ambama
*ath wada
*anukaranaya
05. wishleshana ha gatalu wisadime hakiya sanwardhanaya.
*sankhya gatalu
*wimasilimath bawa
*sasadima
*patipatigatha kirima
*sankalpa
ihathin sadahan nipunatha 29 ee ee kotaswaladi nawatha nipunatha 205 k dakwa bedi yayi. pera pasal adhyayana katayuthu awasan karana daruwa purna thaththwayata path wimen mul lamawiye sankirna sanwardhana awasthawata prawishta wi athi daruwaku lesa piligatha hakiya. ewani daruwaku widhimath pasale prathamika adhyapanayata dakshatha sahitha ayaku bawata pathwe.
prathamika shreniyata prawishta wimedi prawesha kusalatha goda nagiya yuthuya. prawesha kusalatha yanu aluthin yamak igena ganime karyaya aarambha kirimata pera ee katayuththa sambandhawa shishyayaya wisin athpath karagena thibiya yuthu igenum samudaya nathahoth hakiya, kusalatha saha gathi lakshana samuhayayi.
ee anuwa daruwaku pasalata athulath wimedi da prawesha kusalatha sathu karagena thibiya yuthuya. enam meyin gamya wanne ek athakin mul lamawiya sanwardhana madhyasthanayakin widhimath adhyapanaya sandaha pitawana daruwa thula yam nipunathawan goda naga thibiya yuthu bawayi. mema nipunatha wardhanaya sandaha mul lamawiya sanwardhana madhyasthanayakin labana athdakim itha wadagathya. ee hethuwenma ihatha sandahan kala lama sanwardhana pathikada, nipunatha sanwardhana kshethra saha adala nipunatha 205 mema prawesha kusalatha saha prathamika adhyapanaya da ilakka kara ganimin nirmanaya kara atha.
1999 di nawa adhyapana prathisanskarana yatathe prawesha kusalatha 16 k handunwa di atha. (windanathmaka kriyakarakam ) enam
01. sellam gewal
02. nidahas kriyakarakam
03. samuhika krida 01
04. samuhika krida 02
05. gayanaya, wadanaya ha ranganaya
06. kathandara charitha anukaranaya ha shabdha anukaranaya
07. charitha anukaranaya ha shabdha anukaranaya “kurulu gama”
08. sellam midula
09. kapima/simawa thula pata kirima
10. nirmanathimaka kriyakarakam 01
11. nirmanathimaka kriyakarakam 02
12. kathandara ha chithra andima
13. perahara
14. ganan kirima
15. drawya ganan kirima, sankhya awabodhaya ( pramanaya drawya asurin)
16. sankhya awabodhaya pramanaya rupa asurin
mema winoda janaka krida haraha maninu labana nipunatha 28 k sandahan kara atha. enam
01. suhada kathabahe yedima
02. dena lada drawya nisi paridi hasuruwa nirmanayak karayi
03. yahaluwan samaga suhada sambandhatha godanaga gani
04. kandayamak thula sahayogayen katayuthu karayi
05. suhada ganadenu karamin aacharashiliwa hasireyi
06. nimawanathek yamak yamak kirimata athi kamaththa pradarshanaya karayi
07. awadhanayen yuthuwa sawan deyi
08. wiwidha iriyaw pradarshanaya karamin awidiyi
09. sharirika samabarathana pawathna gani
10. samuhikawa kriyakarakamwala yede
11. warna sasandamin thorayi
12. rangana, gayana, wadanawalata kamaththen sahabhagi weyi
13. paudgalika aarakshawa pilibanda salakilimathwe
14. shabda anukaranaya karayi
15. charitha anukaranaya karayi
16. wishwasayakin yuthuwa katayuthu karayi
17. kriyakarakam sandaha sathathutin sahabhagiweyi
18. denu labana upades pilipadiyi
19. siyum manshapeshi yodagena kriyakarakamwala yede
20. adahas prakasha karayi
21. simawakthula pata karayi
22. anyayanta udaw kirimata kamaththak dakwayi
23. kriyakarakam sandaha kamaththen idiripath weyi
24. wachana niwaradiwa uchcharanaya karayi
25. shrawana thiwrathawaya pradarshanaya karayi
26. drushti thiwrathawaya pradarshanaya karayi
27. upakarana niwaradiwa allayi, bhawitha karayi
28. 5 thek niwaradiwa ganan karayi
athyawashya igenum nipunatha
athyawashya igenum nipunatha yanu prathamika adhyapana thalaye ee ee awadhiwaladi sisun praguna karagathayuthu , wishaya malawe anthargathayan thulin kusalatha, aakalpa ha agayayanhi watinakam sankalanayaki. lokaye adhyapana paryeshakayan wisin methek karana lada paryeshana ha athhada balim wimasumakata lak kirimen elabagath thiranayanta anuwa ee ee awadhiwaladi laga wiya yuthu abhimatha igenum mattama 65% tharam prasastha ayurin langakara ganima mehidi apeksha kere. ee anuwa jathika adhyapana aayathanaya nawa prathamika adhyapana kriyawaliya yatathe handunagath athyawashya igenum nipunatha pradhana awadhin thunak anuwa gonu kara atha.
01. palamuwana pradhana awadhiya
palamu shreniya ha dewana shreniya thula
athyawashya igenum nipunatha 40 ki.
02. dewana pradhana awadhiya
thunwana ha hatharawana shreniya thula
athyawashya igenum nipunatha 52 ki.
03. thunwana pradhana awadhiya
paswana shreniya thula
athyawashya igenum nipunatha 55ki.
me siyalla awasanaye adhyapanayen mulika nipunatha 07 k balaporoththu we. esema me siyalla godanagi aththe adhyapanaye jathika aramunu 8 k kshathasath kara ganima peradariwaya.
sudhira rathnayaka,
disthrik mul lamawiya sanwardhana niladhari,
monaragala |
chiwana nipunatha | mulika jiwana nipunatha
thirana ganima
* thiranaya ganimata pera,
eyata sambandha siyalu thorathuru soya ganima
ee sadaha gatha haki siyaluma kriya marga saha eewayen athwana prathipala samaga thulanathmakawa salaka balima
ganna thiranaya hethu sadhakawa pahada dimata hakiwima
thamata awashya thorathuru / daththa nomathi wita thirana walata elabimen walakima
thiranaya ganimen pasu,
ee pilibadawa wagakima bhara ganimata hakiwima
ehi prathipala wala pala wipaka pasu wiparam kirima
samuhikawa gath thirana walata garu kirima
prashna wisadima
gataluwata hethuwa ha adala wisthara sewime purudda
athdakim pamanak nowa ee pilibada niwaradi thorathuruda salakillata ganime hakiyawa
an ayage nigamanada salakillata ganima
sahethuka karunu penwa dun wita thama sthawaraya wenas kara ganima
gatalu wisada gathahaki paladayi krama athurin hodama kramaya haduna ganima
gataluwa wisadime di kriyathmaka wiya yuthu anupiliwela haduna ganima
apekshitha aakarayata wisaduma kriyathmaka wannedayi agayima
sarthaka prathipalayak labena thek ema kriyawaliya pawathwagena yama
kandayama gataluwakata muhuna pa athi wita eya samuhikawa wisada ganima
gataluwak sarthakawa wisada ganimata apohosath wimedi an ayage sahayogaya laba ganima
nirmanathmakawa sithime hakiyawa
karunu athara sambandhathawa pahasuwen therum ganimata puluwan wima
sthanochitha pragnyawen yuthuwa katayuthu kirimata hakiwima
abhiyoga walata muhuna dimedi wisadum sadaha nirmanashilithwaya upayogi kara ganima
kisiyam katayuththak kriyathmaka kirimedi pulul parasayaka sithima
dakina da, asena da wiwidha drushti kona thulin balimata purudu wima
watapitawa pilibadawa wadi awadhawayak ha unanduwak dakwima
wiwechanathmakawa sithime hakiyawa
yam yam de / awastha pilibada wenaskam kshanikawa wishleshanaya
yamak pilibadawa wadath suparikshakariwa saha tharkanwithawa sithima
uda :- janamadhya pracharana
yamak piliganimata pera ee sambandha thorathuru adhyanaya kirima
anuwedanaya
karadarayata pathwa sitina ayage thathwaya therum ganima
upakara awashya pudgalayinta udaw kirima
durwalathawan sahitha pudgalayin dutuwita samachchalayata lak nokirima
aathmawabodhaya
thama thula athi ruchi aruchikam, hakiyawan abhiprayayan thama charithaye prabala ha dubala than, thama ayithin saha wagakim pilibadawa awabodhayak athi wima
thamage hakiyawan, dakshathawayan pilibadawa nihathamaniwa sathutu wima
wagakimen katayuthu kirima
thamata haki pamanin thama katayuthu thaniwa kara ganima
thama anagatha abhiprayan mudun pamunuwa ganimata athi uthsahaya / unanduwa wadiwima
kala warada piliganima pilibada an ayata aadarshayak wima
niwaradi de kirimata aathma wiswasaya thibima
sapalamath sanniwedanaya
an ayage adahas walata sawan dima
an ayage sith noridawa thama hagim prakasha kirima
suhadashiliwa katha kirime hakiyawa
an ayage abhinayan saha wachika nowana hagim therum ganima
thama adahas pahadiliwa prakasha kirima
thamata nosudusu / nogalapena de pilibadawa sthawarawa prakasha kirima
kanadayamak hagimen yukthawa adahas huwamaru kara ganima
an ayathula hasirime wenasakata hethu wu karunu therum ganima saha ee anuwa katayuthu kirima
anthar pudgala sambandhatha
suhadawa asuru karana pirisa wadiwima
anaya samaga kerena suhada kathabaha wadiwima
thama adahas demapiya saha sahodara sahodariyan samaga sathutin bedahada ganima
an ayage hoda lakshana warnana kirima
yamekuge durwalathawayak dutu wita an aya samaga wiwechanaya nokota adala pudgalayatama eya penwa dima
hagim walata muhunadima
thamage hagim prakasha kalayuthu piligath aakaraya haduna ganima
sathutin saha prabodhayen sitima jiwithayata wadagath yayi dana ganima
hagim palanaya kara ganima
tharaha yana wara adu karaganima
aathathi walata muhunadima
apa muhuna pana aathathi walata hethu saha wisadum soya ganima
ema wisaduma sewimedi athdakim sahitha / wadihiti pudgalayakuෙg ho hithawathekuge sahaya laba ganima
wenas kala nohaki de piliganima saha wikalpa marga sadaha yomu wima
kayika saukhya sadaha manasika saukhya balapana bawa dana sitima
krida saha saundaryathmaka kriya sadaha sahabhagithwaya
winodansha wala nirathawima
nirmanashili kriyakara kam wala yedima
bhauthika parisaraya wenas kirima
aathathiya lihil kirime shilpa bhawithaya |
praharaka konaya | praharaka konaya (, alfa nam wu grika aksharaya)
yanu wayu gathika widyawedi airfoil's chord line saha wayuwa galayana dishawa eseth nathinam guwan yanayehi wathman gaman margaya athara konaya handinwima sandaha bhawithawana yedumayi. meya guwan yanaye thatuwa yomu wi athi dishawa saha eya gaman karana dishawa athara konaya lesa saralawa dakwiya haka.wadath saralawa gathahoth praharaka konayayi yanu guwan yanaye piyapath sulangata pahara dena konaya lesada salakiya haka.mema konaye pramanaya anuwa guwan yanaya esawime pramanayada wenas we. uparima esawim awasthawen pasuwa esawima sampurnayenma ana hiti. mema awasthawedi mema konayata esawuma nathara wime konaya lesa hadunwayi
thawada meya gatum konaya lesa hadunwayi.
konaya runa konayak nam esawumak natha, konaya 0 nam samanya esawumaki, mema konaya esawimedi guwan niyamuwa wisin wenas karayi.
wayu gathika widyawa
piyapath salasum |
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