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1482199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian%20for%20Enemy%20Property%20for%20India | Custodian for Enemy Property for India | The Custodian of Enemy Property for India is an Indian government department that is empowered to appropriate property under the Enemy Property Act, 1968 in India owned by Pakistani nationals. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Enemy Property Act was promulgated in 1968. The act authorised the Central Government of India to appoint a custodian for enemy property for India and one or more deputy/assistant custodians as assistances. There is also a provision which validates the appointments made under the Defence of India Rules 1962 and 1971. The Pakistani nationals in question were citizens of undivided India before the Partition of India in 1947 took place, and left India to settle down in Pakistan.
Under the notification issued on 10 September and 11 September 1965, the central government vested the following property in India belonging to, held by, or managed on behalf of Pakistani nationals; entrusting the property and its appurtenances in the hands of the custodian with immediate effect. This includes all immovable property, all lockers and safe deposits; and all negotiable instruments such as promissory notes, shares, debentures and other commerce.
Citizens of India are banned from entering any transactions by way of granting development rights, selling, transferring or mortgaging more than a third of a property in India declared as "enemy" property. The office of the custodian are located in Delhi with a branch offices in Mumbai, Calcutta and Lucknow.
The current Custodian of enemy property for India (CEPI) is Mr. Saurav Ray (IDES, 1994 batch). The post of CEPI was upgraded to Joint Secretary level and he joined on 8 August 2020.
Income
The fees equal two percent on the gross income from the properties vested in the custodian. The income received by way of rent, interest etc. on securities is invested in the Reserve Bank of India. The maturity for the year 2004-2005 is expected to touch 135 crores. A balance of 0.22 crores is in the personal ledger account of the custodian maintained by the Central Bank of India. A sum of 51 lakhs (5.1 million) is kept in the fixed deposit in the name of Habib Bank.
Property disposal
In December 2017, India's Minister of Home Affairs Rajnath Singh granted the approval as per the amended "Enemy Property Act, 2017" to dispose of the properties free from the legal hurdles. 6,229 properties vested with the custodian have been already surveyed, remaining 2,999 vested with the custodian will be surveyed soon. There are 5,863 more properties in the process of vesting with the custodian will also be surveyed. Pakistan has already disposed of previously Indian-owned properties in Pakistan, according to Rajnath Singh, the then Home Minister of India.
See also
Enemy Property Act, 1968, basis of Custodian for Enemy Property for India
Central Wakf Council
Evacuee Trust Property Board
Political integration of India
Privy Purse in India
Jinnah House
References
Government agencies of India
Indian nationality law
Partition of India
Economic warfare
India–Pakistan relations |
1482201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Drayton | Henry Drayton | Henry Drayton may refer to:
Henry Lumley Drayton (1869–1950), Canadian lawyer and politician
Henry Drayton (priest), Canon of Windsor, 1411–1413
Henry Shipton Drayton (1840–1923), American physician and phrenologist |
1482205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive%20success | Reproductive success | Reproductive success is an individual's production of offspring per breeding event or lifetime. This is not limited by the number of offspring produced by one individual, but also the reproductive success of these offspring themselves.
Reproductive success is different from fitness in that individual success is not necessarily a determinant for adaptive strength of a genotype since the effects of chance and the environment have no influence on those specific genes. Reproductive success turns into a part of fitness when the offspring are actually recruited into the breeding population. If offspring quantity is not correlated with quality this holds up, but if not then reproductive success must be adjusted by traits that predict juvenile survival in order to be measured effectively.
Quality and quantity is about finding the right balance between reproduction and maintenance. The disposable soma theory of aging tells us that a longer lifespan will come at the cost of reproduction and thus longevity is not always correlated with high fecundity.
Parental investment is a key factor in reproductive success since taking better care to offspring is what often will give them a fitness advantage later in life. This includes mate choice and sexual selection as an important factor in reproductive success, which is another reason why reproductive success is different from fitness as individual choices and outcomes are more important than genetic differences. As reproductive success is measured over generations, longitudinal studies are the preferred study type as they follow a population or an individual over a longer period of time in order to monitor the progression of the individual(s). These long term studies are preferable since they negate the effects of the variation in a single year or breeding season.
Nutritional contribution
Nutrition is one of the factors that influences reproductive success. For example, different amounts of consumption and more specifically carbohydrate to protein ratios. In some cases, the amounts or ratios of intake are more influential during certain stages of the lifespan. For example, in the Mexican fruit fly, male protein intake is critical only at eclosion. Intake at this time provides longer lasting reproductive ability. After this developmental stage, protein intake will have no effect and is not necessary for reproductive success. In addition, Ceratitis capitata males were experimented on to see how protein influence during the larval stage affects mating success. Males were fed either a high protein diet, which consisted of 6.5g/100mL, or a no protein diet during the larval stage. Males that were fed protein had more copulations than those that were not fed protein, which ultimately correlates with a higher mating success. Protein-deprived black blow fly males have been seen to exhibit lower numbers of oriented mounts and inseminate fewer females than more lively fed males. In still other instances, prey deprivation or an inadequate diet has been shown to lead to a partial or complete halt in male mating activity. Copulation time lasted longer for sugar-fed males than protein-fed flies, showing that carbohydrates were more necessary for a longer copulation duration.
In mammals, amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and fats are seen to influence reproductive success. This was evaluated among 28 female black bears evaluated by measuring the number of cubs born. Using different foods during the fall including corn, herbaceous, red oak, beech, and cherry, nutritional facts of protein, carbohydrate, and fat were noted, as each varied in percent compositions. Seventy-percent of the bears who had high fat and high carbohydrate diets produced cubs. Conversely, all 10 females who had low carbohydrate diets did not reproduce cubs, deeming carbohydrates a critical factor for reproductive success where fat was not a hindrance.
Adequate nutrition at pre-mating time periods showed to have the most effect on various reproductive processes in mammals. Increased nutrition, in general, during this time was most beneficial for oocyte and embryo development. As a result, offspring number and viability was also improved. Thus, proper nutrition timing during the pre-mating time is key for development and long-term benefit of the offspring.
Two different diets were fed to Florida scrub-jays and breeding performance was noted to have different effects. One diet consisted of high protein and high fat, and the other consisting of just high fat. The significant result was that the birds with the high protein and high fat diet laid heavier eggs than the birds with the rich-in-fat diet. There was a difference in the amount of water inside the eggs, which accounted for the different weights. It is hypothesized that the added water resulting from the adequate protein-rich and fat-rich diet may contribute to development and survival of the chick, therefore aiding reproductive success.
Dietary intake also improves egg production, which can also be considered to help create viable offspring. Post-mating changes are seen in organisms in response to necessary conditions for development. This is depicted in the two-spotted cricket where feeding was tested for in females. It was found that mated females exhibited more overall consumption than unmated. Observations of female crickets showed that after laying their eggs, their protein intake increased towards the end of the second day. The female crickets therefore require a larger consumption of protein to nourish the development of subsequent eggs and even mating. More specifically, using geometrical framework analysis, mated females fed off of a more protein rich diet after mating. Unmated and mated female crickets were found to prefer a 2:1 and 3.5:1 protein to carbohydrate, respectively.
In the Japanese quail, the influence of diet quality on egg production was studied. The diet quality differed in the percent composition of protein, with the high-protein diet having 20%, and the low-protein diet having 12%. It was found that both the number of eggs produced and the size of the eggs were greater in the high-protein diet than the low. What was found unaffected, however, was the maternal antibody transmission. Thus, immune response was not affected since there was still a source of protein, although low. This means that the bird is able to compensate for the lack of protein in the diet by protein reserves, for example.
Higher concentrations of protein in diet have also positively correlated with gamete production across various animals. The formation of oothecae in brown-banded cockroaches based on protein intake was tested. A protein intake of 5% deemed too low as it delayed mating and an extreme of 65% protein directly killed the cockroach. Oothecae production for the female as was more optimal at a 25% protein diet.
Although there is a trend of protein and carbohydrates being essential for various reproductive functions including copulation success, egg development, and egg production, the ratio and amounts of each are not fixed. These values vary across a span of animals, from insects to mammals. For example, many insects may need a diet consisting of both protein and carbohydrates with a slightly higher protein ratio for reproductive success. On the other hand, a mammal like a black bear would need a higher amount of carbohydrates and fats, but not necessarily protein. Different types of animals have different necessities based on their make-up. One cannot generalize as the results may vary across different types of animals, and even more across different species.
Cooperative breeding
Evolutionarily, humans are socially well adapted to their environment and coexist with one another in a way that benefits the entire species. Cooperative breeding, the ability for humans to invest in and help raise others' offspring, is an example of some of their unique characteristics that sets them apart from other non-human primates even though some practice this system at a low frequency. One of the reasons why humans require significantly more non-parental investment in comparison to other species is because they are still dependent on adults to take care of them throughout most of their juvenile period. Cooperative breeding can be expressed through economic support that requires humans to financially invest in someone else's offspring or through social support, which may require active energy investment and time. This parenting system eventually aids people in increasing their survival rate and reproductive success as a whole. Hamilton's rule and kin selection are used to explain why this altruistic behavior has been naturally selected and what non-parents gain by investing in offspring that is not their own. Hamilton's rule states that rb > c where r= relatedness, b= benefit to recipient, c= cost of the helper. This formula describes the relationship that has to occur among the three variables for kin selection take place. If the relative genetic relatedness of the helper with the offspring is closer and their benefit is greater than the cost of the helper, then kin selection will be most likely be favored. Even though kin selection does not benefit individuals who invest in relatives' offspring, it still highly increases the reproduction success of a population by ensuring genes are being passed down to the next generation.
Humans
Some research has suggested that historically, women have had a far higher reproductive success rate than men. Dr. Baumeister has suggested that the modern human has twice as many female ancestors as male ancestors.
Males and females should be considered separately in reproduction success for their different limitations in producing the maximum amount of offspring. Females have limitations such as gestation time (typically 9 months), then followed by lactation which suppresses ovulation and her chances of becoming pregnant again quickly. In addition, a female's ultimate reproductive success is limited due to ability to distribute her time and energy towards reproducing. Peter T. Ellison states, "The metabolic task of converting energy from the environment into viable offspring falls to the female, and the rate at which she can produce offspring is limited by the rate at which she can direct metabolic energy to the task" The reasoning for the transfer of energy from one category to another takes away from each individual category overall. For example, if a female has not reached menarche yet, she will only need to be focusing her energy into growth and maintenance because she cannot yet place energy towards reproducing. However, once a female is ready to begin putting forth energy into reproduction she will then have less energy to put towards overall growth and maintenance.
Females have a constraint on the amount of energy they will need to put forth into reproduction. Since females go through gestation they have a set obligation for energy output into reproduction. Males, however, do no have this constraint and therefore could potentially put forth more offspring as their commitment of energy into reproduction is less than a females. All things considered, men and women are constrained for different reasons and the number of offspring they can produce. Males contrastingly are not constrained by the time and energy of gestation or lactation. Females are reliant on the genetic quality of their mate as well. This refers to sperm quality of the male and the compatibility of the sperms antigens with the females immune system. If the Humans in general, consider phenotypic traits that present their health and body symmetry. The pattern of constraints on female reproduction is consistent with human life-history and across all populations.
A difficulty in studying human reproductive success is its high variability. Every person, male or female, is different, especially when it comes to reproductive success and also fertility. Reproductive success is determined not only by behavior (choices), but also physiological variables that cannot be controlled.
In human males of advanced age (≥40 years), infertility is associated with a high prevalence of sperm DNA damage as measured by DNA fragmentation. DNA fragmentation was also found to be inversely correlated with sperm motility. These factors likely contribute to reduced reproductive success by males of advanced age.
The Blurnton-Jones 'backload model' "tested a hypothesis that the length of the birth intervals of !Kung hunter-gatherers allowed women to balance optimally the energetic demands of child bearing and foraging in a society where women had to carry small children and foraged substantial distances". Behind this hypothesis is the fact that spacing birth intervals allowed for a better chance of child survival and that ultimately promoted evolutionary fitness. This hypothesis goes along with the evolutionary trend of having three areas to divide up one's individual energy: growth, maintenance, and reproduction. This hypothesis is good for gaining an understanding of "individual-level variation in fertility in small-scale, high fertility, societies( sometimes referred to by demographers as 'natural-fertility' populations". Reproduction success is hard to study as there are many different variables, and a lot of the concept is subject to each condition and environment.
Natural selection and evolution
To supplement a complete understanding of reproductive success or biological fitness it is necessary to understand the theory of natural selection. Darwin's theory of natural selection explains how the change of genetic variation over time within a species allows some individuals to be better suited to their environmental pressures, finding suitable mates, and/or finding food sources than others. Over time those same individuals pass on their genetic makeup onto their offspring and therefore the frequency of this advantageous trait or gene increases within that population.
The same may be true for the opposite as well. If an individual is born with a genetic makeup that makes them less suited for their environment, they may have less of a chance of surviving and passing on their genes and therefore may see these disadvantageous traits decrease in frequency. This is one example of how reproductive success as well as biological fitness is a main component of the theory of Natural Selection and Evolution.
Evolutionary trade-offs
Throughout evolutionary history, often an advantageous trait or gene will continue to increase in frequency within a population only due to a loss or decrease in functionality of another trait. This is known as an evolutionary trade-off, and is related to the concept of pleiotropy, where changes to a single gene have multiple effects. From Oxford Academic, "The resulting 'evolutionary tradeoffs' reflect necessary compromises among the functions of multiple traits". Due to a variety of limitations like energy availability, resource allocation during biological development or growth, or limitations of the genetic makeup itself means that there is a balance between traits. The increase in effectiveness in one trait may lead to a decrease in effectiveness of other traits as result.
This is important to understand because if certain individuals within a population have a certain trait that raises their reproductive fitness, this trait may have developed at the expense of others. Changes in genetic makeup through natural selection is not necessarily changes that are either just beneficial or deleterious but are changes that may be both. For example, an evolutionary change over time that results in higher reproductive success at younger ages might ultimately result in a decrease in life expectancy for those with that particular trait.
References
Further reading
Evolutionary biology
Sexual selection |
1482207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Italian%20Canadians | List of Italian Canadians | This is a list of notable Italian Canadians who have been established in Canada. This list takes into account the entire Canadian population, which consists of Canadian citizens (by birth and by naturalization), landed immigrants and non-permanent residents and their families living with them in Canada as per the census.
A
Bob Abate (1893 – 1981) — sports coach
Mike Accursi — lacrosse player
Taylor Accursi — ice hockey player
Tony Accurso — businessman
Jeremy Adduono — ice hockey player
Ray Adduono — ice hockey player
Rick Adduono — ice hockey player
Meghan Agosta — ice hockey player
Lucio Agostini (1913 – 1996) — composer
Dominic Agostino (1959 – 2004) — Ontario politician
Andrew Agozzino — ice hockey player
Laura Albanese — politician
Carlo Alberti — soccer player
Valerio Alesi — soccer player
Michael Amadio — ice hockey player
Debbie Amaroso — Ontario politician
Pietro Amato — musician
Stella Ambler — politician
Domenic Amodeo — ice hockey player
Mike Amodeo — ice hockey player
Enza Anderson — journalist, media personality, Ontario politician
Lou Angotti — ice hockey player
Sandy Annunziata — football player
Tom Anselmi — businessman
William Anselmi — academic and writer
James Anthony — musician
Salvatore Antonio — actor and playwright
Danny Antonucci — animator, director, producer, and writer
Richard Appignanesi — writer and editor
Francesco Aquilini — businessman
Luciano Aquino — ice hockey player
Francesco Arcadi — mobster
Violet Archer — composer, teacher, pianist, organist, and percussionist
Susie Arioli — jazz singer
Robbie Aristodemo — soccer player
Matthew Arnone — soccer player
Tyler Attardo — soccer player
Maria Augimeri — Toronto city councillor
B
Hubert Badanai (1895 – 1986) — politician
Carlo Baldassarra — business man
Tony Baldinelli — politician
Dean Bandiera — former football player
Misstress Barbara — singer
Mark Barberio — ice hockey player
Carmelo Barbieri — soccer player
Robert Barbieri — professional rugby player
Anthony Bardaro — ice hockey player
Carmen Barillaro (1944 – 1997) — mobster
Luigi Bartesaghi — cyclist
Marisa Ferretti Barth — Senator
Rick Bartolucci — Ontario politician
David Baseggio — ice hockey player
Francesco Bellini — business man
Mario Bellissimo — lawyer
Vince Bellissimo — ice hockey player
Sean Bentivoglio — ice hockey player
Paul Beraldo — ice hockey player
Lorenzo Berardinetti — Ontario politician
Eddy Berdusco — former soccer player
Mario Bernardi — conductor and pianist
Massimo Bertocchi — Olympic decathlete
Reno Bertoia — baseball player
Jimi Bertucci — co-founder of Italian Walk of Fame
Todd Bertuzzi — ice hockey player
Tyler Bertuzzi — ice hockey player
Gino Berretta — football player
Maurizio Bevilacqua — politician
Wayne Bianchin — ice hockey player
Hank Biasatti — former basketball and baseball player
Dave Bidini — musician and writer
Mauro Biello — former soccer player and current coach
Luke Bilyk — actor
Dan Biocchi — politician and former athlete
Jack Bionda (1933 – 1999) — lacrosse and ice hockey player
Joseph Blandisi — ice hockey player
Michael Bonacini — celebrity chef, restaurant owner
Brandon Bonifacio — soccer player
Béatrice Bonifassi — vocalist
Massimo Boninsegni — physicist and professor
Luciano Borsato — ice hockey player
Robert Bortuzzo — ice hockey player
Peter Bosa (1927 – 1998) — politician
Emilio Bottiglieri — soccer player
Gustavo Bounous — doctor
Garen Boyajian — actor
Rick Bragnalo — ice hockey player
Marco Brambilla — video artist
Angelo Branca — British Columbian judge
Paula Brancati — actress
Dino Bravo, (1948 – 1993) — wrestler
François-Joseph Bressani (1612 – 1672) — Jesuit missionary and map maker
Gino Brito — wrestler
Patrick Brown — politician
Mario Brunetta — ice hockey goaltender
Carmelo Bruzzese — mobster
Michael Bublé — singer and actor
Nick Bucci — baseball player
Wally Buono — coach of British Columbia Lions
Tommy Burns — boxer
Silvana Burtini — soccer player
Joe Busillo — ice hockey player
Alessandro Busti — soccer player
Rudy Buttignol — television network executive
C
Charles Caccia — former politician
Leone Caetani — Prince of Teano, politician, Islamacist, author, linguist, world traveller
Sveva Caetani — artist
Drake Caggiula — ice hockey player
Paul Calandra — politician
Salvatore Calautti (1971/72 – 2013) — mobster
Pietro Calendino — British Columbia politician
Marco Calliari — singer
Jackie Callura — boxer
Jim Camazzola — ice hockey player
Tony Camazzola — ice hockey player
Michael Cammalleri — ice hockey player
Matteo Campagna — soccer player
Rick Campanelli — television personality
John Campea — film critic, video blogger, internet host
Chris Campoli — ice hockey player
Kyle Capobianco — ice hockey player
Herb Capozzi (1925 – 2011) — businessman
Vittorio Capparelli — politician
Massimo Capra — chef
Frank Caprice — ice hockey player
Luca Caputi — ice hockey player
Martino Caputo — mobster
Alessia Cara — singer, songwriter
Giulio Caravatta — football player
Daniel Carcillo — ice hockey player
Michael Carcone — ice hockey player
Marco Carducci — soccer player
Jesse Carere — actor
Pasquale Carpino (1936 – 2005) — chef
Luciana Carro — actress
Alfonso Caruana — mobster
Pat Caruso — field hockey player
John Cassini — actor
Tony Cassolato — ice hockey player
Michéal Castaldo — singer, songwriter, producer, entrepreneur
Annamarie Castrilli — former politician
Daniel Catenacci — ice hockey player
Tony Caterina — politician
Carlo Cattarello — corporal with the Canadian Armed Forces
John Catucci — television personality
Cosimo Cavallaro — artist, filmmaker and sculptor
Gino Cavallini — ice hockey player
Lucas Cavallini — soccer player
Paul Cavallini — ice hockey player
Giovanni Cazzetta — biker
Salvatore Cazzetta — biker
Paolo Ceccarelli — soccer goalkeeper
Fulvio Cecere — actor
Cody Ceci — ice hockey player
Joe Ceci — politician
Macklin Celebrini— ice hockey player
Rick Celebrini — former soccer player
Rita Celli — journalist and television personality
Gene Ceppetelli — former soccer player
Michael Cera — actor
Erica Cerra — actress
Bob Chiarelli — politician
Charly Chiarelli — writer
Gina Chiarelli — actress
Peter Chiarelli — ice hockey general manager
Rick Chiarelli — Ottawa city councillor
Rita Chiarelli — blues singer
Talia Chiarelli — gymnast
Jason Chimera — ice hockey player
Andy Chiodo — ice hockey player
Juan Chioran — voice actor and singer
Mario Chitaroni — ice hockey player
Hayden Christensen — actor and producer
Tove Christensen — actor and producer
Frank Ciaccia — former soccer player
John Ciaccia — cabinet minister
Dino Ciccarelli — retired ice hockey player
Enrico Ciccone — retired ice hockey player; hockey player agent
Jerry Ciccoritti — film, television, and theatre director
Tony Cimellaro — ice hockey player
Robert Cimetta — ice hockey player
Joe Cimino — former politician
Antonio di Ciocco — former politician
Joe Cirella — retired NHL player
Anthony Cirelli — ice hockey player
Jason Cirone — ice hockey player
Vittorio Coco — journalist and politician
Andrew Cogliano — ice hockey player
Carlo Colaiacovo — ice hockey player
Paulo Colaiacovo — ice hockey goaltender
Enrico Colantoni — actor
Josh Colle — politician
Michael Colle — Ontario politician
Giuseppe Coluccio — mobster
Antonio Commisso — mobster
Cosimo Commisso — mobster
Cosimo Commisso — scientist
Cosimo Commisso — soccer player
Joe Comuzzi — politician
Enzo Concina — soccer player
Tony Condello — wrestler
Santo Condorelli — Olympic swimmer
Lucas Condotta — ice hockey player
Luca Congi — football player
Alexander Conti — actor
Joe Contini — ice hockey player
Carlo Corazzin — former soccer player
Antonio Cordasco (1863 – 1921) — labourer
Joseph Cordiano — Ontario politician
Steve Corino — wrestler
Rick Cornacchia — former ice hockey player and coach
Frank Corrado — ice hockey player
Matthew Corrente — ice hockey player
Jim Corsi — ice hockey player
Daniel Corso — ice hockey player
Pat Cortina — ice hockey coach
Frank Cosentino — football player
Sam Cosentino — sports analyst
Sebastian Cossa — ice hockey player
Paulo Costanzo — actor
Joseph Cramarossa — ice hockey player
Bryan Cristante — soccer player
Vincent Crisanti — politician
Frank Cotroni (1931 – 2004) — mobster, Cotroni crime family
Vincenzo Cotroni (1911 – 1984) — mobster, Cotroni crime family
Michael Cuccione (1985 – 2001) — child actor
Raymond Culos — author
Mark Cundari — ice hockey player
James Cunningham — comedian
Antonio Cupo — actor
Bill Cupolo — ice hockey player
Freddy Curci — vocalist and songwriter
Pat Curcio — ice hockey player
Bobby Curtola — musician
Angela Cutrone — speed skater
William Cusano — Quebec politician
Joe Cuzzetto — soccer player
Rudy Cuzzetto — politician
D
Steffi D — singer
Matt D'Agostini — ice hockey player
Michael D'Agostino — soccer player
Paul D'Agostino — former soccer player
Dalbello — recording artist
Charlotte D'Alessio — model
Corrie D'Alessio — ice hockey player
Jillian D'Alessio — sprint kayaker
Antonio D'Alfonso — bilingual writer, editor, translator and filmmaker
John D'Amico — ice hockey player
Scott D'Amore — professional wrestler
Frank D'Angelo — entrepreneur
Sabrina D'Angelo — soccer player
Peter Dalla Riva — football player
Cynthia Dale — actress
Jennifer Dale — actress
Riley Damiani — ice hockey player
Cindy Daniel — singer
Yvonne De Carlo (1922 – 2007) — actress
Alex De Carolis — soccer player
Pierre-Charles de Liette (1697 – 1749) — Colonial army officer in New France and Louisiana
Alessia De Gasperis, also known under the mononym Kai — singer
Alfredo De Gasperis (1934 – 2013) — founder of construction company ConDrain
Filippo De Grassi (1793 – 1877) — soldier
Pasquale de Luca — former soccer player
Sergio De Luca — former soccer player
Adriana DeSanctis — figure skater
Nick De Santis — former soccer player
Rita de Santis — politician
Tony De Thomasis — soccer manager
Sandro DeAngelis — football player
Marcel DeBellis — soccer player
Dante DeCaro — former guitarist
Anne Marie DeCicco-Best — mayor
Johnnie Dee — vocalist
Dean DeFazio — ice hockey player
Devlin DeFrancesco — race car driver
The DeFranco Family — music group
Tony DeFranco — singer and musician, Port Colborne, Ontario
Vincenzo DeMaria — mobster
Francesco Del Balso (1970 – 2023) — mobster
Steven Del Duca — politician
Mike Del Grande — politician
Dean Del Mastro — former politician
Michael Del Zotto — ice hockey player
Vincent Della Noce — politician
Stefan Della Rovere — ice hockey player
Eddie Della Siepe — comedian and actor
Raffaele Delle Donne — mobster
Alex Delvecchio — ice hockey player
Denny DeMarchi — multi-instrumental musician
Steve DeMarchi — guitarist
Ab DeMarco (1916 – 1989) — ice hockey player
Ab DeMarco, Jr. — ice hockey player
Bill Derlago — ice hockey player
John DeSantis — actor
Daniel DeSanto — actor
Jim Devellano — businessman
Justin DiBenedetto — ice hockey player
Chris DiDomenico — ice hockey player
Bob DiLuca — soccer player
Fabio di Celmo (1965 – 1997) — entrepreneur
Pier Giorgio Di Cicco — poet
Caroline Di Cocco — Ontario politician
Alan Di Fiore — screenwriter and film producer
Larry Di Ianni — mayor of Hamilton, Ontario
Natalie Di Luccio — international multilingual singer
Mary di Michele — poet, writer and academic
Consiglio Di Nino — Senator
Odoardo Di Santo — Ontario politician
Sergio Di Zio — actor
Anthony Di Biase — soccer player
Michael Di Biase — politician
Pier Giorgio Di Cicco — poet, editor and priest
Joseph Di Chiara — soccer player
Justin Di Ciano — politician
Gino DiFlorio — former soccer player
Phillip Di Giuseppe — ice hockey player
Massimo Di Ioia — former soccer player
Nicola Di Iorio — politician
Vincenzo Di Nicola — psychologist, psychiatrist and philosopher
Enzo Di Pede — former soccer goalkeeper
Giuseppe di Salvatore — sports shooter
Daniel Di Tomasso — actor
Sergio Di Zio — actor
Nate DiCasmirro — ice hockey player
Debra DiGiovanni — comedian
Rob DiMaio — ice hockey player
Rosie DiManno — journalist
Adam DiMarco — actor
Melissa DiMarco — actress and television personality
Cheri DiNovo — politician
Jim Diodati — politician
Joe DiPenta — ice hockey player
Michael DiPietro — ice hockey player
David Diplacido — former soccer player
Nick Discepola — politician
Jason DiTullio — former soccer player
Fabrizio Divari — tattoo artist
Hnat Domenichelli — former ice hockey player
Eden Donatelli — short track speedskater
Marc Donato — actor
Patrick Dovigi — businessman
E
Pat Ercoli — former soccer player
Angelo Esposito — ice hockey player
Phil Esposito — former ice hockey player, top NHL goalscorer of the 1960s and 1970s
Tony Esposito — former ice hockey goaltender
Patrick Esposito Di Napoli (1964 – 1994) — musician
Daniella Evangelista — actress
Linda Evangelista — supermodel
Luke Evangelista — ice hockey player
Tony Evangelista — soccer referee
Fred Ewanuick — actor
F
Robby Fabbri — ice hockey player
Dante Fabbro — ice hockey player
Joe Fabbro — politician
Lara Fabian — singer
Gianfranco Facchineri — soccer player
Peter Fallico — designer and television personality
Adam Fantilli — ice hockey player
Julian Fantino — former Toronto police chief and former Ontario Provincial Police Commissioner
Paul Faraci (1928 – 2016) — businessman
Alvaro Farinacci — politician
Dan Fascinato — ice hockey player
Drew Fata — ice hockey player
Rico Fata — ice hockey player
Justin Fazio — ice hockey player
Vic Fedeli — politician
Dino Felicetti — former ice hockey player
Landon Ferraro — ice hockey player
Mario Ferraro — ice hockey player
Ray Ferraro — ice hockey player, now sports analyst
Max Ferrari — soccer player
Edoardo Ferrari-Fontana (1878 – 1936) — tenor
Riley Ferrazzo — soccer player
Michelle Ferreri — politician
Marisa Ferretti Barth — politician
Claudia Ferri — actress
Mario Ferri — community organizer
Massimo Ferrin — soccer player
Dan Ferrone — Canadian football player
Pat Fiacco — businessman
Cosimo Filane — musician and businessperson
Jonelle Filigno — soccer player
Fab Filippo — actor
Peter Fiorentino — ice hockey player
Serge Fiori — vocalist and guitarist
Tony Fiore — ice hockey player
Giovanni Fiore — ice hockey player
Joe Fiorito — journalist and novelist
Nick Fiorucci — electronic and dance music DJ
Vittorio Fiorucci — poster artist
Paola Flocchini — computer scientist
Rudy Florio — football player
Marcus Foligno — ice hockey player
Mike Foligno — former ice hockey player
Nick Foligno — ice hockey player
Joe Fontana — politician
Lou Fontinato (1932 – 2016) — ice hockey player
Sammy Forcillo — former politician
Ric Formosa — musician
Laura Fortino — ice hockey player
John Forzani — former Canadian Football League player and businessman
Rick Fox — basketball player (Bahamanian father)
Emilio Fraietta — former Canadian Football player
Lou Franceschetti — ice hockey player
Giuliano Frano — soccer player
Joe Fratesi — former mayor of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Matt Frattin — ice hockey player
Jeffrey Frisch — skier
David Fronimadis — former soccer player
Liza Frulla — politician
Zachary Fucale — ice hockey goaltender
Giorgia Fumanti — singer
G
Sarah Gadon — actress
Phil Gaglardi (1913 – 1995) — British Columbia politician
Tom Gaglardi — businessman
Alfonso Gagliano (1942 – 2020) — politician involved in the sponsorship scandal
Gaetano Gagliano (1917 – 2016) — businessman and entrepreneur
Tony Gagliano — businessman and arts mogul
Laurent Gagliardi — film director
Rocco Galati — lawyer
Steve Galluccio — screenwriter
Mary Garofalo — television journalist
Luca Gasparotto — soccer player
Simon Gatti — former soccer player
Arturo Gatti (1972 – 2009) — professional boxer
Mario Gentile — politician
Ken Georgetti — labour leader
Dianne Gerace — former track athlete
Bruno Gerussi (1928 – 1995) — actor
Roberto Giacomi — soccer player
Eddie Giacomin — ice hockey player
Mario Giallonardo — ice hockey player
Adam Giambrone — Toronto city councillor and New Democratic Party activist
David Giammarco — actor
Dan Giancola — football player
Dennis Giannini — ice hockey player
Giacomo Gianniotti — actor
Stefano Giliati — ice hockey player
Basilio Giordano — politician
Lorenzo Giordano — mobster
Mark Giordano — ice hockey player
Nadia Giosia — cooking personality
Larry Giovando — politician
Daniel Girardi — ice hockey player
Gerome Giudice — former ice hockey player
Joseph Giunta (1911 – 2001) — painter
Gabriella Goliger — novelist
Gigi Gorgeous — actress and model
Dakota Goyo — actor
Marc-André Gragnani — ice hockey player
Sandro Grande — former soccer player
Tony Grande — politician
Thomas Grandi — skier
Marco Grazzini — actor
Sabrina Grdevich — actress
Phil Lo Greco — professional boxer
Emma Greco — ice hockey player
Peter Greco — former soccer player
Christian Greco-Taylor — soccer player
Grimes — musician
Julia Grosso — soccer player
Peter Guarasci — basketball player
Albina Guarnieri — politician
Aldo Guidolin (1932 – 2015) — ice hockey player
Bep Guidolin (1925 – 2008) — ice hockey player
Garry Guzzo — Ontario politician
Patsy Guzzo (1914 – 1993) — ice hockey player
Vincenzo Guzzo — entrepreneur
H
Jacqueline Hennessy — journalist and television personality
Jill Hennessy — actress and musician
Jacob Hoggard — musician, lead singer of the pop-rock band Hedley
Linda Hutcheon (Bortolotti) — Toronto academic, literary and opera scholar
I
Selenia Iacchelli — soccer player
Frank Iacobucci — former Supreme Court of Canada justice
Angelo Iacono — politician
Lucio Ianiero — former soccer player
Tony Ianno — politician
Dan Iannuzzi — entrepreneur
Tony Ianzelo — director and cinematographer
Robert Iarusci — former soccer player
Andrea Iervolino — film producer
Illangelo — musician
Lily Inglis (1926 – 2010) — architect
Ralph Intranuovo — former ice hockey player
Vincent Iorio — ice hockey player
Carmine Isacco — soccer coach
J
Alessandro Juliani — voice actor
John Juliani (1940 – 2003) — actor
K
Ethan Kath — singer and songwriter
Jessica Parker Kennedy — actress
Vince Kerrio — businessman and politician
Victor Kodelja — former soccer player
L
Alyssa Lagonia — soccer player
David Lametti — politician
Thomas W. LaSorda — Vice-Chairman and President of Chrysler
Florence Lassandro (1900 – 1923) — mobster; last woman to be executed in Alberta
Nicholas Latifi — race car driver
Patricia Lattanzio — politician
Stephen Lecce — politician
Tony Lecce — former soccer player
Patrice Lefebvre — former ice hockey player
Betta Lemme — singer and songwriter
Bob Lenarduzzi — soccer player and coach
Mike Lenarduzzi — former ice hockey player
Sam Lenarduzzi — former soccer player
Frank Lenti — biker
Laureano Leone — former Ontario politician
Lucas Lessio — ice hockey player
Tino Lettieri — former soccer player
Tony Licari (1921 – 2013) — ice hockey player
Carlo Liconti — film producer
Peter Li Preti — former politician
Marc Liegghio — football player
Tony Loffreda — Senator from Quebec
Spencer Lofranco — actor
Luigi Logrippo — professor
Johnny Lombardi — broadcasting executive
Matthew Lombardi — ice hockey player
Andrea Lombardo — soccer player
Carmen Lombardo (1903 – 1971) — musician
Guy Lombardo (1902 – 1977) — musician and band leader
Lebert Lombardo — musician
Victor Lombardo — musician
Jake Lucchini — ice hockey player
Rocco Luccisano — politician
Roberto Luongo — ice hockey goaltender
Tony Lupusella — former politician
M
François N. Macerola — lawyer and film executive
Cosmo Maciocia — politician
Danny Maciocia — football coach
Antonio Macrì (1902 – 1975) — mobster
Joe Magliocca — politician
Franco Magnifico — businessman and politician
Raine Maida — musician (Our Lady Peace)
Ray Maluta — ice hockey player
Giorgio Mammoliti — Ontario politician
Mark Mancari — ice hockey player
Joseph Mancinelli — trade unionist
Gaby Mancini — former boxer
Remo Mancini — former politician
Tony Mancini (1913 – 1990) — former boxer
Nick Mancuso — actor
Kevin Mandolese — ice hockey player
Andrew Mangiapane — ice hockey player
Chris Mannella — soccer player
Anthony S. Manera — former CBC president
Cesare Maniago — former ice hockey player
Bob Manno — former ice hockey player
Maurizio Mansi — former ice hockey player
Jay Manuel — make-up artist
Carmine Marcantonio — former soccer player
Rosario Marchese — Ontario politician
Sergio Marchi — politician
Sergio Marchionne (1952 – 2018) — former CEO of Fiat and Chrysler
Charles Marega — sculptor
Santino Marella — professional wrestler, martial artist
Carlo Marini — former soccer player
Hector Marini — former ice hockey player
Frank Marino — guitarist
Rebecca Marino — tennis player
Dan Marouelli — former ice hockey referee
Joseph Marrese — former politician
Gabriella Martinelli — film producer
Medo Martinello — former box lacrosse
Quinto Martini — politician and real estate broker
Adam Mascherin — ice hockey player
Paul Masotti — former football player
Jack Masters — politician
Pat Mastroianni — actor
Gabe Mastromatteo — swimmer
Irene Mathyssen — politician
Gino Matrundola — former politician
Jon Matsumoto — ice hockey player
Joe Mattacchione — former soccer player
Ella Matteucci — ice hockey and baseball player
Mike Matteucci — ice hockey player
Arthur Mauro — lawyer and businessman
Bill Mauro — Ontario politician
Frank Mazzilli — former politician
Frank Mazzuca — former politician
Tyler Medeiros — singer
Julian Melchiori — ice hockey player
Mary Melfi — novelist, poet, playwright
Victor Mete — ice hockey player
Tanya Memme — television presenter and actress in Sell This House
Gerry Mendicino — actor
Marco Mendicino — politician
Paul Meschino — architect
Corrado Micalef — former ice hockey player
Angelo Miceli — ice hockey player
Salvatore Miceli — mobster
Marco Micone — Quebec academic, playwright and translator
Thomas Milani — former ice hockey player
Ramona Milano — actress
Maria Minna — politician
Eddie Mio — former ice hockey goaltender
Domenic Mobilio (1969 – 2004) — former soccer player
Michele Modica — mobster
Guido Molinari (1933 – 2004) — artist
Melissa Molinaro — model
Alessandro Momesso — soccer player
Sergio Momesso — ice hockey player
Richard Monette (1944 – 2008) — actor and director
Victor Montagliani — businessman, former president of Canadian Soccer Association
Salvatore Montagna (1971 – 2011) — mobster
Enio Mora (1949 – 1996) — mobster
Angie Moretto — former ice hockey player
Marc Moro — former ice hockey player
Mike Morreale — former football player
Joe Morselli — Quebec businessman involved in the Sponsorship scandal
Carmelina Moscato — soccer player
Domenico Moschella — politician
Giovanni Muscedere — biker and mobster.
Marcello Musto — professor
Jason Muzzatti — former ice hockey player
Jake Muzzin — ice hockey player
N
Angelina Napolitano (1882 – 1932) — first woman in Canada to use the battered woman defence on a murder charge
Tony Nappo — actor
Tony Nardi — bilingual actor
Silvio Narizzano — film and television director
Angelo Natale — former trade union leader
Vincenzo Natali — film director and screenwriter
Sergio Navarretta — film director and producer
Nick Nero — mobster
Davide Nicoletti — ice hockey player
Sabatino Nicolucci — mobster
Frank Nigro — former ice hockey player
Guido Nincheri (1885 – 1973) — artist
Aldo Nova — musician and vocalist
Frances Nunziata — Toronto city councillor
John Nunziata — politician
O
Peter Oliva — novelist
Andrew Olivieri — former soccer player
Nancy Olivieri — haematologist
Giuliano Oliviero — former soccer player
America Olivo — actress, singer, and model
Easton Ongaro — soccer player
David Orazietti — politician
Alexandra Orlando — rhythmic gymnast
Gaetano Orlando — ice hockey player
Johnny Orlando — singer
Marina Orsini — actress
Romano Orzari — actor
P
Frank G. Paci — writer, author of The Italians and 12 novels
Massimo Pacetti — politician
Donato Paduano — former boxer
Michel Pagliaro — musician
Pete Palangio (1908 – 2004) — ice hockey player
Al Palladini (1943 – 2001) — politician
Matthew Palleschi — professional soccer player
Louie Palu — photographer and filmmaker
Gaetano Panepinto (1959 – 2000) — mobster
Roberto Pannunzi — mobster
Joe Pantalone — Toronto city councillor
Alessandra Paonessa — opera singer
Johnny Papalia (1924 – 1997) — mobster
Melanie Papalia — actress
John Parco — ice hockey coach
Sarina Paris — singer
Tony Parisi (1941 – 2000) — wrestler
Paul Bonifacio Parkinson — figure skater
Tony Parsons — presenter
Mario Parente — biker
Eli Pasquale — former basketball player
Nico Pasquotti — soccer player
Lui Passaglia — former football player
Patrizia — singer
Bruno Pauletto — physiologist
Matthew Peca — ice hockey player
Michael Peca — ice hockey player
Maria Pellegrini — operatic soprano
Bob Perani (1942 – 2012) — ice hockey goaltender
Cole Perfetti — ice hockey player
Brendan Perlini — ice hockey player
Fred Perlini — ice hockey player
Dominic Perri — politician
Paul Perri — actor
Rocco Perri (1887 – ?) — mobster
Sandro Perri — musician
Anthony Perruzza — Ontario politician
Jordan Perruzza — soccer player
Angelo Persichilli — journalist
Joe Peschisolido — politician
Paul Peschisolido — soccer player
Alex Petan — ice hockey player
Nic Petan — ice hockey player
Luca Petrasso — soccer player
Michael Petrasso — soccer player
Andi Petrillo — sports anchor
Penny Petrone (1925 – 2005) — writer and educator
Nina Petronzio — interior designer
Michael Pezzetta — ice hockey player
Emilio Picariello (1875 or 1879 – 1923) — mobster
David Piccini — politician
Joe Piccininni — city councillor
Alessandra Piccione — screenwriter and producer
Alex Pietrangelo — ice hockey player
Amelia Pietrangelo — soccer player
Frank Pietrangelo — ice hockey player
Phil Pietroniro — ice hockey player
Paolo Pietropaolo — radio host and musician
Vincenzo Pietropaolo — photographer
Tony Pignatiello — soccer player
Gary Pillitteri — politician
Peter Pinizzotto — soccer coach
Steve Pinizzotto — ice hockey player
Roy Piovesana — teacher and historian
Fernando Pisani — ice hockey player
Matteo Piscopo — soccer player
Joseph Pivato — writer, literary scholar and academic
Nevio Pizzolitto — soccer player
Rocco Placentino — soccer player
Nick Plastino — ice hockey player
Johnny Plescio — biker
Robert Poëti — politician
Marcello Polisi — soccer player
Matteo Polisi — soccer player
Marco Polo — music producer
Claudio Polsinelli — former Ontario politician
Aaron Poole — actor
Carly Pope — actress
Kris Pope — actor
Victor Posa — former National Hockey League player
Christian Potenza — actor
Gene Principe — sports reporter
Monica Proietti, aka Machine Gun Molly (1940 – 1967) — bank robber
Cristine Prosperi — actress
Carmen Provenzano (1942 – 2005) — politician
Christian Provenzano — politician
Dina Pugliese — Toronto television personality
Sandra Pupatello — Ontario politician
Christina Putigna — ice hockey player
Q
Louis Quilico (1925 – 2000) — opera singer
R
Michele Racco (1913 – 1980) — mobster
Angelo Raffin — former Canadian football player
Gianmarco Raimondo — racing driver
Mauro Ranallo — sportscaster
Simone Rapisarda Casanova — filmmaker
Gennaro Raso — biker
Rick Ravanello — actor
Mark Recchi — ice hockey player
Gino Reda — television personality
Marco Reda — soccer player
Karen Redman — politician
Paolo Renda (1933 – Disappeared 2010) — mobster
Austin Ricci — soccer player
Italia Ricci — actress
Mike Ricci — former ice hockey player
Mike Ricci — fighter
Nick Ricci — former ice hockey player
Nino Ricci — novelist
Regolo Ricci — artist
Alessandro Riggi — soccer player
Lou Rinaldi — politician
Nicola Riopel — ice hockey goaltender
Marco Rizi — former soccer player
Tony Rizzo — Ontario politician
Garth Rizzuto — former ice hockey player
Nicolo Rizzuto (1924 – 2010) — mobster, Rizzuto crime family
Pietro Rizzuto (1934 – 1997) — businessman and Senator
Vito Rizzuto (1946 – 2013) — mobster
Darcy Robinson (1981 – 2007) — ice hockey player
David Rocco — actor, producer, and cooking personality
Vince Rocco — ice hockey player
Tony Romandini — musician
Jordan Romano — professional baseball player
Roberto Romano — former ice hockey goaltender
Rocco Romano — football player
Ross Romano — Ontario politician
Rocco Romeo — soccer player
Marco Rosa — ice hockey player
Mike Rosati — former ice hockey player
Cristina Rosato — actress
Tony Rosato (1954 – 2017) — actor
Anthony Rosenroll (1857 – 1945) — businessman
Carlo Rossi — politician
Chantal Rossi — politician
Rocco Rossi — businessman
Vittorio Rossi — playwright, screenwriter, actor, and director
Anthony Rota — politician
Carlo Rota — actor
Filomena Rotiroti — politician
Guy Rubino — chef
Steve Rucchin — former ice hockey player
Adamo Ruggiero — actor
Adam Russo — ice hockey goaltender
Erminia Russo — volleyball player
S
Laura Sabia (1916 – 1996) — social activist and feminist
Michael Sabia — businessman
Ted Salci — former mayor
Frank Salerno (1962 – 2006) — biker
Alphonse W. Salomone Jr. (1919 – 1993) — hotelier
Dave Salmoni — animal trainer, entertainer and television producer
Bobby Sanguinetti — ice hockey player
Greg Sansone — former sports anchor
Ivana Santilli — singer
Mike Santorelli — ice hockey player
Angelo Santucci — former football player
Daniela Sanzone — journalist
Joey Saputo — businessman
Lino Saputo — businessman and billionaire – owner of Saputo Inc.
Will Sasso — actor and comedian
Ryan Savoia — ice hockey player
Raymond Sawada — ice hockey player
Giulio Scandella — ice hockey player
Marco Scandella — ice hockey player
Ray Scapinello — ice hockey player
Michele Scarabelli — actress
Pietro Scarcella — mobster
Michael Scarola — sprint canoer
Francis Scarpaleggia — politician
Frank Scarpitti — mayor
Matteo Schiavoni &mdash soccer player
Gino Schiraldi — former soccer player
Joe Schiraldi — former soccer player
Enio Sclisizzi (1925 – 2012) — ice hockey player
Melanie Scrofano — actress
Rob Scuderi — ice hockey player
Lorraine Segato — singer
Mario Sergio — Ontario politician
Judy Sgro — politician
Dave Siciliano — ice hockey coach and player
Floria Sigismondi — photographer
Tony Silipo — former Ontario politician
Margot Sikabonyi — actress
Andrew Simone — physician
Hannah Simone — television personality
Gino Soccio — disco record producer
Rocco Sollecito (1949 – 2016) — mobster
Francesco Sorbara — politician
Greg Sorbara — Ontario politician
Martina Sorbara — singer-songwriter
Erin Spanevello (1987 – 2008) — fashion model
Michelangelo Spensieri (1949 – 2013) — politician
Jason Spezza — ice hockey player
Paul Stalteri — soccer player
Alexander David Stewart (1852 – 1899) — politician
Chelsea Stewart — soccer player
Steben Twins — acrobatic performers
Zack Stortini — ice hockey player
Sylvana Windsor, Countess of St Andrews — countess
T
Rick Tabaracci — former ice hockey goaltender
Alex Tagliani — race car driver
Joe Tallari — ice hockey player
Melissa Tancredi — soccer player
Jeff Tambellini — ice hockey player
Steve Tambellini — ice hockey general manager
Paul Tana — film director
Filomena Tassi — politician
Dino Tavarone — actor
Marco Terminesi — soccer player
Anna Terrana — former politician
Venus Terzo — actress
Michael Tibollo — politician
Martin Tielli — musician and artist
Mark Tinordi — former ice hockey player
Tony Tirabassi — politician
Guido Titotto — former soccer player
Rick Tocchet — ice hockey player
Tyler Toffoli — ice hockey player
Philip Tomasino — ice hockey player
Tony Tomassi — politician
Tiger Joe Tomasso (1922 – 1988) — former wrestler
John Tonelli — former ice hockey player
Henri de Tonti (1649 – 1704) — explorer in New France
Alphonse de Tonty (1659 – 1727) — explorer in New France
Jerry Toppazzini (1931 – 2012) — ice hockey player
Zellio Toppazzini (1930 – 2001) — ice hockey player
Raffi Torres — ice hockey player
Joe Trasolini politician
Anna Maria Tremonti — journalist and CBC radio announcer
Carter Trevisani — ice hockey player
Jay Triano — former basketball player
Ricardo Trogi — actor and filmmaker
Domenic Troiano (1946 – 2005) — musician
Marty Turco — ice hockey goaltender
U
Gene Ubriaco — former ice hockey player
Julian Uccello — soccer player
Luca Uccello — soccer player
V
Tony Valeri — politician
Frank Valeriote — politician
Joseph Valtellini — kickboxer
Gino Vannelli — musician
Joe Vannelli — musician
Phil Varone — ice hockey player
Joe Veleno — ice hockey player
Frank Venneri — politician
Carmine Verduci (1959 – 2014) — mobster
Mike Vernace — ice hockey player
Ben Viccari — former journalist
Gabriel Vilardi — ice hockey player
Paolo Violi (1938 – 1978) — mobster
David Visentin — actor
Jonathan Viscosi — soccer player
Joe Volpe — politician
Paul Volpe (1927 – 1983) — mobster
Joey Votto — baseball player
Lisa Vultaggio — actress
W
Graham Wardle — actor, filmmaker and photographer
Jeff Wincott — martial artist and actor
Michael Wincott — actor
X
Davide Xausa — former soccer player
Z
Giuliano Zaccardelli — former Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Robert Zambito — politician
Frank Zampino — politician and accountant
Dominic Zamprogna — actor
Sergio Zanatta — former soccer player
Frank Zaneth — Mountie
Paul Zanette — ice hockey player
Sol Zanetti — politician
Chiara Zanni — actress
Ron Zanussi — former ice hockey player
Zappacosta — singer and songwriter
Sergio Zardini — bobsledder
Bruno Zarrillo — former ice hockey player
Gianluca Zavarise — soccer player
Rachel Zeffira — musician
Lorena Ziraldo — artist
Rocco Zito (1928 – 2016) — mobster
Katia Zuccarelli — singer
References
C
Italian |
1482209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSS | GSS | GSS may refer to:
Education
Garibaldi Secondary School, in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada
The Gifted Students' School (Iraq), in Baghdad
Government Secondary School (disambiguation)
Greenridge Secondary School, in Singapore
Grimsby Secondary School, in Ontario, Canada
GSS Institute of Technology, in Bangalore, India
Gay Student Services, now GLBT Aggies, at Texas A&M University
Government and politics
Global Standards Symposium
Civic Alliance of Serbia (Serbian: ), a political party in Serbia
Government Statistical Service, of the Government of the United Kingdom
Israeli General Security Service, also known as Shin Bet
Ghana Statistical Service, of the Government of Ghana
Science
General Social Survey
Genome survey sequence
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome
Glutathione synthetase
Granulomatous slack skin
Gudjonsson suggestibility scale
Sport
Grønlands Seminarius Sportklub, a Greenlandic sport club
Gurpreet Singh Sandhu, an Indian footballer
Panionios G.S.S., a Greek association football club
Technology
Generic Security Services Application Program Interface, an application programming interface for programs to access security services
Graph Style Sheets
GSS Infotech, an Indian information technology company
Graph-structured stack
Galileo Sensor Station, in satellite navigation
Other uses
Croatian Mountain Rescue Service (Croatian: )
Ghost Shadows, a Chinese-American gang
Global Supply Systems, a British cargo airline
Good Samaritan Society, a Canadian Lutheran service organization
Great Singapore Sale, an annual shopping event in Singapore
Greek Sign Language
Grupo Silvio Santos, a Brazilian holding company
Guild of Servants of the Sanctuary, in the Church of England |
1482210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula%20Iro%20language | Gula Iro language | The Gula Iro language (autonym kùláál) is a Bua language spoken by some 3,500 people (in 1991) north and east of Lake Iro in southern Chad, between the Bola and Salamat rivers. It has four dialects, according to Pairault:
páṭóól (350 speakers), the northernmost and the least comprehensible to speakers of the other dialects, spoken in and around Badi;
pòŋààl (2,000 speakers), by the north shore of the lake, spoken in and around Boum Kabir, Boum Sarher, and Tordjigel;
tɩ́ààlà (730 speakers), spoken east and south of the lake, including Kouré, Bouni, Tormorhal, and Masidjanga;
tííṭààl (200 speakers), the easternmost, spoken in various villages west of Tamba;
to which Ethnologue adds a fifth, Korintal (170 speakers), spoken in Tieou.
Gula Iro is very closely related to Zan Gula and Bon Gula, but they are not mutually comprehensible.
Phonology
The consonants, along with their orthography, are:
The vowels are: a, e, i, o, u, ɛ, ɩ, ɔ, ʋ. Nasalization (only on a, e, o) and length are both contrastive, and diphthongs can be formed. Tone is phonemic; each vowel must carry high or low tone.
Grammar
Typical word order is subject–verb–object. The basic subject pronouns are: ñó I, mó you (sg.), á he/she/it, pʋ́ we (exclusive), én we (inclusive), í you (pl.), ʋ́ they.
Bibliography
P. Boyeldieu. "La formation du pluriel nominal en kulaal (Tchad): essai de systématisation des documents publiés par C. Pairault". Afrika und Übersee, 1986, n° 69, vol. 2, p. 209-249.
C. Pairault, Documents du parler d'iro: kùláál du Tchad. Langues et Littérature de l'Afrique Noire V. Klincksieck: Paris 1969.
References
Languages of Chad
Bua languages |
1482218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20relation | Total relation | In mathematics, a binary relation R ⊆ X×Y between two sets X and Y is total (or left total) if the source set X equals the domain {x : there is a y with xRy }. Conversely, R is called right total if Y equals the range {y : there is an x with xRy }.
When f: X → Y is a function, the domain of f is all of X, hence f is a total relation. On the other hand, if f is a partial function, then the domain may be a proper subset of X, in which case f is not a total relation.
"A binary relation is said to be total with respect to a universe of discourse just in case everything in that universe of discourse stands in that relation to something else."
Algebraic characterization
Total relations can be characterized algebraically by equalities and inequalities involving compositions of relations. To this end, let be two sets, and let For any two sets let be the universal relation between and and let be the identity relation on We use the notation for the converse relation of
is total iff for any set and any implies
is total iff
If is total, then The converse is true if
If is total, then The converse is true if
If is total, then The converse is true if
More generally, if is total, then for any set and any The converse is true if
See also
Serial relation — a total homogeneous relation
Notes
References
Gunther Schmidt & Michael Winter (2018) Relational Topology
C. Brink, W. Kahl, and G. Schmidt (1997) Relational Methods in Computer Science, Advances in Computer Science, page 5,
Gunther Schmidt & Thomas Strohlein (2012)[1987]
Gunther Schmidt (2011)
Properties of binary relations |
1482220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier%20Hockey%20League | Premier Hockey League | Premier Hockey League (PHL) was a professional field hockey league in India. There were seven teams in the PHL. The competition was held every year from 2005 until 2008.
History
The competition conceptualized by Anurag Dahiya of ESPN Star Sports was created and promoted in partnership with Leisure Sports Management (LSM) and sanctioned by Indian Hockey Federation (IHF). It was first played in 2005 involving 5 teams with active support from sports channel ESPN India. First season had two tiers division 1 and division 2 but from 2007 season onwards division 2 was scrapped. Except team winning 2006 division 2 championship rest all teams in division 2 were scrapped. The competition was disbanded in 2008.
The 5 inaugural members of the new Premier Hockey League in 2005 were Bangalore Hi-Fliers, Chennai Veerans, Hyderabad Sultans, Maratha Warriors and Sher-e-Jalandhar.
Competition
Format
Regular season of PHL run between December and January. Since the inaugural season, the format has varied regularly. According to the last format, each team played each other once in a single round robin format (21 matches) in the regular league season, then the top four play the semifinals (1 vs. 4 and 2 vs. 3), followed by the finals, adopting a best of three format. There was a total of 26 matches for each session.
During a PHL match, points that contribute to team standings could be earned in the following ways:
Result in regulation time
3 points to the winner
0 point to the loser
Result after extra time
2 points to the winner
1 point to the loser
In case of no winner has been decided after completion of a match and two periods of extra time, the winner of the match will be determined by a shoot-out competition.
New features
The fundamental aberration from the format of normal hockey games is the number of sessions. A normal 70-minute hockey game includes two sessions, each of 35 minutes each. The PHL had four sessions each of 17.5 minutes. This format was tailor-made to include more advertising time in order to generate funds.
If the match is deadlocked after full-time, the number of players of each team got gradually reduced till a result is obtained. A win within full-time fetched three points, whereas a win after full-time fetched two points to the winning team and one to the losing team. Each team was allowed to field up to five international players.
In addition, another feature of the PHL for the year 2007 has been the innovative penalty shootout competition, modelled similar to the ice hockey. Each team had five penalties. The player can take as many shots possible within the stipulated 8 secs.
Another interesting feature of PHL were timeouts. Each team was allowed 2 x 120 second timeouts per team in regulation time. These timeouts were mandatory and had to be taken once in each half of play. There will be a warning from the bench 5 minutes before the end of the second/fourth quarter if the team has still not availed of the mandatory timeout. 2 minutes from the end of the second/fourth quarter the timeout could be imposed by the technical bench if the team has still not availed of it.
In addition, each team was allowed 1 x 2 minute timeout which could be taken at any point in time during the regulation time.
Players
A team shall consist of maximum of 18 (eighteen) players to be registered with PHDPL. At any given point of time, minimum 2 players of foreign origin shall be within the field of play during the course of a game.
International players
There are a number of players from countries other than India, who have been contracted to play in the league.
Results
2005: Hyderabad Sultans
2006: Bangalore Lions
Chandigarh Dynamos finished 1st in the league table.
2007: Orissa Steelers
Orissa Steelers also finished 1st in the league table.
2008: Bangalore Hi-fliers
Chandigarh Dynamos finished 1st in the league table.
Impact and legacy
At the time of launch, many in the Indian hockey circles were delighted with the intention of reviving the flagging sport. Experts accused the Indian Hockey Federation of being too lethargic and bureaucratic in popularizing the sport. Hockey players of the likes of Sohail Abbas excited a number of youngsters and drew them towards the game. Critics argued that traditional hockey bastions such as Kodagu, Jharkhand, Odisha and parts of Punjab were ignored and the organizers stated that in due course of time more teams would be included.
PHL did gain some ground in popular culture. Famously, in a scene in the hit Bollywood movie, Chak De! India, a character could be spotted wearing a PHL fan jersey. The league also had a long-lasting impact on the sport of field hockey globally, and commercial leagues in other sports that followed PHL in India. In field hockey, the biggest shift was the move away from 2 halves of 35 minutes each to 4 quarters of 17.5 minutes each. This measure, originally pioneered by PHL as quickening the pace of the game, has survived to this day. PHL's introduction of franchise teams This served as a template for later sports leagues including the IPL.
However, after 4 successful seasons, the Premier Hockey League ceased to exist. It has made way to another similar formatted tournament, the Hockey India League.
See also
World Series Hockey
Hockey in India
India men's national field hockey team
India women's national field hockey team
Premier Hockey League (South Africa)
References
External links
PHL 2007-08
Premier Hockey League on SPORT195
Field hockey leagues in India
Professional sports leagues in India
Sports leagues in India
Defunct sports leagues in India
Sport in India |
1482227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Mallory | Francis Mallory | Francis Mallory (December 12, 1807 – March 26, 1860) was an American naval officer, physician, and railroad executive, who as a Whig politician served two terms in the United States House of Representatives representing Virginia's 1st congressional district. He later served two terms in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Norfolk.
Early and family life, military service and education
Francis Mallory was born in 1807 in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, part of the Hampton Roads seaport and (now) metropolitan area, to the former Frances Lowry Stephenson (1786-1845), and her husband, Charles King Mallory (1781-1820), who briefly served as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in 1812. His grandfather and namesake, Col. Francis Mallory (1740-1781) was a Virginia militia officer who married three times before his death in the Skirmish at Waters Creek while defending Hampton during the Patriot's Siege of Yorktown near the end of the American Revolutionary War.
Young Francis Mallory had a sister Mary (1810-1853) and two younger brothers, William Stevenson Mallory (1817-1857) and Charles King Mallory (1820-1875). He attended the private Hampton Academy and began a career as a naval officer after his father's death in Norfolk in 1820, accepting a midshipman's commission in the United States Navy and serving from 1822 to 1828.
Dr. Mallory graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1831. He may have had a first wife who died in 1830. He married Mary Francis Wright, and in 1850 the family lived at Old Point Comfort in Elizabeth City County with their sons Francis Jr. (1834-1863) and Charles O'Connor (Connor) Mallory (1842-1877) and daughters Abby, Mary, Kate and Alice. Two other sons died in infancy, and their parents would choose to be buried beside them. Dr. Mallory's namesake son would die at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863 and his fellow C.S.A. officer/cousin Charles King Mallory days later. Charles O'Connor Mallory (1842-1877) enlisted as a private in the 6th Virginia Infantry in April 1861, rose to the rank of Sergeant Major after being transferred to the 55th Virginia Infantry, surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, became a farmer in Essex County, Virginia and had sons to carry on the family's military tradition.
Tenure in the House of Representatives
Dr. Mallory established a medical practice in the area surrounding Norfolk, Virginia. He won election to the U.S. House of Representatives to represent Virginia's 1st congressional district in 1836, but lost to Democrat Joel Holleman two years later. During that re-election campaign, Holleman promised that he would resign if a Whig became President in 1840. William Henry Harrison did win the Presidency and Dr. Mallory won the election to complete the rest of the term, as well as the following election, thereby serving as the area's Congressman until March 1843.
Career after Congress
He also served as Navy Agent in Norfolk during the administration of President Millard Fillmore (a fellow Whig) in the early 1850s. His political career continued as a Delegate in the Virginia General Assembly, representing Norfolk city from 1854 to 1859.
For many years, Mallory lobbied the Virginia General Assembly on behalf of a railroad line to Norfolk, despite rival railroad and shipping interests from Richmond and Petersburg. In 1851, Dr. Mallory and the Norfolk interests finally succeeded in obtaining a legislative charter as well as financing from the Virginia Board of Public Works to form the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad (N&P).
In 1853, the new railroad hired a 26-year-old civil engineer and Virginia Military Institute graduate from Southampton County named William Mahone. Small-statured "Little Billy" Mahone was frugal with expenses yet managed to build the N&P to high construction standards. He designed and implemented an innovative corduroy roadbed through the Great Dismal Swamp between South Norfolk and Suffolk. The design included a log foundation laid at right angles beneath the surface of the swamp, and rented enslaved labor built it. Still in use 150 years later, it withstands immense tonnages of export coal traffic en route to coal piers at Norfolk's Lambert's Point. Mahone was also responsible for engineering and building a 52 mile-long tangent track between Suffolk and Petersburg which remains a major artery of modern Norfolk Southern rail traffic (although rebuilt after the American Civil War).
Personal life
Dr. Mallory survived the Yellow Fever epidemic which swept through Norfolk in 1855 and killed 2,000 of its 6,000 citizens. However, the many deaths as well as financial hardship delayed construction of his new railroad for more than a year. After the railroad was completed in 1858, he stepped down and Mahone became its new president.
Francis Mallory owned 17 slaves in 1840. Either census information has been lost or misindexed, or he only owned slaves indirectly during the last census in his lifetime; his brother Charles Mallory owned 11 slaves in nearby Hampton in 1850, and 13 in 1860.
Death and legacy
Dr. Mallory died in Norfolk on March 26, 1860.
Francis Mallory Elementary School of the Hampton City Public Schools and Mallory Street in Hampton's historic Phoebus section near Fort Monroe are named in his honor.
Electoral history
1837; Mallory was elected with 50.26% of the vote, defeating Democrat Joel Hollerman.
References
1807 births
1860 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Elizabeth City County, Virginia
Politicians from Norfolk, Virginia
Physicians from Virginia
United States Navy officers
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American legislators
19th-century Virginia politicians |
1482229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredi%20Washington | Fredi Washington | Fredericka Carolyn "Fredi" Washington (December 23, 1903 – June 28, 1994) was an American stage and film actress, civil rights activist, performer, and writer. Washington was of African American descent. She was one of the first Black Americans to gain recognition for film and stage work in the 1920s and 1930s.
Washington was active in the Harlem Renaissance (1920s–1930s). Her best- known film role was as Peola in Imitation of Life (1934). She plays a young light-skinned Black woman who decides to pass as white. Her last film role was in One Mile from Heaven (1937). After that she left Hollywood and returned to New York to work in theatre and civil rights activism.
Early life
Fredi Washington was born in 1903 in Savannah, Georgia, to Robert T. Washington, a postal worker, and Harriet "Hattie" Walker Ward, a dancer. Both were of African American and European ancestry. Washington was the second of their five children. Her mother died when Fredi was 11 years old. As the oldest girl in her family, she helped raise her younger siblings, Isabel, Rosebud, and Robert, with the help of their grandmother.
After their mother's death, Washington and her sister Isabel were sent to the St. Elizabeth's Convent School for Colored Girls in Cornwells Heights, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
While Washington was still in school in Philadelphia, her family moved north from Georgia to Harlem, New York. Washington graduated from Julia Richman High School in New York City.
Career
Early entertainment career
Washington's entertainment career began in 1921 as a chorus girl in the Broadway musical Shuffle Along. She was hired by dancer Josephine Baker as a member of the "Happy Honeysuckles," a cabaret group. Baker became a friend and mentor to her. Washington's collaboration with Baker led to her being discovered by producer Lee Shubert. In 1926, she was recommended for a co-starring role on the Broadway stage with Paul Robeson in the play Black Boy. She quickly became a popular, featured dancer, and toured internationally with her dancing partner, Al Moiret.
Washington turned to acting in the late 1920s. Her first movie role was in Black and Tan (1929), in which she played a Cotton Club dancer who was dying. She acted in a small role in The Emperor Jones (1933) starring Robeson. Washington played Cab Calloway's love interest in the musical short Cab Calloway's Hi-De-Ho (1934).
Imitation of Life
Her best-known role was in the 1934 movie Imitation of Life. Washington played a young light-skinned Black woman who chose to pass as white to seek more opportunities in a society restricted by legal and social racial segregation. As Washington had visible European ancestry, the role was considered perfect for her, but it led to her being typecast by filmmakers. Moviegoers sometimes assumed from Washington's appearance—her blue-gray eyes, pale complexion, and light brown hair—that she might have passed in her own life. In 1934, she said the role did not reflect her off-screen life, but "If I made Peola seem real enough to merit such statements, I consider such statements compliments and makes me feel I've done my job fairly well."
She told reporters in 1949 that she identified as Black "...because I'm honest, firstly, and secondly, you don't have to be white to be good. I've spent most of my life trying to prove to those who think otherwise ... I am a Negro and I am proud of it." Imitation of Life was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture, but it did not win. Years later, in 2007, Time magazine ranked it as among "The 25 Most Important Films on Race."
Activism
Washington's experiences in the film industry and theater led her to become a civil rights activist. In an effort to help other Black actors and actresses find more opportunities, in 1937 Washington co-founded the Negro Actors Guild of America (NAG), with Noble Sissle, W. C. Handy, Paul Robeson, and Ethel Waters. The organization's mission included speaking out against stereotyping and advocating for a wider range of roles. Washington served as the organization's first executive secretary.
She was also deeply involved with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, known as the NAACP. While working with the NAACP, Washington fought for more representation and better treatment of Black actors in Hollywood; because of her own success, she was one of the few Black actors in Hollywood who had some influence with white studio executives.
In addition to working for the rights and opportunities of Black actors, Washington also advocated for the federal protection of Black Americans. She was a lobbyist for the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, which the NAACP supported. It was passed by the House but lost in the Senate, which was dominated by the Solid South.
Later work
Washington played opposite Bill Robinson in Fox's One Mile from Heaven (1937), in which she played a light-skinned Black woman claiming to be the mother of a "white" baby. Claire Trevor plays a reporter who discovers the story and helps both Washington and the white biological mother (Sally Bane) who had given up the baby. According to the Museum of Modern Art in 2013: "The last of the six Claire Trevor 'snappy' vehicles [Allan] Dwan made for Fox in the 1930s tests the limits of free expression on race in Hollywood while sometimes straining credulity."
Washington appeared in the 1939 Broadway production of Mamba's Daughters, along with Ethel Waters and Georgette Harvey. She later became a casting consultant for the stage productions of Carmen Jones (1943) and George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess.
Leaving Hollywood for radio
Despite receiving critical acclaim, she was unable to find much work in the Hollywood of the 1930s and 1940s. Studios preferred Black actresses with darker skin, who were usually typecast as maids, cooks or other servants. Directors were also reluctant to cast a light-skinned Black actress in a romantic role with a white leading man; the film production code prohibited suggestions of miscegenation. Interracial marriage was illegal in the South and many other states. Hollywood directors did not offer her any romantic roles. As one modern critic explained, Fredi Washington was "...too beautiful and not dark enough to play maids, but rather too light to act in all-Black movies..."
Washington had a dramatic role in a 1943 radio tribute to Black women, Heroines in Bronze, produced by the National Urban League, but there were few regular dramatic radio programs in that era with Black protagonists. She wrote an opinion piece for the Black press in which she discussed how limited the opportunities in broadcasting were for Black actors, actresses, and vocalists, saying that "...radio seems to keep its doors sealed [against] colored artists."
In 1945 she said:
"You see I'm a mighty proud gal, and I can't for the life of me find any valid reason why anyone should lie about their origin, or anything else for that matter. Frankly, I do not ascribe to the stupid theory of white supremacy and to try to hide the fact that I am a Negro for economic or any other reasons. If I do, I would be agreeing to be a Negro makes me inferior and that I have swallowed whole hog all of the propaganda dished out by our fascist-minded white citizens."
Writer
Washington was a theater writer, and the entertainment editor for The People's Voice (1942–1948), a newspaper for African Americans founded by Adam Clayton Powell Jr., a Baptist minister and politician in New York City. He was married to her sister Isabel Washington Powell.
Personal life
In 1933, Washington married Lawrence Brown, the trombonist in Duke Ellington's jazz orchestra. That marriage ended in divorce. In 1952, Washington married a Stamford dentist, Hugh Anthony Bell, and moved to Greenwich, Connecticut.
She was a devout Catholic.
Death
Fredi Washington Bell died, aged 90, on June 28, 1994. She died from pneumonia following a series of strokes at St. Joseph Medical Center in Stamford, Connecticut.
Legacy and honors
In 1975, Washington was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame.
In 1979, Washington received the CIRCA Award for lifetime achievement in the performing arts.
In 1981, Washington received an award from the Audience Development Company (AUDELCO), a New York-based nonprofit group devoted to preserving and promoting African-American theater.
Filmography
Square Joe (1922), her film debut
Black and Tan (1929)
The Emperor Jones (1933)
Imitation of Life (1934)
Ouanga (1936)
One Mile from Heaven (1937)
References
External links
The People's Voice Research and Editorial Files (1865-1963) are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Erin Blakemore, "The Fair-Skinned Black Actress Who Refused to 'Pass' in 1930s Hollywood", History, January 26, 2021.
1903 births
1994 deaths
20th-century African-American actresses
20th-century American actresses
Actors from Savannah, Georgia
Actresses from Georgia (U.S. state)
African-American Catholics
American film actresses
American stage actresses
Catholics from Connecticut
Catholics from Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from pneumonia in Connecticut |
1482234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias%20de%20l%27Obel | Matthias de l'Obel | Mathias de l'Obel, Mathias de Lobel or Matthaeus Lobelius (1538 – 3 March 1616) was a Flemish physician and plant enthusiast who was born in Lille, Flanders, in what is now Hauts-de-France, France, and died at Highgate, London, England. He studied at the University of Montpellier and practiced medicine in the low countries and England, including positions as personal physicians to two monarchs. A member of the sixteenth-century Flemish School of Botany, he wrote a series of major treatises on plants in both Latin and Dutch. He was the first botanist to appreciate the distinction between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The Lobelia plant is named after him.
Life
Mathias de l'Obel was born in Lille (Flemish Rijsel) in the County of Flanders, Spanish Netherlands, now French Flanders in 1538, the son of Jean De l'Obel, a lawyer whose practice specialized in aristocrats in the army. Relatively little is known about his life. By the age of sixteen he had already developed an interest in both botany and medicine. He spent some time traveling and studying in Italy in 1551 and 1563–1564 before studying medicine in Leuven and at Montpellier in France. He sought out Montpellier due to the reputation of Guillaume Rondelet, as had his earlier contemporary, Carolus Clusius. It is said that l'Obel was Rondelet's favourite pupil, and on his death in 1566 l'Obel inherited all his manuscripts. His botanical field work was under the supervision of Rondelet's son-in-law, Jacques Salomon d'Assas. He matriculated at the University of Montpellier on 22 May 1565, at the age of twenty-seven. He remained in Montpellier for a further two years, furthering his studies, including botanical expeditions in the Languedoc region.
From 1566–1571, for about four years, he traveled and then he settled in Elizabethan England for about four years (1566–1571), together with his fellow student Pierre Pena (1535–1605), probably as a Protestant refugee. He lived on Lime Street, London in any area containing many Protestant refugees from the continent ("come for religion"), among fellow Flemings, like James Garrett the apothecary. There he also came to know the English botanist, John Gerard. He and Pena brought with them their botanical collection and carried out botanical exploration in England before returning to the Low Countries sometime between 1571 and 1574.
In 1596, age 58, L'Obel married Isabeau Laigniez (1576-1642) in Lille . Of their children, one daughter, Mary l'Obel, married Louis Le Myre (Ludovicus Myreus), who collaborated with him, the other, Anne l'Obel married John Wolfgang Rumler. Both sons-in-law, le Myre and Rumler were pharmacists, with good reputations in London society. He eventually moved permanently to England in 1596. Among the English botanists, his closest friend was Thomas Penny, whom he had first met in Montpellier, and to whom he pays tribute in his dedication of the Stirpium adversaria (1571). l'Obel died in Highgate in 1616 at the age of 78, and was buried in the churchyard of St Denis.
L’Obel’s coat of arms displayed on his books alludes to his name, with two poplar (abele) trees (French Aubel).
Work
Following his studies in Montpellier l'Obel set up a medical practice in England (1566–1571), living initially in London, and then in Somerset, near Bristol at the home of his patron, Edward St. Loe. There he was joined in botanical expeditions by Clusius. On his return to continental Europe, he practised in Antwerp (1571–1581) and then Delft (1581–1584). The period from 1571 to 1596, after his return from England, was one of the most productive in his life, with two major publications. Delft had been the residence of William, Prince of Orange (William the Silent) since 1572, and became the capital of the newly independent Netherlands in 1581. In Delft l'Obel served as personal physician (hofarts) to the Protestant Prince William. The exact date of this appointment is uncertain, but his Kruydtboeck (1581) is dedicated to the Prince, and the title page describes l'Obel as Medecijn der Princ. suggesting it was some time between returning to the Low Countries in 1571 and 1581. His name also appears on a list of court personnel dated 1578. William, however, was assassinated in 1584. Claims that after William's death, l'Obel was employed by the Estates General, the governing body of the Netherlands, have been disputed. Following the assassination l'Obel became a city physician in Middelburg, which was then a prosperous centre of trade and capital of the province of Zeeland. He was responsible for the establishment of a botanical herb garden there, and would have known Ambrosius Bosschaert (1573–1621), the artist, best known for his meticulous flower paintings, who was a member and eventually dean of the Saint Luke’s Guild in Middelburg.
In 1596 he moved from Middelburg, returning once more to England, becoming personal physician and botanicus regius (Botanist Royal) to King James I of England in 1607. From there he periodically returned to Middelburg for a visit. Amongst his responsibilities in England was as superintendent of the botanical garden of Lord Zouch in Hackney, a partnership brought about by Clusius. This was a physic garden and at the time, one of the few in existence in England. It became a gathering place for botanists, enabling l'Obel to become an important link between England and the continent. He also accompanied Lord Zouch on his posting as ambassador to Denmark in 1598, where he carried out botanical exploration. The latter was published in 1605 as an appendix to the second edition of Stirpium adversaria. It was through Zouch that he obtained the post of botanicus regius.
In 1597 he became involved in a controversy surrounding his friend John Gerard. In 1596 he had provided a preface to Gerard's Catalogus. The following year, Gerard was working on a translation of Dodoens's Stirpium historiae pemptades sex (1583), to be published by John Norton, the Queen's Printer. James Garrett, on a visit to the Norton's publishing house, saw the proofs and alerted Norton as to both errors and unattributed borrowings from Lobelius. Norton then hired Lobelius as an expert editor, but when Gerard discovered this, he had Lobelius dismissed, and had the work published under his own name as The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes (1597). Lobelius provides an account of this in his Stirpium illustrationes (1655) in which he accuses Gerard of plagiarism.
He spent much of his life looking for a rational way to classify plants that could be tested by empiricism.
In the Stirpium of 1571, it is the form of the leaves and their venation that he favoured. In doing so he distinguished between grass-like plants with long straight parallel veins, while the majority had broad leaves with net-like venation. He was the first to recognise the fundamental difference between monocotyledons (grass-like) and dicotyledons, although he never suggested names to group these plants under.
Life and times
Lobelius has been described as the least well known of a group variously called the Ecole flamande de Botanique du XVIme siècle (16th century Flemish school of botany) or Flemish "Fathers of Botany", which, in addition to Lobelius, included Carolus Clusius and Rembert Dodoens. Lobelius and others have stated that the collection and cultivation of plants had been a preoccupation in the Southern Netherland (Flanders or Galliae Belgicae) since the crusades, and that Flemish gardens contained many rare plants, although these were destroyed in the civil wars of the sixteenth century, and he mentions many important growers such as Carolus de Croy, and his wife Marie de Brimeu, Joannes de Brancion and Joannes van der Dilf.
At the opening of the sixteenth century the general belief was that the plant world had been completely described by Dioscorides, in his De Materia Medica. During Lobelius' lifetime, botanical knowledge was undergoing enormous expansion, partly fueled by the expansion of the known plant world by New World exploration, the discovery of printing and the use of wood-block illustration. This period is thought of as a botanical Renaissance. Europe became engrossed with natural history from the 1530s, and gardening and cultivation of plants became a passion and prestigious pursuit from monarchs to universities. The first botanical gardens appeared as well as the first illustrated botanical encyclopaedias, together with thousands of watercolours and woodcuts. The experience of farmers, gardeners, foresters, apothecaries and physicians was being supplemented by the rise of the plant expert. Collecting became a discipline, specifically the Kunst- und Wunderkammern (cabinets of curiosities) outside of Italy and the study of naturalia became widespread through many social strata. The great botanists of the sixteenth century were all, like Lobelius, originally trained as physicians, who pursued a knowledge of plants not just for medicinal properties, but in their own right. Chairs in botany, within medical faculties were being established in European universities throughout the sixteenth century in reaction to this trend, and the scientific approach of observation, documentation and experimentation was being applied to the study of plants.
These were also turbulent times. Following the Protestant Reformation in the mid sixteenth century, and the subsequent Counter-Reformation there was much religious intolerance and persecution, while in the Netherlands the northern provinces started a rebellion against the governing Spaniards, the Eighty Years War (1568–1648). As a result many people fled or emigrated and many herbal and botanical gardens were destroyed. Lobelius stated that it was becoming increasingly difficult to live in his native Flanders.
Publications
Stirpium adversaria nova (1570-71)
Lobelius' first publication, Stirpium adversaria nova (1571) was written at the end of his stay in England, published in London and dedicated to Elizabeth I. It was written in collaboration with Pierre Pena (Petrus Pena), his fellow student and traveling companion from Provence, and was an important milestone in botanical history, placing emphasis on medicine and botany as sciences that must be based on thorough and exact observation. The extent of Pena's contribution is unknown, although his name appears first on the title page (see illustration). Like his contemporaries, l'Obel's interest in plants was driven by their pharmacological properties. The Stirpium was l'Obel's major botanical work and included information on about 1,200–1,300 plants that they had collected in the area around Montpellier, in the Cévennes, in the Low Countries, and in England, and included additional information on cultivation and the manufacture of plant products, such as beer. This was one of the earliest attempts to classify plants according to their natural affinities, rather than their medical uses. L'Obel based this on the form of their leaves. His concepts of genus and family formed the basis of later more definitive classifications such as that of Linnaeus, and some of his groupings have survived into modern times. Although it was eventually to be the work on which l'Obel's reputation would rest, based on the system of classification that he set out, at the time of its publication, it met with only moderate success and much criticism.
Plantarum seu stirpium historia (1576)
The Stirpium adversaria was followed five years later by Plantarum seu stirpium historia (1576). This was a two volume publication consisting of a new work, the Stirpium observationes together with a re-issue of the Stirpium adversaria, titled Nova stirpium adversaria as a companion piece, together with a treatise on herbal remedies by Rondelet and a multilingual index to the composite work. It included 1,486 engravings of plants, including those from works by Pietro Mattioli, Rembert Dodoens, and Charles de l’Écluse. In 1581 he produced his Kruydtboeck, a Dutch translation of the former work. This was well received and considered a milestone in plant systematics. Lobelius' hometown of Lille sent him a gift of 50 pounds in recognition of the importance of the work.
Late works
In 1605 he reissued the Stirpium, including in it an essay on the pharmacological studies of his mentor, Guillaume Rondelet, the Pharmacopoeia Rondelletii. At the time of his death in 1616, his Stirpium illustrationes was unpublished, and was not published till 1655 (in part) by William How. In the meantime, John Parkinson had used it in his Theatrum botanicum (1640).
Attributed works
A further publication, the Stirpium seu Plantarum Icones (1581) in the form of a Flora was for a long time attributed to l'Obel, despite his name not appearing anywhere in it or mentioning it in his correspondence, and is still sold and displayed in museums as one of his works. However, there is good evidence that this was a work produced by the well known Antwerp publisher Christophe Plantin for Severinus Gobelius, physician to the Duke of Prussia. Plantin had a large collection of wood-cuts, both produced in his workshop or purchased by him, with which he illustrated many of the major botanical publications of the time, which he assembled according to the classification used by Lobelius in his Kruydtboeck of the same year. This work was reissued in 1591 as Icones stirpium.
List of selected publications
see , , ,
- Also available as
Reissued as:
including Rondelet's Formulae remediorum, to be appended as a companion volume to his Plantarum, seu, Stirpium historia of the same year.
Third version 1605.
2nd ed. 1618 (posthumous) as Pharmacopoeia Rondelletii
Posthumous
3rd. edition P & I Chouët| 1620
Attributed
3rd ed. 1655 Warren, London
Legacy
Eponomy
The plant genus Lobelia Plum. ex L., and the botanical family Lobeliaceae were named after him by Charles Plumier in 1703.
See also
History of botany
Notes
References
Bibliography
Books
(see also The Jewel House)
Historical sources
(2nd edition 1599)
Bibliography
Chapters
, in
, in
, in
, in
Articles
Websites
External links
Lobelius' works at Biodiversity Heritage Library
1538 births
1616 deaths
Flemish botanists
Scientists from Lille
Court of James VI and I
Court physicians
Pre-Linnaean botanists
Flemish physicians |
1482236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftvent | Leftvent | Leftvents are a family, the Linophrynidae, of marine ray-finned fishes which is classified within the suborder Ceratioidei, the deep sea anglerfishes. These fishes are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Taxonomy
The leftvent family, Linophrynidae, was first proposed in 1926 by the English ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan as a monotypic family when he was describing specimens of previously unknown species of ceratioid fishes collected from the North Atlantic, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Panama from the Danish reaearch ship,Dana. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the Linophrynidae within the suborder Ceratioidei, the deep sea anglerfishes, within the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. Within the Certioidei this family is generally regarded the most basal.
Etymology
The leftvent family, Linophrynidae, is named for its type genus, Linophryne. This name prefixes linos, which means "net", an allusion Robert Collett did not explain when he proposed the genus, with phryne, meaning "toad". The prefix may be a reference to the sac like mouth hanging off the trunk, which in the holotype contained a lanternfish, like a fisherman's keep net. The second part phryne is commonly used in the names of anglerfish genera. Its use may date as far back as Aristotle and Cicero, who referred to anglerfishes as "fishing-frogs" and "sea-frogs," respectively, possibly because of their resemblance to frogs and toads.
Genera
The leftvents are classified into the following genera:
Description
Lefvents are defined by the possession of one of three characteristics. These are the reduction in the number of soft rays in the median fins with the typical number in either fin being 3, they have fewer branchiostegal arches which typically number 5 and the odd location of the anus which opens to the left of the centreline of the fish. The fishes in the Linophrynidae have varied morphologies but there are some other general characteristics. In metamorphosed females have short, rather globose bodies with large heads and a very large mouth. The jaws are almost equal in length, although some species have a protruding lower jaw, with a spine on the symphysis of the lower jaw. There are also well-developed spines on the sphenotic bone, while the articular and quadrate bone have no spines. The hyomandibular has a single head, this being a feature shared with the families Neoceratiidae and Gigantactinidae. The operculum is forked with a concave rear margin, the sub opercle is long and slender and has no spines on its forward margin while the preopercle has at least one well developed spine. They have smooth, naked skin with no spinules in the skin and the teeth are very varied between genera. The illicium has a very short pterygiophore, its front end is hidden within the skin of the head or protrudes just a little above the skin on the snout. There is no relict second cephalic spine. The illicium has a length which is variable between genera, from being almost completely encased in the skin to up to 70% of the standard length. The esca has a morphology which is also highly variable between the genera. One genus. Linophryne, has a hyoid barbel that is bioluminescent. Metamorphosed females are typically dark brown to black, although the appendages of the esca, the parts of the bulb of the esca close to the tip and the hyoid barbel of Linophryne, and the fin rays have no pigmentation, with the exception of fishes in the genus Haplophryne.
The metamprphosed males have very large forward pointing, rather tubular eyes with diameters that are equivalent to between 6% and 9% of the standard length. The olfactory organs are also very large and the number of olfactory lamellae varies by genera. Some genera also have teeth in the jaws of males, others do not. They usually do not have spines on the sphenotic bone and no males have a hyoid barbel and the skin is naked with no spinules, in free living males pigment may or may not be present. The parasitic males have denticular teeth, while their eyes, and olfactory organs degenerate and they have very inflated bellies. The largest published standard length of a metamorphosed female is , that of a free-living male is and that of parasitic males is .
Biology
Leftvents are solitary anglerfishes which are found in the meso- and bathypelagic. The metamorhosed females passively lure preyusing the illlicium and esca to atttact them. The males use their highly developed sensory organs to locate females, using the denticles to bite onto the females. The males fuse to the females and become sexual parasites.
When he latches onto a female the male releases enzymes to dissolve the female's tissue in the vicinity of his mouth, resulting in the male and female becoming united anatomically. After the union, the male's eyes, fins, and internal organs are lost, although the testes are retained. Its circulatory system becomes fused with the female's, and from the point of union the male receives all its nutrients through the joined blood circulation. The male stays attached to the female for the rest of her life and fertilises her spawn many times. Some species may have more than one male sexual parasite. This strategy evolved to ensure that the spawn is fertilised in the sparsely populated habiata of these deepwater anglerfishes.
In other vertebrates the host's immune system would reject such a sexual parasite but in the leftvents, and other sexually parasitic anglerfish, many of the genes involved in the rejection of pathogens and foreign tissue are missing.
Fossil record
A fossil of what may be Linophryne indica was found in Late Miocene strata of Los Angeles, California, along with a fossil of the related Borophryne apogon, during the construction of a metrorail in 1993.
At least two fossils of Acentrophryne longidens have been found in Late Miocene-aged limestone from Rosedale, California.
References
"Review of the deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) of southern Africa". M. Eric Anderson and Robin W. Leslie. February 2005 version. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology.
"Marine microlights: the luminous marine bacteria". Peter Herring. February 2005 version. Microbiology Today, Vol. 29., November 2002.
Linophrynidae
Ceratioidei
Deep sea fish
Extant Miocene first appearances |
1482240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangxi%20Tujia%20and%20Miao%20Autonomous%20Prefecture | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture | Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is an autonomous prefecture of the People's Republic of China. It is located in northwestern Hunan province. It consists of one city, Jishou, and seven counties: Baojing, Fenghuang, Guzhang, Huayuan, Longshan, Luxi, and Yongshun. Jishou is the capital. Of the 2,480,000 residents, 66.6% are ethnic minorities from 25 different ethnic groups, including 860,000 Tujia and 790,000 Miao.
History
Xiangxi has a long history. The land was sparsely inhabited during the Shang dynasty, through the Warring States period up to the era of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty. It fell under the influence of the Chu state during the Warring States era. Later, it became part of the Western and Eastern Han dynasty. After the collapse of the Han dynasty, it came under the control of the Shu dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Then the area became a subject of the Jin dynasty. When the Yuan dynasty was established, the region became a part of the Hubei province. Soon later, Hubei and Hunan province became one single province called Huguang. The Ming dynasty reestablished the Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and attached it to Hunan province.
Upon the establishment of modern China, the national government gave the region autonomous status and county level status. This meant that the provincial government had less control over the region compared to other counties.
Geography
Western Hunan, also known as "Western Hunan Region" or "Western Hunan", is a collective name for the entire "western region of Hunan" including Zhangjiajie City, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Huaihua City and the western counties of Shaoyang City (Suining, etc.). This area is surrounded by the two mountains of Wuling and Xuefeng and the Yungui Plateau. It is the place where the upper reaches of Yuanshui and Lishui and their tributaries converge. Economically, this region sometimes includes Zhangjiajie City, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Huaihua City, Shaoyang City, Loudi City, as well as Jianghua County and Jiangyong County in Yongzhou City, Shimen County and Taoyuan County in Changde City, Anhua County in Yiyang City, etc. Historically, the western part of Hunan belongs to Qianzhong County, Wuling County, Yuanling County, Chenyuan Yongjing Military Reserve Road, Chenyuan Road, Xiangxi Appeasement Office and Xiangxi Administrative Region. 12
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, bordered by Sangzhi County and Yongding District of Zhangjiajie City in the northeast; Yuanling County, Chenxi County and Mayang Miao Autonomous County in Huaihua City in the southeast; Songtao Miao Autonomous County in Tongren District, Guizhou Province in the southwest; Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County in Qianjiang Development Zone, Chongqing in the west. It is adjacent to Laifeng County and Xuanen County, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province. The geographical coordinates are 109°10-110°22.5 east longitude and 27°44.5-29°38 north latitude. The total area of the administrative area is 15,500 square kilometers.
The western Hunan region in a broad sense not only includes Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, but also extends to Zhangjiajie City and Huaihua City, covering an area of 78,700 square kilometers. This area is famous for its rich natural resources and unique national culture, including Wulingyuan, Nanshan National Park, Tianmen Mountain and other famous attractions.
Climate
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is located in a low-latitude zone and has a humid subtropical monsoon climate. It is characterized by the influence of the topography of the Wuling Mountains: the winter is relatively cold, the summer temperature is high and humid, the spring and summer are wet and rainy, the weather is changeable, the autumn weather turns cooler, the temperature drops, the monsoon is obvious, and the four seasons are distinct. The average temperature for many years is between 16.0~17.0 °C, the average temperature in January is between 4.5~5.2 °C, and the extreme minimum temperature is -15.5 °C (January 30, 1977); the average temperature in July is between 21.9~22.8 °C, and the extreme maximum temperature is 40.6 °C (1959 8 29th of the month). The average annual growth period is 340 days, the annual frost-free period is 282 days, the longest is 340 days, and the shortest is 235 days. The annual sunshine hours are 1151.6~1390.5 hours, and the total annual radiation is 376.6~412.2. Kilojoules/square centimeter. The average annual precipitation is 1284.2~1416.9 mm, and the average annual rainfall days is 171.80 days. The maximum daily precipitation over the years is 344.1 mm, and the minimum daily precipitation over the years is 32.4 mm. Rainfall is concentrated from April to September every year, accounting for 70.8~77.3% of the annual precipitation.
Human population
In the sixth national census in 2010, the resident population of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was 1967,096, accounting for 77.21%. The population of the Tujia family is 1089,301, accounting for 42.75%; the population of the Miao family is 863,141, accounting for 33.88%.
According to the seventh census data, at 00:00 on November 1, 2020, the resident population of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was 2488,105. Among them, the ethnic minorities dominated by the Tujia and Miao ethnic groups accounted for 80.5%.
By the end of 2022, the total population of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was 2.902 million, and the resident population was 2.461 million. Among them, the urban population is 1.285 million, and the rural population is 1.176 million. The urbanization rate is 52.21%, an increase of 0.64 percentage points over 2021. The annual number of births in the state is 19,600, with a birth rate of 6.46‰. The annual death toll was 13,500, and the mortality rate was 4.44‰. The annual natural population growth rate is 2.02‰.
Economy
In 2022, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture achieved a GDP of 81.75 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8%. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 12.06 billion yuan, an increase of 3.1%; the added value of the secondary industry was 23.74 billion yuan, an increase of 1.6%; and the added value of the tertiary industry was 45.95 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2%. The added value of the primary industry, the secondary industry and the tertiary industry accounted for 14.7%, 29% and 56.3% of the gross domestic product respectively, of which the industrial added value accounted for 23.1% of the gross domestic product. First, the contribution rate of the second and tertiary industries to economic growth is 12.6%, 12.2% and 75.2% respectively; the contribution rate of industry to economic growth is 5.9%. The added value of high-tech industries was 7.15 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3%, accounting for 8.7% of GDP.
Modern reforms
Ever since the reforms by Deng Xiaoping, the region has developed substantially. The introduction of a large number of advanced production equipment and various types of automated production factories accelerated the growth of industries. In 2008, the total production value totaled 22,666 billion yuan.
Crop production
Agricultural products such as rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, electricity, cement, wood, cigarettes, fertilizers, yarn and cloth became primary products.
Administration
Government
The current CPC party secretary of the autonomous prefecture is Guo Zhenggui, and the current mayor is Long Xiaohua.
See also
List of township-level divisions of Hunan
Notes
References
Prefecture-level divisions of Hunan
Miao autonomous prefectures
Tujia autonomous prefectures |
1482247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20von%20Reznicek | Emil von Reznicek | Emil Nikolaus Joseph, Freiherr von Reznicek (4 May 1860, in Vienna – 2 August 1945, in Berlin) was an Austrian composer of Romanian-Czech ancestry.
Life
Reznicek's grandfather, Josef Resnitschek (1787–1848), was a trumpet virtuoso and band leader in the Imperial regiments Nos. 32 (Esterhazy), based in Budapest, and 60 (Gustav Wasa), based in Vienna where he played music with Johann Strauss Sr. and Joseph Lanner. Reznicek's father Josef Resnitschek/Reznicek (1812–1887) entered the army as a cadet and eventually became Feldmarschall-Lieutenant, the second-highest rank in the Austrian army, gaining an ordinary diploma of nobility in 1851 and the rank as a Baron (Freiherr) in 1859. His mother, Clarisse Fürstin Ghika Budești (1837–1864), belonged to the influential Ghika family of Romania. Emil Nikolaus was the half-brother of the artist Ferdinand von Řezníček (1868–1909).
Reznicek passed his childhood in Vienna, until the family moved to Graz in 1874. He began piano lessons in 1871; his first compositions date from 1876–78, when he was a student in Graz and at the Staatsgymnasium in Marburg an der Drau (Maribor). He studied law and music in Graz from 1878–80. He never finished his law degree, but continued to study music with Wilhelm Mayer (also known as W. A. Rémy). Finally, he went to Leipzig to study with Carl Reinecke and Salomon Jadassohn. He gained his diploma as a composer on 9 June 1882.
Subsequently, he apprenticed as a conductor at various theaters in Graz, Zürich, Stettin, Jena, Bochum, Berlin, and Mainz. and then moved to Prague in 1886 Neues Deutsches Landestheater. In 1890, Reznicek became Kapellmeister of the 88th Infantry in Prague, but was dismissed in 1892 after fighting a duel. After that he would see his greatest triumph with the premiere of Donna Diana (16 December 1894). That success opened up his career as conductor; he briefly ran for the succession of Eduard Lassen at Weimar and was Hofkapellmeister at Mannheim in 1896–1899.
In June 1897 his first wife Milka Thurn-Valsassina (1864–1897) died and two years later he married Berta Juillerat-Chasseur (1874–1939). From 1899 to 1902 the couple settled at Wiesbaden, where Reznicek wrote his fifth opera Till Eulenspiegel, which premiered in 1902 at Karlsruhe under the direction of Felix Mottl. In the autumn of 1902, Reznicek moved to Charlottenburg, then a wealthy suburb of Berlin, where he remained for the remainder of his life.
In Berlin, Reznicek enjoyed a good start with the premiere of his first symphony and a revival of Till Eulenspiegel at the Court-opera. But he subsequently distanced himself from the circle of Emperor Wilhelm II. In 1905 he composed some songs with obvious left-wing tendencies. For economic reasons, he was forced to accept the position of chief conductor of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra (1906–08) and Warsaw Opera (1907/08), where he introduced Salome by Richard Strauss and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner. From 1909 to 1911, Reznicek assumed the position of chief conductor at Hans Gregor's Komische Oper an der Weidendammbrücke at Berlin (not related to the modern Komische Oper of Berlin). Today, Gregor is considered to be the founder of modern Regietheater; Reznicek's experience there registers in his operas beginning with Ritter Blaubart (1915–1917). Gregor closed his enterprise upon becoming Intendant at the Court Opera in Vienna in 1911.
1911 proved to be a decisive year. Reznicek's wife Berta fell seriously ill and was in critical condition for a month, and the composer's autobiography of 1940 indicates that he seriously considered suicide at the time. Instead, he condensed his feelings in the confessional tone poem Schlemihl (1912). Schlemihl met with immediate success and launched a new phase in Reznicek's career as a composer, becoming the first instalment of a trilogy that also included Der Sieger (1913) and Frieden - Eine Vision (1914). In 1914–15 he wrote In memoriam, a requiem for the fallen soldiers of all nations. In 1915/16 came his next opera, Ritter Blaubart, which premiered at Darmstadt in 1920 due to wartime censorship. With the Weimar Republic came public recognition: Reznicek was nominated for a professorship at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin and for a seat in the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts. Reznicek himself responded with a continuous flow of new music until the spring of 1935.
When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, Reznicek (who was not interested in politics) had a problem: his wife Berta was of Jewish origin (although she had been raised as a Calvinist). Soon there were threats to blackmail the family. Berta only in the very last moment was prevented from suicide. She retired completely from public life and died early in 1939 of a heart attack.
Reznicek's daughter Felicitas (1904–1997) – a journalist, writer, and pioneer of female mountain climbing – attempted to leave Germany for Switzerland, but received no permit to work there. Therefore, she remained in Berlin, where she entered the German resistance movement as early as 1934. Later, she also collaborated with the British MI6, becoming one of its most important informants. (Winston Churchill bestowed on her British citizenship in 1951). She had a personal relationship with Hitler's Adjudant Fritz Wiedemann and therefore access to the innermost circles of the Nazi regime.
On the other hand, Emil-Ludwig (1898–1940), Reznicek's youngest son, was a fervent Nazi sympathizer even before 1933, joining the party and the SS. When he appeared in Nazi uniform in 1933, Reznicek was outraged and a complete split of the family was prevented only with the promise never to discuss politics. In 1934, Reznicek accepted Strauss's invitation to become the German delegate at the ständige Rat für die Internationale Zusammenarbeit der Komponisten. Contrary to the opinion promulgated by Ernst Krenek, this was not a Nazi-organisation but an invention of Richard Strauss tolerated by the Nazi-propaganda. With some restrictions the Rat operated rather independently (at least up to 1941); organising festivals and concerts with modern music in all its member states. Reznicek organised these concerts in Germany and in due course he was able to present compositions which were not particularly in-line with the Nazi-ideology (e.g. the music of Jewish composers such as Dukas and Wladigeroff or jazz-inspired works like The Rio Grande by Constant Lambert.
When the Nazi party tightened the grip on the Rat in 1942, Reznicek tried to resist and eventually resigned. Already in 1940 he had raised some suspicion at the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda with his autobiography, which was destined for publication but prohibited by censorship. During his final years, the performance of his works in Germany diminished considerably. In 1943, he was evacuated from Berlin to Baden (near Vienna). There he suffered a stroke on Christmas Day 1943, from which he never fully recovered. Becoming more and more demented he was allowed to come back to Berlin in February 1945. He died on 2 August 1945 from hunger-typhus. He was buried in the first coffin sold in Berlin after the war, and the pall bearers removed their suits, socks and shoes due to security reasons suggested by the Soviet major at the border of east and west Berlin.
Reznicek was a friend of Richard Strauss, but relations between the two were ambivalent. Reznicek's symphonic poem Schlemihl (1912) has been seen as a parody of Strauss' A Hero's Life, though in his autobiography Reznicek rejected this interpretation. By his own account, his greatest influence was, in fact, Gustav Mahler. Sardonic humour features in much of Reznicek's music, from the prankster Till Eulenspiegel and the jibbering Blaubart of Ritter Blaubart to the Dance around the Golden Calf in Der Sieger and the expressionist Tarantella movement of the Dance Symphony (No. 5, 1925).
Reputation
Today, Reznicek is mainly remembered for the overture to his opera Donna Diana, composed in 1894. The overture is a popular stand-alone piece at symphonic concerts, and it served as the theme for the American radio (1947–1955) series Challenge of the Yukon, which later migrated to the TV series (1955–1958) Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. It was also used in the 1950s on the BBC's Children's Hour by Stephen King-Hall for his talks on current affairs.
Reznicek's break-through as a composer came with Donna Diana in 1894. This opera differs considerably from his first three operas written for Prague. Historically Donna Diana (written exactly at the same time as Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel opera) marks the decisive step away from Wagner-imitation to Wagner-reception in the way of going beyond Wagner. (Strauss, with his Guntram failed to achieve this aim.) Reznicek's next opera Till Eulenspiegel goes further in exploiting the concept of a Volksoper including older music styles. In the 1908 revision of Donna Diana he eliminated further hints of Wagner. Nevertheless, in the years after Donna Diana he did not fulfill the expectations Donna Diana had raised. It was only with his experience at the Komische Oper Berlin and the illness of his second wife that Reznicek found a new and very personal style, one that can be described as a sort of musical expressionism. In a letter to Ernst Déczy in 1921, he claimed to have modernized his style considerably. He never left the realm of tonal composition, but he often made use of bi-tonal constructions. And in the dramaturgy of his operas he was clearly influenced by silent-movie aesthetics. Reznicek was skeptical about the Schoenberg concept of twelve-tone composition, but not against atonalism per se. He greatly admired Alban Bergs Wozzeck and Lulu. Reznicek also was open to all types of music as possible sources for his own compositions; old music from the pre-Bach era, but also modern dance music and Jazz. (He made use of a Jazz-band in his operas Satuala, Benzin, Das Oper and even the ballet Das goldene Kalb. All this he amalgamated into his own post-Wagnerian style, creating an early example of Polystylistic Composition. The critics of his time did not understand this concept and often accused him of Eulenspiegelei.
In the late 1920s, he was respected as one of the most important German composers of the 1860s generation. But even then his fame began to be surpassed by the modern music of younger composers. Like so many composers who had adhered to tonal music in the 20th century, and being still active after WW I, his music fell into oblivion after WW II with the rise of modernism. In the case of Reznicek, the situation was also aggravated by the false accusation that he had been a Nazi sympathizer. In the 1970s, the only conductor who tried to give Reznicek's music some exposure to modern audiences was the late Gordon Wright. Together with Felicitas von Reznicek he founded the Reznicek society with such prominent members as Maurice Abravanel, Max Burle-Marx and Igor Kipnis. But with the passing of Gordon Wright this society stopped all activities. In 2012, Reznicek's great-grandson founded the Reznicek-Archiv at Wedemark which is now the central point for all Reznicek research. The archive also digitized all printed Reznicek scores and inserted them in the International Music Score Library Project. In 2013, the Editio Reznicek also began, with the aim to publish the numerous scores of Reznicek which had remained in manuscript.
Works
Symphonies
Symphony No. 1, "Tragic" in D minor (composed 1902)
Symphony No. 2, "Ironic" in B-flat (composed 1904)
Symphony No. 3, "Im alten Stil" in D major (composed 1918)
Symphony No. 4 in F minor (composed 1919)
Symphony No. 5, "Tanz-Symphonie" (composed 1924)
Orchestral works
Studysymphony (Graz 1881, lost)
Studysymphony Nr. 1 (Leipzig 1882, lost)
Studysymphony Nr. 2 (Leipzig 1882, lost)
Eine Lustspielouvertüre (1881/1896; also Piano4hg.)
Sinfonische Suite Nr. 1 e-Moll (1883)
Sinfonische Suite D-Dur (1884) (fragment only)
Grünne-Marsch Band (1890; also Piano4hg)
Probszt-Marsch Band (1891) [only Pf-Score extant]
Gebet aus der Oper Emerich Fortunat Band (1891)
Der rote Sarafan Band (1891)
Sinfonische Suite Nr. 2 D-Dur (1896)
Wie Till Eulenspiegel lebte, Sinfonisches Zwischenspiel in Form einer Ouvertüre (1900; = Zwischenaktmusik from Till Eulenspiegel)
Goldpirol: Idyllische Ouvertüre (1903); (2. Version 1936 as: Frühlingsouvertüre: Im deutschen Wald)
Praeludium und chromatische Fuge für großes Orchester cis-Moll (1904; 1. Version; 2. Version; also arr. for Organ 1921)
Nachtstück für Violine or Violoncello and small Orchestra (1905)
Serenade G-Dur Strings (1905, rev. 1920)
Introduktion und Valse-Capriccio for Violin and Orchestra D-Dur (1906; lost)
Schlemihl – Ein Lebensbild, Sinfonische Dichtung (with Tenor-Solo; 1912)
Praeludium und (Ganzton-)Fuge c-Moll (1913, also arr. for Organ 1920)
Der Sieger – Ein symphonisch-satyrisches Zeitbild, Sinfonische Dichtung (with Alt-Solo, mixed Choir; 1913)
Der Frieden – A vision for Oragan, Orchestra and mixed Choir (1914)
Marsch for Orchestra/Band/Piano (1915)
Konzertstück für Violine und Orchester E-Dur (1918)
Konzert für Violine und Orchester e-Moll (1918)
Thema und Variationen Tragische Geschichte (mit Bariton-Solo; 1921) (also version without Bariton-Solo)
Traumspiel-Suite for small orchestra (1921; also Pf.-solo)
Potpourri aus Die wunderlichen Geschichten des Kapellmeister Kreisler for Salonorchestra (1922; also for Pf-Solo)
Valse pathetique für Orchestra/Salonorchestra/Piano (1923)
Valse serieuse (Ernster Walzer) (1924; original 3rd. movement of Tanzsinfonie)
Raskolnikoff, Fantasie-Ouvertüre Nr. 1 (1925)
Raskolnikoff, Fantasie-Ouvertüre Nr. 2 (1925) (lost)
Suite aus Die beste Polizei für Strings (1926)
Festouvertüre Dem befreiten Köln (1926)
Sinfonische Variationen über Kol Nidrey (1929) [Theme = Vorspiel zur Oper Holofernes]
Raskolnikoff, Fantasie-Ouvertüre Nr. 3 (1. Version 1929; 2. Version 1930)
Karneval-Suite for small orchestra (1931/43 = Zwischenaktmusik aus Gondoliere des Dogen)
Mea culpa Strings (1932; = Vorspiel zu Das Opfer)
Stage works
Die Jungfrau von Orleans, opera in 3 acts after Friedrich Schiller (composed 1884-86)
Andreas Hofer, Singspiel in 1 Akt by Albert Lortzing (Revision by Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek [including two numbers composed by Reznicek)] (composed 1887
Satanella, opera in 2 acts on a libretto by Reznicek (composed 1887)
Emerich Fortunat, opera in 2 acts on a libretto by Reznick/Dubsky (composed 1888)
Donna Diana, opera in 3 acts after Agustín Moreto's El desdén con el desdén (composed 1894, revised 1908 and 1933)
Till Eulenspiegel, opera in 2 acts after Johann Fischart's Eulenspiegel Reimensweiss (composed 1900, revised 1933/34)
Die verlorene Braut, operetta (composed 1910) (not performed)
Der Arzt wider Willen, opera in 2 acts by Charles Gounod (translated and arranged for the German stage by Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek) (1910)
Die Angst vor der Ehe, operetta after Taufstein and Urban (composed 1912)
Ritter Blaubart, opera in 2 acts on a libretto by H. Eulenberg (composed 1915-17)
Traumspiel, Stage music to August Strindbergs drama (1915)
Nach Damaskus III, Stage music to August Strindbergs drama (1918, not performed)
Die wunderlichen Geschichten des Kapellmeister Kreisler, (1922; Stage music to Carl Meinhards drama after E.T.A.Hoffmann) lost
Kreislers Eckfenster (1923; Stage music to Carl Meinhards drama after E.T.A.Hoffmann) [lost]
Holofernes, opera in 2 acts after Friedrich Hebbel's Judith und Holofernes (composed 1922)
Die beste Polizei (1926; Stage music to Herbert Eulenbergs drama)
Marionetten des Todes, Ballett in 4 parts Bi (1927; = Tanzsinfonie with choreography by Ellen von Cleve-Petz)
Satuala, opera in 3 acts on a libretto by R. Laukner (composed 1927)
Benzin, opera in 2 acts on a libretto by Calderón de la Barca (composed 1929)
Spiel oder Ernst?, opera in 1 act on a libretto by Poul Knudsen (composed 1930)
Der Gondoliere des Dogen, opera in 1 act on a libretto by Poul Knudsen (composed 1931) [The Doge's Gondolier]
Das Opfer, opera in 1 act on a libretto by Poul Knudsen (composed 1932)
Das goldene Kalb, ballet in 4 parts on a scenario of Viggo Cavling (composed 1934/35) [The Golden Calf]
Chamber music
Nachtstück Violine or Violoncell and Piano (1905; also arr. for small orchestra)
Stringquartet Nr. 1 c-minor (1882) [Altmann Nummer 1]
Stringquartet Nr. 2 c-sharp minor (1906)
Stringquartet-Fragment c-sharp minor (ca 1920; only Mov. 1.-3)
Stringquartet Nr. 3 c-sharp minor (1921) [Altmann Nr. 2]
Stringquartet Nr. 4 d-minor (1922) [Movement 1.+ 2. arranged from Stringquartet c-sharp minor 1907; Movement 3.+ 4. new ][Altmann Nr. 3]
Allegro alla polacca for Stringquartet (1922; originally new 4th movement for Quartett in d minor)
Stringquartet Nr. 5 e-minor (1925/30)
Stringquartet Nr. 6 B Major (1932) [2.+3. movement taken from Quartet Nr. 5 e-minor] [Altmann Nr. 4]
2 Movements for Stringquartet(?; Fragments)
Vorspiel zu Holofernes (Kol Nidrey) Violin and Piano (1925)
Für unsere Kleinen – Movement for Pianotrio (1921)
Walzer-Lied für Pianotrio (1924; Excerpt from Valse pathetique; also Piano solo)
Piano
Hexenszene aus Macbeth (composed Marburg 1876-78) (lost)
Zwei Fantasiestücke (composed Marburg 1876–1878; published 1882/1896)
Letzte Gedanken des Selbstmörders for piano (composed 1878-81) [Last Thoughts of the Suicide] (lost)
Vier Klavierstücke (composed 1880)
Eine Lustspiel-Ouvertüre, reduction for four-hands piano (composed 1883, published 1896)
Probszt-Marsch (composed 1891)
Sinfonische Suite Nr. 2 D maior, reduction for Piano four hands (1896)
Marsch (1915; alsoOrchestra, Band)
Traumspiel-Suite, reduction for piano (composed 1921)
Potpourri from Die wunderlichen Geschichten des Kapellmeister Kreisler (1922; also version for Salonorchestra)
Walzer-Lied (1924; Excerpt from Valse pathetique; arr. also for Pianotrio)
Ernster Walzer (composed 1924)
Valse Pathétique (composed 1924, orchestrated 1924)
Vier sinfonische Tänze, (composed 1924, including Ernster Walzer; orchestrated in 1925 with newly added Ländler as 3rd. movement)
Menuett, piano reduction from the stage music to Polizei (composed 1926)
Liebeserklärung (composed 1943)
Organ
Präludium und chromatische Fuge in C sharp minor (composed 1907, arr. for Oran in 1921)
Präludium und Fuge in C minor (composed 1913, arr. for Organ in 1918)
Fantasie "Kommt Menschenkinder, rühmt und preist" (composed 1930)
Works for choir
Choir for a choir-concert at the Gymnasium of Marburg (1877) (lost)
Requiem (Studywork Graz 1878–1881, lost)
Requiem d-minor Josef Schmeykal for Soli, mixed Choir, Organ and Orchestra (1894; lost)
Messe F-Maior for Soli, mixed Choir and Orchestra (1898 to commemorate the 50th Year of the ascension to the throne of Emperor Franz Josef 1; lost)
In Memoriam, Alt, Bariton, mixed Choir, Organ and Strings (1915, 1929, 1936)
Vater unser, Choralfantasie for mixed Choir and Organ (1919)
Sieben deutsche Volkslieder from the 16. und 17. Century for mixed Choir/Piano (1924)
Der steinerne Psalm for mixed Choir, Orgel and Orchestra (1929; Text: Karl Bröger)
Vom ewigen Frieden, Kantate for Soli, mixed Choir and large Orchestra, (1930, Text: Reznicek, not performed)
Wiewohl ein armer Narr ich bin: Deutsches Volkslied of the 16. Century for mixed Choir (1930) [1. Version]
Von rechter Lieb und Stetigkeit. Deutsches Volkslied of the 16. Century for Voice/Pf or Chor/Organ (1933) [2.+3. Version]
Sieben deutsche Volkslieder aus dem 16. und 17. Jahrhundert for mixed Chor/Klavier, 2. Folge (1936)
Songs
Ruhm und Ewigkeit (Glory and eternity) Tenor or Mezzosopran and Orchestra (1903; Text: Nietzsche)
Drei deutsche Volkslieder aus Des Knaben Wunderhorn for small Orchestra/Piano (1905)
Zwei Balladen aus Friedericianischer Zeit, Bass and Orchestra/Piano (1912, Text: Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Georg von Kries)
Vier Bet- und Bußgesänge für Alt or Bass and small Orchestra/Piano (1913, Text: Bibble)
Drei Stimmungen (1883; Reznicek)
Trois Mélodies (1897; ?, Goethe)
Drei Gesänge eines Vagabunden (1904; M. Drescher)
Drei Gedichte (1904; M. Drescher)
Drei Gedichte (1904; Henckell)
Drei Lieder (1905; Bierbaum, Forrer, Henckell)
Schelmische Abwehr (1905; Henckell)
Drei Lieder (1918; Owiglas; Mörike; Eichendorf)
Die Schiffbrüchigen (1921; Drescher)
Madonna a Rhein. ein deutsches Wiegenlied (1924; H.H.Cramer)
Sieben Lieder für mittlere Singstimme und Klavier (1939; Ginzkey, Lilienkron, Höcker)
Wächterlied (1939; nach einer Volksweise des 16. Jahrhunderts)
Selected discography
Theme and Variations after the poem "Tragische Geschichte (Tragic Story)" by Adelbert von Chamisso for large orchestra and baritone. Performed by Barry McDaniel (baritone) and the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Carl Schuricht (Schuricht-Edition Vol. 14, combined with works by Richard Strauss, Hans Pfitzner, and Max Reger) (Hänssler).
Symphony No. 1 in D minor "Tragische (Tragic)", Vier Bet- und Bußgesänge (Four Songs of Prayer and Repentance). Performed by Marina Prudenskaya (mezzo-soprano) and the Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt (Oder) conducted by Frank Beermann. CPO 777 223-2
Symphony No. 2 in B flat major "Ironische (Ironic)" and No. 5 "Tanz-Symphonie (Dance Symphony)". Performed by the Bern Symphony Orchestra conducted by Frank Beermann. CPO 777 056-2
Symphony No. 3 in D major "Im alten Stil (In an Old Style)" and No. 4 in F minor. Performed by the Robert Schumann Philharmonic of the Theater Chemnitz. conducted by Frank Beermann. CPO 777 637-2
Symphony No. 3 in D major and Symphony No. 4 in F minor. Performed by the Philharmonia Hungarica conducted by Gordon Wright. Koch Schwann CD11091. (1984/85)
Der Sieger (The Victor) for alto and orchestra. Performed by Beate Koepp (alto) and the WDR Symphony Orchestra and Choir (Cologne) conducted by Michail Jurowski. CPO 999 898-2
Schlemihl, Symphonic Life Story for tenor and orchestra and Fantasy Overture No. 2 'Raskolnikoff'. Performed by Nobuaki Yamamasu (tenor) and the WDR Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michail Jurowski. CPO 999 795-2
A Comedy Overture, Theme and Variations after the poem "Tragische Geschichte" by Adelbert von Chamisso for large orchestra and baritone and Symphonic Variations on 'Kol Nidrey'. Performed by Alexander Vassiliev (bass) and the WDR Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michail Jurowski. CPO 999 795-2
Idyllic Overture "Goldpirol (Golden Oreole)", Symphonic Entr'acte in form an overture "Wie Till Eulenspiegel lebte (How Till Eulenspiegel Lived)", Konzertstück for violin and orchestra in E major, Prelude and Fugue in C minor and Nachtstück (Night Piece) for violin, horns, harp and string orchestra. Performed by Sophie Jaffé (violin) and the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by Marcus Bosch. CPO 777 983-2
Carnival Suite in an Old Style, Dream Play Suite and Symphonic Suite No. 1 in E minor. Performed by the Staatskapelle Weimar conducted by Stefan Solyom. CPO 555 056-2
Donna Diana (opera, 1894). Performed by Max Wittges (bass), Manuela Uhl (soprano) and others, Kiel Opera Chorus and Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Ulrich Windfuhr. CPO 999 991-2
Ritter Blaubart (opera, 1918). Performed by David Pittman-Jennings (baritone), Arutjun Kotchinian (tenor) and others, Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Berlin conducted by Michail Jurowski. CPO 999 899-2
Benzin(opera, 1928). Prformed by Kouta Räsänen, Johanna Stojkovic, Guibee Yang, Susanne Thielemann, Matthias Winter, Chor der Oper Chemnitz, Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie, Frank Beermann. CPO 777 653-2
String Quartet No. 3 in C-sharp minor (1921). Performed by the Franz Schubert String Quartet (Combined with Erich Wolfgang Korngold's String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 16). Nimbus 5506-2
References
Further reading
Sigfrid Karg-Elert: "Freiherr E. N. von Rezniček", Die Musik-Woche, 27 and 28 (1904), pp. 210f. and 218f.
Otto Taubmann, "Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek", in: Monographien moderner Musiker II, C. F. Kahnt Nachfolger, Leipzig 1907, .
: E. N. v. Reznicek, sein Leben und seine Werke. Eine biographische Studie, Wien u. a.: Universal-Edition o. J. [um 1920].
Richard Specht: E. N. v. Reznicek. Eine vorläufige Studie, Leipzig u. a.: E. P. Tal & Co. Verlag 1923.
Wilhelm Altmann, E. N. Von Reznicek, Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 97 (1930) .
Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek, Tagebuch (Lebenserinnerungen), Manuskript, 1940.
Felicitas von Reznicek/Leopold Nowak: Gegen den Strom. Leben und Werk von E. N. von Reznicek, Zürich among others: Amalthea-Verlag 1960. (Based on Rezniceks unpublished autobiography of 1940).
Thomas Leibnitz, Österreichische Spätromantiker: Studien zu Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek, Joseph Marx, Franz Schmidt und Egon Kornauth; mit einer Dokumentation der handschriftlichen Quellen in der Musiksammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Tutzing 1986.
Michael Wittmann: "Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek and the Permanent Council for the International Cooperation of Composers", Reznicek Studien 1, Musikverlag H. M. Fehrmann, Wedemark 2015.
Michael Wittmann, "Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek. Ein Forschungsbericht", Reznicek-Studien 2, Musikverlag H. M. Fehrmann, Wedemark 2015.
Michael Wittmann, "Emil Nikolaus von Reznicek. Bausteine zu seiner Biographie, Reznicek-Studien 3, Musikverlag H. M. Fehrmann, Wedemark 2018.
External links
Reznicek research, MW-Musikverlag
1860 births
1945 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
20th-century Austrian people
20th-century classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Austrian Romantic composers
Austrian opera composers
Austrian people of Czech descent
Austrian people of Romanian descent
Austrian barons
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Austrian male opera composers
Musicians from Vienna
Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn
Pupils of Wilhelm Mayer (composer)
Composers from Austria-Hungary |
1482249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Base%20San%20Diego | Naval Base San Diego | Naval Base San Diego is a United States Navy base in San Diego, California. It is the world's second largest surface ship naval base. Naval Base San Diego is the principal homeport of the United States Pacific Fleet, consisting of over 50 ships and over 150 tenant commands. The base is composed of 13 piers stretched over of land and of water. The total on base population is over 24,000 military personnel and over 10,000 civilians.
History
The of land on which the Naval Base sits today was occupied in 1918 by a coalition of concrete ship building firms known as the Emergency Fleet Corporation, under the single company name Pacific Marine Construction. But Pacific Marine began to lose profits with the conclusion of World War I, and negotiated a return of the land back to the City of San Diego. Meanwhile, the Navy was exploring the small tract of land to establish a west coast ship repair facility and moved on the opportunity to acquire the land. By 1920, the Navy and the Emergency Fleet Corporation had negotiated the transfer of land improvements to the United States Navy. Still, three obstacles stood in the way of a Navy repair facility: the coalition company, Schofield Engineering Co., still retained an option to purchase the existing plant; a local shipping board had not granted permission for more construction; and finally, Congress had not yet passed an appropriations bill to authorize funds to begin work.
Nevertheless, by June 1920, Congress passed the appropriations bill- $750,000 of which was earmarked for the navy repair base. With the money appropriated, Schofield still delayed in releasing their option on the land. At the time, Admiral Roger Welles, then Commandant of the 11th Naval District, had grown weary of Schofield's delaying tactics and threatened to pull stakes and establish a repair base in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California.
His threats worked. On 21 February 1921, Welles assumed formal custody of the property. In May 1921, Commander H.N. Jensen, Commanding Officer of the repair tender USS Prairie, was directed to moor at the site to establish repair operations. On 23 February 1922, acting Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Jr. issued General Order 78 establishing the facility as the U.S. Destroyer Base, San Diego.
During its first years in commission, the base grew rapidly as repair facilities expanded, torpedo and radio schools were established, and more shops were constructed. During 1924, the base decommissioned 77 destroyers and commissioned seven.
By 1937, the Destroyer Base had added two additional tracts of land and by then, its 29 buildings and other improvements amounted to a cost of more than $3.2 million.
The base then expanded heavily during World War II, and by 1942, the Navy had added expanded fleet training schools, and an amphibious force training unit. By the following year, it was determined the scope of operations exceeded the base's basic function as a Destroyer Base. On 7 October 1943, the base was re-designated the U.S. Repair Base, San Diego, a title it retained throughout World War II. Between 1943 and 1945, the newly named base performed conversion, overhaul, maintenance, and battle damage repair to more than 5,117 ships. Central to this maintenance were the Navy's construction and delivery of 155 new floating dry docks deployed to various bases, including three 3,000-ton, three 1,000-ton and one 900-ton floating docks remaining at the San Diego Repair Base. The floating dry docks became the central repair and training facilities on the base which were crucial to the World War II mission.
After World War II, base operations were again reorganized, with a post-war mission to provide logistical support (including repair and dry-docking) to ships of the active fleet. On 15 September 1946, the Secretary of the Navy re-designated the repair base Naval Station, San Diego. By the end of 1946, the base had grown to 294 buildings with floor space square footage of more than , berthing facilities included five piers of more than of berthing space. Land then totaled more than and of roads. Barracks could accommodate 380 officers and 18,000 enlisted men. More than 3,500 sailors could be fed in the galley at a single sitting on the base.
Later, in the 1990s, the Naval Station became the principal homeport of the then U.S. Pacific Fleet, when the Long Beach Naval Shipyard was closed for the final time on 30 September 1994. Naval Station San Diego was realigned under Commander, Navy Region Southwest and became one in a triad of metropolitan Navy bases that now make up the bulk of the metro area Navy's presence. With that change, the base became the hub of all Navy port operations for the Region, assumed logistical responsibility for both Naval Medical Center San Diego and the Region headquarters and was re-designated Naval Base San Diego.
Operations
Naval Base San Diego is home port to approximately 54 ships, including 46 U.S. Navy ships, two Littoral Combat Ships, two U.S. Coast Guard cutters, and eight ships of the Military Sealift Command, as well as research and auxiliary vessels.
Ashore, the base has approximately 150 separate tenant commands and other Navy support facilities, each having specific and specialized fleet support missions. The base is a workplace for approximately 26,000 military, civilian, and contract personnel. Additionally, the base has rooms to house more than 4,000 men and women in modern apartment-like barracks, including new state-of-the-art residential towers.
Support services on base includes less direct and indirect fleet support: waterfront operations, force protection (security), supply, Navy Exchange and Commissary shopping centers, bachelor quarters, food services, public affairs, administration, transient personnel administration, fiscal management, equal employment opportunity, civil engineering, family services, recreation on the base and near various military family housing areas, medical and dental care, religious services, transportation, utilities, legal support, counseling and assistance, facility maintenance, fire protection, educational services, and child care for more than 300 children daily at the base Child Development Center.
The base has a plant value of $4.5 billion.
An explosion and fire on the USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) on July 12, 2020 resulted in the eventual decommissioning and scrapping of the ship.
Homeported ships
(As of November 2023)
Amphibious Assault Ships
Cruisers
Destroyers
Littoral Combat Ships
Supply and Support Ships
Transferred to MARAD
In fiction and literature
Naval Base San Diego is the setting for the 2005 naval thriller novel Treason by Don Brown.
Aerial view
The Navy has promised to alter the design of one of the buildings on site, which from above clearly resembles a Nazi swastika pitched at the correct 45-degree angle the Nazis used. A report by SFGATE suggests that top officials in the Navy knew what the design of the building would look like prior to the installation.
See also
Pacific Reserve Fleet, San Diego
USS Midway Museum
Notes
External links
Map of the base
NB San Diego Installation Overview at NavyUSA.org
Naval Base San Diego on navy.mil
1922 establishments in California
Economy of San Diego
Installations of the United States Navy in California
Military facilities in San Diego County, California
Military in San Diego
National City, California |
1482250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Performance%20Group | The Performance Group | The Performance Group (TPG) was an experimental theater troupe that Richard Schechner founded in 1967 in New York City. TPG's home base was the Performing Garage in the SoHo district of Lower Manhattan. After 1975, tensions led to Schechner's resignation in 1980. The troupe reinvented itself as The Wooster Group under the leadership of director and theatre artist Elizabeth LeCompte.
History
TPG was an "environmental theatre" – meaning that each production took place in an entirely redesigned space. Most of TPG's productions were directed by Schechner, though others including Joan MacIntosh, Stephen Borst, James Griffiths, Leeny Sack, Elizabeth LeCompte, and Spalding Gray either directed their own works or works by others. TPG's designers included Jerry Rojo, Michael Kirby, and Jim Clayburgh. Some of TPG's productions were collages of various texts, other productions were radical deconstructions of classics, and some works were brand new. Schechner resigned as artistic director in 1980. At that time, Elizabeth LeCompte became the artistic director of the company which was renamed The Wooster Group and continued to operate out of the Performing Garage.
Productions
Many TPG works premiered and then were modified over several years. TPG's major works are (unless otherwise noted, productions were directed by Schechner):
Dionysus in 69 (1968), based on Euripides' The Bacchae, text by Schechner based on group improvisations; Makbeth (1969), (based on Shakespeare), text devised by Schechner; Commune (1970), a group devised work with the text arranged by Schechner and the company, which won Joan MacIntosh an OBIE for Distinguished Performance in 1970; The Tooth of Crime (1972) by Sam Shepard; Mother Courage and Her Children (1975) by Bertolt Brecht; The Marilyn Project (1975), by David Gaard); Oedipus (1977) by Seneca; Cops (1978) by Terry Curtis Fox; The Survivor and the Translator (1978) performed and directed by Leeny Sack; The Balcony (1979) by Jean Genet.
In 1975, some members began to develop their own productions, led by Spalding Gray and Elizabeth LeCompte. The trilogy (Three Places in Rhode Island) was performed in the Performing Garage but was not attributed to TPG. Performances include Sakonnet Point (1975), Rumstick Road (1978), Nyatt School (1978), and Point Judith (an epilogue) (1979). Eventually this divide led to the change in organization that created The Wooster Group.
References
Further reading
External links
Dionysus in '69 A 1970 film by Brian De Palma that records a performance of The Performance Group's stage play of the same name.
The Rude Mechanicals' Dionysus in 69 A site documenting the first-ever remounting of TPG's original play in 2011 at Princeton's Lewis Center for the Arts.
Performing groups established in 1967
Performance art in New York City
Defunct theatre companies in New York City |
1482253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eber%20Finn | Eber Finn | Éber Finn (modern spelling: Éibhear Fionn), son of Míl Espáine, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland and one of the founders of the Milesian lineage, to which medieval genealogists traced all the important Gaelic royal lines.
According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn, the ancestors of the Gaels were living in the Iberian Peninsula, ruled by two of the sons of Míl, Éber Donn and Érimón. After Míl's uncle Íth made a voyage to Ireland but was murdered by its three kings, Mac Cuill, Mac Cécht and Mac Gréine of the Tuatha Dé Danann, the seven sons of Míl led an invasion in thirty-six ships. They landed in County Kerry and fought their way to Tara. On the way, the wives of the three kings, Ériu, Banba and Fodla, requested that the island be named after them: Ériu is the earlier form of the modern name Éire, and Banba and Fodla were often used as poetic names for Ireland, much as Albion is for Britain.
At Tara the sons of Míl met the three kings, and it was decreed that the invaders return to their ships and sail a distance of nine waves from Ireland, and if they were able to land again, Ireland would be theirs. They set sail, but the Tuatha Dé used magic to brew up a storm, in which five of the sons were drowned, leaving only Eber Finn, Érimón and Amergin the poet, to land and take the island in the Battle of Tailtiu. Amergin divided the kingship between Érimón, who ruled the northern half, and Éber Finn, the southern.
A year after the Battle of Tailtiu, Éber Finn became unhappy with his half, fought a battle his brother at Airgetros, lost and was killed. Érimón became sole ruler of Ireland. The High Kingship would alternate between the descendants of Éber Finn and the descendants of Érimón. Éber's sons included Conmáel, Ér, Orba, Ferón and Fergna.
Geoffrey Keating dates his reign to 1287 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters to 1700 BC.
References
Legendary High Kings of Ireland
Mythological Cycle |
1482260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Laws | Samuel Laws | Samuel Spahr Laws (March 23, 1824 – January 9, 1921) was an American minister, professor, physician, college president, businessman and inventor best known today as the inventor of the Laws Gold Indicator, a predecessor of the ticker tape machine. He was an 1848 graduate and class valedictorian of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and a member of the Alpha chapter of Beta Theta Pi, founded nine years before his graduation in 1839.
Life and career
Westminster College
Samuel Spahr Laws became a professor at Westminster College in 1854. At the college's first commencement in June 1855, the board of trustees elected Laws to the position of president of the college. Laws was officially confirmed to the position in October of that year. His term as president of Westminster was highly successful. He raised funds to establish an endowment that compared favorably with the more established east coast schools, and enrollment ranked fourth among all colleges of the Presbyterian Church. Laws had a dominating personality, and he did not tolerate well interference from other school officials. Laws came into conflict with the Westminster trustees over matters of discipline, and at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 he was arrested and tried for treason after refusing to sign an oath of allegiance to the federal government. As a Virginia native, Laws was a southern sympathizer. He was removed from his position and jailed for three months in a St. Louis, Missouri prison, where he spent his time reading Aristotle. Laws was released on the condition that he leave the United States. He spent 1862 teaching in Paris, but in 1863 he returned to the United States and settled in New York.
New York Gold Exchange
In 1863, Laws returned to New York from Paris, and he found a job as manager of New York City's Gold Exchange and an amateur electrician, invented the gold indicator to put an end to the crush of messenger boys scurrying into the Exchange and back out to their clients with the latest gold price in hand. As the price of gold changed, an electrical signal sent from the trading floor would cause a hand on the device—a clocklike dial rimmed with numerals—to move until it pointed to the latest trading price.
Laws initially placed a gold indicator in a window at the Exchange, but he soon began installing them, through his newly founded Reporting Telegraph Co., in brokerage firms throughout Manhattan and pushing the latest prices of gold over the telegraph wires. Thus, as early as 1866, brokerage houses willing to pay the monthly fee could base trades on up-to-the-minute market information rather than waiting for runners to bring the news. In June 1869, Laws hired a penniless would-be inventor named Thomas A. Edison as mechanical supervisor.
University of Missouri
Laws served as president of the University of Missouri from 1876 to 1889. After he stepped down from the presidency in 1889, he moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he continued to write books and manage his investments. In 1893 he accepted a teaching position in Columbia, South Carolina at the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, where he taught until his retirement in 1898. Following retirement from his teaching career, he lived in Richmond, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and finally Asheville, North Carolina where he died in 1921.
Legacy
Miami University named the building that housed most of the Richard T. Farmer School of Business after Laws, and at the University of Missouri, residential building Laws Hall and Laws Observatory were also named in honor of him.
References
External links
War Comes to Westminster College – Missouri's Civil War at The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)
1824 births
1921 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Academics from West Virginia
American Civil War prisoners of war
American Presbyterians
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Businesspeople from West Virginia
Christians from West Virginia
Columbia Law School alumni
Leaders of the University of Missouri
Miami University alumni
People from Ohio County, West Virginia
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Westminster College (Missouri) faculty |
1482261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brace%20Yourself%20for%20the%20Mediocre | Brace Yourself for the Mediocre | Brace Yourself for the Mediocre is the first and only album of the band Roper, released October 19, 2004. It was put together by lead singer Reese Roper before he had put the rest of the band together. The album has a pop punk sound, although HM comments that it "has much more in common with the raw side than... with Simple Plan or Relient K.
The albums contains lyrics that avoid the clichés of pop punk and deliver scathing wit alongside representations of faith, typical of Reese Roper.
Track listing
"Hello Lamewads" – 3:16
"You're With Stupid" – 2:27
"Amplify" – 3:59
"Vendetta" – 3:47
"Red Eye to Miami" – 2:56
"Quicksilver" – 3:21
"1985" – 3:20
"Say Sayonara" – 3:32
"How Your Halo Fell" – 3:30
"Day of Pigs" – 2:37
"Fireflies" – 3:28
"You're Still The One" (Shania Twain cover) – 2:57
"In Excelsis Deo" – 3:42
Personnel
Additional Music
Drums: Frank Lenz, Jason White
Bass: Elijah Thomson
Organ: Phil Bennett
Guitar: Bob Schiveley, Ethan Luck
Additional Vocals
Adam Davis
Sam Hernandez
Mick Leonardi
Justin McRoberts
Eli Salazar
Dennis Simmons
Jason White
Dan Romero
Illustrations: Barak Hardley
Touring Band Lineup
Reese Roper: Vocals, Nord
Jonathan Till: Bass Guitar
Jonathan Byrnside: Lead Guitar
Matt "emo" Emmett: Rhythm Guitar, Backup Vocals
Nick White: Drums
Charts
Album - Billboard (North America)
References
External links
Barak Hardley's Site
2004 debut albums
Reese Roper albums |
1482265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita%20Moore | Juanita Moore | Juanita Moore (October 19, 1914 – January 1, 2014) was an American film, television, and stage actress.
She was the fifth black actor to be nominated for an Academy Award in any category, and the third in the Supporting Actress category at a time when only one black actor, Hattie McDaniel in Gone with the Wind (1939), had won an Oscar.
Her most famous role was as Annie Johnson in the film Imitation of Life (1959).
Early life and career
Juanita Moore was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, the daughter of Ella (née Dunn) and Harrison Moore. She had seven siblings (six sisters and one brother). Her family moved in the Great Migration to Los Angeles, where she was raised. Moore first performed as a dancer, part of a chorus line at the Cotton Club before becoming a film extra while working in theater.
Moore was the vice president of the Original Cambridge Players, who took a Los Angeles production of The Amen Corner to Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theater in April 1965. She was friends with Marlon Brando and James Baldwin. It was Moore who asked Brando to lend the funds ($75) to Baldwin to write the play.
After making her film debut in Double Deal (1939), Moore had a number of bit parts and supporting roles in motion pictures through the late 1930s and 1950s.
Moore's performance in the remake of Imitation of Life (1959) as black housekeeper Annie Johnson, whose daughter Sarah Jane (Susan Kohner) passes for white, won her a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for the role. When the two versions of Imitation of Life were released together on DVD (the earlier film was released in 1934), one of the bonus features was a new interview with Moore.
Moore continued to act for film and TV, with a role in Disney's The Kid (2000), and guest-starring roles on Dragnet, Adam-12, Marcus Welby, M.D., ER and Judging Amy.
On April 23, 2010, a new print of Imitation of Life (1959) was screened at the Turner Classic Movies Film Festival in Los Angeles. Both Moore and co-star Kohner attended. After the screening, the two women appeared on stage for a question-and-answer session hosted by TCM's Robert Osborne. Moore and Kohner received standing ovations.
Personal life
Moore was married for 50 years to Charles Burris, who died in 2001. He was a Los Angeles bus driver and they met when she stepped out in front of his approaching bus. She and Burris married a few weeks later.
Her godson is actor/producer Kirk E. Kelleykahn, who is CEO/President of "Cambridge Players – Next Generation", a theatre troupe whose founding members included Moore.
Death
Moore died at her home in Los Angeles on January 1, 2014, at age 99 of natural causes. She is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery.
Partial filmography
Double Deal (1939) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Belle Starr (1941) as Dressed Up Freed Slave (uncredited)
Broken Strings (1942) as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Star Spangled Rhythm (1942) as Dancer (uncredited)
Cabin in the Sky (1943) as Nightclub Patron / Churchgoer (uncredited)
Pinky (1949) as Nurse (uncredited)
Tarzan's Peril (1951) as Native Woman (uncredited)
No Questions Asked (1951) as Maid in Lounge (uncredited)
Skirts Ahoy! (1952) as Black Drill Team Member (uncredited)
Lydia Bailey (1952) as Marie (uncredited)
Affair in Trinidad (1952) as Dominique
The Iron Mistress (1952) as Juanita, Judalon's Maid (uncredited)
The Royal African Rifles (1953) as Elderly Woman
Witness to Murder (1954) as Mental Patient
The Gambler from Natchez (1954) as Yvette's Maid (uncredited)
Women's Prison (1955) as Polyclinic 'Polly' Jones
Lord of the Jungle (1955) as Molu's Wife (uncredited)
Not as a Stranger (1955) as Mrs. Clara Bassett (uncredited)
Ransom! (1956) as Shirley Lorraine
The Opposite Sex (1956) as Powder Room Attendant (uncredited)
The Girl Can't Help It (1956) as Hilda
Something of Value (1957) as Tribal Woman (uncredited)
Band of Angels (1957) as Budge (uncredited)
The Helen Morgan Story (1957) as Lucey, Backstage Maid (uncredited)
Bombers B-52 (1957) as Clarissa (uncredited)
The Green-Eyed Blonde (1957) as Miss Randall (uncredited)
Imitation of Life (1959) as Annie Johnson
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 7 Episode 2: "Bang! You're Dead") as Cleo
Tammy Tell Me True (1961) as Della
Walk on the Wild Side (1962) as Mama
A Child Is Waiting (1963) as Julius' Mother (uncredited)
Papa's Delicate Condition (1963) as Ellie
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 1 Episode 23: "The Lonely Hours") as Mrs. MacFarland
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 24: "The Gentleman Caller") as Mrs. Jones
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1965) (Season 3 Episode 13: "Where the Woodbine Twineth") as Suse
The Singing Nun (1966) as Sister Mary
Rosie! (1967) as Nurse
Gentle Ben (1967) as Mama Jolie
Dragnet (1967) "The Missing Realtor" as Mrs. Edna Jenkins
Uptight (1968) as Mama Wells
Angelitos negros (1970) as Nana Mercé
Skin Game (1971) as Viney (Calloway slave)
The Mack (1973) as Mrs. Mickens, Mother
Adam-12 (1973) (Season 5, Episodes 14 and 15: “Clear with a Civilian” Parts I and II) as Edna Dickson
Fox Style (1973) as Hattie Fox
Thomasine & Bushrod (1974) as Pecolia
The Get-Man (1974)
Abby (1974) as Miranda 'Momma' Potter
Joey (1975)
Fugitive Lovers (1975) as Assemblywoman Griffith
Everybody Rides the Carousel (1975) as Stage 8 (voice)
Paternity (1981) as Celia
O'Hara's Wife (1982) as Ethel
And They're Off (1982) as Sadie Johnson
Two Moon Junction (1988) as Delilah
The Sterling Chase (1999) as Grandma Jones (voice)
Disney's The Kid (2000) as Kenny's Grandmother (voice)
References
8. 'By Sandy Kenyon-WABC' Tuesday, December 27, 2022"A STAR WITHOUT A STAR": THE UNTOLD JUANITA MOORE STORY
https://abc7chicago.com/juanita-moore-documentary-a-star-without-village-cinema/12620005/
External links
1914 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Mississippi
American film actresses
American television actresses
People from Greenwood, Mississippi
20th-century African-American actresses
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery |
1482275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Mulcahy | Mark Mulcahy | Mark Mulcahy is an American musician. He was the front-man for the New Haven, Connecticut-based band Miracle Legion. The band earned modest renown, especially in their native New England region. Mulcahy soon formed Polaris, a house band for the mid-1990s alternative television series The Adventures of Pete & Pete (1993–1996). They are best remembered for the song "Hey Sandy" featured in the opening credits of each show, and for nostalgic tunes such as "Waiting for October" and "Saturnine". Following the cancellation of Pete & Pete, Mulcahy began playing his own shows in New York City and rebuilding his career. Mulcahy has opened for notable artists, including Oasis and Jeff Buckley and received homage from Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke, who dedicated a song to Mulcahy at a Boston show.
An essay on Mulcahy's song "Hey Self-Defeater" (from the album Fathering) was featured in Nick Hornby's book Songbook.
In 2003, Mulcahy was invited to sing a Haiku poem, "Haiku Three In The Museum Garden", by Nobel laureate George Seferis, on the international release of electronica band Sigmatropic Sixteen Haiku & Other Stories. A subsequent limited edition 12-inch by Sigmatropic the following year, Could That Be The Voice? (Tongue Master Records), featured Mulcahy on two featured alternate remixes, "Haiku One" and "Haiku Four", as well as contributions by Edith Frost & Carla Torgerson (The Walkabouts).
Mulcahy composed the music for and performed in Ben Katchor's 2004 musical, The Slug Bearers of Kayrol Island, or, The Friends of Dr. Rushower. Mulcahy also co-wrote the musical The Rosenbach Company with Katchor.
Mulcahy recorded a cover version of Shania Twain's "From This Moment On" for Engine Room Recordings' compilation album Guilt by Association, which was released in September 2007.
His song "Cookie Jar" was used in the 2008 movie Management over the closing credits.
A tribute album titled Ciao My Shining Star: The Songs of Mark Mulcahy was released on September 15, 2009, featuring contributions from Thom Yorke, Frank Black, The National, Dinosaur Jr., Michael Stipe, Juliana Hatfield, Mercury Rev, David Berkeley, Frank Turner. The album also serves as a benefit for Mulcahy, whose wife Melissa died in 2008.
Mulcahy re-emerged in 2012 with a reunion show with Polaris at Cinefamily's Everything is Festival III on August 28. Following the performance, a Twitter and Facebook page for Polaris appeared. Mulcahy played a four-date tour in England in early December, including a performance at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival. In addition, Mulcahy's single "Low Birthweight Child/The Cottage That We Rented Had a Name" was released on December 10 by the UK-based Tongue Master Records. In 2013, he released his first full-length album in eight years, Dear Mark J. Mulcahy, I Love You, and undertook a minor tour in the U.S. Mulcahy appeared on J Mascis', Tied to a Star (2014), singing on two tracks.
Miracle Legion reformed in 2016–2017.
Partial discography
Fathering (1997) CD on the Mezzotint Label/Loose Music
C.O.D. (1999) 7-inch vinyl on Lissy Records
I Just Shot Myself in the Foot Again (2000) EP on Mezzotint
Smilesunset (2001) CD/LP on Mezzotint/Loose Music
In Pursuit of Your Happiness (2005) CD on Mezzotint/Loose Music
Love's the Only Thing That Shuts Me Up (2005) EP on Mezzotint
Low Birthweight Child ‘ | ‘The Cottage That We Rented Had a Name (2012) - 7-inch vinyl on Tongue Master Records
Dear Mark J Mulcahy, I Love You (2013) on Fire Records/Mezzotint
The Possum in the Driveway (2017) on Mezzotint
The Gus (2019) on Mezzotint
Franks And A Flag (2020) on Mezzotint
References
External links
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
American rock musicians
Nickelodeon people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Loose Music artists
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Connecticut |
1482280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Taiwan | List of newspapers in Taiwan | This is a list of newspapers published in Taiwan.
After Apple Daily () ceased print publication in 2021, there are currently three major daily newspapers: the Liberty Times (自由時報), United Daily News (聯合報), and China Times (中國時報). In addition, there are two major business-focused, financial newspapers: the Commercial Times (工商時報) and Economic Daily News (經濟日報).
After competitors Taiwan News ceased print publication in 2010 and The China Post in 2015, Taipei Times (英文台北時報) remains the only major English-language newspaper in Taiwan.
Corporate media
Major Chinese-language newspapers
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Name
! Chinese Names
! Owner
! Established
! Circulation
! Editorial stance
! Party support in 2020 presidential election
|-
|Liberty Times||
|Liberty Times Group || 1980 || 529,178 || Liberal, pro-DPP, supports Taiwan independence, anti-China, friendly to Japan|| Democratic Progressive Party
|-
|United Daily News||
|United Daily News Group ||1951 ||210,000 ||Conservative, pro-KMT, supports friendly cross-strait relations|| Kuomintang
|-
|China Times||
|Want Want China Times Group || 1950||135,000|| Conservative, pro-KMT, pro-China, supports friendly cross-strait relations ||Kuomintang
|}
Commercial Times (): established in 1978, part of Want Want China Times media group
Economic Daily News (): established in 1967, part of United Daily News group
English-language newspaper
Taipei Times (): established in 1999, part of Liberty Times Group
Competitors Taiwan News ceased print publication in 2010 and The China Post in 2015.
Government-owned media
Chinese news media
Central News Agency () – National news agency of Taiwan (Republic of China)
Kinmen Daily News () – in Kinmen, operated by Kinmen County Government.
Matsu Daily () – in Matsu Islands, operated by Lienchiang County Government.
Youth Daily News () – operated by the Ministry of National Defense
English news media
Focus Taiwan – operated by the Central News Agency (Taiwan)
Other newspapers
China Daily News () – in Tainan (Southern Taiwan)
Mandarin Daily News () – a children-facing news paper, all Traditional Chinese characters are annotated with Mandarin Phonetic Symbols.
The Epoch Times ()
Taiwan Times () – in Kaohsiung (Southern Taiwan)
The Epoch Times – New York City
Online newspapers
Apple Daily () – Major daily newspaper which ended print publication in 2021 and switched to all-digital format
Central Daily News () – operated by Kuomintang, a political party, began operations from 1945 in Taiwan, ceased print publication in 2006
Independence Evening Post () – printed newspaper until 2001
The China Post () – former English-language newspaper, ended its print publication in 2017 and switched to all-digital format
Taiwan Daily () – print publication ended in June 2006
Taiwan News () – former English-language newspaper, ended print publication in 2015 and switched to all-digital format
The News Lens
Defunct newspapers
China Times Express () – in the same group as China Times, published between 1988 and 2005
Min Sheng Bao ()
United Evening News () – in the same group as United Daily News, ceased publication in 2020
See also
Media of Taiwan
Television in Taiwan
National Communications Commission
Central News Agency (Taiwan)
References
Taiwan
Taiwan
Newspapers
Newspapers |
1482282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n | Érimón | Érimón (Modern ), commonly Anglicised as Heremon, son of Míl Espáine (and great-grandson of Breoghan, king of Celtic Galicia), according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, was one of the chieftains who took part in the Milesian invasion of Ireland, which conquered the island from the Tuatha Dé Danann, and one of the first Milesian High Kings.
Background
Before coming to Ireland, he and his older brother Éber Donn were joint rulers of Spain. His great-uncle Íth made a peaceful expedition to Ireland, which he had seen from the top of a tower built by his father Breogan, but was killed by the three kings of the Tuatha Dé Danann, Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine, and in revenge the Milesians invaded in force, with Érimón and Éber Donn in command. They defeated the Tuatha Dé Danann in the Battle of Tailtiu. Éber Donn had been killed, and the High Kingship was divided between Érimón in the north and his younger brother Éber Finn in the south.
High Kingship of Ireland
A year after the Battle of Tailtiu, Éber Finn became unhappy with his half, fought a battle with his brother at Airgetros, lost and was killed. Érimón became sole ruler of Ireland and built his capital at Ráth Oinn (later site of Rathdown Castle, on the east coast near modern Greystones). He appointed kings of the four provinces. He gave Leinster to Crimthann Sciathbél of the Fir Domnann; Munster to the four sons of Eber Finn, Ér, Orba, Ferón and Fergna; Connacht to Ún and Étan, sons of Uicce; and Ulster to Eber mac Ír. During this time the Cruithne settled in Ireland. He ruled for fourteen, fifteen or seventeen further years, after which he died at Airgetros, and was succeeded by his sons Muimne, Luigne and Laigne, ruling jointly.
Geoffrey Keating dates his reign from 1287 to 1272 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters from 1700 to 1684 BC.
Some philologists believe Érimón and Zarathustra’s mythological Aryaman character who gives their name to Iran are cognates. Georges Dumèzil retracted his initial view on this matter. However, the idea remains seductive to some commentators, on the basis of the coincidence of the similar sound between the two names, that they both are mythological founders of two separate great Indo-European cultures, the inclusion of the M-N- sound in their respective names, and the fact that many of the great Indo-European cultural traditions’ founders share the same M-N- laden moniker.
Personal life
Érimón had two wives, Odba, mother of Muimne, Luigne and Laigne, whom he left behind in Spain, and Tea, mother of Íriel Fáid, who accompanied him to Ireland, and died there. Tea was a daughter of Lugaid and gave her name to Tara, where she was buried – the Lebor Gabála Érenn explains its Old Irish name Temair as "Tea mur", "Tea's Wall". Through his son, Íriel Fáid, Érimón was the progenitor of the Heremonians and provided many High Kings of Ireland. Kinship groups of Irish Gaels which are classified as Heremonians were most powerful in Connacht, Leinster and parts of Ulster and include the Connachta, Uí Néill, Clan Colla, Uí Maine, Laighin, Dalcassians and the Érainn.The Stem of the Irish Nation - Irish Pedigrees
The Red Lion of Heremon features in Irish heraldry and Scottish heraldry as a device in the coat of arms of many of Heremon's claimed descendants, including:
See also
Rathbeagh
References
Legendary High Kings of Ireland
Founding monarchs |
1482283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha%20Demkina | Natasha Demkina | Natalya "Natasha" Nikolayevna Demkina (; born 1987) is a Russian woman who claims to possess a special vision that allows her to look inside human bodies and see organs and tissues, and thereby make medical diagnoses. Since the age of ten, she has performed readings in Russia. She is widely known by the childhood variant of her given name, Natasha.
In 2004 she appeared on television shows in the United Kingdom, on the Discovery Channel and in Japan. Since 2004 Demkina has been a full-time student of the Semashko State Stomatological University, Moscow. Since January 2006, Demkina has worked for the Center of Special Diagnostics of the Natalya Demkina (TSSD), whose stated purpose is to diagnose and treat illness in cooperation with "experts possessing unusual abilities, folk healers and professionals of traditional medicine". Many experts are skeptical of her claims.
History
According to her mother, Tatyana Vladimovna, Demkina was a fast learner, but was otherwise a normal child until she was ten years old, at which time her ability began to manifest itself.
"I was at home with my mother and suddenly I had a vision. I could see inside my mother's body and I started telling her about the organs I could see. Now, I have to switch from my regular vision to what I call medical vision. For a fraction of a second, I see a colorful picture inside the person and then I start to analyze it." says Demkina
After describing her mother's internal organs to her, Demkina's story began to spread by word of mouth among the local population and people began gathering outside her door seeking medical consultations. Her story was picked up by a local newspaper in spring 2003 and a local television station followed suit in November that year. This led to interest from a British tabloid newspaper which invited her to give demonstrations in London, as well as further invitations from groups in New York and Tokyo.
Russia
After stories about Demkina had begun to spread, doctors at a children's hospital in her home town asked her to perform a number of tasks to see if her abilities were genuine. Demkina is reported to have drawn a picture of what she saw inside a doctor's stomach, marking where he had an ulcer. She also disagreed with the diagnosis of a cancer patient, saying all she could see was a small cyst.
United Kingdom
In January 2004, British tabloid newspaper The Sun brought Demkina to England. She gave a number of demonstrations and her diagnoses were then compared to professional medical diagnosis. A Discovery Channel documentary on Demkina mentions reports of Demkina having successfully identified all the fractures and metal pins in a woman who had recently been a victim in a car crash. The Guardian reported that she impressed the host of daytime television program This Morning by spotting that she had a sore ankle during an interview.
Initially, Demkina's demonstrations were well received. However, after she had left the United Kingdom, it emerged that she had made errors among her diagnoses. In one incident she told television-physician Chris Steele that he was suffering from a number of medical conditions, including kidney stones, an ailment of the gall bladder, and an enlarged liver and pancreas. Later medical evaluation determined that he was in good health and was not suffering from any of the ailments she had identified.
New York City
In May 2004 she was brought to New York City by the Discovery Channel to appear on a documentary titled The Girl with X-Ray Eyes, and to be tested by skeptical researchers from the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) under partially controlled conditions.
As a demonstration for the documentary, Demkina was shown wearing her vision-hat and giving diagnoses to people who had previously given descriptions of their specific medical conditions. Most of the people given these readings felt that Demkina had accurately identified their conditions. The researchers, however, were not similarly impressed. CSI researcher Richard Wiseman said, "When I saw her do her usual readings, I couldn't believe the discrepancy between what I was hearing and how impressed the individuals were... I thought they were going to walk away saying it was embarrassing, but time and again, they said it was amazing. Before each reading, I asked the people what was the main medical problem and Natasha never got one of those right." Wiseman compared the belief of people in Demkina's diagnoses to the belief of people in fortune tellers, and said that people focus only on those portions of Demkina's comments that they believe.
Then CSI researchers Ray Hyman, Richard Wiseman, and Andrew Skolnick conducted their test of Demkina. In the test, Demkina was asked to correctly match six specified anatomical anomalies to seven volunteer subjects. The cases in question included six specified anatomical anomalies resulting from surgery and one "normal" control subject. The researchers said that, because of limitation in time and resources, the preliminary test was designed to look only for a strongly demonstrated ability. The researchers explained that while evidence of a weak or erratic ability may be of theoretical interest, it would be useless for providing medical diagnoses. In addition, the researchers said that the influence of non-paranormal observations could not be ruled out under the lax conditions of the test. Demkina and the investigators had agreed that in order to warrant further testing, she needed to correctly match at least five of the seven conditions. In the 4-hour-long test, Demkina correctly matched conditions to four volunteers, including the control subject. The researchers concluded that she had not demonstrated evidence of an ability that would warrant their further study.
Subsequently, the design and conclusions of this experiment were subjects of considerable dispute between Demkina's supporters and those of the investigators.
Demkina's criticism
After completing experiments in New York, Demkina made several complaints in regard to the conditions under which they were conducted, and about the way in which she and her diagnoses were treated. She argued that she had required more time to see a metal plate in one subject's skull, that surgical scars interfered with her ability to see the resected esophagus in another, and that she had been presented with two study subjects who had undergone abdominal procedure, but that she had only one abdominal condition on her list of potential diagnoses, leaving her confused as to which one matched the listed condition.
Later, she also complained that she could not see that one volunteer had had their appendix removed because she said appendixes sometimes grow back. She said she was not able to compare her own diagnosis to an independent medical diagnosis after key experiments had been conducted, preventing her from being able to see if she was diagnosing genuine conditions that were unknown to those conducting the experiments, and which were thus being listed against her in the overall results despite them being valid (due to this complaint, all volunteers in subsequent experiments, in Tokyo, were required to bring medical certificates with them before diagnosis).
In response to these complaints, the research team stated that Demkina should have been able to find the plate without extrasensory abilities, because its outline could be seen beneath the subject's scalp, and questioned why the presence of scar tissue in a subject's throat had not alerted her to them having an esophagal condition. Additionally, they noted that it remains clinically impossible for an appendix to spontaneously regrow.
Brian Josephson's criticism
In a self-published commentary regarding the New York testing performed by CSICOP and CSMMH, Nobel prize winning physicist and parapsychology supporter Brian Josephson criticized the test and evaluation methods used by Hyman and questioned the researchers' motives, leveling the accusation that the experiment had the appearance of being "some kind of plot to discredit the teenage claimed psychic."
Stating that the results should have been deemed "inconclusive", Josephson argued the odds of Demkina achieving four matches out of seven by chance alone were 1 in 50, or 2% – making her success rate a statistically significant result. He also argued that Hyman used a Bayes factor that was statistically unjustifiable because it greatly increased the risk of the experiment falsely recording a moderate correlation as being no correlation.
Hyman responded that the high benchmark used in the testing was necessary due to the higher levels of statistical significance which he says is necessary when testing paranormal claims,
and that a high Bayes factor was necessary to compensate for the fact that "Demkina was not blindly guessing", but instead "had a great number of normal sensory clues that could have helped increase her number of correct matches".
Bayes factors are used to compensate for variables that cannot be calculated through conventional statistics; in this case, the variable created by the visual clues that Demkina might gather from observing a subject. The Bayes factors used by Hyman were calculated by professors Persi Diaconis and Susan Holmes of the Department of Statistics at Stanford University.
Tokyo
After visiting New York, Demkina traveled to Tokyo Electrical University (東京電機大学) in Japan, at the invitation of Professor Yoshio Machi, who studies claims of unusual human abilities.
According to accounts on her personal website, after her experiences in London and New York, Demkina set several conditions for the tests, including that the subjects bring with them a medical certificate stating their health status, and that the diagnosis be restricted to a single specific part of the body – the head, the torso, or extremities – which she was to be informed of in advance.
Demkina's website claims that she was able to see that one of the subjects had a prosthetic knee, and that another had asymmetrically placed internal organs. She also claims to have detected the early stages of pregnancy in a female subject, and an undulating spinal curvature in another subject.
Machi also arranged for a test to take place in a veterinary clinic, where Demkina was asked to diagnose an anomaly in a dog. Natasha claims to have correctly identified that the dog had an artificial device in its back right leg after being specifically directed to look at the animal's paws.
The Tokyo test was reviewed by three Japanese experts: the occult critic Hajime Yuumu, the psychologist Hiroyuki Ishii, and the Tondemo-bon Society skeptic Hiroshi Yamamoto. The results of Dr. Machi's tests and a panel discussion by the three critics aired on Fuji Television on 12 May 2005. It is noted that Demkina refused to participate in any test where the patients stood behind a cloth screen, despite the cloth being see-through with x-rays in the same way skin is.
References
External links
The Girl With X-Ray Eyes at Museum of Hoaxes
The Girl with "X-Ray" Vision at James Randi Educational Foundation Forum, 5 October 2005, retrieved 5 April 2013
The Demkina File at the website of the Association for Skeptical Investigations
1987 births
Living people
People from Saransk
Telekinetics |
1482291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Greenfield-Sanders | Timothy Greenfield-Sanders | Timothy Greenfield-Sanders (born February 16, 1952) is an American documentary filmmaker and portrait photographer based in New York City. The majority of his work is shot in large format.
Early life
Greenfield-Sanders was born on February 16, 1952, in Miami Beach, Florida, to musician and teacher Ruth W. Greenfield (née Wolkowsky) and lawyer Arnold Merrin Greenfield. He graduated from Ransom Everglades School and received a BA in art history from Columbia University in 1974 and a MFA in film in 1977 from the American Film Institute (A.F.I).
While Columbia in the 1970's had no undergraduate film program, Greenfield-Sanders managed to talk his way into classes at the graduate film school and received academic credit for them. Through his friend underground actress and singer Tally Brown he befriended filmmaker Jack Smith and assisted Smith on projects. His early interest in Alfred Hitchcock was deepened after taking Andrew Sarris's Hitchcock class at Columbia and after graduation he worked as the projectionist for Donald Spoto's Hitchcock class at The New School for Social Research.
Career
Photography
Greenfield-Sanders has photographed well-known figures. The USPS George H.W. Bush "Forever" stamp is based on Greenfield-Sanders' portrait of the former President.
700 of his art world portraits are in the collections of The Museum of Modern Art and The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. He was on the masthead, as a contributing photographer, of Vanity Fair from 1990 to 2017. He also contributed photos to Barron's and the SoHo Weekly News.
Greenfield-Sanders was initially interested in filmmaking, pursuing a degree at the American Film Institute in Los Angeles, where he also took portraits for the school's archive of visiting directors, actors and film stars. "Because of AFI, I got tips from celebrities as well as access to them," he says. Alfred Hitchcock once remarked, "Young man, your lights are all wrong," while Bette Davis criticized him harshly for "shooting from below", according to a Photofocus.com article. Admitting to Davis that he was eager to learn more about portraiture, she invited him to drive her around Hollywood for a week in exchange for her thoughts on photography. Greenfield-Sanders credits Davis with alerting him to the work of George Hurrell and the art of large-format cameras.
Greenfield-Sanders makes large-format portraiture. He began his career in 1978 using a vintage 1905 Fulmer & Schwing view camera with 11"x14" Ektapan black and white film. He made contact prints from the large-format negatives. Today, with that film discontinued, he shoots with a 1930s Deardorff studio camera on 8"x10" Kodak color negative. He shoots only a handful of frames.
His work has been exhibited in the United States at The National Portrait Gallery, The Newseum, Brooklyn Museum, High Museum of Art, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, The San Antonio Museum of Art, and The Annenberg Space for Photography.
Film
His first documentary film, Lou Reed: Rock and Roll Heart, about the musician Lou Reed, won the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video. The film premiered in the U.S. at the Sundance Film Festival and in Europe at the Berlin Film Festival. It aired on the American Masters series on PBS.
Greenfield-Sanders exhibited "Thinking XXX", a series of clothed and nude portraits of porn stars, at the Mary Boone Gallery from October 30 to December 18, 2004. During the photo shoots for the exhibition, he directed an HBO documentary, also called Thinking XXX, about the adult stars. His son-in-law Sebastian Blanck worked with him on Thinking XXX as a composer. On October 15, 2004, Greenfield-Sanders was profiled on 60 Minutes. About the XXX project, art critic David Rimanelli in Artforum stated: "Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, the tremendously successful photographer of presidents, Supreme Court justices, movie and music stars, famous writers, and the full panoply of artists, dealers, and critics who constitute the art world, has turned his large-format 8 x 10 Deardorff camera on the parallel universe of pornographic stardom."
Starting in 2008, Greenfield-Sanders directed and produced The Black List, a series of three documentary films. "Volume 1" premiered at The Sundance Film Festival. All three films aired on HBO. Portraits taken by Greenfield-Sanders for the project were first exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, in 2008, then at Brooklyn Museum, the Hartford Atheneum, and the Paley Center in New York City and Los Angeles. From October 27, 2011, to April 22, 2012, all 50 images from the series were shown at The National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. The Black List won an NAACP Image Award for Best Documentary.
In 2010 and 2011, Greenfield-Sanders directed and produced The Latino List: Volumes 1 & 2. Both films aired on HBO. His portraits from the series were exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art and the High Museum in Atlanta. In 2012, he completed another film, About Face: Supermodels Then and Now, an examination of beauty through the eyes and lives of supermodels from the 1950s to the 1980s. This documentary premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and aired on HBO on July 30, 2012. He also directed and produced The Out List, which aired on HBO on June 27, 2013, just as United States v. Windsor was decided. Edith Windsor attended the HBO premiere event in New York.
On September 23, 2014, Greenfield-Sanders aired, on PBS' American Masters series, The Boomer List, which starred well-known persons representing each of the baby boomer years of 1946–1964. His portraits of the 19 subjects were exhibited at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. On September 25, 2015, his film The Women's List aired on PBS' American Master series. His portraits of subjects from the documentary along with 35 other images of women, from his archive, were exhibited through December 31, 2015, at the Hearst Tower Alexey Brodovitch Gallery.
In 2016, Greenfield-Sanders directed and produced The Trans List. Trans journalist and author, Janet Mock, conducted the interviews. The film received grants from The Ford Foundation, The Arcus Foundation and The Annenberg Foundation. Among the eleven subjects were Caitlyn Jenner and Laverne Cox. It aired December 5, 2016, on HBO. In addition to the documentary, Greenfield-Sanders photographed 29 other trans subjects to include in his "list" survey exhibition at the Annenberg Space for Photography. This exhibition was the first time that all 151 portraits from the Black, Latino, Out, Women's and Trans 'list' projects were presented together. On December 4, 2016, Greenfield-Sanders was profiled on CBS Sunday Morning by Serena Altschul.
Greenfield-Sanders' latest film, Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am, premiered on January 27, 2019, at the Sundance Film Festival. The film explores the extraordinary life and artistry of Toni Morrison, the legendary Nobel laureate. Interviewees include Morrison, Hilton Als, Angela Davis, Fran Lebowitz, Walter Mosley, Sonia Sanchez, and Oprah Winfrey, among others. Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am won numerous film festival awards, including the 2020 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Documentary, and was nominated for three Emmy Awards.
Publications
Books
After Andy: Soho in the Eighties. Schwartz City, Melbourne, 1996. Text by Paul Taylor, portraits by Greenfield-Sanders.
Art World. Fotofolio, 1999. Essays by Wayne Koestenbaum, Robert Pincus-Witten, and Mark Strand.
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders. Alberico Cetti Serbelloni, 2001. Introduction by Francesco Clemente, curated by Demetrio Paparoni. In English and Italian.
XXX: 30 Porn-Star Portraits. Bulfinch, 2004. Introduction by Gore Vidal.
Face to Face, Timothy Greenfield-Sanders Selected Portraits 1977-2005. Skira, 2005. Edited by Demetrio Paparoni and Gianni Mercurio.
Look: Portraits Backstage at Olympus Fashion Week. Powerhouse, 2006.
The Black List. Atria, 2008. Introduction by Elvis Mitchell, portraits by Greenfield-Sanders.
The Black List 50. National Portrait Gallery; LCP, 2011. Portraits by Greenfield-Sanders.
The Latino List. LCP, 2011. Introduction by Maria Hinojosa, portraits by Greenfield-Sanders.
The Out List. LCP, 2013. Sam McConnell. Portraits by Greenfield-Sanders.
The Boomer List. LCP, 2015. Portraits by Greenfield-Sanders. Original Book of the Year, Independent Publisher Book Award 2015, SNAP Excel Award 20.
The Trans List. Janet Mock, 2016. Portraits by Greenfield-Sanders, Annenberg Space for Photography.
Catalogues
American Art of the 80's. Electra. Curated by Gabriella Belli and Jerry Saltz, Trento, Palazzo dele Albere, 1991/92 Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto.
Dancers On A Plane: John Cage, Merce Cunningham and Jasper Johns. Portraits by Greenfield-Sanders, essays Susan Sontag, Richard Francis, Mark Rosenthal, Anne Seymour, David Sylvester, and David Vaughan. Thames and Hudson, Anthony d'Offay Gallery London.
The Last Decade. American Artists of the 80's curated by Collins & Milazzo, essays by Robert Pincus-Witten and Collins and Milazzo photographic portraits of the artists by Greenfield-Sanders. New York: Tony Shafrazi Gallery, 1990.
Movie Stars. Skira; Museo Carlo Bilotti, Rome, Italy. Essays: Darren Aronofsky & Rachel Weisz, Alec Baldwin Gianni Mercurio, Demetrio Paparoni, Robert Rosenblum, introductions by Silvio Di Francia and Walter Veltroni.
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders. Marimura Art Museum, Tokyo. Curated by Taro Chiezo, text by Robert Pincus-Witten, 1990.
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders Portraits. Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth. Essay by Robert Pincus-Witten, 1991.
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders Selected Portraits 1985-1995. Kunst-Station Sankt Peter, Koln, 1996.
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders. Emilio Mazzoli Editore. Introduction by Achille Bonito Oliva.
Faces and Names. Gianni Mercurio. Italian Exhibition catalogue.
The Ninth Street Show. 1987. Lumiere, Toronto, Canada. Hand printed by Michael Torosian. Text by Robert Pincus-Witten. Edition of 150 copies. Published in 1987 in celebration of 35th anniversary of Leo Castelli Gallery.
Awards
Grammy Award, 1999, Lou Reed: Rock and Roll Heart.
NAACP Image Award, The Black List: Volume 1,
Pratt Institute Legend Award, October 29, 2015, presented by filmmaker, Darren Aronofsky.
GLAAD Media Award 2016 Nominee Best Documentary.
Founder's Alumni Award for Distinguished Service to the Community, May 19, 2017, Ransom Everglades
NAACP Image Award, Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am,
News & Documentary Emmy Award, Nominee, Outstanding Arts & Culture Documentary, Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am
Critic's Choice Documentary Awards, Winner, Best Biographical Documentary, Toni Morrison: The Pieces I Am
Collections
Greenfield-Sanders' work is held in the following permanent collections:
The Museum of Modern Art, New York
The National Portrait Gallery, D.C.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Whitney Museum of Art, New York
The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
The Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
The Broad Foundation, Los Angeles
The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York
The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.<ref>"Timothy Greenfield-Sanders", Artnet.</ref>
The Detroit Institute of Arts
Getty Museum of Art, Santa Monica, Ca
The International Center of Photography
Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art
One-person exhibitions
1981: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's, Marcuse Pfeifer Gallery, New York City,
1981: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's Gallery of Fine Art, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,
1981: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's Loew Gallery, Syracuse, New York,
1982: NY Artists of the 50’s in the 80’s Brevard Art Center and Museum, Melbourne, Florida
1982: NY Artists of the 50’s in the 80’s Metropolitan Museum and Art Center, Miami, Florida,
1982: Art Critics, Marcuse Pfeifer Gallery, New York City,
1982: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's Edwin A. Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita, Kansas, *1982;
1983: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, Arkansas,
1984: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's Drew University Gallery, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey, 1984
1987: NY Artists of the 50's in the 80's — 9th Street Show, Leo Castelli Gallery, New York City,
1987: New Irascibles Series, Marcuse Pfeifer Gallery, NYC, NY.
1991: "Timothy Greenfield-Sanders" Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas.
1996: "Timothy Greenfield-Sanders" Kunst-Station Sankt Peter, Koln, Germany.
1999: "Art World" Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY
2000: "Art World" Emilio Mazzoli Gallery, Modena, Italy
2004: "XXX" Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY
2010: Supermodels of the 70's and 80's, Steven Kasher Gallery, New York,
2010: The Black List. (Selected Images) Paley Center, Los Angeles, CA. 2/1/10-5/31/10
2011: Injured Soldiers and Marines, Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston, TX,
2011: The Black List: Volumes 2 and 3, Rice University, Houston,
2011: The Black List: Volumes 2 and 3, Bucknell University,
2011: The Latino List: Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, The Brooklyn Museum
2011: The Black List: Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, The National Portrait Gallery,
2012: About Face Portraits, Paley Center, New York, NY,
2013: The Latino List, High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA,
2013: Supermodels, Bernd Kluser Gallery, Munich, Germany,
2013: The Out List, Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston, TX,
2014–15: The Boomer List, The Newseum, Washington, D.C.,
2015: The Women's List, Hearst Tower, New York, NY, 09/21/2015-12/31/15
2016: The Boomer List, Washington Pavilion Visual Arts Center – Sioux Falls, SD,
2016: The Women's List, Fisher Landau Center for Art, Long Island City, New York, NY
2016–17: Identity: Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, The List Portraits, Annenberg Space for Photography, LA, CA,
2017–18: The Boomer List, North Carolina Museum of History – Raleigh, NC,
2017: The Boomer List, Brattleboro Museum – Brattleboro, VT,
2017: The Boomer List, Florida Museum of Photographic Arts – Tampa, FL,
2017: The Boomer List, Photographic Center Northwest – Seattle, WA,
2017: The Trans List, Wetterling Gallery, Sweden, 2017
2018: 50 Women, Southern Vermont Arts Center, Manchester, VT.
2018–19: The Latino List, International Museum of Art & Science, McAllen, TX
2018: The Trans List, The Dorsky Museum, New Paltz, NY,
2018: The Boomer List, The Haggin Museum – Stockton, CA
2018: The Boomer List, Morris Museum – Morristown, NJ,
2018: "The Boomer List" Springfield Museum of Art – Springfield, OH
2018: The Boomer List, The Naper Settlement, Naperville, IL
2019: The Boomer List, Museum of the Albemarle – Elizabeth City, NC,
2021: The Boomer List, Scarfone/Hartley Gallery at the University of Tampa – Tampa, Fl.,
Personal life
He is married to lawyer Karin Greenfield-Sanders (née Sanders). They have two children: painter Isca Greenfield-Sanders and filmmaker, Liliana Greenfield-Sanders.
References
External links
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders interview with David Schonaur from September 2015
Fresh Air radio interview with Terry Gross from July 2012
The Treatment, radio interview with Elvis Mitchell from September 2006
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders interview about his book, "XXX: 30 Porn-Star Portraits" on 60 Minutes from January 2005
Annenberg Space for Photography announces show for the man behind 'The Black List,' 'The Trans List' in the Los Angeles Times''
1952 births
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
AFI Conservatory alumni
American documentary filmmakers
American portrait photographers
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Photographers from New York (state)
SoHo Weekly News people |
1482292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone%20UK | Vodafone UK | Vodafone Limited, trading as Vodafone UK, is a British telecommunications company, owned by Vodafone Group, the world's eighth-largest telecommunications company. Vodafone is the third-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with 18.5 million subscribers as of July 2024, after O2 and EE, followed by Three. The country's first cellular phone call was made on the Vodafone network in 1985.
In June 2023, it was announced that subject to regulatory approval Vodafone UK and Three UK will merge to create Britain's biggest mobile network. The merger is expected to be finalised before the end of 2024, and would create a group with 27 million mobile customers. the merger is undergoing review by the Competition and Markets Authority.
History
Mobile network
In 1981, Racal Electronics Group won its bid for the private sector UK Cellular licence, and created Racal Telecomms Division. The same year, Racal formed a joint venture with Millicom named 'Racal Vodafone'. The Vodafone name was first unveiled on 22 March 1984. Vodafone made the first cellular telephone call in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1985, from St Katharine Docks to Newbury, and launched the UK's first cellular network later that year. 'Vodapage' was launched two years later, providing 80% of the United Kingdom's population with a paging service, and a service called 'Vodata' was also launched for voice and data.
Racal Telecom was demerged from Racal Electronics in 1991, becoming Vodafone Group, and introduced the country's first GSM mobile phone network the same year. The company launched digital data, fax and a text messaging service with Vodata in 1994. Vodafone also began working with Globalstar to develop and launch a satellite to provide a Satellite phone service.
On 5 January 1999, Vodafone UK connected its 5 millionth customer. By the end of 1999 it had 8 million customers, rising to 12 million in 2001,
The first 3G voice call in the UK was made in April 2001 on the Vodafone UK network, with an initial network of 30 base stations in the Thames Valley set for the commercial launch in 2002. That same month Vodafone launched GPRS services. Around the same time, Vodafone's analogue TACS network was closed after 16 years of service. In 2003, Vodafone introduced the 'Speaking Phone', a phone for blind & visually impaired users. Vodafone Mobile Connect 3G was launched in 2005, a data card that uses the network's 3G capabilities to connect laptop users to the internet.
Vodafone UK won Mobile Retailer's 'National Retailer of the Year' in 2005 and was awarded 'Best Network' in the 2010 Mobile News and Mobile Awards.
In May 2011, Vodafone and Justgiving launched 'JustTextGiving', which allows mobile phone user to donate between £1 and £10 to a registered charity using a SMS message, which is paid for by the donor through reverse SMS billing. Vodafone invested £5 million to ensure that charities do not incur any set-up costs, or commissions deducted from donations, ensuring that they receive 100% of donations and Gift Aid.
Vodafone and O2 signed a deal in June 2012 which will see the two companies 'pool' their network technology, creating a single national grid of 18,500 transmitter sites. Both networks will continue to carry their own independent mobile spectrum.
On 20 February 2013, Ofcom announced that Vodafone had been awarded spectrum in the 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz bands for 4G LTE coverage, bidding around £790 million for the spectrum. The service became available to customers in London on 29 August, and will expand to a further twelve cities by the end of 2013.
On 29 March 2018, following the release of iOS 11.3, Vodafone launched VoLTE (4G Calling) for iPhone users, with devices from the iPhone 6S to the iPhone X being compatible. The feature had been active on some Android phones from Huawei, Samsung Mobile and Sony Mobile prior to its launch on Apple Inc. devices.
On 3 July 2019, Vodafone launched their 5G network in Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool and London, with more towns and cities launching throughout 2019.
In February 2024 Vodafone shut down their 3G network.
Fixed network
On 1 April 2012, Vodafone agreed a takeover of Cable & Wireless Worldwide at a cost of just over £1 billion. The acquisition gave Vodafone access to its own fixed line network, in addition to the already established mobile network, allowing the company to begin work on launching a variety of fixed line services to Enterprise customers in addition to the ex-CWW customers which it acquired during the initial takeover.
Following the acquisition of CWW, Vodafone began working on a consumer Broadband and TV proposition, using its fibre network. Vodafone launched its broadband offering to the UK public on 12 October 2015. Work is ongoing for the launch of Vodafone's UK TV service, which the company originally planned to launch before the spring of 2016, however has since delayed to a later date.
Radio frequency summary
Vodafone LTE 1,800 MHz is only available in some areas, having been refarmed from 2G (1,800 MHz), whereas the LTE 2,100 MHz is available in a rapidly increasing number of areas and is very potent in areas such as Cardiff, London, Manchester and Birmingham.
Marketing
Stores
Vodafone operates a retail estate consisting of both company owned and franchise (known as Partner Agent) stores. In total, there are 363 stores located across the UK.
A 'Tech Team' section (similar to Apple's Genius Bar) was rolled out in November 2011 to Vodafone 'Elite' status Stores in cities & large towns, offering free advice to all customers of the mobile network. Vodafone also introduced the 'RED Box' to its stores at the same time, which allows phone users to transfer contents between handsets.
Vodafone VIP
Beginning in 2010, Vodafone UK operated a 'VIP' reward scheme as part of a partnership with Live Nation, in which customers could access tickets 48 hours before release for major UK events including T in the Park, Isle of Wight Festival, Reading & Leeds festival, London Fashion Week and the British Grand Prix. Some of the music festivals involved in the scheme had their own 'Vodafone VIP' areas, available to customers by winning certain competitions. In May 2013, the Vodafone VIP Mobile Application developed by Invitation Digital was launched on both iPhone and Android platforms.
In January 2014, Vodafone announced the closure of Vodafone VIP with immediate effect.
Freebee Rewardz
Vodafone UK launched a loyalty scheme named 'Freebee Rewardz' in late 2011, accompanied by a £3million marketing campaign featuring two CGI bees named Jack and Mike voiced by Dan Antopolski and Karl Theobald. Each time a pay-as-you-go customer top-up £15 (such as a discount on a film from Blockbuster, or free credit toward their balance) to collect 'Pointz' that can be added to their bigger prize.
In May 2015 Rewardz were renamed Rewards to reflect marketing changes.
30 Day Service Guarantee and Flexi-Upgrade
In 2017, Vodafone UK launched two new features one called 30-day network satisfaction for new and upgrading customers that if they aren't happy with the Vodafone service and coverage within the first 30 days of having the contract the user can cancel and leave the network, the other is called Flexi-Upgrades this allows Vodafone customers after six months of being in their current contract to upgrade to a new device and contract after paying a certain amount off of their contract/device plans.
In June 2018, the 30-day Network Satisfaction was renamed and readvertised as the 30-day Service Guarantee, however in July 2019 the 30-day return period was removed by Vodafone and has now been reduced to only 14 days.
Slogans
Vodafone used the slogan 'How are you?' in the UK between 2003 and 2006, but briefly switched in 2007 to "Make the Most of Now".
In October 2017, Vodafone unveiled a new global brand campaign. This saw the logo return to its former 2D appearance and the introduction of a new slogan "The future is exciting... Ready?"
The Official Vodafone Big Top 40
From November 2010, Vodafone had used commercial radio's syndicated chart show to advertise its products and offers. Sunday evenings between 4 and 7pm, produced at London's Capital FM and syndicated to some of the biggest local radio stations in the UK, the show was hosted by Marvin Humes and Kat Shoob.
For the first 12 months of their sponsorship, Vodafone pushed their 'Freebees' brand and the show was named 'The Vodafone Freebees Big Top 40 Show' before being changed to simply 'The Vodafone Big Top 40' in 2011.
In 2017, the show was named 'The Official Vodafone Big Top 40' and the logo was re-made to fit the colours of Vodafone's new subsidiary mobile network, VOXI.
In March 2022, the show gained a new sponsor and was renamed The Sky VIP Official Big Top 40.
Be Unlimited
On 10 July 2019, Vodafone launched their new ad campaign "Be Unlimited" to accompany the launch of their new Unlimited Data plans which include 4G and 5G network coverage.
Sponorships and connectivity partner
Vodafone has been the official connectivity partner and sponsor for Glastonbury festival since March 2023 signing a multi year agreement with the festival to provide mobile coverage and free charging at the festival.
Vodafone has been the official connectivity partner of the British Summer Time (concerts) festival since April 2022 signing a multi-year deal to provide mobile coverage for the festival.
Vodafone has been the official connectivity partner of the Boardmasters festival since November 2023 signing a multi-year deal to provide mobile coverage for the festival.
Vodafone has been the official connectivity partner of the Mighty Hoopla & Kendal Calling festivals since April 2022 signing a multi-year deal to provide mobile coverage for the festival.
Vodafone has been the network partner and sponsor of Wimbledon Championships since January 2022 signing a five-year deal to provide mobile coverage across all tennis courts.
Vodafone has been the Shirt sponsor of Wales woman team since September 2022 and this has been extended to the Mens national team in June 2023 on a multi-year deal.
Vodafone was the shirt sponsor for the 2021 rugby tour of the British & Irish Lions in South Africa.
Vodafone was the shirt sponsor for English premiership mens and woman's rugby & netball teams Wasps from 2019 till 2023 before the club went into administration.
Controversies
Data charges
Vodafone UK came under criticism in June 2011 after they scrapped their fair-use policy on data charges, meaning those without monthly allowances would pay 50p for every 10MB of data used.
Loss of network
A break-in at the Vodafone exchange centre in Basingstoke on 28 February 2011 left several hundreds of thousands of customers in the west of London without network access, after burglars stole computer equipment and damaged network hardware.
Subcontracting to third-parties
Vodafone came under fire after the Manchester Arena bombing of May 2017. The company outsourced the National Mutual Aid Telephony system out to a third party under the name of Content Guru. When the attack took place, the system failed to operate and resulted in those affected by the attack not being able to contact police or emergency services.
Proposed merger with Three
In 2023, Vodafone UK struck a deal with Three UK to merge their UK businesses, subject to approval by the competition regulator. The combined company would have 27 million customers, which would make them the largest mobile network in the UK, surpassing O2 which has 24 million customers and EE which has 20 million. The deal would give Vodafone Group a 51% stake in the new business with CK Hutchison (the owner of Three UK) owning the remaining 49%. Vodafone has an option to buy out Hutchison's stake, three years after completion of the merger.
Vodafone claim that the deal would lead to £11bn of investment into 5G over the next 10 years. Consumer group Which? and others raised concerns that the merger would risk lowering the quality of service and increasing prices due to less competition being present.
In January 2024, the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) have announced to start their Phase 1 investigation on this proposed deal. The Phase 1 investigation would take around 40 days to complete before the decision to either allow the merger or dive in a new phase investigation called Phase 2, where the regulator dives into more information about an acquisition or merger. This takes a lot more time compared to Phase 1 investigations.
In March 2024, the CMA completed their Phase 1 investigation, and have found evidence that the merger between Vodafone UK and Three UK could raise prices and reduce quality of the new network for consumers and businesses. The CMA gave Both Vodafone UK & Three UK five days to respond to the concerns with sufficient evidence before they started their phase 2 investigation, which would take several months and it is expected to end in late 2024 when the CMA decides whether or not to allow the multi-billion pound merger.
VOXI by Vodafone
On 9 September 2017, Vodafone launched their VOXI SIM-only plans which offered users under 25 unlimited minutes, texts and endless data to social media websites and apps. In 2018 the upper age limit was raised to 30. In November 2018, Voxi started selling contracted and SIM-free phones. In April 2019 the upper age limit was removed by Vodafone, meaning that VOXI is available to all users regardless of their age.
VOXI users gained access to Vodafone's 5G services in October 2019 although access was limited to users on the unlimited plan only. Users of lower-priced plans gained access to the new technology in September 2020 along with unlimited video streaming.
References
External links
Vodafone
Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications companies established in 1985
Companies based in Newbury, Berkshire
1985 establishments in England |
1482293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Kaibab%20Trail | South Kaibab Trail | The South Kaibab Trail is a hiking trail in Grand Canyon National Park, located in the U.S. state of Arizona. Unlike the Bright Angel Trail which also begins at the south rim of the Grand Canyon and leads to the Colorado River, the South Kaibab Trail follows a ridge out to Skeleton Point allowing for 360-degree views of the canyon.
Access and description
The trailhead for the South Kaibab Trail is located off of the Yaki Point Road, which is closed to private vehicles. The trailhead can be accessed via either the Rim Trail or the free Grand Canyon National Park shuttle bus. From the trailhead, the trail heads north. Hikers begin with a steep descent through the Grand Canyon's upper rock layers: the Kaibab Limestone and Toroweap Formation. At about 1/2 mile one can observe an excellent example of a pustule dome. Here a small deposit of less dense more buoyant evaporite has punctured through a layer of harder limestone above. Through the first ¾ mile, the trail cuts through the eastern side of Pipe Creek Canyon until Ooh Aah Point, where the canyon walls turn around Yaki Point and the view of the eastern canyon opens up. The point is named after a common reaction to the view.
From Ooh Aah Point the trail turns around a few switchbacks in a natural break in the Coconino Sandstone until Cedar Ridge, where the trail begins to level off slightly. Cedar Ridge has toilet facilities and offers a place for hikers and mule trains to rest. Below here, the trail continues north around the east site of a prominent Supai sandstone tower named O'Neill Butte, descending gradually through the Hermit Shale and Supai Group to Skeleton Point, three miles (5 km) from the trailhead. After Skeleton Point, the trail begins a sharp descent through a natural break in the Redwall Limestone. Despite the name, the natural color of the rock is light beige or gray. The trail cuts to the west of the point where hikers can get a view of Phantom Ranch, then quickly back to the east side of the point. There are numerous switchbacks to descend the through the Redwall Limestone, Muav Limestone, and Bright Angel Shale to the junction with the Tonto Trail, 4½ miles from the trailhead.
A sign marks the trail junction, which has toilet facilities. The Tonto Trail heads west towards Havasupai Gardens, and east towards Horseshoe Mesa and Hance Rapids. About ¼ past the junction is a point called the Tipoff, where an emergency phone is located on the east side of the trail. After the Tipoff the trail makes its final steep descent to the bottom of the canyon, through the Tapeats Sandstone and Vishnu Schist. This section is the steepest of the South Kaibab Trail at an average of 22%. Six miles from the trailhead, there is a junction with the River Trail at its eastern terminus. One-half mile past the junction, there is a tunnel that leads to the Black Suspension Bridge crossing the Colorado River. Mule trips from the south rim cross this bridge except when it is closed to traffic. The other crossing of the Colorado is about ¾ downstream on the Silver Suspension Bridge, accessible from the River Trail.
On the north site of the river the trail turns westward and descends slightly. There is a spur that leads to Boat Beach on the Colorado River, just downstream from the black bridge. About ½ mile past the bridge is the junction with the River Trail and North Kaibab Trail, marking the official end on the South Kaibab Trail seven miles (11 km) from the trailhead. There is a restroom and water spigot at the junction. The Bright Angel Campground is located just past here, and Phantom Ranch is about ½ mile past the campground.
Part of Arizona Trail
The South Kaibab Trail is also part of the Arizona Trail system, crossing the state of Arizona from Mexico to Utah. The thru-trail continues north from here along the North Kaibab Trail.
Condition
Grand Canyon National Park categorizes the South Kaibab Trail as a corridor trail. With this designation it receives regular maintenance and patrols by park rangers.
Water availability
Water is available, along with restrooms, at the trailhead. Water is not available at any point along the South Kaibab Trail, except on the north side of the Colorado River. Treated water is only available at the Bright Angel Campground and Phantom Ranch. All water found from natural sources must be filtered, treated, or boiled prior to consuming.
Camping
Hikers may only camp at the Bright Angel Campground, where they can stay overnight with a permit issued by the Grand Canyon National Park Backcountry Information Center. Use of the campground overnight is regulated by the National Park Service, and they call for a maximum number of groups (7 to 11 people) and parties (1 to 6 people), as well as a maximum total number of persons. Wood and charcoal fires are not permitted; camp stoves only.
Requests are taken beginning on the 1st day of the month, up to four months before the requested first night of camping. Permits are also available on a first-come, first-served basis from the park's Backcountry Information Center three months out.
Hazards
Hazards hikers can encounter along the South Kaibab Trail include dehydration, sudden rainstorms, lightning, bootpacked ice, flash flooding, loose footing, rockfall, encounters with wildlife, and extreme heat. At the Colorado River, additional hazards include hypothermia (due to the river's consistently cold temperatures), trauma (due to collisions with boulders in rapids), and drowning.
See also
List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park
Geology of the Grand Canyon area
References
External links
Grand Canyon National Park, Official site
Grand Canyon Explorer
South Kaibab Trail
South Kaibab Trail, history and photographs maintained by Arizona State University
Hiking trails in Grand Canyon National Park
National Recreation Trails in Arizona |
1482294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniority%20%28financial%29 | Seniority (financial) | In finance, seniority refers to the order of repayment in the event of a sale or bankruptcy of the issuer. Seniority can refer to either debt or preferred stock. Senior debt must be repaid before subordinated (or junior) debt is repaid. Each security, either debt or equity, that a company issues has a specific seniority or ranking. Bonds that have the same seniority in a company's capital structure are described as being pari passu. Preferred stock is senior to common stock in a sale when preferred shareholders must receive back their preference, typically their original investment amount, before the common shareholders receive anything.
FpML
The seniority of bonds recognised in FpML (Financial products Markup Language) are as follows:
See also
Security interest
Secured creditor
Senior debt
Unsecured creditor
Preferential creditor
References
Bankruptcy
Corporate finance
Fixed income |
1482311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Kohner | Susan Kohner | Susanna "Susan" Kohner (born November 11, 1936) is an American actress who worked in film and television. She played Sarah Jane, a young African-American woman, in Imitation of Life (1959), for which she was nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress. She won two Golden Globe awards for her performance.
Kohner married menswear designer and writer John Weitz in 1964. Their two sons, Paul Weitz and Chris Weitz, both became film directors and producers, screenwriters, and occasional actors.
Early life
Kohner was born in Los Angeles, California, daughter of Lupita Tovar, a Mexican-born actress who had a career in Hollywood, and Paul Kohner, a film producer who was born in Bohemia, Austria-Hungary. Her mother was Roman Catholic, and of Irish and Mexican descent; her father was Czech Jewish.
Career
Most of Kohner's film roles came during the late 1950s and early 1960s, including co-starring with Sal Mineo in both Dino (1957) and The Gene Krupa Story (1959).
In her best-known role, Kohner played Sarah Jane in Imitation of Life, portraying a light-skinned Black woman who "passes" as white. The 1959 film was the second film adaptation of the 1933 book of the same name. The plot had major changes to better reflect its own time. The first film adaptation was released in 1934.
The expensive, glossy Ross Hunter production, directed by Douglas Sirk and starring Lana Turner, was a box-office hit. In addition, Kohner was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her role in the film. She won a Golden Globe as Best Supporting Actress and another as Best New Actress. Following her role in Imitation of Life, Kohner appeared in All the Fine Young Cannibals opposite Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner.
Kohner's TV debut was on February 4, 1956, in the "Long After Summer" episode of The Alcoa Hour. A review in the trade publication Billboard said that she "failed to impress." She later had guest roles on various television series, including Hong Kong, Going My Way, and Temple Houston. She made her last film appearance in 1962, costarring with Montgomery Clift in Freud: The Secret Passion. She retired from acting in 1964.
Personal life
In 1964, Kohner married John Weitz, a German-born novelist and fashion designer. She retired from acting to devote time to her family. The couple had two sons together, Chris and Paul Weitz, who both became film directors and producers in Hollywood. Together they produced films such as American Pie (1999) and About a Boy (2002). Chris Weitz is also known for directing New Moon (2009), part of The Twilight Saga.
On April 23, 2010, a new print of Imitation of Life (1959) was screened at the TCM Film Festival in Los Angeles, California, to which Kohner and co-star Juanita Moore were invited. After the screening, the two women appeared on stage for a question-and-answer session hosted by TCM's Robert Osborne. Kohner and Moore received standing ovations.
Theater
1958: Love Me Little by John G. Fuller at Helen Hayes Theatre. Role: Emily Whittaker. Broadway debut.
1962: Pullman Car Hiawatha by Thornton Wilder at Circle in the Square Theatre. Role: Harriet Milbury.
1963: Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw at Vancouver Theater Festival. With Mike Nichols.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
See also
John Weitz
Chris Weitz
Paul Weitz
Lupita Tovar
Paul Kohner
References
External links
Living people
1936 births
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
American actresses of Mexican descent
American film actresses
American people of Czech-Jewish descent
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Jewish American actresses
Kohner family
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women |
1482315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTMS%20Maeklong | HTMS Maeklong | HTMS Maeklong () is a retired Royal Thai Navy escort vessel (classified also as a corvette or sloop) and training ship, built at the Uraga Dock in Yokosuka, Japan. Her sister ship was .
The Maeklong is preserved in concrete in Chulachomklao Fort in Phra Samut Chedi District, Samut Prakan Province, Thailand. The ship is named after a river, the Mae Klong.
Construction and commissioning
HTMS Maeklong construction along with four other warships was ordered and signed by the Royal Thai Navy on 13 August 1935 and Phra Prakobkollakij was assigned as the general overseer of all the five warships, where Luang Chanchakrakij was to overseer the detailed construction of HTMS Maeklong and HTMS Tachin.
Royal keel-laying ceremony for HTMS Maeklong was held on 24 July 1936, at the Uraga Dock Company, Japan. HTMS Maeklong has delivery and returned to Thailand on 10 June 1937 and arrived at Ratcha Woradit Pier on 26 September 1937. The Ministry of Defense organized a welcoming ceremony and enrolled in the ship on the day the ship arrived in Thailand. At the ceremony Prince Oscar Anuvatana, President of the regency council of King Rama VIII, presided over the ceremony at the Rajakij Winitchai Pavilion. HTMS Maeklong commissioned in 1937, served as a training ship for naval officers until the age of 60 is considered the longest active warship in the history of the Thai navy and the second longest in the world.
Service history
During World War II, HTMS Maeklong patrolled the Thai territories to protect the Gulf of Thailand until the war was over and used to be a royal ship in many times, for example, when King Rama VIII went to study in Switzerland on 13 January 1938, or when the King returned to Bangkok on 2 December 1951 and used in royal proceedings to inspect the Naval Parade and Observing the landing of the marines at Bang Saen Beach, Chon Buri Province on 20 November 1954. In addition, it was organized as a ship to bring bone ash of King Prajadhipok to Tha Ratchaworadit on 20 May 1949.
HTMS Maeklong Museum
Later, King Bhumibol Adulyadej asked the Royal Thai Navy that should preserve the old warships and make them into a museum of military history to disseminate knowledge to the public. Therefore, in the auspicious occasion of King Bhumibol will ascend the throne for the 50th year in 1996, the Royal Thai Navy built the Thai Warship Museum in honour of the Golden Jubilee Year of King Bhumibol by conserving the Mae Klong Luang boat and creating a warship museum in the navy's outdoor museum project.
Gallery
Citations
References
Mikesh, Robert C. and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941. London: Putnam, 1990. .
External links
HTMS Maeklong Conservation Project
Museum ships in Thailand
Ships of the Royal Thai Navy
1936 ships
Buildings and structures in Samut Prakan province
Tourist attractions in Samut Prakan province
Ships built by Uraga Dock Company
Japan–Thailand military relations
Royal and presidential yachts
World War II frigates
Training ships of the Royal Thai Navy |
1482323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Kermode | Frank Kermode | Sir John Frank Kermode, FBA (29 November 1919 – 17 August 2010) was a British literary critic best known for his 1967 work The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction and for his extensive book-reviewing and editing.
He was the Lord Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature at University College London and the King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge University.
Kermode was known for many works of criticism, and also as editor of the popular Fontana Modern Masters series of introductions to modern thinkers. He was a regular contributor to the London Review of Books and The New York Review of Books.
Early life and education
Kermode was born on the Isle of Man, the only son and elder child of John Pritchard Kermode (1894–1966) and Doris Pearl (1893–1967), née Kennedy. His father was a delivery truck driver and warehouseman for a ferry company, and his mother, a "farm girl", had been a waitress. The family was of "extremely modest means", and "struggled to maintain a respectable yet always precarious standard of life". The Kermode family- which according to Kermode's reminiscences had "some kind of Welsh connection"- had in previous generations been somewhat more comfortable financially; Kermode's grandfather was an organist, and his grandmother, who remarried as a widow, came to own an off-licence/ general store. Her new husband "staged a robbery of the shop and stole the stock and... she went bankrupt". Kermode's father, on returning from serving in the First World War, finding there now to be no family business, "took temporary jobs and then got what he thought was a job that would see him through, as a storekeeper and he stayed in that for the rest of his career". Kermode's father retired after the Second World War, both he and his wife coming to be in poor health; Kermode's mother suffered from dementia, and his father was "an extreme diabetic", dying from diabetes while resident in a retirement home. Kermode, having come first in the examinations allowing attendance, was educated at Douglas High School for Boys and the University of Liverpool. He served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, for six years in total, much of it in Iceland.
Career
He began his academic career as a lecturer at King's College, Durham University, in 1947. He later taught at the University of Reading from 1949, where he produced the Arden edition of Shakespeare's The Tempest. He held professorships at the University of Manchester (1958) and the University of Bristol (1965), before being appointed to the Lord Northcliffe chair at University College London (UCL) in 1967. Under Kermode, the UCL English Department chaired a series of graduate seminars which broke new ground by introducing for the first time contemporary French critical theory to Britain.
Kermode was a contributor for several years to the literary and political magazine Encounter and in 1965 became co-editor. He resigned within two years, once it became clear that the magazine was funded by the CIA.
In 1974, Kermode took the position of King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge University. He resigned the post in 1982, at least in part because of the acrimonious tenure debate surrounding Colin MacCabe. He then moved to Columbia University, where he was Julian Clarence Levi Professor Emeritus in the Humanities. In 1975–76 he held the Norton Lectureship at Harvard University.
Awards and recognitions
He was knighted in 1991. A few months before Kermode's death, the scholar James Shapiro described him as "the best living reader of Shakespeare anywhere, hands down".
Kermode died in Cambridge on 17 August 2010.
Personal life
Kermode was married twice. He was married to Maureen Eccles from 1947 to 1970. The couple had twins. His second marriage was to the American scholar Anita Van Vactor. The couple co-edited The Oxford Book of Letters (1995).
In September 1996, he had boxes containing valuable books and manuscripts removed and destroyed in a dustcart by a Cambridge City Council refuse collection team (instead of the removal company employed to move them to another house). He sued CCC for £20,000; the Council denied responsibility.
Academic positions
Lecturer, University of Durham (1947–49)
Lecturer, University of Reading (1949–58)
John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature, University of Manchester (1958–65)
Winterstoke Professor of English, University of Bristol (1965–67)
Lord Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature, University College London (1967–74)
Honorary Fellow, University College London (1996–2010)
King Edward VII Professor of English Literature, University of Cambridge (1974–82)
Fellow, King's College, Cambridge (1974–87)
Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry, Harvard University (1977–78)
Julian Clarence Levi Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University (1982–84)
Honorary Fellow, King's College, Cambridge (1988–2010)
Works
English Pastoral Poetry from the Beginnings to Marvell, (1952), Life, Literature and Thought Library, Harrap, , OCLC 230064261
The Arden Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare: The Tempest (1954) London: Methuen, OCLC 479707500
Seventeenth Century Songs, now first printed from a Bodleian manuscript (1956), ed. with John P. Cutts. Reading University School of Art, OCLC 185784945
John Donne (1957), London: Longmans, Green & Co., , OCLC 459757847
Romantic Image (1957), Routledge & Kegan Paul, , OCLC 459757853
The Living Milton: essays by various hands, collected and edited by Frank Kermode (1960), Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 460313451
Wallace Stevens (1961), Evergreen pilot books, EP4, New York: Grove Press, , OCLC 302326
Puzzles and Epiphanies: essays and reviews 1958–1961 (1962), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, OCLC 6516698
Discussions of John Donne. Edited with an introduction by Frank Kermode (1962), Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., OCLC 561198453
Spenser and the Allegorists (1962), London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 6126122
William Shakespeare: the final plays (1963), London: Longmans, Green & Co., OCLC 59684048
The Patience of Shakespeare (1964), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, OCLC 10454934
The Integrity of Yeats (1964), with Donoghue, Denis, Jeffares, Norman, Henn, T. R., and Davie, Donald (1964), Cork: Mercier Press, , OCLC 1449245
Spenser: selections from the minor poems and The Faerie Queene (1965), London: Oxford University Press, OCLC 671410
On Shakespeare's Learning (1965), Manchester: Manchester University Press, OCLC 222028401
Four Centuries of Shakespearian Criticism (1965) Rouben Mamoulian Collection (Library of Congress) (1965), Avon library, OS2, New York: Avon Books, , OCLC 854327
The Humanities and the Understanding of Reality (1966), with Beardsley, Monroe C., Frye, Northrop, Bingham, Barry; Thomas B. Stroup, ed. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, OCLC 429358239
The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction (1967; 2nd edition 2000), New York: Oxford University Press, , OCLC 42072263
Marvell: selected poetry (1962), New York: New American Library, , OCLC 716175
Continuities (1968), New York: Random House, , OCLC 166560
The Poems of John Donne (1968), Cambridge: University Printing House, OCLC 601720173
Shakespeare: King Lear: a casebook (1969), Casebook series, London: Macmillan,
The Metaphysical poets,(1969), Fawcett Pub. Co, OCLC 613406485
On Poetry and Poets by T. S. Eliot (1969) editor
Modern Essays (1970), London: Collins, , OCLC 490969948
Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne (1971), London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, , OCLC 637793898
The Oxford Reader: varieties of contemporary discourse (1971), ed. with Poirier, Richard. (1971), New York: Oxford University Press, , OCLC 145191
Lawrence (1973), London: Fontana Modern Masters, , OCLC 628922
The Oxford Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages Through the 18th Century (1973) ed. with John Hollander, two vols.
English Renaissance Literature, Introductory Lectures (1974), with Stephen Fender and Kenneth Palmer
The Classic: literary images of permanence and change (1975), New York, Viking Press, , OCLC 1207405
Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot (1975), London, Faber and Faber, OCLC 299343248
The Genesis of Secrecy: on the interpretation of narrative (1979), Charles Eliot Norton lectures, Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press, , OCLC 441081372
The Art of Telling: essays on fiction (1983), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, , OCLC 9283076
Forms of Attention (1985), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, , OCLC 11518139
The Literary Guide to the Bible (1987), ed. with Robert Alter, London, Collins & Sons, OCLC 248461187
History and Value (1988), Clarendon lectures and Northcliffe lectures 1987, Oxford: Clarendon Press, , OCLC 613291093
An Appetite for Poetry: essays in literary interpretation (1989), London: Collins, , OCLC 20419496
Poetry, Narrative, History (1989), Oxford: Blackwell, , OCLC 283038643
Andrew Marvell (1990), ed. with Keith Walker, Oxford: New York, Oxford University Press, OCLC 21335465
The Uses of Error (1990), London: Collins, , OCLC 246587512
An Unmentionable Man (1994), ed. with Edward Upward, London: Enitharmon Press, OCLC 407255162
The Oxford Book of Letters (1995), ed. with Anita Kermode, Oxford: Oxford University Press, OCLC 406986931
Not Entitled: a memoir (1995), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, , OCLC 32544681
Stevens: collected poetry and prose (1997), ed. with Joan Richardson, New York: Library of America, , OCLC 470040871
The Mind Has Mountains: a.alvarez@lxx (1999), ed. with Anthony Holden, et al, Cambridge: Los Poetry Press, OCLC 42309776
Edward Upward: a bibliography 1920–2000 (2000), ed. with Alan Walker, London: Enitharmon Press, OCLC 49843441
Shakespeare's Language (2000), New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, , OCLC 42772306
Pleasing Myself: from Beowulf to Philip Roth (2001), London: Allen Lane, , OCLC 462323235
life.after.theory (interview) (2003), Michael Payne, John Schad, eds.London; New York: Continuum, OCLC 51567851
Pieces of My Mind: writings 1958–2002 (2003) (American edition subtitled essays and criticism 1958–2002), London: Allen Lane, , OCLC 52144014
The Age of Shakespeare (2004), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, , OCLC 59277844
Pleasure, Change, and Canon (2004), with Robert Alter, The Berkeley Tanner lectures, Oxford University Press,
The Duchess of Malfi: seven masterpieces of Jacobean drama (annotated edn; 2005), Modern Library,
Concerning E. M. Forster (2009), Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
Bury Place Papers: essays from the London Review of Books (2009), London Review of Books,
References
Further reading
Margaret Tudeau-Clayton and Martin Warner, editors (1991), Addressing Frank Kermode. Essays in Criticism and Interpretation
Christopher J. Knight (2003), Uncommon Readers: Denis Donoghue, Frank Kermode, George Steiner, and the Tradition of the Common Reader
External links
John Sutherland interviews Frank Kermode
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 19 February 2008 (video)
Fontana Modern Masters or "Books, Art, and Books as Art : A Cover Story"
Frank Kermode interviewed by Christopher Tayler, 5 December 2009
Frank Kermode interviewed by Jonathan Derbyshire in New Statesman
About Kermode's life and obituary, The Guardian, Wednesday, 18 August 2010.
1919 births
2010 deaths
British literary critics
20th-century Manx writers
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Academics of Durham University
Academics of the University of Reading
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Bristol
Academics of University College London
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the British Academy
Shakespearean scholars
People educated at St Ninian's High School, Douglas |
1482326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%20symbol | Term symbol | In atomic physics, a term symbol is an abbreviated description of the total spin and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the electrons in a multi-electron atom. So while the word symbol suggests otherwise, it represents an actual value of a physical quantity.
For a given electron configuration of an atom, its state depends also on its total angular momentum, including spin and orbital components, which are specified by the term symbol. The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell–Saunders coupling) in which the all-electron total quantum numbers for orbital (L), spin (S) and total (J) angular momenta are good quantum numbers.
In the terminology of atomic spectroscopy, L and S together specify a term; L, S, and J specify a level; and L, S, J and the magnetic quantum number MJ specify a state. The conventional term symbol has the form 2S+1LJ, where J is written optionally in order to specify a level. L is written using spectroscopic notation: for example, it is written "S", "P", "D", or "F" to represent L = 0, 1, 2, or 3 respectively. For coupling schemes other that LS coupling, such as the jj coupling that applies to some heavy elements, other notations are used to specify the term.
Term symbols apply to both neutral and charged atoms, and to their ground and excited states. Term symbols usually specify the total for all electrons in an atom, but are sometimes used to describe electrons in a given subshell or set of subshells, for example to describe each open subshell in an atom having more than one. The ground state term symbol for neutral atoms is described, in most cases, by Hund's rules. Neutral atoms of the chemical elements have the same term symbol for each column in the s-block and p-block elements, but differ in d-block and f-block elements where the ground-state electron configuration changes within a column, where exceptions to Hund's rules occur. Ground state term symbols for the chemical elements are given below.
Term symbols are also used to describe angular momentum quantum numbers for atomic nuclei and for molecules. For molecular term symbols, Greek letters are used to designate the component of orbital angular momenta along the molecular axis.
The use of the word term for an atom's electronic state is based on the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle, an empirical observation that the wavenumbers of spectral lines can be expressed as the difference of two terms. This was later summarized by the Bohr model, which identified the terms with quantized energy levels, and the spectral wavenumbers of these levels with photon energies.
Tables of atomic energy levels identified by their term symbols are available for atoms and ions in ground and excited states from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Term symbols with LS coupling
The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell–Saunders coupling), in which the atom's total spin quantum number S and the total orbital angular momentum quantum number L are "good quantum numbers". (Russell–Saunders coupling is named after Henry Norris Russell and Frederick Albert Saunders, who described it in 1925). The spin-orbit interaction then couples the total spin and orbital moments to give the total electronic angular momentum quantum number J. Atomic states are then well described by term symbols of the form:
where
S is the total spin quantum number for the atom's electrons. The value 2S + 1 written in the term symbol is the spin multiplicity, which is the number of possible values of the spin magnetic quantum number MS for a given spin S.
J is the total angular momentum quantum number for the atom's electrons. J has a value in the range from |L − S| to L + S.
L is the total orbital quantum number in spectroscopic notation, in which the symbols for L are:
The orbital symbols S, P, D and F are derived from the characteristics of the spectroscopic lines corresponding to s, p, d, and f orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental; the rest are named in alphabetical order from G onwards (omitting J, S and P). When used to describe electronic states of an atom, the term symbol is often written following the electron configuration. For example, 1s22s22p2 3P0 represents the ground state of a neutral carbon atom. The superscript 3 indicates that the spin multiplicity 2S + 1 is 3 (it is a triplet state), so S = 1; the letter "P" is spectroscopic notation for L = 1; and the subscript 0 is the value of J (in this case J = L − S).
Small letters refer to individual orbitals or one-electron quantum numbers, whereas capital letters refer to many-electron states or their quantum numbers.
Terminology: terms, levels, and states
For a given electron configuration,
The combination of an value and an value is called a term, and has a statistical weight (i.e., number of possible states) equal to ;
A combination of , and is called a level. A given level has a statistical weight of , which is the number of possible states associated with this level in the corresponding term;
A combination of , , and determines a single state.
The product as a number of possible states with given S and L is also a number of basis states in the uncoupled representation, where , , , ( and are z-axis components of total spin and total orbital angular momentum respectively) are good quantum numbers whose corresponding operators mutually commute. With given and , the eigenstates in this representation span function space of dimension , as and . In the coupled representation where total angular momentum (spin + orbital) is treated, the associated states (or eigenstates) are and these states span the function space with dimension of
as . Obviously, the dimension of function space in both representations must be the same.
As an example, for , there are different states (= eigenstates in the uncoupled representation) corresponding to the 3D term, of which belong to the 3D3 (J = 3) level. The sum of for all levels in the same term equals (2S+1)(2L+1) as the dimensions of both representations must be equal as described above. In this case, J can be 1, 2, or 3, so 3 + 5 + 7 = 15.
Term symbol parity
The parity of a term symbol is calculated as
where is the orbital quantum number for each electron. means even parity while is for odd parity. In fact, only electrons in odd orbitals (with odd) contribute to the total parity: an odd number of electrons in odd orbitals (those with an odd such as in p, f,...) correspond to an odd term symbol, while an even number of electrons in odd orbitals correspond to an even term symbol. The number of electrons in even orbitals is irrelevant as any sum of even numbers is even. For any closed subshell, the number of electrons is which is even, so the summation of in closed subshells is always an even number. The summation of quantum numbers over open (unfilled) subshells of odd orbitals ( odd) determines the parity of the term symbol. If the number of electrons in this reduced summation is odd (even) then the parity is also odd (even).
When it is odd, the parity of the term symbol is indicated by a superscript letter "o", otherwise it is omitted:
Alternatively, parity may be indicated with a subscript letter "g" or "u", standing for gerade (German for "even") or ungerade ("odd"):
Ground state term symbol
It is relatively easy to predict the term symbol for the ground state of an atom using Hund's rules. It corresponds to a state with maximum S and L.
Start with the most stable electron configuration. Full shells and subshells do not contribute to the overall angular momentum, so they are discarded.
If all shells and subshells are full then the term symbol is 1S0.
Distribute the electrons in the available orbitals, following the Pauli exclusion principle.
Conventionally, put 1 electron into orbital with highest and then continue filling other orbitals in descending order with one electron each, until you are out of electrons, or all orbitals in the subshell have one electron. Assign, again conventionally, all these electrons a value + of quantum magnetic spin number .
If there are remaining electrons, put them in orbitals in the same order as before, but now assigning to them.
The overall S is calculated by adding the ms values for each electron. The overall S is then times the number of unpaired electrons.
The overall L is calculated by adding the values for each electron (so if there are two electrons in the same orbital, add twice that orbital's ).
Calculate J as
if less than half of the subshell is occupied, take the minimum value ;
if more than half-filled, take the maximum value ;
if the subshell is half-filled, then L will be 0, so .
As an example, in the case of fluorine, the electronic configuration is 1s22s22p5.
Discard the full subshells and keep the 2p5 part. So there are five electrons to place in subshell p ().
There are three orbitals () that can hold up to . The first three electrons can take but the Pauli exclusion principle forces the next two to have because they go to already occupied orbitals.
<li> ; , which is "P" in spectroscopic notation.
As fluorine 2p subshell is more than half filled, . Its ground state term symbol is then .
Atomic term symbols of the chemical elements
In the periodic table, because atoms of elements in a column usually have the same outer electron structure, and always have the same electron structure in the "s-block" and "p-block" elements (see block (periodic table)), all elements may share the same ground state term symbol for the column. Thus, hydrogen and the alkali metals are all 2S, the alkaline earth metals are 1S0, the boron column elements are 2P, the carbon column elements are 3P0, the pnictogens are 4S, the chalcogens are 3P2, the halogens are 2P, and the inert gases are 1S0, per the rule for full shells and subshells stated above.
Term symbols for the ground states of most chemical elements are given in the collapsed table below. In the d-block and f-block, the term symbols are not always the same for elements in the same column of the periodic table, because open shells of several d or f electrons have several closely spaced terms whose energy ordering is often perturbed by the addition of an extra complete shell to form the next element in the column.
For example, the table shows that the first pair of vertically adjacent atoms with different ground-state term symbols are V and Nb. The 6D ground state of Nb corresponds to an excited state of V 2112 cm−1 above the 4F ground state of V, which in turn corresponds to an excited state of Nb 1143 cm−1 above the Nb ground state. These energy differences are small compared to the 15158 cm−1 difference between the ground and first excited state of Ca, which is the last element before V with no d electrons.
Term symbols for an electron configuration
The process to calculate all possible term symbols for a given electron configuration is somewhat longer.
First, the total number of possible states is calculated for a given electron configuration. As before, the filled (sub)shells are discarded, and only the partially filled ones are kept. For a given orbital quantum number , is the maximum allowed number of electrons, . If there are electrons in a given subshell, the number of possible states is
As an example, consider the carbon electron structure: 1s22s22p2. After removing full subshells, there are 2 electrons in a p-level (), so there are
different states.
Second, all possible states are drawn. ML and MS for each state are calculated, with where mi is either or for the i-th electron, and M represents the resulting ML or MS respectively:
Third, the number of states for each (ML,MS) possible combination is counted:
Fourth, smaller tables can be extracted representing each possible term. Each table will have the size (2L+1) by (2S+1), and will contain only "1"s as entries. The first table extracted corresponds to ML ranging from −2 to +2 (so ), with a single value for MS (implying ). This corresponds to a 1D term. The remaining terms fit inside the middle 3×3 portion of the table above. Then a second table can be extracted, removing the entries for ML and MS both ranging from −1 to +1 (and so , a 3P term). The remaining table is a 1×1 table, with , i.e., a 1S term.
Fifth, applying Hund's rules, the ground state can be identified (or the lowest state for the configuration of interest). Hund's rules should not be used to predict the order of states other than the lowest for a given configuration. (See examples at .)
If only two equivalent electrons are involved, there is an "Even Rule" which states that, for two equivalent electrons, the only states that are allowed are those for which the sum (L + S) is even.
Case of three equivalent electrons
Alternative method using group theory
For configurations with at most two electrons (or holes) per subshell, an alternative and much quicker method of arriving at the same result can be obtained from group theory. The configuration 2p2 has the symmetry of the following direct product in the full rotation group:
which, using the familiar labels , and , can be written as
The square brackets enclose the anti-symmetric square. Hence the 2p2 configuration has components with the following symmetries:
The Pauli principle and the requirement for electrons to be described by anti-symmetric wavefunctions imply that only the following combinations of spatial and spin symmetry are allowed:
Then one can move to step five in the procedure above, applying Hund's rules.
The group theory method can be carried out for other such configurations, like 3d2, using the general formula
The symmetric square will give rise to singlets (such as 1S, 1D, & 1G), while the anti-symmetric square gives rise to triplets (such as 3P & 3F).
More generally, one can use
where, since the product is not a square, it is not split into symmetric and anti-symmetric parts. Where two electrons come from inequivalent orbitals, both a singlet and a triplet are allowed in each case.
Summary of various coupling schemes and corresponding term symbols
Basic concepts for all coupling schemes:
: individual orbital angular momentum vector for an electron, : individual spin vector for an electron, : individual total angular momentum vector for an electron, .
: Total orbital angular momentum vector for all electrons in an atom ().
: total spin vector for all electrons ().
: total angular momentum vector for all electrons. The way the angular momenta are combined to form depends on the coupling scheme: for LS coupling, for jj coupling, etc.
A quantum number corresponding to the magnitude of a vector is a letter without an arrow, or without boldface (example: ℓ is the orbital angular momentum quantum number for and )
The parameter called multiplicity represents the number of possible values of the total angular momentum quantum number J for certain conditions.
For a single electron, the term symbol is not written as S is always 1/2, and L is obvious from the orbital type.
For two electron groups A and B with their own terms, each term may represent S, L and J which are quantum numbers corresponding to the , and vectors for each group. "Coupling" of terms A and B to form a new term C means finding quantum numbers for new vectors , and . This example is for LS coupling and which vectors are summed in a coupling is depending on which scheme of coupling is taken. Of course, the angular momentum addition rule is that where X can be s, ℓ, j, S, L, J or any other angular momentum-magnitude-related quantum number.
LS coupling (Russell–Saunders coupling)
Coupling scheme: and are calculated first then is obtained. From a practical point of view, it means L, S and J are obtained by using an addition rule of the angular momenta of given electron groups that are to be coupled.
Electronic configuration + Term symbol: . is a term which is from coupling of electrons in group. are principle quantum number, orbital quantum number and means there are N (equivalent) electrons in subshell. For , is equal to multiplicity, a number of possible values in J (final total angular momentum quantum number) from given S and L. For , multiplicity is but is still written in the term symbol. Strictly speaking, is called level and is called term. Sometimes right superscript o is attached to the term symbol, meaning the parity of the group is odd ().
Example:
3d7 4F7/2: 4F7/2 is level of 3d7 group in which are equivalent 7 electrons are in 3d subshell.
3d7(4F)4s4p(3P0) 6F: Terms are assigned for each group (with different principal quantum number n) and rightmost level 6F is from coupling of terms of these groups so 6F represents final total spin quantum number S, total orbital angular momentum quantum number L and total angular momentum quantum number J in this atomic energy level. The symbols 4F and 3Po refer to seven and two electrons respectively so capital letters are used.
4f7(8S0)5d (7Do)6p 8F13/2: There is a space between 5d and (7Do). It means (8S0) and 5d are coupled to get (7Do). Final level 8F is from coupling of (7Do) and 6p.
4f(2F0) 5d2(1G) 6s(2G) 1P: There is only one term 2Fo which is isolated in the left of the leftmost space. It means (2Fo) is coupled lastly; (1G) and 6s are coupled to get (2G) then (2G) and (2Fo) are coupled to get final term 1P.
jj Coupling
Coupling scheme: .
Electronic configuration + Term symbol:
Example:
: There are two groups. One is and the other is . In , there are 2 electrons having in 6p subshell while there is an electron having in the same subshell in . Coupling of these two groups results in (coupling of j of three electrons).
: in () is for 1st group and in () is J2 for 2nd group . Subscript 11/2 of term symbol is final J of .
J1L2 coupling
Coupling scheme: and .
Electronic configuration + Term symbol: . For is equal to multiplicity, a number of possible values in J (final total angular momentum quantum number) from given S2 and K. For , multiplicity is but is still written in the term symbol.
Example:
3p5(2P)5g 2[9/2]: . is K, which comes from coupling of J1 and ℓ2. Subscript 5 in term symbol is J which is from coupling of K and s2.
4f13(2F)5d2(1D) [7/2]: . is K, which comes from coupling of J1 and L2. Subscript in the term symbol is J which is from coupling of K and S2.
LS1 coupling
Coupling scheme:, .
Electronic configuration + Term symbol: . For is equal to multiplicity, a number of possible values in J (final total angular momentum quantum number) from given S2 and K. For , multiplicity is but is still written in the term symbol.
Example:
3d7(4P)4s4p(3Po) Do 3[5/2]: . .
Most famous coupling schemes are introduced here but these schemes can be mixed to express the energy state of an atom. This summary is based on .
Racah notation and Paschen notation
These are notations for describing states of singly excited atoms, especially noble gas atoms. Racah notation is basically a combination of LS or Russell–Saunders coupling and J1L2 coupling. LS coupling is for a parent ion and J1L2 coupling is for a coupling of the parent ion and the excited electron. The parent ion is an unexcited part of the atom. For example, in Ar atom excited from a ground state ...3p6 to an excited state ...3p54p in electronic configuration, 3p5 is for the parent ion while 4p is for the excited electron.
In Racah notation, states of excited atoms are denoted as . Quantities with a subscript 1 are for the parent ion, and are principal and orbital quantum numbers for the excited electron, K and J are quantum numbers for and where and are orbital angular momentum and spin for the excited electron respectively. “o” represents a parity of excited atom. For an inert (noble) gas atom, usual excited states are where N = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 for Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, respectively in order. Since the parent ion can only be 2P1/2 or 2P3/2, the notation can be shortened to or , where means the parent ion is in 2P3/2 while is for the parent ion in 2P1/2 state.
Paschen notation is a somewhat odd notation; it is an old notation made to attempt to fit an emission spectrum of neon to a hydrogen-like theory. It has a rather simple structure to indicate energy levels of an excited atom. The energy levels are denoted as . is just an orbital quantum number of the excited electron. is written in a way that 1s for , 2p for , 2s for , 3p for , 3s for , etc. Rules of writing from the lowest electronic configuration of the excited electron are: (1) is written first, (2) is consecutively written from 1 and the relation of (like a relation between and ) is kept. is an attempt to describe electronic configuration of the excited electron in a way of describing electronic configuration of hydrogen atom. # is an additional number denoted to each energy level of given (there can be multiple energy levels of given electronic configuration, denoted by the term symbol). # denotes each level in order, for example, # = 10 is for a lower energy level than # = 9 level and # = 1 is for the highest level in a given . An example of Paschen notation is below.
See also
Quantum number
Principal quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
Spin quantum number
Magnetic quantum number
Angular quantum numbers
Angular momentum coupling
Molecular term symbol
Notes
References
Atomic physics
Theoretical chemistry
Quantum chemistry |
1482328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut%20Governorate | Beirut Governorate | Beirut Governorate (, ) is a Lebanese governorate that consists of one district and one city, Beirut, which is also its capital, and the capital of Lebanon.
The area of this governorate is 19.8 km2 (without suburbs); despite its small size, it is considered the most important region in Lebanon because of its economic, political, cultural, and social activity. The governor of the Beirut Governate is Greek Orthodox according to tradition, while the mayor of the City of Beirut is Sunni Muslim. Beirut is known to be the most religiously diverse city in the Middle East. There are about 2.5 million people in Beirut and its suburbs (Greater Beirut).
Cities
Beirut (Greater Beirut)
Religion
Beirut Governorate is a diverse governorate containing many religions in a tiny geography.
These numbers are a representation of the number of voters in Beirut who are eligible to vote only.
References
Governorates of Lebanon |
1482329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalDAV | CalDAV | Calendaring Extensions to WebDAV, or CalDAV, is an Internet standard allowing a client to access and manage calendar data along with the ability to schedule meetings with users on the same or on remote servers. It lets multiple users in different locations share, search and synchronize calendar data. It extends the WebDAV (HTTP-based protocol for data manipulation) specification and uses the iCalendar format for the calendar data. The access protocol is defined by . Extensions to CalDAV for scheduling are standardized as . The protocol is used by many important open-source applications.
History
The CalDAV specification was first published in 2003 as an Internet Draft submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) by Lisa Dusseault. In March 2007, the CalDAV specification was finished and published by the IETF as RFC 4791, authored by Cyrus Daboo (Apple), Bernard Desruissaux (Oracle), and Lisa Dusseault (CommerceNet). CalDAV is designed for implementation by any collaborative software, client or server, that needs to maintain, access or share collections of events. It is developed as an open standard to foster interoperability between software from different vendors.
Specification
The architecture of CalDAV (partially inherited from the underlying specifications) organizes the data (events, tasks, free-busy info, notes) in directories (collections), where multiple items (resources) reside. The resources and collections can be accessed by one or more users, using standard HTTP and DAV semantics to detect conflicting changes, or to provide locking.
For access control the concept of ACLs are used, so each operation (view, edit, delete etc.) can be denied or granted per user. Therefore, the specification requires that CalDAV servers must support "WebDAV Access Control Protocol" (RFC 3744).
The calendar resources must use iCalendar format, which allows the server to understand and process the data. Parsing the iCalendar items is necessary, because the server has to support a number of calendaring-specific operations such as doing free-busy time reports and expansion of recurring events. With this functionality, a user may synchronize their own calendar to a CalDAV server, and share it among multiple devices or with other users. The protocol also supports non-personal calendars, such as calendars for sites or organizations.
See also
Exchange ActiveSync
Comparison of CalDAV and CardDAV implementations
Calendar
CardDAV
GroupDAV, an effort to create a simplified, straightforward protocol for calendars as well as contacts.
iCalendar
Scheduling OSID defines a software interface abstraction for calendaring protocols.
SyncML
vCalendar
WebDAV
References
External links
CalDAV Resource Site
CalConnect, The Calendaring and Scheduling Consortium
WebDAV Resources
Open Calendar Sharing and Scheduling with CalDAV L. Dusseault, J. Whitehead, IEEE Internet Computing 9(2)
Application layer protocols
Calendaring standards |
1482335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20Holst | Kai Holst | Kai Christian Middelthon Holst (24 February 1913 – 27 June 1945) was a Norwegian seaman, fur farmer and resistance fighter during World War II. When the leadership of Milorg was torn up by the Gestapo in 1942, he acquired a leading role in the organisation and participated in re-establishing the central leadership (Sentralledelsen, SL) of Milorg together with Jens Christian Hauge. Holst had to flee Norway in the autumn of 1943 and stayed in Sweden until the liberation of Norway in 1945.
Holst is remembered both for his work with the Norwegian resistance and for the circumstances surrounding his death in Stockholm in 1945. Holst's demise was so much talked of at the time that the Milorg leadership issued a statement in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten in July 1945. Swedish and Norwegian authorities officially concluded that Holst committed suicide, but his family and many of his friends and colleagues were of the opinion that Holst was murdered.
Background
Kai Holst was born and grew up in the town of Lillehammer. He was the son of businessman Christian Holst and Inga Holst, born Rasmussen, both originally from Stavanger. After elementary school Holst attended secondary school and vocational training in Lillehammer. A couple of years after his confirmation he found work as a seaman, and in the years 1930–1933 he sailed on MS Brageland, owned by the Norwegian shipping company Sydamerikalinjen, then transferred to , owned by the Norwegian shipowner Ditlev-Simonsen.
In 1933 he finished working as a seaman and became a fur farmer in Mesnali, east of Lillehammer. Holst contracted tuberculosis and just before the outbreak of World War II he had a major operation related to his pulmonary tuberculosis.
From December 1944 until his death he was married to Margarete Corneliussen, daughter of Ragnar Corneliussen, the president of Tiedemann's tobacco factory and a member of the board of Industriforbundet, and Monna Morgenstierne Roll. He was thus brother-in-law to Major General Ole Otto Paus, who was married to his wife's sister Else.
Work with the resistance
Clandestine work in Norway
After Norway was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany Holst soon, despite his bad health, started working with the main Norwegian resistance organisation, Milorg. He was recruited in 1941 by his brother-in-law, the officer Lars Heyerdahl-Larsen and was soon given important tasks and gained a reputation as the most action-oriented man in the secretariat of the central leadership (Sentralledelsen). From 1942 Holst worked as a courier, established Milorg's system for hiding refugees (apartments where resistance fighters went into hiding before being "exported" to neutral Sweden) and had close contact with such central resistance figures as Ole Borge and Jens Christian Hauge. Kai Holst was, according to professor Tore Pryser, instrumental in teaching Hauge the various skills needed: "In many ways it was actually Holst who trained the inexperienced Hauge."
At this time Holst worked closely with Hauge and for half a year they shared an undercover apartment. Holst's girlfriend and wife-to-be cared for the two men and was herself deeply involved in work for the resistance. In his report about his work during the war Jens Christian Hauge was highly approving of "Kaka", as Holst was called informally, and especially recognised him among his colleagues. When Jomar Brun (known for his involvement in Norwegian heavy water production) and his wife had to flee to Sweden, it was Holst who through Milorg's chief of communications, Salve Staubo, organised an undercover apartment in Oslo for the couple. It was also Holst who through Staubo recruited Milorg's legendary chief of weapons, Bror With.
Even though he never had any formal executive position in Milorg, Kai Holst had an important role in the practical work in the organisation, and he was especially important for Milorg in the autumn of 1942 when several of the leaders were arrested by the Gestapo or had to flee to Sweden. Holst participated in the meeting at the turn of the year 1942 when Milorg was reorganised with Jens Christian Hauge as Inspector General (known as "big I").
In addition to being the link between the Milorg leadership and its district organisations, Holst was also the link to resistance groups independent of Milorg. They included Oslogjengen with Gunnar Sønsteby, XU, Asbjørn Bryhn' groups, 2A and the Osvald Group (also known as the Sunde Group after its leader Asbjørn Sunde). The cooperation with the communists and their inferior security almost resulted in Holst being caught by the Gestapo. Holst had an important role during the Osvald Group's fire-bombing of the work-service office in Pilestredet in Oslo on 20 March 1943, which Milorg hesitantly agreed to, whose aim was to destroy archives of people assigned to work service for the Nazi regime.
In spite of his bad health Holst worked hard and took on several dangerous assignments, among them meetings with people who were suspected of working with the German security services. Holst also organised squads for liquidating dangerous German and collaborationist Norwegian agents. Holst was a skilled undercover operator, fully aware of the risks of being captured, and always carried a gun and a poison pill with him so that if he was caught, he could commit suicide and not reveal information about the organisation.
Escape to Sweden
In the summer of 1943 Holst had to flee to neutral Sweden. After hiding at a fur-farm in Mesnali he was accompanied over the border by a border guide at Svinesund on 5 August. He was arrested on entering Sweden and explained that he had to flee as he had been in possession of a radio without permission, had listened to news from London, and had spread it to others. He did not say anything about his work with Milorg. After being questioned by the Swedish authorities in Strömstad, as a refugee from Norway he was sent to Kjesäter and after further questioning there given permission to travel to Stockholm.
In Stockholm Holst was employed at the Norwegian legation, working with military office number 4 (Mi4) at an office at Skeppargatan 32 on Östermalm. He worked with supplies to the resistance forces in Norway and one of his tasks was to organise courier activities into and out of Norway. Part of Holst's work for the Norwegian resistance was illegal in neutral Sweden. At least once Holst were arrested by the Swedish police, but was quickly set free. The arrest was connected with a failed attempt by Holst to organise a courier route over Magnor, assisted by a Swede with local connections and another Norwegian. After the war it was revealed that the two were in the service of the German intelligence agency, the Abwehr. Holst was good at organising and acquiring equipment and had many contacts, one of whom was the Soviet ambassador to Sweden, Alexandra Kollontai, from whom he acquired several pistols.
In November 1944 Holst was involved in an illegal weapons purchase and received a warning from the Swedish security police, Säpo. Around the same time Holst was mentioned by Säpo in connection with an espionage affair in which the Norwegian intelligence agent Finn Jacobsen was involved. It was however not possible for the Swedish authorities to interrogate Holst as he had diplomatic immunity. Finn Jacobsen was working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and cooperated with Holst in supplying the British with intelligence from Norway, without the knowledge of the Norwegian legation in Stockholm, which the SIS did not fully trust. Holst was an activist and probably had sympathy with the action-connected resistance groups, such as 2A and the Osvald Group and the so-called sports office (Idrettskontoret) at the Norwegian legation, led by Harald Gram.
Holst married Margarete Corneliussen on 19 December 1944 in Stockholm.
Peace and death
After the German capitulation in May 1945, Holst was working on closing the various storage bases that Norwegian resistance fighters had established on Swedish soil, and travelling back and forth between Sweden and Norway. On 23 June, he arrived in Norway by car from Stockholm and early in the morning of 26 June he accompanied British and Norwegian forces in searches carried out at German military camps at the Wehrmacht headquarters in Lillehammer.
The same day he unexpectedly travelled back to Stockholm and on the morning of 27 June was found dead at the top of the staircase in an apartment building at Rindögatan 42 on Gärdet. He was found by the porter's wife, shot in the right side of the head, lying in a pool of blood at the top of the staircase, outside the door to the elevator room. Some hours earlier she had found his rucksack and travel bag outside the entrance. The body was found with 1,200 NOK, a large sum at that time (equal to more than 20,000 NOK, or over $3,000 in 2012), something that seemed to rule out robbery as a motive for murdering him.
According to the Swedish police Holst had rung the doorbell and had been let in by one of the tenants, but had not then visited that apartment. The policeman who first saw the body reported that the pistol (Holst's own, a Spanish Llama Colt 9mm) was in Holst's right hand, with his finger on the trigger. The gun was removed by the police officer before the criminal police came. There is no photograph or sketch of the body at the site, only photographs from the autopsy.
Even though the case was investigated as a possible murder, the Swedish police quickly concluded that it was suicide. The criminal technicians test fired the weapon found in Holst's hand and found that it was the same as the one that fired the bullet found in the staircase where Holst had been found dead. Of the 28 tenants in the building, only three were questioned by the police during the investigation. In addition to limited questioning of possible witnesses, there were several other deficiencies in the investigation; there was no detailed description of the place he was found and information that was routinely collected during murder investigations was not recorded.
Kai Christian Middelthon Holst was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo. The grave is marked with a simple headstone on which his name, birth and death are carved.
"The Holst Case"
Suicide or murder?
Holst's family, many of his friends and colleagues in the resistance movement, among them Hans Ringvold and Erik Myhre, held the opinion that Holst was murdered. Among the theories colleagues and friends put forward about a possible murder was liquidation by a foreign intelligence service, be it from Germany, Sweden, the Soviet Union or the US.
Threats
Holst's family did their own research regarding his death. Holst's sister, Else Heyerdahl-Larsen, contacted Norwegian authorities, but was warned against looking into the case as it could be dangerous. Ole Otto Paus, then an army captain, later a major general, was married to the sister of Holst's widow and in 1945 in Oslo he saw the documents from the police investigation when he tried to check the case. Paus found it especially troubling that Holst had bought sleeping car tickets from Stockholm to Oslo for his wife and himself for the day after he was found dead. When he wanted to check the documents again two years later, they were gone.
Paus was warned by a high-ranking Norwegian police officer, the jurist Olav Svendsen, former chief of the juridical office (Norwegian: Rettskontoret, a Norwegian intelligence organisation in neutral Sweden) against continued research into Holst's death. The same police officer also threatened Holst's widow and wife to leave the case. Ole Otto Paus was also warned by the chief of defence, Lieutenant General Ole Berg (former chief of the military office Mi2 and Mi4 at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm), against any further research into the case, as he risked his life by doing so.
Renewed research
In the 1990s, Holst relatives contacted the lawyer Jan Heftye Blehr. Blehr contacted Rettsmedisinsk institutt (the Norwegian forensic institute) in order to reexamine the autopsy of Holst. The pathologist Olving stated that: "from the findings at the autopsy there is nothing that speaks against that it could be a suicide. There is however nothing that rules out that it could be a murder". On the basis of Major General Paus' statements, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security took up the case and in 1995 the historian Trond Bergh was in Stockholm and got to see what material the Swedish security police Säpo had that was related to Holst's case. According to the Minister of Justice, Grete Faremo, no new information was found.
Professor Magne Skodvin at Norway's Resistance Museum looked into the case the same year. The museum used material collected by retired Supreme Court judge Einar Løchen on behalf of Ole Borge, one of Milorg's leaders and veterans, who believed Holst had been liquidated. Borge and Løchen believed it was the communists who had murdered Holst, and the same view was held by the former XU agent Wiggo Ljøner. Professor Skodvin noted certain shortcomings in the police investigation, but concluded that from the material, it was clear that the cause of death was suicide.
Questions
Among the strange circumstances of the case is that Holst's dossier at the Swedish security police has been removed from the archive. Professor Tore Pryser claims that with the level of detail Säpo went into in similar cases there must have been a dossier: "Everything points to the information about Holst having been destroyed." There is however some information relating to Holst in dossiers regarding three other persons. The witness statements regarding his whereabouts when arriving in Stockholm and who he was together with the night he died are also contradictory.
Holst was found dead in an apartment building where the German intelligence organisation, the Abwehr, had a cover apartment, while a British SIS agent lived in the apartment building next door. The man who opened the door via intercom was Svante Holger Ahreson, an acquaintance of Holst's. According to Ahreson's statement to the Swedish police he had only heard mumbling, thought it was someone who had called the wrong apartment, and went back to bed when no one turned up at his apartment. According to Ahreson's daughter, Holst did however have an agreement with him to lodge Norwegian resistance fighters who were under threat, and Holst was therefore in close contact with Ahreson and not some distant acquaintance. According to her, contradicting what he told the Swedish police, Ahreson had recognised Holst's voice on the intercom, waited for him to arrive at the apartment, which did not happen, but registered that the elevator passed, heard voices and after that a gunshot.
According to the Swedish police Holst was found with the pistol in his right hand, something that has been interpreted as a sign of suicide. Gun experts do however say that it is highly unusual for a handgun to remain in the dead person's hand, as the recoil combined with almost immediate loss of muscle firmness will result in the weapon falling out of the person's hand. That the body was found with the gun in its right hand is also something that provoked a strong reaction from the family, as according to them Holst was left-handed. In the Swedish police's 32-page report about the case the conclusion of suicide is written in only one place: on the front page, the forensic pathologist who performed Holst's autopsy wrote Suicidum, Latin for suicide. The same physician who in his autopsy report drew no conclusion concerning how Holst died, suicide or murder, signed the police report, but according to Swedish handwriting experts the signature has been forged.
Holst's superior in Stockholm in 1945, Wladimir Mörch Hansson, said that Holst received death threats, and found the lack of Swedish assistance in solving the case impossible to explain.
Odd Feydt, active in the resistance group 2A and in 1943 leader of Sambandskontoret (a Norwegian intelligence office in neutral Sweden) stated that Holst was followed (tailed) during his last trip from Lillehammer to Stockholm and that Holst's death might be connected with cooperation between the Norwegian Rettskontoret and the Swedish intelligence organisation C-byrån.
The Swedish professor Ingvar Bergström, who had worked for C-byrån in Gothenburg during the war, was of the opinion that Holst had been murdered. He first stated that the liquidation had been ordered at "high levels within Milorg" but later on changed his opinion, in consultation with the retired landshövding and historian Per Nyström, to its having been done by the Swedes in cooperation with the Norwegians. Holst's close colleague during the war, the Milorg leader Jens Christian Hauge, has been criticised for refusing to assist in casting light on the case. In connection with the press coverage of the case in 1994 Hauge issued a press statement in which he stated that he did not have any specific knowledge of the case, and concluded with the following: "It would be a great relief for me and for all of Kai Holst's remaining comrades if this sad case could be solved."
Operation Claw
The question has been asked whether Kai Holst's death could be connected with his task at Lillehammer, a hypothesis primarily put forward by the historian Tore Pryser. Holst might have had with him information from Lillehammer that could damage the operation later known as "Operation Claw" (in Norwegian Lillehammer-kuppet). Odd Feydt stated that when Holst travelled back to Stockholm, he was tailed from the moment he passed the Norwegian-Swedish border. The information about Operation Claw was secret in the years after the war and even today is not all available. A report in the British National Archives is classified until 2020.
Kai Holst never received any decoration from Norwegian authorities for his wartime efforts, in spite of his superior Wladimir Mørch Hansson recommending one to the council of the resistance forces in January 1946. He was however posthumously commended by George VI of Great Britain on 24 June 1950 for Brave Conduct. The question has been raised of why Britain chose to honour Holst, as he never officially worked for the British. Tore Pryser has put forward the thesis that Holst, who in addition to his work for Milorg also was in the service of the British SIS, was killed by Swedish intelligence to prevent him from reporting Operation Claw to the SIS.
Documentaries
Göran Elgemyr: Den mystiska kofferten från Lillehammer and Liket på Gärdet i Stockholm, Sveriges Radio P-1, 17 and 20 April 1992
Mysteriet Holst, Ekkofilm, 2012, aired by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) on 1 April 2013 and by the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation (SVT) in May 2013
Notes
References
Göran Elgemyr: Kai Holsts mystiska död : – Historien om en norsk motståndsman i Oslo och i Stockholm, Jure bokhandel, Stockholm, 2015
Tore Pryser: Fra varm til kald krig: etterretningskuppet på Lillehammer i frigjøringsdagene 1945 og et mulig mord. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1994
Tore Pryser: Svik og gråsoner: Norske spioner under 2. verdenskrig, Spartacus forlag, Oslo 2010
Tore Pryser: USAs hemmelige agenter. Den amerikanske etterretningstjenesten OSS i Norden under andre verdenskrig, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2010
Tore Pryser: Tyske hemmelige tjenester i Norden. Spionsaker og aktører 1930–1950, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2012
Espen Haavardsholm: Ikke søkt av sol. Forlaget Oktober, Oslo 1994
Espen Haavardsholm: Taushetens pris, Oktober forlag, Oslo 1995
Ole Kristian Grimnes et al.: Motstandskamp, strategi og marinepolitikk, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1972
Arnfinn Moland: Milorg 1941–43: fremvekst, ledelse og organisasjon, Norges Hjemmefrontmuseum, Oslo 1991,
Arne Semb-Johansson: Fem år for fred og frihet : med Milorg 1940–1945, Cappelen, 1995 ISBN
Jens Christian Hauge: Rapport om mitt arbeid under okkupasjonen, Gyldendal, Oslo, 1995
Gunnar Sønsteby: Rapport fra «nr. 24», 1960, Orion Forlag,
Olav Njølstad: Jens Chr. Hauge: fullt og helt, Aschehoug, Oslo 2008
Per Helge Martinsen: Rød skygge over DI3: Kommunistene og Milorg i Stor-Oslo 1940–45, Happy Jam Factory, Bergen 2010
External links
About Kai Holst, from Norsk biografisk leksikon (Norwegian)
1913 births
1945 deaths
People from Lillehammer
Norwegian sailors
Norwegian resistance members
MI6 personnel
Deaths by firearm in Sweden
Burials at Vestre gravlund |
1482339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%20Weekend | USA Weekend | USA Weekend was an American weekend newspaper magazine published from 1953 to 2014.
Founded as Family Weekly, it was purchased in 1985 by the Gannett Company, which turned it into a sister publication to Gannett's flagship newspaper USA Today and distributed it in the Sunday editions of participating local newspapers, At its peak, USA Weekend was the country's second-largest national magazine supplement (behind Parade) and was distributed to more than 800 newspapers nationwide. Gannett ceased publication after the December 28, 2014, issue, citing a decline in print advertising and a company effort to minimize duplicative offerings.
Overview
The publication was incorporated in 1953 as Family Weekly, a weekend magazine intended for distribution with newspapers. By the mid-1980s, it was carried in 362 newspapers nationwide for a total circulation of 12.8 million copies, making it the third-largest weekly magazine in the U.S., ranking behind its main competitor Parade (owned since 1976 by Advance Publications, which would sell it to Athlon Media Group in 2014) and TV Guide.
The Gannett Company purchased the magazine from CBS, Inc. on February 21, 1985. After the sale was finalized later that spring, Gannett renamed it USA Weekend and designated 1985 as its founding year for promotional purposes and anniversary observances. Most of the newspapers that Gannett owned soon carried USA Weekend within their Sunday editions as their default weekend magazine.
USA Weekend focused its articles on social issues, entertainment personalities and pop culture, health, food reviews and recipes, and travel. In addition to Parade, USA Weekend also competed alongside some Sunday magazines published for certain newspapers, such as The New York Times Magazine. The magazine also provided some newspapers with "Newspaper in Education" classroom guides for use by teachers.
Shutdown
On December 5, 2014, Gannett announced that it would cease publication of USA Weekend with the December 26–28, 2014, edition and lay off 30 advertising and editorial staffers. The shutdown was reportedly due to mounting distribution costs and a decline in advertising revenue (revenue for Sunday magazines through advertising buys had decreased by 10.9% year-over-year between the first two quarters of 2013 and the first half of 2014. USA Weekend lost up to $10 million in operating costs during the 2013 and 2014 fiscal years, which in previous years had resulted in the shift from the carrier newspapers paying a licensing fee to Gannett to publishers of these papers receiving a fee from the company for distributing USA Weekend (a structure that had also affected other syndicated Sunday magazines). As well, the supplement's circulation had declined, shrinking from the mid-2000s high of up to 70 million copies distributed through newsstand sales and home-delivery newspaper subscriptions down to around 18 million in 2014. For its final years of publication, the magazine had relied on writers and columnists from USA Today to help provide feature content for the magazine, after Gannett laid off several members of USA Weekends writing staff.
The decision to cease publication of the supplement came one year after Gannett began distributing a seven-day-a-week supplement featuring condensed content from USA Today for syndication to the company's own local newspapers as well as partner newspapers owned by other publishers, with company executives said the supplement's Weekend Life section provided better content than USA Weekend. The end of USA Weekend left Parade as the only weekend newspaper magazine published in the United States. Parade, which had only appeared previously in acquired Gannett newspapers to fulfill contracts with previous owners, has now returned to many Gannett newspapers as a replacement for USA Weekend.
Columns
Columns and contributors featured in USA Weekend included:
CookSmart – a recipe column written by Ellie Krieger
EatSmart – a food column by Jean Carper, focusing on healthy recipes and tips
HealthSmart – a health information column written by the hosts of The Doctors
MoneySmart – a financial advice column written by Sharon Epperson and Walecia Konrad
Who's News – a column focusing on newsmakers of the past week, written by Lorrie Lynch
Wit&Wisdom – a feature focusing on humor and insight, written by Terry Stickels
Other notable contributors included:
Ken Burns
Steven V. Roberts
Cokie Roberts
Tavis Smiley
Make a Difference Day
In 1992, USA Weekends Make a Difference Day created an annual community service event, held on the fourth Saturday of October.
At the 2013 event, the company gave 14 community groups $10,000 to donate to their local charities.
References
External links
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Former CBS Corporation subsidiaries
Gannett publications
Magazines established in 1953
Magazines disestablished in 2014
Newspaper supplements
Sunday magazines
Former Gannett subsidiaries
USA Today |
1482360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Lacroix | Maurice Lacroix | Maurice Lacroix is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in the Canton of Jura and headquartered in Zürich.
History
Maurice Lacroix was founded in Sainelegier in the highlands of Jura as part of Desco von Schulthess of Zürich in 1975. Founded in 1889, Desco von Schulthess (Desco) is an older company with roots in the silk trade. Since 1946, Desco has also been a representative for luxury watches including Audemars Piguet, Heuer, Eterna, and Jaeger-LeCoultre. Over the years, Desco became more interested in the watch business, and in 1961 Desco acquired an assembly facility named Tiara in Saignelégier, in the Swiss Canton of Jura. There it produced private label watches for third parties. In 1975, Desco started marketing watches under the brand name Maurice Lacroix. There was a member on the board of Desco von Schulthess, parent & founding company of Maurice Lacroix, who was named Mr. Lacroix. From 1975 to the early 1980s, the company underwent significant expansion in Europe.
By 1980, Maurice Lacroix had become so successful that the facility in Saignelégier ceased production for third parties. In 1989 Maurice Lacroix acquired the casemaker Queloz S.A., also based in Saignelégier. This ability to produce watch cases in-house makes Maurice Lacroix unusual compared to other luxury watch companies.
During the 1990s, Maurice Lacroix experienced a "rocket-like ascent" with the launch of their high end "Les Mécaniques" line, later renamed the "Masterpiece" line. During this time, the company elevated itself to the high ranks of Swiss watch manufactures, by both maintaining traditional 'Swiss watch-making art' and by creating their own movements for its Masterpiece Collection. During the 1990s, it penetrated several Asian markets and, in 1995, it expanded in the United States.
As of 2010, Maurice Lacroix, has a total of approximately 220 employees worldwide, and is represented in around 4,000 shops in more than 60 countries all over the world. By 2011, the Swiss holding company Diethelm Keller & SiberHegner owns the majority shares of the company.
Masterpiece watches
The "Les Mécaniques" / "Masterpiece" line includes limited edition models based on "historic" or "heritage" movements purchased during the height of the quartz crisis and refinished to the highest standards. The company is also known for its alarm wristwatches, chronographs, and jump hour Masterpiece watches, which Maurice Lacroix produces based on heritage movements. In addition, this line includes watches based on extensively modified ébauches from ETA, Unitas, and others that incorporate numerous complications, including retrograde movements, power reserve indicators, and calendar modules.
Maurice Lecroix is also known for its "Mémoire 1" timepiece, which the company claims is one of the most complex watches ever made. Its movement is composed of 604 moving parts and it can switch between time and chrono functions without losing track of either indication.
Manufacture movements
In 2006, Maurice Lacroix introduced their first full in-house movement, the ML106 based "Masterpiece Le Chronographe." Since then, Maurice Lacroix has introduced numerous manufacture movements including an automatic movement in 2011. The shift to manufacture movements has been accompanied by an increase in the size of the watches and a shift to a more "modern" or "industrial" look.
Sponsorships
In 2010, Maurice Lacroix collaborated with Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales, musician Bob Geldof, actor Ray Stevenson, swimmer James Magnussen, diver Orlando Duque, South Korean actor Jang Dong-gun and British golfer Justin Rose on a brand endorsement campaign. In 2019, the company collaborated with car manufacturer Kia to provide clocks for the Kia K9 sedan.
Maurice Lacroix is also the official watch partner of FC Barcelona and Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series.
In 2018, Maurice Lacroix started a program "Friends of the Brand" and they have signed a sponsoring agreement with the #1 team of basketball 3x3 in Switzerland, Team Lausanne.
See also
List of watch manufacturers
References
External links
Official site
Swiss watch brands
Luxury brands
Watch manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Manufacturing companies established in 2001 |
1482364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20A.%20Moore | Julia A. Moore | Julia Ann Moore (née Julia Ann Davis; December 1, 1847 – June 5, 1920) was an American poetaster. Like Scotland's William McGonagall, she is best known for writing notoriously bad poetry.
Biography
Young Julia grew up on her family's Michigan farm, the eldest of four children. When she was ten, her mother became ill, and Julia assumed many of her mother's responsibilities. Her formal education was thereby limited. In her mid-teens, she started writing poetry and songs, mostly in response to the death of children she knew, but any newspaper account of disaster could inspire her.
At age 17, she married Frederick Franklin Moore, a farmer. Julia ran a small store and, over the years, bore ten children, of whom six survived to adulthood. She continued to write poetry and songs.
Moore's first book of verse, The Sentimental Song Book, was published in 1876 by C. M. Loomis of Grand Rapids, and quickly went into a second printing. A copy ended up in the hands of James F. Ryder, a Cleveland publisher, who republished it under the title The Sweet Singer of Michigan Salutes the Public. Ryder sent out numerous review copies to newspapers across the country, with a cover letter filled with low-key mock praise.
And so Moore received national attention. Following Ryder's lead, contemporary reviews were amusedly negative. The Rochester Democrat wrote of Sweet Singer that
Shakespeare, could he read it, would be glad that he was dead …. If Julia A. Moore would kindly deign to shed some of her poetry on our humble grave, we should be but too glad to go out and shoot ourselves tomorrow.
The Hartford Daily Times said that
to meet such steady and unremitting demands on the lachrymal ducts one must be provided, as Sam Weller suspected Job Trotter was, 'with a main, as is allus let on.'…
The collection became a curious best-seller, though it is unclear whether this was due to public amusement with Moore's poetry or genuine appreciation of the admittedly "sentimental" character of her poems. It was, more or less, the last gasp of that school of obituary poetry that had been broadly popular in the U.S. throughout the mid-19th century.
Moore gave a reading and singing performance, with orchestral accompaniment, in 1877 at a Grand Rapids opera house. She somehow misinterpreted the jeering of the audience as criticism of the orchestra. Moore's second collection, A Few Choice Words to the Public, appeared in 1878, but found few buyers. Moore gave a second public performance in late 1878 at the same opera house. By then she had figured out that the praise directed to her was false and the jeering sincere. She began by admitting her poetry was "partly full of mistakes" and that "literary is a work very hard to do". After the poetry and the laughter and jeering in response was over, Moore ended the show by telling the audience:
You have come here and paid twenty-five cents to see a fool; I receive seventy-five dollars, and see a whole houseful of fools.
Afterwards, her husband forbade her to publish any more poetry. Three more poems were eventually published, and she would write poems for friends. In 1880, she also published, in newspaper serialization, a short story, "Lost and Found", a strongly moralistic story about a drunkard, and a novella, "Sunshine and Shadow", a peculiar romance set in the American Revolution. The ending of "Sunshine and Shadow" was perhaps intended to be self-referential: the farmer facing foreclosure is gratefully rescued by his wife's publishing her secret cache of fiction.
According to some reports, though, her husband was not grateful, but embarrassed. Shamed or not, he moved the family 100 miles north to Manton in 1882. Moore's notoriety was known in Manton, but the locals respected her, and did not cooperate with the occasional reporter trying to revisit the past. They were a successful business couple, he with an orchard and sawmill, she with a store.
Her husband died in 1914. The next year, Julia republished "Sunshine and Shadow" in pamphlet form. She spent much of her widowhood "melancholy", sitting on her porch. She died quietly in 1920. The news of her death was widely reported, sometimes with a light touch.
Poetry
Some comparison to William McGonagall is worth making. Unlike McGonagall, Moore commanded a fairly wide variety of meters and forms, albeit like Emily Dickinson the majority of her verse is in the ballad meter. Like McGonagall, she held a maidenly bluestocking's allegiance to the Temperance movement, and frequently indited odes to the joys of sobriety. Most importantly, like McGonagall, she was drawn to themes of accident, disaster, and sudden death; as has been said of A. E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad, in her pages you can count the dead and wounded. Edgar Wilson Nye called her "worse than a Gatling gun". Here, she is inspired by the Great Chicago Fire:
Her less morbid side is on display when she hymns Temperance Reform Clubs:
Despite her acknowledgment that "Literary is a work very difficult to do," she did not approve of the life of Byron:
Influence
Mark Twain was a self-described fan of Moore (though not for the reasons Moore would have liked). Twain alluded to her work in Following the Equator, and it is widely assumed that Moore served as a literary model for the character of Emmeline Grangerford in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Grangerford's funereal ode to Stephen Dowling Botts:
is not far removed from Moore's poems on subjects like Little Libbie:
Moore was also the inspiration for comic poet Ogden Nash, as he acknowledged in his first book, and whose daughter reported that her work convinced Nash to become a "great bad poet" instead of a "bad good poet". The Oxford Companion to American Literature describes Nash as using Moore's
Selections of Moore appeared in D. B. Wyndham-Lewis and Charles Lee's Stuffed Owl anthology, and in other collections of bad poetry. Most of her poetry was reprinted in a 1928 edition, which can be found online. Her complete poetry and prose, with biography, notes, and references, can be found in the Riedlinger edited collection Mortal Refrains. Most poetry collections reprint the latest, "best", versions of their contents. Riedlinger has adopted the opposite philosophy.
Moore has been grouped into the Western Michigan School of Bad Versemakers. Her local contemporaries — including Dr. William Fuller, S.H. Ewell, J.B. Smiley, and Fred Yapple — do not appear to have had relationships with each other, but their proximity and similar penchant for exceptionally laughable verse have led to their posthumous grouping together.
Since 1994, the Flint Public Library has held the Julia A. Moore Poetry Festival to celebrate bad poetry.
See also
James McIntyre
Amanda McKittrick Ros
Obituary poetry
Notes
References
Wyndham-Lewis, D. B., and Lee, Charles (eds.): The Stuffed Owl: An Anthology of Verse N.Y. Review of Books (2003), reprint edition.
Parsons, Nicholas. The Joy of Bad Verse London: Collins (1988).
Petras, Ross: Very Bad Poetry Vintage (1997).
Riedlinger, Thomas J. (ed.) Mortal Refrains: The Complete Collected Poetry, Prose, and Songs of Julia A. Moore, The Sweet Singer of Michigan Michigan State University Press (1998)
External links
Julia A. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan
Rockford Michigan Centennial Celebration Program (1939): Julia A. Moore, the Sweet Singer of Michigan
1847 births
1920 deaths
American women poets
People from Kent County, Michigan
Writers from Michigan
Poets from Michigan |
1482367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C5%99ev%C3%A1zka | Nepřevázka | Nepřevázka () is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Nepřevázka is from 1225.
Demographics
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
1482369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20Cordovero | Moses Cordovero | Moses Cordovero was a physician who lived at Leghorn (Livorno), Tuscany in the seventeenth century. David Conforte praises him as a good physician, and also on account of his scholarship and philanthropy. He was always eager to secure the release of prisoners through his personal influence as well as by ransom. Cordovero died at an advanced age.
References
17th-century Italian physicians
17th-century Jewish physicians
Livornese Jews
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown |
1482383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Eli%20Smith | Benjamin Eli Smith | Benjamin Eli Smith, L.H.D. (February 7, 1857 – March 18, 1913) was an American editor and the son of Eli Smith. Born in Beirut, Ottoman Empire (now Beirut, Lebanon), he graduated from Amherst College (A.B., 1877; A.M., 1881), earning the degree of L.H.D. in 1902. He was managing editor of the first edition of the Century Dictionary, and editor-in-chief of the revised edition after the death of editor William Dwight Whitney in 1894. As the editor, he was also responsible for the Century Cyclopedia of Names (1894), the Century Atlas (1897), the two-volume Century Dictionary Supplement (1909), and the revised and enlarged Century Dictionary, Cyclopedia, and Atlas (twelve volumes, 1911). He translated Schwegler's History of Philosophy and Cicero's De Amicitia, as well as edited selections from other works.
References
External links
The Century Dictionary Online Help at www.leoyan.com
American lexicographers
American book editors
1857 births
1913 deaths
American expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
Amherst College alumni
Writers from Beirut
German–English translators
Latin–English translators
19th-century American translators |
1482384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright%20Angel%20Trail | Bright Angel Trail | The Bright Angel Trail is a hiking trail located in Grand Canyon National Park in the U.S. state of Arizona.
Description
The trail originates at Grand Canyon Village on the south rim of the Grand Canyon, descending 4380 feet to the Colorado River. It has an average grade of 10% along its entire length. At trail's end, the River Trail continues another 1.9 miles to the Bright Angel Campground and Phantom Ranch. These two trails combined are the most common method used to access Phantom Ranch by hikers and mules.
Two trails cross or join the Bright Angel Trail, the first being an intersection with the Tonto Trail at , leading toward the Monument Use Area to the west, and to the South Kaibab Trail to the east. The second is the River Trail, which officially begins when the Bright Angel Trail reaches the Colorado River at the River Resthouse (although some consider that the Bright Angel Trail officially ends after crossing the Colorado River at the Silver Bridge).
Condition
Grand Canyon National Park categorizes the Bright Angel Trail as a corridor trail. With this designation it receives regular maintenance and patrols by park rangers.
Water availability
Water is available from the trans-canyon pipeline at the Mile-and-a-half Resthouse, the Three Mile Resthouse, and Havasupai Gardens. During cooler months (usually October–April) the two higher elevation resthouses are shut off from the water supply to prevent the pipeline from freezing.
Below Havasupai Gardens, both Garden Creek and Pipe Creek flow year-round (perennial). Water is also available at the River Resthouse from the Colorado River. All water from natural sources must be filtered, treated, or boiled prior to consuming.
Camping
Hikers can camp at Havasupai Gardens Campground or at the Bright Angel Campground. At either site, they can stay overnight with a permit issued by the Grand Canyon National Park Backcountry Information Center. Overnight use of the campgrounds is regulated by the National Park Service, and they call for a maximum number of groups (7 to 11 people) and parties (1 to 6 people), as well as a maximum total number of persons.
Use permits are available on a first-come, first-served basis from the park's Backcountry Information Center. Requests are taken beginning on the 1st day of the month, up to four months before the requested first night of camping.
Hazards
Hazards that hikers can encounter along the Bright Angel Trail include dehydration, hyperhydration, sudden rainstorms, flash flooding, loose footing, bootpacked ice, rockfall, encounters with wildlife, and extreme heat. At the Colorado River, additional hazards include hypothermia (due to the river's consistently cold temperatures), trauma (due to collisions with boulders in rapids), and drowning.
Also, the trail is used by the mules transporting people and gear to and from the bottom of the canyon. Although these mules are highly trained, the trail is narrow in some places, and care must be given to give mules the right of way. The trail also has many switchbacks, and a bad fall can result in serious injuries. Squirrel bites at Plateau Point are the leading cause of animal injuries to park visitors.
History
Havasupai
The upper part of the trail was originally built by the Havasupai people for access to the perennial water source of present-day Garden Creek. The Havasupai settled seasonally in this area, previously known as Indian Garden (or Indian Gardens). In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered them to leave the area, to make way for a park. However, it was not until 1928 that the last Havasupai left, forced out by the National Park Service.
In November 2022 the U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved a name change to Havasupai Gardens requested by the National Park Service on behalf of the Havasupai tribe, who regarded the old name as offensive and a painful reminder of past injustices. A public ceremony for the name change took place on May 5, 2023 on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, with members of the Havasupai Tribe and Grand Canyon National Park leaders.
Ralph Cameron
Ralph H. Cameron, who would later become a United States senator (R-AZ 1921–27), settled on the canyon rim in 1890 and began improving the old Havasupai trail. It was at this time that the trail was extended all the way to the Colorado River. Once official control of the trail fell to Cameron, he named it the Bright Angel Trail, commonly referred to in its early years as Cameron's Trail, and began charging a $1 toll to access it, plus additional fees for drinking water and the use of outhouses at Havasupai Gardens.
Kolb brothers
Ellsworth Kolb arrived at the Grand Canyon to work at the Bright Angel Hotel in 1901. He was employed as a bellboy. The next year, Ellsworth invited his brother Emery to come to the canyon as the possibility of mine work opened up. However, John Hance's asbestos mine closed before he arrived, leaving Emery unemployed.
Shortly after this, Emery discovered a photography business for sale in Williams, Arizona. He purchased the business for and moved the operation back to the Grand Canyon. He and Ellsworth began taking photographs of visitors who took the mule rides down Cameron's trail, charging a fee for the pictures. The Cameron family leased a small piece of land nearby to Emery, where the two brothers set up a photography studio in a tent to develop and sell their photos.
The business was profitable and after a few years the Kolb brothers built their permanent studio building on the rim of the canyon. Rock was blasted away to provide the foundation for the building, which is perched slightly below rim level.
Ellsworth left the venture in 1924, but Emery continued operating the studio until his death in 1976. The present-day Kolb Studio is operated by the Grand Canyon Association as a gift shop, art studio, and history center.
Competition with Cameron
To compete with Cameron, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway improved an existing horsethief trail in Hermit Canyon (the Hermit Trail) in 1911. In 1924, the newly created National Park Service began construction of the South Kaibab Trail near Yaki Point as an additional bypass for Cameron's tolls.
National Park Service Control
After a long series of legal battles, the trail was turned over to the National Park Service in 1928.
See also
List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park
References
External links
Grand Canyon National Park, Official site
Grand Canyon Explorer
Bright Angel Trail
Grand Canyon Live Webcams (Bright Angel Trail, Kolb Studio, South Entrance)
Bright Angel Trail, history and photographs maintained by Arizona State University
Hiking trails in Grand Canyon National Park
National Recreation Trails in Arizona
National Park Service rustic in Arizona
Havasupai |
1482388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Ivy | Public Ivy | "Public Ivy" is an informal term that refers to public colleges and universities in the United States that are perceived to provide a collegiate experience on the level of Ivy League universities. There is no trademark for the term, and the list of schools associated with the classification has changed over time.
The term was first coined in 1985 by Yale University admissions officer Richard Moll, who published Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities. That initial list included eight universities and nine runners-up. In 2001, college guide authors Howard Greene and Matthew Greene, released their own book, The Public Ivies: The Great State Colleges and Universities, which included 30 schools.
Debates about Public Ivies have centered on whether state budgetary cuts are undermining their future; whether raising tuition at Public Ivies has "gentrified" the schools; whether states should be subsidizing higher education in the first place; whether graduates of Public Ivies are able to pay back student loans as quickly as their Ivy League counterparts; and whether out-of-state tuition is too high.
History
The term first appeared in the Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities, published in 1985. The author, Richard Moll, graduated with a master's degree from Yale University in 1959, and served as an admissions officer as well as a director of admissions at several universities in the United States. He traveled the nation examining higher education institutions, and selected eight that were comparable to the Ivy League.
Moll's original ranking methodology included factors such as academic rigor, quality of faculty, and cost of tuition, as well as assessments of campus facilities, available resources, age, and major cultural traditions celebrated at each institution.
Original list published in 1985
College of William & Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia)
Miami University (Oxford, Ohio)
University of California (applies to the campuses as of 1985: Berkeley, Los Angeles, San Diego, Irvine, Davis, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Riverside)
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of Texas at Austin
University of Vermont (Burlington)
University of Virginia (Charlottesville)
Runners-up
As part of the initial 1985 publication, Moll also selected nine "worthy runner-up" universities:
University of Colorado Boulder
Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta)
University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign
New College of Florida (formerly New College of the University of South Florida, it became an independent part of Florida's State University System in 2001)
Pennsylvania State University (University Park)
University of Pittsburgh
State University of New York at Binghamton (also known as Binghamton University)
University of Washington (Seattle)
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Notable updates
Greenes' Guides list (2001)
The list of "public Ivy" institutions has gone through several revisions over the years, much like other university rankings and conferences. A notable update was published in 2001, when Howard and Matthew Greene included the following 30 colleges and universities in The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities.
Northeastern
Pennsylvania State University (University Park)
Rutgers University (New Brunswick, New Jersey)
State University of New York at Binghamton
University of Connecticut (Storrs)
Mid-Atlantic
College of William & Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia)
University of Delaware (Newark)
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Virginia (Charlottesville)
Western
University of Arizona (Tucson)
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Washington (Seattle)
Great Lakes & Midwest
Indiana University Bloomington
Miami University (Oxford, Ohio)
Michigan State University (East Lansing)
Ohio State University (Columbus)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
University of Iowa (Iowa City)
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Southern
University of Florida (Gainesville)
University of Georgia (Athens)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of Texas at Austin
See also
Colonial colleges
Flagship universities
References
Universities and colleges in the United States
Ivy League
Colloquial terms for groups of universities and colleges |
1482394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking | Ranking | A ranking is a relationship between a set of items, often recorded in a list, such that, for any two items, the first is either "ranked higher than", "ranked lower than", or "ranked equal to" the second. In mathematics, this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking. The rankings themselves are totally ordered. For example, materials are totally preordered by hardness, while degrees of hardness are totally ordered. If two items are the same in rank it is considered a tie.
By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers, rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria. Thus, for example, an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance, making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see.
Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics.
Strategies for handling ties
It is not always possible to assign rankings uniquely. For example, in a race or competition two (or more) entrants might tie for a place in the ranking. When computing an ordinal measurement, two (or more) of the quantities being ranked might measure equal. In these cases, one of the strategies below for assigning the rankings may be adopted.
A common shorthand way to distinguish these ranking strategies is by the ranking numbers that would be produced for four items, with the first item ranked ahead of the second and third (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of the fourth. These names are also shown below.
Standard competition ranking ("1224" ranking)
In competition ranking, items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, and then a gap is left in the ranking numbers. The number of ranking numbers that are left out in this gap is one less than the number of items that compared equal. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is 1 plus the number of items ranked above it. This ranking strategy is frequently adopted for competitions, as it means that if two (or more) competitors tie for a position in the ranking, the position of all those ranked below them is unaffected (i.e., a competitor only comes second if exactly one person scores better than them, third if exactly two people score better than them, fourth if exactly three people score better than them, etc.).
Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 2 ("joint second"), C also gets ranking number 2 ("joint second") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth").
This method is called "Low" by IBM SPSS and "min" by the R programming language in their methods to handle ties.
Modified competition ranking ("1334" ranking)
Sometimes, competition ranking is done by leaving the gaps in the ranking numbers before the sets of equal-ranking items (rather than after them as in standard competition ranking). The number of ranking numbers that are left out in this gap remains one less than the number of items that compared equal. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is equal to the number of items ranked equal to it or above it. This ranking ensures that a competitor only comes second if they score higher than all but one of their opponents, third if they score higher than all but two of their opponents, etc.
Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 3 ("joint third"), C also gets ranking number 3 ("joint third") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth"). In this case, nobody would get ranking number 2 ("second") and that would be left as a gap.
This method is called "High" by IBM SPSS and "max" by the R programming language in their methods to handle ties.
Dense ranking ("1223" ranking)
In dense ranking, items that compare equally receive the same ranking number, and the next items receive the immediately following ranking number. Equivalently, each item's ranking number is 1 plus the number of items ranked above it that are distinct with respect to the ranking order.
Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B gets ranking number 2 ("joint second"), C also gets ranking number 2 ("joint second") and D gets ranking number 3 ("Third").
This method is called "Sequential" by IBM SPSS and "dense" by the R programming language in their methods to handle ties.
Ordinal ranking ("1234" ranking)
In ordinal ranking, all items receive distinct ordinal numbers, including items that compare equal. The assignment of distinct ordinal numbers to items that compare equal can be done at random, or arbitrarily, but it is generally preferable to use a system that is arbitrary but consistent, as this gives stable results if the ranking is done multiple times. An example of an arbitrary but consistent system would be to incorporate other attributes into the ranking order (such as alphabetical ordering of the competitor's name) to ensure that no two items exactly match.
With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth"), and either B gets ranking number 2 ("second") and C gets ranking number 3 ("third") or C gets ranking number 2 ("second") and B gets ranking number 3 ("third").
In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as "row numbering".
This method corresponds to the "first", "last", and "random" methods in the R programming language to handle ties.
Fractional ranking ("1 2.5 2.5 4" ranking)
Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what they would have under ordinal rankings; equivalently, the ranking number of 1 plus the number of items ranked above it plus half the number of items equal to it. This strategy has the property that the sum of the ranking numbers is the same as under ordinal ranking. For this reason, it is used in computing Borda counts and in statistical tests (see below).
Thus if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 ("first"), B and C each get ranking number 2.5 (average of "joint second/third") and D gets ranking number 4 ("fourth").
Here is an example:
Suppose you have the data set 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0.
The ordinal ranks are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
For v = 1.0, the fractional rank is the average of the ordinal ranks: (1 + 2) / 2 = 1.5.
In a similar manner, for v = 5.0, the fractional rank is (7 + 8 + 9) / 3 = 8.0.
Thus the fractional ranks are: 1.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 4.5, 6.0, 8.0, 8.0, 8.0
This method is called "Mean" by IBM SPSS and "average" by the R programming language in their methods to handle ties.
Statistics
Sports
Education
League tables are used to compare the academic achievements of different institutions. College and university rankings order institutions in higher education by combinations of factors. In addition to entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools are ranked. These rankings usually are conducted by magazines, newspapers, governments and academics. For example, league tables of British universities are published annually by The Independent, The Sunday Times, and The Times. The primary aim of these rankings is to inform potential applicants about British universities based on a range of criteria. Similarly, in countries like India, league tables are being developed and a popular magazine, Education World, published them based on data from TheLearningPoint.net.
It is complained that the ranking of England's schools to rigid guidelines that fail to take into account wider social conditions actually makes failing schools even worse. This is because the most involved parents will then avoid such schools, leaving only the children of non-ambitious parents to attend.
Business
In business, league tables list the leaders in the business activity within a specific industry, ranking companies based on different criteria including revenue, earnings, and other relevant key performance indicators (such as market share and meeting customer expectations) enabling people to quickly analyze significant data.
Applications
The rank methodology based on some specific indices is one of the most common systems used by policy makers and international organizations in order to assess the socio-economic context of the countries. Some notable examples include the Human Development Index (United Nations), Doing Business Index (World Bank), Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International), and Index of Economic Freedom (the Heritage Foundation). For instance, the Doing Business Indicator of the World Bank measures business regulations and their enforcement in 190 countries. Countries are ranked according to ten indicators that are synthesized to produce the final rank. Each indicator is composed of sub-indicators; for instance, the Registering Property Indicator is composed of four sub-indicators measuring time, procedures, costs, and quality of the land registration system. These kinds of ranks are based on subjective criteria for assigning the score. Sometimes, the adopted parameters may produce discrepancies with the empirical observations, therefore potential biases and paradox may emerge from the application of these criteria.
Other examples
In politics, rankings may focus on the comparison of economic, social, environmental and governance performance of countries. Politicians themselves have also been ranked, based on the extent of their activities.
In relation to credit standing, the ranking of a security refers to where that particular security would stand in a wind up of the issuing company, i.e., its seniority in the company's capital structure. For instance, capital notes are subordinated securities; they would rank behind senior debt in a wind up. In other words, the holders of senior debt would be paid out before subordinated debt holders received any funds.
Search engines rank web pages by their expected relevance to a user's query using a combination of query-dependent and query-independent methods. Query-independent methods attempt to measure the estimated importance of a page, independent of any consideration of how well it matches the specific query. Query-independent ranking is usually based on link analysis; examples include the HITS algorithm, PageRank and TrustRank. Query-dependent methods attempt to measure the degree to which a page matches a specific query, independent of the importance of the page. Query-dependent ranking is usually based on heuristics that consider the number and locations of matches of the various query words on the page itself, in the URL or in any anchor text referring to the page.
In webometrics, it is possible to rank institutions according to their presence in the web (number of webpages) and the impact of these contents, such as the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities.
In video gaming, players may be given a ranking. To "rank up" is to achieve a higher ranking relative to other players, especially with strategies that do not depend on the player's skill.
The TrueSkill ranking system is a skill based ranking system for Xbox Live developed at Microsoft Research.
A bibliogram ranks common noun phrases in a piece of text.
In language, the status of an item (usually through what is known as "downranking" or "rank-shifting") in relation to the uppermost rank in a clause; for example, in the sentence "I want to eat the cake you made today", "eat" is on the uppermost rank, but "made" is downranked as part of the nominal group "the cake you made today"; this nominal group behaves as though it were a single noun (i.e., I want to eat it), and thus the verb within it ("made") is ranked differently from "eat".
Academic journals are sometimes ranked according to impact factor; the number of later articles that cite articles in a given journal.
See also
Ordinal data
Percentile rank
Rating (disambiguation)
References
External links
RANKNUM, a Matlab function to compute the five types of ranks
Matlab Toolbox with functions to compute ranks
TrueSkill Ranking System
Ranking Library written in Ruby
List of Global Development Indexes and Rankings
Nonparametric statistics
Comparison (mathematical) |
1482437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon%20Tigers | Vernon Tigers | The Vernon Tigers were a Minor League Baseball team that represented Vernon, California in the Pacific Coast League (PCL) from 1909 to 1925. The team won back-to-back PCL pennants in 1919 and 1920. The Tigers, together with the Sacramento Solons, joined the PCL as a new team in 1909 when the league expanded from six teams to eight. The Tigers effectively were a second team in Los Angeles, rivals of the existing Los Angeles Angels.
History
Vernon, California, was and still is a small community in Los Angeles County. Vernon fielded a PCL team because it was one of only two cities in Los Angeles County where the sale and consumption of alcohol was legal. Vernon used its "wet" distinction to its advantage. The largest enterprise in the town at the time was Doyle's bar, advertised as the "longest bar in the world" with 37 bartenders. Doyle was also a sports promoter, building an arena where world championship boxing matches were held. Tigers owner Pete Maier built Maier Park next to Doyle's bar, which had its own entrance to the park.
In 1913 and 1914, the Tigers played in the oceanside community of Venice, and were known as the Venice Tigers during those seasons. Not coincidentally, Venice was the only other "wet" city in Los Angeles County. On Sundays and special holidays in which alcohol sales were not permitted, the Tigers played their home games at Washington Park, which was primarily the Angels' home field. The team did not draw well in Venice, and the Tigers moved back to Vernon in 1915. Player-manager Happy Hogan, who had managed the team since 1909 (such that the newspapers sometimes called the team "Hogan's Tigers") died during the 1915 season, of pneumonia.
Bob Meusel, later a New York Yankees teammate of Babe Ruth, played for Vernon in 1917 before serving in World War I the following year with the Navy. The Tigers finished the war-shortened 1918 season in first place; however, they were defeated by the Los Angeles Angels in a postseason series. This postseason series is often incorrectly identified as a "playoff." That postseason series, however, was unrelated to the PCL playoff system which was established some years later.
In early 1919, Maier sold a controlling interest in the Tigers to movie actor Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, a superstar in the silent film era. When the team became known as the Hollywood Stars, Hollywood began taking a collective notice of the team as a result of Arbuckle's ownership. And, the season concluded with the Tigers defeating the rival Angels in the last series of the season, winning the pennant by games.
The 1919 season became infamous for the "Black Sox" scandal. As with the tainted World Series of that year, there were rumors that opposing PCL players had been bribed to "throw" games against the Tigers. League President William McCarthy expelled Tiger first baseman Babe Borton and several other players under suspicion of involvement.
The Tigers seemed unfazed by the scandal, as they finished first for the third year in a row, winning the 1920 pennant by games over the Seattle Indians. However, that was the beginning of end of the team. The Eighteenth Amendment had been ratified, criminalizing the production and sale of alcohol everywhere in the U.S., including Vernon. It took effect in 1920. The small population of Vernon became a liability, as fewer Angelenos were willing to travel the distance to watch a game in a "dry" town.
Moreover, principal owner Arbuckle found ownership of the team more work than he had bargained for, and sold his interest in the team later in 1920. As a result, the Hollywood crowd lost interest in the Tigers. As attendance waned, the caliber of play did also, and the team struggled in its final years. After the 1925 season, the team was sold to San Francisco interests and moved to that city to begin play in 1926 as the Mission Reds.
After 12 unprofitable seasons in San Francisco, the team moved back to Los Angeles for the 1938 season. They were renamed the Hollywood Stars, and established a strong rivalry with the Angels that lasted until the arrival of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1958. As before in Los Angeles for a time, and as in San Francisco, the Stars found themselves being tenants of the more dominant team in the city. However, the Stars would eventually build their own park and achieve a measure of success that the Tigers and the Missions had been unable to achieve.
See also
Vernon Arena
References
O'Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League 1903–1988. Eakin Press, Austin, Texas, 1990. .
Snelling, Dennis. The Pacific Coast League: A Statistical History, 1903–1957 McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995. .
Defunct Pacific Coast League teams
Defunct baseball teams in California
Professional baseball teams in California
01
Vernon, California
History of Los Angeles County, California
Tigers
Baseball teams established in 1909
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1925
1909 establishments in California
1925 disestablishments in California
Baseball teams disestablished in 1925 |
1482443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20iguana | Desert iguana | The desert iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) is an iguana species found in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts of the Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, as well as on several Gulf of California islands.
Taxonomy
The species was first described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Spencer Fullerton Baird and Charles Frédéric Girard, in 1852 as Crotaphytus dorsalis. It was reclassified two years later as Dipsosaurus dorsalis by Edward Hallowell. The generic name comes from a combination of two Greek words meaning "thirsty lizard": "" () for "thirsty", and "" () for "lizard". The specific name, "dorsalis", comes from the Latin word dorsum meaning "spike", in reference to a row of enlarged spiked scales on the middle of the lizard's back which form a crest that extends almost to the tip of its vent. Dipsosaurus contains two species, D. dorsalis, and D. catalinensis. Genetic evidence supports Dipsosaurus being the most basal extant member of Iguanidae, diverging during the late Eocene, about 38 million years ago.
There are two peninsular and one continental subspecies of the desert iguana.
Description
The desert iguana is a medium-sized lizard which averages in total length but can grow to a maximum of including the tail. They are pale gray-tan to cream in color with a light brown reticulated pattern on their backs and sides. Down the center of the back is a row of slightly enlarged, keeled dorsal scales that become slightly larger farther down the back. The reticulated pattern gives way to brown spots near the back legs, turning into stripes along the tail. The tail is usually around times longer than the body from snout to vent. The belly is pale. During the breeding season, the sides become pinkish in both sexes.
Habitat
Their preferred habitat is largely contained within the range of the creosote bush, mainly dry, sandy desert scrubland below . They have a significant presence in the Sonoran and Mojave deserts. They can also be found in rocky streambeds up to 1,000 m. In the southern portion of its range, these lizards lives in areas of arid subtropical scrub and tropical deciduous forest.
These lizards can withstand high temperatures and are out and about after other lizards have retreated into their burrows. They seek shade when their body temperature is in the low-forties (Celsius), and seek the protection of a burrow when their body temperature reaches the mid-forties (Celsius). They burrow extensively and if threatened will scamper into a shrub and go quickly down a burrow. Their burrows are usually dug in the sand under bushes like the creosote. They also often use burrows of kit foxes and desert tortoises.
Reproduction also plays a role in where these lizards are found. It is believed that the high temperature environment helps with successful hatching of eggs. The eggs often hatch between temperatures of 28 and 38 degrees Celsius.
Diet and reproduction
Mating takes place around May–June. Only one clutch of eggs is laid each year, with each clutch having 3-8 eggs. The hatchlings emerge around September.
Desert iguanas are primarily herbivorous, eating buds, flowers, fruits and leaves of many annual and perennial plants. They are especially attracted to the flowers and leaves of the creosote bush and alfalfa. They also eat insects, especially ants, crickets and mealworms, as well as the feces of other herbivores. Predators of these iguanas and their eggs are birds of prey, foxes, rats, long-tailed weasels, and snakes.
References
Frost, D.R. and R.E. Etheridge (1989) A Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomy of Iguanian Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 81
Frost, D.R., R. Etheridge, D. Janies and T.A. Titus (2001) Total evidence, sequence alignment, evolution of Polychrotid lizards, and a reclassification of the Iguania (Squamata: Iguania). American Museum Novitates 3343: 38 pp.
Hancock, T. V., & Gleeson, T. T. (2007). Contributions to Elevated Metabolism during Recovery: Dissecting the Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) in the Desert Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 81(1), 1–13.
Revell, T. K., & Dunbar, S. G. (2007). The energetic savings of sleep versus temperature in the Desert Iguana ( Dipsosaurus dorsalis) at three ecologically relevant temperatures. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 148(2), 393–398.
Valdivia-Carrillo, T., García-De León, F. J., Blázquez, M. C., Gutiérrez-Flores, C., & González Zamorano, P. (2017). Phylogeography and Ecological Niche Modeling of the Desert Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Baird & Girard 1852) in the Baja California Peninsula. The Journal of Heredity, 108(6), 640–649.
External links
Desert Iguana Pictures
Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum: Desert Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)
San Diego Natural History Museum: Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Desert Iguana)
Dipsosaurus
Reptiles of Mexico
Reptiles of the United States
Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
Fauna of the Mojave Desert
Fauna of the Southwestern United States
Fauna of Gulf of California islands
Lizards of North America
Reptiles described in 1852
Least concern biota of North America
Least concern biota of the United States
Taxa named by Spencer Fullerton Baird
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard |
1482450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dias | Dias | Dias or DIAS may refer to:
Desmoteplase In Acute Stroke, a series of clinical trials investigating the clinical efficacy of desmoteplase, a thrombolytic agent, in treating acute ischaemic stroke
Destruction in Art Symposium
Detaşamentul de Poliţie pentru Intervenţie Rapidă (Special Actions and Interventions Detachment), a former name of Romanian police rapid response units
Dias (surname), a common surname in the Portuguese language, namely in Portugal and Brazil. It is cognate to the Spanish language surname Díaz
Dias (Диас), a Soviet first name, which became widespread in honour to Spanish communist politician José Díaz
Dias (Lycia), a city of ancient Lycia
Direct Internet Access System
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
Viola (trawler), a steam trawler built in 1906 as the Viola and renamed Dias
Dias (Δίας), the Modern Greek name for god Zeus
Dias (ΔΙ.ΑΣ), a police motorcycle unit of the Hellenic Police
Reversal film, a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base; diafilm, diapositives
Copernicus Data and Information Access Services (DIAS), a European Commission initiative aimed at facilitating and standardizing access to satellite data.
Dias (mythology), two figures in Greek mythology
See also
Diaz (disambiguation) |
1482456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea%20Chalkidona | Nea Chalkidona | Nea Chalkidona (, meaning New Chalcedon) is a town and a suburb in the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nea Filadelfeia-Nea Chalkidona, of which it is a municipal unit.
Nea Chalkidona is an inner suburb of Athens, located 5 km north of the city centre. Its built-up area is continuous with that of municipalities of Athens and the surrounding suburbs Agioi Anargyroi and Nea Filadelfeia. At 0.80 km2 it is the smallest municipal unit in the Athens metropolitan area. The A1 motorway (Athens–Thessaloniki–Evzonoi) and Greek National Road 1 pass through Nea Chalkidona. The nearest metro station is Ano Patisia metro station.
Historical population
See also
List of municipalities of Attica
References
External links
Official website
Populated places in Central Athens (regional unit)
Nea Filadelfeia-Nea Chalkidona |
1482458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Driel%20F%C3%A1id | Íriel Fáid | Irial Fáid ("the prophet"), the youngest son of Érimón by his wife Tea, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, became High King of Ireland after killing Ér, Orba, Ferón and Fergna, sons of Éber Finn, in the Battle of Cul Martha, in revenge for their killing of his brothers Luigne and Laigne. He cleared twelve plains, dug seven royal forts, and fought four battles against the Fomorians. Having ruled for ten years, he died at Mag Muaide, and was succeeded by his son Ethriel. The Lebor Gabála Érenn places his death during the reign of Tautanes in Assyria (1191–1182 BC according to Jerome's Chronicon). Geoffrey Keating dates his reign from 1269 to 1259 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters from 1681 to 1671 BC.
References
Legendary High Kings of Ireland |
1482459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgoldcross%20Rural%20District | Osgoldcross Rural District | Osgoldcross Rural District was a rural district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was created in 1938, from 19 remaining parishes of the disbanded Pontefract Rural District after three-quarters of its population (but only a small fraction of the area) had been transferred to surrounding authorities - specifically to Castleford (which took 14,145 of the 23,981 in the district in 1931), Knottingley, and Pontefract.
It was named after the Wapentake of Osgoldcross and administered from Pontefract.
Since 1 April 1974, it has formed part of the District of Selby and the City of Wakefield.
At the time of its dissolution it consisted of the following 19 civil parishes.
Darrington and East Hardwick went to the City of Wakefield in West Yorkshire. The other 17 parishes went to Selby district in North Yorkshire.
See also
Osgoldcross (UK Parliament constituency)
References
http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10074319&c_id=10001043
Rural districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire
Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972
Local government in Wakefield |
1482463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirin%20Company | Kirin Company | The is a Japanese beer and beverage holding company. It is known for brands such as Kirin Beer, Kirin Lemon, Mets, and Gogo no Kōcha.
The predecessor of the company, the Japan Brewery Company, was founded in Yokohama in 1885 by William Henry Talbot and Edgar Abbott. In 1888, they launched Kirin Beer. In 1907, the business of JBC was inherited, and Kirin Brewery Company was established. In 2007, it became Kirin Holdings Company, a holding company, with Kirin Beer Company, Kirin Beverage Company, and Mercian Corporation as its main subsidiaries.
Etymology of name
In Japanese, "Kirin" can refer to giraffes, or to Qilin (), the mythical hooved Chinese chimerical creatures in East Asian culture. Kirin Brewery is named after the latter.
History
The Japan Brewery Company, Limited, the forerunner of Kirin Brewery, was established in 1885, taking over the assets of the Spring Valley Brewery, first founded in Yokohama in 1869 by Norwegian-American brewer, William Copeland. In a deal brokered by Thomas Blake Glover, Japan Brewery was incorporated in Hong Kong in the name of W. H. Talbot and E. H. Abbott with financial backing provided by a group of Japanese investors including Iwasaki Yanosuke, then-president of Mitsubishi.
Japan Brewery first began marketing Kirin Beer in 1888. The Kirin Brewery Company was established as a separate legal entity in February 1907, purchasing the assets of the Japan Brewery and expanding the business in an era of growing consumer demand. Kirin Brewery built on the traditions of Japan Brewery retaining the use of malted grains and hops imported from Germany and employing German brewers to oversee production. An exclusive partnership with Meidi-ya proved highly successful in the marketing of Kirin's beers both in Japan and overseas.
Corporate overview
Kirin Brewery sells two of the most popular beers in Japan: Kirin Lager, one of the country's oldest beer brands, brewed since 1888; and Ichiban Shibori. Within the happoshu (low-malt) category, Kirin Tanrei is the top seller. Kirin handles domestic distribution for several foreign brands, including Budweiser and Heineken.
Kirin's brewery operations also extend overseas, through strategic alliances, subsidiaries, and affiliates, to China, Taiwan, Australia, the Philippines, Europe, New Zealand and the United States. The company holds a 100% stake in Lion Nathan Limited, a consolidated subsidiary that is based in Australia but has particularly important operations in China. Kirin has a 48% stake in San Miguel Brewery, the dominant brewer in the Philippines. Kirin now applies its fermentation technology to areas such as plant genetics, pharmaceuticals, and bioengineering. Although brewing and related businesses remain the core of Kirin's activities, the company is also involved in several other sectors: hard liquor, wine, soft drinks, and food products.
In December 2006, the Kirin Brewery Company of Japan purchased a 25% stake in Hangzhou Qiandaohu Beer Co., Ltd. for US$38 million.
On 14 July 2009, Kirin announced that it was in negotiations with Suntory on a merger. On 8 February 2010, it was announced that negotiations between the two had been terminated.
In early 2010 Kirin's Agribio business was sold to Dutch H2 Equity Partners; now it's part of Dümmen Orange.
In 2010, 23.4 percent of Kirin's sales were made overseas, the highest overseas revenue among all Japanese breweries.
In October 2011, the court decided that Kirin could buy a majority stake in family-run Brazilian beer Schincariol. Kirin bought a 50.45 percent stake in 2011, valued at $2.6 billion. In November 2011, Kirin Holdings Company agreed to buy out the remaining shareholders in Brazilian beermaker Schincariol Participacoes e Representacoes, completing its biggest acquisition as it sees growth in emerging markets ($1.35 billion was paid for the 49.54 percent stake, giving it control of all outstanding shares). In November 2012, Kirin changed Schincariol's name to Brasil Kirin.
In 2013 Kirin joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers' commitments to reducing harmful drinking.
In February 2013, Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi bought the 15% stake of Singapore's Fraser & Neave (F&N), a property-to-drinks conglomerate, from Kirin for US$1.6 billion.
In July 2014, Kirin announced its intention to revive the Spring Valley Brewery brand as a wholly owned subsidiary company to focus on producing and retailing microbrewery style beers produced using traditional ingredients and brewing methods.
On January 20, 2017, Heineken NV and Kirin Holdings confirmed they were in negotiations for Heineken to acquire Brasil Kirin.
On February 5, 2018, Kirin Holdings announced the acquisition of 95% outstanding shares in Kyowa Hakko Bio Co. Ltd, from Kyowa Hakko Kirin to expand to wellness and bio-chemical products.
On August 6, 2019, Kirin Holdings announced it would take a 33% stake in cosmetics and dietary supplements company Fancl Corp for US$1.21 billion.
On June 30, 2022, Kirin Holdings announced to sell its 51% stake in Myanmar Brewery Limited, its Myanmar joint venture to its military-linked local partner.
Holdings in Japan
Alcoholic beverage business
Kirin Distillery Company, Limited (Renamed from Kirin-Seagram Ltd. on July 1, 2002)
Ei Sho Gen Company, Limited
Kirin Communications Stage Company, Limited
Soft drink business
Kirin Beverage Company, Limited
Kinki Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Limited
Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast
Logistics
Kirin Logistics Company, Limited
Engineering
Kirin Techno-System Company, Limited
Kirin Engineering Company, Limited
Restaurants
Kirin Dining Company, Limited
Kirin City Company, Limited
Real estate
Kirin Building Management Company., Limited
Kirin Hotel Development Company, Limited
Other core businesses
Kirin Echo Company, Limited
Nutrient food
Kirin Well-Foods Company, Limited
Takeda-Kirin Foods Corporation
Cosmo Foods Company, Limited
Agribio
Kirin Green & Flower Company, Limited
Flower Gate, Inc.
Flower Season Company, Limited
Verdy Company, Limited
Tokita Seed Company, Limited
Japan Potato Corporation
Food
Nagano Tomato Company, Limited
Healthcare
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Company, Limited
Holdings outside Japan
Alcohol business
Asia Pacific Breweries (Singapore) (15%)
Brooklyn Brewery (United States) (24.5%)
Four Roses Distillery (United States)
Kirin Brewery of America LLC (United States)
Kirin Europe GmbH (Germany)
Lion Nathan Limited (Australia/New Zealand)
Mandalay Brewery Limited (Myanmar)
Myanmar Brewery Limited (Myanmar)
New Belgium Brewing Company (United States)
Bell's Brewing Company
San Miguel Brewery (Philippines) (48.3%)
Taiwan Kirin Company, Limited (Taiwan)
Zhuhai Kirin President Brewery Company, Limited (China)
Soft drink business
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England (United States)
Pharmaceutical business
Kirin-Amgen, Inc. (United States)
Gemini Science, Inc. (United States)
Hematech Inc. (United States)
Jeil-Kirin Pharmaceutical, Inc. (South Korea)
Kirin Pharmaceuticals Company, Limited (Taiwan)
Kirin Pharmaceuticals (Asia) Company, Limited (Hong Kong, China)
Kirin Kunpeng (China) Bio-Pharmaceutical Company, Limited (China)
Blackmores Limited (Australia)
Agribio business
Twyford International, Inc. (United States)
Kirin Agribio EC B.V. (Paris Office) (France)
Southern Glass House Produce, Limited (England)
Fides Holding B.V. (Netherlands)
Barberet & Blanc, S.A. (Spain)
Qingdao International Seeds Company, Limited (China)
Germicopa S.A. (France)
Kirin Agribio Shanghai Company, Limited (China)
Other business
Kirin Australia Pty., Limited (Australia)
Indústria Agrícola Tozan Ltda. (Brazil)
See also
Beer in Japan
Kirin Cup
References
External links
Kirin 100th Anniversary Beers
Breweries in Japan
Beer brands of Japan
Japanese brands
Alcoholic drink companies
Japanese companies established in 1885
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Osaka Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225
Mitsubishi companies
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Coca-Cola bottlers
Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
Food and drink companies established in 1885
Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo
Holding companies based in Tokyo
Drink companies of Japan |
1482464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohrmann%20%28crater%29 | Lohrmann (crater) | Lohrmann is a small lunar impact crater that is located to the west of the Oceanus Procellarum, near the western limb of the Moon. It lies to the north of the dark-floored walled plain Grimaldi, and just to the south of the crater Hevelius.
This crater is nearly circular, although it does not appear so from the Earth due to foreshortening. It has a narrow inner wall at the north end and a somewhat eroded edge. The interior floor has some low hills and a small craterlet in the western half. The remainder of the floor is relatively featureless except for some tiny craters.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lohrmann.
References
Geology of the Moon
Impact craters on the Moon |
1482500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Guilfoile | Kevin Guilfoile | Kevin Guilfoile (born July 16, 1968) is an American novelist, essayist and humorist.
Biography
Born in Teaneck, New Jersey, Kevin Guilfoile was raised in Cooperstown, New York, where his father, Bill Guilfoile, was Associate Director and Director of Public Relations at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
Guilfoile graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1990, and worked briefly in media relations for the Houston Astros baseball club.
Guilfoile was a founding partner of the Chicago design firm Coudal Partners, and a creative director at that company for 11 years.
Guilfoile's first novel, Cast of Shadows, was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 2005. It was named one of the Best Books of 2005 by the Chicago Tribune and Kansas City Star, and has been translated into more than 15 languages. His second novel, The Thousand, was published in 2010, also by Alfred A. Knopf.
His most recent book is titled A Drive into the Gap, published by Field Notes Brand in 2012, in which he offers an intimate, entertaining and poignant chronicle of his love for his father and their mutual love of baseball, family and all that is important in this life.
Guilfoile is a contributor to The Morning News, McSweeney's Quarterly Concern and McSweeney's Internet Tendency. His essays have appeared in The New York Times Magazine, The New Republic, and Salon.com. His work has been anthologized in Mirth of a Nation, 101 Damnations, Chicago Noir, and Chicago Blues.
He is a frequent collaborator with John Warner.
Works
Modern Humorist's My First Presidentiary (2001) (with John Warner) ()
Cast of Shadows (2005) () (British title: Wicker ())
The Thousand (2010) ()
A Drive into the Gap (2012) (), Field Notes Brand Books, Portland, Ore., Chicago Ill.
References
External links
Official page
New York Times review of Cast of Shadows
Salon.com review of Cast of Shadows
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Living people
1968 births
American male essayists
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers |
1482519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCter%20%28crater%29 | Schlüter (crater) | Schlüter is a lunar impact crater that is located near the western limb of the Moon's near side. It lies along the northwestern face of the Montes Cordillera mountain range that encircles the Mare Orientale. Nearly attached to the eastern rim is the damaged crater Hartwig.
Schlüter has an irregular outer rim that is roughly circular, with small outward bulges to the north and southeast. The former section displays a slumped appearance along the inner wall. The southern rim contains a small double-crater that lies long the inner wall. The rim is otherwise not significantly eroded, and contains a system of terraces along the inner sides.
The interior floor has a curved patch of low-albedo material along the northern inner wall, nearly matching the dark shade of the Lacus Autumni to the south of the Montes Cordillera range. The remainder of the floor has the same albedo as the surrounding terrain. In the midpoint of the floor is a central peak, consisting of an elongated ridge with the long dimension aligned in a northerly direction. There is a slender rille near the northwestern inner wall.
Schlüter is a crater of Upper (Late) Imbrian age.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Schlüter.
References
Impact craters on the Moon |
1482521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie%20Mayron | Melanie Mayron | Melanie Joy Mayron (born October 20, 1952) is an American actress and director of film and television. Mayron is best known for her role as photographer Melissa Steadman on the ABC drama thirtysomething for which she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1989, and was nominated for same award in 1990 and 1991. In 2018, the Santa Fe Film Festival honored Mayron for her outstanding contributions to film and television.
Early life and career
Mayron was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Norma (née Goodman), a real estate agent, and David Mayron, a pharmaceutical chemist. Her family is Jewish; her father is from a Sephardic background (the original surname was "Mizrahi"), while her mother is of Russian Jewish descent. She graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1972 and subsequently attended the Actors Studio, studying initially with Lee Strasberg, and later with John Lehne and Sandra Seacat.
In her first starring role, Mayron appeared opposite Josh Mostel and Art Carney in the 1974 film Harry and Tonto. She worked steadily during the 1970s, with roles in the 1976 movies Gable and Lombard and Car Wash, and the 1977 films The Great Smokey Roadblock and You Light Up My Life, and starred in 1978's Girlfriends, directed by Claudia Weill. In the mid-1970s, she played Brenda Morgenstern's best friend, Sandy Franks, on three episodes of the Mary Tyler Moore show spin-off, Rhoda. In 1982, she played Terry Simon, the photographer, in director Costa-Gavras' political drama Missing, alongside Jack Lemmon and Sissy Spacek.
In 1988, she co-wrote and co-produced the comedy film Sticky Fingers starring Helen Slater. In 1995, Mayron directed The Baby-Sitters Club, a film based upon the book series of the same name. She also directed the television movie Toothless (1997) starring Kirstie Alley and the movie Slap Her... She's French (2002), starring Piper Perabo (which appeared on television as She Gets What She Wants). In 2006, she appeared as a judge in the reality show Looking for Stars on the Starz! channel.
In addition to her role as Melissa Steadman, one of the primary cast members on thirtysomething, she directed episodes of the show as well.
The character of Melissa, like Mayron, is single, hails from Philadelphia and has supported herself as a photographer. The New York Times noted in a 1991 article about Mayron: "If most actresses make a point of distinguishing their real selves from the characters they play, Ms. Mayron is a curiosity in her insistence that, in fact, she is Melissa, or vice versa. Or maybe a more confident version of her television persona"
She directed episodes of numerous TV series, including In Treatment, The Fosters, Providence, Dawson's Creek, Ed, State of Grace, Nash Bridges, Wasteland, Tell Me You Love Me, Pretty Little Liars and The Naked Brothers Band; the latter series was created and showran by Mayron's former thirtysomething co-star Polly Draper. In 2015, she directed and released on YouTube The Living Room Sessions, a collection of videos of up-and-coming musical artists performing acoustic sets in her living room.
She's continued to direct TV, including episodes of the Netflix original series GLOW, SEAL Team, The Enemy Within, the 2018 Charmed reboot, Jane the Virgin, and Julia. In addition to directing Jane the Virgin, she also appears in a number of episodes as a feminist literature advisor. She and Gina Rodriguez first worked together when Rodriguez appeared in an episode of Army Wives that Mayron directed.
In December 2023, she appeared off Broadway in Sandra Tsing Loh's play, Madwomen of the West, alongside Caroline Aaron, Brooke Adams and Marilu Henner.
Personal life
Mayron was in a long-term relationship with screenwriter and producer Cynthia Mort, with whom she shared co-parenting of their two children.
Filmography
Film
Television
Director
Awards and nominations
See also
List of female film and television directors
List of lesbian filmmakers
List of LGBT-related films directed by women
References
Further reading
Ileane Rudolph. "Catching Up With Melanie Mayron," TV Guide. Issue 2701. January 2, 2005.
External links
Melanie Mayron at Fandango
Mayron's Goods (formerly Mayron's Good Baby), Melanie Mayron's Company for Natural Skin Products and Diaper Cream
Living people
1952 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
Film directors from Pennsylvania
American television actresses
American television directors
American women film directors
American LGBTQ film directors
LGBTQ television directors
American LGBTQ actresses
American women television directors
American health care businesspeople
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American actresses
Actresses from Philadelphia
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
21st-century American Jews |
1482529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuzikMafia | MuzikMafia | The MuzikMafia was an informal collection of American country music artists, founded in October 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee by Big Kenny and John Rich (who compose the duo Big & Rich), along with Jon Nicholson and Cory Gierman.
They have been the subject of a six-episode television series on the network Country Music Television, entitled MuzikMafia TV, which followed the Muzik Mafia on their first stadium tour, the American Revolution Tour.
The original MuzikMafia was born from an open mic night in Nashville. While they aren't official members, people who have performed at the MuzikMafia jams include Kid Rock, 3 Doors Down, Velvet Revolver, Bon Jovi, Stephen Cochran, Jewel, Bobby Brown, Sisqo, and Saliva.
History
Founding of the MuzikMafia
The Muzik Mafia, (Musically Artistic Friends In Alliance) was a ragtag collection of unique and talented musician friends and collaborators. It is most responsible for the birth and early feeding of country acts like Big & Rich, and Gretchen Wilson. It was the creative brainstorm of four friends known affectionately as the original founding “Godfathers,” Big Kenny, John Rich (of Big & Rich), R&B/rock/country singer-songwriter Jon Nicholson, and music publisher/executive Cory Gierman. All four were steeped in the same eclectic musical mix. Together they decided to get together periodically in one place and play together. They made an informal pact – no competition, only cooperation and mutual support. Mixing styles and genres, gatherings could go from a rock & country sound to a bluegrass riff to a reggae swag. It was a tribe of serious, and seriously open-minded musicians.
The godfathers founded MuzikMafia with an ideology of anti-commercialism—a response to Music Row’s commercial hegemony in Nashville. One of MuzikMafia’s numerous connections to these earlier phenomena is that each contributes to the idea of artistic events as spectacles. For MuzikMafia members, culture was primarily “lived” through experience rather than emphasized on, a reflection of, or adherence to industry norms of how commercial musicians should look or sound. Their original intention was to create a weekly jam session in which like-minded individuals could enjoy a variety of styles in an informal setting.
The first “official Muzik Mafia” was born from an open mic night at the Pub of Love, Nashville, TN on October 23, 2001. They held shows intentionally late each Tuesday evening because Tuesdays were, according to the godfathers, “the worst night of the week." and to avoid the club crowd that frequented weekend Nashville locales. Focusing more on those who were dedicated to an intensely intimate and social musical experience at an inconvenient time and day of the week. Each performance was free-of-charge and featured musicians from diverse genres, spoken-word artists, a juggler, a fire-breather, and a painter.
Everything was acoustic and usually performed on guitar accompanied by a percussionist who played a set of older conga drums with drumsticks. Regardless of age, ethnicity, sex, gender, financial status, social ranking, or belief system welcoming everyone at performances, promoting an atmosphere of acceptance. Tuesday shows were an opportunity for MuzikMafia musicians and audience members to be themselves, rather than representations of socially accepted norms.
National recognition
The fact that the MuzikMafia did not promote a single musical idiom might seem like a disqualifying factor in the industry. Their unifying trait was its diversity. The roster included artists who specialized in blues, rock, pop, rap, country, bluegrass, gospel, R&B, and soul that, collectively, are representative of Nashville’s rich history of musical diversity and the city’s current identification as “Music City, U.S.A.” The rapid growth in popularity of the MuzikMafia was the result of its two breakout acts, Big & Rich and Gretchen Wilson, who celebrated combined record sales of approximately five million units just from May through December 2004.
Kid Rock invited the MuzikMafia to perform with him on several tour dates in February and March 2004. The first took place on February 12, 2004 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Similar MuzikMafia performances with Kid Rock took place in Memphis on 6 March and in Detroit on 20 March that year.
MuzikMafia received massive public exposure in 2004. From The Wall Street Journal, Rolling Stone, the Los Angeles Times, USA Today, Entertainment Weekly, The Tennessean, Country Music Today, Billboard Magazine, The Washington Post, Blender Magazine, Country Weekly, and The New York Times. Magazine covers such as Country Weekly and Entertainment Weekly were shouting, “ The Muzik Mafia wants you!”
MuzikMafia TV
MuzikMafia TV was both a television documentary and a reality show. The six-episode series included behind-the-scenes footage of life on the road during their first stadium tour, The American Revolution Tour (Sponsored by Chevrolet). Documenting the community’s rise to national prominence the show became an instant hit.
Ivan Dudynsky (producer of MuzikMafia TV) of Live Animals Productions approached the godfathers in late summer 2004 with the idea of producing something on the MuzikMafia for CMT. The first episode of MuzikMafia TV premiered on 15 January 2005 on CMT.
Last performance
By the summer of 2002 it was evident that the MuzikMafia was a significant part of the Nashville music scene. The Pub of Love’s performance area was small; barely 12’ X 20’, and the building was in disrepair, including an upstairs ceiling that was sagging in several places. The Pub was incapable of accommodating the rapidly growing fan base, several weeks in the summer of 2002, the MuzikMafia performed outside in the adjacent parking lot. Unable to contain their Tuesday night fans, 2002 to 2007 MuzikMafia moved to larger clubs: Tin Roof, 12th & Porter, Mercy Lounge & Fuel. Occasionally, when there was not a weekly show, some of the members would show up to play on Tuesday & Thursday nights at Dan McGuinness, where there was another weekly show called "Dirt Pharm" formed by musicians associated with the MuzikMafia. The final MuzikMafia show was held in January 2008 at the Sam Phillips Music Celebration, in Muscle Shoals Alabama, after a disagreement between members.
List of MuzikMafia members
The core membership of the MuzikMafia was small—less than twenty individuals. Separately, they are artists, each of whom has experienced relative degrees of success and failure, respectively, in their personal and professional lives. Together, they contributed to significant change in the commercial music industry and beyond.
Godfathers and godmother
Cory Gierman
Big Kenny
Jon Nicholson
John Rich
Gretchen Wilson
Family members
James Otto (Musician)
Cowboy Troy (Musician)
Damien Horne-Pop/Rock Artist
Rachel Kice (Painter)
Shannon Lawson (Musician)
Two-Foot Fred (Business Man, Comedian)
Shanna Crooks (Musician)
Spoken Word Jen "SWJ" (Poet)
John Anderson (Musician) - Honorary Member
Pit bosses
Max Abrams (aka "Max on Sax")
Pino Squillace
The Reverend Elijah D.D. Holt
Jerry Navarro
:Adam Shoenfeld
Sean Smith
Visiting relatives
Kid Rock
3 Doors Down
Velvet Revolver
Bon Jovi
Jewel
Bobby Brown
Sisqo
Saliva
Wynonna Judd
Hank Williams Jr
Darryl McDaniels (Run DMC)
Peter Wolf (J. Geils Band)
George Clinton
Angie Aparo
Martina McBride
Keith Urban
Toby Keith
Richie Sambora
James Hetfield
Buzz M. Kiefer
Scott Sanford
Former members
Dean Hall (Resigned from the Mafia in December 2005)
Chance (Hit in February 2007)
Panelists
In October 2005, Muzikmafia members were receiving their booking engagements through William Morris Agency. The early panelists include
Cory Gierman
Big Kenny
Jon Nicholson
John Rich
Bill Moore
Cowboy Troy (Musician)
Shannon Lawson (Musician)
Rachel Kice (Painter)
References
External links
CMT's MuzikMafia TV website
Link to MuzikMafia book on Amazon.com
Musical groups established in 2001
American country music groups |
1482531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Urrutia | Benjamin Urrutia | Benjamin Urrutia (born January 24, 1950) is an author and scholar. With Guy Davenport, Urrutia edited The Logia of Yeshua, which collected what Urrutia and Davenport consider to be Jesus' authentic sayings from a variety of canonical and non-canonical sources. Urrutia interprets Jesus' mission as a leadership role in the "Israelite nonviolent resistance to Roman oppression".
Biography
Urrutia was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He lived in Ecuador until 1968, and has since been a resident of the United States of America, except for the period from May 1974 to July 1977, when he lived in Israel. At Brigham Young University, he studied under Hugh Nibley. Learning from Nibley that the Book of Mormon names Shiblon and Shiblom may be derived from the Arabic root shibl, "lion cub," Urrutia connected this to the "Jaguar Cub" imagery of the Olmec people.
Urrutia has also elaborated on Nibley's argument that the word Makhshava, usually translated as "thought," is more correctly translated as "plan." Urrutia has made some contributions to the study of Egyptian Names in the Book of Mormon.
Over the years, Urrutia has written and published a number of articles, letters, poems and reviews on matters related to the work of J. R. R. Tolkien.
Benjamin Urrutia contributed stories to every volume of the LDSF series – anthologies of Science Fiction with LDS themes. He edited the second and third volumes of the series.
Urrutia has been a book reviewer since 1970 and a film critic since 1981. As of 2017, he is a book reviewer and the principal film critic for The Peaceable Table. He is a strong advocate of Christian vegetarianism.
Ideas
New Testament and Talmud
Urrutia contends that Rabbi Yeshua Bar Abba was the historical Jesus of Nazareth and was the leader of the successful nonviolent Jewish resistance to Pontius Pilate's attempt to place Roman eagles – symbols of the worship of Jupiter – on Jerusalem's Temple Mount. Josephus, who relates this episode, does not say who the leader of this resistance was, but shortly afterwards states that Pilate had Jesus crucified. (Many scholars believe this passage of Josephus may have been slightly but significantly altered by later editors.)
The Gospel of the Hebrews says that the suggestion to be baptized by John came from the mother and brothers of Jesus, and Jesus himself agreed only reluctantly. Contrary to the common opinion, Benjamin Urrutia insists that this version must be the authentic one, because: 1) It is strongly supported by the Criterion of Embarrassment: Jesus changes his mind, and agrees to somebody else's idea. 2) This Gospel was produced by the community that included the Family of Jesus, and therefore is the most likely to include authentic family traditions.
A Talmudic legend has a Rabbi meeting the Messiah at the gates of Rome, where he is binding his wounds among the homeless poor. Asked when he will be coming, the Anointed One replies: "Today!" Perhaps this means: You need not expect a future coming of the Messiah. He is here today. Look for him among the homeless, the wounded, the hungry and oppressed.
In Chapter 8 of the Gospel of John, "the Jews who believed in Jesus" affirm that, being Children of Abraham, they have never been slaves. However, Jews observing the mainstream rabbinic tradition recite prayers at Passover, every Shabbath, and throughout the year, evoking the memory of their ancestors having been slaves in Egypt as told in the biblical Book of Exodus. This portion of John is likely the fictional creation of an editor who was unaware of Jewish culture and religion. (Note: John 8:33 They answered Him, “We are Abraham’s descendants and have never yet been enslaved to anyone;…” does not belong to the phrase/category of Jesus' comments to the Jews who believed. (30 As He spoke these things, many came to believe in Him. 31 So Jesus was saying to those Jews who had believed Him, “If you continue in My word, then you are truly disciples of Mine; 32 and you will know the truth, and the truth will make you free.”) Rather, "They answered him" should be read as the ongoing oppositional faction of Jewish leadership (The Jews who believed, in John 8:31, rightly follows the previous verse, whereas verse 33 continues the context of Jesus' conflict with the unbelieving Jews… (the edit of John 8 by some uninformed redaction is extremely unlikely and the effort to reconcile this is simple, parse verses 31-32 with 29, then continue 33 with the rest of the narrative of Jesus' conversation/conflict with… John 8:3 The scribes and the Pharisees brought a woman… a simpler reading and not requiring later assumptions of redaction.)
Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament
Urrutia applied the Structuralist theories of Claude Lévi-Strauss to the first chapter of the Bible in the article "The Structure of Genesis, Chapter One."
Accepting Jeff Popick's theory that the Forbidden Fruit is a symbolic reference to animal flesh, Benjamin offered an additional argument in favor of this exegesis: "Whether the serpent ... is the 'most subtle' of beasts or not, he certainly is a most carnivorous one. If Mr. Serpent taught our ancestors to eat forbidden food, he taught it by example. And nothing he eats is vegan or kosher."
Urrutia found intriguing connections between the Israelite hero Joseph and the Greek hero Theseus. These include carnivorous cattle and the number seven.
Urrutia found and pointed out some interesting similarities between Nimrod and pharaoh Amenhotep III (known as Nimmuria in the Amarna Letters).
Urrutia examined Kabbalistic and other sources and found evidence Yahweh was anciently considered the Son of El.
Urrutia pointed out parallels between the relationship of the Nuer to the Dinka with that of the Israelites to the Canaanites, and suggested a glottochronological approach.
Urrutia wrote a brief article on the Egyptian religious ritual of the Opening of the Mouth. In it, he traces common themes between the Opening of the Mouth and Psalm 51, such as opening the mouth (or of the lips, in Psalm 51), healing of broken bones, and washing the inner organs with special cleansing spices.
Urrutia pointed out that there are hints in the Bible that the Biblical authors may have known that not all the sons of Zedekiah perished in the Chaldean invasion.
Ancient languages
The name Mormon is explained by Urrutia as derived from the Egyptian words Mor ("love") and Mon ("firmly established").
In 1984, Urrutia produced the first translation ever of the 'Spangler Nodule', an iron nodule allegedly found in Ohio in 1800 with an inscription carved on it. According to Urrutia, the text says YHWWY (which, Urrutia suggests, may be a variant of the Tetragrammaton).
Contemporary issues
Urrutia was influenced by the Structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss, but took exception to the French anthropologist's too-easy acceptance of anti-Mormon slanders.
In a review of a book that presents cases of children who have made substantial and even complete recovery from Autism with a dairy-free diet, Benjamin Urrutia avers that considering 1) that most humans cannot digest cow's milk, and 2) that "an ounce of prevention is worth a ton of cure," "all parents should cease and desist from feeding cow's milk to their infants and children before they develop autism (not to mention childhood-onset diabetes)."
Reception
A reviewer in The Washington Post wrote: "In general, Davenport and scholar Benjamin Urrutia translate as plainly as possible, often giving familiar phrases a contemporary lilt: 'No one can work for two bosses...' Throughout, The Logia of Yeshua freshens familiar New Testament injunctions, encouraging us to think anew about their meanings."
Robert Jonas wrote in the Shambhala Sun: "Davenport and Urrutia must be applauded for their desire to awaken the reader by offering these new, bare translations of Jesus' sayings."
Professor Raphael Patai responded to Urrutia's ideas, and the two scholars had a lively dialogue for two issues of American Anthropologist.
Publications
The Logia of Yeshua: The Sayings of Jesus. Translated and edited in collaboration with Guy Davenport (1996).
See also
Baptism of Jesus
Christian vegetarianism
Jesuism
Josephus on Jesus
People with Basque ancestors
Urrutia
References
External links
The Peaceable Table, including a number of articles, cartoons, poems, reviews and stories by Benjamin Urrutia, plus this classic interview:
Article by Benjamin Urrutia:Interview with Master Yoda."
According to the website , there are eight people in the USA named Benjamin Urrutia. This one and seven others.
Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought website
Urrutia, Benjamin, at Mormon SF Bibliography: Poetry
The Lewis Legacy, Kathryn Lindskoog, The C. S. Lewis Foundation for Truth in Publishing June 1, 1997
1950 births
People from Guayaquil
Living people
Ecuadorian film critics
American film critics
Ecuadorian Latter Day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Ecuadorian people of Basque descent
Ecuadorian emigrants to the United States
South American biblical scholars |
1482541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%20Reds | Mission Reds | The Mission Reds were a minor league baseball team located in San Francisco, California, that played in the Pacific Coast League (PCL) from 1926 through 1937.
First Missions team
In early September of 1914, the failed Sacramento Solons team moved to San Francisco and renamed itself "Mission", in reference to San Francisco's Mission District. San Francisco newspapers had dubbed the Sacramento team the "Wolves", in reference to manager Harry Wolverton. The "Wolves" nickname followed them to San Francisco.
The Mission club continued to play the Sacramento schedule for the final seven weeks of the 200-plus games season. They staged their home games at Ewing Field (the 1914 season's regular home of the San Francisco Seals); and at Oaks Park (regular home of the Oakland Oaks), often playing their Sunday doubleheaders one game on each side of the Bay. The Missions' last home games came on Sunday, October 25, with the morning game in San Francisco and the afternoon game in Oakland.
There was newspaper chatter about the Missions moving to Recreation Park for 1915, but by then they had moved to Salt Lake City, where they became the Salt Lake Bees.
Origins in Los Angeles
The Mission Reds were born in Los Angeles in 1909, where they played under the name the Vernon Tigers. The team won two Pacific Coast League pennants during its 18-year stay in Southern California. Declining attendance forced owner Edward Maier to put the team up for sale after the 1925 season. A group of San Francisco businessmen led by Herbert Fleishhacker purchased the Tigers, moved the team to San Francisco for the 1926 season, and called the team the Mission Reds.
History in San Francisco
San Francisco's second baseball team during this time period, the Mission Reds, were rivals to the well-established San Francisco Seals. Fans seldom referred to the team by its full name "Mission Reds," preferring instead "the Missions." More often than not, the PCL standings in newspapers listed the team as the "Missions" or "Mission." The terms "Reds" and "Missions" were used synonymously in game reports.
Like its short-lived predecessor, the Mission Reds were supposed to represent San Francisco's Mission District. From 1926 to 1930, the team played home games at Recreation Park, also home to the Seals. When the Seals moved to their own ballpark, Seals Stadium (at 16th and Potrero Streets), in 1931, the Missions followed suit.
The Mission Reds were unable to establish a fan base during their 12-year stay in San Francisco, nor was the team able to replace the Oakland Oaks as the Seals' main rival. To most San Francisco baseball fans, the Missions were the team to watch only when the Seals were on the road.
The Missions finished first in the Pacific Coast League just once, in 1929; they lost the post-season series to the Hollywood Stars. The team had a 1,088-1,117 (.480) overall record. In 1935, Reds manager Gabby Street was suspended from the Pacific Coast League indefinitely for assaulting an umpire.
In 1938, two years after the Hollywood Stars moved to San Diego, owner Fleischaker, facing mounting losses on the field and at the gate, moved the Mission Reds back to Los Angeles. He renamed the team the Hollywood Stars.
References
Further reading
O'Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League 1903-1988. Eakin Press, Austin TX, 1990. .
Snelling, Dennis. The Pacific Coast League: A Statistical History, 1903-1957 McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 1995. .
Professional baseball teams in California
01
Baseball teams in San Francisco
Defunct baseball teams in California
Defunct Pacific Coast League teams
Mission District, San Francisco
Baseball teams established in 1926
Baseball teams disestablished in 1937
1926 establishments in California
1937 disestablishments in California |
1482546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Beavers | Louise Beavers | Louise Beavers (March 8, 1900 – October 26, 1962) was an American film and television actress who appeared in dozens of films and two hit television shows from the 1920s to 1960. She played a prominent role in advancing the lives of Black Americans through her work and collaborated with fellow advocates to improve the social standing and media image of the Black population.
Early life
Beavers was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to school teacher Ernestine (Monroe) Beavers and William M. Beavers, who was originally from Georgia. Her mother's illness caused the family to move to Pasadena, California.
In Pasadena, she attended school and engaged in several after-school activities, such as basketball and church choir. Her mother also worked as a voice teacher and taught her how to sing. In 1920, Beavers graduated from Pasadena High School. She then worked as a dressing-room attendant for a photographer and served as a personal maid to film star Leatrice Joy.
Career
Beavers' acting career began as a member of the Lady Minstrels, a group of young women who staged amateur productions and appeared on stage at the Loews State Theatre. Charles Butler, an agent for African-American actors, saw one of her early performances and recommended that she audition for a film role.
Beavers was initially hesitant to audition for film roles because of the negative portrayal of blacks in film. She once said, "In all the pictures I had seen… they never used colored people for anything except savages." However, she won a role in the film Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1927) and went on to play stereotypical black roles such as those of a slave, a mother figure, a maid or domestic servant.
After playing the role of Julia, the maid and mother figure to a young white woman, in Coquette (1929), Beavers gained more attention for her work and was able to transition to less stereotypical roles. Beavers played Delilah in Imitation of Life (1934), again in the role of a housekeeper, but instead of the usual stereotypical comedic or purely functional role, Delilah's storyline constitutes a secondary parallel plot in which her problems are given considerable emotional gravity. Some in the media recognized the unfairness of Hollywood's double standard regarding race. A contributor to California Graphic Magazine wrote: "the Academy could not recognize Miss Beavers. She is black!"
Beavers played the lead role in the film Reform School (1939), once thought to be a lost film, as a forward-thinking probation officer who becomes the superintendent of a reform school and implements major changes.
In the film Holiday Inn (1942), Beavers performed a song during a minstrel show number celebrating Abraham Lincoln's birthday. Because the number features Bing Crosby and others in blackface, some consider it racially offensive and it is often excised from television screenings of the film.
Beavers was one of three actresses (including Hattie McDaniel and Ethel Waters) to portray housekeeper Beulah on the Beulah television show, the first television sitcom to star a black person. She also played a maid for the first two seasons of The Danny Thomas Show (1953–1955).
In addition to her film work, Beavers conducted theater tours as long as 20 weeks each year.
As Beavers' career grew, some criticized her for the roles that she accepted, alleging that such roles institutionalized the view that blacks were subservient to whites. Beavers dismissed the criticism, acknowledging the limited opportunities available but saying: "I am only playing the parts. I don't live them." As she became more widely known, Beavers began to speak against Hollywood's portrayal and treatment of African Americans, both during production and after promoting the films. Beavers became active in public life, seeking to help support African Americans. She endorsed Robert S. Abbott, the editor of The Chicago Defender, who fought for African-Americans' civil rights. She supported Richard Nixon, who she believed would help black Americans in the struggle for civil rights.
Personal life
Beavers' cousin George Beavers, Jr. was a cofounder of the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company.
She became a prominent and active member of the black community in Los Angeles. She was involved in community functions, including those at the People’s Independent Church, where she helped develop the theater program of the Young People’s Lyceum. She was also involved in the 1939 public ceremonies celebrating development of the all-black resort Val Verde County Park.
In 1936, Beavers married Robert Clark, who later became her manager. Beavers and Clark later divorced and remarried.
In 1952, Beavers married Leroy Moore, with whom she remained until her death in 1962. She had no children.
In later life, Beavers was plagued by health issues, including diabetes. She died on October 26, 1962, at the age of 62, following a heart attack, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles.
Honors
Beavers was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame in 1976.
She was an honorary member of the Sigma Gamma Rho sorority, one of the four African-American sororities.
Filmography
Features
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927) as Slave at Wedding (uncredited)
Coquette (1929) as Julia
Glad Rag Doll (1929) as Hannah
Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929) as Sadie, the Maid
Barnum Was Right (1929) as Maid (uncredited)
Wall Street (1929) as Magnolia
Nix on Dames (1929) as Magnolia
Second Choice (1930) as Maid (uncredited)
Wide Open (1930) as Easter
She Couldn't Say No (1930) as Cora
Honey (1930) as Black Revivalist (uncredited)
True to the Navy (1930) as Maid (uncredited)
Safety in Numbers (1930) as Messalina
Back Pay (1930) as Nellie, Hester's Maid (uncredited)
Recaptured Love (1930) as Maid (uncredited)
Our Blushing Brides (1930) as Amelia, the Mannequins' Maid (uncredited)
Manslaughter (1930) as Rose (prison inmate) (uncredited)
Outside the Law (1930) as Judy the Maid (uncredited)
Bright Lights (1930) as Angela - the Maid (uncredited)
Paid (1930) as Black Convict (uncredited)
Scandal Sheet (1931)
Millie (1931) as Maid (uncredited)
Don't Bet on Women (1931) as Maid (uncredited)
Six Cylinder Love (1931, uncredited)
Party Husband (1931) as Laura's Maid (uncredited)
Annabelle's Affairs (1931) as Ruby
Sundown Trail (1931) as Auntie Jenny
Reckless Living (1931) as Maid
Girls About Town (1931) as Hattie
Good Sport (1931) as September
Ladies of the Big House (1931) as Ivory
The Greeks Had a Word for Them (1932) as Beautician (uncredited)
The Expert (1932) as Lulu
It's Tough to Be Famous (1932) as Ada, Janet's Maid
Young America (1932) as Maid (uncredited)
Night World (1932) as Maid (uncredited)
The Strange Love of Molly Louvain (1932) as Washroom Attendant (uncredited)
Street of Women (1932) as Mattie, Natalie's maid
The Dark Horse (1932) as Levinnia, Kay's Maid (uncredited)
What Price Hollywood? (1932) as The Maid
Unashamed (1932) as Amanda Jones
Divorce in the Family (1932) as Rosetta
Hell's Highway (1932) as Rascal's Sweetheart at Visitor's Center (uncredited)
Wild Girl (1932) as Mammy Lou (uncredited)
Too Busy to Work (1932) as Mammy
She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Pearl
Her Splendid Folly (1933) as Anastasia
42nd Street (1933) as Pansy, Dorothy's Maid (uncredited)
Girl Missing (1933) as Julie - Daisy's Maid (uncredited)
The Phantom Broadcast (1933) as Penny (uncredited)
Pick-Up (1933) as Magnolia (uncredited)
Central Airport (1933) as Hotel Maid (uncredited)
The Big Cage (1933) as Mandy (uncredited)
The Story of Temple Drake (1933) as Minnie
What Price Innocence? (1933) as Hannah
Hold Your Man (1933) as Elite Club Attendant (uncredited)
Midnight Mary (1933) as Anna, Mary's Maid (uncredited)
Her Bodyguard (1933) as Margot's Maid
A Shriek in the Night (1933) as Maid
Notorious But Nice (1933) as Ophelia (uncredited)
Bombshell (1933) as Loretta
Only Yesterday (1933) as Abby, the Emerson's Maid (uncredited)
In the Money (1933) as Lily
Jimmy and Sally (1933) as Maid (uncredited)
Palooka (1934) as Crystal
Bedside (1934) as Pansy
I've Got Your Number (1934) as Crystal
Gambling Lady (1934) as Suzy - Peter's Cook (uncredited)
A Modern Hero (1934) as Azais' Maid (uncredited)
The Woman Condemned (1934) as Sally - Jane's Maid
Registered Nurse (1934) as Flo, Sadie's Maid (uncredited)
Glamour (1934) as Millie
I Believed in You (1934) as Prisoner (uncredited)
Merry Wives of Reno (1934) as Derwent's Client, Black Mother of 12 Wanting a Divorce (uncredited)
Cheaters (1934) as Lily
The Merry Frinks (1934) as Camille, Hattie's Maid
Dr. Monica (1934) as Sarah - Mary's Maid (uncredited)
I Give My Love (1934) as Maid
Beggar's Holiday (1934) as Heliotrope
Imitation of Life (1934) as Delilah Johnson
West of the Pecos (1934) as Mauree
Million Dollar Baby (1934) as Black Mother
Annapolis Farewell (1935) as Miranda
Bullets or Ballots (1936) as Nellie LaFleur
Wives Never Know (1936) as Florabelle
General Spanky (1936) as Cornelia
Rainbow on the River (1936) as Toinette
Make Way for Tomorrow (1937) as Mamie
Wings Over Honolulu (1937) as Mammy
Love in a Bungalow (1937) as Millie
The Last Gangster (1937) as Gloria
Scandal Street (1938) as Clairce
Life Goes On (1938) as Sally Weston
Brother Rat (1938) as Jenny
The Headleys at Home (1938) as Hyacinth
Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus (1938) as Cassey
Made for Each Other (1939) as Lily, Cook #3 (uncredited)
The Lady's from Kentucky (1939) as Aunt Tina
Reform School (1939) as Mother Barton
Parole Fixer (1940) as Aunt Lindy
Women Without Names (1940) as Ivory
Primrose Path (1940) as Woman Talking to Police (uncredited)
I Want a Divorce (1940) as Celestine
No Time for Comedy (1940) as Clementine
Virginia (1941) as Ophelia
Sign of the Wolf (1941) as Beulah
Kisses for Breakfast (1941) as Clotilda
Belle Starr (1941) as Mammy Lou
Shadow of the Thin Man (1941) as Stella
The Vanishing Virginian (1942) as Aunt Emmeline
Young America (1942) as Pansy
Reap the Wild Wind (1942) as Maum Maria
Holiday Inn (1942) as Mamie
The Big Street (1942) as Ruby - Gloria's Maid (uncredited)
Seven Sweethearts (1942) as Petunia, the Maid
Tennessee Johnson (1942) as Addie (uncredited)
Good Morning, Judge (1943) as Cleo
DuBarry Was a Lady (1943) as Niagara
All by Myself (1943) as Willie
Top Man (1943) as Cleo - the Warrens' Maid
Jack London (1943) as Mammy Jenny
There's Something About a Soldier (1943) as Birdie (uncredited)
Follow the Boys (1944) as Louise Beavers (uncredited)
South of Dixie (1944) as Magnolia Brown / Chloe
Dixie Jamboree (1944) as Opal
Barbary Coast Gent (1944) as Bedelia
Delightfully Dangerous (1945) as Hannah
Young Widow (1946) as Rosie, the Cook (uncredited)
Lover Come Back (1946) as Martha, Kay's Maid
Banjo (1947) as Lindy
Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948) as Gussie
A Southern Yankee (1948) as Laundry Woman (uncredited)
For the Love of Mary (1948) as Bertha
Good Sam (1948) as Chloe
Tell It to the Judge (1949) as Cleo, Marsha's Maid (uncredited)
Girls' School (1950) as Hattie
The Jackie Robinson Story (1950) as Jackie's Mother
My Blue Heaven (1950) as Selma
Colorado Sundown (1952) as Mattie - Jackie's Maid
I Dream of Jeanie (1952) as Mammy
Never Wave at a WAC (1953) as Artamesa, Jo's Maid
Good-bye, My Lady (1956) as Bonnie Drew
You Can't Run Away from It (1956) as Maid
Teenage Rebel (1956) as Willamay
Tammy and the Bachelor (1957) as Osia
The Goddess (1958) as The Cook
All the Fine Young Cannibals (1960) as Rose
The Facts of Life (1960) as Gussie
Short subjects
Oriental Hugs (1928)
Election Day (1929) as Farina's Mother
Knights Before Christmas (1930)
You're Telling Me (1932) as The Maid (uncredited)
Hesitating Love (1932)
The Midnight Patrol (1933) (scenes deleted)
Grin and Bear It (1933)
References
Further reading
External links
1900 births
1962 deaths
Actresses from Cincinnati
20th-century African-American actresses
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Pasadena, California
American television actresses
American film actresses
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles
Ohio Republicans
Pasadena High School (California) alumni |
1482552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootham | Bootham | Bootham is a street in the city of York, England, leading north out of the city centre. It is also the name of the small district surrounding the street.
History
The street runs along a ridge of slightly higher ground east of the River Ouse. It follows the line of Dere Street, the main Roman road from Eboracum to Cataractonium. Many Roman remains have been found in the area, which was principally used for burials. The street's name probably derives from the Norse for "the place of the booths", referring to the poor huts in the area. From the Roman period, an alternative route from the bridge over the Ouse ran a short distance west of Bootham, and in the Saxon and Viking Jorvik periods, that was the main road to the north-west. However, after St Mary's Abbey was constructed in this area, that road was blocked, and Bootham became the principal route. In 1260, the abbey was given permission to construct a wall, part of which runs immediately west of the southern part of Bootham. Disputes between the abbey and the city led to conflict in 1262, with several houses on the street being burned down. Shortly after 1326 the Bootham Hoard of silver coins was deposited at the site which would become Bootham School.
The first documentary evidence of buildings on Bootham is from the 12th century, and by 1282, there were 19 properties on the street, most opposite the abbey wall, with some further out. The city received complaints that, by the end of the century, the road's paving was broken up, there was a stench of pigsties in the area, and that the street was often blocked by loose pigs. In 1308, the abbey was given permission to hold a market and fair on the street, and although this was later revoked, there is evidence of a market being held until at least 1448. In 1354, the abbey finally agreed that Bootham should fall within the city's jurisdiction. In 1497, St Margaret's Arch was built through part of the wall at the southern end of Bootham, providing access to what is now King's Manor.
By 1610, most of the street was built up, other than the area in front of the abbey walls, but the area was devastated in the 1644 Siege of York. Almost all the buildings now date from after the siege, many from the Georgian period, and the redevelopment included new buildings in front of the abbey wall. A cock pit was established near where the road currently has its junction with St Mary's, with an attached bowling green. In 1846, Bootham School moved to the street, and it has gradually expanded into several buildings.
York City Council describes the street as "the finest of approaches to the city bars", and mention the trees and cobbled margins along the street, which replaced former grass verges, used for grazing animals. The street is now lined with expensive houses, hotels, and prestigious offices.
Layout and architecture
Bootham is the main route out of York city centre to the north-west, and it forms part of the A19 road. It continues the line of High Petergate, the via principalis of Roman Eboracum, from Bootham Bar in the York city walls. It follows the main Roman road from York to Catterick. It runs north-west, over the York-Scarborough railway line, ending at a junction with Bootham Crescent and Queen Anne's Road, beyond which its route become Clifton. On the south-west side, it has junctions with St Leonard's Place, Marygate, St Mary's and Bootham Terrace, while on the north-east side, it meets Gillygate, Bootham Row, and Grosvenor Terrace.
Notable buildings on its south-west side include the walls surrounding St Mary's Abbey, with Queen Margaret's Arch and St Mary's Tower; Ingram House, almshouses built about 1632, one of the few survivors of the siege; 8–10 Bootham, built in the 18th century; and 54 Bootham, and Bootham Lodge, large houses built about 1840. On the north-east side lie most of the Georgian buildings: 15–17, 19, 25, 33, 39–45, 47 (designed by John Carr), 51, 53 and 55, 57, 59, 61, and 75–77 Bootham are all large houses, dating from the 18th century. 21–23, 35, and 49 Bootham are slightly older, with 17th-century origins. Other notable buildings include Wandesford House, almshouses opened in 1743; and The Churchill Hotel, built about 1827. The main entrance to Bootham Park Hospital, built in 1777 as one of the first asylums in the UK, is up a long drive from the street.
See also
Bootham Crescent, the former home stadium of York City Football Club, in the Bootham area
References
Streets in York
Villages and areas in the City of York |
1482557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchon%20%28film%29 | Inchon (film) | Inchon (also stylized as Inchon!) is a 1981 war film about the Battle of Inchon, considered to be the turning point of the Korean War. Directed by Terence Young and financed by Unification movement founder Sun Myung Moon, the film stars Laurence Olivier as General Douglas MacArthur, who led the United States' surprise amphibious landing at Incheon, South Korea in 1950, with Jacqueline Bisset, Ben Gazzara, Toshiro Mifune and Richard Roundtree.
Inchons plot includes both military action and human drama. Characters face danger and are involved in various personal and dramatic situations. The film concludes with the American victory over North Korean forces in the Battle of Inchon, which is considered to have saved South Korea. Produced on $46 million with filming taking place in South Korea, California, Italy, Ireland and Japan, it encountered many problems during production, including a typhoon and the death of a cast member. Both the Unification movement and the United States military provided personnel as extras during the filming.
After premiering in May 1981, the film was released theatrically in the United States and Canada in September 1982, before being quickly withdrawn due to critical and financial failure. Never receiving a home video release, it has occasionally been broadcast on television. It was the largest financial loss in film of 1982, earning less than $2 million against its lofty budget and resulting in losses of around $41 million. Reviewers at the time gave it consistently negative reviews and later commentators including Newsweek, TV Guide and Canadian Press have classed Inchon among the worst films of all time.
Plot
The film depicts the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War, which took place September 15–19, 1950, and is considered the turning point of the war. The protagonist of the film is General Douglas MacArthur, who led the United States surprise amphibious landing at Incheon in 1950. A subplot in the film involves an American couple who encounter difficulties in their relationship because of the ongoing war.
Inchon begins with North Korean soldiers moving past the 38th parallel north into South Korea in June 1950. People flee to Seoul. One of the displaced people is Barbara Hallsworth, a U.S. Army major's wife who lives in a village on the 38th parallel. She is chauffeured to Seoul in a limousine, picking up five South Korean children along the way. After her chauffeur is killed, she drives them to a safe location called the Inn of the Sixth Happiness. Along the way, she shoots a North Korean soldier.
Meanwhile, her husband, Frank Hallsworth, is attempting to break off an affair with a young South Korean woman, Lim. Her father Saito is aware of his daughter's affair with Frank and does not disapprove. Frank receives word of the invasion by the North Koreans, and he travels north in an attempt to locate Barbara with the assistance of army sergeant August Henderson. August encounters Barbara and fixes her vehicle's battery, and then reunites her with Frank.
Journalists David Feld, Park, and Longfellow are attending a press conference held by MacArthur in Tokyo. MacArthur, however, does not show. He agrees with his wife Jean that he is the only person who can rescue South Korea from the invasion by the North Koreans.
Hallsworth and his former lover succeed in turning on a lighthouse to signal 261 U.S. ships, and the South Korean woman's father activates mines in the channel. She dies during the ensuing battle. The U.S. troops drive out the North Korean forces and the cheering people wave South Korean and American flags. The film proper ends with MacArthur reciting the Lord's Prayer; after this scene, a newsreel of MacArthur is shown.
Cast
Laurence Olivier as General Douglas MacArthur
Jacqueline Bisset as Barbara Hallsworth
Ben Gazzara as Major Frank Hallsworth
Toshiro Mifune as Saito
Richard Roundtree as Sergeant Augustus Henderson
David Janssen as David Feld
Namkoong Won as Park
Karen Kahn as Lim
Rex Reed as Longfellow
Gabriele Ferzetti as Turkish Brigadier
Sabine Sun as Marguerite
Dorothy James as Jean MacArthur
Production
Financing
Sun Myung Moon formed One Way Productions in 1974, with Japanese newspaper publisher Mitsuharu Ishii as its head. Before deciding on making a war film, Moon and Ishii considered making biopics of Jesus or Elvis Presley. In 1978, psychic Jeane Dixon was consulted to communicate with the spirit of General MacArthur, and Dixon said that MacArthur's spirit endorsed the production of the film. Dixon also helped choose Terence Young, known for the James Bond films Dr. No, Thunderball, and From Russia with Love, to direct the film.
Inchon was financed by Moon and Ishii. Moon was involved with the film's production from the very beginning. Ishii, a member of the Unification movement in Japan and a friend of Moon, served as the film's producer; and Moon, although credited as "Special Advisor on Korean Matters", contributed $30 million to One Way Productions. Moon initially did not want the public to know that he was behind the financing of the film and its production; however, upon the film's U.S. release, Moon was identified in newspaper ads as the film's "special advisor". Ishii said he was instructed by God to make the film. Additional funding was provided by Robert Standard, the associate producer and a member of the Unification Church of the United States.
Ishii said he was a member of the Unification movement "just like a Catholic is a member of the Catholic Church and I believe Rev. Moon is very sincere about doing the Lord's work". Ishii was president of the World Daily News, which is published by Moon's media conglomerate News World Communications which also published other newspapers, including The Washington Times in the United States.
Inchon was initially budgeted at $18 million, but cost $46 million to produce. Attempts to solicit funding from Japanese banks fell through, and so the entire project was funded by Moon and the Unification Church.
In his book Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America, author and scholar of religion J. Gordon Melton noted that "Moon has attempted to project his ideas into all areas of American society" and cited Inchon as an example. Moon later said in a talk to movement members: "Why did we put so much effort into the movie Inchon? No matter what the result the motivation was for people to understand about MacArthur. I wanted to show how MacArthur loved God and loved people. MacArthur came to Japan after World War II and put the nation back together. He really respected and loved the people. He also loved God very much and fought with great strength against tyranny and communism. That is what I want the people to understand."
Writing
Ishii was inspired to write a film with an international cast after watching a South Korean dramatization of the war. He wanted the film to be an "entertaining action film", but also said he was "very interested in depicting MacArthur as a human being and I want the world to know how miserable the war was for the Korean people."
Moore commented on the writing process: "The theme I had to deal with in Inchon was too big for a movie that was less than two hours. When Toho was originally involved, they wanted a love story between an American boy and a Korean girl. My technique is to research and then fictionalize, a technique I used successfully in French Connection. But I had to fictionalize the real landing at Inchon, making it seem that a lighthouse was a pivotal factor when in fact it wasn't. I couldn't do that, which is why other writers were brought in."
Ishii instructed Moore to include an emphasis on General MacArthur's spiritualism and faith in divine guidance. He told Moore to include three separate love stories in the film, "one between two Americans, one between two Koreans, and one between an American and a Korean". Moore explained that "the love stories were supposed to tell the story of the tragedy of Korea, the tragedy of the Korean War". Ishii stated to Moore that he did not wish for the movie to turn into an "anti-Communist tract". Before the completion of the film's screenplay, the film's producers encountered difficulties obtaining an affiliation with a movie studio. Ishii said that North Korea placed pressure on Toho Studios through labor unions in Japan, requesting that the studio pulled out of its affiliation with Inchon. The labor unions criticized the film's production, saying that it was influenced by Moon and his Unification movement, in addition to the Korean CIA and was part of an effort to support the president of South Korea. Because of this criticism, Toho Studios canceled its participation in the Inchon project.
Casting
Laurence Olivier was paid $1 million to play General Douglas MacArthur in the film. He was contracted for six weeks of filming, and received a payment of $250,000 upon signing the contract and the remainder was given in four subsequent installments. His salary came out to $50,000 per day. In addition to this fee, Olivier also received $2,500 per week for his expenses. Olivier was interviewed during the film's production and explained why he agreed to be part of its cast: "People ask me why I'm playing in this picture. The answer is simple. Money, dear boy. I'm like a vintage wine. You have to drink me quickly before I turn sour. I'm almost used up now and I can feel the end coming. That's why I'm taking money now. I've got nothing to leave my family but the money I can make from films. Nothing is beneath me if it pays well. I've earned the right to damn well grab whatever I can in the time I've got left."
Olivier researched the role by traveling to Norfolk, Virginia to visit the MacArthur Museum, and speaking with Alexander Haig, who had served as aide-de-camp to MacArthur. Haig told Olivier that MacArthur's voice sounded like W.C. Fields, and Olivier tried to imitate this. He enjoyed working with accents and obtained recordings of MacArthur's voice. He was interested in various inconsistencies in these recordings, and especially in the difference in vowel sounds made by MacArthur. During filming, the makeup process for Olivier took two and a half hours, but after it was complete, he thought he neither looked like himself nor like General MacArthur.
The 72-year-old Olivier, who had been in poor health for years, suffered during filming in Seoul because of the summer heat. Director Terence Young recalled that between takes Olivier lay on a cot, virtually immobile with pain and exhaustion, but that when needed "he dropped fifty years and stepped forward without complaint".
Richard Roundtree, known for the title role in the film Shaft, portrayed the character of Staff Sgt. Henderson in the film. Janssen, known for his role in television series The Fugitive, accepted a part as a journalist to work with Laurence Olivier. Actress Karen Kahn portrayed the young Korean lover of Major Frank Hallsworth in the film. In a subsequent interview with The Press Democrat, Kahn said of the film: "It was supposed to be this Gone with the Wind. And it was the worst movie. It's in some of those worst-films-of-all-time books. After that movie I quit. I just couldn't take L.A. I was really thin-skinned. So I just got out."
Young was paid $1.8 million, Jacqueline Bisset was paid $1.65 million, Ben Gazzara was paid $750,000, David Janssen was paid $300,000, Roundtree was paid $200,000, and Rex Reed was paid $6,000 per week. Prior to Gazzara receiving the role for Frank Hallsworth it was offered to Nick Nolte for $1.5 million. Olivier and Young later sued One Way Productions for $1 million each citing overtime.
Filming
Shooting took place in Hollywood, Rome, Ireland, Tokyo and Seoul. The involvement of Moon was "adamantly denied". Moon recommended editing and reshooting changes to the film's script, which "caused the production to return to South Korea three times, Rome twice and Los Angeles twice."
The film included several technical errors. Cut-out cardboard pieces were used to depict military aircraft during battle scenes in the film, and one film critic said viewers were almost able to identify the threads attached to the cardboard cut-outs. Footage of a digital watch was spliced into the film, though this technology would not be invented for twenty-five years after the film's time period. There were other problems. Bisset developed laryngitis during the film's production. A set-piece for the film included a re-created version of a lighthouse at Incheon, but this was obliterated by a typhoon. The death of David Janssen during production called for extensive reshoots.
During the filming of the landing at Inchon a mistake was made in which the ships turned right rather than left. This was due to an aide, whose walkie-talkie was broken, not relaying the correct information due to fear of embarrassment. The filming mistake cost around $500,000. $1 million was spent to bring the crew back to film the three minute scene depicting MacArthur's victory parade. Principal photography cost $26 million and reshoots in other countries cost $22 million. Sidney Beckerman was paid $350,000 to consult Ishii during the editing process.
The production hired Samuel Jaskilka, a retired Marine Corps lieutenant general who took part in the Battle of Inchon as a company commander, as technical advisor to the film. A portion of the movie was filmed aboard the , an during an amphibious operation off the coast of South Korea in 1978. The United States Department of Defense allowed 1,500 soldiers from the United States Army and United States Marine Corps to participate as extras in the film, at a cost of $77,000.
The Little Angels Children's Folk Ballet of Korea, founded by Moon in 1962, was featured in the film, with many Unification movement members. After shooting had finished in South Korea, Olivier returned to England. He was needed in South Korea to shoot the final scene, but as a concession to his poor health, was allowed to film in Rome instead. The film's director Terence Young was not happy with the completed version of the film and said, "the producers have turned Inchon into a Korean propaganda movie." Ishii said: "No problem. We have 20 nations who want this movie."
Music
Jerry Goldsmith wrote the score for the film. The music was recorded at Rome's Forum Studio in July 1980 and was fraught with difficulties—the studio was not large enough for his orchestra, and room noise made by the players and their equipment affected the tracks.
In spite of the problems, Goldsmith was pleased with his score, describing it as a chance to "create interesting music out of a bad situation". The original 1982 soundtrack LP comprised 38 minutes of music, edited and assembled by Goldsmith and engineer Leonard Engel into an ideal listening experience rather than a chronological one. The album was issued on Regency Records; Intrada Records prepared a remixed edition of the complete score in 1988. In 2006 Intrada revisited the score and issued a two-disc set, with the original LP making its compact disc debut on disc 1 and the entire score presented in film order on disc 2.
Release
The world premiere was held in Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1981, via special screening at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, as a benefit for retired United States Navy personnel chaired by Senator Alfonse D'Amato. This was the only time the film was screened in its full 140-minute version. Between 25 and 100 protesters came to demonstrate outside the Center.
The gala was a benefit for retired Naval personnel sponsored by D'Amato, but he declined to attend when it was announced that Moon would be in attendance. Twelve congressmen signed on as honorary members of the benefit committee. Although an additional forty-eight Members of Congress accepted tickets to the premiere, Lawrence H. Suid wrote in Guts & Glory that "... no more than fifteen or sixteen were willing to brave the pickets outside the Kennedy Center protesting the Unification Church and its involvement with the movie."
On February 13, 1982, President Ronald Reagan, a former film actor and president of the Screen Actors Guild, screened the film in the White House. He noted in his diary: "Ran Inchon—it is a brutal but gripping picture about the Korean War and for once we're the good guys and the Communists are the villains. The producer was Japanese or Korean which probably explains the preceding sentence".
Promotion
The Unification movement wanted to distribute on their own, but Young told them this would result in a "total disaster". The Church did however front the full $11 million promotion budget. The press releases made many mystical claims, such as of a B-29 bomber pilot seeing the face of Jesus Christ during the war, or of MacArthur's spirit causing his face to appear on a photograph of his office door. The press kit also claimed that MacArthur had endorsed the film from the spiritual world (MacArthur having died in 1964).
Distribution
Inchon screened at the 35th Cannes Film Festival in May 1982 but failed to interest any buyers despite a $250,000 publicity campaign, which included hiring the publicity firm Rogers and Cowan to arrange a large party and give out promotional Inchon jackets.
In August 1982, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contracted distribution rights. One Way Productions came to an agreement with MGM that it would cover the costs associated with advertising and distributing if MGM agreed to distribute Inchon for a profit share of only 15%. The normal profit fee for distributors was 30%. One Way also convinced Moon to change his credit from spiritual advisor to special advisor.
The film, cut to 105 minutes, was released in the United States on September 17, 1982, but was swiftly pulled from theater exhibitions due to poor commercial performance. It was never shown in the United Kingdom.
Home media
After its release, Inchon was never theatrically rereleased, and never issued on videocassette or DVD. However, it did air on U.S. cable television outlet Goodlife Television Network, at the time owned by the Unification movement. Bootleg copies circulated from individuals that had copied Inchon from these television broadcasts.
Response
Box office
The film's total North American gross was $1.9 million. It eventually took in $5.2 million at the box office. Inchon lost over $44 million, and was the year's largest cinematic financial failure. In 1989, a survey released by the entertainment research firm Baseline identified Inchon as "the biggest box-office fiasco of the 1980s".
Inchon has been included on multiple lists of box-office bombs. Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune placed Inchon as number six in a "list of Hollywood's 10 worst mega-flops". Wilmington noted that Inchon displaced the 1980 film Heaven's Gate as "the bomb of the decade". The Washington Post described Inchon as "one of the biggest commercial disasters in film history". In 1995, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that The Guinness Book of World Records called Inchon "the biggest money-loser in film history". Inchon was one of the "10 costliest movies", adjusted for inflation, at $173 million in 1997 dollars. In a 2006 list of "The top 10 biggest box office failures", Kat Giantis of MSN Movies placed Inchon as tied with Battlefield Earth (a science fiction film based on a novel by L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, the fact this film was based on a book written by the founder of the Scientology religion meant that it was heavily promoted by Scientologists) for number seven.
Critical reception
Most newspaper reviewers gave negative reviews, among them were The Boston Globe, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Miami Herald and The Washington Post. In The New York Times, critic Vincent Canby wrote "Inchon is a hysterical historical epic, somewhat less offensive than The Green Berets and far funnier...Inchon looks like the most expensive B-movie ever made." A review in Variety wrote "Olivier is convincing in his role throughout most of the saga, the only member of the cast to achieve that status. The screenplay generally treats all others as one-dimensional buffoons, giving them lines that are unintentionally laughable. One reason is that all plot digressions are simply window dressing to the film's focus on the brutally invading North Koreans and the big-scale counterattack by the good guys. No speaking roles are given to the Communists, for example."
Moon founded The Washington Times in Washington, D.C., as a part of his international media conglomerate News World Communications in the same year Inchon was released. According to The Times''' rival The Washington Post, a full-length two and a half page version of a film review of Inchon written by critic Scott Sublett that was originally planned for the September 16, 1982 issue of The Times was killed by the newspaper's publisher and editor James R. Whelan. Whelan told Sublett that The Times had a conflict of interest in reviewing Inchon, and would not print his review. Instead, The Times printed a one-paragraph critical synopsis of the film, also written by Sublett, which said in full: "Puerile dialogue, perfunctory acting and haphazard construction doom from the start this visually impressive would-be epic about love and dead Reds in wartime Korea. Olivier (in a performance that is the nadir of his career) joshes, minces and rolls his eyes absurdly as Doug MacArthur. The script, by Robin Moore, is pure twaddle – a cross between South Pacific and The Green Berets." Moore is the author of the novel The Green Berets, upon which the 1968 film was based. On September 21, The Washington Times printed The New York Times′ review of the film. Reviewers Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert selected the film as one of the worst of the year in a 1982 episode of their program Sneak Previews.
Later commentary
Multiple commentators have described Inchon as the worst film ever made, including The Washington Post, Newsweek, TV Guide and the Canadian Press. Inchon was later profiled in multiple books on worst in film, including The Hollywood Hall of Shame by Harry and Michael Medved, and The Worst Movies of All Time by Michael Sauter. In 2000, Kenneth Lloyd Billingsley in the libertarian magazine Reason wrote about a proposed film on Stalinism: "A film like this could easily have turned out as big a didactic dud as the Rev. Sun Myung Moon's 1982 bomb, Inchon, with Laurence Olivier as Gen. Douglas MacArthur." A 2009 review by Phil Hall for Film Threat was less negative, and he disagreed with the characterization of the film as the worst ever made, "I was genuinely surprised — this is hardly among the very worst films of all time. That's not to say it is a good film. It is a dull and forgettable movie, and I would never recommend it. However, its reputation for being among the bottom of the cinematic barrel is wholly undeserved."
A review in Brassey's Guide to War Films by Alun Evans was critical, calling the film "Arguably the worst war picture made in the last quarter of the 20th century". Robert Niemi commented in his book History in the Media: Film and Television, "Plagued with a terrible script, horrendous production problems, and shoddy performances all around, the resulting film, Inchon ... was bad beyond belief." Niemi wrote that Olivier's performance "was a low point in an otherwise distinguished film career". In his biography of the actor, Olivier, author Terry Coleman called the film "probably the worst he ever made and one of the best paid". Author Lawrence H. Suid wrote in Guts and Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film'' that "what combat the film portrayed lacked any believability or authenticity... As a result, the movie met with almost unanimous critical disdain."
Recognition
See also
Box-office bomb
List of films considered the worst
Unification Church and North Korea
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
1981 films
1980s war drama films
1981 drama films
American war drama films
English-language South Korean films
Films about Douglas MacArthur
Films about the United States Marine Corps
Films directed by Terence Young
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in Incheon
Films set in Seoul
Films set in Tokyo
Films set in the 1950s
Films shot in Ireland
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in Seoul
Films shot in Tokyo
Films sponsored by the Unification Church
Korean War films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Film controversies
Political controversies in film
South Korean war drama films
Unification Church and the arts
United States in the Korean War
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
Stinkers Bad Movie Award winning films
English-language war drama films |
1482570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan%20Grothgar | Stephan Grothgar | Stephan "Groda" Grothgar, sometimes credited as Stefen Grothgar, is a German film, television, and voice actor. He is a native of Hamburg.
Grothgar has appeared in the British television series Redcap and The Bill, and had a minor part in the film Saving Private Ryan. He has provided voices for the video games Metal Gear Solid, Sniper Elite, Richard Burns Rally, Worms 3D, and Fallout 2.
External links
Stephan Grothgar voice actor bio
Video game voice credits at mobygames.com
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
German male film actors
German male television actors
German male voice actors
Male actors from Hamburg |
1482575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20depictions%20of%20Elvis%20Presley | Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley | Elvis Presley has inspired artistic and cultural works since he entered the national consciousness. From that point, interest in his personal and public life has never stopped. Some scholars have studied many aspects of his profound cultural influence. Billboard historian Joel Whitburn declared Presley the "#1 act of the Rock era".
The following lists cover various media which include items of historic interest, enduring works of high art, and recent representations in popular culture. Only people and works with Wikipedia articles are included.
For purposes of classification, popular culture music is a separate section from operas and oratorios. Television covers live action series, TV movies, miniseries, and North American animation but not Japanese anime, which appears with manga and graphic novels.
Portrayals
Actors' last names in alphabetical order
Advertising branding and tourism
Elvis & Kresse, a company owned by Kresse Wesling and James (nicknamed Elvis at university) Henrit whose upcycling of industrial waste, mostly turning old fire hoses into new luxury products including bags and other carry-on accessories yield profits half of which are donated to various charities.
In 2018, the discount store Poundland changed the voice of its self-service checkouts to that of Elvis in all of its stores throughout the United Kingdom.
Other examples include Audi's 2001 Wackel-Elvis campaign, and State Farm's 2015 "Magic Jingle Elvis" commercial, directed by Roman Coppola
in 2023, a plan was announced by developers to construct a "Follow That Dream Park", a 228-lot RV resort on 30 acres off County Road 40. The land is north of the Withlacoochee River and west of U.S. 41 in the city of Dunnellon and will recall the movie that was filmed near the resort land as well as spots in Ocala and Citrus and Levy counties. In fact, West from the RV resort site the road is already known as Follow That Dream Parkway
Art
Elvis-related artwork, or those based on known earlier works focusing on Elvis.
Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol's "Portrait of Jean-Michel as David" (1986) is a silver-screen of artist Jean-Michel Basquiat which revisits Warhol's seminal 1963 painting "Double Elvis." It was sold at Sotheby's in New York City on 14 May 2014 for US$3,189,000.
Known silkscreens by American artist Andy Warhol featuring the image(s) of Elvis Presley and their current location, including art museums worldwide, as well as prices met and identified buyers and/or sellers. Prices paid (at either auctions houses or privately) for ten of the silkscreens below, as of end of April 2020 total US$344,000,000.
Bit coin
Elvis Digital Art Collection at the Bitcoin Network by OrdinalsBot and IP project Royalty.
Cartoons
Cartoon illustrations of Elvis include:
Bloom County, by Berkeley Breathed, in which Elvis is a character in the comic strip.
Dark Future by Kim Newman, in which Elvis is a major character.
Doonesbury by Garry Trudeau, in which a 1988 storyline featured Presley being found alive on Donald Trump's yacht.
"Happy Times," a two-part series in Richie Rich/Jackie Jokers.
Elvis at the Gates of Heaven, a filmed cartoon by Stan Lee.
Bubba Ho-Tep x Army of Darkness I and II, a comic book series by Scott Duvall with art by Vincenzo Federici.
Agent Elvis, an adult animated fictional series about the artist leading a double life as a spy and a singer (released by Netflix, 2023).
Academia
University of Iowa's "American Popular Arts, Elvis as Anthology", 1992 3-credit course, Iowa City, IA, USA
Norwalk Community College's Elvis Presley and the American Dream, 1995 3-credit course, Norwalk, CT, USA
University of Mississippi's International Six-day Conference on Elvis Presley, August 1995, Oxford, MS, USA
Open University's Master of Arts in popular culture: Elvis Presley", 2005, Milton Keynes, UK
Lakehead University's lectures on "Looking for Elvis", June 2009, Orillia, Ontario, Canada
Arizona State University' Elvis- MUSIC 354, Summer of 2015, 3-credit course, Phoenix, AZ, USA
University of Oviedo's "Elvis, a synthesis of an América in B&W" 2016, Oviedo, Gijón y Avilés campuses, Spain.
University of Kent's Elvis Presley Seminar, June 3, 2017, Canterbury, UK
Stonehill College's 2018 periodical Seminar on the death of Elvis Presley, Easton, MA
University of Adelaide's MUSGEN 2001 - 2018 From Elvis to YouTube Seminar, Adelaide, Australia
York University's "All thing Elvis" June 10, 2019 lecture, Toronto, Canada
Events
The Memphis Summer Storm of 2003 was nicknamed "Hurricane Elvis"
Festivals
Michigan ElvisFest, first held in 1989, then annually, in Riverside Park and Depot Town in Ypsilanti, Michigan
Parkes Elvis Festival, first held in 1993, then annually since 2005 in Parkes, New South Wales, Australia
Collingwood Elvis Festival, first held in 1995, then annually in Collingwood, Ontario, Canada
Tupelo Elvis Festival, first held in 1998, yearly since. Tupelo, MS
Mesquite, Nevada 's Elvis Rocks Mesquite competition, annually since 2009. Mesquite, NV, USA
Penticton Elvis Festival, first in 2002, annually since 2010, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada
Kobe Elvis Festival, annually since 2010 in Kobe, Japan
Brunswick Elvis Festival, first held in 2011, then annually in Brunswick, Georgia, USA
Niagara Falls Elvis Festival, first in 2017, then annually in Niagara Falls, New York, USA
Nashville Elvis Festival, first held in 2017, then annually in Nashville, Tennessee, USA
"Starring Louisiana", Krewe of Bacchus Parade, 2019, "King Creole" float, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Virginia Elvis Festival, held in the month of September and annually at Lynchburg, VA, since 2019.
Film
According to John Beyfuss, who reviews films for Memphis' Commercial Appeal since 1998, there has been since then an average of eighteen movies per year which carry some allusion to Elvis. There were an additional one hundred before 1998, which puts the number of such Elvis referencing in motion pictures, from numerous countries, at a minimum of four hundred since 1957, when the first such mention was made as part of the BBC-TV movie documentary A Night in the City. The list below is only a partial account and will be updated accordingly.
A Brighter Summer Day: Sir and his friends send tapes to Elvis; film's title is from "Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
Apes of Wrath: the expectant father's name is Elvis
Bubba Ho-Tep
Bye Bye Birdie: hysteria ensues when an Elvis-like singer is drafted into the US Army
Chronicles of the King: The Search for Sasquatch', Elvis fakes his death and assembles a crew of Sasquatch hunters to hunt down Bigfoot (to be filmed in 2024)
Cry-Baby
God Is the Bigger Elvis, Oscar-nominated documentary about the life of Dolores Hart
Elmo in Grouchland: Huxley points to a Velvet Elvis as one of his possessions
Elvis
Elvis & Nixon
Elvis and the Beauty Queen
Elvis Meets Nixon
Elvis Has Left the Building
Finding Graceland
The Gift
Happy Feet: Memphis is based on Presley's personality and vocals and is named after Memphis, Tennessee. Hugh Jackman, who provides the speaking and singing voice of the character, did his own Elvis impersonation for the soundtrack.
Heartbreak Hotel: Elvis is kidnapped by a fan's son
Honeymoon in Vegas: Jack is aided by a band of Elvis impersonators
Hounddog: Lou gives Lewellen some Elvis records
Idol on Parade about a British rock and roll star being drafted to the English Army.
Independence Day: upon escaping the Mother Ship, Hiller declares "Elvis has left the building!" to which Levinson imitates Elvis saying, "Thank you, thank you very much."
Looney Tunes: Back in Action: the song "Viva Las Vegas" plays upon arrival in Las Vegas.
Lilo & Stitch franchise: Presley's songs and images are featured throughout, with title character Lilo Pelekai portrayed as a huge fan of Presley. Stitch also regularly impersonates Elvis in the TV series of the same name and makes a few references to Presley in some Disney crossover video games.
Lilo & Stitch: Lilo uses Presley as a role model for Stitch to follow in an attempt to tame him. During a sequence, Stitch plays ukulele to the guitar solo of "(You're the) Devil in Disguise" twice, the second time while impersonating Elvis. In a photo shown at the beginning of the closing credits, Lilo, Stitch, Nani, and David pose before Graceland.
Stitch! The Movie: "Slicin' Sand" is used as the film's opening song.
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch: Lilo looks to Elvis for inspiration to come up with an idea for her hula dance; she and Stitch go to several spots around Kauai where Presley supposedly visited, including a bench he supposedly sat on in Blue Hawaii.
Leroy & Stitch: Lilo gives Jumba an Elvis record as a parting gift; he uses Presley's cover of "Aloha ʻOe" on said record to program a fail-safe in Leroy that shuts him down upon hearing it.
Man on the Moon: Jim Carrey's take on Andy Kaufman's Elvis impersonation.
Men in Black: In the car, Agent K sings along to a cassette tape of Elvis' version of the song 'Promised Land'. When Agent J sarcastically asks if he knows that Elvis is dead K responds, "No, Elvis is not dead, he just went home", implying Elvis was in fact an alien visiting Earth.
Mystery Train: Elvis's ghost appears in a dream to Luisa; every room in the hotel has an Elvis portrait
Oblivion: Jack has an Elvis bobble-head doll
The Outsiders: the Greasers emulate Elvis
Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani: In the song "I Am The Best", Shah Rukh Khan dresses up as Elvis and does his iconic hip movement.
Pulp Fiction: an Elvis impersonator performs at Jackrabbit Slim's
RoboCop 2: Elvis's skeletal remains with a picture of Elvis near it is seen by RoboCop at the sludge plant where the villain Cain and his Nuke Cult are hiding out.
Rock-A-Doodle. The main character of Chanticleer resembles Elvis Presley, and is also referred to as The King.
This is Spinal Tap: the band visits Graceland
3000 Miles to Graceland: a group plans a robbery in Las Vegas dressed as Elvis impersonators
Touched by Love, also known as To Elvis, with Love
Top Secret!: Nick performs "Are You Lonesome Tonight?"; film parodies Elvis's musicals
Tropico: Elvis is shown in the Garden of Eden alongside Adam, Eve, Jesus, the Virgin Mary, John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe
True Romance: Elvis's ghost mentors Clarence
Wild at Heart: Sailor and Powermad perform "Love Me"
Wired: John Belushi impersonates Elvis
Internet
In the shared alternate history of Ill Bethisad (1997 and after), an analogue of Presley called "Elvis Pressler" appears. Just like the real-life Presley, his alternate universe counterpart Pressler was a famous Rock singer who was also an actor though there are also several notable differences between the two. First, Presley's identical twin brother, Jesse was stillborn, but Pressler's twin brother (also called Jesse) was born alive. Next, Pressler withdrew from public life in 1973 after he divorced his wife, Drusilla. While the real Elvis Presley was addicted to prescription drugs and had poor health during the mid-1970s, those were only rumors in the case of Pressler who spent most of 1973 to 1976 in his mansion helping doctors treat his twin Jesse for depression and alcoholism. Unlike Presley whose comeback happened in 1968 with a TV special, Pressler's comeback occurred in 1976 with the release of a new album Hope. Finally, both die on the same day (August 16, 1977) but Pressler dies in a more dignified manner (resembling how John Denver died in reality, though Denver, called both "Jean de Cournouaille" and "John Cornwall" and isn't an analogue, doesn't die that way in Ill Bethisad but is still alive and performing as of the mid-2000s) compared to the real-life Presley. Pressler, a few hours before a planned concert in Thunder Bay decides to fly on his personal autogyro (a much more common aircraft in Ill Bethisad then in reality) which he often did to relax, but while flying, the autogyro crashes and Pressler is killed. Neither his body or the craft were found until 1981. In the meantime, rumors and conspiracy theories circulated purporting to explain what really happened to Pressler.
Literature
Almost Famous (story by Cameron Crowe written in 1996, but only published in 2019)
The Armageddon trilogy by Robert Rankin
Biggest Elvis by P. F. Kluge
Elvissey by Jack Womack (1993)
Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy: Mostly Harmless
The Kane Chronicles: Carter has to rob Elvis's tomb to obtain an important clue
King Clone by Ted Harrison
Nightmares & Dreamscapes: "You Know They Got a Hell of a Band"
The Odd Thomas series by Dean Koontz
Southern Vampire Mysteries by Charlaine Harris
Stardust by Nan Ryan, chronicles the life and exploits of an entertainer parallel to Elvis, while the "real" Elvis appears in the chapter of said entertainer's funeral
Truth like the sun by Jim Lynch, 2012.
Science, technology and weather
Elvis (text editor)
Elvis operator, a type of conditional operator in programming
Elvis, a code name for the Nokia Lumia 1020
17059 Elvis, an asteroid
Elvis (helicopter)
Elvis, 145-million-year-old pterosaur nicknamed as such, and now officially named Petrodactyle wellnhoferi in honor of Peter Wellnhofer
Elvis Hurricane hitting Memphis, TN on July 22, 2003 and, crippling the city in just a matter of minutes.
Popular culture
"Elvis has left the building"
Memphis Mafia
Elvis sightings
Elvis impersonator
Elvis Herselvis
Musicals, plays and stage productions with at least an Elvis' like character or important reference
Are You Lonesome Tonight?
All Shook Up
All the King's women by Luigi Jannuzzi
Asleep in the wind
Aye, Elvis by Morna Young, Directed By Ken Alexander
Beach Blanket Babylon
Blood Suede Shoes
Bye Bye Birdie: hysteria ensues when an Elvis-like singer is drafted into the Army
Coming back like a song, a play about stopping Elvis' reign in 1956 by Lee Kalcheim
Confetti from Graceland
Conjuring the King a Juggerknot Theatre Company on Elvis Florida Legacy
Cooking with Elvis
One degree from Elvis by Katie McGrath
The Elvis Dead: a comic retelling of horror film Evil Dead II in the style of Elvis.
Elvis a Musical Revolution, by David Venn Enterprises in partnership with Authentic Brands Group
Elvis has left the building, a play by Jackie Hope.
Elvis, My Way by Brandon Bennet at the Gretna Theatre, Philadelphia, PA
Elvis sings "Old Shep", by Anne McKee
Elvis the Musical" by Quin Gresham,
Four Weddings and an Elvis by Nancy Frick.
The Gospel Soul of Elvis by Mark Rios (traveling musical 2023)
Graceland by Ellen Byron, directed by Tommy Wooten
Grease: Main character's Elvis idiosyncrasies a main theme of the play.
Happy Days
Heartbreak Hotel by Floyd Mutrux
Jailhouse Rock the London Musical by Rob Bettinson,
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat: Pharaoh is acted in the style of Presley
Million Dollar Quartet by Floyd Mutrux
Negotiating Peace, a farcical play by Jeton Neziraj
Nunsense II: Sister Mary Hubert impersonates Elvis
Picasso at the Lapin Agile, Elvis one of three main characters
Smokey Joe's Cafe: features the Elvis songs "Trouble" and "Treat Me Nice"
Spaghetti from Graceland
Tupelo Tornado ballet by Annabelle Lopez Ochoa
When Elvis Met Che, play by Sol Biderman
Elvis Radio
Television
Notable references
ALF: "Suspicious Minds", ALF and Willie suspect their new neighbor is Elvis
Boy Meets World: "Danger Boy", Elvis eats at Chubbie's and plays poker with Alan
Celebrity Deathmatch: "Nick In A Coma", in a morpheme-induced dream, Nick dreams of a fight between Elvis and Jerry Garcia
Civil Wars: "Pilot", an Elvis impersonator is served with divorce papers
Coach: "Viva Las Ratings", Luther travels to Las Vegas, planning to "invest" his life's savings at an Elvis memorabilia auction
Crossing Jordan: "Miracles & Wonders", Nigel thinks a dead Elvis impersonator may actually be Elvis
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: "Blood Moon", the team encounters an Elvis vampire
DC's Legends of Tomorrow: "Amazing Grace", the Legends encounter Elvis after he comes into possession of the Death Totem
Designing Women:
Charlene is an Elvis fan
"E.P. Phone Home", the ladies travel to Memphis for a tour of Graceland
"Shovel Off to Buffalo", Mary Jo's shovel has Elvis' face impressed on it
E Street: "Episode 385", Ernie and Sally are married by an Elvis impersonator
Eerie, Indiana: Elvis walks of out his home to get the newspaper in several episodes
Elvis TV series
Elvis TV mini-series
Family Matters: "Ain't Nothing but an Urkel", Steve accidentally transforms into Elvis via his Transformation Chamber
Father Ted: "Competition Time"
Fireman Sam: Fireman Elvis Cridlington is named after and inspired by Elvis
Full House: Jesse is obsessed with Elvis, and once had a job as an Elvis impersonator
Give My Head Peace: Uncle Andy is an Elvis fan
Hannah Montana: Hannah's brother Jackson is a celebrity impersonator, most notably, Elvis and Ozzy Osbourne
Horrible Histories: Tom Stourton plays Elvis Presley in Series 7
The Golden Girls:
"The President's Coming! The President's Coming! Part 1", the ladies encounter an Elvis impersonator
"Sophia's Wedding: Part 1", Sophia is married before an audience of Elvis impersonators
The Killing: "Unraveling", Holder references a Velvet Elvis
Las Vegas: theme song is "A Little Less Conversation"
The Last Precinct: King is an Elvis impersonator
Married... with Children: "I'm Going to Sweatland", the Bundys are inundated with fans when a perspiration stain on Al's shirt resembles a silhouette of Elvis
Miami Vice: Crockett owns an alligator named Elvis; Switeck is an Elvis fan
The Miraculous Mellops: several episodes features Elvis impersonators
The New WKRP in Cincinnati: "Long Live the King", Les's editorial denouncing a rival station's Elvis look-alike contest prompts a call from a man who claims to be Elvis
Nightmares & Dreamscapes: "You Know They Got a Hell of a Band", Elvis is the Mayor of Oregon
Nip/Tuck: "Joyce & Sharon Monroe", an Elvis impersonator wants to look more like Elvis
Pizza: "Dangerous Pizza", a group of Elvis impersonators get into a fight with a group of KISS impersonators
Quantum Leap: "Memphis Melody - July 3, 1954", Sam leaps into Elvis
Red Dwarf: "Meltdown", Elvis is part of a group of Heroes (including Pythagoras, Stan Laurel, Albert Einstein and Marilyn Monroe) that Rimmer and Kryten lead against the Villains faction
Renegade: "The King and I", Reno thinks a stranger who helped him during a fight may be Elvis
Saturday Night Live:
"Jackie Chan/Kid Rock", played by Karen Lynn Gorney
"Matthew Broderick/The Sugarcubes", played by Kevin Nealon
"John Madden/Jennifer Holliday", played by Andy Kaufman
"Shelley Duvall/Joan Armatrading", played by John Belushi
7th Heaven: "The Heart of the Matter", an anesthetized Eric thinks he's Elvis
Shake, Rattle and Roll: An American Love Story
The Simpsons:
"Viva Ned Flanders"
"Viva Los Simpsons" 2005 DVD episode collection, Homer apes Elvis on the cover
Sledge Hammer: "All Shook Up", Hammer goes undercover as an Elvis impersonator to catch an Elvis impersonator killer
Sliders: "Pilot", Quinn sees a billboard of an elderly Elvis in Las Vegas
Spitting Image: Elvis parody "I'm Sure Livin' Since I Died"
The Twilight Zone: "The Once and Future King"
Vinyl: "The King and I", Finestra attempts to lure Elvis away from Colonel Tom Parker, and sign with American Century
Walker, Texas Ranger: "Suspicious Minds", the daughter of an Elvis impersonator witnesses a murder
The X-Files: "Never Again", Mulder travels to Graceland
Appearances and other programming
Stage Show, 6 episodes in 1956 filmed at CBS Studio 50 in New York City on January 28, February 4, 11, 18, March 17 and 24, for the so-called " Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey's show", a program produced by Jackie Gleason as a lead-in for his show. Each episode was watched by an estimated audience of 6 million viewers, averaging an 18.4% share. Jazz and pop musician Quincy Jones, then 23 years old and on a somewhat extended three-month visit to his family in New York, played second trumpet on all Presley's performances.
Texaco Star Theater, 2 episodes in 1956:
April 3 aboard the 24 Essex-class aircraft carrier USS Hancock in San Diego, CA.
June 5 from NBC studios Los Angeles, CA. Audience estimated to have been 18 and 22 million viewers respectively. Segments of the latter were shown in the 1994 blockbuster Forrest Gump.
Teenage Dance Party, June 16, 1956; hosted by Wink Martindale, WHBQ-TV Memphis, TN
Hy Gardner Calling, July 1, 1956 television interview, WRCA-TV, New York City, NY
The Steve Allen Show, July 1, 1956 from the NBC studio at The Hudson Theatre, in New York City. This show was watched by 40 million viewers representing a 20.2 rating and a 55.3% share, the highest in the history of the Steve Allen Show. Also, according to interviewers from Sidlinger & Company, it was the most talked about show in the preceding 52 weeks, with 38 million adults, or 31% of the US population acknowledging having discussed the show in the period from 1 to 7 July, the highest ever since the interviews were first launched.
The Ed Sullivan Show. 3 episodes. All three episodes were released in their entirety on DVD format on November 21, 2006, by Image Entertainment, selling 100,000 copies during its first year alone.
September 9, 1956, live feed from CBS Television City in Fairfax District, CA, garnering some 60.7 million viewers and a 57.1 rating, both records up to that time. The % share, an 82.6% and also a record, remains the largest ever garnered, by any network or group of networks, for any single program in the history of US television.
October 28, 1956 from CBS Studio 50, New York City, drawing a 34.6 rating with a 57% share and an estimated audience of 56.5 million and....
January 6, 1957, also from Studio 50, New York City, drawing a 47.4 share and reaching some 54.6 million viewers.
The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Welcome Home Elvis : Taped March 26, 1960 at the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach, FL; it aired on ABC May 12, 1960. Nielsen reported a 41.5 rating and 67.7% share, with an audience at 50 million, the top-rated show of 1960 and of Frank Sinatra's 21-year television special career (1960–1981). It was released on DVD by Quantum Leap on February 10, 2004
Elvis (also known as the Elvis Comeback Special or the 68 Comeback Special). Taping in June 1968 was at NBC Studios in Burbank, CA; the air date being December 3. 1968. With a 47.8 share, the telecast garnered the highest ratings of any program in 1968, viewed by an estimated audience of 50 million. Released on VHS in 1986, RIAA Platinum; on DVD format in 2004, RIAA 4× Platinum; as DVD Special Edition in 2006, RIAA 2× Platinum. Presented by Ann-Margret.
Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, was a Kui Lee Cancer Fund benefit concert at Honolulu's Neal S. Blaisdell Center, presented by Ann-Margret. It was broadcast by NBC worldwide, live on January 14, 1973, and in the US as a deferred telecast on April 4, 1973. Ratings for the US telecast were the highest of the week reaching a 33.8 rating, a 57% share, as well as a viewership estimated at 50 million. Global viewership reached about a billion when shown live by Intelsat on January 14, 1973. It attracted 91.8 percent of viewers in the Philippines, 70-80 percent in both Hong Kong and South Korea, as well as almost 40% percent in Japan. It was first released on VHS in 1986, earning an RIAA Platinum award; on DVD in 2004, RIAA 4× Platinum; as Special Edition DVD 2006, RIAA Platinum
Elvis in Concert. His last concert tour, filmed 2 months before his death, then broadcast by CBS as a one-hour special after his death and airing on October 3, 1977. This posthumous presentation was the top-rated program of the week, with a 34.1 rating, reaching a little over 24.1 million households and an estimated audience of 50 million viewers.
Memories of Elvis Three hour special which aired at NBC on Novemver 20, 1977, with Ann Margret as the hostess. It dovetailed both a 90 minute version of the 1968 TV Soecial and the Aloha from Hawaii Specials.
The Elvis Cover-Up. Special airing in 1979. According to Nielsen, it obtained a 43% share, equivalent to an estimated audience of over 50 million viewers, the 2nd highest audience ever garnered for the "20/20" series, a popular news-magazine program on the ABC network.
One Night with You. HBO Special airing on August 15, 1985. Released by Light Year Video Entertainment on VHS on November 24, 1992, and on DVD on August 1, 2000 [19]
Elvis and Me. An ABC TV two-part miniseries which aired on the nights of February 7 and 8, 1988. According to Nielsen it was the highest rated TV film of 1987–88 season as seen by 32.4 and 31.4 million viewers, respectively.
Elvis: The Tribute. This was an ABC TV Special, originally on pay per view and airing on October 8 of 1994 live from the Pyramid Arena in Memphis. It then aired on ABC in 1995, as hosted by John Stamos and with the then Mr.and Mrs Michael Jackson in the audience.
He Touched Me: The Gospel Music of Elvis Presley. Three-hour documentary airing on various channels in 1998 and 1999 and released in DVD by Coming Home Studios in 2000, RIAA Platinum and RIAA 2× Platinum, respectively.
Elvis Lives. NBC special made in conjunction with the release of ELV1S: 30 No. 1 Hits and airing on 28 November 2002.
Elvis by the Presleys. CBS special airing May 13, 2005, receiving an 8.1 rating and a 15% share and winning its time slot with an audience of 12 million viewers. Released on DVD in 2005, RIAA 2× Platinum.
Idol Gives Back. The Elvis and Celine Dion segment dueting on "If I can dream" was broadcast by Fox through rotoscoping on April 25, 2007. It drew a 24% share and an audience of 26.4 million viewers while raising US$79 million in donations by year's end. It was also the top show of the week and the top rated "Idol Gives Back" in its 3-year history (2007–2010).
Elvis Presley: The Searcher. An HBO Special airing on 14 April 2018, whose parts 1 and 2 reaching close to 900,000 viewers. Released on DVD format by Sony Legacy on April 6, 2018
1968 Special's 50th anniversary (All Star Tribute). Elvis and 19 other performers (Blake Shelton, Shawn Mendes, Keith Urban, Post Malone, John Fogerty, Ed Sheeran, Kelsea Ballerini, Jennifer Lopez, Darius Rucker, Alessia Cara, Mac Davis, John Legend, Little Big Town, Adam Lambert, Pistol Annies, Carrie Underwood, Yolanda Adams, Dierks Bentley, and Josh Groban). Aired February 17.2019. Filmed October 2018 at NBC Studios in Los Angeles, CA. The telecast earned one of the top 5 highest ratings for any program in its time slot (Sunday, 8–10 pm ET, a 3% share with an audience estimated by Nielsen at 6.3 million viewers)
Christmas at Graceland. A NBC one hour live remembrance from Graceland featuring the singing of Lainey Wilson, Lana Del Rey, Kane Brown, Alanis Morissette, Post Malone, The War and Treaty, John Legend + the Memphis Choir and Kacey Musgraves, as well as the appearances of Dolly Parton, Jennifer Hudson. Jon Bon Jovi and Cher, as presented by Elvis' oldest granddaughter, actress Riley Keough. It won its slot for the night of November 23, 2023, scoring the second highest rating of the week for network and cable, and drawing nearly 5 million viewers via the following:3.03/9 (#1) Viewers: 4.92 million (#1), Adults 18-49: 0.52/6 (#1), Adults 18-34: 0.24/5 (#1), Adults 25-54: 0.77/6 (#1)
CBS Presents an Oprah Special: Elvis,Lisa Marie and Riley, one hour interview of Riley Keough by Oprah Winfrey, filmed at Graceland and later broadcast on CBS on October 8, 2024. It reached an audience of 3.78m
Sports
King Elvis the First, mascot of the Kenosha Kingfish, a baseball team playing at a collegiate summer baseball league in the state of Wisconsin,
Kid Galahad, name taken from an Elvis film by world champion boxer Kid Galahad
Las Vegas Raiders: Giant murals by Michael Godard of Elvis wearing a # 20 football jersey with the name Presley, and of Marilyn Monroe as a cheerleader recently unveiled inside Las Vegas' new Allegiant Stadium.
Memphis 901 FC: Crown logo dedicated to Elvis and BB King.
New England Patriots: Flying Elvis logo
The Honky Tonk Man: American professional wrestler who wore jumpsuits similar to Elvis's in-ring, while also styled with slicked-back black hair and sideburns. He also carried a guitar to the ring.
Stamps and coins
U.S. Postal Service, US$0.29 stamp. Dedicated on January 8, 1993, the actual image chosen, amongst 60 entries, being that of a watercolor airbrush and acrylic on board portrait of a young Elvis, as presented by artist Mark Stutzman. Some 517 million were printed and sold, with 124.1 million of them saved, and thus making it the most popular commemorative stamp, as well as the largest earner, a profit of US$32.5 million, to have ever been issued by the USPS as noted by the Washington Post.
U.S. Postal Service, US$0.49 Elvis Presley Forever stamp. Dedicated on August 12, 2015, making Elvis Presley, the only US national, other than Martin Luther King Jr. and several US Presidents, who has been the subject of two commemorative stamps since the USPS's founding in 1971. The image chosen was a 1955 photograph of Elvis by William Speer, with complementary work by designers Antonio Alcalá and Leslie Badani
There are 69 countries and territories, from Albania to Zaire, which have used Presley's image for their commemorative stamps.
Gibraltar has issued four Elvis commemorative Gold coins for the 2023 year, one worth a Crown, two worth half a crown each and the fourth worth 1/10 of a crown.
Video games
Bill & Ted's Excellent Video Game Adventure: Elvis is one of sixteen "historical dudes" who can be rescued.
Civilization I, Civilization II, and Civilization III: In the city screen the citizens assigned as entertainers depicted as Elvis Presley.
Civilization II: The "Attitude" Advisor in the player's "High Council", who advises on the peoples' happiness, is an Elvis Presley caricature, wearing sunglasses even in the Ancient period.
Fallout: New Vegas: one faction is called "The Kings", raiders who come across an Elvis Impersonator School. Although The Kings impersonate Elvis and know his songs, they don't know Presley's real name as none of the Elvis material they found at the school used it (The game is set two centuries after a nuclear war and as a result, knowledge of Elvis was lost until they found the school). They instead call Elvis "The King".
Fisher-Price Sing-Alongs: Barnyard Rhythm & Moos: A pig dressed as Elvis performs the song "Barn House Rock" as "Elvis Pigsley."
The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker: A dancer named Tott with a striking resemblance to Elvis Presley appears on Windfall Island.
Leisure Suit Larry III: Passionate Patti in Pursuit of the Pulsating Pectorals: Elvis Presley may randomly appear at the bar in Patti's piano lounge.
Perfect Dark: The Extraterrestrial Maian Diplomat, known as Protector1, adopts the name Elvis as he becomes enamored with terrestrial culture, going as far to own a pair of blue suede shoes during the climax of the game.
Theme Hospital: In later levels, patients arrive at the hospital suffering from "King Complex". Symptoms included the patient dressing up like Elvis, wearing a white/grey jacket with a red music note at its back, matching trousers, sunglasses and Elvis' famous hairdo. It was cured by visiting a psychologist, who would tell the patient how ridiculous he/she looked.
Transformice: Elvis' hair appears in the shop.
Wayne's World: Elvis appears as a level boss.
Other eponymous uses
Elvis (comic strip), a Swedish comic strip
Elvis Rock, in Ceredigion, Wales
Debby Ryan's cat (Elvis)
Fictional characters
Elvis Cridlington, a firefighter in Fireman Sam
Elvis "EJ" DiMera, a character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives
Elvis, a character in Perfect Dark
Elvis, a character in God Hand
Elvis, a host of The Dog House
Elvis, a fictional alligator in Miami Vice
Elvis, a guide dog in Growing Up Fisher
See also
Cultural impact of Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley on film and television
List of halls of fame inducting Elvis Presley
References
External links
Dynamic lists
American art
American music history
Presley |
1482581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudialyte | Eudialyte | Eudialyte, whose name derives from the Greek phrase , , meaning "well decomposable", is a somewhat rare, nine-member-ring cyclosilicate mineral, which forms in alkaline igneous rocks, such as nepheline syenites. Its name alludes to its ready solubility in acid.
Eudialyte was first described in 1819 for an occurrence in nepheline syenite of the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex of southwest Greenland.
Uses
Eudialyte is used as a minor ore of zirconium. Another use of eudialyte is as a minor gemstone, but this use is limited by its rarity, which is compounded by its poor crystal habit. These factors make eudialyte of primary interest as a collector's mineral. Eudialyte typically has a significant content of U, Pb, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and rare earth elements (REE). Because of this, geoscientists use eudialyte as a geochronometer to date and investigate the genesis of the host rocks.
Associated minerals
Eudialyte is found associated with other alkalic igneous minerals, in addition to some minerals common to most igneous material in general.
Associate minerals include: microcline, nepheline, aegirine, lamprophyllite, lorenzenite, catapleiite, murmanite, arfvedsonite, sodalite, aenigmatite, rinkite, låvenite, titanite and titanian magnetite.
Alternative names
Alternative names of eudialyte include: almandine spar, eudalite, Saami blood. Eucolite is the name of an optically negative variety, more accurately the group member: ferrokentbrooksite.
Notes for identification
Eudialyte's rarity makes locality useful in its identification. Prominent localities of eudialyte include Mont Saint-Hilaire in Canada, Kola Peninsula in Russia and Poços de Caldas in Brazil, but it is also found in Greenland, Norway, and Arkansas. The lack of crystal habit, associated with color, is also useful for identification, as are associated minerals. A pink-red mineral with no good crystals associated with other alkaline igneous material, especially nepheline and aegirine, is a good indication a specimen is eudialyte. Iron (Fe2+) provides the color.
Eudialyte group
Microchemical (by electron microprobe) and structural analyses of different eudialyte (and related) samples have revealed the presence of many new eudialyte-like minerals. These minerals are structurally and chemically related and joined into the eudialyte group. The group includes Zr−, OH−, Cl−, F−, CO3− and possibly also SO4-bearing silicates of Na, K, H3O, Ca, Sr, REEs, Mn, Fe, Nb and W. Electron vacancies can be present in their structure, too.
References
Mineral Galleries
Further reading
Gemstones
Radioactive gemstones
Sodium minerals
Iron minerals
Zirconium minerals
Manganese minerals
Cyclosilicates
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166 |
1482593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomba%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Pedro | Lomba de São Pedro | Lomba de São Pedro is a civil parish in the municipality of Ribeira Grande in the Portuguese in the archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 284, in an area of 8.25 km². Lomba de São Pedro is the least-populated parish in Ribeira Grande.
History
Lomba de São Pedro was a historically part of Fenais da Ajuda, until being elevated to the status of civil parish by regional decree 24/80/A, on 15 September 1980.
The parish of Lomba de São Pedro is the most distant parish in the municipality of Ribeira Grande. Its foundation and settlement has been lost historically, to the point that the Azorean chronicler Gaspar Frutuoso does not refer to it in his detailed descriptions of the area.
The parochial church, dedicated to Saint Peter, was constructed in the 19th century by Dr. José Maria. The interior of the temple includes an image of the patron saint, donated by António José de Lima, and an altar decorated in gilded woodwork and surmounted with royal coat-of-arms.
Geography
The parish is located along the Regional E.R.1-1ª roadway linking the municipalities of Ribeira Grande and Nordeste: Lomba de São Pedro is situated between Salga and Fenais da Ajuda. This parish is a long strip that extends from the Atlantic into the interior. The region's toponymy derives literally refers to its geographic position, situated on the lomba (hullock or plateau) dividing two ravines, and associated with the religious veneration of Saint Peter in that area. The parish contains the localities Lomba de Baixo and Lomba de Cima.
Churches
Church of São Pedro (), based on a hermitage from the 16th century, this temple was constructed in the mid-19th century;
Seventh-day Adventist Church of Lomba de São Pedro One of two Seventh-day Adventist churches on the island of São Miguel, with the other church being in Ponta Delgada.
References
Parishes of Ribeira Grande, Azores |
1482594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi%20Estate | Mitsubishi Estate | is one of the largest real-estate developers in Japan and is involved in property management and architecture research and design.
As of 2018, Mitsubishi Estate has the most valuable portfolio in the Japanese real estate industry, with a total value of approx. 7.4 trillion yen, much of which is located in the Marunouchi district of Tokyo. MEC owns Japan's third tallest building, the Yokohama Landmark Tower, as well as the Sanno Park Tower and Marunouchi Building in Tokyo. Mitsubishi Estate has its headquarters in the Otemachi Building in Ōtemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is one of the core Mitsubishi companies.
History
The company was established in 1937 as a spin-off of the real estate holdings of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu. It was listed on the Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges in 1953.
Its largest concentration of assets is around the Daimaruyū area (Ōtemachi, Marunouchi and Yūrakuchō districts) west of Tokyo and Yūrakuchō Stations, an area purchased by the zaibatsu from the Meiji government in 1890 and developed into an office district. Today, the area houses the headquarters of Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, MUFG Bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust & Banking, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric, Meiji Yasuda Life, Nippon Yusen and other Mitsubishi group companies, as well as numerous other firms not affiliated with the group.
In 1990 Mitsubishi Estate fully bought out Rockefeller Group in New York City, the real estate company that then fully owned Rockefeller Center. Since then the older section of the Center has been sold and the Rockefeller Group, still owned by Mitsubishi, owns the western corridor of the complex.
Mitsubishi Estate led the redevelopment of the Umekita area north of Osaka and Umeda Stations between 2010 and 2013, including the Grand Front Osaka complex.
Mitsubishi Estate stated in November 2014 that it had agreed to sell a 41-year-old office building in Tokyo back to Mizuho Financial Group for $1.35 billion.
In 2015, Mitsubishi announced that it would hold a majority stake in a redevelopment project north of Tokyo Station that would include the tallest building in Japan, a skyscraper. The targeted completion date for the project is 2027.
In 2019, Mitsubishi Estate became the developer of the One City Center project in Bangkok, which was completed in March 2023. This marked the Mitsubishi Estate Group's first office development project in Thailand, with a total investment of approximately 8.8 billion Thai baht (around 36.1 billion yen). Standing at about 276 meters tall, One City Center is the tallest office building in Thailand. Mitsubishi Estate collaborated on the project with Raimon Land Co. Ltd., a leading developer in Thailand.
Investments
In 2019, Mitsubishi Estate announced a commitment of 10 billion yen in investments as part of their initiative to discover new business projects and to develop synergy with innovative businesses.
Mitsubishi Estate participated in the Series D round of funding for Astroscale, a Singapore-headquartered space debris removal startup with offices in Japan and the UK. The round was led by Japan's INCJ Ltd., and included funds operated by SBI Investment Co., Ltd (SBII) and totaled US$50 million.
In May 2019, Singapore-based proptech startup GorillaSpace announced that it had raised an undisclosed seed round of investment led by Mitsubishi Estate. This investment marked the first seed level investment for Mitsubishi Estate, as well as the first proptech startup outside of Japan to receive funding from the company.
Mitsubishi Estate announced on 28 January 2019, that it has accepted new shares issued by Clean Planet Inc. Clean Planet (Minato-ku, Tokyo) is a venture firm that researches and develops "new hydrogen energy".
Group companies
Rockefeller Group International, Inc.
Europa Capital
Mitsubishi Jisho Sekkei Inc.
Mitsubishi Real Estate Services Co., Ltd.
Mitsubishi Estate Home Co., Ltd.
Yokohama Royal Park Hotel Co., Ltd.
Aqua City Co., Ltd.
Marunouchi Heat Supply Co., Ltd.
Yokohama Sky Building Co., Ltd.
Royal Park Hotel Co., Ltd.
References
External links
Mitsubishi Este Co., Ltd.
Real estate companies established in 1937
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Osaka Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225
Real estate companies based in Tokyo
Mitsubishi companies
Japanese companies established in 1937 |
1482601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Conner | Mount Conner | Mount Conner, also known as Artilla or Atila, or tongue-in-cheek as Fooluru, is a mountain located in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory of Australia.
Location and description
Mount Conner is located southeast of Lake Amadeus, in the locality of Petermann. It lies within the Curtin Springs cattle station in Pitjantjatjara country, close to the site of the Kungkarangkalpa (Seven Sisters) Dreaming.
Its height reaches above sea level and above ground level.
Names
Mount Conner was named after M. L. Conner by explorer William Gosse in 1873. Its Aboriginal name is "Artilla" or "Attila", believed to be associated with the "terrible ice-man" story.
It is also known by locals as "Fool-uru" or "Fuluru", owing to tourists sometimes confusing it with Uluru.
Geology
The sides of Mount Conner are blanketed by scree (talus) and its top is blanketed by colluvium. The base of Mount Conner is surrounded by alluvium.
The summit of Mount Conner, along with the summits of low domes in the Kata Tjuta complex and summit levels of Uluru, is an erosional remnant of a Cretaceous geomorphic surface. It is considered to be a classic example of an inselberg created by erosion of surrounding strata.
See also
List of mountains of the Northern Territory
References
Additional sources
Further reading
Conner, Mount
Conner |
1482609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20City%20Subway%20chaining | New York City Subway chaining | New York City Subway chaining is a method to precisely specify locations along the New York City Subway lines. It measures distances from a fixed point, called chaining zero, following the twists and turns of the railroad line, so that the distance described is understood to be the "railroad distance," not the distance by the most direct route ("as the crow flies").
The New York City Subway system differs from other railroad chaining systems in that it uses the engineer's chain of rather than the surveyor's chain of .
Terminology
Chaining zero
Chaining zero is a fixed point from which the chaining is measured on a particular chaining line. A chaining number of, for example, 243 at a specific line location (called a chaining station) identifies that the location is the length of 243 100-foot chains () from chaining zero, usually measured along the center line of the railroad.
Once chaining is established, it is rare but not unheard of to change the location of chaining zero or the route along which it is measured on a given line. There are several examples of chaining numbers that refer to a chaining zero location that no longer exists or along a physical line that no longer exists, because of abandonment or demolition. Notable among these are several existing chaining lines that originated near New York City Hall via the Brooklyn Bridge, discontinued since 1944. It is occasionally possible for a reroute to alter the accuracy of chaining numbers slightly.
Exceptions exist to the principle that chaining numbers represent a railroad distance to the zero point. On the original IND chaining zero for the original system is a political rather than physical location, and there is no railroad at or near the zero point. Sometimes trackage (usually but not always short distances) is chained backwards from a tie point with another line.
The three divisions each had a separate mileage zero before the 1958 opening of the Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station. The zeros were changed after the Far Rockaway station's opening, and are now at the railroad southernmost points of each division. The IND division-wide zero is at the Far Rockaway station's bumper blocks, the IRT zero (except the IRT Flushing Line) is a northbound home signal at the north end of New Lots Avenue station, and the BMT zero is in the center of Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station. Since the IRT Flushing Line is operationally separate from the rest of the system, it uses a different zero from the rest of the IRT. The IRT Flushing Line's Mileage zero is at 34th Street–Hudson Yards, and before the 7 Subway Extension opened in 2015, the zero was at Times Square.
Chaining lines
Chaining lines are routes on physical railroad lines that are usually described by one or two letters for the purpose of identifying locations on those lines.
Chaining lines are not necessarily the same as the physical lines they run on. One physical line may have several chaining letters, and one chaining line may cover several physical lines.
The letters assigned to a chaining line have nothing to do with the letters displayed on trains, public maps and timetables. These letters are subway service letters. See: New York City Subway nomenclature and List of New York City Subway services.
For example, the BMT A chaining line begins at BMT South chaining zero north of 57th Street–Seventh Avenue on the BMT Broadway Line, but is interrupted north of the Canal Street stations, where the express tracks becomes BMT H for the trip over the Manhattan Bridge south side tracks and the local tracks become BMT B for Lower Manhattan and the Montague Street Tunnel. The BMT A line begins again in the middle of the Manhattan Bridge span on the north side tracks, passes through DeKalb Avenue and then becomes the BMT Brighton Line for that line's entire distance to Stillwell Avenue. BMT A originally traversed the entire north side of the bridge, connecting Canal to DeKalb, while H ran towards Chambers St. instead of Canal, but this was reconfigured as part of the Chrystie Street Connection. The IND B designation was extended past the portal of the new connection, to meet the BMT A in the middle, yet retained the BMT chaining numbers on the bridge itself. The tracks leading to Chambers St. were severed from the bridge and were re-designated as part of BMT J.
In a few cases, the chaining lines and service letters are coincident, such as the IND A chaining line following the A service from 207th Street to Euclid Avenue, while the IND C was the IND Concourse Line, which was originally served by the C service. However, that service was later moved off of the Concourse line, while the chaining code remains.
Chaining stations
Each specific location along a line is known as a chaining station, and is identified by a number unique to that chaining line. The precision of the location depends on its usage. On engineering maps, the location of such features as curves, switches, crossings, stations and platforms are ordinarily specified to a precision of . This is expressed as [chains plus feet]; a chaining station located 1,470 feet from chaining zero would be described as 14+70. For greater precision, or where style or protocol requires it, unit of less than a foot may be described. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company used [chains plus feet point hundredths] without trailing zeros: thus a map location designated as P.S. 14+70.25 would indicate that the Point of a Switch at that location is 1,470 and one quarter feet (1,470 feet and 3 inches) from chaining zero.
Signals are identified by the chaining line and track number, and by the nearest 100-foot chaining station. In this usage only the number of 100-foot chains from chaining zero are displayed. Thus, a signal on the BMT with a designation of A2 / 102 would be on the BMT chaining line A, track 2, within 50 feet of the chaining station at 10,200 feet from chaining zero.
Track numbers on chaining lines
Each track on a chaining line is given a number, letter or (rarely) a combination of both to identify a particular track on a particular line.
BMT/IND practice
On the BMT and IND an odd numbered mainline track is going railroad south and an even numbered mainline track is going railroad north. In many locations a track may be going "railroad" north or south where the compass direction is different or even opposite. This may be because it is an essentially east–west line (e.g., the Jamaica Line), so railroad north means towards Manhattan and railroad south means away from Manhattan. It may also be because a line continuing from a north–south line turns in another direction (e.g., the IND Fulton Street Line) but the railroad direction remains the same.
These track numbers provide a definitive way of determining whether a particular direction on a particular line is going "railroad" north or south. Especially it shows that "south" on several lines (including the BMT Jamaica Line, the IND Fulton Street Line and the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line) that run in an easterly to northerly compass direction for their entire route are nevertheless running railroad south.
The local (usually outside) tracks on a given BMT/IND line are numbered 1 (south) and 2 (north). The express tracks are numbered 3 (south) and 4 (north). If there are an odd number of mainline tracks, the center track is (for example) track 3/4. The signals heading southbound will show the location as track 3 and northbound track 4. Additional tracks on the same chaining line are usually numbered higher by the same rules. On the four track BMT Brighton Line, the tracks from west to east are:
A1–A3–A4–A2
On the three track BMT West End Line, they are:
D1–D3/4–D2
On the two track BMT Canarsie Line, they are:
Q1–Q2
Some stations may have the same number of tracks, but a slightly different chaining. On most stations on the three-track IND Concourse Line, the chaining (from west to east) is:
C1–C3/4–C2
At Bedford Park Boulevard, the chaining is:
C1–C6–C2
IRT practice
On the IRT the signals are numbered differently. The track number for chaining purposes is added to the end of the survey number, so that the southbound signal numbers end in 4 (local) and 2 (express) and the northbounds are 1 (express) and 3 (local). On a four track line, the signal numbers end:
4–2–1–3
On a three track line, 1/2 are used signals on the middle track (1 is for signals governing northward moves, and 2 southward). 4 and 3 are still the local tracks:
4–1/2–3
And on a two-track line, there are no express tracks, so the two tracks are:
4–3
Strangely, IRT track designations differ from the signal chaining track numbers they are numbered from left to right (facing north), tracks number 1 through 4:
1–2–3–4
And on a three-track line:
1–M–4 or 2–M–3
Thus, a line will have signal numbers ending in "4–2–1–3" and tracks designated as "1–2–3–4".
Signals on the IRT governing in the opposite of the normal direction of travel will have a signal number ending N+4 from the signal numbers governing in the normal direction.
Examples of all four tracks at a particular survey location (on the signal plate, the "-" is a line break):
BMT:
B1-243 | B3-243 | B4-243 | B2-243
IRT:
2434-B | 2432-B | 2431-B | 2433-B
Handling chaining junctions
When one line splits from or joins another, a decision must be made on how to measure the chaining distances on the individual lines. One way is to establish a new zero point for one or more lines, but this is inefficient. Typically a major end-point terminal will be chosen as chaining zero, and all lines that are tributary to that terminal will measure their chaining from that point. This process is called tying. For example, if one line ties to another at a certain point, and the chaining station number at that point is 135+10 (13,510 feet from chaining zero), then a location on either branch that is 1,000 feet from that will have a chaining station number of 145+10.
Tying
When a new line or branch separates from another line, and the new line "picks up" the chaining numbers of the original line, the new line is said to be "tied" at that point. For example, where the BMT Montague Street Tunnel Line (BMT B) separates from the Broadway Line (BMT A via the Manhattan Bridge) north of Canal Street and Broadway, we say that BMT B ties to BMT A at Canal and Broadway. That way (assuming BMT A ends at chaining zero, which it does) the distance from a chaining station on BMT B is measured by following the physical BMT B to its tying point, and then following the physical BMT A from there to chaining zero.
Reverse tying
Sometimes when a line leaves another line, the chaining on the branch line should be tied to the original line, but sometimes the chaining distances go down instead of up. This is almost always because the branch joins the main line coming from the same direction as the main line, and we want the chaining numbers of the branch to be derived from the main line, so as not to have to establish a separate chaining zero location for the branch. An example of this was the Fulton Ferry branch of the Fulton Street Elevated (BMT K) which split from the Brooklyn Bridge branch at a location called Kings County (KC) Junction. Chaining zero for both branches was at Park Row, over the Brooklyn Bridge. The stub end branch to Fulton Ferry (the original terminal) was chained backwards from Kings County Junction to the East River shoreline. The chaining numbers went from 0+00 (zero) at the western end of Park Row station to 77+20 (7,720 feet) at KC Junction. Then the Fulton Ferry branch was reverse tied at that point so that the chaining station at the ferry end of the line was 45+38 (4,538 feet). By this method, the distance from any point on the Fulton Street el to either terminal could be readily measured.
No tying
Sometimes two or more lines merge or abut but the chaining shouldn't be tied. For example, the Montague Street Tunnel Line BMT B is tied to Broadway Line BMT A at Canal Street, but BMT B returns to BMT A railroad south of the DeKalb Avenue station in Brooklyn. Since BMT B uses a longer route to reach the same location than BMT A does, the chaining numbers are different where the two lines rejoin. In this case, the BMT B chaining simply ends and the BMT A chaining is picked up again.
Chaining codes
Following are tables describing the chaining lines of all three divisions, including defunct lines.
BMT
Current
Many of these lines originally had individual chaining zero points as a result of the different companies that built and operated them. The BRT consolidated the chaining system subsequent to taking over these and many lines were again rechained when they were shifted from elevated to subway lines. These chaining lines and zero locations are accurate as of c. 1900 for lines chained from Park Row; as they were opened c. 1915–1920 for lines chained from 57th Street; as of line openings for other lines. Where chaining has changed since these chaining lines were established, the current chaining is shown.
All Mileage zeroes are at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue.
Former
BMT C: Original BMT C ran along the entire length of the Culver Line, from the lower level of Ninth Avenue over to Ditmas Avenue (elevated over the right-of-way of the South Brooklyn Railway), then along the McDonald Avenue El to West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium, where BMT A (Brighton Line) chaining took over. With the opening of the Culver Ramp, the IND acquired the Culver Line from Ditmas Avenue south and rechained it as part of IND B (from 57th Street/Sixth Avenue to West Eighth Street). The surviving portion of the northern Culver Line, which today runs from Ninth Avenue lower level to about Fort Hamilton Parkway and 37th Street, is still chained BMT C.
BMT G: Tracks 3 and 4, which constitute the BMT 63rd Street Line, are not to be confused with track G3-4, the single express track on the Astoria Line. Positions on the 63rd Street Line have approximately 100+00 added to the actual distance from the zero point.
BMT K: The Fulton Ferry spur was chained from Park Row to Kings County Junction (located east of former Sands Street station), then backwards from the junction to Fulton Ferry.
BMT L: Lexington Avenue Line chaining ended at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and Broadway, where the Lexington Avenue Line merged with the Broadway–Brooklyn Line (between Kosciuszko Street and Gates Avenue stations).
BMT P: Until recently, BMT P consisted of the Canarsie Line from Broadway Junction to Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway. The entire Canarsie Line has since been rechained as BMT Q; the only remaining P chaining is the yard lead that diverges from the main line just south of Livonia Avenue and leads to Linden Shops.
BMT Q: Originally, chaining for BMT Q began at Sixth Avenue—the original northern terminal of the 14th Street subway—and continued south to Broadway Junction. South of Broadway Junction, the line was chained as BMT P with chaining zero at the intersection of Pitkin and Van Sinderen Avenues, where the Canarsie Line had diverged from the former Fulton Street Line. When the 14th Street subway was extended to Eighth Avenue, the new trackage was chained as BMT QW, with chaining starting at Sixth and increasing to Eighth. The Canarsie Line has since been entirely rechained as Q, running from the zero at Eighth Avenue south to Rockaway Parkway.
BMT Y: This is used on yard leads.
IND
Current
All Mileage zeroes are at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue.
Former
IND zero: The zero point of the IND system was determined by extending the centerline of West Fourth Street–Washington Square station south to the New York/New Jersey border. The point of intersection—located in Lower New York Bay just north of Keansburg, New Jersey—was calculated to be 96,925 feet (18.357 statute mi or 29.542 km) from the south ends of the Eighth Avenue Line platforms at West Fourth Street; this point became chaining point 969+25. Chaining distances then increase railroad north of West Fourth and decrease railroad south. As a result, the principle that chaining stations along any line reflect the accurate distance to a chaining zero point via the physical railroad is not true on the original IND.
IND D (tracks 5 and 6): While the yard leads from the Forest Hills–71 Avenue station are tied to IND D, the chaining of Jamaica Yard and the World's Fair Line are not.
IND E: From Bergen Street to Fulton Street, the line is tied to IND A, which it shares with the Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station. North of Fulton Street, the line is reverse-tied to IND D.
IND F/FA: The Rockaway Line was originally part of the Long Island Rail Road and was chained from Long Island City station in Long Island City, Queens, via the old Montauk Line. When the IND acquired the Rockaway Line south of Liberty Avenue in 1956, it preserved the LIRR chaining distances. The single-track connection between the east and west legs of Hammels Wye has its own chaining, which starts at the point it branches from the east leg.
IND K: The Liberty Avenue Elevated, currently part of the IND Fulton Street Line, was originally the eastern portion of the BMT Fulton Street Line, which had its chaining zero at Park Row. When the IND acquired the Liberty Avenue structure, it preserved the BMT chaining letter and zero point, reverse-tying the chaining back to Euclid Avenue.
IND S: Ties to IND T near 2nd Avenue and 63rd Street, where the two lines intersect.
IRT
Current
All Mileage zeroes are at New Lots Avenue, except for the IRT Flushing Line, whose zero is Times Square.
Former
IRT A: This was the original IRT designation of the Astoria Line until it was completely transferred to BMT operations.
IRT Y: This chaining letter was formerly assigned to the portion of the Flushing Line from Times Square to Queensboro Plaza; this segment was later rechained as part of IRT C. Today, IRT Y constitutes the Dyre Avenue Line from Eastchester–Dyre Avenue south to East 180th Street. The Dyre Avenue Line had originally been part of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, which had had its chaining zero at its southern terminus at Oak Point Yard in the South Bronx. IRT Y has since been tied to IRT W under a new signal contract.
Broadway/44th Street: The point where the Dual Contracts section of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (from Times Square–42nd Street south) meets the Contract I section (north of 42nd Street).
Park Avenue/38th Street: The point where the Dual Contracts section of the Lexington Avenue Line (from Grand Central–42nd Street north) meets the Contract I section (south of 42nd Street).
Notes
References
External links
JoeKorNer - New York City Subway Chaining
New York City Subway |
1482612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliurang | Kaliurang | Kaliurang is a small town in Hargobinangun, Pakem, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is located about north of the city of Yogyakarta, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi.
Kaliurang is a resort town, popular as a weekend destination for visitors from Yogyakarta. Attractions include the cool air, views, and an extensive forested park with trails. The town charges a small admission fee to visitors, paid at a booth on the busy main road from Yogyakarta.
The town was the location of negotiations during the fighting between the Dutch and Indonesians in the 1940s, when the houses and holiday homes owned by the Sultanate of Yogyakarta were used.
Kaliurang has been an important base for vulcanologists in their monitoring of eruptions of Merapi, especially when the southern slopes of the volcano become active.
Adjacent hills
In the 1970s there was an observatory on the hill Plawangan, which is closer to Merapi, but with eruptions in the 1990s Plawangan was abandoned and the observatory moved to the town itself. There are also tunnels at the western base of Plawangan that were built in World War II.
The hill to the west of Plawangan is called Turgo and has sacred graves at its peak, which are associated with the early stages of Islam in Java.
See also
Ullen Sentalu Museum
Notes
References
External links
http://www.kaliurang.net/
Geography of the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Sleman Regency
Mount Merapi |
1482613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Berab | Jacob Berab | Jacob Berab (), also spelled Berav or Bei-Rav, known as Mahari Beirav (1474 – April 3, 1546), was an influential rabbi and talmudist best known for his attempt to reintroduce classical semikhah (ordination).
Biography
Berab was born at Maqueda near Toledo, Castilian Spain in 1474. He later became a pupil of Isaac Aboab. After the expulsion of Jews from Spain, he fled to Fez in Wattasid-ruled Morocco. The Fez Jewish community, consisting of 5000 families, chose him for their rabbi, though he was but a youth of eighteen. From there he went to Tlemçen, then the chief town of the Barbary states. There, the Jewish community consisting of 5000 families, chose him for their rabbi, though he was but a youth of eighteen. Evidence of the great respect there paid him is afforded by the following lines of Abraham Gavison quoted by Isaiah Berlin's Omer ha-Shikḥah: "Say not that the lamp of the Law no longer in Israel burneth! Jacob Berab hath come back—once more among us he sojourneth!"
It is not known how long Berab remained in Algeria; but before 1522 he was in Jerusalem. There, however, the social and economic conditions were so oppressive that he did not stay long, but went with his pupils to Egypt. Several years later (1527) Berab, now fairly well-to-do, resided in Damascus; in 1533 he became rabbi at Cairo; and several years after he seems to have finally settled in Safed, which then contained the largest Jewish community in Ottoman Syria. It was there that Berab conceived the bold idea which made him famous, that of establishing a central spiritual Jewish power.
Plan for ordination
Berab had a plan for the reintroduction of the old semikhah "rabbinic ordination". It is likely that his further plans included the reestablishment of the sanhedrin. Berab's model was the sanhedrin of tannaitic times which consisted of men who could trace their ordination back to Moses; yet for more than a thousand years no such men had existed, and the semikhah was lost.
According to Louis Ginzberg, Berab's undertaking was part of a larger Messianic vision. In this period, Ginsburg says,
According to others, the purpose of Berab's plan was a resolution of certain halachic difficulties. In particular, there was a problem of Marranos returning to the Jewish faith, and in order to free them from divine punishment some rabbis of the Land of Israel considered applying to them the punishment of makkot, which can only be assigned by Sanhedrin. Jacob Berab writes about this problem in his Responsa.
Maimonides taught that if the sages in the Land of Israel would agree to ordain one of themselves, they could do so, and that the man of their choice could then ordain others. Although Maimonides' opinion had been opposed by Nahmanides and others, the scholars at Safed had confidence in Berab, and had no doubt that, from a rabbinical standpoint, no objection to his plan could be raised.
Ordination of 1538
In 1538, twenty-five rabbis met in assembly at Safed and ordained Berab, giving him the right to ordain any number of others, who would then form a Sanhedrin. In a discourse in the synagogue at Safed, Berab defended the legality of his ordination from a Talmudic standpoint, and showed the nature of the rights conferred upon him. On hearing of this event most of the other Jewish scholars expressed their agreement, and the few who discountenanced the innovation lacked the courage to oppose Berab and his following.
Berab then ordained a few other rabbis, including the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem Levi ibn Habib, rabbi Joseph Caro, Moses ben Joseph di Trani, and Yosef Sagis. Joseph Caro later ordained rabbi Moshe Alshich, and Alshich ordained Hayyim ben Joseph Vital around 1590.
Dispute with ibn Habib
To obtain the good-will of the Jews of Jerusalem, the first use that Berab made of his new dignity was to ordain the chief rabbi at Jerusalem, Levi ibn Habib. Since the latter had for many years been a personal opponent of Berab, and the two had had many disputes in regard to rabbinical decisions and approbations, Berab's ordination of ibn Habib shows that he placed general above personal interests. Moreover, the terms in which Berab officially announced ibn Habib's ordination were kindly ones. Berab, therefore, expected no opposition from that quarter; but he was mistaken. Ibn Habib's personal animus was not appeased, but rather stimulated, by his ordination. He considered it an insult to his dignity and to the dignity of Jerusalem that so important a change should be effected without consultation of the Jerusalem scholars. He did not content himself with an oral protest, but sent a communication to the scholars of Safed, in which he set forth the illegality of their proceeding and declared that the innovation involved a risk to rabbinical Judaism, since the Sanhedrin might use its sovereign authority to tamper with the calendar.
Although Levi ibn Habib's tone was moderate, every one could read between the lines that he opposed the man Berab as well as his work. An illustration of this is afforded by the remarks made by ibn Habib when he maintained at length that the scholars of Safed were not qualified to ordain, since they were not unprejudiced in the matter, and when he hinted that Berab was not worthy to transmit ordination. Berab was surprised by the peril in which his undertaking was now placed; and, embittered by ibn Habib's personal attacks, he could not adhere to a merely objective refutation, but indulged in personalities. In answer to ibn Habib's observation, that a sacred ordination must not proceed from learning alone, but from holiness also, Berab replied: "I never changed my name: in the midst of want and despair I went in God's way"; thereby alluding to the fact that, when a youth, ibn Habib had lived for a year in Portugal as a Christian under an assumed name.
The strife between Berab and ibn Habib now became wholly personal, and this had a bad effect on the plan; for Berab had many admirers but few friends. Moreover, Berab's life was endangered. The ordination had been represented to the Ottoman authorities as the first step toward the restoration of the Jewish state, and, since Berab was rich, the Ottoman officials would have showed him scant mercy in order to lay hands on his wealth. Berab was forced to go to Egypt for a while, but though each moment's delay might have cost him his life, he tarried long enough to ordain four rabbis, so that during his absence they might continue to exercise the function of ordination. In the meantime ibn Habib's following increased; and when Berab returned, he found his plan to be hopeless. His death some years later put an end to the dispute which had gradually arrayed most of the Jewish scholars in hostile lines on the question of ordination.
It is known positively that Joseph Caro and Moses ben Joseph di Trani were two of the four men ordained by Berab. If the other two were Abraham Shalom and Israel ben Meir di Curiel, then Caro was the only one who used his privilege to ordain another, Moses Alshich, who, in turn, ordained Hayim Vital. Thus ordination might be traced for four generations.
With the exception of some short contributions to the works of others, the only one of Berab's numerous works ever published was his Sheëlot u-Teshubot (Questions and Answers), responsa, Venice, 1663; but the Amsterdam edition of the rabbinical Tanakh (1724–28) contains notes by Berab on the Book of Isaiah and the Book of Jeremiah.
Rulings
Berab viewed Portuguese conversos—Jews who were forcibly converted to Christianity—as remaining Jewish despite their conversion and subsequent generations.
In an inheritance dispute, Berab ruled that only the children born to one converso'''s Jewish wife were entitled to inherit. The daughters of his Flemish concubine, who had remained Christian and did not convert to Judaism, were deemed of gentile status and thus were not eligible for inheritance.
References
Its bibliography:
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ed. Wilna, i. 86;
David Conforte, Ḳore ha-Dorot, see Index in ed. Cassel;
Frumkin, Eben Yerushalaim, pp. 34–40, Wilna, 1874;
Fuenn, in Ha-Karmel, ii. 486–494, 576–580;
idem, Keneset Yisrael, pp. 539, 540;
Heinrich Grätz, Gesch. der Juden, 3d ed., ix. 12, 200–298;
Jost, Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten, iii. 128, 129;
Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, p. 1069;
Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1194;
Joseph Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. p. 307;
Zunz, Z. G. pp. 250, 531.
The most important source of information for the dispute about ordination is Levi ben Jacob ibn Ḥabib, Responsa, pp. 277a, 328a, Venice, 1565;
S. P. Rabbinowitz, Mozaëi Golah'', see Index.
External links
Short biography of Rabbi Jacob Berab
1474 births
1546 deaths
15th-century Castilian Jews
16th-century Moroccan rabbis
Rabbis in Safed
Sephardi rabbis from Ottoman Palestine
Jews expelled from Spain in 1492
Sephardi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
16th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire
Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Safed |
1482617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Eyde | Sam Eyde | Samuel Eyde (29 October 1866 – 21 June 1940) was a Norwegian engineer and industrialist. He was the founder of both Norsk Hydro and Elkem.
Personal life
Eyde was born in Arendal in Aust-Agder, Norway. He was a son of ship-owner Samuel Eyde (1819–1902) and his wife Elina Christine Amalie Stephansen (1829–1906). He was a first cousin of Alf Scott-Hansen on the maternal side.
In August 1895 he married Countess Ulla Mörner (1873–1961), but the marriage was dissolved in 1912. In February 1913 he married actress Elly Simonsen (1885–1960).
Career
Eyde studied engineering in Berlin where he graduated in 1891. He started his career in Hamburg, working with the railways where he planned new lines, bridges and stations. In 1897 he started the engineering firm Gleim & Eyde with his previous boss from Hamburg. He soon established offices in Kristiania (now Oslo) and Stockholm. By the turn of the century the firm was one of the largest in Scandinavia, with some 30 engineers.
In 1902, Eyde acquired control over Rjukan Falls in Telemark. He also held rights to waterfalls at Arendal and Notodden. Eyde planned to use the hydropower for industrial purposes. In 1905 Rjukan Falls was producing hydro electrical power for Potassium nitrate production. This led to the development of the town of Rjukan as an industrial centre. In 1912 Eyde contributed to the development of Arendal Smelteverk at Eydehavn for the production of silicon carbide. The plant is now part of the Norwegian company Fiven ASA and one of the oldest silicon carbide producing plants worldwide.
In 1903, Eyde met with Kristian Birkeland, who was a scientist, inventor and professor of physics at the University of Christiania. Birkeland was working on developing an electric arc, while Eyde had recently bought the rights to several waterfalls in Telemark. They agreed to cooperate to develop an electric flame. This allowed Eyde to establish Det Norske Aktieselskap for Eletrokemisk Industri (today Elkem) along with members of the Wallenberg family who he had met in Sweden. The factory at Notodden opening on 2 May 1905.
In 1905 he founded Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvælstofaktieselskab (now Norsk Hydro). Eyde remained director-general of both companies. He was director-general of Norsk Hydro until 1917. He was offered a position on the board, where he remained until 1925, and a compensation of for ten years, and for the rest of his life.
He was a member of the Norwegian Parliament in the period 1918–1920. In 1920, Eyde was appointed as Norwegian Minister to the United States.
Gallery
See also
Birkeland–Eyde process
References
Other sources
Grimnes, Ole Kristian (2001) Sam Eyde: den grenseløse gründer (Oslo: Aschehoug)
External links
Norsk Hydro ASA website
Elkem AS website
1866 births
1940 deaths
People from Arendal
People from Rjukan
Norwegian expatriates in Germany
Norwegian company founders
Norwegian industrialists
Norsk Hydro people
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian diplomats
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian Army personnel
Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Commanders of the Order of the Sword
BASF people |
1482625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Roland | Gilbert Roland | Luis Antonio Dámaso de Alonso (December 11, 1905 – May 15, 1994), known professionally as Gilbert Roland, was a Mexican-born American film and television actor whose career spanned seven decades from the 1920s until the 1980s. He was twice nominated for the Golden Globe Award in 1952 and 1964 and inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.
Early years
Roland was born in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and originally intended to become a bullfighter like his father and his paternal grandfather.
When Pancho Villa took control of their town, Roland and his family fled to the United States. He lived in Texas until at age 14 he hopped on a freight train and went to Hollywood. After arriving there, he found menial jobs and slept in a Catholic church. He often lost those jobs because he spent time working as an extra in films. He chose his screen name by combining the names of his favorite actors, John Gilbert and Ruth Roland. He was often cast in the stereotypical Latin lover role.
Career
Roland's first film contract was with Paramount. His first major role was in the collegiate comedy The Plastic Age (1925) together with Clara Bow, to whom he became engaged. In 1926, he played Armand in Camille opposite Norma Talmadge, with whom he was romantically involved, and they starred together in several productions. With the advent of sound films, Roland frequently appeared in Spanish language adaptations of American films in romantic lead roles.
In 1933, Roland played a large supporting role in She Done Him Wrong as one of Mae West's character's lovers, along with rivals Cary Grant, Noah Beery Sr. and Owen Moore.
Roland served in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II.
Beginning in the 1940s, critics began to take notice of his acting, and he was praised for his supporting roles in John Huston's We Were Strangers (1949), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), Thunder Bay (1953), and Cheyenne Autumn (1964). He also appeared in a series of films in the mid-1940s as the popular character "The Cisco Kid". He played Hugo, the agnostic (and fictional) friend of the three shepherd children in The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima, based on the apparitions of Our Lady of Fatima in 1917. In 1953, Roland played Greek-American sponge diver Mike Petrakis in the epic Beneath the 12-Mile Reef.
He also portrayed Howard McMahon on Bewitched, acted on December Bride and Playhouse 90, and both wrote the script for and acted in an episode of Wagon Train. He played Don Domingo Montoya, who inherits Rancho Montoya near the end of the series The High Chaparral.
His last film appearance was in the 1982 western Barbarosa.
Personal life
Roland married actress Constance Bennett on April 20, 1941, in Yuma, Arizona. They were married until 1946 and had two daughters, Lorinda "Lynda" (b. 1938) and Christina "Gyl" (b. 1941). Bennett won custody of their daughters. He had appeared with Bennett in 1933 as Pepe in George Cukor's Our Betters, and in the same year, as the romantic lead in After Tonight, a World War I drama.
His second marriage to Guillermina Cantú in 1954 lasted until his death 40 years later.
Death
Gilbert Roland died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California, in 1994, aged 88. His body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea.
Accolades
Roland was nominated twice for a Golden Globe Award, for his roles in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) and Cheyenne Autumn (1964). For his contributions to the motion picture industry, Gilbert Roland has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6730 Hollywood Boulevard.
Archives
The moving-image collection of Gilbert Roland is held at the Academy Film Archive. Home movies make up the bulk of the collection. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the Gilbert Roland papers at the academy's Margaret Herrick Library.
In 1975, El Paso, Texas, held Gilbert Roland Days. Among the recognition given the actor was creation of The Gilbert Roland Newspaper Carrier Scholarships Fund by the Newspaper Printing Corporation.
Filmography
Cinema
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) as Extra (uncredited)
The Lost World (1925) as Extra (uncredited)
The Spaniard (1925) as Matador (uncredited)
The Lady Who Lied (1925)
The Lawful Cheater (1925) (uncredited)
The Midshipman (1925) (uncredited)
The Plastic Age (1925) as Carl Peters
The Campus Flirt (1926) as Graham Stearns
The Blonde Saint (1926) as Annibale
Camille (1926) as Armand Duval
Rose of the Golden West (1927) as Juan
The Love Mart (1927) as Victor Jallot
The Dove (1927) as Johnny Powell
The Woman Disputed (1928) as Paul Hartman
New York Nights (1929) as Fred Deverne
Men of the North (1930) (Spanish and French version also filmed) as Louis La Bey aka Monsieur Le Fox
Resurrección (1931) (Spanish version of Resurrection) as Prince Dmitri Nekhludov
The Passionate Plumber (1932) as Tony Lagorce
Hombres de mi vida (1932) (Spanish version of Men in Her Life) as Jaime Gilman
The Woman in Room 13 (1932) as Victor Legrand
Life Begins (1932) as Tony, Rita's Husband (uncredited)
No Living Witness (1932) as Jerry Bennett
A Parisian Romance (1932) as Victor
Call Her Savage (1932) as Moonglow
She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Serge Stanieff
Our Betters (1933) as Pepi D'Costa
The Romantic Widow (1933) as Luis Felipe de Córdoba aka Prudencio González
Tarnished Youth (1933) (UK version of Gigolettes of Paris) as Antoine 'Tony' Ferrand
After Tonight (1933) as Captain Rudolph "Rudy" Ritter
Yo, tú y ella (1933) as Gabriel Villalba
Elinor Norton (1934) as Rene Alba
Mystery Woman (1935) as Juan Santanda
Juliet Buys a Baby (1935) as Jack Aranda
Ladies Love Danger (1935) as Ricardo Souchet aka Alonzo
Midnight Taxi (1937) as Flash Dillon
The Last Train from Madrid (1937) as Eduardo de Soto
Thunder Trail (1937) as Dick Ames aka Arizona Lopez
La vida bohemia (1938) as Rodolfo
Gateway (1938) as Tony Cadona
Juarez (1939) as Colonel Miguel Lopez
Isle of Destiny (1940) as Oliver Barton
Gambling on the High Seas (1940) as Greg Morella
The Sea Hawk (1940) as Captain Lopez
Rangers of Fortune (1940) as Antonio Hernandez Sierra
Angels with Broken Wings (1941) as Don Pablo Vincente
My Life with Caroline (1941) as Paco Del Valle
Enemy Agents Meet Ellery Queen (1942) as Paul Gillette
Isle of Missing Men (1942) as Thomas 'Dan' Bentley aka Curtis
The Desert Hawk (1944) as Kasim, The Desert Hawk / Hassan, The Evil Twin Brother
Captain Kidd (1945) as Jose Lorenzo
The Gay Cavalier (1946) as The Cisco Kid
South of Monterey (1946) as The Cisco Kid
Beauty and the Bandit (1946) as The Cisco Kid
Riding the California Trail (1947) as The Cisco Kid posing as Don Luis Salazar
The Other Love (1947) as Croupier
High Conquest (1947) as Hugo Lanier
Robin Hood of Monterey (1947) as The Cisco Kid
Pirates of Monterey (1947) as Major de Rojas
King of the Bandits (1947) as the Cisco Kid aka Ramon Mojica
The Dude Goes West (1948) as Pecos Kid
The Rebellion of the Ghosts (1949) as Arturo del Rosal
We Were Strangers (1949) as Guillermo Montilla
Malaya (1949) as Romano
The Torch (1950) as Father Sierra
Crisis (1950) as Roland Gonzales
The Furies (1950) as Juan Herrera
Bullfighter and the Lady (1951) as Manolo Estrada
The Mark of the Renegade (1951) as Don Pedro Garcia
Ten Tall Men (1951) as Corporal Luis Delgado
My Six Convicts (1952) as Punch Pinero
Glory Alley (1952) as Peppi Donnato
The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952) as Hugo da Silva
Apache War Smoke (1952) as Peso Herrera
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) as Victor 'Gaucho' Ribero
Thunder Bay (1953) as Teche Bossier
The Diamond Queen (1953) as Baron Paul de Cabannes
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) as Mike Petrakis
The French Line (1953) as Pierre DuQuesne
The Racers (1955) as Dell'Oro
Underwater! (1955) as Dominic Quesada
That Lady (1955) as Antonio Perez
The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955) as Colonel Juan Castro
Bandido (1956) as Colonel José Escobar
Around the World in 80 Days (1956) as Achmed Abdullah
Three Violent People (1956) as Innocencio Ortega
The Midnight Story (1957) as Sylvio Malatesta
The Last of the Fast Guns (1958) as Miles Lang
The Wild and the Innocent (1959) as Paul
The Big Circus (1959) as Zach Colino
Catch Me If You Can (1959) (unreleased)
Guns of the Timberland (1960) as Monty Walker
Samar (1962) as Colonel Juan Sebastian Salazar
Cheyenne Autumn (1964) as Dull Knife
The Reward (1965) as Captain Carbajal
The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966) as Serge Marko
Any Gun Can Play (1967) as Monetero
The Ruthless Four (1968) as Mason
Between God, the Devil and a Winchester (1968) as Horace
Johnny Hamlet (1968) as Juan Chasquisdo
Sartana Does Not Forgive (1968) as Kirchner
The Christian Licorice Store (1971) as Jonathan 'JC' Carruthers
Running Wild (1973) as Chief Tomacito
Treasure of Tayopa (1974) as Himself - Host
The Pacific Connection (1974) as Alan
Islands in the Stream (1977) as Captain Ralph
The Black Pearl (1977)
Caboblanco (1980) as Dr. Rudolfo Ramirez
Barbarosa (1982) as Don Braulio (final film role)
Television
Zorro, episodes "El Bandido" and "Adios El Cuchillo" (1960) as El Cuchillo / The Knife
Gunsmoke, episode "Extradition" (1963) as Lieutenant Julio Chavez
Death Valley Days, episode "A Kingdom for a Horse" (1963) as Emperor Dom Pedro
The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 1 Episode 27: "Death and the Joyful Woman") as Luis Aguilar
The Fugitive, episode "Somebody to Remember" (1964) as Gus Priamos;
Combat!, episode "The Convict" (1965) as Boulanger
Bonanza, episode "The Lonely Runner" (1965) as Jim Acton
The Fugitive, episode "The Savage Street" (1967) as Jose Anza
The High Chaparral, episode "The New Lion of Sonora" (1971) as Don Domingo Montoya
Night Gallery, segment "The Waiting Room" (1972) as The Bartender
Incident on a Dark Street (1973, TV Movie) as Dominic Leopold
Kung Fu (1972 TV series), episode "The Chalice" (1973)
Barnaby Jones, episode "Rendezvous with Terror" (1974)
The Mark of Zorro (1974, TV Movie) as Don Alejandro Vega
The Sacketts (1979, TV Movie) as Don Luis
Hart to Hart, episode "The Raid" (1980) as Jorge
Short subjects
La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1935)
Screen Snapshots Series 15, No. 8 (1936)
Picture People No. 2: Hollywood Sports (1941)
Wings Up (1943)
References
Monush, Barry. The Encyclopedia of Film Actors From The Silent Era to 1965. New York: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books, 2003.
External links
Original letter from Greta Garbo to Gilbert Roland (1943)
Photographs and literature
1905 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male actors of Mexican descent
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Deaths from cancer in California
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Hispanic and Latino American military personnel
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male Western (genre) film actors
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Mexican male film actors
Military personnel from California
Military personnel from Los Angeles
People from Ciudad Juárez
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II |
1482627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller%20Group | Rockefeller Group | Rockefeller Group International, Inc. is an American private company based in New York City, primarily involved in real estate operations in the United States and it is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Estate Co. The company began with the development of Rockefeller Center.
After building the original , Art Deco complex from 1931 to 1939 (the company name was then the Metropolitan Square Corporation), the company developed several towers in the immediate vicinity from the late 1940s into the 1950s and 1960s. It entered into a partnership with Time Inc. and constructed a 48-story building for the company that opened in 1959; this spearheaded the expansion of the Center to the west of 6th Avenue, Avenue of the Americas. By the early 1970s, it had added a total of four International Style towers to Rockefeller Center, more than doubling the size of the original complex.
Today, Rockefeller Group maintains an ownership/management position in the of office space that makes up Rockefeller Center's western corridor (the newer buildings located west of Sixth Avenue). The eastern and original part of the Center is now owned by Tishman Speyer (who also serves as manager) and the Lester Crown family of Chicago, Illinois.
References
External links
Company website
Group
Rockefeller family
Companies based in Manhattan |
1482638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eason%20Jordan | Eason Jordan | Eason Jordan (born October 16, 1960) is an executive and entrepreneur who serves as the Rockefeller Foundation's Senior Vice President for Connected Leaders.
He previously helped launch and lead CNN, NowThis News, the Malala Fund and several of his own companies.
Biography
Jordan studied at DeKalb College and Georgia State University. Early jobs included assignment editor at WXIA-TV, and radio news correspondent at WGIG, both in Atlanta. He was later a correspondent for WSBI in Brunswick, Tennessee.
At CNN, where he worked 1982-2005, he served as chief news executive and president of newsgathering and international networks. While at CNN, he helped oversee CNN's coverage of the Falklands War and the 1982 Lebanon War. In 1989 he was appointed to direct CNN's international news coverage, and in 1995 took on the added responsibility of overseeing CNN International.
He subsequently (2005-2012) founded and headed several companies, including Oryx Strategies, Poll Position, Headline Apps, and Praedict. In 2006, Jordan teamed up with journalist Robert Young Pelton and several others to launch Iraq Slogger, a clearinghouse of news and information coming out of Iraq during the Iraq War. The site was intended to aggregate articles by both foreign correspondents and Iraqi journalists, as well as nonprofessionals. According to Pelton, the site had insufficient income and ceased operations in 2009.
In 2012, Jordan joined NowThis, a digital video news service, as its founding general manager, working there for two years.
He later (2014-2017) served as a director at the Malala Fund, the education-focused foundation launched by Malala Yousafzai, the youngest-ever Nobel Peace Prize laureate and U.N. Messenger of Peace. He initially served as the organization's director of operations and communications and later as its director of special projects.
Jordan serves on the board of trustees of the Fugees Family NGO and the advisory council of Stanford's Human Perception Lab, and he is member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the ONE Campaign.
He was portrayed by the actor Clark Gregg in Live From Baghdad (2002), a film about the team of CNN journalists who covered the first Gulf War. As CNN was the only news organization broadcasting live, firsthand reports from Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, for most of the war, this is widely considered the event that "put CNN on the map".
Controversy
On April 11, 2003, Jordan revealed in an opinion piece in The New York Times called "The News We Kept to Ourselves" that CNN knew about human rights abuses committed in Iraq by Saddam Hussein since 1990. As described in the same essay, Jordan personally met with Uday Hussein, eldest son of Saddam Hussein of Iraq, in 1995 at the Iraqi Olympic Committee headquarters, where Hussein told Jordan he intended to assassinate his two sons-in-law, Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Saddam Kamel, who had defected to Jordan and exposed the Iraqi regime. They were eventually killed upon their return to Iraq.
In response to his op-ed, Jordan was harshly criticized by The New Republic's Franklin Foer, in an article in The Wall Street Journal, who said CNN should have left Iraq rather than spread the regime's propaganda.
Alleged comments at 2005 World Economic Forum
On January 27, 2005, during the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, Jordan was reported to have said that American troops were targeting journalists. Although there is no transcript of Jordan's statement (the event was videotaped, but the WEF refused to release it, or make a transcript of the event), Barney Frank claimed Jordan seemed to be suggesting "it was official military policy to take out journalists", and later added that some U.S. soldiers targeted reporters "maybe knowing they were killing journalists, out of anger" — claims that Jordan denied.
On February 11, 2005, Jordan resigned from CNN to "prevent CNN from being unfairly tarnished by the controversy over conflicting accounts of my recent remarks regarding the alarming number of journalists killed in Iraq". In a press release, Jordan also stated that "I have great admiration and respect for the men and women of the U.S. armed forces, with whom I have worked closely and been embedded in Baghdad, Tikrit, and Mosul".
U.S. News & World Report editor-at-large David Gergen, who had moderated the WEF discussion, and BBC executive Richard Sambrook, defended Jordan and claimed his remarks, though controversial, were not as extreme as they were hyped and that he did not deserve to be removed from CNN. But U.S. entrepreneur Rony Abovitz, former CNN reporter Rebecca MacKinnon, U.S. journalist Bret Stephens, Swiss journalist Bernard Rapazz, U.S. Senator Chris Dodd, and French historian Justin Vaïsse were also present, and confirmed the essentials of Frank's account.
Bloggers who covered the story (most newspapers and networks chose not to) noted that Jordan had been accusing Israeli and U.S. troops of deliberately targeting journalists as early as October 2002, and had made similar specific claims about Iraq in November 2004. They also noted his earlier admission (in his New York Times Op-Ed piece, "The News We Kept to Ourselves") that CNN had deliberately downplayed the brutality of the Saddam Hussein regime in order to maintain CNN's access to the country.
Awards
Jordan is the recipient of four Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and the DuPont-Columbia Award. At the age of 31, he received the Livingston Award's "Special Citation For Outstanding Achievement" (previously only given posthumously) for coverage of the Gulf War, the Soviet crisis, and the African famine. The Livingston Awards for excellence by professionals under the age of 35 are the largest all-media, general reporting prizes in American journalism.
References
External links
Eason Jordan's website
1960 births
American television executives
CNN executives
Emmy Award winners
Living people
Peabody Award winners |
1482647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Aceron | Susan Aceron | Susan Flores Aceron (July 6, 1972 – October 9, 2016) was a Canadian actress and businesswoman who appeared in several film and television roles. She was best known for voicing Sailor Pluto in the Cloverway English adaptation of Sailor Moon. She also voiced a number of roles in Beyblades.
Death
On October 9, 2016, Aceron died of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the age of 44.
Select filmography
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show – Announcer
Sailor Moon – Sailor Pluto (Sailor Moon S)
The Ladies Man – Chinese Lover
Medabots – Additional Voices
Beyblade – Additional Voices
The In-Laws – Nurse
This Time Around – Hostess
The Newsroom – Cashier
References
External links
1972 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Alberta
Canadian film actresses
Canadian people of Filipino descent
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Actresses from Saskatchewan
Businesspeople from Saskatchewan
21st-century Canadian businesswomen
21st-century Canadian businesspeople
Deaths from nasopharynx cancer
People from Tisdale, Saskatchewan
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses |
1482662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood%20Smith | Sherwood Smith | Sherwood Smith (born May 29, 1951) is an American fantasy and science fiction writer for young adults and adults. Smith is a Nebula Award finalist and a longtime writing group organizer and participant.
Smith's works include the YA novel Crown Duel. Smith also collaborated with Dave Trowbridge in writing the Exordium series and with Andre Norton in writing two of the books in the Solar Queen universe.
In 2001, her short story "Mom and Dad at the Home Front" was a finalist for the Nebula Award for Best Short Story. Smith's children's books have made it on many library Best Books lists. Her Wren's War was an Anne Spencer Lindbergh Honor Book, and it and The Spy Princess were Mythopoeic Fantasy Award finalists. Smith was formerly an officer of the Mythopoeic Society under her birth name, Christine Ione Smith, but prefers "Sherwood" both personally and professionally.
Biography
Sherwood Smith was born May 28, 1951, in Glendale, California. On her website, Smith describes herself as a middle-aged woman who has been married for over thirty years. Besides writing, she taught part-time at an elementary school, though she is now retired. She has "two kids, rescue dogs, and a house full of books."
Smith began making books out of taped paper towels when she was five years old. When she was 8, she started writing about another world, Sartorias-deles, though she soon switched to making comic books of her stories, which she found to be easier. Although she first tried to send out her novels when she was 13, nothing sold. However, some of the novels Smith first wrote as a teen, including Wren to the Rescue, were sold after she learned to rewrite.
In the years it took her to learn to rewrite, Smith "went to college, lived in Europe, came back to get [her] masters in History, worked in Hollywood, got married, started a family and became a teacher." She received her degrees from the University of Southern California (B.A.) in 1973 and the University of California, Santa Barbara (M.A.) in 1977. In 2010 she became a member of Book View Cafe.
Smith currently resides in California.
Partial bibliography
Smith has co-written The Change Series with Rachel Manija Brown.
Books written under other pseudonyms
Smith has written some of the books in the Planet Builders series as Robyn Tallis. She has also written four books in the Nowhere High series as Jesse Maguire and one book in the Horror High series as Nicholas Adams.
Novels
Wren books
Wren to the Rescue (1990), reissued by Firebird Books (2004) e-book Book View Cafe
Wren's Quest (1993), reissued by Firebird Books (2004)
Wren's War (1995), reissued by Firebird Books (2004)
Wren Journeymage (2010) Book View Cafe
A Posse of Princesses (March 2008) Norilana Books, e-book corrected, extra chapter (2011) Book View Cafe
Barefoot Pirate (2011) Book View Cafe
Lhind the Thief (2013) Book View Cafe
Sartorias-deles
Sartorias-deles is the name of the fictitious world that is the setting for many of the books by Sherwood Smith. It is one of four inhabited planets in the Erhal system. According to Smith, humans first arrived on Sartorias-deles through world gates untold millennia ago. Occasionally, still more humans arrive. However, in non-canon commentaries the author informs readers that most of the early human history on Sartorias-deles has been lost since the so-called Fall of Sartor approximately 4,000 years before the events of the books such as Senrid. Smith does indeed appear to intend these humans be portrayed as having been Terrans prior to their immigration to the Erhal system. For example, in numerous references throughout the stories, they appear to have brought with them several domesticated animal species, including cattle, horses, and dogs, as well as many foods such as coffee, rice, the tomato, and concepts such as the seven-day week.
A Stranger to Command (2008), prequel to Crown Duel telling the story of Shevraeth's training
Crown Duel (1997–1998), previously published in two parts as Crown Duel and Court Duel. Issued in a single volume by Firebird Books in 2002, an e-book in 2010, with additions of scenes from Vidanric's point of view
Inda (August 2006) DAW Books
The Fox (August 2007) (sequel to Inda)
King's Shield (July 2008) (sequel to The Fox)
Treason's Shore (July 2009) (sequel to King's Shield)
Banner of the Damned (April 2012) (set 400 years after Inda quartet)
Sasharia En Garde (July 2015), Book View Cafe.
Senrid (May 2015) Book View Cafe
The Trouble With Kings (February 2015) Book View Cafe
Over the Sea: CJ Notebook One (2007) Norilana, e-book (2010) Book View Cafe
Mearsies Heili Bounces Back: CJ Notebook Two (2008) Norilana, e-book (2010) Book View Cafe
Poor World: CJ Notebook Four (2011) Book View Cafe
Fleeing Peace (March 2011) Book View Cafe
The Spy Princess (August 2012) Viking
Sartor (Sequel to The Spy Princess (August 2012) Book View Cafe
A Sword Named Truth (2019) (Rise of the Alliance book 1)
The Blood Mage Texts (2021) (Rise of the Alliance book 2)
The Hunters and the Hunted (2022) (Rise of the Alliance book 3)
Nightside of the Sun (2022) (Rise of the Alliance book 4)
Other:
Coronets and Steel (September 2010) DAW Books
Blood Spirits (September 2011) DAW Books
Revenant Eve (September 2012) DAW Books
Danse de la Folie (September 2012) Book View Cafe
Rondo Allegro (September 2014) Book View Cafe
Exordium
The Phoenix in Flight (1993) (with Dave Trowbridge reissued in a second edition as e-book, 2011)
Ruler of Naught (1993) (with Dave Trowbridge reissued in a second edition as e-book, 2011)
A Prison Unsought (1994) (with Dave Trowbridge)
The Rifter's Covenant (1995) (with Dave Trowbridge)
The Thrones of Kronos (1996) (with Dave Trowbridge)
Andre Norton's Solar Queen universe
Derelict for Trade (1997) (with Andre Norton)
A Mind for Trade (1997) (with Andre Norton)
Andre Norton's Time Traders universe
Echoes in Time (1999)
Atlantis Endgame (2002)
Oz series
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005), first in a new continuation of Oz books by L. Frank Baum
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Sky Pyrates Over Oz (2014)
Planet Builders Series
Rebel from Alphorion (1989), known as Robyn Tallis
Visions from the Sea (1989), known as Robyn Tallis
Giants of Elenna (1989), known as Robyn Tallis
Fire in the Sky (1989), known as Robyn Tallis
TV tie-in novels
The Borrowers (1997), novelization of the screenplay by Scott and John Kamps, Harcourt
Journey to Otherwhere (2000), Voyage of the Basset series, book 3
Augur's Teacher (2001), based on the TV show Earth: Final Conflict
Short stories
"Monster Mash" (1988), in Werewolves anthology
"Ghost Dancers" (1989), in Things That Go Bump in the Night anthology
"Faith" (1993), in A Wizard's Dozen anthology
"Curing the Bozos" (1994), in Bruce Coville's Book of Aliens anthology
"Echoes of Ancient Danger" (1995), in Orphans of the Night anthology
"I Was A Teen-Age Superhero" (1995) in Starfarer's Dozen anthology
"Daria's Window" (1996), in Sisters in Fantasy II anthology
"What's A Little Fur Among Friends?" (1996), in Bruce Coville's Book of Spinetinglers anthology
"Visions" (1996), in Bruce Coville's Book of Magic anthology
"Illumination" (1996), in Nightmare's Dozen anthology
"And Horses are Born With Eagles' Wings" (1997), in Realms of Fantasy Magazine
"Mastery" (1997), in Wizard Fantastic anthology
"And Now Abideth These Three..." (1998), in Realms of Fantasy Magazine
"Finding the Way" (1999), in Alien Visitors anthology
"Mom and Dad at the Home Front" (2000), in Realms of Fantasy Magazine, Year's Best Fantasy ed. David Hartwell, and New Magics ed. Patrick Nielsen Hayden
"Excerpts from the Diary of a Henchminion" (2000), in Faeries magazine (French)
"Beauty" (2003), in Firebirds anthology
"Court Ship" (2008), in Firebirds Soaring anthology
"Commando Bats" in Athena's Daughters anthology
"Zapped" (2015), A Tor.com Original
References
External links
Sartorias-deles Wiki
1951 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American women short story writers
American women novelists
American women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Oz (franchise) |
1482669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Huger%20%28general%29 | Benjamin Huger (general) | Benjamin Huger (November 22, 1805 – December 7, 1877) was a regular officer in the United States Army, who served with distinction as chief of ordnance in the Mexican–American War and in the American Civil War, as a Confederate general. He notably surrendered Roanoke Island and then the rest of the Norfolk, Virginia shipyards, attracting criticism for allowing valuable equipment to be captured. At Seven Pines, he was blamed by General James Longstreet for impeding the Confederate attack and was transferred to an administrative post after a lackluster performance in the Seven Days Battles.
Early life and U.S. Army career
Huger was born in 1805 in Charleston, South Carolina. (He pronounced his name , although today many Charlestonians say .) He was a son of Francis Kinloch Huger and his wife Harriet Lucas Pinckney, making him a grandson of Maj. Gen. Thomas Pinckney. His paternal grandfather, also named Benjamin Huger, was a patriot in the American Revolution, killed at Charleston during the British occupation.
In 1821 Huger entered the United States Military Academy and graduated eighth out of 37 cadets four years later. On July 1, 1825, he was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant, then promoted to second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery on that same date. He served as a topographical engineer until 1828 when he took a leave of absence from the Army to visit Europe from 1828 to 1830. He then was on recruiting duty, after which he served as part of Fort Trumbull's garrison in New London, Connecticut. From 1832 to 1839 Huger commanded the Fortress Monroe arsenal located in Hampton, Virginia.
On February 7, 1831, Huger married his first cousin, Elizabeth Celestine Pinckney. They would have five children together; Benjamin, Eustis, Francis, Thomas, and Celestine Pinckney. One of his sons, Francis (Frank) Kinloch Huger, also attended West Point and graduated in 1860. Frank Huger would enter the Confederate forces during the American Civil War as well, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel and leading a battalion of field artillery by the end of the conflict. On May 30, 1832, Huger was transferred to the Army's ordnance department with the rank of captain; he would spend the rest of his U.S. Army career with this branch. From 1839 to 1846, he served as a member of the U.S. Army Ordnance Board, and from 1840 to 1841, he was on official duty in Europe. Huger again commanded the Fort Monroe Arsenal from 1841 to 1846, until hostilities began with Mexico.
War with Mexico
Huger fought notably in 1846–48 during the Mexican–American War, serving as chief of ordnance on the staff of Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott throughout the conflict. Huger commanded the siege train during the Siege of Veracruz, March 9–29, 1847. He was appointed to the rank of brevet major for his performance at the Veracruz on March 29 and to lieutenant colonel for the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. Huger was brevetted a colonel five days later for "gallant and meritorious conduct" during the storming of Chapultepec.
Returning from Mexico, Huger was appointed to a board that created an instructional system for teaching artillery principles in the U.S. Army. From 1848 to 1851, he commanded the arsenal at Fort Monroe and then led the arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia until 1854. In 1852, South Carolina presented Huger with a sword, commemorating his long and distinguished service to the state. From 1854 to 1860, Huger commanded the arsenal in Pikesville, Maryland, during which he was promoted to major as of February 15, 1855. Huger was sent to the Crimean War as an official foreign observer in 1856. Beginning in 1860, Huger commanded the Charleston Arsenal, holding the post until resigning in the spring of 1861.
Civil War
Despite the declared secession of South Carolina in December 1860, Huger remained in the U.S. Army until after the Battle of Fort Sumter, resigning effective April 22, 1861. Just before the battle, Huger traveled to the fort and conferred with its commander, Maj. Robert Anderson, to determine where he stood. Although Anderson was also born in a slave state, he had already chosen to remain loyal to the United States, and Huger left when "their discussions came to naught."
Huger was commissioned an infantry lieutenant colonel in the regular Confederate States Army on March 16, then briefly commanded the forces in and around Norfolk, Virginia. On May 22, he was appointed a brigadier general in the state's militia, and the next day took command of the Department of Norfolk, with defensive responsibilities for North Carolina and southern Virginia, with his headquarters located at Norfolk. Sometime that June, he was also commissioned a brigadier in the Virginia Provisional Army; however, Huger entered the Confederate volunteer forces on June 17 as a brigadier general. Later on October 7, he was promoted to the rank of major general.
Roanoke Island and the loss of Norfolk
In early 1862, U.S. Army and Navy forces approached the North Carolina-Virginia coastline and Huger's area of responsibility. At Roanoke Island, his subordinate, Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise, asked Huger for various supplies, ammunition, field artillery, and most importantly, additional men, greatly fearing an attack on his quite unfinished defenses. Huger's response to Wise asked him to rely on "hard work and coolness among the troops you have, instead of more men." Eventually, Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered Huger to send help to the Roanoke Island area, but it proved too late. On February 7–8, Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough and his gunboats landed Brig. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside's infantry, initiating the Battle of Roanoke Island. Huger, with about 13,000 soldiers, failed to reinforce the immediate commanders there, an ailing Wise and Col. H. M. Shaw, and Burnside quickly eliminated the Confederate resistance and forced a surrender.
When news of the fall of Roanoke Island reached Norfolk's population, they quickly panicked, spreading the alarm to Richmond. Military historian Shelby Foote believed this loss "...shook whatever confidence the citizens had managed to retain in Huger, who was charged with their defense." On February 27, President Davis declared martial law in Norfolk and suspended the right of habeas corpus, attempting to regain control, and two days later, he did the same in Richmond.
Due to the combination of the naval action at Elizabeth City on February 10, the Battle of New Bern on March 14, the Battle of South Mills on April 19, and other U.S. landings during the Peninsula Campaign, Confederate authorities determined Huger could not hold Norfolk. On April 27, he was ordered by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston to abandon the area, salvaging from Gosport Navy Yard as much usable equipment as he could, and join the main army. On May 1, Huger began to evacuate his men and ordered the destruction by fire of the naval yards at Norfolk and nearby Portsmouth. Ten days later, U.S. forces occupied the Gosport Yards. Military historian Webb Garrison, Jr. believed Huger did not leave the area properly, stating: "...the evacuation of Norfolk was handled poorly by Confederate Gen. Benjamin Huger—too much property was left intact." Also lost as a result was the famous Ironclad warship CSS Virginia, scuttled by her crew when she could not stay in the James River, get past U.S. Navy forces at its mouth, nor survive at sea even if it did. The United States would maintain control of the Norfolk facilities for the rest of the war, and the Confederate Congress soon began to investigate Huger's part in the defeat at Roanoke Island. He led his soldiers to Petersburg, where he remained until summoned by Johnston at the end of May.
Peninsula Campaign
Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned Huger to divisional command under Gen. Johnston within the Army of Northern Virginia. His command fell back with the main body as Johnston retired towards Richmond and then participated in the Battle of Seven Pines on May 31 and June 1, 1862.
According to Johnston's battle plan, Huger's three brigades were placed under the command of Maj. Gen. James Longstreet as a support, but Huger was never notified. On June 1, as he moved his men toward the fight, their march was blocked by Longstreet's columns—who had taken an incorrect road—and halted. Huger found Longstreet, asked about the delay, and learned his role and the command relationship for the first time. Huger then asked whether he or Longstreet was the senior officer and was told that Longstreet was, which he accepted as true, although it was not. This delay and Longstreet's instructions to stand by and wait for orders prevented Huger's division from supporting the advance on time and hampered the overall Confederate attack. In his official report of the Battle of Seven Pines, Longstreet unjustly blamed Huger for the less than entirely successful action, complaining of his tardiness on May 31 but not relating the reason for the delay. In a private letter to an injured Johnston written on June 7, Longstreet stated:
Once he learned he had been criticized and blamed, Huger asked Johnston to investigate; however, this was refused. He then asked President Davis to order a court-martial, but, although approved, it never took place. Writing after the war, Edward Porter Alexander stated, referring to Huger, "Indeed, it is almost tragic the way in which he became the scapegoat of this occasion."
The Seven Days
Huger then participated in several of the Seven Days Battles with the Army of Northern Virginia, now under the command of Gen. Robert E. Lee, who replaced the wounded Johnston on June 1. Lee planned an offensive against an isolated U.S. Army corps with the bulk of his army in late June, leaving less than 30,000 men in the Richmond trenches to defend the Confederate capital. This force consisted of the divisions of Maj. Gens. John B. Magruder, Theophilus H. Holmes, and Huger. During the Battle of Oak Grove on June 25, his portion of the line was attacked by two divisions of the U.S. III Corps led by Brig. Gens. Joseph Hooker and Philip Kearny. When part of the assault faltered in rough terrain, Huger took advantage of the confused, uneven U.S. line and counterattacked with the brigade of Brig. Gen. Ambrose R. Wright. After repulsing the charge, another U.S. force attacked Huger but was stopped short of the line. The Battle of Oak Grove cost Huger 541 men killed and wounded while inflicting 626 total casualties on the U.S. Army.
Lee continued to order his army to pursue and destroy the U.S. forces. Following the action at Oak Grove, he pulled much of the defense around Richmond and added them to the chase, Huger's division included. On June 29, Magruder thought his position would be attacked by overwhelming numbers and asked for reinforcements. Lee sent two brigades from Huger's division in response with instructions they were to be returned at 2 p.m. if Magruder was not hit by then. The appointed hour came and passed, Huger's men were sent back, and later that day, Magruder "halfheartedly" fought the Battle of Savage's Station alone. Even without those two brigades, Huger was late in reaching his assigned position on June 29, countermarching needlessly and encamping his command without engaging with the enemy. The next day Huger was ordered toward Glendale but was delayed by the retreating U.S. forces who had cut trees to slow pursuit and the terrain that easily allowed for an ambush. Attempting to follow along the Charles City Road to his assignment, Huger had his men cut a new path through the woods with axes. This further slowed their advance while the other Confederate commands waited for his guns to fire, their signal to attack. Huger informed Lee of the delay by simply stating his march was "obstructed" without further description.
Around 2 p.m., Huger's lead brigade under Brig. Gen. William Mahone cut a mile-long path around the U.S. obstacles, winning the so-called "battle of the axes", and continued to approach Glendale. There he saw the 6,000-man division of Brig. Gen. Henry W. Slocum arrayed to block his way. Huger ordered one of his artillery batteries to fire on this U.S. position at 2:30 p.m. but Slocum's guns answered quickly, and Huger led his 9,000 men off the road and into the woods after taking some casualties. Despite outnumbering the U.S. division, Huger made no further attempts to reach Glendale. However, his few artillery shots were interpreted by the other Confederates as the signal to attack, igniting the Battle of Glendale, although Huger and his command would not take part in the fight and camped.
The following day, July 1, was Huger's last fight with the Army of Northern Virginia and his final field command in the American Civil War. His division was directed toward the U.S. forces on Malvern Hill without a definite target, as he was told that Lee would "place him where most needed" against the position. Because Magruder had mistakenly led his command away from the battle, Huger took up his place on the Confederate right, just north of the "Crew House", with the division of Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill on his left. To give his infantry a chance to charge and break the U.S. line, Lee ordered a concentrated artillery barrage at Malvern Hill. One of Huger's brigades, led by Brig. Gen. Lewis Armistead, was to determine when this barrage had the desired effect and begin the assault. Before the cannonade could begin, the U.S. artillery fired first and took out most Confederate guns. Shortly after 2:30 p.m. Armistead went in anyway, and though his men made some progress, he failed to penetrate the strong defensive position. Other Confederate units made less progress and took heavy casualties, and around 4 p.m., Magruder arrived and put in two brigades—about a third of his command—behind Armistead, but he too retired with high loss. Two more of Huger's brigades—led by Brig. Gen. Ambrose R. Wright and Mahone, about 2,500 men—followed Armistead and toward Malvern Hill. Taking U.S. artillery and infantry fire as they advanced, Huger's men slowed and stopped, finding protection in a nearby bluff. They had fought to about of the U.S. line but could go no further. Huger's last brigade under Brig. Gen. Robert Ransom managed to get within by 6 p.m. but also fell back after receiving heavy casualties in the Confederate defeat.
Following the 1862 Peninsula Campaign, Gen. Lee began reorganizing his army and eliminating ineffective division commanders, including Huger. His actions since joining the army "left much to be desired", according to military biographer Ezra J. Warner. Other historians have also criticized Huger throughout this time: Brendon A. Rehm summarized his battle performance as "not notably successful", and John C. Fredriksen stated Huger was "lethargic" during Seven Pines as well as moved "sluggishly" during the Seven Days fights. Furthermore, the Confederate Congress held Huger accountable for the defeat at Roanoke Island. His dilatory performance also appears to have been blamed on his rather advanced age; at nearly 57, he was well above the average age of most field officers. As a result, Huger was relieved of command on July 12, 1862, along with Maj. Gen. Theophilus Holmes, another aging, ineffective division commander. and that fall was ordered to serve in the Trans-Mississippi Department.
Trans-Mississippi service
After the Seven Days Battles, Huger was assigned to be assistant Inspector General of artillery and ordnance for the Army of Northern Virginia. He held this post from his relief on June 12 until August, when he was sent to the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department. He was considered too old for field command and spent the remainder of the war in administrative duties. Huger was made the department's inspector of artillery and ordnance on August 26 and then was promoted to command of all ordnance within the department in July 1863. This position he held until the end of the American Civil War in 1865, when he surrendered along with Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith and the rest of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi forces. Huger was paroled from Shreveport, Louisiana, on June 12 of that same year, and returned to civilian life.
Huger's Trans-Mississippi service in staff positions has been rated positively by historians. Ezra J. Warner believed this area of military service was "his proper sphere" and summarized Huger's overall performance: "These duties he energetically and faithfully discharged until the close of the war, most of the time in the Trans-Mississippi service." Likewise
John C. Fredriksen states, "He functioned capably in this office until 1863, when he rose to chief of ordnance in the Trans-Mississippi Department until the end of the war."
Postbellum
After the war, Huger became a farmer in North Carolina and then in Fauquier County, Virginia, finally returning in poor health to his home in Charleston, South Carolina. He was also a member of Aztec Club of 1847, a social club formed just after the Mexican–American War by army officers. Huger served as its vice president from 1852 to 1867. He died in Charleston in December 1877 and was buried at Green Mount Cemetery located in Baltimore, Maryland.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
Frank Huger
Notes
References
Alexander, Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. .
Dupuy, Trevor N., Curt Johnson, and David L. Bongard. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. .
Editors of Time-Life Books. Lee Takes Command: From Seven Days to Second Bull Run. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1984. .
Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville. New York: Random House, 1958. .
Fredriksen, John C. Civil War Almanac. New York: Checkmark Books, 2008. .
Garrison, Webb. Strange Battles of the Civil War. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House, 2001. .
Wakelyn, Jon L. Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977. .
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
Wert, Jeffry D. General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. .
Winkler, H. Donald. Civil War Goats and Scapegoats. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2008. .
Wright, Marcus J., General Officers of the Confederate Army: Officers of the Executive Departments of the Confederate States, Members of the Confederate Congress by States. Mattituck, NY: J. M. Carroll & Co., 1983. . First published in 1911 by Neale Publishing Co.
aztecclub.com Aztec Club of 1847 site biography of Huger.
ricehope.com Rice Hope Plantation Inn site biography of Huger.
Further reading
Rhoades, Jeffrey L. Scapegoat General: The Story of General Benjamin Huger, C.S.A. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1985. .
Sauers, Richard. "The Confederate Congress and the Loss of Roanoke Island." Civil War History 40, No. 2, 1994, 134–50.
External links
historycentral.com History Central site biography of Huger.
1805 births
1877 deaths
Military personnel from Charleston, South Carolina
Confederate States Army major generals
People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
United States Military Academy alumni
Burials at Green Mount Cemetery |
1482670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20history | Black history | Black history refers to:
History of Africa
History of the African diaspora, particularly:
African-American history, for the United States
History of Afro-Arab peoples
Afro-Brazilian history
History of Black British people
History of Black Canadians
Afro-Caribbean history
History of Afro-Latin Americans
See also
Black History for Action, a lecture and discussion forum in the UK
Black History Month, celebrated in February in North America and October in Great Britain |
1482680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Williams%20%28cardinal%29 | Thomas Williams (cardinal) | Thomas Stafford Williams (20 March 1930 – 22 December 2023) was a New Zealand cardinal in the Catholic Church and the fifth Archbishop of Wellington from 1979 to 2005.
Early life and education
Williams was born in Wellington, New Zealand, and educated at Holy Cross Primary School, Seatoun; SS Peter and Paul School, Lower Hutt; St. Patrick's College, Wellington; and St Kevin's College, Oamaru. He obtained a Bachelor of Commerce degree at Victoria University College, and worked for some years as an accountant. During his studies, he was deeply involved in the Catholic Youth Movement (YCW) and for a period worked full-time for the movement. In 1954, he commenced studies for the priesthood at the National Seminary, Holy Cross College, Mosgiel, Dunedin. In 1956 he was sent to the Pontifical Urban University in Rome, where he obtained a licentiate in theology and was ordained a priest on 20 December 1959. Later he received a social sciences degree from University College Dublin.
Career
Early church career
Returning to Wellington, Williams served as assistant pastor and as Director of Studies at the Catholic Enquiry Centre. He left that post when he volunteered to serve as a missionary in Samoa (today the Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia), where he was parish priest for five years. He returned to New Zealand in 1963 and became parish priest at St. Patrick's in Palmerston North for two years. This was followed by four years as Director of the Catholic Enquiry Centre in Wellington. In 1971 he moved to Leulumoega, Samoa and returned to New Zealand in 1976 to the Holy Family Parish in Porirua East. He celebrated the 60th year of his ordination in December 2019.
Archbishop of Wellington
Williams became Archbishop of Wellington on 20 December 1979 – his 20th anniversary of priestly ordination – following the death of Reginald Cardinal Delargey. His principal consecrator was Owen Snedden, long-term Auxiliary Bishop of Wellington. Williams was created Cardinal-Priest of the titular church of Jesus the Divine Teacher at Pineta Sacchetti by Pope John Paul II on 2 February 1983.
He was additionally appointed Military Ordinary in 1995. He was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand, New Zealand's highest civilian honour, in the 2000 Queen's Birthday Honours.
Williams campaigned strongly against the passage of the law allowing civil unions in New Zealand saying it would turn New Zealand into a "moral wasteland". He also campaigned against the expansion of casinos.
Conclave and retirement
Williams was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. He resigned as Archbishop of Wellington on 21 March 2005 having reached the age of 75 and was succeeded by Coadjutor Archbishop John Dew.
In retirement, Williams lived at a retirement village in Waikanae. He died there on 22 December 2023, at the age of 93.
Selected works
In his own words: a tribute to Cardinal Thomas Williams.
References
External links
Thomas Stafford Cardinal Williams profile at Catholic Hierarchy website
NZ Catholic Bishops Conference bio of Thomas Stafford Cardinal Williams
Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington website
|-
1930 births
2023 deaths
People educated at St. Patrick's College, Wellington
People educated at St Kevin's College, Oamaru
Holy Cross College, New Zealand alumni
Members of the Order of New Zealand
Chaplains of the Order of St John
New Zealand cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Roman Catholic archbishops of Wellington
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Alumni of University College Dublin
New Zealand Roman Catholic archbishops
20th-century New Zealand Roman Catholic priests |
1482683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Strauss | Victoria Strauss | Victoria Strauss (born 1955 in Exeter, New Hampshire) is the author of nine fantasy novels for adults and young adults, including the Stone series (The Arm of the Stone and The Garden of the Stone) and the Way of Arata series (The Burning Land and The Awakened City). She has written hundreds of book reviews for magazines and ezines, including SF Site and Fantasy magazine, and her articles on writing have appeared in Writer's Digest and elsewhere. In 2006, she served as a judge for the World Fantasy Awards.
An active member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, she is a co-founder, with AC Crispin, of the Committee on Writing Scams, and serves as its vice-chair. She maintains the Writer Beware website and blog, which provide information and warnings on writing related schemes, scams, and pitfalls. For this work, she received the SFWA Service Award in 2009. She was also honored in 2012 with an Independent Book Blogger Award.
Strauss studied Comparative Religion at Vassar College.
Bibliography
The Lady of Rhuddesmere (Frederick Warne, 1982)
Worldstone (Four Winds Press, 1986)
Guardian of the Hills (Morrow Junior Books, 1995)
The Arm of the Stone (HarperCollins Eos, 1998; Phoenix Pick, 2011)
The Garden of the Stone (Harpercollins Eos, 1999; Phoenix Pick, 2011)
The Burning Land (HarperCollins Eos, 2004; Open Road Media, 2016)
The Awakened City (HarperCollins Eos, 2006; Open Road Media, 2016)
Passion Blue (Skyscape: Amazon Children's Publishing, 2012)
Color Song (Skyscape: Amazon Children's Publishing, 2014)
References
External links
Writer Beware
Writer Beware Blog
1955 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
Novelists from New Hampshire
Vassar College alumni
American women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers |
1482695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurite%20%28mineral%29 | Tellurite (mineral) | Tellurite is a rare oxide mineral composed of tellurium dioxide (TeO2).
It occurs as prismatic to acicular transparent yellow to white orthorhombic crystals. It occurs in the oxidation zone of mineral deposits in association with native tellurium, emmonsite and other tellurium minerals. Its name comes from Tellus, which is the Latin name for the planet Earth.
It was first described in 1842 because of an occurrence in Faţa Băii, Zlatna, Alba County, Romania.
References
Oxide minerals
Tellurite and selenite minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 61 |
1482700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat%20language | Buryat language | Buryat or Buriat, known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.
Geographic distribution
The majority of Buryat speakers live in Russia along the northern border of Mongolia. In Russia, it is an official language in the Republic of Buryatia and was an official language in the former Ust-Orda Buryatia and Aga Buryatia autonomous okrugs. In the Russian census of 2002, 353,113 people out of an ethnic population of 445,175 reported speaking Buryat (72.3%). Some other 15,694 can also speak Buryat, mostly ethnic Russians. Buryats in Russia have a separate literary standard, written in a Cyrillic alphabet. It is based on the Russian alphabet with three additional letters: Ү/ү, Ө/ө and Һ/һ.
There are at least 100,000 ethnic Buryats in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, as well.
Dialects
The delimitation of Buryat mostly concerns its relationship to its immediate neighbors, Mongolian proper and Khamnigan. While Khamnigan is sometimes regarded as a dialect of Buryat, this is not supported by isoglosses. The same holds for Tsongol and Sartul dialects, which rather group with Khalkha Mongolian to which they historically belong. Buryat dialects are:
Khori group east of Lake Baikal comprising Khori, Aga, Tugnui, and North Selenga dialects. Khori is also spoken by most Buryats in Mongolia and a few speakers in Hulunbuir.
Lower Uda (Nizhneudinsk) dialect, the dialect situated furthest to the west and which shows the strongest influence from Turkic
Alar–Tunka group comprising Alar, Tunka–Oka, Zakamna, and Unga in the southwest of Lake Baikal. Tunka extends into Mongolia.
Ekhirit–Bulagat group in the Ust’-Orda National District comprising Ekhirit–Bulagat, Bokhan, Ol’khon, Barguzin, and Baikal–Kudara
Bargut group in Hulunbuir (which is historically known as Barga), comprising Old Bargut and New Bargut
Based on loan vocabulary, a division might be drawn between Russia Buryat, Mongolia Buryat and Inner Mongolian Buryat. However, as the influence of Russian is much stronger in the dialects traditionally spoken west of Lake Baikal, a division might rather be drawn between the Khori and Bargut group on the one hand and the other three groups on the other hand.
Phonology
Buryat has the vowel phonemes (plus a few diphthongs), and the consonant phonemes (each with a corresponding palatalized phoneme) and . These vowels are restricted in their occurrence according to vowel harmony. The basic syllable structure is (C)V(C) in careful articulation, but word-final CC clusters may occur in more rapid speech if short vowels of non-initial syllables get dropped.
Vowels
Other lengthened vowel sounds that are written as diphthongs, namely (), (), and (), are heard as . Also, () is also rendered homophonous with (). In unstressed syllables, and become , while unstressed becomes . These tend to disappear in fast speech.
Consonants
Voiced plosives are half-voiced syllable finally on the first syllable ( , ), but completely devoiced on the second syllable onwards ( , ). Velar stops are "postvelarized" in words containing back vowel harmony: , , but not as in , . Also, becomes between back vowels ( ). The phoneme becomes before velar consonants, while word finally it may cause nasalization of the preceding vowel ( ) In the Aga dialect, and are pronounced as non-sibilants and , respectively. in loans was often substituted by simple . is devoiced to before voiceless consonants.
Stress
Lexical stress (word accent) falls on the last heavy nonfinal syllable when one exists. Otherwise, it falls on the word-final heavy syllable when one exists. If there are no heavy syllables, then the initial syllable is stressed. Heavy syllables without primary stress receive secondary stress:
{|class="wikitable"
!Stress pattern !! IPA !! Gloss
|-
| ˌHˈHL || || "to act encouragingly"
|-
| LˌHˈHL || || "to cause to be covered with leaves"
|-
| ˌHLˌHˈHL || || "steamed dumplings (accusative)"
|-
| ˌHˈHLLL || || "to be adapted to"
|-
| ˈHˌH || || "bet"
|-
| LˈHˌH || || "by sea"
|-
| LˈHLˌH || || "to the husband's parents"
|-
| LˌHˈHˌH || || "by one's own sea"
|-
| ˌHLˈHˌH || || "by one's own girl"
|-
| LˈH || || "through the mountain"
|-
| ˈLL || || "mountain"
|}
Secondary stress may also occur on word-initial light syllables without primary stress, but further research is required. The stress pattern is the same as in Khalkha Mongolian.
Writing systems
Buryat has been a literary language since the 18th century. Buryats have changed the literary base of their written language three times in order to approach the living spoken language, first using the Mongolian script, switching to Latin in 1930, and finally Cyrillic in 1939, which is currently used.
Mongolian
From the end of the 17th century, Classical Mongolian was used in clerical and religious practice. The language of the end of the 17th—19th centuries is conventionally referred to as the Old Buryat literary and written language.
Before the October Revolution, clerical records of the Western Buryats were made in the Russian language, and not by the Buryats themselves, but by representatives of the tsarist administration, the so-called clerks. The old Mongolian script was used only by ancestral nobility, lamas and traders Relations with Tuva, Outer and Inner Mongolia.
In 1905, on the basis of the Old Mongolian script, Agvan Dorzhiev developed a script known as Vagindra, which by 1910 had at least a dozen books printed. However, use of vagindra was not widespread.
Latin
In 1926, an organized scientific development of the Buryat Latinized writing began in the USSR. In 1929, the draft Buryat alphabet was created. It contained the following letters: A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ә ә, Ɔ ɔ, G g, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Y y, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, H h, F f, V v. However, this project was not approved. In February 1930, a new version of the Latinized alphabet was approved. It contained letters of the standard Latin alphabet (except for h, q, x), digraphs ch, sh, zh, and also the letter ө. But in January 1931, its modified version was officially adopted, unified with other alphabets of peoples within the USSR.
Buryat Latin alphabet (1931–39)
Cyrillic
In 1939, the Latinized alphabet was replaced by Cyrillic with the addition of three special letters (Ү ү, Ө ө, Һ һ).
Modern Buryat Cyrillic alphabet since 1939
Finally, in 1936, the Khorinsky oriental dialect, close and accessible to most native speakers, was chosen as the basis of the literary language at the linguistic conference in Ulan-Ude.
Buryat alphabet table
Grammar
Buryat is an SOV language that makes exclusive use of postpositions. Buryat is equipped with eight grammatical cases:
nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, ablative, comitative, dative-locative and a particular oblique form of the stem.
Numerals
Buryat language reforms in the Soviet Union
In September 1931, a joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (B) was held, which, in line with the decisions of the Central Committee, formulated a course for the construction of a socialist in content and national in form culture of the Buryat people. In the activities of the Institute of Culture, they saw a distortion of the party line in the development of the main issues of national and cultural construction and gave basic guidelines for the Institute's further work. In particular, it was noted that the Old Mongolian writing system penetrated Buryatia from Mongolia along with Lamaism and, before the revolution, "served in the hands of the Lama, Noyonat, and kulaks as an instrument of oppression of illiterate workers." The theory of creating a pan-Mongolian language was recognized as pan-Mongolian and counterrevolutionary. The Institute of Culture was tasked with compiling a new literary language based on the East Buryat (primarily Selenga) dialect. In the early 1930s, the internationalization of the Buryat language and the active introduction of Russian-language revolutionary Marxist terms into it began.
During the next reform in 1936, there was a reorientation to the Khorin dialect. The reform coincided with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, so it was intended to isolate the Buryats from the rest of the Mongol world. In 1939, the Buryat language was translated into the Cyrillic alphabet, a process that coincided with active repression of the Buryat intelligentsia, including scholars and statesmen who had been involved in the language reform. Among them were publicist and literary critic Dampilon, one of the leaders of the Buryat-Mongolian Writers' Union Solbone Tuya, editor of the Buryaad-Mongolian Unen newspaper B. Vancikov and others. They were accused of "polluting the Buryat language with Pan-Mongolian and Lama-religious terms," as well as of counter-revolutionary, Pan-Mongolian distortions of the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, and of Mongolizing their native language, namely, "translating into Mongolian with the selection of reactionary Buddhist feudal-theocratic, Khan Wan words that are incomprehensible and inaccessible to the population of Soviet Buryatia."
Since 1938, Russian was introduced as a compulsory language from the 1st grade, thus consolidating Buryat-Russian bilingualism. Changes in the spelling, alphabet and literary norms on which the language is based reduced the prestige of the Buryat language, consolidating Russian domination in the region. In the 1940s, the Soviet Union completely stopped printing in the Old Mongolian language. The so-called "Pan-Mongolian" words, which were actually Mongolian and Tibetan, were massively replaced by "international" words, i.e. Russian.
Artificial Russification
The Buryats are the indigenous people of the Republic of Buryatia, yet today the majority of the republic's residents are of Russian nationality. According to the 1989 All-Union Population Census, the region was home to about 1,038,000 people, including 726,200 Russians (70%) and 249,500 Buryats (24%). Twenty years later, according to the 2010 All-Russian Census, 461,400 Buryats lived in Russia. The permanent population of Buryatia amounted to about 972,000 people, including 630,780 (66.1%) Russians and 286,840 (30%) Buryats.
Since the days of the Russian Empire, the Russian authorities have made efforts to destroy the national and cultural identity of the Buryats. For example, in today's Russia, the territories inhabited by ethnic Buryats are divided between the Republic of Buryatia and the Ust-Ordyn Buryat District in the Irkutsk Oblast, as well as the Aginsky Buryat District in the Trans-Baikal Territory. In addition to these administrative-territorial units, Buryats live in some other neighboring districts of the Irkutsk Oblast and Trans-Baikal Territory.
One of the reasons for the artificial division of Buryats into different administrative units was the fight against so-called "pan-Mongolism" and "Buryat nationalism" that began in the 1920s. In an effort to break the cultural, linguistic, and historical ties of the Buryat-Mongols with Mongolia, the Soviet and later Russian authorities pursued a decisive policy of Russification, the settlement of the Republic of Buryatia by Russians, the replacement of the Mongolian script with the Cyrillic alphabet, and so on. At the moment, UNESCO has officially included the Buryat language in the Red Book of Endangered Languages. According to the 2010 All-Russian Census, 130,500 people in the Republic of Buryatia spoke Buryat, or only 13.4% of the total population. Currently, the process of reducing the spheres of use of the Buryat language continues. Russian is compulsory in Buryat schools, while Buryat is optional. There is a lack of Buryat-language publications, TV channels, periodicals, etc.
Notes
References
Sources
(ru) Н. Н. Поппе, Бурят-монгольское языкознание, Л., Изд-во АН СССР, 1933
Anthology of Buryat folklore, Pushkinskiĭ dom, 2000 (CD)
External links
Russian-Buryat On-Line Dictionary
Russian-Buryat On-Line Dictionary (concise)
Agglutinative languages
Central Mongolic languages
Definitely endangered languages
Subject–object–verb languages
Languages of Russia
Languages of Mongolia
Languages of China
Buryat people
Buryat culture
Languages written in Cyrillic script |
1482709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixtla | Tixtla | Tixtla (formally, Tixtla de Guerrero) (, ) is a town and seat of the municipality of Tixtla de Guerrero in the Mexican state of Guerrero.
The name is Nahuatl, and means either "maize dough" (masa) from textli; "our valley" from to ixtla; or "temple by the water" from '' teoixtlen'
History
Antonia Nava de Catalán, a heroine of the Mexican War of Independence, was born in Tixtla.
Tixtla was also the birthplace of both Independence hero and Mexican president Vicente Guerrero (1783–1831) and writer and educator Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834–1893).
It served as the first capital of Guerrero, from 1851 to 1870, and the state constitution was promulgated there on 14 June 1851.
Geography
The municipality is located between 17°20' & 17°43' N and 99°15' & 99°28' W,
some east of state capital Chilpancingo. It covers a total surface area of . It reported 33,620 people in the 2000 census, including 18% Native Americans (speakers of Nahuatl and Tlapaneco).
Other towns in the municipality include Atliaca (population 5,981), Almolonga (1,346), Zoquiapa (1,243), and El Durazno (1,070).
Climate
Culture
The city is known for its music and festivals.
Notable people
Antonia Nava de Catalán
Ignacio Manuel Altamirano
Vicente Guerrero
References
Populated places in Guerrero |
1482716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20States%20%28band%29 | Blue States (band) | Blue States is an English electronic music group headed by Andy Dragazis. The band has been active since 1997, and is currently based in London, England. A track from their 2002 album Man Mountain, "Season Song", is featured on the soundtrack to the British horror film 28 Days Later. The album 'Restless Spheres' was released on 16 September 2016.
Discography
Nothing Changes Under the Sun (2000)
Man Mountain (2002)
The Soundings (2004)
First Steps Into... (2007)
Sum of the Parts (2009), a B-Sides collection
Restless Spheres (2016)
World Contact Day (2022)
External links
Blue States official website
Blue States official Facebook page
Dragazis's website
Blue States on Allmusic
English electronic music groups
Trip hop groups
Memphis Industries artists |
1482731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20on%20Clun | Aston on Clun | Aston on Clun is a village in south Shropshire, England.
It lies near to the River Clun, with the brook from Hopesay flowing through the village itself, and is on the B4368 road between the towns of Clun and Craven Arms. The village of Broome, which has a railway station, is also close by. It is in the civil parish of Hopesay.
Amenities
There is a public house, the "Kangaroo Inn" (named after a 19th-century Atlantic "cable runner" ship) and next door a small car garage. Until recently, the village had a post office and, since 2013, the village has had a small convenience shop once again, now located by the village hall.
To the rear of the village hall is a large (modern) village green.
Attractions
At the centre of the village lies an Arbor Tree, which usually has flags ceremonially held amongst its branches. The village still celebrates Arbor Day, a tree dressing ceremony related to Oak Apple Day, annually on the last Sunday in May.
History
In 1949 the Oaker Estate was wound up and auctioned off in small plots as lots. The estate covered almost all of the village and surrounding countryside, including the Kangaroo Inn which was lot number 1. Inside the pub today the original maps, auction documents and deeds of the Oaker Estate sale can be seen.
The present-day post town is Craven Arms; previously Aston on Clun was a post town itself.
See also
Listed buildings in Hopesay
References
External links
Villages in Shropshire |
1482735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston%20Street%20Line | Houston Street Line | Houston Street Line may refer to::
Houston Street Line (surface), a bus route in Manhattan, New York City
Houston–Essex Street Line, a rapid-transit line in Manhattan, New York City |
1482742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%20in%20Germany | 1924 in Germany | The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Weimar Republic.
Incumbents
National level
President - Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrats)
Chancellor - Wilhelm Marx (Centre)
Events
4 January – The Emminger Reform is enacted that abolished the jury system and replaced it with a mixed system of judges and lay judges.
31 January – Leaders of independent republic of the Rhineland Palatinate attempting to formally secede from Germany fails from lack of support.
23 February – Great Britain reduces German reparation recovery duties on German goods to 5% due to Germany's economic troubles.
26 February – The trial of Adolf Hitler for the Beer Hall Putsch begins and will last until 1 April.
3 March – Germany signs a treaty of friendship with Turkey.
4 May – German federal election, May 1924
26 May – Wilhelm Marx's government resigns after negotiations break down for a coalition.
6 June – Germany accepts the Dawes Plan for the reduction of World War I reparations.
16 August – Representatives of the French government agree to leave the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr during the London Conference of World War I reparations.
29 August – The German Reichstag approves the Dawes Plan.
30 August – The German Reichsbank begins operating independently of the German government by issuing a new mark after the hyperinflation completely devaluates the old mark.
10 October – An international loan is granted to Germany to help the reconstruction of Germany's economy and industry.
18–30 November – France and Belgium return control of the Ruhr to Germany in the Occupation of the Ruhr.
7 December – German federal election, December 1924
German company Hugo Boss was founded.
Popular culture
Arts and literature
Thomas Mann's novel Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) is published.
Kurt Hielscher's photographic album Deutschland: Baukunst und Landschaft (Germany: Architecture and Landscapes) is published.
Forbidden Paradise, starring Pola Negri, Rod La Rocque, and Adolphe Menjou, is released by director Ernst Lubitsch.
The Last Laugh, starring Emil Jannings, is released by director F.W. Murnau.
Waxworks, starring William Dieterle, Emil Jannings, Conrad Veidt, and Werner Krauss, is released by director Paul Leni.
The opera Intermezzo is first performed by Richard Strauss in Dresden, Germany.
Artist Kurt Schwitters creates the Merz 32 collage.
Die Häschenschule a children's book written by Albert Sixtus and illustrated by Fritz Koch-Gotha is published.
Sports
Births
3 January – Otto Beisheim, German businessman (died 2013)
4 January – Marianne Werner, German athlete (died 2023)
15 January – Georg Ratzinger, German priest and conductor (died 2020)
3 February – Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern, German nobleman (died 2010)
12 February – Karl-Heinz Kipp, German entrepreneur (died 2017)
4 March – Gert Boyle, German-born American businesswoman (died 2019)
11 March – Peter Scholl-Latour, German journalist (died 2014)
15 March – Walter Gotell, German actor (died 1997)
27 March – Herbert Zangs, German artist (died 2003)
8 April – Günter Pfitzmann, German actor (died 2003)
10 April – Wolfgang Menge, German television director and journalist (died 2012)
23 April – Ruth Leuwerik, German film actress (died 2016)
3 May – Yehuda Amichai, German-born Israeli poet (died 2000)
4 May – Hans-Günther Thalheim, German Germanist and linguist (died 2018)
12 May – Jürgen Dethloff, German engineer (died 2002)
14 May – Coco Schumann, jazz musician (died 2018)
23 May – Karlheinz Deschner, German writer (died 2014)
31 May – Gisela May, German actress and singer (died 2016)
3 June – Günther Rühle, German theatre critic (died 2021)
4 June – Heinz Westphal, German politician (died 1998)
10 June – Friedrich L. Bauer, German computer scientist (died 2015)
19 June – Anneliese Rothenberger, German operatic soprano (died 2010)
20 June
Rainer Barzel, German politician (died 2006)
Fritz Koenig, German sculptor (died 2017)
5 July – Niels Jannasch, German-born Canadian historian and museum curator (died 2001)
25 July – Arnold Weiss, German-born American soldier (died 2010)
31 July – Ralph Koltai, German-born British stage director (died 2018)
15 August – Werner Abrolat, German actor (died 1997)
16 August – Ralf Bendix, German Schlager singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (died 2014)
18 August – Armin, Prince of Lippe, German nobleman (died 2015)
2 September – Wolfgang Zeidler, German judge (died 1987)
4 September – Helmut Schlesinger, German economist
15 October – Marguerite Andersen, German-Canadian author and educator (died 2022)
6 November – Jeanette Schmid, Czech-born entertainer (died 2005)
18 November – Elfie Pertramer, German actress (died 2011)
30 November – Otto Kaiser, German biblical scholar (died 2017)
6 December
Harald Heckmann, German musicologist (died 2023)
Meinrad Miltenberger, German canoeist (died 1993)
11 December – Heinz Schenk, German actor and television presenter (died 2014)
15 December – Esther Béjarano, German member of the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz (died 2021)
Deaths
20 January – Franz Dibelius, German Protestant theologian (born 1847)
27 February – Hans Georg Friedrich Groß, German balloonist and airship constructor (born 1860)
20 March – Adolf von Scholz, German politician (born 1833)
10 April – Hugo Stinnes, German industrialist and politician. (born 1870)
23 April – Karl Helfferich, German politician (born 1872)
25 April – Ernst Büchner, German chemist (born 1850)
11 August – Franz Heinrich Schwechten, German architect (born 1841)
10 October – Carl von Thieme, German banker (born 1844)
2 December – Hugo von Seeliger, German astronomer (born 1849)
References
Years of the 20th century in Germany
1920s in Germany
Germany
Germany |
1482755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Maher | Alice Maher | Alice Maher (born 1956) is a contemporary Irish artist working in a variety of media, including sculpture, photography and installation.
Education
Maher was born in Kilmoyler, near Bansha, County Tipperary and received her early education at Ballydrehid National School and at Coláiste Chríost Rí, Cahir. She later graduated from the University of Limerick and the Crawford College of Art in Cork. Then she undertook an MA at the University of Ulster, Belfast in 1985 and 1986. Maher spent time in San Francisco Art Institute in 1986 as a Fulbright Scholar.
Career
Maher works in a range of media, often from outside the tradition of fine art and more from the natural and domestic world, such as hair, nettles, bees and thorns. She has explored the themes of childhood and death, such as Mnemosyne, 2003, wherein she creates a bedlike structure constructed from refrigerator coils; when the coils become frosty they gleam a luminous white sheen. She is interested in how identities, particularly gendered identities, are constructed by history and culture.
Exhibitions
Maher's work was the subject of a survey show at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, IMMA, in 2012 titled Becoming. The exhibition took place in the IMMA's temporary location at Earlsfort Terrace as the museum was undergoing renovations at the time. Maher represented Ireland at the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1994.
Collaborations
Maher has collaborated with artists from a range of disciplines. She collaborated with the composer Trevor Knight since 1999. Knight has produced soundtracks for her animated videos. Visitant, a live show combining dance, music and visual art, was a collaboration between Maher, Knight, the Butoh dancer Gyohei Zaitsu and musician Áine O'Dwyer. Visitant was performed at the Project Arts Centre in 2014.
Maher's film Cassandra's Necklace, produced for her retrospective exhibition at IMMA in 2015, was based on an unpublished script by Irish writer Anne Enright and features the actress Charlie Murphy.
In 2018, Maher collaborated with the poet Doireann Ní Ghríofa on the book Nine Silences published by Salvage Press.
Collections
Berry Dress, 1994, The Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
The Arts Council of Ireland including
Nettle Coat (1996)
The Crawford Gallery, Cork, including
Irish Dancers (1992)
Fairytale Wall (2002), Special Investigation Unit, Level 2, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast
Bibliography
Maher, Alices, Reservoir (Dublin: Roads Publishing, 2014) was a collection of the artist's sketchbooks
Allen Randolph, Jody. "Alice Maher, August 2009." Close to the Next Moment: Interviews from a Changing Ireland. Manchester: Carcanet, 2010.
Barber, Fiona. Familiar [essay]. Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery; Derry: Orchard Gallery, 1995.
Bourne, Cecile. Familiar [interview]. Dublin: Douglas Hyde Gallery; Derry: Orchard Gallery, 1995.
Deepwell, Katy. "Alice Maher." Dialogues: Women Artists from Ireland. London: IB Tauris, 2005.
Dickinson, Sheila. ‘Alice Maher, Rood’, Circa Magazine (Winter 2005), No. 114, pp. 86 – 87.
Ruane, Mebd. 'A Sting in the Tail.' Profile: Alice Maher. Cork: Gandon Editions, 1998. 5-10.
References
External links
Official website
Alice Maher at Green on Red Gallery, Dublin
Aosdána short biography
Isabel Nolan (2003) review of Mnemosyne in Circa 104.
Chérie Driver (2003) review of Portraits in Circa 106.
Dorothy Walker (2002) Maher, Alice in Brian Lalor (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
1956 births
Living people
20th-century Irish painters
21st-century Irish painters
20th-century Irish sculptors
20th-century Irish women artists
21st-century Irish women artists
Irish contemporary artists
Alumni of Cork Institute of Technology
Aosdána members
Irish women painters
Artists from County Tipperary
20th-century women painters
21st-century women painters |
1482756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20Beatrice%20Longman | Evelyn Beatrice Longman | Evelyn Beatrice Longman (November 21, 1874 – March 10, 1954) was an American sculptor whose allegorical figure works were commissioned as monuments and memorials, adornment for public buildings, and attractions at art expositions in the early 20th-century. She became the first woman sculptor to be elected a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1919.
Early life and education
The daughter of Edwin Henry and Clara Delitia (Adnam) Longman, she was born on a farm near Winchester, Ohio. At the age of 14, she earned a living working in a Chicago dry-goods store. At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which she visited when she was almost 19 years old, Longman was inspired to become a sculptor. She attended Olivet College in Michigan for one year but returned to Chicago to study anatomy, drawing, and sculpture. Working under Lorado Taft at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, she earned her diploma for the four-year course of study in only two years.
In 1901, Longman moved to New York, where she studied with Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Daniel Chester French. Her debut in large-scale public sculpture came at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, where her male figure, Victory, was deemed so excellent in invention and technique that it was given a place of honor on the top of the fair's centerpiece building, Festival Hall. A smaller bronze version, a statuette dated 1903, was later located, and in 2007 was sold at auction for $7,800—a small price for a piece representing the hallmark of a celebrated sculptor.
Career
Longman's 1915 Genius of Electricity, a gilded male nude, was commissioned by AT&T Corporation for the top of their corporate headquarters in downtown Manhattan. The figure was reproduced on Bell Telephone directories across the country from 1938 until the 1960s. Around 1920, Longman assisted Daniel Chester French and Henry Bacon by creating the sculptural decorations for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. In 1923, she won the Watrous Gold Medal for best sculpture.
Longman is also often noted for sculpting the hands on the Lincoln Memorial, although this is not confirmed to be true. She assisted with many aspects of the Lincoln Memorial, but French himself modeled the hands.
In 1918, Longman was hired by Nathaniel Horton Batchelder, the headmaster of the Loomis Chaffee School, to sculpt a memorial to his late wife. Two years later, she married Batchelder, moving to Connecticut at the height of her career. During the next 30 years, Longman completed dozens of commissions, both architectural and independent works, throughout the United States. She was an active member of the Loomis Chaffee School, donating countless items that are currently held still at the school, as well as in the surrounding town. Her work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
After her husband's retirement, Longman moved her studio to Cape Cod, where she died in 1954.
After Longman's death, her husband is rumored to have scattered her ashes at Chesterwood, the home and studio of her former employer and mentor, Daniel Chester French.
Major works
Victory (1904), commissioned for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis.
Great Bronze Memorial (1909) chapel doors at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis.
Allegorical sculpture for the Foster Mausoleum and bronze bas-relief for Timothy Murphy memorial, Upper Middleburgh Cemetery, Middleburgh, New York
Horsford doors (1910), the front entrance of Clapp Library at Wellesley College.
Wreaths, eagles and inscriptions (1914) on the inner walls of the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC.
Aenigma, bust of German actress Kate Parsenow.
Genius of Electricity (1915), later known as Electricity and The Spirit of Communication or simply Spirit of Communication, commissioned for the top of the AT&T skyscraper in New York City, later relocated to Bedminster, NJ. It stood in the lobby AT&T's downtown Dallas, TX headquarters until 2019 when it was removed for a reimagining of the lobby to reflect the changing nature of AT&T to a media company after the acquisition of Warner Brothers, now Warner Media, a subsidiary of AT&T. It will be re-installed in the completed AT&T Discovery District in April 2020.
Fountain of Ceres (1915) in the Court of the Four Seasons at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco.
L'Amour (1915) in the Palace of Fine Arts at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition San Francisco.
Senator Allison Monument (1916) Des Moines, Iowa.
Illinois Centennial Monument (1918), Chicago, IL.
Spirit of Victory (1926), Spanish–American War Memorial in Bushnell Park, Hartford, Connecticut.
Victory of Mercy (1947), Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, CT.
Edison (1952), 12.5 foot bronze portrait bust of Thomas Alva Edison in Washington D.C. at the Naval Research Laboratory.
Other works
Two of Longman's bas relief sculptures serve as memorials in Lowell Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts. Her 1905 sculpture of a cloaked woman holding a finger to her lips adorns the grave of John Ansley Storey. Longman's Mill Girl sculpture, dedicated in 1906, memorializes Lowell mill worker Louisa Maria Wells.
In 1920, Longman carved the marble fountain in the lobby of the Heckscher Museum of Art. The young grandchildren of August Heckscher posed for the three small figures that serve as its focal point. An inscription around the rim reads, "Forever wilt thou love and they be fair."
A notable sculpture on the Windsor, Connecticut town green on Broad Street is the monument dedicated "To the Patriots of Windsor." Longman sculpted the large bronze eagle with partly spread wings bearing a wreath, atop a tall fieldstone pedestal, in 1928; it was dedicated in 1929. Her war shrine, Madonna and Child, is found in Windsor's Grace Episcopal Church, and was opened for community use in 1943. By the end of 1944, over 2,000 people had recorded their names on the shrine's register.
Another example of her work, The Craftsman, also known as Industry can be seen outside the main entrance of A. I. Prince Technical High School in Hartford, Connecticut (formerly known as Hartford Trade School). The statue, completed in 1931, was placed there in 1960 in honor of the industrial pioneers of Hartford. Sitting on a 16,000 pound granite foundation, the approximately 1,950 pound bronze sculpture remains an inspiration to students today.
Minneapolis Institute of Art collection includes Putto on a Seahorse, 1933 in bronze.
Honors and awards
Evelyn Longman Batchelder was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.
Noted relative
Longman's niece was the noted Canadian portrait and landscaper painter Mildred Valley Thornton as related on her maternal line.
Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
Cooper, Thaddeus O. (January 13, 2004). Tour of DC. Retrieved February 9, 2005.
Ancestry.com's Biographical Cyclopedia of U.S. Women – database online (1997). Retrieved February 9, 2005.
Samu, Margaret. "Evelyn Beatrice Longman: Establishing a Career in Public Sculpture.” Woman’s Art Journal 25.2 (Fall 2004/Winter 2005). 8–15.
Sandstead, Lee (2004). EvelynBeatriceLongman.org. Retrieved February 9, 2005.
The Mercy Gallery. Retrieved February 10, 2005.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture SIRIS-Smithsonian Institution Research Information System Retrieved February 20, 2007.
1874 births
1954 deaths
People from Adams County, Ohio
20th-century American sculptors
National Academy of Design members
Olivet College alumni
National Sculpture Society members
People from Osterville, Massachusetts
Olympic competitors in art competitions
20th-century American women sculptors |
1482758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie | Curie | Curie may refer to:
Curie family, a family of distinguished scientists:
Jacques Curie (1856–1941), French physicist, Pierre's brother
Pierre Curie (1859–1906), French physicist and Nobel Prize winner, Marie's husband
Marie Skłodowska–Curie (1867–1934), Polish chemist and physicist, two-time Nobel Prize winner, Pierre's wife
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French physicist and Nobel Prize winner, Pierre and Marie's daughter
Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900–1958), French physicist and Nobel Prize winner, Irène's husband
Ève Curie (1904–2007), French-American journalist and pianist, Pierre and Marie's daughter
Henry Richardson Labouisse (1904–1987), American diplomat and director of UNICEF, Ève's husband
Things and ideas named after the Curie family
Scientific concepts, inventions and discoveries
Curie (unit) (Ci), unit of radioactivity
Curie (lunar crater)
Curie (Martian crater)
Curie (rocket engine), a liquid-propellant engine designed by Rocket Lab
Curie temperature, also known as the Curie point
Curie's law
Intel Curie, a sub-miniature x86/Quark-based platform for wearable applications
Curium, a synthetic chemical element with atomic number 96
Institutions
Curie Institute (Paris)
Curie Institute (Warsaw)
Curie Metropolitan High School, a secondary school in Chicago
Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris
Military vessels
French submarine Curie (Q 87), a French submarine in the First World War
French submarine Curie (P67), a French submarine in the Second World War
CURIE
CURIE, a syntax for Compact URIs
See also
Currie (disambiguation)
Curry (disambiguation)
Cury, a civil parish and village in southwest Cornwall, England |
1482759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broome%2C%20Shropshire | Broome, Shropshire | Broome () (historically: Broom) is a small village in south Shropshire, England.
It has a railway station on the Heart of Wales Line, and is near to Aston on Clun, Clungunford and the small market town of Craven Arms. There is a pub — the Engine and Tender — currently closed. The River Clun flows nearby.
It is part of the civil parish of Hopesay.
See also
Listed buildings in Hopesay
Villages in Shropshire |
1482765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprine | Cyprine | Cyprine may refer to:
a variety of the mineral vesuvianite
a valid mineral species (see cyprine (mineral), IMA2015-044) from the vesuvianite group
the Icelandic cyprine, an ocean quahog
a type of vaginal lubrication
a character in Sailor Moon
See also: Cyprinid |
1482770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Ingalls | Rufus Ingalls | Rufus Ingalls (August 23, 1818 – January 15, 1893) was an American military general who served as the 16th Quartermaster General of the United States Army.
Early life and career
Ingalls was born in the village of Denmark in what is now Maine (at the time, it was a part of Massachusetts). His father Cyrus was a prominent local mill owner and politician who was among those at the Maine constitutional convention in 1819. Through his father's political connections, Rufus Ingalls was appointed to the United States Military Academy, graduating in the Class of 1843, which included his friend Ulysses S. Grant. Ingalls was brevetted as a Second Lieutenant and assigned to garrison duty in the western frontier.
In 1845, he joined the First U.S. Dragoons with the rank of first lieutenant. Ingalls served in the Mexican–American War in the New Mexico Territory in the Army of the West under Col. Stephen W. Kearny. Ingalls distinguished himself in action at the skirmish at Eabudo and conflict at Pueblo de Taos, for which he received the brevet rank of first lieutenant. He later served in California under Kearny. He became a quartermaster in 1848 and served in that role the rest of his career.
Promoted to the rank of captain, he was assigned to duty in the Oregon Territory in 1849, and then to Fort Vancouver in 1852, along with Ulysses Grant. There, he joined the local Freemasons. In early 1854, while on duty in Washington DC, Ingalls was ordered to accompany the Steptoe Expedition from Fort Leavenworth in Kansas across the continent through the Utah Territory to the Pacific Coast.
Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, Ingalls was reassigned to duty at Fort Pickens in Florida. He became a major and then a lieutenant colonel in the volunteer army. Shortly after the First Battle of Manassas in July, he moved northward to Virginia to serve as aide-de-camp to Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. He was promoted to the rank of major in January 1862.
Ingalls helped establish effective supply depots at Yorktown, Eltham's Landing, Cumberland Landing, and White House Landing for McClellan's Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign. He skillfully evacuated White House Landing with all supplies, transportation and labor during the Seven Day's Battles. Consequently, he became the Chief Quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac in August 1862 following the Peninsula Campaign and performed his duties efficiently during the Northern Virginia and subsequent Maryland Campaigns, winning praise for his logistics skills.
In June 1864, his old friend Ulysses S. Grant placed Ingalls in charge of supply with responsibility for all Federal armies operating against Petersburg and Richmond. His logistics base at City Point, Virginia, became the largest port operation in the Western Hemisphere.
Ingalls was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House.
Ingalls won brevets to the rank of major general in both the regular and volunteer services.
Postbellum
With the surrender of Robert E. Lee in April 1865 and the subsequent mustering out of much of the Union Army, Ingalls left the City Point depot in May. He returned to Washington, and in July 1866 was given the rank of colonel in the Regular Army. He served in a variety of quartermaster posts for the next two decades in New York City, San Francisco, and Chicago. For sixteen years, he was the chief quartermaster of the Pacific and the Missouri Division.
On February 23, 1882, he was named as the 16th Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army, with the full rank of brigadier general, succeeding Daniel H. Rucker. He retired from the army in 1883 and entered civilian life in Oregon. Ingalls moved to New York City in 1891, where he died two years later at the age of 74. He was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.
Honors
Ingalls Street in San Francisco is named for him. Rufus Ingalls was inducted into the Quartermaster Hall of Fame in 1987.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
List of American Civil War battles
Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
Bibliography of the American Civil War
References
National Park Service biography of Ingalls
Ingalls bio
Timeline
1818 births
1893 deaths
People from Denmark, Maine
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
Union Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
People of Maine in the American Civil War
Quartermasters General of the United States Army
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Logistics personnel of the United States military |
1482772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gorgeous%20Hussy | The Gorgeous Hussy | The Gorgeous Hussy is a 1936 American period film directed by Clarence Brown, and starring Joan Crawford and Robert Taylor. The screenplay was written by Stephen Morehouse Avery and Ainsworth Morgan, which was based on a 1934 novel by Samuel Hopkins Adams. The supporting cast includes Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart.
The film's plot tells a fictionalized account of President of the United States Andrew Jackson and an innkeeper's daughter, Peggy O'Neal. Peggy O'Neill had a central role in the Petticoat affair that disrupted the cabinet of Andrew Jackson.
Plot
In 1823 Washington D.C., Major O'Neal and his daughter Margaret "Peggy" O'Neal run an inn that is frequented by politicians. Peggy is outspoken for a woman of her time, and when Tennessee senator Andrew Jackson visits, she affectionately refers to him as "Uncle Andy."
Peggy is secretly in love with the well-known Virginia senator John Randolph, but her feelings are seemingly unrequited. When new inn resident "Beau" Timberlake refers to Peggy as a "tavern girl" while drinking, John slaps him in defense of Peggy. Beau soon falls in love with Peggy himself and proposes, but she refuses, because her affections are reserved for John. John spurns her advances, thinking that she is too young and does not really mean it, but begins to have a change of heart. When he finally realizes that they are both in love, however, he learns from Beau that Peggy has finally consented to marry him. Peggy again talks to John about their future, but John again rejects her, thinking that the younger Beau would be a more suitable husband.
On the night of their marriage, "Uncle Andy" hears a commotion in their room, and can't believe that Beau and Peggy are married. Instead of reading their marriage license, Beau shows Peggy his orders. He must leave for a three-month tour of duty aboard the the next day. However, when Constitution returns to Washington, Peggy learns that Beau has died when his men lost track of him.
In 1828, John returns from being the minister to Russia. Peggy is excited to see him, and he tells her how unhappy he was so far from Washington. At the same time, Jackson is elected U.S. president amid a campaign of verbal attacks aimed at his wife Rachel, whom he inadvertently married before her divorce from her first husband was final. Soon after the election, Rachel dies after asking Peggy to look after Jackson. Having been close to Jackson since the beginning, Peggy becomes his official hostess and confidante. Fulfilling Rachel's premonition, this causes many of the Washington political wives to gossip and snub her. At the same time, Jackson comes under political fire from Southerners, such as John Randolph, who feels he has turned against them by his stand on state rights.
At a ball, Peggy's childhood friend, "Rowdy" Dow, wants to fight Southern senator John C. Calhoun because of an insulting remark about Peggy, however, she interrupts and asks him to dance instead. Seeing Rowdy and Peggy dancing, John returns home, but is followed by Peggy, who once again professes her love. This time, John admits his own love and they plan to marry. Soon after telling Jackson what has happened, however, Peggy realizes that differing political views will never allow her and John to be happy, and they part.
A short time later, Secretary of War John Eaton, who has loved Peggy for years, proposes. She is fond of him, and believes, like Jackson, that marriage will bring her respectability. A year later, Rowdy comes to visit and tells Peggy that John Randolph has been shot and is near death. She asks Rowdy to take her to see her John, who was shot by Sunderland, a Southerner trying to prevent him from revealing to Jackson a proposed violent rebellion. John dies contentedly after Peggy's visit. On the way back to Washington, Peggy and Rowdy's coach is accosted by Sunderland, who demands safe passage to Washington in exchange for not revealing that he has seen them. Rowdy throws him out, but soon Jackson's cabinet members and their wives come to him to demand that Peggy be sent away from Washington. When Peggy arrives at the meeting, Jackson lies by saying she was sent to see John Randolph by him and that Rowdy was asked by John Eaton to accompany her. Jackson then demands the resignation of his entire cabinet, except for Eaton.
Finally, Peggy, who knows that even Jackson's kind lie will not lead to her acceptance in Washington, asks him to send John Eaton as the special envoy to Spain where she knows that they will find contentment.
Cast
Joan Crawford – Margaret "Peggy" O'Neal
Robert Taylor – 'Bow' Timberlake
Lionel Barrymore – Andrew Jackson
Franchot Tone – John Eaton
Melvyn Douglas – John Randolph of Roanoke
James Stewart – 'Rowdy' Dow
Alison Skipworth – Mrs. Beall
Beulah Bondi – Rachel Jackson
Louis Calhern – Sunderland
Melville Cooper – Cuthbert
Sidney Toler – Daniel Webster
Gene Lockhart – Major O'Neal
Clara Blandick – Louisa Abbott
Frank Conroy – John C. Calhoun
Nydia Westman – Maybelle
Willard Robertson – Samuel D. Ingham
Charles Trowbridge – Martin Van Buren
Rubye De Remer – Mrs. Bellamy
Betty Blythe – Mrs. Wainwright
Zeffie Tilbury – Mrs. Daniel Beall
Reception
Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune noted "In the title role Joan Crawford is handsome, although century-old costumes do not go well with the pronounced modernity of her personality. She makes of Peggy Eaton a straightforward and zealous figure....[A] show that is rich with trappings and accented by moments of moving intensity."
However, writing in The New York Times, film critic Frank Nugent thought there was "not enough hussy" in the performance, and wrote "Miss Crawford's Peggy is a maligned Anne of Green Gables, a persecuted Pollyanna, a dismayed Dolly Dimple."
Beulah Bondi was nominated for an Oscar in the best supporting category and George Folsey received a nomination for cinematography.
Box office
The Gorgeous Hussy was one of Crawford's higher grossing pictures during her years at MGM. At a cost of $1,119,000, it was the highest budgeted film she had made up to that time. The film grossed a total $2,019,000: $1,458,000 from the U.S. and Canada and $561,000 in other markets. It made a profit of $116,000.
References
The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Appendix 1: "MGM Film Grosses, 1924 – 1948" from the Historical Journal of Film, Television, and Radio, Vol. 12, No. 2 [1992] http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01439689200260081#preview
External links
1936 films
American black-and-white films
1936 romantic drama films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films directed by Clarence Brown
Films about presidents of the United States
American romantic drama films
Films based on American novels
Films produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Films about Andrew Jackson
1930s historical drama films
American historical drama films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films based on works by Samuel Hopkins Adams
English-language historical drama films
English-language romantic drama films |
1482773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20at%20the%201980%20Summer%20Olympics | Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics | Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at the Dynamo Shooting Range in Mytishchi in eastern part of Moscow between 20 and 26 July. Seven events were contested. Although events were mixed, i.e. open to both men and women, all medals were swept by men, and there were only 5 women competing compared to 77 in Los Angeles 1984, which introduced separate female events.
Medal summary
Events
Participating nations
A total of 239 shooters, 234 men and 5 women, from 38 nations competed at the Moscow Games:
References
External links
IOC Site on 1980 Summer Olympics
1980 Summer Olympics events
Olympics
Shooting competitions in Russia
Mytishchinsky District |
1482774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood%20Stars | Hollywood Stars | The Hollywood Stars were a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Pacific Coast League during the early- and mid-20th century. They were the arch-rivals of the other Los Angeles-based PCL team, the Los Angeles Angels.
Hollywood Stars (1926–1935)
The first incarnation of the Hollywood Stars began its existence in 1903 as the Sacramento Solons, a charter member of the Pacific Coast League. The team moved to Tacoma, Washington in 1904, where it won the pennant as the Tacoma Tigers. During the 1905 season, the team returned to Sacramento to finish out the season, moved to Fresno in 1906 to finish last as the Fresno Raisin Eaters, then left the PCL altogether. The Sacramento Solons rejoined the PCL in 1909, then moved to San Francisco during the 1914 season, finishing out the season as the San Francisco Missions. The team was sold to Utah businessman Bill "Hardpan" Lane and moved to Salt Lake City for the 1915 season. They played as the Salt Lake City Bees for the next 11 seasons until Lane moved the team to Los Angeles for the 1926 season. Originally they were known as the Hollywood Bees, but soon changed their name to the Hollywood Stars.
The original Stars, though supposedly representing Hollywood, actually played their home games as tenants of the Los Angeles Angels at Wrigley Field in South Los Angeles. Though the Stars won pennants in 1929 and 1930, they never developed much of a fan base, playing their home games miles from the glamorous Hollywood district. They were merely a team to watch when the Angels were on the road. Attendance had been quite good (by standards of that era) during their inaugural year in 1926, but tapered off after that, exacerbated by the Great Depression.
When, after the 1935 season, the Angels doubled the Stars' rent, Lane announced the Stars would move to San Diego for the 1936 season, to become the San Diego Padres. Los Angeles became a one-team city once more for the 1936 and 1937 seasons.
Hollywood Stars (1938–1957)
The second incarnation of the Hollywood Stars joined the Pacific Coast League in 1909 as the Vernon Tigers. As the Tigers, the team won two PCL pennants (and finished first in another only to lose the postseason series) before moving to San Francisco for the 1926 season. The transplanted Tigers, now known as the Mission Reds or usually just "the Missions", foundered in San Francisco, failing to establish a rivalry with the existing San Francisco Seals.
In 1938, Missions owner Herbert Fleishaker moved his team back to Los Angeles, and took the name of the departed Hollywood Stars. After one season the team was sold. In early December 1938 the team was purchased by attorney Victor Ford Collins and Robert H. Cobb, owner of the Brown Derby restaurants. They formed the Hollywood Baseball association and enlisted the financial support and enthusiasm of many stars and community leaders. Celebrities who were stockholders and part-owners of the team included Lloyd Bacon, Gary Cooper, William Powell, Barbara Stanwyck, Robert Taylor, George Raft, Charles Rogers, Raoul Walsh, Roscoe Karns, William LeBaron, Gene Autry (who later became owner of his own major league franchise), George Burns and Gracie Allen, Bing Crosby, Cecil B. DeMille, William Frawley, Gail Patrick (then married to Bob Cobb) and Harry Warner. "No one was permitted to invest any big money", wrote the Los Angeles Times, which described the Hollywood Stars as "a civic thing ... plainly and simply, a Chamber of Commerce activity on the part of a group of people who want their little corner of the world to be better than all other corners."
The club was promoted as "the Hollywood Stars baseball team, owned by the Hollywood stars".
Moreover, the team actually played in the Hollywood area. In January 1939 it was announced that plans were under way to create a $200,000 ballpark seating 12,500 by May 1939. Gilmore Field was opened in the Fairfax District adjacent to Hollywood. (The club played part of the 1939 season in nearby Gilmore Stadium, after having played at Wrigley Field during 1938.)
Nicknamed the Twinks by the press, the new Hollywood Stars caught on and became a very popular team, winning three pennants before 1958. They had successful affiliations with the Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball. In 1955, actress Jayne Mansfield was named Miss Hollywood Star. The Stars became genuine rivals of the Angels, and it was not uncommon for fights between the teams to break out during Angels-Stars games. In fact, on August 2, 1953, a brawl between the two teams lasted 30 minutes, broken up only when 50 riot police were sent to Gilmore Field by Chief of Police William Parker, who was at home watching the game on television when the fight started.
The Columbia Broadcasting System, owner of Gilmore Field, announced plans to raze the facility to build a new headquarters—CBS Television City, as it became known—in 1952. In October 1957, the Brooklyn Dodgers confirmed their long-rumored move to Los Angeles for the 1958 season, which forced the Stars and the Angels to relocate. The Angels, who had been purchased by Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley prior to the 1957 season, became the Spokane Indians in 1958.
Having no interest in operating the Twinks anywhere but in Los Angeles, the ownership group led by Frank J. Kanne, Jr., was compelled to sell the team, which it did, to a group based in Salt Lake City. The Stars, in a sense, "returned" to Salt Lake City (to which the original Stars had moved in 1926) in 1958, becoming the Salt Lake City Bees once more.
Innovations
Pioneers in broadcasting, the Hollywood Stars televised a home game in 1939 as an experiment, and became the first team to regularly broadcast home games in the late 1940s. In the summer of 1951, Gail Patrick hosted Home Plate, a post-game interview show at Gilmore Field that immediately followed KTTV broadcasts of the Hollywood Stars home games. Patrick was assisted by sportswriter Braven Dyer. Mark Scott, who later became nationally known as the host of Home Run Derby, was the team's last play-by-play announcer.
The Twinks began the custom of dragging the infield during the fifth inning, creating an artificial break in the action hoping fans would run to the concessions stands.
The Stars adopted the use of batting helmets in 1949, at the mandate of Branch Rickey, who wanted to popularize the product as a safety precaution and a personal business venture.
Notable players
Notable players for the Hollywood Stars include pitcher Rinaldo Ardizoia who, at the time of his death on July 19, 2015, was the oldest living former member of the New York Yankees. He moved to Los Angeles with the Mission Reds, and eventually joined the Hollywood Stars' starting rotation before being drafted by the Yankees in 1940. His large store of memorabilia included a rabbit's foot given to him by Gail Patrick.
A great many future Major League Baseball standouts played for the Hollywood Stars, among them Gus Bell, Bobby Bragan, Bobby Doerr, Gene Freese, Babe Herman, Dale Long, Bill Mazeroski, Bob Meusel, Lefty O'Doul, Mel Queen, Dick Stuart, Lee Walls and Gus Zernial. The team's managers included Bragan, Jimmy Dykes, Fred Haney and Charlie Root.
Affiliations
The Stars were affiliated with the following major league teams:
Cultural references
The Hollywood Stars were immortalized on the 1957 jazz album, Double Play! by André Previn and Russ Freeman. The baseball-themed album, with song titles like "Called On Account of Rain", "Batter Up", "Who's on First" and "In the Cellar Blues", features a topless model on the cover wearing a Hollywood Stars cap.
The Stars were also mentioned on episode 24 of the fourth season of I Love Lucy.
The Hollywood Stars are mentioned by Officer Ramirez in episode 212:The Big Lift of the radio program
Dragnet.
The 1952 movie "The Atomic City" shows off Gilmore Field as the scene of a Russian atomic secrets drop—taking place while FBI agents try to track it over the television monitors of a televised Hollywood Stars game.
References
Sources
Beverage, Richard. The Hollywood Stars (Images of Baseball). Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, 2005. .
O'Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League 1903–1988. Eakin Press, Austin, Texas, 1990. .
Snelling, Dennis. The Pacific Coast League: A Statistical History, 1903–1957 McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1995. .
Baseball teams established in 1926
Baseball teams disestablished in 1957
Defunct Pacific Coast League teams
Baseball teams in Los Angeles
Brooklyn Dodgers minor league affiliates
Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates
New York Giants minor league affiliates
Pittsburgh Pirates minor league affiliates
Defunct baseball teams in California
Professional baseball teams in California
1926 establishments in California
1957 disestablishments in California |
1482777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxton%20Township%2C%20Ross%20County%2C%20Ohio | Paxton Township, Ross County, Ohio | Paxton Township is one of the sixteen townships of Ross County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,918 people in the township.
Geography
Located in the southwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
Paint Township - north
Twin Township - east
Benton Township, Pike County - southeast
Perry Township, Pike County - southwest
Paint Township, Highland County - west
The village of Bainbridge is located in central Paxton Township.
Name and history
It is the only Paxton Township statewide.
Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
Education
Bainbridge Elementary School (now a preschool) is in Bainbridge, and the Paint Valley High School falls within the township.
References
External links
County website
Townships in Ross County, Ohio
Townships in Ohio |
1482779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Three | These Three | These Three is a 1936 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Miriam Hopkins, Merle Oberon, Joel McCrea, and Bonita Granville. The screenplay by Lillian Hellman is based on her 1934 play The Children's Hour.
A 1961 remake of the film, also directed by Wyler, was released as The Children's Hour in the US and The Loudest Whisper in the UK.
Plot
Following graduation, college friends Karen Wright and Martha Dobie transform Karen's Massachusetts farm into a boarding school. Although new to the area, they are able to find pupils with the assistance of the wealthy Amelia Tilford, who enrolls her malevolent granddaughter Mary and encourages other families to enroll their daughters. Shortly before the school opens, Martha's aunt, Lily Mortar, arrives and forces her way into a teaching position as a way to continue sponging off Martha.
Karen and local doctor Joe Cardin begin to date, unaware that Martha is in love with him. One evening, Joe falls asleep in a chair in Martha's room while waiting for Karen to return to the school. He wakes with a start and breaks a glass, which wakes up Mary Tilford. Before he leaves, he casually refers to his and Karen's plans to marry, and Mary watches from the shadows as Martha sobs quietly once she thinks she is alone.
When Karen punishes Mary for missing classes and lying, Mary acts as though she has a pain and falls to the floor in a faint. Although they are not convinced by Mary's performance, Karen and Martha call Joe to examine her. While Joe and Karen are busy with Mary, Martha decides to finally fire Aunt Lily, who is not a good teacher. Lily feels slighted, even though Martha offers to continue to support her, and they have an argument before she goes, during which Lily confronts Martha with her suspicions about the young woman's true feelings for Joe. Martha hears a noise and discovers Rosalie Wells and Evelyn Munn, who are Mary's roommates, listening at the door. Flustered, she accidentally closes the door on Rosalie's arm, slightly injuring her. Back in their room, Evelyn tells Mary about the argument between Martha and Lily.
Feeling persecuted, Mary decides to run away from the school. When her grandmother Amelia just wants to send her back, she tells Amelia a grossly distorted version both of what she witnessed between Martha and Joe and of the argument between Martha and Lily, suggesting Martha and Joe engaged in an illicit sexual affair. To verify the story, Mary has Amelia talk to Rosalie, who she has brought with her and coerced by threatening to reveal that Rosalie stole another student's bracelet. Mary even says that Martha injured Rosalie's arm intentionally. Amelia is shocked by the revelation of a love triangle between Karen, Joe, and Martha, and alerts the other parents who have girls at the school, all of whom withdraw their daughters.
The trio sue Amelia for slander, but they lose their case. Karen and Martha are unable to enroll any new students, and Joe is fired from his job at the hospital. Lily returns, but Martha resents her for not coming back to testify during the case and tells her to leave. Joe asks Karen to come with him to Vienna, where he has gotten a job. She balks when he mentions that Martha is also invited and finally asks if there was ever anything between Martha and him. Unable to fully believe his denial after what she heard in court, she tells him to go to Vienna by himself.
Once Joe is gone, Martha admits to Karen that she loves Joe, though she says she never told him, and then gets on the same train as Lily. In passing, Lily mentions having seen Mary and Rosalie with the missing bracelet, and Martha realizes what happened. She gets off the train and convinces Rosalie to tell Amelia the truth. Amelia offers Martha compensation, but Martha refuses, asking only that Amelia take Karen a message from her: "stay with Joe, wherever he is." Martha leaves, Amelia talks to Karen, and Karen goes to Vienna to be with Joe.
Cast
Miriam Hopkins as Martha Dobie
Merle Oberon as Karen Wright
Joel McCrea as Dr. Joseph Cardin
Catherine Doucet as Mrs. Lily Mortar
Alma Kruger as Mrs. Amelia Tilford
Bonita Granville as Mary Tilford
Marcia Mae Jones as Rosalie Wells
Carmencita Johnson as Evelyn Munn
Mary Anne Durkin as Joyce Walton
Margaret Hamilton as Agatha
Walter Brennan as "Taxy" Driver
Production
Lillian Hellman's 1934 play The Children's Hour was inspired by the true story of two Scottish school teachers whose lives were destroyed in 1810 when they were falsely accused by one of their students of engaging in a lesbian relationship. At the time, the mention of homosexuality on stage was illegal in New York State, but authorities chose to overlook the play's subject matter when its Broadway production was acclaimed by critics.
Because the Hays Code, which was in effect when the film was produced, would never permit a film to focus on or even hint at lesbianism, Samuel Goldwyn was the only producer interested in purchasing the film rights to the play. He signed Hellman to adapt her play for the screen, and the playwright changed the lie from being that the two school teachers were lovers to it being that one of the teachers had slept with the other's fiancé. The Hays Office even prevented the use of, or a reference to, the play's original title, so Hellman also changed the title of her script to The Lie; it was not until after principal photography was completed that the film was rechristened These Three.
Goldwyn had already cast the three leads when he offered William Wyler, who, until then, had helmed mostly B pictures and Westerns, the opportunity to direct the film, along with a five-year contract. This film was also the 1st of 8 films Wyler and Goldwyn worked together. Although Wyler wasn't completely happy with Goldwyn's casting choices, he accepted the offer, though he insisted on a three-year contract instead. He tried to convince Goldwyn to replace contract player Joel McCrea with Leslie Howard, but the producer refused and, unwisely, told McCrea about Wyler's preference, which led to difficulties between the actor and director during filming.
The Lux Radio Theatre aired a one-hour adaptation of the film on December 6, 1937, with Barbara Stanwyck as Martha Dobie, Errol Flynn as Dr. Joe Cardin, Mary Astor as Karen Wright, and Constance Collier as Lily Mortar. Alma Kruger and Marcia Mae Jones reprised their roles from the film as Amelia Tilford and Rosalie Wells, respectively.
Critical reception
Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times wrote: "Miss Hellman's job of literary carpentry is little short of brilliant. Upon the framework of her stage success she has constructed an absorbing, tautly written and dramatically vital screen play. To it, in turn, a gifted cast headed by Merle Oberon, Miriam Hopkins and Joel McCrea has contributed lavishly of its talents, aided by superb direction and exceptionally fine photography. In its totality the picture emerges as one of the finest screen dramas in recent years . . . Strong, turbulent and caustic, These Three is an unusual picture and it has been brought to the screen with perception, beauty and a keen sense of drama."
The review in Variety said of Bonita Granville and Marcia Mae Jones: "Theirs are inspired performances." It added: "Hellman, if anything, has improved upon the original in scripting the triangle as a dramatis personae of romantic frustration, three basically wholesome victims of an unwholesome combination of circumstance. McCrea was never better in translating a difficult assignment intelligently and sympathetically. The well bred restraint of Hopkins and Oberon in their travail with the mixture of juvenile emotions at their boarding school is likewise impressive."
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene observed: "I have seldom been so moved by any fictional film . . . After ten minutes or so of the usual screen sentiment, quaintness and exaggeration, one began to watch the incredulous pleasure of nothing less than life." Greene praised the acting of the protagonists portrayed by Oberon, Hopkins, and, to a lesser extent, McCrea, as well as the "shocking mastery" of the performances by Granville and Jones as the antagonists.
The review in Film Daily read, in part: "Tense, dramatic, this is one of the most powerful pictures that has come to the talking screen . . . Miriam Hopkins and Merle Oberon give splendid performances, but it is the work of little Bonita Granville, as the troublemaker, which will attract the most attention."
John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that "quite a good piece of work has been done with this somewhat problematic drama". He added: "With all the drastic alterations made in the plot, it is surprising how many of the original episodes and scenes have been retained."
In the 21st century, TVGuide.com rated the film 4½ out of five stars, calling it "gripping, adult cinema" and commenting that "Oberon gives one of her best dramatic performances and McCrea is also quite fine. The two child actresses have the showiest parts, but the real performances to watch are those of Alma Kruger and Miriam Hopkins. Hopkins, in particular, has rarely been better, her intense, high-strung quality perfectly suited to the role of a woman unable to stop her world from falling apart around her."
Awards and nominations
At the first ceremony at which the category was contested, Bonita Granville was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, but lost to Gale Sondergaard (who won for her performance in Anthony Adverse).
References
External links
These Three on Lux Radio Theater: December 6, 1937.
1936 films
1936 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films set in boarding schools
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films about educators
Films based on works by Lillian Hellman
Films directed by William Wyler
Films set in Massachusetts
Films set in schools
Samuel Goldwyn Productions films
Films with screenplays by Lillian Hellman
United Artists films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films |
1482785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of%20Human%20Hearts | Of Human Hearts | Of Human Hearts is a 1938 American Drama Western film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Walter Huston, James Stewart and Beulah Bondi. Stewart plays a proud and ungrateful son who rebels against his preacher father and (after his father's death) neglects his poverty-stricken mother. Bondi was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Plot
Young Jason Wilkins has a stern but loving preacher father, Rev. Ethan Wilkins, and a doting mother, Mary Wilkins. Jason is highly intelligent and outgoing, but also proud and stubborn. His father must often beat him with a leather strap for his impertinence, pride, and rudeness. As a young man, Jason falls in love with beautiful Annie. When Jason's father takes him circuit riding, Jason rebels at the bad food and awful living conditions, and has a fistfight with his father. This ruptures their relationship.
Jason goes to medical school, and becomes a doctor. He is increasingly neglectful of his parents, and when his father dies, he arrives too late to speak with him one last time. Despite his mother's poverty, Jason repeatedly asks her for money, forcing her to sell her silver spoons, and eventually her wedding band, for food. The American Civil War breaks out, and she must sell Jason's beloved horse Pilgrim to pay for his fancy $70 officer's uniform. When Jason fails to write to her for two years, Mrs. Wilkins assumes that he is dead and writes a letter to President Abraham Lincoln asking for information in locating his grave. Lincoln issues an order requiring the young captain to appear before him without delay. Jason arrogantly assumes that he is about to be commended for his actions as a battlefield surgeon. Instead, with the two of them alone in his office, the president accuses him of possessing the worst human quality of all: ingratitude. Jason tearfully repents; granted furlough, he returns to his mother (even managing to find Pilgrim on the way) and begs her forgiveness, which she happily grants.
Cast
Walter Huston as Ethan Wilkins
James Stewart as Jason Wilkins
Gene Reynolds as Jason Wilkins as a child
Beulah Bondi as Mary Wilkins
Guy Kibbee as George Ames
Charles Coburn as Dr. Charles Shingle
John Carradine as President Lincoln
Ann Rutherford as Annie Hawks
Leatrice Joy Gilbert as Annie Hawks - as a child
Charley Grapewin as Jim Meeker
Leona Roberts as Sister Clarke
Gene Lockhart as Quid
Clem Bevans as Elder Massey
Arthur Aylesworth as Rufus Inchpin
Sterling Holloway as Chauncey Ames
Charlie Peck as Chauncey Ames - as a Child
Robert McWade as Dr. Lupus Crumm
Minor Watson as Capt. Griggs
Production notes
Principal photography occurred from October 18 to December 20, 1937. The working title of the film and the title of the novel on which it was based, Benefits Forgot, was taken from a quotation in William Shakespeare's As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7: "Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky, that dost not bite so nigh as benefits forgot." The title of the picture, Of Human Hearts, was selected by MGM after a nationwide contest was advertised on the studio's radio program, Good News of 1938, to determine who could select the best title. The prize, $5,000, was awarded to Roy Harris, a high school student from Greenville, South Carolina. In addition to the prize money, Harris was also an invited guest at the film's world premiere, held in his hometown.
Portions of the film were shot on location at the Agoura Ranch in Agoura, California, and at Lake Arrowhead, California. According to information in news items and the presskit, over 700 people worked at the Arrowhead location for more than two weeks on a specially built village, the largest special location site built by MGM since The Good Earth. An article in Life noted that the film's battle scene, which was not based on a specific battle, cost $50,000, and required 2,000 men to film. Life also noted that the picture was one of a "new cycle of interest in the Civil War aroused by the novel Gone with the Wind.
Robert McWade, who portrayed Dr. Lupus Crumm in the picture, died after completing his role. According to news items in the Hollywood Citizen-News and Motion Picture Daily, director Clarence Brown had told McWade "Well, Bob, you played your last scene. You might as well go home," just before McWade died of heart failure.
The book on which the movie was based, Benefits Forgot, was in turn based on one of the many popular legends about Lincoln: he was indeed said to have summoned a young soldier from the battlefield to scold him for not writing to his mother.
See also
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
References
External links
1938 films
1938 drama films
American drama films
1938 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Clarence Brown
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Films set in the 1860s
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films based on American novels
Fictional depictions of Abraham Lincoln in film
1930s American films |
1482787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPO | SPO | SPO may refer to:
Politics
Serbian Renewal Movement (Srpski pokret obnove), a political party in Serbia
Socialist Party of Ontario, Canada
Strengthening Participatory Organization, a rights-based organization in Pakistan
SPÖ, Social Democratic Party of Austria
Party of Civic Rights, political party in the Czech Republic
Technology
Secondary phosphine oxide, a class of organophosphorus compounds
SharePoint Online
Other
Saint Paul's Outreach, a Catholic missionary organization
SPO:), a Lithuanian sports magazine
SPO Rouen Basket, a basketball club in Rouen, France
Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan University Library
Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra, a South Korean orchestra based in Seoul
Strong Pareto optimum, in economics
Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea
Erik Spoelstra, head coach of the Miami Heat
Sankt Peter-Ording, a tourist town in northern Germany
See also
Spo11, a protein used in a complex along with Mre11 and Rad50 during meiotic recombination
SPOC (disambiguation) |