WikipediaSearch.csv

title, story, time
electromagnetic energy is absorbed or emitted in discrete packets,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum,2022-10-12 01:47:58.485120
speeches,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-12 01:48:09.186213
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-12 01:48:18.661961
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-10-12 01:48:25.728941
Scalp cooling,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-10-12 01:48:37.233833
pro-aging trance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-10-12 01:48:45.158220
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-10-12 01:48:48.752157
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-10-12 01:48:56.000813
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-10-12 01:49:00.637205
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-10-12 01:49:04.268440
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-10-12 01:49:09.484656
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-10-12 01:49:17.023443
"Born ([ˈbɔr(ə)n]; Limburgish: Bor [ˈbɔʀ]) is a village in the Dutch municipality of Sittard-Geleen. It has a port on the Julianakanaal (Juliana canal). Born is also the site of the car factory VDL Nedcar and the headquarters and European Distribution Center of Mitsubishi Motors Europe. It has a zoo.Until 2001, Born was a separate municipality (population about 15,000), that included the villages Born, Buchten, Holtum, Grevenbicht, Papenhoven and Obbicht.


== See also ==
82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion helped with liberation of Born on 19 September 1944.
Obbicht en Papenhoven


== Gallery ==

		
		


== References ==","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born,_Netherlands",2022-10-12 01:54:00.166868
a zoo,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born,_Netherlands",2022-10-12 01:54:02.549049
Yakshagana,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_culture_of_Karnataka,2022-10-12 01:57:12.078166
Purandara Dasa,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_culture_of_Karnataka,2022-10-12 01:57:56.665132
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:11:01.738676
==,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-10-12 02:11:06.256086
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-10-12 02:11:11.890470
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:11:19.485917
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:11:28.124963
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:11:35.104502
NK,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:11:43.446956
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:11:50.968073
speeches,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-12 02:12:06.381220
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-12 02:12:21.267779
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-10-12 02:12:32.160920
Scalp cooling,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-10-12 02:12:52.696951
pro-aging trance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-10-12 02:13:06.674525
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-10-12 02:13:10.665737
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-10-12 02:13:22.392400
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-10-12 02:13:28.236523
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-10-12 02:13:32.975245
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-10-12 02:13:41.241461
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-10-12 02:13:52.564141
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:17:56.704657
==,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-10-12 02:18:00.650238
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-10-12 02:18:06.318066
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:18:11.518810
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:18:16.804728
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:18:21.998550
NK,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:18:27.397365
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:18:32.673799
speeches,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-12 02:18:42.524612
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-12 02:18:52.028536
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-10-12 02:18:59.062986
Scalp cooling,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-10-12 02:19:11.329294
pro-aging trance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-10-12 02:19:19.407727
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-10-12 02:19:22.982906
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-10-12 02:19:30.672849
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-10-12 02:19:35.339583
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-10-12 02:19:39.182208
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-10-12 02:19:44.408359
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-10-12 02:19:51.732121
"In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time.  In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar.
System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time (""Unix time"") as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the Unix epoch at 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, with exceptions for leap seconds. Systems that implement the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows API, such as Windows 9x and Windows NT, provide the system time as both SYSTEMTIME, represented as a year/month/day/hour/minute/second/milliseconds value, and FILETIME, represented as a count of the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UT as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time 1000000000 seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 9 September 2001 01:46:40 UT. Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for time zones, daylight saving time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times.


== Other time measurements ==
Closely related to system time is process time, which is a count of the total CPU time consumed by an executing process. It may be split into user and system CPU time, representing the time spent executing user code and system kernel code, respectively. Process times are a tally of CPU instructions or clock cycles and generally have no direct correlation to wall time.
File systems keep track of the times that files are created, modified, and/or accessed by storing timestamps in the file control block (or inode) of each file and directory.


== History ==
Most first-generation personal computers did not keep track of dates and times. These included systems that ran the CP/M operating system, as well as early models of the Apple II, the BBC Micro, and the Commodore PET, among others. Add-on peripheral boards that included real-time clock chips with on-board battery back-up were available for the IBM PC and XT, but the IBM AT was the first widely available PC that came equipped with date/time hardware built into the motherboard. Prior to the widespread availability of computer networks, most personal computer systems that did track system time did so only with respect to local time and did not make allowances for different time zones.
With current technology, most modern computers keep track of local civil time, as do many other household and personal devices such as VCRs, DVRs, cable TV receivers, PDAs, pagers, cell phones, fax machines, telephone answering machines, cameras, camcorders, central air conditioners, and microwave ovens.
Microcontrollers operating within embedded systems (such as the Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and other similar systems) do not always have internal hardware to keep track of time. Many such controller systems operate without knowledge of the external time. Those that require such information typically initialize their base time upon rebooting by obtaining the current time from an external source, such as from a time server or external clock, or by prompting the user to manually enter the current time.


== Implementation ==
The system clock is typically implemented as a programmable interval timer that periodically interrupts the CPU, which then starts executing a timer interrupt service routine. This routine typically adds one tick to the system clock (a simple counter) and handles other periodic housekeeping tasks (preemption, etc.) before returning to the task the CPU was executing before the interruption.


== Retrieving system time ==
The following tables illustrate methods for retrieving the system time in various operating systems, programming languages, and applications. Values marked by (*) are system-dependent and may differ across implementations. All dates are given as Gregorian or proleptic Gregorian calendar dates.
Note that the resolution of an implementation's measurement of time does not imply the same precision of such measurements. For example, a system might return the current time as a value measured in microseconds, but actually be capable of discerning individual clock ticks with a frequency of only 100 Hz (10 ms).


=== Operating systems ===


=== Programming languages and applications ===


== See also ==


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Critical and Significant Dates, J. R. Stockton (retrieved 3 December 2015)
The Boost Date/Time Library (C++)
The Boost Chrono Library (C++)
The Chronos Date/Time Library (Smalltalk)
Joda Time, The Joda Date/Time Library (Java)
The Perl DateTime Project  (Perl)
date: Ruby Standard Library Documentation (Ruby)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_time,2022-10-12 02:20:18.376626
Unix system time 1000000000 seconds since the beginning of the epoch,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_time,2022-10-12 02:20:21.350588
Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I,2022-10-12 02:34:39.319214
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:42:01.765408
==,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-10-12 02:42:05.675270
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-10-12 02:42:11.480184
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:42:17.400169
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:42:22.874569
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:42:28.030169
NK,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:42:33.620596
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-12 02:42:38.877997
speeches,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-12 02:42:49.080367
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-12 02:42:58.815490
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-10-12 02:43:07.107545
Scalp cooling,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-10-12 02:43:19.284149
pro-aging trance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-10-12 02:43:27.258005
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-10-12 02:43:30.847390
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-10-12 02:43:37.964528
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-10-12 02:43:42.727553
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-10-12 02:43:47.510930
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-10-12 02:43:52.739598
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-10-12 02:44:00.017511
COBOL,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming,2022-10-12 03:51:31.186510
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-12 03:52:12.039126
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-13 11:21:45.177031
The more commonly spoken languages dominate the less commonly spoken languages,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language,2022-10-14 01:10:22.944213
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-14 15:55:00.193127
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-14 15:55:25.551011
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-14 15:55:51.367999
metadata,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics,2022-10-17 15:42:07.764264
Organized efforts to search for extraterrestrial intelligence,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology,2022-10-17 15:42:25.557130
"== Function ===
Calcium is an essential element",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium,2022-10-18 15:55:02.907650
"A star trail is a type of photograph that uses long exposure times to capture diurnal circles, the apparent motion of stars in the night sky due to Earth's rotation. A star-trail photograph shows individual stars as streaks across the image, with longer exposures yielding longer arcs. The term is used for similar photos captured elsewhere, such as on board the International Space Station and on Mars.Typical shutter speeds for a star trail range from 15 minutes to several hours, requiring a ""Bulb"" setting on the camera to open the shutter for a period longer than usual. However, a more practiced technique is to blend a number of frames together to create the final star trail image.Star trails have been used by professional astronomers to measure the quality of observing locations for major telescopes.


== Capture ==

Star trail photographs are captured by placing a camera on a tripod, pointing the lens toward the night sky, and allowing the shutter to stay open for a long period of time. Star trails are considered relatively easy for amateur astrophotographers to create. Photographers generally make these images by using a DSLR or Mirrorless camera with its lens focus set to infinity. A cable release or intervalometer allows the photographer to hold the shutter open for the desired amount of time. Typical exposure times range from 15 minutes to many hours long, depending on the desired length of the star trail arcs for the image. Even though star trail pictures are created under low-light conditions, long exposure times allow fast films, such as ISO 200 and ISO 400. Wide-apertures, such as f/5.6 and f/4, are recommended for star trails.

Because exposure times for star trail photographs can be several hours long, camera batteries can be easily depleted. Mechanical cameras that do not require a battery to open and close the shutter have an advantage over more modern film and digital cameras that rely on battery power. On these cameras, the Bulb, or B, exposure setting keeps the shutter open. Another problem that digital cameras encounter is an increase in electronic noise with increasing exposure time. However, this can be avoided through the use of shorter exposure times that are then stacked in post production software. This avoids possible heat build up or digital noise caused from a single long exposure. 
American astronaut Don Pettit recorded star trails with a digital camera from the International Space Station in Earth orbit between April and June, 2012.  Pettit described his technique as follows: ""My star trail images are made by taking a time exposure of about 10 to 15 minutes. However, with modern digital cameras, 30 seconds is about the longest exposure possible, due to electronic detector noise effectively snowing out the image. To achieve the longer exposures I do what many amateur astronomers do. I take multiple 30-second exposures, then 'stack' them using imaging software, thus producing the longer exposure.""Star trail images have also been taken on Mars. The Spirit rover produced them while looking for meteors. Since the camera was limited to 60 second exposures the trails appear as dashed lines.


== Earth's rotation ==

Star trail photographs are possible because of the rotation of Earth about its axis. The apparent motion of the stars is recorded as mostly curved streaks on the film or detector. For observers in the Northern Hemisphere, aiming the camera northward creates an image with concentric circular arcs centered on the north celestial pole (very near Polaris). For those in the Southern Hemisphere, this same effect is achieved by aiming the camera southward. In this case, the arc streaks are centered on the south celestial pole (near Sigma Octantis). Aiming the camera eastward or westward shows straight streaks on the celestial equator, which is tilted at angle with respect to the horizon. The angular measure of this tilt depends on the photographer's latitude (L), and is equal to 90° − L.


== Astronomical site testing ==
Star trail photographs can be used by astronomers to determine the quality of a location for telescope observations. Star trail observations of Polaris have been used to measure the quality of seeing in the atmosphere, and the vibrations in telescope mounting systems. The first recorded suggestion of this technique is from E.S. Skinner's 1931 book A Manual of Celestial Photography.


== Gallery ==

		
		
		
		
		


== References ==


== External links ==

4 Steps To Creating Star Trails Photos Using Stacking Software
Star trail photography
StarStaX free multi-platform star trail software",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_trail,2022-10-19 00:58:13.680029
E.S. Skinner,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_trail,2022-10-19 00:58:16.667325
"A star tracker is an optical device that measures the positions of stars using photocells or a camera.
As the positions of many stars have been measured by astronomers to a high degree of accuracy, a star tracker on a satellite or spacecraft may be used to determine the orientation (or attitude) of the spacecraft with respect to the stars. In order to do this, the star tracker must obtain an image of the stars, measure their apparent position in the reference frame of the spacecraft, and identify the stars so their position can be compared with their known absolute position from a star catalog. A star tracker may include a processor to identify stars by comparing the pattern of observed stars with the known pattern of stars in the sky.


== History ==
In the 1950s and early 1960s, star trackers were an important part of early long-range ballistic missiles and cruise missiles, in the era when inertial navigation systems (INS) were not sufficiently accurate for intercontinental ranges.Consider a Cold War missile flying towards its target; it initially starts by flying northward, passes over the arctic, and then begins flying southward again. From the missile's perspective, stars behind it appear to move closer to the southern horizon while those in front are rising. Before flight, one can calculate the relative angle of a star based on where the missile should be at that instant if it is in the correct location. That can then be compared to the measured location to produce an ""error off"" signal that can be used to bring the missile back onto its correct trajectory.Due to the Earth's rotation, stars that are in a usable location change over the course of a day and the location of the target. Generally, a selection of several bright stars would be used and one would be selected at launch time. For guidance systems based solely on star tracking, some sort of recording mechanism, typically a magnetic tape, was pre-recorded with a signal that represented the angle of the star over the period of a day. At launch, the tape was forwarded to the appropriate time. During the flight, the signal on the tape was used to roughly position a telescope so it would point at the expected position of the star. At the telescope's focus was a photocell and some sort of signal-generator, typically a spinning disk known as a chopper. The chopper causes the image of the star to repeatedly appear and disappear on the photocell, producing a signal that was then smoothed to produce an alternating current output. The phase of that signal was compared to the one on the tape to produce a guidance signal.Star trackers were often combined with an INS. INS systems measure accelerations and integrate those over time to determine a velocity and, optionally, double-integrate to produce a location relative to its launch location. Even tiny measurement errors, when integrated, adds up to an appreciable error known as ""drift"". For instance, the N-1 navigation system developed for the SM-64 Navaho cruise missile drifted at a rate of 1 nautical mile per hour, meaning that after a two-hour flight the INS would be indicating a position 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) away from its actual location. This was outside the desired accuracy of about half a mile.
In the case of an INS, the magnetic tape can be removed and those signals instead provided by the INS. The rest of the system works as before; the signal from the INS roughly positions the star tracker, which then measures the actual location of the star and produces an error signal. This signal is then used to correct the position being generated from the INS, reducing the accumulated drift back to the limit of the accuracy of the tracker. These ""stellar inertial"" systems were especially common from the 1950s through the 1980s, although some systems use it to this day.


== Current technology ==
Many models are currently available. There also exist open projects designed to be used for the global CubeSat researchers and developers community.
Star trackers, which require high sensitivity, may become confused by sunlight reflected from the spacecraft, or by exhaust gas plumes from the spacecraft thrusters (either sunlight reflection or contamination of the star tracker window). Star trackers are also susceptible to a variety of errors (low spatial frequency, high spatial frequency, temporal, ...) in addition to a variety of optical sources of error (spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, etc.). There are also many potential sources of confusion for the star identification algorithm (planets, comets, supernovae, the bimodal character of the point spread function for adjacent stars, other nearby satellites, point-source light pollution from large cities on Earth, ...). There are roughly 57 bright navigational stars in common use. However, for more complex missions, entire star field databases are used to determine spacecraft orientation. A typical star catalog for high-fidelity attitude determination is originated from a standard base catalog (for example from the United States Naval Observatory) and then filtered to remove problematic stars, for example due to apparent magnitude variability, color index uncertainty, or a location within the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram implying unreliability. These types of star catalogs can have thousands of stars stored in memory on board the spacecraft, or else processed using tools at the ground station and then uploaded.


== See also ==
Celestial navigation
GoTo (telescopes)
Sun sensor


== References ==",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_tracker,2022-10-19 00:58:42.472490
"Celestial navigation
GoTo (telescopes)
Sun sensor",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_tracker,2022-10-19 00:58:45.548139
"A star tracker is an optical device that measures the positions of stars using photocells or a camera.
As the positions of many stars have been measured by astronomers to a high degree of accuracy, a star tracker on a satellite or spacecraft may be used to determine the orientation (or attitude) of the spacecraft with respect to the stars. In order to do this, the star tracker must obtain an image of the stars, measure their apparent position in the reference frame of the spacecraft, and identify the stars so their position can be compared with their known absolute position from a star catalog. A star tracker may include a processor to identify stars by comparing the pattern of observed stars with the known pattern of stars in the sky.


== History ==
In the 1950s and early 1960s, star trackers were an important part of early long-range ballistic missiles and cruise missiles, in the era when inertial navigation systems (INS) were not sufficiently accurate for intercontinental ranges.Consider a Cold War missile flying towards its target; it initially starts by flying northward, passes over the arctic, and then begins flying southward again. From the missile's perspective, stars behind it appear to move closer to the southern horizon while those in front are rising. Before flight, one can calculate the relative angle of a star based on where the missile should be at that instant if it is in the correct location. That can then be compared to the measured location to produce an ""error off"" signal that can be used to bring the missile back onto its correct trajectory.Due to the Earth's rotation, stars that are in a usable location change over the course of a day and the location of the target. Generally, a selection of several bright stars would be used and one would be selected at launch time. For guidance systems based solely on star tracking, some sort of recording mechanism, typically a magnetic tape, was pre-recorded with a signal that represented the angle of the star over the period of a day. At launch, the tape was forwarded to the appropriate time. During the flight, the signal on the tape was used to roughly position a telescope so it would point at the expected position of the star. At the telescope's focus was a photocell and some sort of signal-generator, typically a spinning disk known as a chopper. The chopper causes the image of the star to repeatedly appear and disappear on the photocell, producing a signal that was then smoothed to produce an alternating current output. The phase of that signal was compared to the one on the tape to produce a guidance signal.Star trackers were often combined with an INS. INS systems measure accelerations and integrate those over time to determine a velocity and, optionally, double-integrate to produce a location relative to its launch location. Even tiny measurement errors, when integrated, adds up to an appreciable error known as ""drift"". For instance, the N-1 navigation system developed for the SM-64 Navaho cruise missile drifted at a rate of 1 nautical mile per hour, meaning that after a two-hour flight the INS would be indicating a position 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) away from its actual location. This was outside the desired accuracy of about half a mile.
In the case of an INS, the magnetic tape can be removed and those signals instead provided by the INS. The rest of the system works as before; the signal from the INS roughly positions the star tracker, which then measures the actual location of the star and produces an error signal. This signal is then used to correct the position being generated from the INS, reducing the accumulated drift back to the limit of the accuracy of the tracker. These ""stellar inertial"" systems were especially common from the 1950s through the 1980s, although some systems use it to this day.


== Current technology ==
Many models are currently available. There also exist open projects designed to be used for the global CubeSat researchers and developers community.
Star trackers, which require high sensitivity, may become confused by sunlight reflected from the spacecraft, or by exhaust gas plumes from the spacecraft thrusters (either sunlight reflection or contamination of the star tracker window). Star trackers are also susceptible to a variety of errors (low spatial frequency, high spatial frequency, temporal, ...) in addition to a variety of optical sources of error (spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, etc.). There are also many potential sources of confusion for the star identification algorithm (planets, comets, supernovae, the bimodal character of the point spread function for adjacent stars, other nearby satellites, point-source light pollution from large cities on Earth, ...). There are roughly 57 bright navigational stars in common use. However, for more complex missions, entire star field databases are used to determine spacecraft orientation. A typical star catalog for high-fidelity attitude determination is originated from a standard base catalog (for example from the United States Naval Observatory) and then filtered to remove problematic stars, for example due to apparent magnitude variability, color index uncertainty, or a location within the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram implying unreliability. These types of star catalogs can have thousands of stars stored in memory on board the spacecraft, or else processed using tools at the ground station and then uploaded.


== See also ==
Celestial navigation
GoTo (telescopes)
Sun sensor


== References ==",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_tracker,2022-10-19 03:03:35.059016
"Celestial navigation
GoTo (telescopes)
Sun sensor",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_tracker,2022-10-19 03:03:39.599730
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-10-19 03:05:22.704793
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-20 14:17:24.214356
==,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-10-20 14:17:30.120576
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-10-20 14:17:42.901275
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-20 14:17:51.577391
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-20 14:18:00.302983
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-20 14:18:08.539526
NK,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-20 14:18:16.410944
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-20 14:18:25.990642
speeches,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-20 14:18:41.659478
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-20 14:18:55.224584
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-10-20 14:19:05.653761
anti-folates,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-10-20 14:19:24.820000
pro-aging trance,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-10-20 14:19:36.379635
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-10-20 14:19:40.281305
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-10-20 14:19:50.745030
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-10-20 14:19:56.538182
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-10-20 14:20:00.838569
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-10-20 14:20:09.144092
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-10-20 14:20:19.814208
UNESCO,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport,2022-10-20 19:31:25.630930
the Javanese are nearly 100% Muslim,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala,2022-10-22 19:04:04.544309
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-22 22:22:56.851361
the greater the force needed to pull your leg through),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-22 22:23:22.290262
financial regulatory authorities regulate all financial activities,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulation,2022-10-27 13:20:05.226468
The National Assembly refused to recognize the new government,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_crisis,2022-10-27 13:22:25.068786
limited view restricts it to certain contexts,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics,2022-10-27 13:22:53.898183
constitutional limitation of government,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics,2022-10-27 13:23:22.741411
parents are continually in jail are more accepting of incarceration,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution,2022-10-27 13:24:02.448201
Article 155 of the Constitution,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_crisis,2022-10-27 13:24:37.260725
"The La's were an English rock band from Liverpool, originally active from 1983 until 1992. Fronted by singer, songwriter and guitarist Lee Mavers, the group are best known for their hit single ""There She Goes"". The band was formed by Mike Badger in 1983 and Mavers joined the next year, although for most of the group's history, the frequently changing line-up revolved around the core duo of Lee Mavers (vocals, guitar) and John Power (bass, backing vocals) along with numerous other guitarists and drummers including Paul Hemmings, John ""Timmo"" Timson, Peter ""Cammy"" Cammell, Iain Templeton, John ""Boo"" Byrne, Chris Sharrock, Barry Sutton and Neil Mavers.
After the departure of Badger in late 1986, the band signed to Go! Discs in 1987 and started recording their debut album. Following the release of singles ""Way Out"" (1987), ""There She Goes"" (1988) and ""Timeless Melody"" (1990) and having aborted several recording sessions with different producers, the band released their debut album The La's in 1990 to critical acclaim and modest commercial success. John Power left The La's to form Cast and the group entered a prolonged hiatus in 1992. The group later reformed briefly in the mid-1990s, 2005 and 2011. However, no new recordings have been released.


== History ==


=== 1983–1986: Formation and early years ===
The La's formed in 1983, with original member Mike Badger stating that the band name occurred to him in a dream, as well as it being Scouse for ""lads"", and having obvious musical connotations. The band existed briefly as an arthouse/skiffle-type outfit with a few tracks released on local compilations. Lee Mavers joined in 1984 as rhythm guitarist, eventually gaining songwriting prominence and emerging as the band's enduring figurehead. Bernie Nolan,  accomplished musician formerly of The Falcons, The Russian Rockabillys and The Swampmen was the original bassist. John Power joined the group in 1986, having met Badger on a local council-run musicianship course. Badger however left the group in late 1986 to form The Onset.The band attracted the attention of several record labels after a series of performances in their hometown in 1986, and demo tapes copied from a session at the Flying Picket rehearsal studio in Liverpool began circulating. One of these demo tapes was sent to Underground Magazine. A journalist there with the task of reviewing unsigned bands gave the cassette to Andy McDonald at Go Discs. Several record labels later became interested in signing the band. The band chose to sign with Go! Discs.


=== 1987–1990: Record deal and The La's album ===

The band's first single ""Way Out"" was mixed with producer Gavin MacKillop. When it was released in October 1987, it broke into the top 100 and was praised by The Smiths' frontman Morrissey in the music magazine Melody Maker, but attracted little notice. The band continued to perform around the UK and gained success as a live act, drawing comparisons to The Beatles due to their origins, vaguely Merseybeat sound, and Mavers' expressive lyrics. ""There She Goes"" was released in 1988 with the B-sides ""Come in Come Out"" and ""Who Knows"". The song garnered moderate attention and airplay, but performed poorly in the charts. The music video for ""There She Goes"" features the La's scampering through run-down Liverpool streets and was filmed in an afternoon on a hand-held camera. It was later re-released a number of times, the earliest being 1990's Steve Lillywhite mix. After working with producer Jeremy Allom at the Pink Museum Studio in Liverpool in May 1989, the band were set to release ""Timeless Melody"" as a single. While test pressings had been sent out for review, and was awarded ""single of the week"" in Melody Maker, Mavers was reportedly unhappy with the production and the single release was scrapped.
The La's then spent two years fruitlessly recording and re-recording their intended debut album, with a constantly changing band line-up, where only the core of Mavers and Power remained the same. Discarded producers included The Smiths' producer John Porter, as well as John Leckie and Mike Hedges. Both Leckie and Hedges in interviews have been very complimentary about the band's songs and their respective sessions. The previously volatile band line-up settled in 1989 with Lee's brother, Neil Mavers on drums, and Peter ""Cammy"" Cammell as lead guitarist. The group then entered London's Eden Studios in December 1989 to again record their debut album with Simple Minds and U2 producer Steve Lillywhite. Despite this line-up being arguably the most stable, and press interviews from the time painting them as extremely confident, the sessions still did not satisfy Mavers. In one instance Mavers was reported to have rejected a vintage mixing desk, claiming it did not have the right sound because ""it hasn't got original Sixties dust on it"", although this claim has since been revealed as apocryphal. The Eden sessions with Lillywhite would become the band's final attempt at recording the album. The frustration of not achieving the right sound and mood in their songs, as well as increasing friction with Go! Discs, who had spent a considerable sum of money on recording sessions for the album, led to them simply giving up on the sessions. Lillywhite pieced together the recordings he had made with the group into what became the eventually released album. The band, particularly Lee Mavers, were not pleased with this decision. Among the band's complaints were that Lillywhite used vocal guide tracks on the LP and that he did not ""understand"" their sound. In an October 1990 NME interview with Stuart Maconie, Mavers said that he ""hated"" the album because of the sound, which was ""All f---ed up like a snake with a broken back"".However, recognition, at least critically, came for the La's in 1990 when the self-titled album, The La's, was released. The album reached No. 30 in the UK charts and received a Silver certification, but the album did not fare as well overseas. The album only reached No. 196 on the Billboard 200 and to date has sold fewer than 50,000 copies in the U.S. The album included, among new material, re-recorded versions of all the previous singles, including a remixed version of ""There She Goes"" which was then re-released as a single. This time around, the song reached number 13 in the UK singles chart and remains the most visible and enduring of all the band's songs. Additional singles from the album included the LP versions of ""Timeless Melody"" and ""Feelin'"". Both sold reasonably well, reaching chart placings around the top 40. A short promotional tour proceeded, accompanied by television appearances on shows such as Top of the Pops.


=== 1991–2003: John Power's departure and hiatus ===
1991 promotional tour dates were fulfilled in the UK and Europe including a few festivals, and a US tour. Bassist John Power left the group on 13 December 1991, frustrated with having played essentially the same set of songs since 1986, and resurfaced a year later with his band Cast. The remainder of the 1991 concerts were performed with James Joyce on bass as well as a handful of 1992 dates. The band stopped touring and rehearsing in 1992 until further short-lived reunions, with various line-ups, throughout the 1990s and 2000s.
The La's reunited sporadically for a series of live performances throughout 1994 and 1995. The comeback was brought about due to a merchandising debt from the 1991 U.S. tour and the band played support slots to artists such as Oasis, Paul Weller and Dodgy. The reformed band consisted of differing line-ups for each concert and as well as Lee Mavers other performers included several former members such as Barry Sutton, Lee Garnett, John ""Boo"" Byrne, James Joyce, Peter ""Cammy"" Cammell and Neil Mavers.
In 1996, Mavers began recording at The Arch studio in Kew, London owned by ex-The Damned drummer Rat Scabies. Initially working alone, he was later joined in the studio by ex-The Stairs frontman Edgar Jones, Lee Garnett and Neil Mavers. The sessions ended because of damp in the studio, however Mavers and Summertyme continued to rehearse and record in Liverpool for a year. After the collapse of Go! Discs, Mavers recording contract with the label was acquired by PolyGram and eventually expired in 1998. In 1998, Mavers began rehearsing with the then unsigned Liverpool band The Crescent. A bootleg recording of one of these rehearsals known as The Crescent Tape would later leak on to the Internet.
In the late 1990s, Mavers renewed contact with founder member Mike Badger and subsequently two compilation albums of early demos and home recordings were released by The Viper Label (founded by ex-La's Badger and Hemmings), Lost La's 1984–1986: Breakloose (1999) and Lost La's 1986–1987: Callin' All (2001). A Japan only compilation album Singles Collection (2001) was released by Universal Music Japan containing all of the band's singles and b-sides released from 1987 to 1991. A biography about the band In Search of The La's: A Secret Liverpool by MW Macefield was published in 2003. The book contained interviews with many former members of the La's including Lee Mavers, John Power, Mike Badger, Paul Hemmings, Barry Sutton, Peter ""Cammy"" Cammell and Neil Mavers.


=== 2004–present: Reformations ===
Following a reunion between Mavers and John Power, The La's reformed in June 2005 with a line-up of Lee Mavers (vocals, guitar), John Power (bass, backing vocals), ex-Cracatilla frontman Jay Lewis (guitar) and Nick Miniski (drums), playing dates in England and Ireland ahead of an appearance at the Summer Sonic festival in Japan as well as a spot at the 2005 Glastonbury Festival and other UK festivals. After three concerts, Miniski was replaced as drummer by roadie Jim ""Jasper"" Fearon, who was Mavers' school friend and one time bass player for the La's. The set lists were mostly the same as in the late 1980s, although certain encores contained some previously unheard songs such as ""Gimme the Blues"" and ""Sorry"". Since the reunion gigs it has been rumoured that Mavers has continued working on the La's' elusive second album. When interviewed in August 2006, John Power explained that Mavers was still ""tinkering with something that's majestic"" and of the release date, ""I can’t tell you where and when...' cos whatever he does, whether it’s in this lifetime or the next, it can’t be rushed"".A compilation of the La's' live radio sessions BBC in Session was released on 18 September 2006. In 2008, a new deluxe edition of The La's was released containing the lost Mike Hedges album, alternate recordings and live recordings for radio and television including previously unreleased songs ""I Am the Key"" and a Buddy Holly cover ""That'll Be the Day"". Also Lost Tunes (2008) was released as a download only EP of studio out-takes and alternate recordings.
After being introduced to each other by Gary Murphy of The Bandits, Lee Mavers began jamming with Pete Doherty in 2008 and appeared on stage with Doherty during his 2009 tour. Mavers then started performing live with artists such as Drew McConnell and Jon McClure in London in April 2009. In 2009 Babyshambles drummer Adam Ficek revealed plans of the La's' second album to be recorded with the Babyshambles as backing band and Drew McConnell revealed plans for him to join The La's as bassist; however, this supposed lineup did not materialise and live appearances were cancelled. In 2010, a four-disc box-set of singles, b-sides, studio out-takes, alternate recordings and live material Callin' All (2010) was released by Polydor which collected most of the band's still unreleased recordings produced whilst signed to Go! Discs.
In June 2011 Lee Mavers, accompanied by Gary Murphy on bass guitar, played a surprise concert in Manchester under the name Lee Rude & The Velcro Underpants. Following this Mavers and Murphy reformed the La's and played a series of ""stripped back"" shows across the UK and Europe including a performance at Rock en Seine festival in France in August 2011.


== Musical style and legacy ==

Lee Mavers has described their sound as ""rootsy"" and ""raw and organic"", whilst AllMusic have noted the band's ""simple, tuneful, acoustic-driven arrangements"". The La's were also noted for their distinctly different style to other popular British bands in the late 1980s, such as The Stone Roses and Happy Mondays, who were part of the Madchester movement.
The sound of The La's has been compared to that of Merseybeat and 1960s British rock music, and the band received comparisons with the earlier Liverpudlian band The Beatles. Founding member Mike Badger has named Captain Beefheart as the La's' main influence; the band have also cited artists such as Bo Diddley, Bob Dylan, Louis Armstrong, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, The Kinks, Bob Marley, Pink Floyd, Jimi Hendrix, Duke Ellington, and Ella Fitzgerald as influences.
Noel Gallagher of Oasis named The La's as one of his 13 favourite albums.The La's have been cited as influences by Oasis, The Courteeners, The Stone Roses, The Charlatans and The Libertines.
Pitchfork would name The La’s as one of the best Britpop albums as part of their 50 Best Britpop Albums list, placing the album at #14.


== Post-La's activities ==
Bassist John Power went on to form Cast in 1992, releasing 4 studio albums before splitting in 2001. Guitarists Barry Sutton and Peter Cammell featured in an early lineup of the band. Cast reformed in 2010. In 2016, Jay Lewis who performed with the band in 2005, later joined Cast as bassist.
Mike Badger and Paul Hemmings later played together in The Onset and started The Viper Label, releasing many early recording compilations by the La's.
In the mid-90s, Neil Mavers joined Liverpool group Bullit, featuring David McDonnell, later of The Sand Band.
In 1998, Cammell and drummer Neil Mavers continued to work together after the La's' breakup under the name ""Cami"". The band was managed by former La's and then-current Cast manager, Rob Swerdlow. The band recorded a nine-track album with future Coldplay producer Ken Nelson at Parr Street Studios in October 1999. However, the band split up leaving the album unreleased. The album tapes re-surfaced in October 2015, with plans for a near-future release. The tapes required ""baking"" to remove layers of oxide that had formed on the tapes after twenty years carried out at London's FX Copyroom.
Neil Mavers and Cammell briefly reunited once more in 2002, performing with another former La's member, guitarist Barry Sutton in Heavy Lemon. The band played three shows in 18 months before disbanding. Cammell also went on perform with Sutton again in his jam-style project Beatnik Hurricane in 2015, playing dates in Liverpool, including residencies at The Everyman Bistro and a tour of Ireland, most notably a sold-out show in Dublin.In 2015, previous recordings and demos by Cammell's band surfaced online (most notably the song ""Make A Chain"") which led to Cammell forming a new band named Cami & The Reverbs, managed by La's associate Chris Parkes. The band consisted of Mick Marshall (guitar, The Joneses) Phil Murphy (drums, The Red Elastic Band) Leon De Sylva (drums, Electrafixion) Daniel Lunt (bass) David 'Swee' Sweeney (drums, The Bandits) and Mark McInnes (bass, The Levons). Cami & The Reverbs played sporadic shows across Liverpool including a support slot with Liverpool group Rain and a Christmas Show at The Zanzibar.In 2018, a BBC TV comedy-drama series entitled There She Goes features a cover version of the La's song of that name.


== Members ==

Timeline


== Discography ==


=== Studio album ===
The La's (1990) No. 30 (UK), No. 196 (US)


=== Compilation albums ===
Lost La's 1984–1986: Breakloose (1999)
Singles Collection (2001)
Lost La's 1986–1987: Callin' All (2001)
BBC in Session (2006)
Lost Tunes (2008)
De Freitas Sessions '87 (2010)
Callin' All (2010)
There she goes: the collection (2015)
The La's 1986-1987 (2017)
The La's Live (1986-1987) (2021)


=== Singles ===


=== Other appearances ===
A Secret Liverpool (1984) ""I Don't Like Hanging Around""
Elegance, Charm and Deadly Danger (1985) ""My Girl (Sits Like a Reindeer)"" and ""Sweet 35""
Unearthed: Liverpool Cult Classics, Vol. 1 (2001) ""Don't Lock Me Out""
Lo-Fi Acoustic Excursions (2004) ""Cool Water""
Lo-Fi Electric Excursions (2006) ""Midnight Shift"", ""Painting Dub"", ""Space Rocketry""


== References ==


== Further reading ==
MW Macefield (2003). In Search of The La's: A Secret Liverpool. London: Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-63-3.


== External links ==
the-las.com (forum)
The La's at AllMusic
The La's discography at Discogs 
The La's VEVO",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_La%27s,2022-10-27 13:41:23.389982
U2,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_La%27s,2022-10-27 13:41:28.151761
"The canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. Liver stem cells are located in the canals of Hering.


== Structure ==
They are found between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule.


=== Histology ===
Histologically, the cells of the ductule are described as simple cuboidal epithelium, lined partially by cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. They may not be readily visible but can be differentially stained by cytokeratins CK19 and CK7.


== Clinical relevance ==
The canals of Hering are destroyed early in primary biliary cholangitis and may be primary sites of scarring in methotrexate toxicity. Research has indicated the presence of intraorgan stem cells of the liver that can proliferate in disease states, so-called oval cells.


== History ==
They are named for Ewald Hering.


== References ==",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_Hering,2022-10-27 13:41:59.492593
Liver stem cells are located in the canals of Hering,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canals_of_Hering,2022-10-27 13:42:02.299124
The seventh televised hearing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack,2022-10-27 13:42:29.289930
The seventh televised hearing,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack,2022-10-27 13:43:09.207116
'On the consular provinces,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-28 04:36:45.230688
"Non is a Welsh feminine given name. Notable people with the name include:

Non Evans (born 1974), Welsh sportswoman
Non Stanford (born 1989), Welsh triathlete
Saint Non, fifth and sixth-century Welsh female saint",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_(given_name),2022-10-29 20:56:39.525497
"Saint Non, fifth and sixth-century Welsh female saint",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_(given_name),2022-10-29 20:56:43.256655
"Non is a Welsh feminine given name. Notable people with the name include:

Non Evans (born 1974), Welsh sportswoman
Non Stanford (born 1989), Welsh triathlete
Saint Non, fifth and sixth-century Welsh female saint",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_(given_name),2022-10-29 20:57:43.417004
"Welsh triathlete
Saint Non",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_(given_name),2022-10-29 20:57:46.089286
spyware,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence,2022-10-29 20:58:04.679755
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-31 15:24:11.561599
==,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-10-31 15:24:19.946376
Film Development Council of the Philippines,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-10-31 15:24:40.066411
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-31 15:25:10.871355
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-31 15:25:41.057817
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-31 15:26:11.361910
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-31 15:26:41.572205
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-10-31 15:27:20.969648
'On the consular provinces,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-10-31 15:28:48.703172
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-10-31 15:30:10.198925
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-10-31 15:31:05.170080
anti-folates,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-10-31 15:33:02.548430
patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-10-31 15:34:28.177505
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-10-31 15:34:34.440425
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-10-31 15:35:26.355946
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-10-31 15:35:46.148291
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-10-31 15:35:54.862297
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-10-31 15:36:19.770806
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-10-31 15:37:10.587038
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-01 04:06:16.161908
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-14 09:25:12.586385
the scientific method,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-11-14 09:25:27.265334
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-11-14 09:25:58.165824
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-14 09:26:46.088960
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-14 09:27:33.682904
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-14 09:28:19.684485
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-14 09:29:08.284678
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-14 09:29:51.090938
'On the consular provinces,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-11-14 09:31:48.665701
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-11-14 09:33:37.696438
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-11-14 09:34:50.082694
anti-folates,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-11-14 09:37:26.428083
they develop treatments to reverse aging processes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-11-14 09:38:55.489732
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-11-14 09:39:02.475660
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-11-14 09:40:17.189531
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-11-14 09:40:37.468857
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-11-14 09:40:49.361867
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-11-14 09:41:27.988039
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-11-14 09:42:42.196031
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-15 05:09:46.775010
limited view restricts it to certain contexts,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics,2022-11-15 08:36:38.302958
"Cumméne Find (Latinised, Cummeneus Albus, Cumméne ""the White"", died 669) was the seventh abbot of Iona (657–669). He was the nephew of a previous abbot, Ségéne and great-nephew of Lasrén. It was during Cumméne's abbacy that the Northumbrians decided against adopting the Gaelic dating of Easter at the Synod of Whitby in 664, resulting in the loss of control of the Ionan offshoot Gaelic church at Lindisfarne. In 664, the last Gaelic abbot/bishop of Lindisfarne, Colmán, resigned his post and returned to Iona. It was during Cumméne's abbacy that the Book of Durrow was first produced, although this probably happened at Durrow itself, rather than Iona. Cumméne is known to have visited Ireland in 663, perhaps on a tour of daughter houses.
He is known to have written a Vita of Columba, ""De uirtutibus sancti Columbae (""On the Virtues of Saint Columba"").  This text was then later inserted into the Schaffhausen manuscript of Adomnán's Vita Columbae for political reasons in the script of the early eighth century.He died on 24 February 669.


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Sharpe, Richard, Adomnán of Iona: Life of St. Columba, (London, 1995)",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumm%C3%A9ne_Find,2022-11-15 22:59:44.335173
Cumméne,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumm%C3%A9ne_Find,2022-11-15 22:59:58.239992
Old European system,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer,2022-11-15 23:01:49.050777
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-15 23:15:32.224246
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 00:20:36.936627
the scientific method,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-11-16 00:20:51.909365
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-11-16 00:21:20.421290
anxiety and depression,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 00:22:11.617714
"cortisol, adrenaline",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 00:22:58.432747
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 00:23:48.122799
International Sports Science Association (ISSA),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 00:24:30.234813
at any age and not just during or after menopause,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 00:25:20.129041
'On the consular provinces,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero,2022-11-16 00:27:27.053755
cerebrovascular disease,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease,2022-11-16 00:29:29.230660
antidepressant medications,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy,2022-11-16 00:30:56.735135
anti-folates,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy,2022-11-16 00:33:23.362642
they develop treatments to reverse aging processes,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death,2022-11-16 00:35:00.737019
Radioastronomia di Bologna (Institute for Radio Astronomy,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina,2022-11-16 00:35:08.410787
by,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitization,2022-11-16 00:36:29.733235
New York City is the largest,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services,2022-11-16 00:36:53.617291
the collective nature of the text,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology,2022-11-16 00:37:05.312594
"description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy,2022-11-16 00:37:39.727725
provides the prescription drug,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy,2022-11-16 00:38:52.846303
Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited messiah,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus,2022-11-16 00:50:31.166626
robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence,2022-11-16 01:10:30.212231
robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence,2022-11-16 01:13:02.404079
robotics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence,2022-11-16 01:13:28.528154
"Saturation III (stylized in all caps) is the third studio album by American boy band
Brockhampton, released on December 15, 2017. Production is predominantly handled by Romil Hemnani, alongside production duo Q3 (composed of Jabari Manwa and Kiko Merley), as with previous releases. It concludes the Saturation trilogy, commenced with Saturation and followed with Saturation II. Originally promoted as the group's ""final studio album"", the group announced their fourth album, titled Team Effort at the time before being scrapped, a day before Saturation III was released. Saturation III is the band's last album with founding member Ameer Vann, who left the band in May 2018 amid accusations of sexual misconduct.


== Background ==
To promote Saturation II, Brockhampton released a single from the album for every week of August along with accompanying music videos. The night that ""Sweet"", the final single from Saturation II was released, the music video for the song ""Follow"" was posted, along with the announcement that Saturation III would be released before the end of 2017. However, ""Follow"" was later revealed to not be included on Saturation III, but rather with the Saturation box set along with other musical demos.In October, it was revealed that Saturation III was scheduled to be released in December. On December 1, the release date for the album was announced, along with the statement that it would be the last studio album by the group. This statement ended up being false, as what was to be their fourth studio album, Team Effort, was announced later that month. On December 6, the track listing and cover for the album were revealed. Keeping in line with the previous Saturation albums, the cover featured vocalist Ameer Vann, however every preceding day alternate covers featuring other members of the collective were revealed. On December 13, 2017, the short film Billy Star was released, directed by Kevin Abstract and starring multiple members of Brockhampton. The short film included snippets of the songs ""Bleach"", ""Nation"", and ""Team"" (titled ""Evanie"" in the film) from Saturation III.


== Singles ==
On December 12, 2017, the first song from the album, ""Boogie"", was released as a single along with an accompanying music video. The song ""Stains"" was revealed on Apple Music's Beats1 radio station on December 14, 2017. Both tracks were produced by Romil Hemnani and Jabari Manwa.


== Critical reception ==
Saturation III has received widespread acclaim from critics, with many citing it as the strongest in the Saturation trilogy. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has an average score of 82 based on 10 reviews, indicating ""universal acclaim"". For The Boston Globe, Isaac Feldberg praised ""the sense that Brockhampton’s creative energies thrive most when every member’s strengths, and stories, are being utilized"", stating that the album ""is entirely of a piece with its two predecessors; the disc exudes confidence on every front, though the group’s ambitions seem scaled up to world domination.""HipHopDX's Marcus Blackwell described the album as ""their strongest project yet"", with Timothy Michalik of The 405 also describing it as ""their smartest album to date"", concluding that ""this run of SATURATION albums have turned out to be among 2017’s finest musical achievements"". He also said that the album is ""the ultimate victory lap for a group who have stayed busier in the studio than some artists do in their entire career."" For Pitchfork, Sheldon Pearce wrote that ""it's on their third album of the year that rap crew BROCKHAMPTON's whole gestalt comes into focus"", praising the album's ""memorable performances"" and the ""fascinatingly unorthodox compositions servicing them.""Veronica Irwin for The Quietus described the album as ""their most abstract, their most experimental, and by far their weirdest"", stating that ""at first listen it's incredibly off putting"", but concluded that ""in the span of their 3-album-in-a-year discography it fills the hole where something totally new and experimental needed to be.""For HotNewHipHop, Patrick Lyons praised the album's ""beat change-ups and multi-genre excursions,"" however criticised the group's ""thematic repetition and loss of stylistic grounding"", concluding that ""this trilogy is good-to-great, but I think its lasting legacy could be that of a breeding ground for solo stars who are still finding their own footing."" Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club wrote that ""like its predecessors, the album is hit or miss, but the batting average remains uncommonly high for a project like this"", concluding that ""if it seems like there’s nothing these guys can’t do, it’s because there's nothing they're not willing to try."" Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Neil Z. Yeung stated that the album ""entertains as much as its two predecessors"" and called the Saturation trilogy overall ""a fun, thoughtful, and unexpected experience from a group of highly creative young musicians.""


=== Year-end rankings ===


== Commercial performance ==
Saturation III debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 with 36,418 album-equivalent units, of which 24,935 were pure sales.


== Track listing ==

Notes

^[a]  signifies a co-producer.
^[b]  signifies an additional producer.
^[c]  signifies an additional drum programmer.
All tracks stylized in all caps. For example, ""Boogie"" is stylized as ""BOOGIE"".


== Personnel ==
Brockhampton

Additional personnel

Ryan Beatty – performance (track 7)
Nick Lenzini – creative assistance
Kevin Doan – creative assistance


== Charts ==


== References ==",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_III,2022-11-16 04:10:43.057489
founding member Ameer Vann,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_III,2022-11-16 04:10:57.129357
Army Physical Fitness Test,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-16 05:23:41.731654
Rie Miyazawa,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Director,2022-11-16 06:10:38.919423
Seven Years' War,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War,2022-11-16 19:37:22.206102
Alice Liddell,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1949_film),2022-11-16 19:37:34.819680
"The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) is a global health non-profit based in Geneva, Switzerland. FIND functions as a product development partnership, engaging in active collaboration with over 150 partners to facilitate the development, evaluation, and implementation of diagnostic tests for poverty-related diseases. The organisation's Geneva headquarters are in Campus Biotech. Country offices are located in New Delhi, India; Cape Town, South Africa; and Hanoi, Viet Nam.


== History ==
FIND was launched at the 56th World Health Assembly in 2003 in response to the critical need for innovative and affordable diagnostic tests for diseases in low- and middle-income countries.The initiative was launched by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO's Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), and its initial focus was to speed up the development and evaluation of tuberculosis tests.In 2011, FIND was recognized as an ""Other International Organization"" by the Swiss Government, alongside DNDi and Medicines for Malaria Venture.


== Priorities ==
The organization focuses on improving diagnosis in several disease areas, including hepatitis C, HIV, malaria, neglected tropical diseases (sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, buruli ulcer), and tuberculosis. Alongside this, FIND works on diagnostic connectivity, antimicrobial resistance, acute febrile illness, and outbreak preparedness.To support this work, FIND engages in development of target product profiles, maintains clinical trial platforms, manages specimen banks, negotiates preferential product pricing for developing markets, and creates and implements trainings and lab strengthening tools.In 2020, FIND became a co-convener of the Diagnostics Pillar of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator with The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Together they supported the development of reliable rapid antigen tests for COVID-19, and guaranteed access to 120 million rapid tests at an affordable price to low- and middle-income countries.FIND also aims at improving the diagnostics ecosystem by working on activities such as sequencing, managing a biobank network to facilitate diagnostic development across diseases, helping countries optimize their networks of diagnostic services, and developing digital tools, such as algorithms, that can help healthcare workers provide better diagnosis.


== Recent achievements ==
From 2015 to 2020, fifteen new diagnostic technologies supported by FIND received regulatory clearance, and 10 of them were in use by the end of 2020 in low- and middle-income countries.One example of such tests is Abbott's BIOLINE HAT 2.0, a rapid test for African trypanosomiasis, a disease also known as sleeping sickness. In 2021 Abbott donated 450,000 of these tests to scale up testing in low- and middle-income countries.Over the same period, FIND supported the development of four multi-disease diagnostic platforms:

Cepheid's GeneXpert MTB/RIF for simultaneous rapid tuberculosis diagnosis and rapid antibiotic sensitivity test
Eiken's LAMP platform for the detection of diseases including tuberculosis, malaria, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis
Molbio's Truenat, a point-of-care rapid molecular test for diagnosis of infectious diseases
DCN's Fluoro rapid test for gonorrhoeaIn April 2020, the World Health Organization launched the ACT-Accelerator partnership, a global collaboration to accelerate the development, production and equitable distribution of vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics for COVID-19. Leading the diagnostic pillar together with The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, FIND has worked to enable access to tests by boosting research and development, Emergency Use Listing, independent assessment, and manufacturing of tests.Together with partners FIND has developed and made available online courses and training packages for healthcare workers on COVID-19 testing.
FIND has also created a portal to provide an overview of the COVID-19 testing landscape, including a directory of COVID-19 diagnostics commercialized., and a tracker centralizing all the data reported by the countries on COVID-19 tests performed, incidence, deaths and positivity rate.


== Funding and leadership ==
FIND receives its funding from more than thirty donors, including bilateral and multilateral organizations as well as private foundations.
Members of the Board of Directors include Ilona Kickbusch, George F. Gao, David L. Heymann, Shobana Kamineni and Sheila Tlou.


== References ==",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Innovative_New_Diagnostics,2022-11-16 19:37:44.729734
=,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Innovative_New_Diagnostics,2022-11-16 19:37:56.620209
condemnable conditions in the hospitals,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health,2022-11-17 02:13:09.942298
variation in the speech of an individual speaker,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar,2022-11-17 13:06:35.117451
reference,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work,2022-11-17 13:07:27.127431
"approximately 20,000 entries",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary,2022-11-17 13:08:53.630741
"Oualid Mokhtari, Moroccan-born German footballer",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleed,2022-11-18 09:40:48.105721
sets of allowed deducing rules,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics,2022-11-19 15:14:03.542737
==,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science,2022-11-20 04:06:13.513967
"vegetables, grains, fruits, legumes",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness,2022-11-20 04:07:32.833905
Film,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts,2022-11-20 16:05:14.403272
Aquaman,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_the_DC_Extended_Universe,2022-11-21 13:55:22.081080
Deposit Limits,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_gambling,2022-11-21 19:48:10.827593