Context: Document [5](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a "good" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon ("Rosasharn") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and

Context: Document [6](Title: Operation Grapes of Wrath) Committee for the Implementation of the "Grapes of Wrath" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase "grapes of wrath" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where

Context: Document [7](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the "family of man". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of

Context: Document [8](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (opera)) 10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony – Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12–20, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two

Context: Document [9](Title: The Grapes of Wrath (film)) of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an

Context: Document [10](Title: The Grapes of Wrath) Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Question: where does the grapes of wrath take place?

Answer: Oklahoma

Answer: California


Context: Document [1](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name.

Context: Document [2](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen

Context: Document [3](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won

Context: Document [4](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack

Context: Document [5](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of Köke Temür, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last

Context: Document [6](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of "Tàishàng Huángdi" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to

Context: Document [7](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.

Context: Document [8](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers

Context: Document [9](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,

Context: Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to

Question: who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?

Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang


Context: Document [1](Title: House of Zhu) Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen

Context: Document [2](Title: Manchuria under Ming rule) and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won

Context: Document [3](Title: Ming dynasty) remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack

Context: Document [4](Title: Hongwu Emperor) his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of Köke Temür, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last

Context: Document [5](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name.

Question: who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?

Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang


Context: Document [5](Title: Emperor Yingzong of Ming) to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of "Tàishàng Huángdi" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to

Context: Document [6](Title: Chinese emperors family tree (late)) 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.

Context: Document [7](Title: History of the Yuan dynasty) History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers

Context: Document [8](Title: Chin Ning Chu) Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,

Context: Document [9](Title: Ming dynasty) epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to

Context: Document [10](Title: Ming dynasty) In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name.

Question: who overthrew the mongols and established the ming dynasty?

Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang


Context: Document [1](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.

Context: Document [2](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in the Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of "Big Brother" overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.

Context: Document [3](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) the spin-off series provided poor ratings and was not renewed. "Ultimate Big Brother" was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both "Big Brother" and "Celebrity Big Brother" competing in the series. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as "Big Brother's Big Mouth", hosted by Russell Brand, and "Big Brother's Little Brother" hosted by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, "Big Brother's Bit on the Side" is the only currently airing spin-off series. "Big Brother" is a game show in which a group of

Context: Document [4](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)) March 2001, on Channel 4. The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house, and had to wear portable microphones. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. Channel 4 broadcast a daily 30-minute highlights show, and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall, where the evicted housemate was interviewed. In the nightly highlight episodes, viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house. BBC One's coverage consisted

Context: Document [5](Title: Celebrity Big Brother) Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the "Big Brother" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, "Celebrity Big Brother" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version. The

Context: Document [6](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK)) the pupil, indicating that it is a celebrity series. The live launch, nightly highlight shows, live eviction and finale were all broadcast on Channel 4. Davina McCall remained host of the live shows. Big Brother's Little Brother returned for the celebrity series once again hosted by Dermot O'Leary, for the first time ever it was broadcast in a late night time-slot on Channel 4, however it was broadcast in its usual Sunday lunchtime slot. On E4, live coverage from the house dominated its daily and nightly schedule, Nominations Uncut and Diary Room Uncut – which were both introduced during Big

Context: Document [7](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. "Celebrity Big Brother" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's "Comic Relief" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success,

Context: Document [8](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) not include Channel 5 +1. Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of "Big Brother" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show "Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary

Context: Document [9](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)) house and the first task set. Lauren Harries acted as fashion expert on the launch night show, castigating the styling of the new housemates. The show was similar to ex-spin off shows "Big Brother's Little Brother" and "Big Brother's Big Mouth", but is shown after the main show. The debut show was watched by 1.82 million viewers (receiving 13.4%). It returned along with the ninth series of the main celebrity show in January 2012. This is a special edition of the main "OK! TV" magazine show broadcast from the Big Brother compound in the Elstree Studio. The first edition aired

Context: Document [10](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) the eye. Despite fifteenth series of "Big Brother" having only an hour and a half live feed for the entire series run, it was officially announced on 6 August 2014 that there would be an hour of live feed available almost nightly on Channel 5 due to the ratings success of the previous editions of the show and mass viewer request. On 11 August 2014, the first 30-second teaser was released which features footage from past series of "Celebrity Big Brother" on Channel 5. However, the tenth series or eleventh series are not included. SuperCasino continued its sponsorship for this

Question: what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa?

Answer: CBS

Answer: on CBS


Context: Document [1](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)) Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in the Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of "Big Brother" overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.

Context: Document [2](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) the spin-off series provided poor ratings and was not renewed. "Ultimate Big Brother" was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both "Big Brother" and "Celebrity Big Brother" competing in the series. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as "Big Brother's Big Mouth", hosted by Russell Brand, and "Big Brother's Little Brother" hosted by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, "Big Brother's Bit on the Side" is the only currently airing spin-off series. "Big Brother" is a game show in which a group of

Context: Document [3](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)) March 2001, on Channel 4. The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house, and had to wear portable microphones. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. Channel 4 broadcast a daily 30-minute highlights show, and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall, where the evicted housemate was interviewed. In the nightly highlight episodes, viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house. BBC One's coverage consisted

Context: Document [4](Title: Celebrity Big Brother) Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the "Big Brother" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, "Celebrity Big Brother" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version. The

Context: Document [5](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.

Question: what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa?

Answer: CBS

Answer: on CBS


Context: Document [5](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK)) the pupil, indicating that it is a celebrity series. The live launch, nightly highlight shows, live eviction and finale were all broadcast on Channel 4. Davina McCall remained host of the live shows. Big Brother's Little Brother returned for the celebrity series once again hosted by Dermot O'Leary, for the first time ever it was broadcast in a late night time-slot on Channel 4, however it was broadcast in its usual Sunday lunchtime slot. On E4, live coverage from the house dominated its daily and nightly schedule, Nominations Uncut and Diary Room Uncut – which were both introduced during Big

Context: Document [6](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)) in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. "Celebrity Big Brother" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's "Comic Relief" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success,

Context: Document [7](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) not include Channel 5 +1. Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of "Big Brother" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show "Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary

Context: Document [8](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)) house and the first task set. Lauren Harries acted as fashion expert on the launch night show, castigating the styling of the new housemates. The show was similar to ex-spin off shows "Big Brother's Little Brother" and "Big Brother's Big Mouth", but is shown after the main show. The debut show was watched by 1.82 million viewers (receiving 13.4%). It returned along with the ninth series of the main celebrity show in January 2012. This is a special edition of the main "OK! TV" magazine show broadcast from the Big Brother compound in the Elstree Studio. The first edition aired

Context: Document [9](Title: Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)) the eye. Despite fifteenth series of "Big Brother" having only an hour and a half live feed for the entire series run, it was officially announced on 6 August 2014 that there would be an hour of live feed available almost nightly on Channel 5 due to the ratings success of the previous editions of the show and mass viewer request. On 11 August 2014, the first 30-second teaser was released which features footage from past series of "Celebrity Big Brother" on Channel 5. However, the tenth series or eleventh series are not included. SuperCasino continued its sponsorship for this

Context: Document [10](Title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.

Question: what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa?

Answer: CBS

Answer: on CBS


Context: Document [1](Title: Penicillin) Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.

Context: Document [2](Title: History of penicillin) respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term "enzyme", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of "Penicillium glaucum". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the "Penicillium" fungus. By this time, "Bacillus anthracis" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and

Context: Document [3](Title: History of penicillin) (now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of "Staphylococcus aureus" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about

Context: Document [4](Title: History of penicillin) History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were "Penicillium" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a "Penicillium" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first

Context: Document [5](Title: History of penicillin) to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of "Penicillium notatum" (now "Penicillium chrysogenum"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of "Penicillium". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims

Context: Document [6](Title: Roaring Twenties) Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance "penicillin". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure

Context: Document [7](Title: Gladys Lounsbury Hobby) 1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers. At Pfizer, Hobby did extensive early work on Terramycin and Viomycin, used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Gladys Lounsbury Hobby Gladys Lounsbury Hobby (November 19, 1910 – July 4, 1993), born in New York City,

Context: Document [8](Title: Penicillin) by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital

Context: Document [9](Title: Penicillin) November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.

Context: Document [10](Title: Albert Alexander (police officer)) murder, the purification invites disaster.” Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. Albert Alexander (police officer) Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 – 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. By the end of the month, the scratch was badly infected with both "Staphylococcus"

Question: when was penicillin first introduced to the public?

Answer: After World War II

Answer: 1942


Context: Document [1](Title: History of penicillin) respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term "enzyme", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of "Penicillium glaucum". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the "Penicillium" fungus. By this time, "Bacillus anthracis" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and

Context: Document [2](Title: History of penicillin) (now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of "Staphylococcus aureus" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about

Context: Document [3](Title: History of penicillin) History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were "Penicillium" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a "Penicillium" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first

Context: Document [4](Title: History of penicillin) to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of "Penicillium notatum" (now "Penicillium chrysogenum"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of "Penicillium". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims

Context: Document [5](Title: Penicillin) Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.

Question: when was penicillin first introduced to the public?

Answer: After World War II

Answer: 1942


Context: Document [5](Title: Roaring Twenties) Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance "penicillin". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure

Context: Document [6](Title: Gladys Lounsbury Hobby) 1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers. At Pfizer, Hobby did extensive early work on Terramycin and Viomycin, used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Gladys Lounsbury Hobby Gladys Lounsbury Hobby (November 19, 1910 – July 4, 1993), born in New York City,

Context: Document [7](Title: Penicillin) by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital

Context: Document [8](Title: Penicillin) November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.

Context: Document [9](Title: Albert Alexander (police officer)) murder, the purification invites disaster.” Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. Albert Alexander (police officer) Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 – 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. By the end of the month, the scratch was badly infected with both "Staphylococcus"

Context: Document [10](Title: Penicillin) Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.

Question: when was penicillin first introduced to the public?

Answer: After World War II

Answer: 1942


Context: Document [1](Title: IP Multimedia Subsystem) To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not

Context: Document [2](Title: Session Initiation Protocol) permanent element of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture for IP-based streaming multimedia services in cellular networks. In June 2002 the specification was revised in and various extensions and clarifications have been published since. SIP was designed to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications supporting the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) with a vision of supporting new multimedia applications. It has been extended for video conferencing, streaming media distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, Internet fax and online games. SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having

Context: Document [3](Title: UMTS security) calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity

Context: Document [4](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) extensions is not restricted to the IMS framework. The 3GPP has stated several general requirements stated for operation of the IMS. These include an efficient use of the radio interface by minimizing the exchange of signaling messages between the mobile terminal and the network, a minimum session setup time by performing tasks prior to session establishment instead of during session establishment, a minimum support required in the terminal, the support for roaming and non-roaming scenarios with terminal mobility management (supported by the access network, not SIP), and support for IPv6 addressing. Other requirements involve protocol extensions, such as SIP header

Context: Document [5](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) functionality. These extensions are based on Request for Comments (RFC) protocol recommendations by the IETF. The 3GPP, which is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations aimed at developing and maintaining the IMS, stated a series of requirements for SIP to be successfully used in the IMS. Some of them could be addressed by using existing capabilities and extensions in SIP while, in other cases, the 3GPP had to collaborate with the IETF to standardize new SIP extensions to meet the new requirements. In any case, the IETF evolves SIP in a generic basis, so that the use of its

Context: Document [6](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) configured to relay messages across both networks according to these recommendations, user agents will need to implement extensions so that they can directly exchange media streams. These extensions are related to the Session Description Protocol offer/answer initial exchange, that will be used to gather the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of both ends so that they can establish a direct communication. Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, mainly the Public switched telephone network

Context: Document [7](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) to negotiate and allocate the call resources before the called party is alerted. In the IMS framework, it is required that once the callee is alerted, the chances of a session failure are minimum. An important source of failure is the inability to reserve network resources to support the session, so these resources should be allocated before the phone rings. However, in the IMS, to reserve resources the network needs to know the callee's IP address, port and session parameters and therefore it is necessary that the initial offer/answer exchange to establish a session has started (INVITE request). In basic

Context: Document [8](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) resource reservation on its side. Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical offer/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted. In the IMS framework it is fundamental to handle user identities for authentication, authorization and accounting purposes. The IMS is meant to provide multimedia services over IP

Context: Document [9](Title: SIP trunking) applications such as desktop sharing, web conferencing, and shared whiteboard. The architecture of SIP trunking provides a partitioning of the unified communications network into two different domains of expertise: The interconnection between the two domains must occur through a SIP trunk. The interconnection between the two domains, created by transport via the Internet Protocol (IP), involves setting specific rules and regulations as well as the ability to handle some services and protocols that fall under the name of SIP trunking. The ITSP is responsible to the applicable regulatory authority regarding all the following law obligations of the public domain: The

Context: Document [10](Title: Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) networking. In 2011, TISPAN published the specification of a functional architecture for Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and is now working on the specification of the protocols applicable to the reference points identified in this architecture (See ETSI TS 182 019) The ETSI website on Next Generation Networking states: ""Standards for fixed NGN were developed by the now closed ETSI technical committee TISPAN. The TC has adopted the 3GPP™ core IMS specifications using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. Maintenance of NGN standards are now

Question: what does sip stand for in the ngn / ims context?

Answer: Session Initiation Protocol


Context: Document [1](Title: Session Initiation Protocol) permanent element of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture for IP-based streaming multimedia services in cellular networks. In June 2002 the specification was revised in and various extensions and clarifications have been published since. SIP was designed to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications supporting the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) with a vision of supporting new multimedia applications. It has been extended for video conferencing, streaming media distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, Internet fax and online games. SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having

Context: Document [2](Title: UMTS security) calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity

Context: Document [3](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) extensions is not restricted to the IMS framework. The 3GPP has stated several general requirements stated for operation of the IMS. These include an efficient use of the radio interface by minimizing the exchange of signaling messages between the mobile terminal and the network, a minimum session setup time by performing tasks prior to session establishment instead of during session establishment, a minimum support required in the terminal, the support for roaming and non-roaming scenarios with terminal mobility management (supported by the access network, not SIP), and support for IPv6 addressing. Other requirements involve protocol extensions, such as SIP header

Context: Document [4](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) functionality. These extensions are based on Request for Comments (RFC) protocol recommendations by the IETF. The 3GPP, which is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations aimed at developing and maintaining the IMS, stated a series of requirements for SIP to be successfully used in the IMS. Some of them could be addressed by using existing capabilities and extensions in SIP while, in other cases, the 3GPP had to collaborate with the IETF to standardize new SIP extensions to meet the new requirements. In any case, the IETF evolves SIP in a generic basis, so that the use of its

Context: Document [5](Title: IP Multimedia Subsystem) To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not

Question: what does sip stand for in the ngn / ims context?

Answer: Session Initiation Protocol


Context: Document [5](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) configured to relay messages across both networks according to these recommendations, user agents will need to implement extensions so that they can directly exchange media streams. These extensions are related to the Session Description Protocol offer/answer initial exchange, that will be used to gather the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of both ends so that they can establish a direct communication. Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, mainly the Public switched telephone network

Context: Document [6](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) to negotiate and allocate the call resources before the called party is alerted. In the IMS framework, it is required that once the callee is alerted, the chances of a session failure are minimum. An important source of failure is the inability to reserve network resources to support the session, so these resources should be allocated before the phone rings. However, in the IMS, to reserve resources the network needs to know the callee's IP address, port and session parameters and therefore it is necessary that the initial offer/answer exchange to establish a session has started (INVITE request). In basic

Context: Document [7](Title: SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem) resource reservation on its side. Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical offer/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted. In the IMS framework it is fundamental to handle user identities for authentication, authorization and accounting purposes. The IMS is meant to provide multimedia services over IP

Context: Document [8](Title: SIP trunking) applications such as desktop sharing, web conferencing, and shared whiteboard. The architecture of SIP trunking provides a partitioning of the unified communications network into two different domains of expertise: The interconnection between the two domains must occur through a SIP trunk. The interconnection between the two domains, created by transport via the Internet Protocol (IP), involves setting specific rules and regulations as well as the ability to handle some services and protocols that fall under the name of SIP trunking. The ITSP is responsible to the applicable regulatory authority regarding all the following law obligations of the public domain: The

Context: Document [9](Title: Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks) networking. In 2011, TISPAN published the specification of a functional architecture for Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and is now working on the specification of the protocols applicable to the reference points identified in this architecture (See ETSI TS 182 019) The ETSI website on Next Generation Networking states: ""Standards for fixed NGN were developed by the now closed ETSI technical committee TISPAN. The TC has adopted the 3GPP™ core IMS specifications using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. Maintenance of NGN standards are now

Context: Document [10](Title: IP Multimedia Subsystem) To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not

Question: what does sip stand for in the ngn / ims context?

Answer: Session Initiation Protocol


Context: Document [1](Title: Roman Empire) period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as

Context: Document [2](Title: Roman Empire) of 5 million square kilometres. The traditional population estimate of inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from to more than . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire—Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch—was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it: Trajan's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than

Context: Document [3](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) in the Imperial period. At its peak, the city of Rome had at least one million inhabitants, a total not equalled again until the 19th century. As the imperial capital, Rome was sustained by transfers in kind from throughout the empire; no other city could be sustained at this level. Other major cities in the empire (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage, Ephesus, etc.) had populations of about a few hundred thousand. Of the remaining cities, most were quite small, usually possessing only 10–15,000 inhabitants. The cumulative urban population of the empire is estimated at around 14 million (using a population threshold of

Context: Document [4](Title: Classical demography) lived within the city of Alexandria. The population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million. There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55-65 million as the most accepted range. "An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:" "Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:" "Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:" "Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:" The

Context: Document [5](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) with comparative evidence from other periods and other parts of the empire. "Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:" "Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 CE:" Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from (comparable to the contemporaneous and similarly sized Han empire in China), with one-tenth of them located in Italy itself, to more than . By the standards of pre-modern economies, the Roman Empire was highly urbanized. According to recent work, there were some 1,400 sites with urban characteristics in the Roman world

Context: Document [6](Title: Roman Britain) the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other

Context: Document [7](Title: Medieval demography) been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s.

Context: Document [8](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) By providing a check to population densities, these area figures compel a baseline level of plausibility. Beloch's 1886 estimate of the population of the empire in 14 CE has withstood contemporary and more recent criticism, and underlies modern analysis (his 1899 revision of those figures is less esteemed). Only his estimates for Anatolia and Greater Syria required extensive revision; Beloch estimated population figure, 19 million, produced population densities not otherwise achieved in those areas until the 20th century. Bruce Frier, in a recent estimate of the population of the empire, suggested a figure of 12 million as "considerably more plausible".

Context: Document [9](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) Beloch's figures for Spain and Africa have also been revised downwards. This estimate produces a population density of 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometer, a very low figure by modern standards (the United Kingdom, for example, has a population density of 254.7/km). The population density in the Greek East was 20.9/km, twice as dense as the Latin West at 10.6/km; only the Western provinces of Italy and Sicily had a density comparable to the East. Slaves constituted about 15 percent of the Empire's total population; the proportionate figure would be much higher in Italy and much lower in Africa and Egypt.

Context: Document [10](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) 5,000 individuals), indicating an urbanization rate of at least 25-30 % to be consistent with conventional estimates for the total population, comparable to those in the 19th century. High mortality rates and pre-modern sanitary conditions made urban regions net population sinks, with more local deaths than births. They could only be sustained by constant immigration. The large cities provided a major stimulus to demand, and not only for agricultural products, but for manufactured goods and luxury items as well. Russell estimated the urban population in Late Antiquity, as follows. Demography of the Roman Empire Demographically, the Roman Empire was an

Question: what was the population of the roman empire at its height?

Answer: 50 to 90 million inhabitants

Answer: 70 million

Answer: 55–60 million

Answer: an estimated 70 million people


Context: Document [1](Title: Roman Empire) of 5 million square kilometres. The traditional population estimate of inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from to more than . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire—Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch—was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it: Trajan's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than

Context: Document [2](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) in the Imperial period. At its peak, the city of Rome had at least one million inhabitants, a total not equalled again until the 19th century. As the imperial capital, Rome was sustained by transfers in kind from throughout the empire; no other city could be sustained at this level. Other major cities in the empire (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage, Ephesus, etc.) had populations of about a few hundred thousand. Of the remaining cities, most were quite small, usually possessing only 10–15,000 inhabitants. The cumulative urban population of the empire is estimated at around 14 million (using a population threshold of

Context: Document [3](Title: Classical demography) lived within the city of Alexandria. The population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million. There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55-65 million as the most accepted range. "An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:" "Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:" "Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:" "Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:" The

Context: Document [4](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) with comparative evidence from other periods and other parts of the empire. "Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:" "Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 CE:" Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from (comparable to the contemporaneous and similarly sized Han empire in China), with one-tenth of them located in Italy itself, to more than . By the standards of pre-modern economies, the Roman Empire was highly urbanized. According to recent work, there were some 1,400 sites with urban characteristics in the Roman world

Context: Document [5](Title: Roman Empire) period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as

Question: what was the population of the roman empire at its height?

Answer: 50 to 90 million inhabitants

Answer: 70 million

Answer: 55–60 million

Answer: an estimated 70 million people


Context: Document [5](Title: Roman Britain) the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other

Context: Document [6](Title: Medieval demography) been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s.

Context: Document [7](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) By providing a check to population densities, these area figures compel a baseline level of plausibility. Beloch's 1886 estimate of the population of the empire in 14 CE has withstood contemporary and more recent criticism, and underlies modern analysis (his 1899 revision of those figures is less esteemed). Only his estimates for Anatolia and Greater Syria required extensive revision; Beloch estimated population figure, 19 million, produced population densities not otherwise achieved in those areas until the 20th century. Bruce Frier, in a recent estimate of the population of the empire, suggested a figure of 12 million as "considerably more plausible".

Context: Document [8](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) Beloch's figures for Spain and Africa have also been revised downwards. This estimate produces a population density of 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometer, a very low figure by modern standards (the United Kingdom, for example, has a population density of 254.7/km). The population density in the Greek East was 20.9/km, twice as dense as the Latin West at 10.6/km; only the Western provinces of Italy and Sicily had a density comparable to the East. Slaves constituted about 15 percent of the Empire's total population; the proportionate figure would be much higher in Italy and much lower in Africa and Egypt.

Context: Document [9](Title: Demography of the Roman Empire) 5,000 individuals), indicating an urbanization rate of at least 25-30 % to be consistent with conventional estimates for the total population, comparable to those in the 19th century. High mortality rates and pre-modern sanitary conditions made urban regions net population sinks, with more local deaths than births. They could only be sustained by constant immigration. The large cities provided a major stimulus to demand, and not only for agricultural products, but for manufactured goods and luxury items as well. Russell estimated the urban population in Late Antiquity, as follows. Demography of the Roman Empire Demographically, the Roman Empire was an

Context: Document [10](Title: Roman Empire) period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as

Question: what was the population of the roman empire at its height?

Answer: 50 to 90 million inhabitants

Answer: 70 million

Answer: 55–60 million

Answer: an estimated 70 million people


Context: Document [1](Title: Bora Bora) As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.

Context: Document [2](Title: Dugda (woreda)) they observed this belief, while 3.88% of the population were Protestant, 2.13% of the population were Muslim, and 1.36% of the population practiced traditional beliefs. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 196,323, of whom 96,849 are men and 99,474 are women; 50,126 or 25.53% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 32.1%. With an estimated area of 1,459.53 square kilometers, Dugda Bora has an estimated population density of 134.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average

Context: Document [3](Title: Bora (woreda)) 6.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 4.47% of the population were Muslim, and 3.11% of the population were Protestant. Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority

Context: Document [4](Title: Borawal) 700 years" (). Borawal has population of 3950 of which 2112 are males while 1838 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Borawal village, there are 403 children aged between, making up 10.20% of total population of village. The average sex ratio is 870 which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio for the Borawal as per the census is 824, lower than the Punjab average of 846. Borawal village has lower literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate of Borawal village was 55.79% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In

Context: Document [5](Title: Boda Upazila) Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named "Boda" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km². As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 83118. Boda has an average literacy rate of 29.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Boda Upazila is divided into one municipality

Context: Document [6](Title: Bora Reserve) Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road between North Befandriana

Context: Document [7](Title: Bora (woreda)) Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 86% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while

Context: Document [8](Title: Dugda (woreda)) 54 people (94% of which performed food processing), as well as 707 registered businesses including 108 wholesalers, 404 retailers and 195 service providers. There were 54 Farmers Associations with 18,946 members and 2 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2226 members. Dugda Bora has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 122 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 142 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 67% of the rural, 100% of the urban and 74% of the total population has access to drinking water. In late August 2005, the Awash and Meki rivers burst their banks due to heavy rains and

Context: Document [9](Title: Dugda (woreda)) flooded Dugda Bora. According to reports, up to 7,000 people were made homeless, one person was killed, many livestock were swept away and more than 814 hectares of farmland was destroyed. It was also reported that up to 3,400 of those displaced were stranded by the floodwaters, and authorities rescued 455 people. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 144,910, of whom 74,561 were men and 70,349 were women; 36,252 or 25.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 91.32% of the population reporting

Context: Document [10](Title: Boda Upazila) and 10 union parishads: Benghari Banagram, Boda, Boroshoshi, Chandanbari, Jholaishalshiri, Kajoldighikaligonj, Mareabamonhat, Moidandighi, Pachpir, and Sakoa. The union parishads are subdivided into 174 mauzas and 239 villages. Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named "Boda" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km². As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up

Question: what is the current population of bora bora?

Answer: 10,605


Context: Document [1](Title: Dugda (woreda)) they observed this belief, while 3.88% of the population were Protestant, 2.13% of the population were Muslim, and 1.36% of the population practiced traditional beliefs. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 196,323, of whom 96,849 are men and 99,474 are women; 50,126 or 25.53% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 32.1%. With an estimated area of 1,459.53 square kilometers, Dugda Bora has an estimated population density of 134.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average

Context: Document [2](Title: Bora (woreda)) 6.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 4.47% of the population were Muslim, and 3.11% of the population were Protestant. Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority

Context: Document [3](Title: Borawal) 700 years" (). Borawal has population of 3950 of which 2112 are males while 1838 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Borawal village, there are 403 children aged between, making up 10.20% of total population of village. The average sex ratio is 870 which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio for the Borawal as per the census is 824, lower than the Punjab average of 846. Borawal village has lower literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate of Borawal village was 55.79% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In

Context: Document [4](Title: Boda Upazila) Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named "Boda" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km². As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 83118. Boda has an average literacy rate of 29.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Boda Upazila is divided into one municipality

Context: Document [5](Title: Bora Bora) As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.

Question: what is the current population of bora bora?

Answer: 10,605


Context: Document [5](Title: Bora Reserve) Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road between North Befandriana

Context: Document [6](Title: Bora (woreda)) Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 86% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while

Context: Document [7](Title: Dugda (woreda)) 54 people (94% of which performed food processing), as well as 707 registered businesses including 108 wholesalers, 404 retailers and 195 service providers. There were 54 Farmers Associations with 18,946 members and 2 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2226 members. Dugda Bora has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 122 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 142 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 67% of the rural, 100% of the urban and 74% of the total population has access to drinking water. In late August 2005, the Awash and Meki rivers burst their banks due to heavy rains and

Context: Document [8](Title: Dugda (woreda)) flooded Dugda Bora. According to reports, up to 7,000 people were made homeless, one person was killed, many livestock were swept away and more than 814 hectares of farmland was destroyed. It was also reported that up to 3,400 of those displaced were stranded by the floodwaters, and authorities rescued 455 people. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 144,910, of whom 74,561 were men and 70,349 were women; 36,252 or 25.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 91.32% of the population reporting

Context: Document [9](Title: Boda Upazila) and 10 union parishads: Benghari Banagram, Boda, Boroshoshi, Chandanbari, Jholaishalshiri, Kajoldighikaligonj, Mareabamonhat, Moidandighi, Pachpir, and Sakoa. The union parishads are subdivided into 174 mauzas and 239 villages. Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named "Boda" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km². As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up

Context: Document [10](Title: Bora Bora) As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.

Question: what is the current population of bora bora?

Answer: 10,605


Context: Document [1](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.

Context: Document [2](Title: Charles Pinckney (governor)) elaborate form of the Virginia Plan, proposed first by Edmund Randolph, but it was disregarded by the other delegates. Historians assess him as an important contributing delegate. Pinckney boasted that he was 24, allowing him to claim distinction as the youngest delegate, but he was 29 years old at the time of the convention. He attended full-time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed to the final draft and to resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification of the constitution in South Carolina (1788). At the Convention, Pierce Butler and Pinckney, both from South Carolina,

Context: Document [3](Title: Edmund Randolph) Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at age 34 Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government, advocating a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which comprising delegates chosen based on state population. Randolph additionally proposed, and was supported by unanimous approval by the Convention's delegates, "that a

Context: Document [4](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and would therefore be selected by the legislature. The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override. After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each. The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a

Context: Document [5](Title: Virginia Plan) of the national legislature. Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their "Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants." States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on

Context: Document [6](Title: Stuart B. Carter) constitution requiring free public education (hence the January 1956 referendum to modify the state constitution which Carter was only one of four delegates to oppose). After both the Virginia Supreme Court and a three-judge federal panel announced on January 19, 1959 that the Stanley plan was unconstitutional, Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. eventually reconsidered his opposition to "Brown", and joined with the Perrow Commission plan. Meanwhile, Carter had been elected to the Virginia Senate, and although recovering from recent abdominal surgery, appeared to cast his crucial vote in favor of the Perrow Commission plan. Thus, it passed by a single

Context: Document [7](Title: Virginia Plan) judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house

Context: Document [8](Title: George Mason) powerful than the states. The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the New Jersey Plan, introduced by that state's governor, William Paterson. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the

Context: Document [9](Title: Constitution of Virginia) Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission, chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison, to revise the constitution. The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969, and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version. The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia (who by then included African-American men and women, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s) and took effect on July 1, 1971. Since 1971, additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the

Context: Document [10](Title: Constitutional Convention (United States)) and Nathaniel Gorham. Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention. From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation, provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft,

Question: who proposed the virginia plan at the constitutional convention?

Answer: Madison

Answer: James Madison